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Baywatch ---------- {{quote \\| text\="My success was less about being a great filmmaker, and more about being a good businessman, surrounding myself with people who were talented in a variety of different areas."{{cite journal \\|last1\=Glickman \\|first1\=Elyse \\|last2\=Mullikin \\|first2\=Patrick \\|date\=Jul 2012 \\|title\=Changing of the Guard \\|url\=http://www.malibutimesmag.com/ \\|journal\=Malibu Times Magazine \\|location\=Malibu, California \\|publisher\=Arnold York \\|access\-date\=May 21, 2015 }} \\|sign\=Gregory J. Bonann \\| source\=\[\[The Malibu Times\\|Malibu Times Magazine]] (Jul/Aug 2012\)}} During the mid 1970s, Bonann imagined a television series that featured the heroic stories of his [lifeguard](/wiki/Lifeguard "Lifeguard") friends. After meeting Stu Erwin Jr. of [Grant Tinker](/wiki/Grant_Tinker "Grant Tinker")'s [MTM Enterprises](/wiki/MTM_Enterprises "MTM Enterprises") in 1977, he [pitched](/wiki/Pitch_%28filmmaking%29 "Pitch (filmmaking)") the idea, which at that time was called A.C.E.S., for Aquatic Corps for Emergency Service. Erwin declined, but he encouraged Bonann to continue to develop the concept. In 1981, while working at JJH Productions, Bonann began pitching the idea again. At his mother's suggestion, he renamed the show [Baywatch](/wiki/Baywatch "Baywatch"), but he continued his attempts to sell the series with no success for the next six years. Bonann met the writing team of [Douglas Schwartz](/wiki/Douglas_Schwartz "Douglas Schwartz") and [Michael Berk](/wiki/Michael_Berk "Michael Berk") through his sister, Deborah, who was engaged to Schwartz. They agreed to help Bonann develop the project. The three of them took [Baywatch](/wiki/Baywatch "Baywatch") back to Stu Erwin, Jr., who was still working for [Grant Tinker](/wiki/Grant_Tinker "Grant Tinker") at his new production company, [GTG Entertainment](/wiki/GTG_Entertainment "GTG Entertainment"). In 1988, Tinker and Erwin added [Baywatch](/wiki/Baywatch "Baywatch") to their projects in development. Due to the [1988 Writers Guild of America strike](/wiki/1988_Writers_Guild_of_America_strike "1988 Writers Guild of America strike"), GTG was unable to use a written script to pitch the show, so Tinker asked Bonann to produce a video sales presentation. Bonann used his documentary crew to shoot and edit footage of the March 1988 lifeguard tryouts, along with [slow motion](/wiki/Slow_motion "Slow motion") action shots of several of his lifeguard friends. On the strength of that presentation, [Brandon Tartikoff](/wiki/Brandon_Tartikoff "Brandon Tartikoff") purchased a two\-hour movie pilot for [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC"), after which [Baywatch](/wiki/Baywatch "Baywatch") was picked up for series. After one season on [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC"), [Baywatch](/wiki/Baywatch "Baywatch") was [canceled](/wiki/Cancellation_%28television%29 "Cancellation (television)"). Tinker sold the rights to the program back to Bonann for ten dollars, and along with Schwartz, Berk, and the show's lead actor, [David Hasselhoff](/wiki/David_Hasselhoff "David Hasselhoff"), Bonann launched the series in [first\-run syndication](/wiki/First-run_syndication "First-run syndication"), resulting in ten more seasons, including two in [Hawaii](/wiki/Baywatch%23Baywatch_Hawaii_.281999.E2.80.932001.29 "Baywatch#Baywatch Hawaii .281999.E2.80.932001.29"), and even a short\-lived spinoff series called [Baywatch Nights](/wiki/Baywatch_Nights "Baywatch Nights"). Bonann's relationship with the [L.A. County Lifeguards](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Lifeguards "Los Angeles County Lifeguards") allowed him to build a functioning interior and exterior [set](/wiki/Set_construction "Set construction") above the actual lifeguard headquarters on [Will Rogers State Beach](/wiki/Will_Rogers_State_Beach "Will Rogers State Beach"), where Bonann began his lifeguard career nearly twenty years earlier. [Baywatch](/wiki/Baywatch "Baywatch") was seen in 145 countries and was translated into over 42 languages. It was listed in the 2001 [Guinness Book of World Records](/wiki/Guinness_World_Records "Guinness World Records") as the most widely viewed TV series in the world with a weekly audience of over 1\.1 billion. By its end, Bonann had executive produced 289 episodes of [Baywatch](/wiki/Baywatch "Baywatch"), [Baywatch Nights](/wiki/Baywatch_Nights "Baywatch Nights"), and [Baywatch Hawaii](/wiki/Baywatch%23Baywatch_Hawaii_.281999.E2.80.932001.29 "Baywatch#Baywatch Hawaii .281999.E2.80.932001.29"). He directed a total of 75 episodes and 400 of his signature music montages. From the beginning of the pilot movie in 1988 to the wrap of the final episode in 2001, [Baywatch](/wiki/Baywatch "Baywatch") had dominated 14 years of Bonann's life.{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096542/combined \\|title\=Baywatch on IMDB \\|website\=IMDB \\|publisher\=IMDB.com \\|access\-date\=May 23, 2015}} Bonann shared in his BAYWATCH journey on the podcast [Setbacks and Success](http://setbacksandsuccess.com/episode-1-the-creator-of-baywatch-shares-how-the-billion-dollar-brand-almost-failed/).	[ "Baywatch\n----------", "{{quote \\\| text\\=\"My success was less about being a great filmmaker, and more about being a good businessman, surrounding myself with people who were talented in a variety of different areas.\"{{cite journal \\\|last1\\=Glickman \\\|first1\\=Elyse \\\|last2\\=Mullikin \\\|first2\\=Patrick \\\|date\\=Jul 2012 \\\|title\\=Changing of the Guard \\\|url\\=http://www.malibutimesmag.com/ \\\|journal\\=Malibu Times Magazine \\\|location\\=Malibu, California \\\|publisher\\=Arnold York \\\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2015 }} \\\|sign\\=Gregory J. Bonann \\\| source\\=\\[\\[The Malibu Times\\\|Malibu Times Magazine]] (Jul/Aug 2012\\)}}", "During the mid 1970s, Bonann imagined a television series that featured the heroic stories of his [lifeguard](/wiki/Lifeguard \"Lifeguard\") friends. After meeting Stu Erwin Jr. of [Grant Tinker](/wiki/Grant_Tinker \"Grant Tinker\")'s [MTM Enterprises](/wiki/MTM_Enterprises \"MTM Enterprises\") in 1977, he [pitched](/wiki/Pitch_%28filmmaking%29 \"Pitch (filmmaking)\") the idea, which at that time was called A.C.E.S., for Aquatic Corps for Emergency Service. Erwin declined, but he encouraged Bonann to continue to develop the concept.", "In 1981, while working at JJH Productions, Bonann began pitching the idea again. At his mother's suggestion, he renamed the show [Baywatch](/wiki/Baywatch \"Baywatch\"), but he continued his attempts to sell the series with no success for the next six years.", "Bonann met the writing team of [Douglas Schwartz](/wiki/Douglas_Schwartz \"Douglas Schwartz\") and [Michael Berk](/wiki/Michael_Berk \"Michael Berk\") through his sister, Deborah, who was engaged to Schwartz. They agreed to help Bonann develop the project. The three of them took [Baywatch](/wiki/Baywatch \"Baywatch\") back to Stu Erwin, Jr., who was still working for [Grant Tinker](/wiki/Grant_Tinker \"Grant Tinker\") at his new production company, [GTG Entertainment](/wiki/GTG_Entertainment \"GTG Entertainment\"). In 1988, Tinker and Erwin added [Baywatch](/wiki/Baywatch \"Baywatch\") to their projects in development.", "Due to the [1988 Writers Guild of America strike](/wiki/1988_Writers_Guild_of_America_strike \"1988 Writers Guild of America strike\"), GTG was unable to use a written script to pitch the show, so Tinker asked Bonann to produce a video sales presentation. Bonann used his documentary crew to shoot and edit footage of the March 1988 lifeguard tryouts, along with [slow motion](/wiki/Slow_motion \"Slow motion\") action shots of several of his lifeguard friends. On the strength of that presentation, [Brandon Tartikoff](/wiki/Brandon_Tartikoff \"Brandon Tartikoff\") purchased a two\\-hour movie pilot for [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\"), after which [Baywatch](/wiki/Baywatch \"Baywatch\") was picked up for series.", "After one season on [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\"), [Baywatch](/wiki/Baywatch \"Baywatch\") was [canceled](/wiki/Cancellation_%28television%29 \"Cancellation (television)\"). Tinker sold the rights to the program back to Bonann for ten dollars, and along with Schwartz, Berk, and the show's lead actor, [David Hasselhoff](/wiki/David_Hasselhoff \"David Hasselhoff\"), Bonann launched the series in [first\\-run syndication](/wiki/First-run_syndication \"First-run syndication\"), resulting in ten more seasons, including two in [Hawaii](/wiki/Baywatch%23Baywatch_Hawaii_.281999.E2.80.932001.29 \"Baywatch#Baywatch Hawaii .281999.E2.80.932001.29\"), and even a short\\-lived spinoff series called [Baywatch Nights](/wiki/Baywatch_Nights \"Baywatch Nights\").", "Bonann's relationship with the [L.A. County Lifeguards](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Lifeguards \"Los Angeles County Lifeguards\") allowed him to build a functioning interior and exterior [set](/wiki/Set_construction \"Set construction\") above the actual lifeguard headquarters on [Will Rogers State Beach](/wiki/Will_Rogers_State_Beach \"Will Rogers State Beach\"), where Bonann began his lifeguard career nearly twenty years earlier.", "[Baywatch](/wiki/Baywatch \"Baywatch\") was seen in 145 countries and was translated into over 42 languages. It was listed in the 2001 [Guinness Book of World Records](/wiki/Guinness_World_Records \"Guinness World Records\") as the most widely viewed TV series in the world with a weekly audience of over 1\\.1 billion.", "By its end, Bonann had executive produced 289 episodes of [Baywatch](/wiki/Baywatch \"Baywatch\"), [Baywatch Nights](/wiki/Baywatch_Nights \"Baywatch Nights\"), and [Baywatch Hawaii](/wiki/Baywatch%23Baywatch_Hawaii_.281999.E2.80.932001.29 \"Baywatch#Baywatch Hawaii .281999.E2.80.932001.29\"). He directed a total of 75 episodes and 400 of his signature music montages. From the beginning of the pilot movie in 1988 to the wrap of the final episode in 2001, [Baywatch](/wiki/Baywatch \"Baywatch\") had dominated 14 years of Bonann's life.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096542/combined \\\|title\\=Baywatch on IMDB \\\|website\\=IMDB \\\|publisher\\=IMDB.com \\\|access\\-date\\=May 23, 2015}}", "Bonann shared in his BAYWATCH journey on the podcast [Setbacks and Success](http://setbacksandsuccess.com/episode-1-the-creator-of-baywatch-shares-how-the-billion-dollar-brand-almost-failed/).", "" ]
Biography --------- Born in [Lima, Peru](/wiki/Lima%2C_Peru "Lima, Peru"), he was the son of [Manuel Justo Pardo y Lavalle](/wiki/Manuel_Pardo_%28politician%29 "Manuel Pardo (politician)"), who had been the first civilian president of Peru (1872\-1876\) and the founder the [Civilista Party](/wiki/Civilista_Party "Civilista Party"); he is one of two second\-generation Peruvian presidents ([Manuel Prado](/wiki/Manuel_Prado_Ugarteche "Manuel Prado Ugarteche"), son of former dictator [Mariano Ignacio Prado](/wiki/Mariano_Ignacio_Prado "Mariano Ignacio Prado"), is the other). His grandfather, [Felipe Pardo y Aliaga](/wiki/Felipe_Pardo_y_Aliaga "Felipe Pardo y Aliaga") (1806\-1868\), was a distinguished diplomat, writer and politician who was also Foreign Minister and Vice President of the Peruvian Council of State before, during and after the presidencies of Vivanco and Castilla. José Pardo headed the Civilista Party and was Foreign Minister under [Eduardo López de Romaña](/wiki/Eduardo_L%C3%B3pez_de_Roma%C3%B1a "Eduardo López de Romaña") and then Prime Minister (1903\-1904\) under [Manuel Candamo](/wiki/Manuel_Candamo "Manuel Candamo"). After Candamo's death, [Serapio Calderón](/wiki/Serapio_Calder%C3%B3n "Serapio Calderón") became the interim president and called for new elections. The Civilista Party named José Pardo as its candidate, while the Democratic Party presented the candidacy of [Nicolás de Piérola](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Pi%C3%A9rola "Nicolás de Piérola"), who retired early before the elections mentioning a "lack of guarantees." This fact led Pardo to become elected. Both his presidential terms were marked by liberal politics. His government was marked by pushing for better education for all Peruvians. The elementary education in Peru, according to the Law of 1876 proposed by his father, Manuel Pardo, was under the responsibility of the municipalities throughout the country. José Pardo, under his Secretary of Justice and instruction, decided to confront the problem. The law promulgated in 1905 reformed the education system to depend on the Central Government. It also called for primary education to be free and compulsory in far away places such as villages and mines, and that at least a small school for all children be located in any place with more than two hundred inhabitants. The Escuela Normal de Varones ("Normal school for males") was founded for the formation of male teachers, as well as the Escuela Normal de Mujeres ("Normal school for females"). Pardo created a General Branch of Instruction to where inspectors in charge of the work of surveillance in the whole Republic depended. In the cultural field the following were established: The National Academy of History, the School of Fine Arts (Bellas Artes), the National Academy of Music, and the National Museum of History. The superior combat school was also founded to form major state officers. During his second government José Pardo confronted the consequences of the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"), as well as the labor agitation for the obtainment of the "8 working hours" a day. It was finally granted on January 15, 1919\. With barely a month before the end of his second term, he was ousted in a coup by [Augusto B. Leguía](/wiki/Augusto_B._Legu%C3%ADa "Augusto B. Leguía"). He spent the next eleven years in exile in the South of France, until his return to Lima. He died there in 1947\. In 1900, Pardo married his first cousin, Carmen Heeren Barreda. The marriage produced seven children: Manuel, José (the Marquis of Fuente Hermosa de Miranda, until his death in 1999\), Enrique, Carmen, Juan, Oscar and Felipe. The current Marquis, José Pardo Paredes (born 1947\), is one of President Jose Pardo's grandchildren.	[ "Biography\n---------", "Born in [Lima, Peru](/wiki/Lima%2C_Peru \"Lima, Peru\"), he was the son of [Manuel Justo Pardo y Lavalle](/wiki/Manuel_Pardo_%28politician%29 \"Manuel Pardo (politician)\"), who had been the first civilian president of Peru (1872\\-1876\\) and the founder the [Civilista Party](/wiki/Civilista_Party \"Civilista Party\"); he is one of two second\\-generation Peruvian presidents ([Manuel Prado](/wiki/Manuel_Prado_Ugarteche \"Manuel Prado Ugarteche\"), son of former dictator [Mariano Ignacio Prado](/wiki/Mariano_Ignacio_Prado \"Mariano Ignacio Prado\"), is the other). His grandfather, [Felipe Pardo y Aliaga](/wiki/Felipe_Pardo_y_Aliaga \"Felipe Pardo y Aliaga\") (1806\\-1868\\), was a distinguished diplomat, writer and politician who was also Foreign Minister and Vice President of the Peruvian Council of State before, during and after the presidencies of Vivanco and Castilla.", "José Pardo headed the Civilista Party and was Foreign Minister under [Eduardo López de Romaña](/wiki/Eduardo_L%C3%B3pez_de_Roma%C3%B1a \"Eduardo López de Romaña\") and then Prime Minister (1903\\-1904\\) under [Manuel Candamo](/wiki/Manuel_Candamo \"Manuel Candamo\"). After Candamo's death, [Serapio Calderón](/wiki/Serapio_Calder%C3%B3n \"Serapio Calderón\") became the interim president and called for new elections. The Civilista Party named José Pardo as its candidate, while the Democratic Party presented the candidacy of [Nicolás de Piérola](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Pi%C3%A9rola \"Nicolás de Piérola\"), who retired early before the elections mentioning a \"lack of guarantees.\" This fact led Pardo to become elected. Both his presidential terms were marked by liberal politics.", "His government was marked by pushing for better education for all Peruvians. The elementary education in Peru, according to the Law of 1876 proposed by his father, Manuel Pardo, was under the responsibility of the municipalities throughout the country. José Pardo, under his Secretary of Justice and instruction, decided to confront the problem.", "The law promulgated in 1905 reformed the education system to depend on the Central Government. It also called for primary education to be free and compulsory in far away places such as villages and mines, and that at least a small school for all children be located in any place with more than two hundred inhabitants. The Escuela Normal de Varones (\"Normal school for males\") was founded for the formation of male teachers, as well as the Escuela Normal de Mujeres (\"Normal school for females\").", "Pardo created a General Branch of Instruction to where inspectors in charge of the work of surveillance in the whole Republic depended. In the cultural field the following were established: The National Academy of History, the School of Fine Arts (Bellas Artes), the National Academy of Music, and the National Museum of History. The superior combat school was also founded to form major state officers.", "During his second government José Pardo confronted the consequences of the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"), as well as the labor agitation for the obtainment of the \"8 working hours\" a day. It was finally granted on January 15, 1919\\.", "With barely a month before the end of his second term, he was ousted in a coup by [Augusto B. Leguía](/wiki/Augusto_B._Legu%C3%ADa \"Augusto B. Leguía\"). He spent the next eleven years in exile in the South of France, until his return to Lima. He died there in 1947\\.", "In 1900, Pardo married his first cousin, Carmen Heeren Barreda. The marriage produced seven children: Manuel, José (the Marquis of Fuente Hermosa de Miranda, until his death in 1999\\), Enrique, Carmen, Juan, Oscar and Felipe. The current Marquis, José Pardo Paredes (born 1947\\), is one of President Jose Pardo's grandchildren.", "" ]
Other legions and organizations ------------------------------- ### Prominence (Red Legion) * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Yuniko Kōzuki}}'''\\|上月由仁子\\|Kōzuki Yuniko}} is a Year\-Five student with a fiery temper and intelligence that belies her age, "Niko," as she prefers to be called, is the second Red King after Red Rider's defeat. She is introduced when she breaks into Haru's house and tries to disguise herself as {{nihongo\\|Tomoko Saitou\\|サイトウトモコ\\|Saitō Tomoko}}, Haru's second cousin. This plan fails when Haru looks through his grandfather's online photo albums and finds that Niko looks nothing like Tomoko. Niko was abandoned by her parents and attends a school for abandoned children. Niko displays [tsundere](/wiki/Tsundere "Tsundere") qualities, one moment being very sweet and affectionate and the next angry and confrontational.{{volume needed\\|date\=July 2014}} Her Brain Burst avatar is {{nihongo\\|'''Scarlet Rain'''\\|スカーレット・レイン\\|Sukāretto Rein}}, a small red robot with the appearance of a young girl, armed with a laser pistol typically stored on the hip. She is the current Red King and her nickname is "The Immobile Fortress" thanks to her special ability, which summons her Enhanced Armament, a massive stationary artillery unit with which Scarlet Rain connects. Though unable to move and slow to turn, the artillery unit is outfitted with scores of weapons, giving it enough firepower to effortlessly take out legions of opponents from all directions. Scarlet Rain possesses two Incarnate System abilities: the Over Ray, a flamethrower attack, and the ability to teleport short distances. {{Voiced by2\\|Yuniko Kozuki\\|\[\[Rina Hidaka]]\\|\[\[Sarah Anne Williams]]}} * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Blood Leopard}}'''\\|ブラッド・レパード\\|Buraddo Repādo}} real name {{nihongo\\|Mihaya Kakei\\|掛居美早\\|Kakei Mihaya}}, the vice\-commander of Prominence. She works as a waitress at a cake shop that also serves as a secret base for Prominence. She is usually seen wearing a maid outfit that she wears for work and rides a motorcycle. Leopard, as she prefers to be called, is cold, blunt, and distant, though she has a sarcastic sense of humor. Her Brain Burst avatar is level 6 and has the Shape Change ability which allows her to transform her avatar back and forth into a four\-legged configuration, along "Vital Bite" that drains the life gauge of the enemy to replenish hers and "Mental Bite" which does so with the special gauge. Her non\-accelerated avatar is an [anthropomorphic](/wiki/Anthropomorphic "Anthropomorphic") red\-furred [leopard](/wiki/Leopard "Leopard") woman wearing a leather bodysuit. She develops a rivalry with Sky Raker for unknown reasons. She tends to speak in punctuated gaming terms, such as "K", "GJ" (Good job), and "NP" (No Problem). {{Voiced by2\\|Blood Leopard\\|\[\[Ayako Kawasumi]]\\|\[\[Erika Harlacher]]}} * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Cherry Rook}}'''\\|チェリー・ルーク\\|Cherī Rūku}}, also known as the fifth Chrome Disaster, is a very close friend of Yuniko, becoming her "parent" after learning how much she loves video games. After being out\-leveled by Yuniko and learning that he was moving out of town, he accepted the Disaster Armor Enhanced Armament from the Yellow King. He was defeated by Yuniko with the aid of Nega Nebulus using the Judgement Blow. His defeat passes the Disaster Armor to Silver Crow, causing him to eventually become the next Chrome Disaster. {{Voiced by2\\|Cherry Rook\\|\[\[Mikako Takahashi]]\\|\[\[Amanda C. Miller]]}} * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Red Rider}}'''\\|レッド・ライダー\\|Reddo Raidā}}, was the original Red King, but was executed by Black Lotus before the events of the series. Red Rider had the ability to craft powerful weapons to use in combat, and it is implied that he had a romantic relationship with the Purple King, [Purple Thorn](/wiki/%23Purple_Thorn "#Purple Thorn"). Rider was an advocate of continuing the peace treaty between the Kings, a mindset which led to Black Lotus beheading him with the "Death by Embracing" technique, which subsequently took all of his Burst Points and forcefully uninstalled the program, leading to Black Lotus' exile and setting into motion the events of the series. {{Voiced by2\\|Red Rider\\|\[\[Kenjirō Tsuda]]\\|\[\[Keith Silverstein]]}} ### Crypt Cosmic Circus (Yellow Legion) * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Yellow Radio}}'''\\|イエロー・レディオ\\|Ierō Redio}}, also known "Radioactive Disturber", serves as the Yellow King in the legion. After the fourth Chrome Disaster was defeated, he took the Disaster Armor and gave it to Cherry Rook expecting that he would be able to break the nonviolence treaty between the kings by giving him the "legal" right to eliminate one member from the Red legion, ultimately going after Scarlet Rain. His Brain Burst avatar appears as a court jester with long arms wielding a scepter as a weapon. His Brain Burst avatar's special ability is Futile Fortune Wheel, most likely an illusion attack. He uses illusions and trickery as the basis for his fighting style. {{Voiced by2\\|Yellow Radio\\|\[\[Akira Ishida]]\\|\[\[Vic Mignogna]]}} * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Saxe Lauder}}'''\\|サックス・ローダー\\|Sakkusu Rōdā}} is one of the Burst Linkers who participates in the ambush against Scarlet Rain in the Unlimited Neutral Field. {{Voiced by2\\|Saxe\\|Hiroaki Tajiri\\|\[\[Kyle Hebert]]}} ### Great Wall (Green Legion) * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Green Grandee}}'''\\|グリーン・グランデ\\|Gurīn Gurande}} serves as the Green King in the legion. He specializes in absolute defense, which allows him to deal double the damage he receives from attackers earned him the title "Invincible". It is said he gained most of his Burst Points by hunting "enemies" in the Unlimited Neutral Field by himself. He exchanges Burst Points into item cards and distribute them to "enemies" for other players to hunt and pick up. He has only lost duels due to time out. He has witnessed the destruction of four generations of Chrome Disaster. His large shield is one of the Seven Arcs, 'gamma' The Strife. He is also one of the Originators and one of the few players who knows the existence of other accelerated worlds. * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Ash Roller}}'''\\|アッシュ・ローラー\\|Asshyu Rōrā}}, Silver Crow's first\-ever opponent and Sky Raker's "child". Ash Roller is rude, vulgar, and highly aggressive, except when in Sky Raker's presence, where he adopts a highly respectful demeanor and often refers to her as "master". Despite being in the Green legion, he occasionally aids his master and rival; after Silver Crow had his wings stolen by Dusk Taker, Ash rallied him to not give up on Brain Burst and introduced him to Sky Raker out of the belief she could help him. Ash's motorcycle, an Enhanced Armament, is his primary weapon, means of transportation, and source of strength; without the bike, Ash Roller is effectively powerless. Ash's real identity is {{nihongo\\|Rin Kusakabe\\|日下部綸\\|Kusakabe Rin}}, a girl who has had a crush on Haruyuki since being defeated in their second duel, confessing to him her identity and feelings when they first met in volume 9\. The relationship between Rin and her duel avatar persona is complex; the neurolinker she has Brain Burst installed on belonged to her currently comatose brother Rinta, so his neurological data is imprinted on it, and Rin can only use it since she often was made to wear it as an infant. Thus, in the Accelerated World, Ash Roller is a separate entity formed from Rinta's hopes and fears instead of Rin's. While he is uncertain as to what he is exactly (a "ghost" or an extension of Rinta), Ash behaves like an over\-protective brother, becoming violent towards Silver Crow whenever he perceives his rival to be flirting with Rin. {{Voiced by2\\|Ash Roller\\|\[\[Kenichi Suzumura]]\\|\[\[Benjamin Diskin\\|Ben Diskin]]}} * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Graphite Edge}}'''\\|グラファイト・エッジ\\|Gurafaito Ejji}} is a level 8 Burst Linker associated with the element of earth and a former member of Nega Nebulus. Nicknamed "Anomaly", or just "Graph" for short, he often displays a carefree personality and gives informal nicknames to his comrades. He is a swordsman\-type avatar with the Enhanced Armament Twin Swords and his skills in close combat are equal or even superior to Black Lotus, to whom he taught her Incarnate attacks, despite his defenses being weak like his namesake. Graph has a lot of knowledge of the background of the Accelerated World, as well as the other "fallen" accelerated worlds Accel Assault 2038 and Cosmos Corrupt 2040, although he has not revealed how he came by this knowledge. During the fall of the original Nega Nebulus, he became trapped in an unlimited enemy kill by one of the Castle's God\-Class enemies, thus he could only appear in regular duels. He defected to serve under Green Grandee in exchange for sheltering the remaining survivors of Nega Nebulus. After this is discovered by his former legion members, it is also revealed that Graphite Edge somewhat escaped his UEK; though he managed to breach the castle's gate, his avatar is now confined to within the castle's walls, and that he is also the parent of the mysterious new burst linker Trilead Tetroxide/Azure Air. * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Iron Pound}}'''\\|アイアン・パウンド\\|Aian Paundo}} is one of the Green Legion's executives, often acting as Green Grandee's spokesman. He first met Silver Crow after the latter had been mostly consumed by the Armor of Catastrophe and fought against him, being perplexed by his opponent's somewhat\-remaining sense of self unlike previous wearer's of the Armor, and lost their duel. Pound showed Silver Crow no animosity after being confirmed to have been purified of the Armor, and suggested that he acquire the Theoretical Mirror ability to counter Metatron's laser attack. Being what is known as a "perfect match" avatar, Pound is one of the few burst linkers whose avatar is designed to reflect their real\-world skills, in his case, boxing. While this gives him the advantage of being able to apply his fighting skills perfectly, Pound finds it difficult to adjust to sudden melee attacks that defy standard boxing rules (such as being attacked from behind). In the film Infinite Burst, {{Voiced by2\\|Iron Pound\\|Naoya Nosaka\\|Austin Lee Matthews}} ### Leoniz (Blue Legion) * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Blue Knight}}'''\\|ブルー・ナイト\\|Burū Naito}}, also known as "Vanquisher", "Holy Sword" and "Legend Slayer", serves as the Blue King in the legion. His large sword is one of the Seven Arcs, 'alpha' The Impulse. Although he is Cyan Pile's original Legion Master, for some reason he decides to not apply the Judgement Blow on him when he joins Nega Nebulus. He was Red Rider's best friend and is also one of the Originators (one of the first players to have been given Brain Burst). {{Voiced by2\\|Blue Knight\\|\[\[Takahiro Sakurai]]\\|\[\[Kaiji Tang]]}} * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Cobalt Blade}}'''\\|コバルト・ブレード\\|Kobaruto Burēdo}} and {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Manganese Blade}}'''\\|マンガン・ブレード\\|Mangan Burēdo}} are twin female Burst Linkers who are close aide of the Blue King, both level 7\. Their duel avatars both have exceedingly similar female samurai warrior appearances; the most prominent difference between them are the so\-called horns of their helmets, with Cobalt having "pigtails" and Manganese having a "ponytail". They are loyal to the Blue King and they both have a crush on him. In the past, Sky Raker once hung them from the top of the Tokyo Government Office, which humiliated them. {{Voiced by2\\|Cobalt Blade\\|\[\[Misato Fukuen]]\\|Amanda C. Miller}}, while {{Voiced by2\\|Manganese Blade\\|\[\[Kanako Kondō]]\\|\[\[Lauren Landa]]}} ### Auroral Oval (Purple Legion) * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Purple Thorn}}'''\\|パープル・ソーン\\|Pāpuru Sōn}}, also known as Empress Voltage, serves as the Purple King. She was Red Rider's lover. Her staff is one of the Seven Arcs, 'beta' The Tempest. {{Voiced by2\\|Purple Thorn\\|\[\[Kaori Mizuhashi]]\\|\[\[Jessica Straus]]}} * {{nihongo\\|'''Aster Vine'''\\|アスター・ヴァイン\\|Asutā Vain}} is a close aide of the Purple King. Little is known about her, although, as with many of the other executives of rival legions, she has an antagonistic relationship with Sky Raker. ### Oscillatory Universe (White Legion) * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|White Cosmos}}'''\\|ホワイト・コスモス\\|Howaito Kosumosu}}, also known as "Transient Eternity", serves as the White King in the legion and is the main antagonist of Accel World. Her real name is {{nihongo\\|'''Enju Kuroba'''\\|黒羽苑珠\\|Kuroba Enju}}. She is Kuroyukihime's older sister by one year in the real world and her "parent" in the Accelerated World. Her Brain Burst avatar possesses a recovery ability, one of only three in the history of Brain Burst with such a power. She also has the power to become fully invisible. She also possesses one of the Seven Arcs and is also one of the Originators. As the series progress, she is revealed to be the leader of the Acceleration Research Society. She is also the one who manipulated Black Lotus to behead Red Rider, which put a strain in their relationship. * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Ivory Tower}}'''\\|アイボリー・タワー\\|Aiborī Tawā}} is the representative for White Cosmos during the meetings involving the Kings of each legion. ### Acceleration Research Society The Acceleration Research Society is a secret organization involved in using [hacking](/wiki/Hacker_%28computer_security%29 "Hacker (computer security)") and other underhanded tactics to obtain any advantage they can in the Brain Burst game. Its members include: * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Seiji Noumi\\|Dusk Taker}}'''\\|能美征二\\|Nōmi Seiji}} A first year student at Umesato Junior High School, a Burst Linker (though he detests the term), and member of the Kendo Club who abuses the Physical Burst command to cheat. Seiji believes he is above other people and is disgusted by those he deems "lower" than himself to the point that he will clean his hands with a handkerchief if he touches someone. Seiji blackmails Haruyuki and Chiyuri and takes Silver Crow's wings in an attempt to force the two into becoming his "pets." He is eventually double\-crossed by Chiyuri, who temporarily joins forces with him just to level up enough to perfect her abilities and return Silver Crow's wings. He lost the resulting sudden death fight and has Brain Burst forcefully uninstalled, taking his memories of having the program with it, thus proving Kuroyukihime's theory that Burst Linkers who have the program uninstalled also lose any memories of ever having the program. Much to Haruyuki and the others' surprise, Seiji becomes a kind person after he loses his memories from the game, forgetting not only all the harm he caused but all the suffering inflicted on him by his brother, who used to abuse him and force him to play Brain Burst in order to steal his Burst points to himself before Seiji defeated him for good by his own. Seiji's Brain Burst avatar, {{nihongo\\|'''Dusk Taker'''\\|ダスク・テイカー\\|Dasuku Teikā}}, appears as a featureless black humanoid with a large red orb in place of a face. His avatar was created from his desire to take everything back that his older brother {{Nihongo\\|Yuichi Noumi\\|能美優一\\|Nōmi Yūichi}} stole from him. Though lacking in significant combat ability on its own, Dusk Taker has an ability known as "Demonic Commandeer," the power to steal any finishing move, reinforced exterior, or ability from other Burst Linkers. This ability has no time limit, meaning Dusk Taker can possess up to three stolen abilities for as long as he desires. So long as Dusk Taker possesses an ability, the Burst Linker he took it from will be unable to use it. Using this ability, he has managed to incorporate body parts and weapons from other Burst Linkers into his own avatar, including a large scissor weapon on the right arm and a set of red tentacles replacing his left arm. Dusk Taker is also able to utilize the Incarnate System to create claws made of bright purple energy. {{Voiced by2\\|Seiji\\|\[\[Sanae Kobayashi]]\\|Amanda C. Miller}} * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Rust Jigsaw}}'''\\|ラスト・ジグソー\\|Rasuto Jigusō}} is a level 6 Burst Linker that lays traps to fend off melee type avatars while picking them off with long\-range attacks and makes use of the Incarnate System to rust and corrode his targets. Like Dusk Taker, his name does not appear on the challenge list by using the now\-banned Brain Implant Chip. {{Voiced by2\\|Rust Jigsaw\\|\[\[Satoshi Hino]]\\|\[\[Sean Chiplock]]}} * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Sulfur Pot}}'''\\|サルファ・ポット\\|Sarufa Potto}} is a Burst Linker who dives into Okinawa while being in Tokyo using a [backdoor program](/wiki/Backdoor_%28computing%29 "Backdoor (computing)"). Sulfur Pot has the ability to tame enemies with his Enhanced Armament Mystical Reins, which he loses when he is defeated. The item winds up in the hands of Black Lotus, a gift from the Okinawan Burst Linkers. Like Dusk Taker, his name does not appear on the challenge list. {{Voiced by2\\|Sulfur Pot\\|\[\[Nobuyuki Hiyama]]\\|\[\[Derek Stephen Prince]]}} * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Wolfram Cerberus}}'''\\|ウルフラム・サーベラス\\|Urufuramu Sāberasu}} is a level 1 Burst Linker with at least three different personalities. He defeats Silver Crow in their first battle. He cooperated with the group to help with his other personalities. During the second battle, he lost due to Silver Crow figuring out his weakness. During the third battle, he overcame his mistakes, but Silver Crow's new move let him have the upper hand. When Argon Array interfered and trashed Ash Roller in the process, he defended Silver Crow; only to be knocked away by her. In volume 13, Cerberus was asked by Haru to meet with him in the real world. However, though he showed up, he ran off before speaking with Haru. In volume 15, despite having prepared himself to intentionally lose Brain Burst, he instead became the host for the Research Society's new Armor of Catastrophe Mark II, made from the negative will collected by the ISS Kit core and the boosters stolen from Scarlet Rain's Immobile Fortress. His abilities change based on which of his personalities is active. When his second or the third personality activates, one of his shoulder armor pads opens and acts as the head. His first personality has the ability "Physical Immunity", which compresses his tungsten\-hard armor to remove his weak points, preventing him from being harmed by melee attacks, though he remains vulnerable to throws. His second personality has the ability "Wolf Down" to bite the opponent and temporarily copy the abilities of the opponent in the process. His third personality is a copy of Dusk Taker (somehow resurrected from Brain Burst's Central Server) and has the same "Demonic Commandeer" ability. The Research Society seems to have some control over Cerberus's personalities, and were also able to briefly incorporate a copy of Orchid Oracle's personality and ability into the avatar. * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Black Vise}}'''\\|ブラック・バイス\\|Burakku Baisu}} is a level 8 Burst Linker, one of the Originators, and the vice\-commander of the Acceleration Research Society. He has the ability to hide in the shadows. Additionally, due to his Brain Implant Chip, Black Vise is able to decelerate, even while in the accelerated world. Essentially this enables him to dive into Brain Burst while still experiencing events in real\-time as opposed to the slowed\-down time Burst Linkers normally experience due to their accelerated senses. His avatar's body, made up of a series of black panels in a roughly humanoid shape, is able to separate panels to use as shields and offensive weapons. The color black is already used by Black Lotus so Black Vise is likely not the official name of the avatar, due to no two Avatars sharing the same color (hence why the second Red King is Scarlet rather than Red). {{Voiced by2\\|Black Vise\\|\[\[Nobuo Tobita]]\\|\[\[Matthew Mercer\\|Matt Mercer]]}} * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Argon Array}}'''\\|アルゴン・アレイ\\|Arugon Arei}} is a level 8 Burst Linker, also known as "Quad Eyes Analyst". She has the ability to see the status of other avatars. She fires laser as her main attack and uses a flashlight to temporarily block the eyesight of other players. ### Petit Paquet One of the smaller legions in the Accelerated World, it consisted of a trio of girls who were in the same "Desert Lovers Club" before they later disbanded to join Nega Nebulus. Their members included: * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Shihoko Nago}}'''\\|奈胡志帆子\\|Nago Shihoko}}, who is Petit Paquet's legion master, {{nihongo\\|Chocolat Puppeter\\|ショコラ・パペッター\\|Shokora Papettā}}. Introduced in volume 12, she first encountered Silver Crow and Lime Bell when they were attempting to hunt down her tamed Enemy Coolu, before joining forces with them to fight off Magenta Scissor and her own ISS Kit\-corrupted Legion comrades. Her armor has the appearance (and taste) of chocolate, which is considered ironic since Shihoko's real\-world self is unable to eat chocolate. Her avatar's ability is to create a pool of chocolate, from which she can create "chocopets", puppet\-like figures with which she can use to aid her in combat. * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Yume Yuruki}}'''\\|由留木結芽\\|Yuruki Yume}}, duel avatar {{nihongo\\|Plum Flipper\\|プラム・フリッパー\\|Puramu Furippā}}. She is Chocolat Puppeteer's "parent". She, alongside Mint Mitten, was forcibly parasitized with an ISS Kit by Magenta Scissor, until their battle Chocolat and the Nega Nebulus members Silver Crow and the Lime Bell, the latter of whom was able to remove the kits from Plum and Mint. * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Mito Satomi}}'''\\|三登聖実\\|Satomi Mito}}, Chocolat's "child" and a somewhat mischievous person, as well as the owner of the duel avatar {{nihongo\\|Mint Mitten\\|ミント・ミトン\\|Minto Miton}}. Her avatar possesses the Menthol Blow ability, which allows her to make her opponents feel cooler than they should, though it is inferior to proper ice\-type attacks. Along with Plum Flipper, she was forcibly parasitized with an ISS Kit by Magenta Scissor, until their battle against Chocolat and the Nega Nebulus members Silver Crow and the Lime Bell, the latter of whom was able to remove the kits. ### Other players * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Crimson Kingbolt}}'''\\|クリムゾン・キングボルト\\|Kurimuzon Kinguboruto}} is a level 7 Burst Linker and former member of the Purple Legion. Crimson Kingbolt moved to Okinawa three years before the start of the series after his parents divorced. A freshman in high school, he is Lagoon Dolphin's "parent" and is "master" to both Lagoon Dolphin and Coral Merrow. He gives Lagoon [Dolphin](/wiki/Dolphin "Dolphin") and Coral Merrow two rules: never use acceleration for selfish purposes and only talk about the Accelerated World to other Burst Linkers. His Brain Burst avatar resembles a bolt and has the ability to summon an Enhanced Armament giant robot known as "Mega\-Machine Awakening", depending on the amount of metal, which is similar in size and power to Scarlet Rain's Enhanced Armament. He is a friend of Black Lotus, who refers to him as "Crikin." Purple Thorn once recruited him to join her legion (though she only recruited him for his name). {{Voiced by2\\|Crimson Kingbolt\\|\[\[Tarusuke Shingaki]]\\|\[\[Todd Haberkorn\\|Todd Stone]]}} * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Ruka Asato}}'''\\|安里琉花\\|Asato Ruka}} is a second\-year student at Kube Middle School. In the game, she is {{nihongo\\|Lagoon Dolphin\\|ラグーン・ドルフィン\\|Ragūn Dorufin}}, a level 5 Burst Linker from Okinawa, Lagoon Dolphin is the "parent" of Coral Merrow and the "child" of Crimson Kingbolt. She has a tan and speaks with an Okinawan accent. Her Brain Burst avatar has a Shape Change ability, which she called it Marine Mode, adopting a form more suited for aquatic environments. {{Voiced by2\\|Ruka Asato\\|\[\[Tamaki Nakanishi]]\\|\[\[Christine Marie Cabanos]]}} * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Mana Itosu}}'''\\|糸洲真魚\\|Itosu Mana}} is a first\-year student from Kube Middle School. In the game, she is {{nihongo\\|Coral Merrow\\|コーラル・メロウ\\|Kōraru Merou}}, a level 4 Burst Linker from Okinawa, Coral Merrow is the "child" of Lagoon Dolphin. Like Lagoon Dolphin, her Brain Burst avatar also has a Shape Change ability, which she also called it Marine Mode, she can take the appearance of a mermaid. {{Voiced by2\\|Mana Itosu\\|\[\[Yūko Gibu]]\\|\[\[Cristina Valenzuela\\|Cristina Vee]]{{ cite episode \\| url \= http://www.hulu.com/watch/681371\#i0,p17,d0 \\| title\=Invitation \\| series\=Accel World \\| series\-link\=Accel World \\| number\=18 \\| episode\-link\=List of Accel World episodes\#ep18 \\| at\=Closing credits }}}} * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Nickel Doll}}'''\\|ニッケル・ドール\\|Nikkeru Dōru}} is one of the Burst Linkers Silver Crow battled against with Aqua Current. She uses the electric poles in her palms to control the flow of electric current. {{Voiced by\\|\[\[Harumi Sakurai]]}} * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Sand Duct}}'''\\|サンド・ダクト\\|Sando Dakuto}} is Nickel Doll's partner. He uses the ducts in his hands to create a sandstorm vacuum. {{Voiced by2\\|Sand Duct\\|Eiji Miyashita\\|\[\[Kyle Hebert]]}} * {{nihongo\\|'''{{vanchor\\|Rui Odagiri}}'''\\|小田切累\\|Odagiri Rui}}, also known as '''{{nihongo\\|Magenta Scissor'''\\|マゼンタ・シザー\\|Mazenta Shisā}}. Formerly associated with the Acceleration Research Society, she was tasked with disseminating the ISS Kits throughout the Accelerated World. Being born with [Gerstmann syndrome](/wiki/Gerstmann_syndrome "Gerstmann syndrome"), Rui has difficulty distinguishing between her fingers and the left\-right counterparts of her arms and legs, and has a hatred of items that function as “pairs”, such as chopsticks, scissors, and shoes, which formed the basis for her duel avatar, which possesses twin swords that she can combine into a large scissor with a long\-range cutting ability. Believing that not all avatars were equal and many had advantages over others which could be abused, as she witnessed happen to her comrade Avocado Avoider, she sought to spread the ISS Kits out of the belief that doing so would stabilize every avatars' power\-balance. Magenta Scissor was first mentioned in volume 7, in which she gave Cyan Pile an ISS Kit, and later appeared properly in volume 12, at which point she had begun forcibly parasitizing other avatars with the kits, such as Petit Paquet's Plum Flipper and Mint Mitten. After battling Silver Crow, she was defeated and decided to retreat, but allowed him to take a pair of ISS Kits for examination. She later encountered and fought against Nega Nebulus with her comrades, but when the Legend\-class Enemy Metatron attacked both sides, she helped Silver Crow stand his ground long enough to redirect its laser attack. Having seen the lengths the Black Legion had gone through to overcome the Kits, Rui started to re\-evaluate her perceptions, and was later convinced by Chocolat Puppeteer to join Nega Nebulus in order to help undo the damage caused by the ARS.	[ "Other legions and organizations\n-------------------------------", "### Prominence (Red Legion)", "* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Yuniko Kōzuki}}'''\\\|上月由仁子\\\|Kōzuki Yuniko}} is a Year\\-Five student with a fiery temper and intelligence that belies her age, \"Niko,\" as she prefers to be called, is the second Red King after Red Rider's defeat. She is introduced when she breaks into Haru's house and tries to disguise herself as {{nihongo\\\|Tomoko Saitou\\\|サイトウトモコ\\\|Saitō Tomoko}}, Haru's second cousin. This plan fails when Haru looks through his grandfather's online photo albums and finds that Niko looks nothing like Tomoko. Niko was abandoned by her parents and attends a school for abandoned children. Niko displays [tsundere](/wiki/Tsundere \"Tsundere\") qualities, one moment being very sweet and affectionate and the next angry and confrontational.{{volume needed\\\|date\\=July 2014}}", "Her Brain Burst avatar is {{nihongo\\\|'''Scarlet Rain'''\\\|スカーレット・レイン\\\|Sukāretto Rein}}, a small red robot with the appearance of a young girl, armed with a laser pistol typically stored on the hip. She is the current Red King and her nickname is \"The Immobile Fortress\" thanks to her special ability, which summons her Enhanced Armament, a massive stationary artillery unit with which Scarlet Rain connects. Though unable to move and slow to turn, the artillery unit is outfitted with scores of weapons, giving it enough firepower to effortlessly take out legions of opponents from all directions. Scarlet Rain possesses two Incarnate System abilities: the Over Ray, a flamethrower attack, and the ability to teleport short distances. {{Voiced by2\\\|Yuniko Kozuki\\\|\\[\\[Rina Hidaka]]\\\|\\[\\[Sarah Anne Williams]]}}\n* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Blood Leopard}}'''\\\|ブラッド・レパード\\\|Buraddo Repādo}} real name {{nihongo\\\|Mihaya Kakei\\\|掛居美早\\\|Kakei Mihaya}}, the vice\\-commander of Prominence. She works as a waitress at a cake shop that also serves as a secret base for Prominence. She is usually seen wearing a maid outfit that she wears for work and rides a motorcycle. Leopard, as she prefers to be called, is cold, blunt, and distant, though she has a sarcastic sense of humor. Her Brain Burst avatar is level 6 and has the Shape Change ability which allows her to transform her avatar back and forth into a four\\-legged configuration, along \"Vital Bite\" that drains the life gauge of the enemy to replenish hers and \"Mental Bite\" which does so with the special gauge. Her non\\-accelerated avatar is an [anthropomorphic](/wiki/Anthropomorphic \"Anthropomorphic\") red\\-furred [leopard](/wiki/Leopard \"Leopard\") woman wearing a leather bodysuit. She develops a rivalry with Sky Raker for unknown reasons. She tends to speak in punctuated gaming terms, such as \"K\", \"GJ\" (Good job), and \"NP\" (No Problem). {{Voiced by2\\\|Blood Leopard\\\|\\[\\[Ayako Kawasumi]]\\\|\\[\\[Erika Harlacher]]}}\n* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Cherry Rook}}'''\\\|チェリー・ルーク\\\|Cherī Rūku}}, also known as the fifth Chrome Disaster, is a very close friend of Yuniko, becoming her \"parent\" after learning how much she loves video games. After being out\\-leveled by Yuniko and learning that he was moving out of town, he accepted the Disaster Armor Enhanced Armament from the Yellow King. He was defeated by Yuniko with the aid of Nega Nebulus using the Judgement Blow. His defeat passes the Disaster Armor to Silver Crow, causing him to eventually become the next Chrome Disaster. {{Voiced by2\\\|Cherry Rook\\\|\\[\\[Mikako Takahashi]]\\\|\\[\\[Amanda C. Miller]]}}\n* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Red Rider}}'''\\\|レッド・ライダー\\\|Reddo Raidā}}, was the original Red King, but was executed by Black Lotus before the events of the series. Red Rider had the ability to craft powerful weapons to use in combat, and it is implied that he had a romantic relationship with the Purple King, [Purple Thorn](/wiki/%23Purple_Thorn \"#Purple Thorn\"). Rider was an advocate of continuing the peace treaty between the Kings, a mindset which led to Black Lotus beheading him with the \"Death by Embracing\" technique, which subsequently took all of his Burst Points and forcefully uninstalled the program, leading to Black Lotus' exile and setting into motion the events of the series. {{Voiced by2\\\|Red Rider\\\|\\[\\[Kenjirō Tsuda]]\\\|\\[\\[Keith Silverstein]]}}", "### Crypt Cosmic Circus (Yellow Legion)", "* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Yellow Radio}}'''\\\|イエロー・レディオ\\\|Ierō Redio}}, also known \"Radioactive Disturber\", serves as the Yellow King in the legion. After the fourth Chrome Disaster was defeated, he took the Disaster Armor and gave it to Cherry Rook expecting that he would be able to break the nonviolence treaty between the kings by giving him the \"legal\" right to eliminate one member from the Red legion, ultimately going after Scarlet Rain. His Brain Burst avatar appears as a court jester with long arms wielding a scepter as a weapon. His Brain Burst avatar's special ability is Futile Fortune Wheel, most likely an illusion attack. He uses illusions and trickery as the basis for his fighting style. {{Voiced by2\\\|Yellow Radio\\\|\\[\\[Akira Ishida]]\\\|\\[\\[Vic Mignogna]]}}\n* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Saxe Lauder}}'''\\\|サックス・ローダー\\\|Sakkusu Rōdā}} is one of the Burst Linkers who participates in the ambush against Scarlet Rain in the Unlimited Neutral Field. {{Voiced by2\\\|Saxe\\\|Hiroaki Tajiri\\\|\\[\\[Kyle Hebert]]}}", "### Great Wall (Green Legion)", "* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Green Grandee}}'''\\\|グリーン・グランデ\\\|Gurīn Gurande}} serves as the Green King in the legion. He specializes in absolute defense, which allows him to deal double the damage he receives from attackers earned him the title \"Invincible\". It is said he gained most of his Burst Points by hunting \"enemies\" in the Unlimited Neutral Field by himself. He exchanges Burst Points into item cards and distribute them to \"enemies\" for other players to hunt and pick up. He has only lost duels due to time out. He has witnessed the destruction of four generations of Chrome Disaster. His large shield is one of the Seven Arcs, 'gamma' The Strife. He is also one of the Originators and one of the few players who knows the existence of other accelerated worlds.\n* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Ash Roller}}'''\\\|アッシュ・ローラー\\\|Asshyu Rōrā}}, Silver Crow's first\\-ever opponent and Sky Raker's \"child\". Ash Roller is rude, vulgar, and highly aggressive, except when in Sky Raker's presence, where he adopts a highly respectful demeanor and often refers to her as \"master\". Despite being in the Green legion, he occasionally aids his master and rival; after Silver Crow had his wings stolen by Dusk Taker, Ash rallied him to not give up on Brain Burst and introduced him to Sky Raker out of the belief she could help him. Ash's motorcycle, an Enhanced Armament, is his primary weapon, means of transportation, and source of strength; without the bike, Ash Roller is effectively powerless.", "Ash's real identity is {{nihongo\\\|Rin Kusakabe\\\|日下部綸\\\|Kusakabe Rin}}, a girl who has had a crush on Haruyuki since being defeated in their second duel, confessing to him her identity and feelings when they first met in volume 9\\. The relationship between Rin and her duel avatar persona is complex; the neurolinker she has Brain Burst installed on belonged to her currently comatose brother Rinta, so his neurological data is imprinted on it, and Rin can only use it since she often was made to wear it as an infant. Thus, in the Accelerated World, Ash Roller is a separate entity formed from Rinta's hopes and fears instead of Rin's. While he is uncertain as to what he is exactly (a \"ghost\" or an extension of Rinta), Ash behaves like an over\\-protective brother, becoming violent towards Silver Crow whenever he perceives his rival to be flirting with Rin. {{Voiced by2\\\|Ash Roller\\\|\\[\\[Kenichi Suzumura]]\\\|\\[\\[Benjamin Diskin\\\|Ben Diskin]]}}\n* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Graphite Edge}}'''\\\|グラファイト・エッジ\\\|Gurafaito Ejji}} is a level 8 Burst Linker associated with the element of earth and a former member of Nega Nebulus. Nicknamed \"Anomaly\", or just \"Graph\" for short, he often displays a carefree personality and gives informal nicknames to his comrades. He is a swordsman\\-type avatar with the Enhanced Armament Twin Swords and his skills in close combat are equal or even superior to Black Lotus, to whom he taught her Incarnate attacks, despite his defenses being weak like his namesake. Graph has a lot of knowledge of the background of the Accelerated World, as well as the other \"fallen\" accelerated worlds Accel Assault 2038 and Cosmos Corrupt 2040, although he has not revealed how he came by this knowledge.", "During the fall of the original Nega Nebulus, he became trapped in an unlimited enemy kill by one of the Castle's God\\-Class enemies, thus he could only appear in regular duels. He defected to serve under Green Grandee in exchange for sheltering the remaining survivors of Nega Nebulus. After this is discovered by his former legion members, it is also revealed that Graphite Edge somewhat escaped his UEK; though he managed to breach the castle's gate, his avatar is now confined to within the castle's walls, and that he is also the parent of the mysterious new burst linker Trilead Tetroxide/Azure Air. \n* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Iron Pound}}'''\\\|アイアン・パウンド\\\|Aian Paundo}} is one of the Green Legion's executives, often acting as Green Grandee's spokesman. He first met Silver Crow after the latter had been mostly consumed by the Armor of Catastrophe and fought against him, being perplexed by his opponent's somewhat\\-remaining sense of self unlike previous wearer's of the Armor, and lost their duel. Pound showed Silver Crow no animosity after being confirmed to have been purified of the Armor, and suggested that he acquire the Theoretical Mirror ability to counter Metatron's laser attack.", "Being what is known as a \"perfect match\" avatar, Pound is one of the few burst linkers whose avatar is designed to reflect their real\\-world skills, in his case, boxing. While this gives him the advantage of being able to apply his fighting skills perfectly, Pound finds it difficult to adjust to sudden melee attacks that defy standard boxing rules (such as being attacked from behind). In the film Infinite Burst, {{Voiced by2\\\|Iron Pound\\\|Naoya Nosaka\\\|Austin Lee Matthews}}\n### Leoniz (Blue Legion)", "* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Blue Knight}}'''\\\|ブルー・ナイト\\\|Burū Naito}}, also known as \"Vanquisher\", \"Holy Sword\" and \"Legend Slayer\", serves as the Blue King in the legion. His large sword is one of the Seven Arcs, 'alpha' The Impulse. Although he is Cyan Pile's original Legion Master, for some reason he decides to not apply the Judgement Blow on him when he joins Nega Nebulus. He was Red Rider's best friend and is also one of the Originators (one of the first players to have been given Brain Burst). {{Voiced by2\\\|Blue Knight\\\|\\[\\[Takahiro Sakurai]]\\\|\\[\\[Kaiji Tang]]}}\n* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Cobalt Blade}}'''\\\|コバルト・ブレード\\\|Kobaruto Burēdo}} and {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Manganese Blade}}'''\\\|マンガン・ブレード\\\|Mangan Burēdo}} are twin female Burst Linkers who are close aide of the Blue King, both level 7\\. Their duel avatars both have exceedingly similar female samurai warrior appearances; the most prominent difference between them are the so\\-called horns of their helmets, with Cobalt having \"pigtails\" and Manganese having a \"ponytail\". They are loyal to the Blue King and they both have a crush on him. In the past, Sky Raker once hung them from the top of the Tokyo Government Office, which humiliated them. {{Voiced by2\\\|Cobalt Blade\\\|\\[\\[Misato Fukuen]]\\\|Amanda C. Miller}}, while {{Voiced by2\\\|Manganese Blade\\\|\\[\\[Kanako Kondō]]\\\|\\[\\[Lauren Landa]]}}", "### Auroral Oval (Purple Legion)", "* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Purple Thorn}}'''\\\|パープル・ソーン\\\|Pāpuru Sōn}}, also known as Empress Voltage, serves as the Purple King. She was Red Rider's lover. Her staff is one of the Seven Arcs, 'beta' The Tempest. {{Voiced by2\\\|Purple Thorn\\\|\\[\\[Kaori Mizuhashi]]\\\|\\[\\[Jessica Straus]]}}\n* {{nihongo\\\|'''Aster Vine'''\\\|アスター・ヴァイン\\\|Asutā Vain}} is a close aide of the Purple King. Little is known about her, although, as with many of the other executives of rival legions, she has an antagonistic relationship with Sky Raker.", "### Oscillatory Universe (White Legion)", "* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|White Cosmos}}'''\\\|ホワイト・コスモス\\\|Howaito Kosumosu}}, also known as \"Transient Eternity\", serves as the White King in the legion and is the main antagonist of Accel World. Her real name is {{nihongo\\\|'''Enju Kuroba'''\\\|黒羽苑珠\\\|Kuroba Enju}}. She is Kuroyukihime's older sister by one year in the real world and her \"parent\" in the Accelerated World. Her Brain Burst avatar possesses a recovery ability, one of only three in the history of Brain Burst with such a power. She also has the power to become fully invisible. She also possesses one of the Seven Arcs and is also one of the Originators. As the series progress, she is revealed to be the leader of the Acceleration Research Society. She is also the one who manipulated Black Lotus to behead Red Rider, which put a strain in their relationship.\n* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Ivory Tower}}'''\\\|アイボリー・タワー\\\|Aiborī Tawā}} is the representative for White Cosmos during the meetings involving the Kings of each legion.", "### Acceleration Research Society", "The Acceleration Research Society is a secret organization involved in using [hacking](/wiki/Hacker_%28computer_security%29 \"Hacker (computer security)\") and other underhanded tactics to obtain any advantage they can in the Brain Burst game. Its members include:", "* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Seiji Noumi\\\|Dusk Taker}}'''\\\|能美征二\\\|Nōmi Seiji}}", "A first year student at Umesato Junior High School, a Burst Linker (though he detests the term), and member of the Kendo Club who abuses the Physical Burst command to cheat. Seiji believes he is above other people and is disgusted by those he deems \"lower\" than himself to the point that he will clean his hands with a handkerchief if he touches someone. Seiji blackmails Haruyuki and Chiyuri and takes Silver Crow's wings in an attempt to force the two into becoming his \"pets.\" He is eventually double\\-crossed by Chiyuri, who temporarily joins forces with him just to level up enough to perfect her abilities and return Silver Crow's wings. He lost the resulting sudden death fight and has Brain Burst forcefully uninstalled, taking his memories of having the program with it, thus proving Kuroyukihime's theory that Burst Linkers who have the program uninstalled also lose any memories of ever having the program. Much to Haruyuki and the others' surprise, Seiji becomes a kind person after he loses his memories from the game, forgetting not only all the harm he caused but all the suffering inflicted on him by his brother, who used to abuse him and force him to play Brain Burst in order to steal his Burst points to himself before Seiji defeated him for good by his own.\nSeiji's Brain Burst avatar, {{nihongo\\\|'''Dusk Taker'''\\\|ダスク・テイカー\\\|Dasuku Teikā}}, appears as a featureless black humanoid with a large red orb in place of a face. His avatar was created from his desire to take everything back that his older brother {{Nihongo\\\|Yuichi Noumi\\\|能美優一\\\|Nōmi Yūichi}} stole from him. Though lacking in significant combat ability on its own, Dusk Taker has an ability known as \"Demonic Commandeer,\" the power to steal any finishing move, reinforced exterior, or ability from other Burst Linkers. This ability has no time limit, meaning Dusk Taker can possess up to three stolen abilities for as long as he desires. So long as Dusk Taker possesses an ability, the Burst Linker he took it from will be unable to use it. Using this ability, he has managed to incorporate body parts and weapons from other Burst Linkers into his own avatar, including a large scissor weapon on the right arm and a set of red tentacles replacing his left arm. Dusk Taker is also able to utilize the Incarnate System to create claws made of bright purple energy. {{Voiced by2\\\|Seiji\\\|\\[\\[Sanae Kobayashi]]\\\|Amanda C. Miller}}\n* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Rust Jigsaw}}'''\\\|ラスト・ジグソー\\\|Rasuto Jigusō}} is a level 6 Burst Linker that lays traps to fend off melee type avatars while picking them off with long\\-range attacks and makes use of the Incarnate System to rust and corrode his targets. Like Dusk Taker, his name does not appear on the challenge list by using the now\\-banned Brain Implant Chip. {{Voiced by2\\\|Rust Jigsaw\\\|\\[\\[Satoshi Hino]]\\\|\\[\\[Sean Chiplock]]}}\n* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Sulfur Pot}}'''\\\|サルファ・ポット\\\|Sarufa Potto}} is a Burst Linker who dives into Okinawa while being in Tokyo using a [backdoor program](/wiki/Backdoor_%28computing%29 \"Backdoor (computing)\"). Sulfur Pot has the ability to tame enemies with his Enhanced Armament Mystical Reins, which he loses when he is defeated. The item winds up in the hands of Black Lotus, a gift from the Okinawan Burst Linkers. Like Dusk Taker, his name does not appear on the challenge list. {{Voiced by2\\\|Sulfur Pot\\\|\\[\\[Nobuyuki Hiyama]]\\\|\\[\\[Derek Stephen Prince]]}}\n* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Wolfram Cerberus}}'''\\\|ウルフラム・サーベラス\\\|Urufuramu Sāberasu}} is a level 1 Burst Linker with at least three different personalities. He defeats Silver Crow in their first battle. He cooperated with the group to help with his other personalities. During the second battle, he lost due to Silver Crow figuring out his weakness. During the third battle, he overcame his mistakes, but Silver Crow's new move let him have the upper hand. When Argon Array interfered and trashed Ash Roller in the process, he defended Silver Crow; only to be knocked away by her. In volume 13, Cerberus was asked by Haru to meet with him in the real world. However, though he showed up, he ran off before speaking with Haru. In volume 15, despite having prepared himself to intentionally lose Brain Burst, he instead became the host for the Research Society's new Armor of Catastrophe Mark II, made from the negative will collected by the ISS Kit core and the boosters stolen from Scarlet Rain's Immobile Fortress.", "His abilities change based on which of his personalities is active. When his second or the third personality activates, one of his shoulder armor pads opens and acts as the head. His first personality has the ability \"Physical Immunity\", which compresses his tungsten\\-hard armor to remove his weak points, preventing him from being harmed by melee attacks, though he remains vulnerable to throws. His second personality has the ability \"Wolf Down\" to bite the opponent and temporarily copy the abilities of the opponent in the process. His third personality is a copy of Dusk Taker (somehow resurrected from Brain Burst's Central Server) and has the same \"Demonic Commandeer\" ability. The Research Society seems to have some control over Cerberus's personalities, and were also able to briefly incorporate a copy of Orchid Oracle's personality and ability into the avatar.\n* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Black Vise}}'''\\\|ブラック・バイス\\\|Burakku Baisu}} is a level 8 Burst Linker, one of the Originators, and the vice\\-commander of the Acceleration Research Society. He has the ability to hide in the shadows. Additionally, due to his Brain Implant Chip, Black Vise is able to decelerate, even while in the accelerated world. Essentially this enables him to dive into Brain Burst while still experiencing events in real\\-time as opposed to the slowed\\-down time Burst Linkers normally experience due to their accelerated senses. His avatar's body, made up of a series of black panels in a roughly humanoid shape, is able to separate panels to use as shields and offensive weapons. The color black is already used by Black Lotus so Black Vise is likely not the official name of the avatar, due to no two Avatars sharing the same color (hence why the second Red King is Scarlet rather than Red). {{Voiced by2\\\|Black Vise\\\|\\[\\[Nobuo Tobita]]\\\|\\[\\[Matthew Mercer\\\|Matt Mercer]]}}\n* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Argon Array}}'''\\\|アルゴン・アレイ\\\|Arugon Arei}} is a level 8 Burst Linker, also known as \"Quad Eyes Analyst\". She has the ability to see the status of other avatars. She fires laser as her main attack and uses a flashlight to temporarily block the eyesight of other players.", "### Petit Paquet", "One of the smaller legions in the Accelerated World, it consisted of a trio of girls who were in the same \"Desert Lovers Club\" before they later disbanded to join Nega Nebulus. Their members included:", "* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Shihoko Nago}}'''\\\|奈胡志帆子\\\|Nago Shihoko}}, who is Petit Paquet's legion master, {{nihongo\\\|Chocolat Puppeter\\\|ショコラ・パペッター\\\|Shokora Papettā}}. Introduced in volume 12, she first encountered Silver Crow and Lime Bell when they were attempting to hunt down her tamed Enemy Coolu, before joining forces with them to fight off Magenta Scissor and her own ISS Kit\\-corrupted Legion comrades. Her armor has the appearance (and taste) of chocolate, which is considered ironic since Shihoko's real\\-world self is unable to eat chocolate. Her avatar's ability is to create a pool of chocolate, from which she can create \"chocopets\", puppet\\-like figures with which she can use to aid her in combat.\n* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Yume Yuruki}}'''\\\|由留木結芽\\\|Yuruki Yume}}, duel avatar {{nihongo\\\|Plum Flipper\\\|プラム・フリッパー\\\|Puramu Furippā}}. She is Chocolat Puppeteer's \"parent\". She, alongside Mint Mitten, was forcibly parasitized with an ISS Kit by Magenta Scissor, until their battle Chocolat and the Nega Nebulus members Silver Crow and the Lime Bell, the latter of whom was able to remove the kits from Plum and Mint.\n* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Mito Satomi}}'''\\\|三登聖実\\\|Satomi Mito}}, Chocolat's \"child\" and a somewhat mischievous person, as well as the owner of the duel avatar {{nihongo\\\|Mint Mitten\\\|ミント・ミトン\\\|Minto Miton}}. Her avatar possesses the Menthol Blow ability, which allows her to make her opponents feel cooler than they should, though it is inferior to proper ice\\-type attacks. Along with Plum Flipper, she was forcibly parasitized with an ISS Kit by Magenta Scissor, until their battle against Chocolat and the Nega Nebulus members Silver Crow and the Lime Bell, the latter of whom was able to remove the kits.", "### Other players", "* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Crimson Kingbolt}}'''\\\|クリムゾン・キングボルト\\\|Kurimuzon Kinguboruto}} is a level 7 Burst Linker and former member of the Purple Legion. Crimson Kingbolt moved to Okinawa three years before the start of the series after his parents divorced. A freshman in high school, he is Lagoon Dolphin's \"parent\" and is \"master\" to both Lagoon Dolphin and Coral Merrow. He gives Lagoon [Dolphin](/wiki/Dolphin \"Dolphin\") and Coral Merrow two rules: never use acceleration for selfish purposes and only talk about the Accelerated World to other Burst Linkers. His Brain Burst avatar resembles a bolt and has the ability to summon an Enhanced Armament giant robot known as \"Mega\\-Machine Awakening\", depending on the amount of metal, which is similar in size and power to Scarlet Rain's Enhanced Armament. He is a friend of Black Lotus, who refers to him as \"Crikin.\" Purple Thorn once recruited him to join her legion (though she only recruited him for his name). {{Voiced by2\\\|Crimson Kingbolt\\\|\\[\\[Tarusuke Shingaki]]\\\|\\[\\[Todd Haberkorn\\\|Todd Stone]]}}\n* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Ruka Asato}}'''\\\|安里琉花\\\|Asato Ruka}} is a second\\-year student at Kube Middle School. In the game, she is {{nihongo\\\|Lagoon Dolphin\\\|ラグーン・ドルフィン\\\|Ragūn Dorufin}}, a level 5 Burst Linker from Okinawa, Lagoon Dolphin is the \"parent\" of Coral Merrow and the \"child\" of Crimson Kingbolt. She has a tan and speaks with an Okinawan accent. Her Brain Burst avatar has a Shape Change ability, which she called it Marine Mode, adopting a form more suited for aquatic environments. {{Voiced by2\\\|Ruka Asato\\\|\\[\\[Tamaki Nakanishi]]\\\|\\[\\[Christine Marie Cabanos]]}}\n* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Mana Itosu}}'''\\\|糸洲真魚\\\|Itosu Mana}} is a first\\-year student from Kube Middle School. In the game, she is {{nihongo\\\|Coral Merrow\\\|コーラル・メロウ\\\|Kōraru Merou}}, a level 4 Burst Linker from Okinawa, Coral Merrow is the \"child\" of Lagoon Dolphin. Like Lagoon Dolphin, her Brain Burst avatar also has a Shape Change ability, which she also called it Marine Mode, she can take the appearance of a mermaid. {{Voiced by2\\\|Mana Itosu\\\|\\[\\[Yūko Gibu]]\\\|\\[\\[Cristina Valenzuela\\\|Cristina Vee]]{{ cite episode \\\| url \\= http://www.hulu.com/watch/681371\\#i0,p17,d0 \\\| title\\=Invitation \\\| series\\=Accel World \\\| series\\-link\\=Accel World \\\| number\\=18 \\\| episode\\-link\\=List of Accel World episodes\\#ep18 \\\| at\\=Closing credits }}}}\n* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Nickel Doll}}'''\\\|ニッケル・ドール\\\|Nikkeru Dōru}} is one of the Burst Linkers Silver Crow battled against with Aqua Current. She uses the electric poles in her palms to control the flow of electric current. {{Voiced by\\\|\\[\\[Harumi Sakurai]]}}\n* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Sand Duct}}'''\\\|サンド・ダクト\\\|Sando Dakuto}} is Nickel Doll's partner. He uses the ducts in his hands to create a sandstorm vacuum. {{Voiced by2\\\|Sand Duct\\\|Eiji Miyashita\\\|\\[\\[Kyle Hebert]]}}\n* {{nihongo\\\|'''{{vanchor\\\|Rui Odagiri}}'''\\\|小田切累\\\|Odagiri Rui}}, also known as '''{{nihongo\\\|Magenta Scissor'''\\\|マゼンタ・シザー\\\|Mazenta Shisā}}. Formerly associated with the Acceleration Research Society, she was tasked with disseminating the ISS Kits throughout the Accelerated World. Being born with [Gerstmann syndrome](/wiki/Gerstmann_syndrome \"Gerstmann syndrome\"), Rui has difficulty distinguishing between her fingers and the left\\-right counterparts of her arms and legs, and has a hatred of items that function as “pairs”, such as chopsticks, scissors, and shoes, which formed the basis for her duel avatar, which possesses twin swords that she can combine into a large scissor with a long\\-range cutting ability. Believing that not all avatars were equal and many had advantages over others which could be abused, as she witnessed happen to her comrade Avocado Avoider, she sought to spread the ISS Kits out of the belief that doing so would stabilize every avatars' power\\-balance.", "Magenta Scissor was first mentioned in volume 7, in which she gave Cyan Pile an ISS Kit, and later appeared properly in volume 12, at which point she had begun forcibly parasitizing other avatars with the kits, such as Petit Paquet's Plum Flipper and Mint Mitten. After battling Silver Crow, she was defeated and decided to retreat, but allowed him to take a pair of ISS Kits for examination. She later encountered and fought against Nega Nebulus with her comrades, but when the Legend\\-class Enemy Metatron attacked both sides, she helped Silver Crow stand his ground long enough to redirect its laser attack. Having seen the lengths the Black Legion had gone through to overcome the Kits, Rui started to re\\-evaluate her perceptions, and was later convinced by Chocolat Puppeteer to join Nega Nebulus in order to help undo the damage caused by the ARS." ]
Core humanitarian principles ---------------------------- ### Humanity The principle of humanity means that all humankind shall be treated humanely and equally in all circumstances by saving lives and alleviating suffering, while ensuring respect for the individual. It is the fundamental principle of humanitarian response. [Pictet (1979\) Humanity](http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/EA08067453343B76C1256D2600383BC4?OpenDocument&Style=Custo_Final.3&View=defaultBody3) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310202532/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0\.nsf/html/EA08067453343B76C1256D2600383BC4?OpenDocument\&Style\=Custo\_Final.3\&View\=defaultBody3 \\|date\=2009\-03\-10 }}. [Pictet's](/wiki/Jean_Pictet "Jean Pictet") commentary is focused on the Red Cross use of the principle of humanity, but includes more general comments relevant to the whole humanitarian sector. The purpose of humanitarian action is to protect life and health, and ensure respect for human beings. It also promotes mutual understanding, cooperation, friendship and peace among all people. According to the [International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent](/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies "International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies") movement, the principle of humanity includes: • It recalls the origin of the movement: a desire to assist without discrimination to the wounded during conflict. • It recalls the double dimension of the movement: national and international one. • To protect life and health • To define the purpose of the movement {{cite web \\|last1\=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) \\|title\=The seven Fundamental Principles \\|url\=http://www.ifrc.org/en/who\-we\-are/vision\-and\-mission/the\-seven\-fundamental\-principles/ \\|website\=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies \\|access\-date\=9 December 2018}} #### Humanitarian Imperative The [Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief](/wiki/Code_of_Conduct_for_the_International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement_and_NGOs_in_Disaster_Relief "Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief") (RC/NGO Code) introduces the concept of the humanitarian imperative which expands the principle of humanity to include the right to receive and to give humanitarian assistance. It states the obligation of the international community "to provide humanitarian assistance wherever it is needed."For a critical view see: [Hugo Slim](/wiki/Hugo_Slim "Hugo Slim"), "Relief agencies and moral standing in war: principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and solidarity, Development in Practice, Volume 10, Numbers 3\-4/August 1, 2000 ### Impartiality Provision of [humanitarian assistance](/wiki/Humanitarian_assistance "Humanitarian assistance") must be [impartial](/wiki/Impartiality "Impartiality") and no discrimination on the basis of nationality, race, gender, religion, political opinion or class. It must be based on need alone. Priority must be given to the most urgent cases of distress. To treat everyone the same way without consideration for the level of suffering or the urgency would not be equitable. Impartiality means that the only priority that can be set in dealing with people that need help must be based on need and the order of relief must correspond to the urgency. For most non\-governmental humanitarian agencies (NGHAs), the principle of impartiality is unambiguous even if it is sometimes difficult to apply, especially in rapidly changing situations. However, it is no longer clear which organizations can claim to be humanitarian. For example, companies like PADCO, a USAID subcontractor, are sometimes seen as humanitarian NGOs. However, for the UN agencies, particularly where the UN is involved in peacekeeping activities as the result of a Security Council resolution, it is not clear if the UN is in a position to act in an impartial manner if one of the parties is in violation of terms of the UN Charter.(See: [Report of the Panel on United Nations Peacekeeping](/wiki/Report_of_the_Panel_on_United_Nations_Peacekeeping "Report of the Panel on United Nations Peacekeeping") (Brahimi report)pp. ix \& 9\){{cite web\\|url\=https://www.un.org/peace/reports/peace\_operations/ \\|title\=Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations \\|access\-date\=November 1, 2007 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114055129/http://www.un.org/peace/reports/peace\_operations/ \\|archive\-date\=November 14, 2007 }} ### Neutrality For [International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement](/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement"), [neutrality](/wiki/Neutrality_%28philosophy%29 "Neutrality (philosophy)") means not to take sides in hostilities or engage at any time in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature. The principle of neutrality was specifically addressed to the Red Cross Movement to prevent it from not only taking sides in a conflict, but not to "engage at any time in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature." Neutrality can also apply to humanitarian actions of a state. "Neutrality remains closely linked with the definition which introduced the concept into international law to designate the status of a State which decided to stand apart from an armed conflict. Consequently, its applications under positive law still depend on the criteria of abstention and impartiality which have characterized neutrality from the outset."{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0\.nsf/html/57JN2Z\\|title\=International Committee of the Red Cross\\|date\=3 October 2013\\|access\-date\=15 November 2006\\|archive\-date\=10 August 2009\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810001247/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0\.nsf/html/57JN2Z\\|url\-status\=dead}} The application of the word neutrality to humanitarian aid delivered by UN agencies or even governments can be confusing. GA Resolution 46/182 proclaims the principle of neutrality, yet as an inter\-governmental political organization, the UN is often engaged in controversies of a political nature. According to this interpretation, the UN agency or a government can provide neutral humanitarian aid as long as it does it impartially, based upon need alone.(For a discussion of the concept of neutrality with respect to humanitarian response see: [Denise Plattner](http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JN2Z) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810001247/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0\.nsf/html/57JN2Z \\|date\=2009\-08\-10 }}) Today, the word neutrality is widely used within the humanitarian community, usually to mean the provision of humanitarian aid in an impartial and independent manner, based on need alone. Few international NGOs have curtailed work on justice or human rights issues because of their commitment to neutrality. #### Controversy on Neutrality While neutrality is an important principle in the work of Humanitarian Aid, there is a long\-standing controversy in the field on how it should be implemented.{{Cite news\\|last\=Slim\\|first\=H.\\|date\=August 27, 2020\\|title\=You don't have to be neutral to be a good humanitarian.\\|work\=The New Humanitarian\\|url\=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/opinion/2020/08/27/humanitarian\-principles\-neutrality\\|access\-date\=November 20, 2020}} The humanitarian principle of neutrality was formally established in 1991 by the UN General Assembly resolution 46/182\. The principles were developed from the core principles used by the International Committee of the Red Cross and the National Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies.{{Cite web\\|last\=OCHA\\|date\=2012\\|title\=What are Humanitarian Principles?\\|url\=https://www.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/OOM\-humanitarianprinciples\_eng\_June12\.pdf}} OCHA, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, defines neutrality as, "Humanitarian actors must not take sides in hostilities or engage in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature". This means that humanitarian workers should not take sides in a conflict.{{Cite web\\|last\=Doctors Without Borders (MSF)\\|title\=The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law\\|url\=https://guide\-humanitarian\-law.org/content/article/3/humanitarian\-principles/\\|access\-date\=November 23, 2020}} In a conservative interpretation, it also means that humanitarian workers do not speak out about what they see, even in the case of egregious human rights violations, including genocide. There are reasons that some prefer, and utilize, the more conservative interpretation of neutrality. First, some feel that a commitment to staying silent about what they witness allows them to access people in the most need of aid. Otherwise, leaders in areas of conflict may not permit humanitarian workers to access to provide aid.{{Cite web\\|last\=Bordoloi\\|first\=A\\|date\=2020\-08\-18\\|title\=How Important is Neutrality in Providing Humanitarian Assistance?\\|url\=https://www.e\-ir.info/2020/08/18/how\-important\-is\-neutrality\-in\-providing\-humanitarian\-assistance/\\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-13\\|website\=E\-International Relations\\|language\=en\-US}} Staying silent can also act as a measure of protection for aid workers, further ensuring that aid is provided to those most in need.{{Cite web\\|last\=Devine\\|first\=Carol\\|date\=2018\-03\-11\\|title\=Neutrality vs. impartiality: What's the difference?\\|url\=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.ca/article/neutrality\-vs\-impartiality\-what%E2%80%99s\-difference\\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-13\\|website\=www.doctorswithoutborders.ca\\|language\=en\\|archive\-date\=2021\-08\-24\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824211326/https://www.doctorswithoutborders.ca/article/neutrality\-vs\-impartiality\-what%E2%80%99s\-difference\\|url\-status\=dead}} Lastly, some argue that staying silent is a way to ensure no discrimination in humanitarian aid. For this argument, choosing sides during a conflict amounts to discrimination, and works against the fundamental principles of humanitarian aid. The other side of the debate highlights the moral imperative to speak up against egregious violations of human rights. Organizations on this side tend to also promote an understanding of the difference between neutrality and impartiality, another humanitarian principle. MSF, for example, explains that impartiality ensures that aid workers only consider a person's need in giving aid, and do not discriminate against someone because of their "nationality, race, gender, identity, religious beliefs, class or political opinions".{{Cite web\\|last\=Doctors Without Borders (MSF)\\|date\=2016\-09\-22\\|title\=Our charter\\|url\=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.ca/our\-charter\\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-13\\|website\=www.doctorswithoutborders.ca\\|language\=en}} On the other hand, neutrality "means not taking sides". However, MSF explicitly states that they will speak out about massive human rights violations, including genocide. They argue that the needs of the people experiencing mass violence come above the principle of neutrality. In this, they do not violate impartiality and continue to provide humanitarian aid to individuals who need it most, regardless of sides. Two of the major players in this debate are the [International Committee of the Red Cross](/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross "International Committee of the Red Cross") (ICRC), and [Médecins Sans Frontières](/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_sans_Fronti%C3%A8res "Médecins sans Frontières") (MSF) (also known as Doctors Without Borders). Historically, the ICRC interpreted "neutrality" to mean no public criticism, unwilling to speak out about what they were seeing, in hopes of maintaining their ability to provide aid. A good example of this is [WWII](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), where ICRC did not publicize or condemn the Nazi genocide.{{Cite web\\|last\=ICRC\\|date\=2018\-11\-26\\|title\=The ICRC during World War II\\|url\=https://blogs.icrc.org/cross\-files/the\-icrc\-during\-world\-war\-ii/\\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-13\\|website\=Cross\-Files {{!}} ICRC Archives, audiovisual and library\\|language\=en\-US}} This is part of what sparked the continuing debate. However, since the 1990s, the ICRC has amended its interpretation of neutrality and promoted public denouncement of serious violations of humanitarian law. MSF, on the other hand, never adopted the policy of absolute confidentiality, and considers "'bearing witness to the plight of victims as an additional measure of protection". While they uphold the principle of neutrality, they state that, "impartiality and neutrality are not synonymous with silence".{{Cite web\\|last\=Doctors Without Borders (MSF)\\|title\=Bearing witness\\|url\=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/who\-we\-are/principles/bearing\-witness\\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-13\\|website\=Doctors Without Borders \- USA\\|language\=en}} This issue is still widely contested in the humanitarian field. In a 2020 opinion piece, Hugo Slim argues that legally, operationally, and morally, it is acceptable for humanitarians to take sides. He states, "Neutral humanitarianism is not necessarily ethically desirable when we see people as enemies for good reasons. Is it reasonable to expect a Syrian aid worker to be neutral while her community is being bombed? Is it moral for humanitarians to stay neutral in the face of injustice or genocide?" Others argue, "neutrality is very important in the provision of humanitarian assistance as it provides humanitarian actors, such as the ICRC, with the humanitarian space needed to provide relief to as many victims of crisis as possible without discrimination, whilst also allowing aid workers to carry out their duties safely and to the best of their abilities." As the field of humanitarian aid continues to professionalize, so do the definitions and implementations of its principles. ### Independence Humanitarian agencies must formulate and implement their own policies independently of government policies or actions. Humanitarian agencies, although there are auxiliaries in the humanitarian services and subject to the laws of their countries, must maintain their autonomy from political, economic, military or any other others and to be able at all times to act in accordance with the humanitarian principles. Problems may arise because most NGHAs rely in varying degrees on government donors. Thus for some organizations it is difficult to maintain independence from their donors and not be confused in the field with governments who may be involved in the hostilities. The [ICRC](/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross "International Committee of the Red Cross"), has set the example for maintaining its independence (and neutrality) by raising its funds from governments through the use of separate annual appeals for headquarters costs and field operations.(see: [Joanna Macrae: NGOs: Has the 'N' gone missing?](http://www.redcross.int/EN/mag/magazine1996_3/18-19.html) [Randolph Kent: Footing the aid bill](http://www.redcross.int/EN/mag/magazine1998_2/2-7.html))	[ "Core humanitarian principles\n----------------------------", "### Humanity", "The principle of humanity means that all humankind shall be treated humanely and equally in all circumstances by saving lives and alleviating suffering, while ensuring respect for the individual. It is the fundamental principle of humanitarian response. [Pictet (1979\\) Humanity](http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/EA08067453343B76C1256D2600383BC4?OpenDocument&Style=Custo_Final.3&View=defaultBody3) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310202532/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0\\.nsf/html/EA08067453343B76C1256D2600383BC4?OpenDocument\\&Style\\=Custo\\_Final.3\\&View\\=defaultBody3 \\\|date\\=2009\\-03\\-10 }}. [Pictet's](/wiki/Jean_Pictet \"Jean Pictet\") commentary is focused on the Red Cross use of the principle of humanity, but includes more general comments relevant to the whole humanitarian sector.", "The purpose of humanitarian action is to protect life and health, and ensure respect for human beings. It also promotes mutual understanding, cooperation, friendship and peace among all people. According to the [International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent](/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies \"International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies\") movement, the principle of humanity includes: \n• It recalls the origin of the movement: a desire to assist without discrimination to the wounded during conflict. \n• It recalls the double dimension of the movement: national and international one.\n• To protect life and health\n• To define the purpose of the movement {{cite web \\\|last1\\=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) \\\|title\\=The seven Fundamental Principles \\\|url\\=http://www.ifrc.org/en/who\\-we\\-are/vision\\-and\\-mission/the\\-seven\\-fundamental\\-principles/ \\\|website\\=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies \\\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2018}}", "#### Humanitarian Imperative", "The [Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief](/wiki/Code_of_Conduct_for_the_International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement_and_NGOs_in_Disaster_Relief \"Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief\") (RC/NGO Code) introduces the concept of the humanitarian imperative which expands the principle of humanity to include the right to receive and to give humanitarian assistance. It states the obligation of the international community \"to provide humanitarian assistance wherever it is needed.\"For a critical view see: [Hugo Slim](/wiki/Hugo_Slim \"Hugo Slim\"), \"Relief agencies and moral standing in war: principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and solidarity, Development in Practice, Volume 10, Numbers 3\\-4/August 1, 2000", "### Impartiality", "Provision of [humanitarian assistance](/wiki/Humanitarian_assistance \"Humanitarian assistance\") must be [impartial](/wiki/Impartiality \"Impartiality\") and no discrimination on the basis of nationality, race, gender, religion, political opinion or class. It must be based on need alone. Priority must be given to the most urgent cases of distress.", "To treat everyone the same way without consideration for the level of suffering or the urgency would not be equitable. Impartiality means that the only priority that can be set in dealing with people that need help must be based on need and the order of relief must correspond to the urgency.", "For most non\\-governmental humanitarian agencies (NGHAs), the principle of impartiality is unambiguous even if it is sometimes difficult to apply, especially in rapidly changing situations. However, it is no longer clear which organizations can claim to be humanitarian. For example, companies like PADCO, a USAID subcontractor, are sometimes seen as humanitarian NGOs. However, for the UN agencies, particularly where the UN is involved in peacekeeping activities as the result of a Security Council resolution, it is not clear if the UN is in a position to act in an impartial manner if one of the parties is in violation of terms of the UN Charter.(See: [Report of the Panel on United Nations Peacekeeping](/wiki/Report_of_the_Panel_on_United_Nations_Peacekeeping \"Report of the Panel on United Nations Peacekeeping\") (Brahimi report)pp. ix \\& 9\\){{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.un.org/peace/reports/peace\\_operations/ \\\|title\\=Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations \\\|access\\-date\\=November 1, 2007 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114055129/http://www.un.org/peace/reports/peace\\_operations/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 14, 2007 }}", "### Neutrality", "For [International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement](/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement \"International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement\"), [neutrality](/wiki/Neutrality_%28philosophy%29 \"Neutrality (philosophy)\") means not to take sides in hostilities or engage at any time in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature.", "The principle of neutrality was specifically addressed to the Red Cross Movement to prevent it from not only taking sides in a conflict, but not to \"engage at any time in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature.\" \nNeutrality can also apply to humanitarian actions of a state. \"Neutrality remains closely linked with the definition which introduced the concept into international law to designate the status of a State which decided to stand apart from an armed conflict. Consequently, its applications under positive law still depend on the criteria of abstention and impartiality which have characterized neutrality from the outset.\"{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0\\.nsf/html/57JN2Z\\\|title\\=International Committee of the Red Cross\\\|date\\=3 October 2013\\\|access\\-date\\=15 November 2006\\\|archive\\-date\\=10 August 2009\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810001247/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0\\.nsf/html/57JN2Z\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "The application of the word neutrality to humanitarian aid delivered by UN agencies or even governments can be confusing. GA Resolution 46/182 proclaims the principle of neutrality, yet as an inter\\-governmental political organization, the UN is often engaged in controversies of a political nature. According to this interpretation, the UN agency or a government can provide neutral humanitarian aid as long as it does it impartially, based upon need alone.(For a discussion of the concept of neutrality with respect to humanitarian response see: [Denise Plattner](http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JN2Z) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810001247/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0\\.nsf/html/57JN2Z \\\|date\\=2009\\-08\\-10 }})", "Today, the word neutrality is widely used within the humanitarian community, usually to mean the provision of humanitarian aid in an impartial and independent manner, based on need alone. Few international NGOs have curtailed work on justice or human rights issues because of their commitment to neutrality.", "#### Controversy on Neutrality", "While neutrality is an important principle in the work of Humanitarian Aid, there is a long\\-standing controversy in the field on how it should be implemented.{{Cite news\\\|last\\=Slim\\\|first\\=H.\\\|date\\=August 27, 2020\\\|title\\=You don't have to be neutral to be a good humanitarian.\\\|work\\=The New Humanitarian\\\|url\\=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/opinion/2020/08/27/humanitarian\\-principles\\-neutrality\\\|access\\-date\\=November 20, 2020}}", "The humanitarian principle of neutrality was formally established in 1991 by the UN General Assembly resolution 46/182\\. The principles were developed from the core principles used by the International Committee of the Red Cross and the National Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=OCHA\\\|date\\=2012\\\|title\\=What are Humanitarian Principles?\\\|url\\=https://www.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/OOM\\-humanitarianprinciples\\_eng\\_June12\\.pdf}} OCHA, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, defines neutrality as, \"Humanitarian actors must not take sides in hostilities or engage in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature\". This means that humanitarian workers should not take sides in a conflict.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Doctors Without Borders (MSF)\\\|title\\=The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law\\\|url\\=https://guide\\-humanitarian\\-law.org/content/article/3/humanitarian\\-principles/\\\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2020}} In a conservative interpretation, it also means that humanitarian workers do not speak out about what they see, even in the case of egregious human rights violations, including genocide. There are reasons that some prefer, and utilize, the more conservative interpretation of neutrality. First, some feel that a commitment to staying silent about what they witness allows them to access people in the most need of aid. Otherwise, leaders in areas of conflict may not permit humanitarian workers to access to provide aid.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Bordoloi\\\|first\\=A\\\|date\\=2020\\-08\\-18\\\|title\\=How Important is Neutrality in Providing Humanitarian Assistance?\\\|url\\=https://www.e\\-ir.info/2020/08/18/how\\-important\\-is\\-neutrality\\-in\\-providing\\-humanitarian\\-assistance/\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-13\\\|website\\=E\\-International Relations\\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Staying silent can also act as a measure of protection for aid workers, further ensuring that aid is provided to those most in need.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Devine\\\|first\\=Carol\\\|date\\=2018\\-03\\-11\\\|title\\=Neutrality vs. impartiality: What's the difference?\\\|url\\=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.ca/article/neutrality\\-vs\\-impartiality\\-what%E2%80%99s\\-difference\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-13\\\|website\\=www.doctorswithoutborders.ca\\\|language\\=en\\\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-24\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824211326/https://www.doctorswithoutborders.ca/article/neutrality\\-vs\\-impartiality\\-what%E2%80%99s\\-difference\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Lastly, some argue that staying silent is a way to ensure no discrimination in humanitarian aid. For this argument, choosing sides during a conflict amounts to discrimination, and works against the fundamental principles of humanitarian aid.", "The other side of the debate highlights the moral imperative to speak up against egregious violations of human rights. Organizations on this side tend to also promote an understanding of the difference between neutrality and impartiality, another humanitarian principle. MSF, for example, explains that impartiality ensures that aid workers only consider a person's need in giving aid, and do not discriminate against someone because of their \"nationality, race, gender, identity, religious beliefs, class or political opinions\".{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Doctors Without Borders (MSF)\\\|date\\=2016\\-09\\-22\\\|title\\=Our charter\\\|url\\=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.ca/our\\-charter\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-13\\\|website\\=www.doctorswithoutborders.ca\\\|language\\=en}} On the other hand, neutrality \"means not taking sides\". However, MSF explicitly states that they will speak out about massive human rights violations, including genocide. They argue that the needs of the people experiencing mass violence come above the principle of neutrality. In this, they do not violate impartiality and continue to provide humanitarian aid to individuals who need it most, regardless of sides.", "Two of the major players in this debate are the [International Committee of the Red Cross](/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross \"International Committee of the Red Cross\") (ICRC), and [Médecins Sans Frontières](/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_sans_Fronti%C3%A8res \"Médecins sans Frontières\") (MSF) (also known as Doctors Without Borders). Historically, the ICRC interpreted \"neutrality\" to mean no public criticism, unwilling to speak out about what they were seeing, in hopes of maintaining their ability to provide aid. A good example of this is [WWII](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), where ICRC did not publicize or condemn the Nazi genocide.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=ICRC\\\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-26\\\|title\\=The ICRC during World War II\\\|url\\=https://blogs.icrc.org/cross\\-files/the\\-icrc\\-during\\-world\\-war\\-ii/\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-13\\\|website\\=Cross\\-Files {{!}} ICRC Archives, audiovisual and library\\\|language\\=en\\-US}} This is part of what sparked the continuing debate. However, since the 1990s, the ICRC has amended its interpretation of neutrality and promoted public denouncement of serious violations of humanitarian law. MSF, on the other hand, never adopted the policy of absolute confidentiality, and considers \"'bearing witness to the plight of victims as an additional measure of protection\". While they uphold the principle of neutrality, they state that, \"impartiality and neutrality are not synonymous with silence\".{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Doctors Without Borders (MSF)\\\|title\\=Bearing witness\\\|url\\=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/who\\-we\\-are/principles/bearing\\-witness\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-13\\\|website\\=Doctors Without Borders \\- USA\\\|language\\=en}}", "This issue is still widely contested in the humanitarian field. In a 2020 opinion piece, Hugo Slim argues that legally, operationally, and morally, it is acceptable for humanitarians to take sides. He states, \"Neutral humanitarianism is not necessarily ethically desirable when we see people as enemies for good reasons. Is it reasonable to expect a Syrian aid worker to be neutral while her community is being bombed? Is it moral for humanitarians to stay neutral in the face of injustice or genocide?\"", "Others argue, \"neutrality is very important in the provision of humanitarian assistance as it provides humanitarian actors, such as the ICRC, with the humanitarian space needed to provide relief to as many victims of crisis as possible without discrimination, whilst also allowing aid workers to carry out their duties safely and to the best of their abilities.\"", "As the field of humanitarian aid continues to professionalize, so do the definitions and implementations of its principles.", "### Independence", "Humanitarian agencies must formulate and implement their own policies independently of government policies or actions. Humanitarian agencies, although there are auxiliaries in the humanitarian services and subject to the laws of their countries, must maintain their autonomy from political, economic, military or any other others and to be able at all times to act in accordance with the humanitarian principles.", "Problems may arise because most NGHAs rely in varying degrees on government donors. Thus for some organizations it is difficult to maintain independence from their donors and not be confused in the field with governments who may be involved in the hostilities. The [ICRC](/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross \"International Committee of the Red Cross\"), has set the example for maintaining its independence (and neutrality) by raising its funds from governments through the use of separate annual appeals for headquarters costs and field operations.(see: [Joanna Macrae: NGOs: Has the 'N' gone missing?](http://www.redcross.int/EN/mag/magazine1996_3/18-19.html) [Randolph Kent: Footing the aid bill](http://www.redcross.int/EN/mag/magazine1998_2/2-7.html))", "" ]
### Neutrality For [International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement](/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement"), [neutrality](/wiki/Neutrality_%28philosophy%29 "Neutrality (philosophy)") means not to take sides in hostilities or engage at any time in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature. The principle of neutrality was specifically addressed to the Red Cross Movement to prevent it from not only taking sides in a conflict, but not to "engage at any time in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature." Neutrality can also apply to humanitarian actions of a state. "Neutrality remains closely linked with the definition which introduced the concept into international law to designate the status of a State which decided to stand apart from an armed conflict. Consequently, its applications under positive law still depend on the criteria of abstention and impartiality which have characterized neutrality from the outset."{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0\.nsf/html/57JN2Z\\|title\=International Committee of the Red Cross\\|date\=3 October 2013\\|access\-date\=15 November 2006\\|archive\-date\=10 August 2009\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810001247/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0\.nsf/html/57JN2Z\\|url\-status\=dead}} The application of the word neutrality to humanitarian aid delivered by UN agencies or even governments can be confusing. GA Resolution 46/182 proclaims the principle of neutrality, yet as an inter\-governmental political organization, the UN is often engaged in controversies of a political nature. According to this interpretation, the UN agency or a government can provide neutral humanitarian aid as long as it does it impartially, based upon need alone.(For a discussion of the concept of neutrality with respect to humanitarian response see: [Denise Plattner](http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JN2Z) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810001247/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0\.nsf/html/57JN2Z \\|date\=2009\-08\-10 }}) Today, the word neutrality is widely used within the humanitarian community, usually to mean the provision of humanitarian aid in an impartial and independent manner, based on need alone. Few international NGOs have curtailed work on justice or human rights issues because of their commitment to neutrality. #### Controversy on Neutrality While neutrality is an important principle in the work of Humanitarian Aid, there is a long\-standing controversy in the field on how it should be implemented.{{Cite news\\|last\=Slim\\|first\=H.\\|date\=August 27, 2020\\|title\=You don't have to be neutral to be a good humanitarian.\\|work\=The New Humanitarian\\|url\=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/opinion/2020/08/27/humanitarian\-principles\-neutrality\\|access\-date\=November 20, 2020}} The humanitarian principle of neutrality was formally established in 1991 by the UN General Assembly resolution 46/182\. The principles were developed from the core principles used by the International Committee of the Red Cross and the National Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies.{{Cite web\\|last\=OCHA\\|date\=2012\\|title\=What are Humanitarian Principles?\\|url\=https://www.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/OOM\-humanitarianprinciples\_eng\_June12\.pdf}} OCHA, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, defines neutrality as, "Humanitarian actors must not take sides in hostilities or engage in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature". This means that humanitarian workers should not take sides in a conflict.{{Cite web\\|last\=Doctors Without Borders (MSF)\\|title\=The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law\\|url\=https://guide\-humanitarian\-law.org/content/article/3/humanitarian\-principles/\\|access\-date\=November 23, 2020}} In a conservative interpretation, it also means that humanitarian workers do not speak out about what they see, even in the case of egregious human rights violations, including genocide. There are reasons that some prefer, and utilize, the more conservative interpretation of neutrality. First, some feel that a commitment to staying silent about what they witness allows them to access people in the most need of aid. Otherwise, leaders in areas of conflict may not permit humanitarian workers to access to provide aid.{{Cite web\\|last\=Bordoloi\\|first\=A\\|date\=2020\-08\-18\\|title\=How Important is Neutrality in Providing Humanitarian Assistance?\\|url\=https://www.e\-ir.info/2020/08/18/how\-important\-is\-neutrality\-in\-providing\-humanitarian\-assistance/\\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-13\\|website\=E\-International Relations\\|language\=en\-US}} Staying silent can also act as a measure of protection for aid workers, further ensuring that aid is provided to those most in need.{{Cite web\\|last\=Devine\\|first\=Carol\\|date\=2018\-03\-11\\|title\=Neutrality vs. impartiality: What's the difference?\\|url\=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.ca/article/neutrality\-vs\-impartiality\-what%E2%80%99s\-difference\\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-13\\|website\=www.doctorswithoutborders.ca\\|language\=en\\|archive\-date\=2021\-08\-24\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824211326/https://www.doctorswithoutborders.ca/article/neutrality\-vs\-impartiality\-what%E2%80%99s\-difference\\|url\-status\=dead}} Lastly, some argue that staying silent is a way to ensure no discrimination in humanitarian aid. For this argument, choosing sides during a conflict amounts to discrimination, and works against the fundamental principles of humanitarian aid. The other side of the debate highlights the moral imperative to speak up against egregious violations of human rights. Organizations on this side tend to also promote an understanding of the difference between neutrality and impartiality, another humanitarian principle. MSF, for example, explains that impartiality ensures that aid workers only consider a person's need in giving aid, and do not discriminate against someone because of their "nationality, race, gender, identity, religious beliefs, class or political opinions".{{Cite web\\|last\=Doctors Without Borders (MSF)\\|date\=2016\-09\-22\\|title\=Our charter\\|url\=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.ca/our\-charter\\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-13\\|website\=www.doctorswithoutborders.ca\\|language\=en}} On the other hand, neutrality "means not taking sides". However, MSF explicitly states that they will speak out about massive human rights violations, including genocide. They argue that the needs of the people experiencing mass violence come above the principle of neutrality. In this, they do not violate impartiality and continue to provide humanitarian aid to individuals who need it most, regardless of sides. Two of the major players in this debate are the [International Committee of the Red Cross](/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross "International Committee of the Red Cross") (ICRC), and [Médecins Sans Frontières](/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_sans_Fronti%C3%A8res "Médecins sans Frontières") (MSF) (also known as Doctors Without Borders). Historically, the ICRC interpreted "neutrality" to mean no public criticism, unwilling to speak out about what they were seeing, in hopes of maintaining their ability to provide aid. A good example of this is [WWII](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), where ICRC did not publicize or condemn the Nazi genocide.{{Cite web\\|last\=ICRC\\|date\=2018\-11\-26\\|title\=The ICRC during World War II\\|url\=https://blogs.icrc.org/cross\-files/the\-icrc\-during\-world\-war\-ii/\\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-13\\|website\=Cross\-Files {{!}} ICRC Archives, audiovisual and library\\|language\=en\-US}} This is part of what sparked the continuing debate. However, since the 1990s, the ICRC has amended its interpretation of neutrality and promoted public denouncement of serious violations of humanitarian law. MSF, on the other hand, never adopted the policy of absolute confidentiality, and considers "'bearing witness to the plight of victims as an additional measure of protection". While they uphold the principle of neutrality, they state that, "impartiality and neutrality are not synonymous with silence".{{Cite web\\|last\=Doctors Without Borders (MSF)\\|title\=Bearing witness\\|url\=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/who\-we\-are/principles/bearing\-witness\\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-13\\|website\=Doctors Without Borders \- USA\\|language\=en}} This issue is still widely contested in the humanitarian field. In a 2020 opinion piece, Hugo Slim argues that legally, operationally, and morally, it is acceptable for humanitarians to take sides. He states, "Neutral humanitarianism is not necessarily ethically desirable when we see people as enemies for good reasons. Is it reasonable to expect a Syrian aid worker to be neutral while her community is being bombed? Is it moral for humanitarians to stay neutral in the face of injustice or genocide?" Others argue, "neutrality is very important in the provision of humanitarian assistance as it provides humanitarian actors, such as the ICRC, with the humanitarian space needed to provide relief to as many victims of crisis as possible without discrimination, whilst also allowing aid workers to carry out their duties safely and to the best of their abilities." As the field of humanitarian aid continues to professionalize, so do the definitions and implementations of its principles.	[ "### Neutrality", "For [International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement](/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement \"International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement\"), [neutrality](/wiki/Neutrality_%28philosophy%29 \"Neutrality (philosophy)\") means not to take sides in hostilities or engage at any time in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature.", "The principle of neutrality was specifically addressed to the Red Cross Movement to prevent it from not only taking sides in a conflict, but not to \"engage at any time in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature.\" \nNeutrality can also apply to humanitarian actions of a state. \"Neutrality remains closely linked with the definition which introduced the concept into international law to designate the status of a State which decided to stand apart from an armed conflict. Consequently, its applications under positive law still depend on the criteria of abstention and impartiality which have characterized neutrality from the outset.\"{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0\\.nsf/html/57JN2Z\\\|title\\=International Committee of the Red Cross\\\|date\\=3 October 2013\\\|access\\-date\\=15 November 2006\\\|archive\\-date\\=10 August 2009\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810001247/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0\\.nsf/html/57JN2Z\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "The application of the word neutrality to humanitarian aid delivered by UN agencies or even governments can be confusing. GA Resolution 46/182 proclaims the principle of neutrality, yet as an inter\\-governmental political organization, the UN is often engaged in controversies of a political nature. According to this interpretation, the UN agency or a government can provide neutral humanitarian aid as long as it does it impartially, based upon need alone.(For a discussion of the concept of neutrality with respect to humanitarian response see: [Denise Plattner](http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JN2Z) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810001247/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0\\.nsf/html/57JN2Z \\\|date\\=2009\\-08\\-10 }})", "Today, the word neutrality is widely used within the humanitarian community, usually to mean the provision of humanitarian aid in an impartial and independent manner, based on need alone. Few international NGOs have curtailed work on justice or human rights issues because of their commitment to neutrality.", "#### Controversy on Neutrality", "While neutrality is an important principle in the work of Humanitarian Aid, there is a long\\-standing controversy in the field on how it should be implemented.{{Cite news\\\|last\\=Slim\\\|first\\=H.\\\|date\\=August 27, 2020\\\|title\\=You don't have to be neutral to be a good humanitarian.\\\|work\\=The New Humanitarian\\\|url\\=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/opinion/2020/08/27/humanitarian\\-principles\\-neutrality\\\|access\\-date\\=November 20, 2020}}", "The humanitarian principle of neutrality was formally established in 1991 by the UN General Assembly resolution 46/182\\. The principles were developed from the core principles used by the International Committee of the Red Cross and the National Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=OCHA\\\|date\\=2012\\\|title\\=What are Humanitarian Principles?\\\|url\\=https://www.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/OOM\\-humanitarianprinciples\\_eng\\_June12\\.pdf}} OCHA, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, defines neutrality as, \"Humanitarian actors must not take sides in hostilities or engage in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature\". This means that humanitarian workers should not take sides in a conflict.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Doctors Without Borders (MSF)\\\|title\\=The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law\\\|url\\=https://guide\\-humanitarian\\-law.org/content/article/3/humanitarian\\-principles/\\\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2020}} In a conservative interpretation, it also means that humanitarian workers do not speak out about what they see, even in the case of egregious human rights violations, including genocide. There are reasons that some prefer, and utilize, the more conservative interpretation of neutrality. First, some feel that a commitment to staying silent about what they witness allows them to access people in the most need of aid. Otherwise, leaders in areas of conflict may not permit humanitarian workers to access to provide aid.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Bordoloi\\\|first\\=A\\\|date\\=2020\\-08\\-18\\\|title\\=How Important is Neutrality in Providing Humanitarian Assistance?\\\|url\\=https://www.e\\-ir.info/2020/08/18/how\\-important\\-is\\-neutrality\\-in\\-providing\\-humanitarian\\-assistance/\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-13\\\|website\\=E\\-International Relations\\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Staying silent can also act as a measure of protection for aid workers, further ensuring that aid is provided to those most in need.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Devine\\\|first\\=Carol\\\|date\\=2018\\-03\\-11\\\|title\\=Neutrality vs. impartiality: What's the difference?\\\|url\\=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.ca/article/neutrality\\-vs\\-impartiality\\-what%E2%80%99s\\-difference\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-13\\\|website\\=www.doctorswithoutborders.ca\\\|language\\=en\\\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-24\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824211326/https://www.doctorswithoutborders.ca/article/neutrality\\-vs\\-impartiality\\-what%E2%80%99s\\-difference\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Lastly, some argue that staying silent is a way to ensure no discrimination in humanitarian aid. For this argument, choosing sides during a conflict amounts to discrimination, and works against the fundamental principles of humanitarian aid.", "The other side of the debate highlights the moral imperative to speak up against egregious violations of human rights. Organizations on this side tend to also promote an understanding of the difference between neutrality and impartiality, another humanitarian principle. MSF, for example, explains that impartiality ensures that aid workers only consider a person's need in giving aid, and do not discriminate against someone because of their \"nationality, race, gender, identity, religious beliefs, class or political opinions\".{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Doctors Without Borders (MSF)\\\|date\\=2016\\-09\\-22\\\|title\\=Our charter\\\|url\\=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.ca/our\\-charter\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-13\\\|website\\=www.doctorswithoutborders.ca\\\|language\\=en}} On the other hand, neutrality \"means not taking sides\". However, MSF explicitly states that they will speak out about massive human rights violations, including genocide. They argue that the needs of the people experiencing mass violence come above the principle of neutrality. In this, they do not violate impartiality and continue to provide humanitarian aid to individuals who need it most, regardless of sides.", "Two of the major players in this debate are the [International Committee of the Red Cross](/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross \"International Committee of the Red Cross\") (ICRC), and [Médecins Sans Frontières](/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_sans_Fronti%C3%A8res \"Médecins sans Frontières\") (MSF) (also known as Doctors Without Borders). Historically, the ICRC interpreted \"neutrality\" to mean no public criticism, unwilling to speak out about what they were seeing, in hopes of maintaining their ability to provide aid. A good example of this is [WWII](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), where ICRC did not publicize or condemn the Nazi genocide.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=ICRC\\\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-26\\\|title\\=The ICRC during World War II\\\|url\\=https://blogs.icrc.org/cross\\-files/the\\-icrc\\-during\\-world\\-war\\-ii/\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-13\\\|website\\=Cross\\-Files {{!}} ICRC Archives, audiovisual and library\\\|language\\=en\\-US}} This is part of what sparked the continuing debate. However, since the 1990s, the ICRC has amended its interpretation of neutrality and promoted public denouncement of serious violations of humanitarian law. MSF, on the other hand, never adopted the policy of absolute confidentiality, and considers \"'bearing witness to the plight of victims as an additional measure of protection\". While they uphold the principle of neutrality, they state that, \"impartiality and neutrality are not synonymous with silence\".{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Doctors Without Borders (MSF)\\\|title\\=Bearing witness\\\|url\\=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/who\\-we\\-are/principles/bearing\\-witness\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-13\\\|website\\=Doctors Without Borders \\- USA\\\|language\\=en}}", "This issue is still widely contested in the humanitarian field. In a 2020 opinion piece, Hugo Slim argues that legally, operationally, and morally, it is acceptable for humanitarians to take sides. He states, \"Neutral humanitarianism is not necessarily ethically desirable when we see people as enemies for good reasons. Is it reasonable to expect a Syrian aid worker to be neutral while her community is being bombed? Is it moral for humanitarians to stay neutral in the face of injustice or genocide?\"", "Others argue, \"neutrality is very important in the provision of humanitarian assistance as it provides humanitarian actors, such as the ICRC, with the humanitarian space needed to provide relief to as many victims of crisis as possible without discrimination, whilst also allowing aid workers to carry out their duties safely and to the best of their abilities.\"", "As the field of humanitarian aid continues to professionalize, so do the definitions and implementations of its principles.", "" ]
History ------- ### Benedictine monks Glenstrup Abbey, dedicated to the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Virgin_Mary "Virgin Mary"), was founded about 1125 on [Glenstrup Lake](/wiki/Glenstrup_Lake "Glenstrup Lake"), near the town of [Hobro](/wiki/Hobro "Hobro"), as a Benedictine monastery. The nobleman Svend Bo and his wife Inger Thott gave property and several farms to support it in the mid\-12th century. In some records it was nicknamed "Nørre Abbey". It was built on the site of a holy spring called Maria's Spring in medieval times. The location was a religious one in [Viking](/wiki/Viking "Viking") times and the abbey was most likely constructed on the site of a [stave chapel](/wiki/Stave_chapel "Stave chapel") built to Christianize the place in the late 11th century. The monastery was built in the traditional three ranges attached to a church as a four\-sided enclosure. The massive [Romanesque](/wiki/Romanesque_architecture "Romanesque architecture") tower was an unusual feature on the west front of the abbey church. Few records about the abbey survive. It is mentioned in a [papal bull](/wiki/Papal_bull "Papal bull") of the mid\-13th century, probably issued by [Pope Alexander III](/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III "Pope Alexander III"). At its height the abbey owned many farms, two mills, and several churches from which it collected tithes. It also owned the permanent rights to fish eels from the lake, where it built a permanent eel trap. It also had the rights to income from the fair or market held on [Lady Day](/wiki/Lady_Day "Lady Day"), which was held in nearby fields as late as 1552\. The abbey however eventually entered a long slow decline which culminated in its closure in 1431\. Although records are sparse, this was apparently caused by a combination of lack of revenue and declining religious standards which meant that there were no novices. Ulrik, [Bishop of Aarhus](/wiki/Bishop_of_Aarhus "Bishop of Aarhus"), decided that the house had become unruly and that to maintain it would cost the diocese more than it brought in; the last Benedictine monks were therefore removed, and an effort made to interest another order in the premises. ### Glenstrup Charterhouse At the suggestion of King [Eric of Pomerania](/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania "Eric of Pomerania"), Bishop Ulrik gave the abbey and the income properties from the recently closed priory of Our Lady in [Randers](/wiki/Randers "Randers") to the [Carthusian Order](/wiki/Carthusian_Order "Carthusian Order") for the establishment of a new [charterhouse](/wiki/List_of_Carthusian_monasteries "List of Carthusian monasteries") in the [Diocese of Aarhus](/wiki/Diocese_of_Aarhus "Diocese of Aarhus") in 1429\. The Carthusians settled briefly at the vacant Glenstrup Abbey, creating Glenstrup Charterhouse, but abandoned the site by 1441\. ### Benedictine monks Bishop Ulrik then tried to re\-establish a Benedictine community, but the attempt was short\-lived, and the Benedictines left Glenstrup for the last time before 1445\. ### Bridgettine nuns Bishop Ulrik then gave the abbey and its attendant properties to the newly established [Bridgettine](/wiki/Bridgettine "Bridgettine") [Mariager Abbey](/wiki/Mariager_Abbey "Mariager Abbey"). The Bridgettines were seen in the mid\-15th century as a reforming order capable of restoring the religious zeal that many religious houses had lost and re\-establishing the strict standards which by this time many had abandoned. They were however only interested in the estates of Glenstrup, and demolished the abbey premises shortly after 1445, leaving only the church.	[ "History\n-------", "### Benedictine monks", "Glenstrup Abbey, dedicated to the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Virgin_Mary \"Virgin Mary\"), was founded about 1125 on [Glenstrup Lake](/wiki/Glenstrup_Lake \"Glenstrup Lake\"), near the town of [Hobro](/wiki/Hobro \"Hobro\"), as a Benedictine monastery. The nobleman Svend Bo and his wife Inger Thott gave property and several farms to support it in the mid\\-12th century. In some records it was nicknamed \"Nørre Abbey\". It was built on the site of a holy spring called Maria's Spring in medieval times. The location was a religious one in [Viking](/wiki/Viking \"Viking\") times and the abbey was most likely constructed on the site of a [stave chapel](/wiki/Stave_chapel \"Stave chapel\") built to Christianize the place in the late 11th century.", "The monastery was built in the traditional three ranges attached to a church as a four\\-sided enclosure. The massive [Romanesque](/wiki/Romanesque_architecture \"Romanesque architecture\") tower was an unusual feature on the west front of the abbey church.", "Few records about the abbey survive. It is mentioned in a [papal bull](/wiki/Papal_bull \"Papal bull\") of the mid\\-13th century, probably issued by [Pope Alexander III](/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III \"Pope Alexander III\").", "At its height the abbey owned many farms, two mills, and several churches from which it collected tithes. It also owned the permanent rights to fish eels from the lake, where it built a permanent eel trap. It also had the rights to income from the fair or market held on [Lady Day](/wiki/Lady_Day \"Lady Day\"), which was held in nearby fields as late as 1552\\.\nThe abbey however eventually entered a long slow decline which culminated in its closure in 1431\\. Although records are sparse, this was apparently caused by a combination of lack of revenue and declining religious standards which meant that there were no novices. Ulrik, [Bishop of Aarhus](/wiki/Bishop_of_Aarhus \"Bishop of Aarhus\"), decided that the house had become unruly and that to maintain it would cost the diocese more than it brought in; the last Benedictine monks were therefore removed, and an effort made to interest another order in the premises.", "### Glenstrup Charterhouse", "At the suggestion of King [Eric of Pomerania](/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania \"Eric of Pomerania\"), Bishop Ulrik gave the abbey and the income properties from the recently closed priory of Our Lady in [Randers](/wiki/Randers \"Randers\") to the [Carthusian Order](/wiki/Carthusian_Order \"Carthusian Order\") for the establishment of a new [charterhouse](/wiki/List_of_Carthusian_monasteries \"List of Carthusian monasteries\") in the [Diocese of Aarhus](/wiki/Diocese_of_Aarhus \"Diocese of Aarhus\") in 1429\\. The Carthusians settled briefly at the vacant Glenstrup Abbey, creating Glenstrup Charterhouse, but abandoned the site by 1441\\.", "### Benedictine monks", "Bishop Ulrik then tried to re\\-establish a Benedictine community, but the attempt was short\\-lived, and the Benedictines left Glenstrup for the last time before 1445\\.", "### Bridgettine nuns", "Bishop Ulrik then gave the abbey and its attendant properties to the newly established [Bridgettine](/wiki/Bridgettine \"Bridgettine\") [Mariager Abbey](/wiki/Mariager_Abbey \"Mariager Abbey\"). The Bridgettines were seen in the mid\\-15th century as a reforming order capable of restoring the religious zeal that many religious houses had lost and re\\-establishing the strict standards which by this time many had abandoned. They were however only interested in the estates of Glenstrup, and demolished the abbey premises shortly after 1445, leaving only the church.", "" ]
Expansion of the P\&BR ---------------------- [thumb\\|right\\|The new building at Blaenavon Furnace Sidings railway station](/wiki/File:Blaenavon_Furnace_Sidings_Station_Building.jpg "Blaenavon Furnace Sidings Station Building.jpg") [thumb\\|right\\|Andrew Barclay 0\-4\-0ST 'Rosyth' at Big Pit Halt](/wiki/File:Big_Pit_Halt_-_geograph-4069308-by-Gareth-James.jpg "Big Pit Halt - geograph-4069308-by-Gareth-James.jpg") [thumb\\|right\\|Hunslet 18 Inch 0\-6\-0ST Eastmoor Steelworks No. 18 'Jessie' runs round the train at Blaenavon Furnace Sidings](/wiki/File:Hunslet_0-6-0ST_Eastmoor_Steelworks_No_18_Jessie_Run_Round_Blaenavon_Furnace_Sidings.jpg "Hunslet 0-6-0ST Eastmoor Steelworks No 18 Jessie Run Round Blaenavon Furnace Sidings.jpg") In May 2010 the railway was extended a distance of roughly {{convert\\|1\+1/4\\|miles\\|1\\|spell\=in\\|adj\=on}} southwards to the site of the former Blaenavon High Level station (once the [London and North Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway "London and North Western Railway")'s station in the town).{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.welshicons.org.uk/html/pontypool\_and\_blaenavon\_railwa.php \\|title\=Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway \\|publisher\=Welsh Icons \\|access\-date\=2012\-11\-11 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224230554/http://www.welshicons.org.uk/html/pontypool\_and\_blaenavon\_railwa.php \\|archive\-date\=2012\-02\-24 }} The Pontypool Blaenavon Railway Company was granted an Order under the Transport and Works Act to extend and operate the line. Work, which started in late 2004, was initially complicated by difficulty in determining who built the railway. The order allowing most of the initial construction was the Brynmawr and Blaenavon Act of 1866, but a short section in the south was built under the LNWR (Wales \&c) Act of 1875\. Once the two months spent on this research was complete matters progressed rapidly so that a formal application to the Welsh Assembly was made on 3 May 2005\. By the end of June 2005 the application became public with a two\-month subsequent period allowed for formal objection. By 28 November 2005, the inspector appointed by the [National Assembly for Wales](/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales "National Assembly for Wales"), Stuart B Wild, MRTPI, MCMI made his report to Parliament. Subsequently, a full meeting of the planning Decision Committee of the National Assembly for Wales, chaired by [Carwyn Jones](/wiki/Carwyn_Jones "Carwyn Jones"), Minister for Environment, Planning and Countryside, approved the application on 24 January 2006\. The minister in turn wrote to Winckworth Sherwood on 31 January. The Order, called the Pontypool and Blaenavon (Phase 1\) Order 2006 was finally made on 20 June 2006 and came into force on 21 June 2006\.{{cite web\\|url\=http://wales.gov.uk/legislation/subordinate/localstat/transpworks/PontypoolBlaenavonOrder2006e?lang\=en \\|title\=Welsh Government \\| The Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway (Phase I) Order 2006 \\|publisher\=Wales.gov.uk \\|date\=2006\-06\-20 \\|access\-date\=2012\-11\-11 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218104013/http://wales.gov.uk/legislation/subordinate/localstat/transpworks/PontypoolBlaenavonOrder2006e?lang\=en \\|archive\-date\=2012\-02\-18 }} The route southwards was made difficult by the need to refurbish a number of bridges en route. A substantial report issued by the Company to [Torfaen County Borough Council](/wiki/Torfaen_County_Borough_Council "Torfaen County Borough Council"), the successor to the [Welsh Development Agency](/wiki/Welsh_Development_Agency "Welsh Development Agency"), and other interested parties, estimated the lowest cost for the extension and the provision of a minimal station at High Level at between £235K and £395K, with cost of the bridges lying between £162K and £323K—by far the dominant item in the total cost. The Company eventually achieved funding from the Welsh Assembly Government's Heads of the Valleys programme to meet much of the refurbishment costs. Blaenavon (High Level) station is close to the centre of Blaenavon town centre, and as a result, a substantial increase in passenger numbers is confidently expected. Blaenavon is the centre of the [World Heritage Site](/wiki/World_Heritage_Site "World Heritage Site") of the [Blaenavon Industrial Landscape](/wiki/Blaenavon_Industrial_Landscape "Blaenavon Industrial Landscape"), which includes [Big Pit National Coal Museum](/wiki/Big_Pit_National_Coal_Museum "Big Pit National Coal Museum") and [Blaenavon Ironworks](/wiki/Blaenavon_Ironworks "Blaenavon Ironworks").{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/historic\_landscape/Blaenavon/english/Blaenavon\_005\.htm \\|title\=Blaenavon HLCA005 \\|publisher\=Ggat.org.uk \\|access\-date\=2012\-11\-11 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421104343/http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/historic\_landscape/blaenavon/english/Blaenavon\_005\.htm \\|archive\-date\=2012\-04\-21 }} The presence of the railway there is expected to significantly add to the visitor experience and tourist potential of the town. With Phase 1 achieved, the railway constructed a branch line into the National Mining Museum in 2011 before turning towards extending the line northwards, under a small road bridge and along the still intact track bed to Waunafon, the summit of the line which at {{convert\\|1400\\|ft\\|m}} above sea level was the highest standard\-gauge station in both England and Wales.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.britishrailways.info/SUMMITS.htm \\|title\=Summits \\|publisher\=Britishrailways.info \\|access\-date\=2012\-11\-11}} There is also growing political interest for the preserved line to extend further again to [Brynmawr](/wiki/Brynmawr "Brynmawr") which takes the railway over the local authority boundary from [Torfaen](/wiki/Torfaen "Torfaen") into [Blaenau Gwent](/wiki/Blaenau_Gwent "Blaenau Gwent") and also the historic county boundary from Monmouthshire into Brecknockshire. However the emphasis with the local authority is that this phase will serve as a community link, rather than a tourist attraction.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.blaenau\-gwent.gov.uk/councilagendas/Executive%20Committee/EXECU0905A1/EXECU0905A1N8462/EXECU0905A1N8462b.pdf \\|title\=Archived copy \\|access\-date\=2014\-12\-13 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217122611/http://www.blaenau\-gwent.gov.uk/councilagendas/Executive%20Committee/EXECU0905A1/EXECU0905A1N8462/EXECU0905A1N8462b.pdf \\|archive\-date\=17 February 2012 \\|df\=dmy\-all }} On 10 September 2021, a new locomotive shed was opened.{{Cite web\\|last\=White\\|first\=Chloe\\|date\=2021\-09\-18\\|title\=New carriage shed officially opened at the Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway\\|url\=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2021/09/new\-carriage\-shed\-officially\-opened\-at\-the\-pontypool\-and\-blaenavon\-railway.html\\|access\-date\=2021\-09\-20\\|website\=RailAdvent\\|language\=en\-GB}}	[ "Expansion of the P\\&BR\n----------------------", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|The new building at Blaenavon Furnace Sidings railway station](/wiki/File:Blaenavon_Furnace_Sidings_Station_Building.jpg \"Blaenavon Furnace Sidings Station Building.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|Andrew Barclay 0\\-4\\-0ST 'Rosyth' at Big Pit Halt](/wiki/File:Big_Pit_Halt_-_geograph-4069308-by-Gareth-James.jpg \"Big Pit Halt - geograph-4069308-by-Gareth-James.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|Hunslet 18 Inch 0\\-6\\-0ST Eastmoor Steelworks No. 18 'Jessie' runs round the train at Blaenavon Furnace Sidings](/wiki/File:Hunslet_0-6-0ST_Eastmoor_Steelworks_No_18_Jessie_Run_Round_Blaenavon_Furnace_Sidings.jpg \"Hunslet 0-6-0ST Eastmoor Steelworks No 18 Jessie Run Round Blaenavon Furnace Sidings.jpg\")\nIn May 2010 the railway was extended a distance of roughly {{convert\\\|1\\+1/4\\\|miles\\\|1\\\|spell\\=in\\\|adj\\=on}} southwards to the site of the former Blaenavon High Level station (once the [London and North Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway \"London and North Western Railway\")'s station in the town).{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.welshicons.org.uk/html/pontypool\\_and\\_blaenavon\\_railwa.php \\\|title\\=Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway \\\|publisher\\=Welsh Icons \\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-11 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224230554/http://www.welshicons.org.uk/html/pontypool\\_and\\_blaenavon\\_railwa.php \\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-24 }}", "The Pontypool Blaenavon Railway Company was granted an Order under the Transport and Works Act to extend and operate the line.", "Work, which started in late 2004, was initially complicated by difficulty in determining who built the railway. The order allowing most of the initial construction was the Brynmawr and Blaenavon Act of 1866, but a short section in the south was built under the LNWR (Wales \\&c) Act of 1875\\. Once the two months spent on this research was complete matters progressed rapidly so that a formal application to the Welsh Assembly was made on 3 May 2005\\. By the end of June 2005 the application became public with a two\\-month subsequent period allowed for formal objection.", "By 28 November 2005, the inspector appointed by the [National Assembly for Wales](/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales \"National Assembly for Wales\"), Stuart B Wild, MRTPI, MCMI made his report to Parliament. Subsequently, a full meeting of the planning Decision Committee of the National Assembly for Wales, chaired by [Carwyn Jones](/wiki/Carwyn_Jones \"Carwyn Jones\"), Minister for Environment, Planning and Countryside, approved the application on 24 January 2006\\.", "The minister in turn wrote to Winckworth Sherwood on 31 January. The Order, called the Pontypool and Blaenavon (Phase 1\\) Order 2006 was finally made on 20 June 2006 and came into force on 21 June 2006\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://wales.gov.uk/legislation/subordinate/localstat/transpworks/PontypoolBlaenavonOrder2006e?lang\\=en \\\|title\\=Welsh Government \\\| The Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway (Phase I) Order 2006 \\\|publisher\\=Wales.gov.uk \\\|date\\=2006\\-06\\-20 \\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-11 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218104013/http://wales.gov.uk/legislation/subordinate/localstat/transpworks/PontypoolBlaenavonOrder2006e?lang\\=en \\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-18 }}", "The route southwards was made difficult by the need to refurbish a number of bridges en route. A substantial report issued by the Company to [Torfaen County Borough Council](/wiki/Torfaen_County_Borough_Council \"Torfaen County Borough Council\"), the successor to the [Welsh Development Agency](/wiki/Welsh_Development_Agency \"Welsh Development Agency\"), and other interested parties, estimated the lowest cost for the extension and the provision of a minimal station at High Level at between £235K and £395K, with cost of the bridges lying between £162K and £323K—by far the dominant item in the total cost.", "The Company eventually achieved funding from the Welsh Assembly Government's Heads of the Valleys programme to meet much of the refurbishment costs. Blaenavon (High Level) station is close to the centre of Blaenavon town centre, and as a result, a substantial increase in passenger numbers is confidently expected. Blaenavon is the centre of the [World Heritage Site](/wiki/World_Heritage_Site \"World Heritage Site\") of the [Blaenavon Industrial Landscape](/wiki/Blaenavon_Industrial_Landscape \"Blaenavon Industrial Landscape\"), which includes [Big Pit National Coal Museum](/wiki/Big_Pit_National_Coal_Museum \"Big Pit National Coal Museum\") and [Blaenavon Ironworks](/wiki/Blaenavon_Ironworks \"Blaenavon Ironworks\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/historic\\_landscape/Blaenavon/english/Blaenavon\\_005\\.htm \\\|title\\=Blaenavon HLCA005 \\\|publisher\\=Ggat.org.uk \\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-11 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421104343/http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/historic\\_landscape/blaenavon/english/Blaenavon\\_005\\.htm \\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-21 }}", "The presence of the railway there is expected to significantly add to the visitor experience and tourist potential of the town.", "With Phase 1 achieved, the railway constructed a branch line into the National Mining Museum in 2011 before turning towards extending the line northwards, under a small road bridge and along the still intact track bed to Waunafon, the summit of the line which at {{convert\\\|1400\\\|ft\\\|m}} above sea level was the highest standard\\-gauge station in both England and Wales.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.britishrailways.info/SUMMITS.htm \\\|title\\=Summits \\\|publisher\\=Britishrailways.info \\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-11}}", "There is also growing political interest for the preserved line to extend further again to [Brynmawr](/wiki/Brynmawr \"Brynmawr\") which takes the railway over the local authority boundary from [Torfaen](/wiki/Torfaen \"Torfaen\") into [Blaenau Gwent](/wiki/Blaenau_Gwent \"Blaenau Gwent\") and also the historic county boundary from Monmouthshire into Brecknockshire. However the emphasis with the local authority is that this phase will serve as a community link, rather than a tourist attraction.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.blaenau\\-gwent.gov.uk/councilagendas/Executive%20Committee/EXECU0905A1/EXECU0905A1N8462/EXECU0905A1N8462b.pdf \\\|title\\=Archived copy \\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-12\\-13 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217122611/http://www.blaenau\\-gwent.gov.uk/councilagendas/Executive%20Committee/EXECU0905A1/EXECU0905A1N8462/EXECU0905A1N8462b.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=17 February 2012 \\\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}", "On 10 September 2021, a new locomotive shed was opened.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=White\\\|first\\=Chloe\\\|date\\=2021\\-09\\-18\\\|title\\=New carriage shed officially opened at the Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway\\\|url\\=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2021/09/new\\-carriage\\-shed\\-officially\\-opened\\-at\\-the\\-pontypool\\-and\\-blaenavon\\-railway.html\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-20\\\|website\\=RailAdvent\\\|language\\=en\\-GB}}", "" ]
Biography --------- Antoine\-Noé Polier de Bottens descended from a noble family from the French [Rouergue](/wiki/Rouergue "Rouergue") that they left for Switzerland in the 16th century to escape persecution as [Huguenots](/wiki/Huguenot "Huguenot") and not have to abjure their [Protestant faith](/wiki/Protestantism "Protestantism"). The first known member of this family was Jean Polier, who died in 1602 after being Secretary of the Embassy of France in Geneva, a family which included scholars, professors and officers who served with distinction in the armies of most major powers. He was the son of Jean Jacques de Polier de Bottens (1670\-1747\), [knight banneret](/wiki/Knight_banneret "Knight banneret") of Lausanne and his wife Salomée Jeanne Elisabeth Quisard (ca. 1670–1735\).[Genealogie der Familie](http://gw4.geneanet.org/cvpolier?lang=fr&p=antoine+noe+jean+antoine+noe&n=de+polier) He first began to study theology in Lausanne then, in order to complete his studies, moved to [Leiden University](/wiki/Leiden_University "Leiden University"), where he obtained a doctorate in 1739\. Back in his home country, de Polier took over a parish in the city of Lausanne. From 1743 he was third, 1754 second, and 1765 first pastor in Lausanne, Seigneur de Bottens, ministre du Saint\-Évangile, 1er pasteur des Églises de Lausanne. In 1759, he was head of the "Séminaire protestant français de Lausanne", and then in 1766 advanced as dean of the chapter. Through an extensive correspondence with [Voltaire](/wiki/Voltaire "Voltaire") during the period 1753–1759, he was encouraged by the famous thinker to have his writings published by Marc\-Michel Bousquet's (1696–1762\) publishing company. In the realm of his competences, de Polier wrote at least nine but unauthorized articles for the [Encyclopédie](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die "Encyclopédie") by [Diderot](/wiki/Denis_Diderot "Denis Diderot") and [D'Alembert](/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert "Jean le Rond d'Alembert"): Kijovn, Liturgie, Logomachie, Magicien, Magie, Malachbelus, Mânes, Maosim and Messie. Voltaire adopted these articles for his [Dictionnaire philosophique](/wiki/Dictionnaire_philosophique "Dictionnaire philosophique") (1764\), but modified extensively passages when they put in question beliefs on a literal interpretation of Scriptures. On April 13, 1744, he married Elisabeth Antoinette Susanne de Lagier\-Pluvianes (1722\-1769\). Both had five daughters and four sons.	[ "Biography\n---------", "Antoine\\-Noé Polier de Bottens descended from a noble family from the French [Rouergue](/wiki/Rouergue \"Rouergue\") that they left for Switzerland in the 16th century to escape persecution as [Huguenots](/wiki/Huguenot \"Huguenot\") and not have to abjure their [Protestant faith](/wiki/Protestantism \"Protestantism\"). The first known member of this family was Jean Polier, who died in 1602 after being Secretary of the Embassy of France in Geneva, a family which included scholars, professors and officers who served with distinction in the armies of most major powers.", "He was the son of Jean Jacques de Polier de Bottens (1670\\-1747\\), [knight banneret](/wiki/Knight_banneret \"Knight banneret\") of Lausanne and his wife Salomée Jeanne Elisabeth Quisard (ca. 1670–1735\\).[Genealogie der Familie](http://gw4.geneanet.org/cvpolier?lang=fr&p=antoine+noe+jean+antoine+noe&n=de+polier)", "He first began to study theology in Lausanne then, in order to complete his studies, moved to [Leiden University](/wiki/Leiden_University \"Leiden University\"), where he obtained a doctorate in 1739\\. Back in his home country, de Polier took over a parish in the city of Lausanne. From 1743 he was third, 1754 second, and 1765 first pastor in Lausanne, Seigneur de Bottens, ministre du Saint\\-Évangile, 1er pasteur des Églises de Lausanne.\nIn 1759, he was head of the \"Séminaire protestant français de Lausanne\", and then in 1766 advanced as dean of the chapter.", "Through an extensive correspondence with [Voltaire](/wiki/Voltaire \"Voltaire\") during the period 1753–1759, he was encouraged by the famous thinker to have his writings published by Marc\\-Michel Bousquet's (1696–1762\\) publishing company.", "In the realm of his competences, de Polier wrote at least nine but unauthorized articles for the [Encyclopédie](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die \"Encyclopédie\") by [Diderot](/wiki/Denis_Diderot \"Denis Diderot\") and [D'Alembert](/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert \"Jean le Rond d'Alembert\"): Kijovn, Liturgie, Logomachie, Magicien, Magie, Malachbelus, Mânes, Maosim and Messie. Voltaire adopted these articles for his [Dictionnaire philosophique](/wiki/Dictionnaire_philosophique \"Dictionnaire philosophique\") (1764\\), but modified extensively passages when they put in question beliefs on a literal interpretation of Scriptures.", "On April 13, 1744, he married Elisabeth Antoinette Susanne de Lagier\\-Pluvianes (1722\\-1769\\). Both had five daughters and four sons.", "" ]
Lynching -------- On October 21, 1916, Crawford was taking two loads of cotton and a load of seed into Abbeville and had a disagreement over the price of cottonseed with W. D. Barksdale, a white store owner. After Crawford left the store, one of Barksdale's employees followed him outside and hit him on the head with an ax handle. Crawford called for help, which drew the attention of Sheriff R.M. Burts. The officer arrested Crawford as a mob of angry whites was already beginning to accumulate.{{Cite book \\| last \= Bethel \\| first \= Elizabeth Rauh \\| title \= Promiseland, a century of life in a Negro community \\| publisher \= \[\[University of South Carolina Press]] \\| year \= 1997 \\| pages \= \[https://archive.org/details/promiselandcentu00beth/page/110 110]–111 \\| url \= https://archive.org/details/promiselandcentu00beth \\| url\-access \= registration }} Crawford was held at the jail briefly, and released later that day on $15 bail. While Crawford was arranging bail, Barksdale was organizing a mob with McKinney Cann to whip Crawford and "cure him, if possible". Sheriff Burts allowed Crawford to exit from a side door, but the mob saw him anyway and pursued him into a cotton mill nearby, where Crawford took shelter in the boiler room. McKinny Cann entered the boiler room after Crawford, and Crawford, grabbing a hammer from some nearby tools, knocked the man unconscious. Although the mill workers attempted to stop it, Crawford was stabbed and severely beaten by the mob. Sheriff R.M. Burts appeared and arrested Crawford once more, much to the chagrin of the mob of whites. The sheriff could only get Crawford away from the mob by promising to the brothers of Cann that he would not try to sneak Crawford out of town before the full extent of McKinny Cann's injuries was known. As it happened, Cann was not badly hurt, although Crawford was. He was treated by physician C.C. Gamble, who also happened to be the mayor of Abbeville. Gamble announced that Crawford would likely die from his wounds. Considering that Crawford might die before the mob could get to him, and concerned that the sheriff might spirit him out of town at 3 p.m., around 200 white men besieged the jail, captured and disarmed Sheriff Burts, and abducted Crawford. Crawford was dragged down three flights of stairs amongst a cheering, bloodthirsty mob, where they proceeded to beat him with rocks, wagon boards, jump and spit on him. The mob then dragged him through the black section of town with a rope around his neck as a warning. The mob then stole a lumber wagon from a black driver and used it to take Crawford to a fairground nearby. Crawford, likely dead by that point, was still hanged from a tree, and armed whites riddled his body with bullets, rendering it to a "bloody pulp" by the "bloodthirsty" white mob that resented his wealth.["Black Property Owners in the South, 1790\-1915, by Loren Schweninger, University of Illinois Press, 1990, pages 209 \- 235\. Retrieved November 5, 2019\.](https://books.google.com/books?id=TWbUJQ2ECmYC&pg=PA209) The paper's headline the next day read "Negro Strung Up and Shot to Pieces".{{cite news \\| title \= America's race relations: haunted by the lynch mobs \\| newspaper \= \[\[The Independent]] \\| date \= 2008\-01\-22 \\| url \= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/americas\-race\-relations\-haunted\-by\-the\-lynch\-mobs\-771716\.html \\| access\-date \= 2011\-12\-17}} After dark, the county coroner, F.W.R. Nance, assembled a jury which he knowingly including two members of the lynch mob, one being his grandson, to the fairground to cut down Crawford's mutilated remains. Nance reported his finding as Crawford had died "at the hands of parties unknown". That night, the relentless mob decided they needed to drive Crawford's children and their families from the area. A consortium of white businessmen, Jack Perrin, J. Allen Smith and J. S. Stark, worrying about the economic effect of such a decision, opposed these decisions and was able to convince the mob arrange a meeting the following Monday to decide what to do with the Crawford family. On October 23, 1916, the white citizens of Abbeville, including many members of the lynch mob, voted to expel the remainder of Crawford's family from South Carolina, and to seize their considerable property holdings.{{cite news \\|date\=1917\-10\-25 \\|title\=Anthony Crawford, a Negro of Wealth, Lynched Saturday \\|language\=en \\|pages\=1 \\|newspaper\=Abbeville Press and Banner \\|location\=\[\[Abbeville, South Carolina]] \\|url\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026853/1916\-10\-25/ed\-1/seq\-1 \\|access\-date\=2015\-12\-21}} They also voted to close down all the black\-owned businesses in Abbeville.{{cite news \\|date\=1917\-10\-25 \\|title\=Monday's Mob Forced Negroes to Close Shops \\|language\=en \\|pages\=1 \\|newspaper\=Abbeville Press and Banner \\|location\=\[\[Abbeville, South Carolina]] \\|url\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026853/1916\-10\-25/ed\-1/seq\-1 \\|access\-date\=2015\-12\-21}} The Crawfords requested they be given until November 15 and this was granted; they were to leave by mid\-November. They did indeed leave, leaving behind their family's generational assets.	[ "Lynching\n--------", "On October 21, 1916, Crawford was taking two loads of cotton and a load of seed into Abbeville and had a disagreement over the price of cottonseed with W. D. Barksdale, a white store owner. After Crawford left the store, one of Barksdale's employees followed him outside and hit him on the head with an ax handle. Crawford called for help, which drew the attention of Sheriff R.M. Burts. The officer arrested Crawford as a mob of angry whites was already beginning to accumulate.{{Cite book \\\| last \\= Bethel \\\| first \\= Elizabeth Rauh \\\| title \\= Promiseland, a century of life in a Negro community \\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[University of South Carolina Press]] \\\| year \\= 1997 \\\| pages \\= \\[https://archive.org/details/promiselandcentu00beth/page/110 110]–111 \\\| url \\= https://archive.org/details/promiselandcentu00beth \\\| url\\-access \\= registration }}", "Crawford was held at the jail briefly, and released later that day on $15 bail. While Crawford was arranging bail, Barksdale was organizing a mob with McKinney Cann to whip Crawford and \"cure him, if possible\". Sheriff Burts allowed Crawford to exit from a side door, but the mob saw him anyway and pursued him into a cotton mill nearby, where Crawford took shelter in the boiler room. McKinny Cann entered the boiler room after Crawford, and Crawford, grabbing a hammer from some nearby tools, knocked the man unconscious. Although the mill workers attempted to stop it, Crawford was stabbed and severely beaten by the mob. Sheriff R.M. Burts appeared and arrested Crawford once more, much to the chagrin of the mob of whites. The sheriff could only get Crawford away from the mob by promising to the brothers of Cann that he would not try to sneak Crawford out of town before the full extent of McKinny Cann's injuries was known. As it happened, Cann was not badly hurt, although Crawford was. He was treated by physician C.C. Gamble, who also happened to be the mayor of Abbeville. Gamble announced that Crawford would likely die from his wounds.", "Considering that Crawford might die before the mob could get to him, and concerned that the sheriff might spirit him out of town at 3 p.m., around 200 white men besieged the jail, captured and disarmed Sheriff Burts, and abducted Crawford.", "Crawford was dragged down three flights of stairs amongst a cheering, bloodthirsty mob, where they proceeded to beat him with rocks, wagon boards, jump and spit on him. The mob then dragged him through the black section of town with a rope around his neck as a warning. The mob then stole a lumber wagon from a black driver and used it to take Crawford to a fairground nearby. Crawford, likely dead by that point, was still hanged from a tree, and armed whites riddled his body with bullets, rendering it to a \"bloody pulp\" by the \"bloodthirsty\" white mob that resented his wealth.[\"Black Property Owners in the South, 1790\\-1915, by Loren Schweninger, University of Illinois Press, 1990, pages 209 \\- 235\\. Retrieved November 5, 2019\\.](https://books.google.com/books?id=TWbUJQ2ECmYC&pg=PA209) The paper's headline the next day read \"Negro Strung Up and Shot to Pieces\".{{cite news \\\| title \\= America's race relations: haunted by the lynch mobs \\\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[The Independent]] \\\| date \\= 2008\\-01\\-22 \\\| url \\= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/americas\\-race\\-relations\\-haunted\\-by\\-the\\-lynch\\-mobs\\-771716\\.html \\\| access\\-date \\= 2011\\-12\\-17}} After dark, the county coroner, F.W.R. Nance, assembled a jury which he knowingly including two members of the lynch mob, one being his grandson, to the fairground to cut down Crawford's mutilated remains. Nance reported his finding as Crawford had died \"at the hands of parties unknown\".", "That night, the relentless mob decided they needed to drive Crawford's children and their families from the area. A consortium of white businessmen, Jack Perrin, J. Allen Smith and J. S. Stark, worrying about the economic effect of such a decision, opposed these decisions and was able to convince the mob arrange a meeting the following Monday to decide what to do with the Crawford family.", "On October 23, 1916, the white citizens of Abbeville, including many members of the lynch mob, voted to expel the remainder of Crawford's family from South Carolina, and to seize their considerable property holdings.{{cite news \\\|date\\=1917\\-10\\-25 \\\|title\\=Anthony Crawford, a Negro of Wealth, Lynched Saturday \\\|language\\=en \\\|pages\\=1 \\\|newspaper\\=Abbeville Press and Banner \\\|location\\=\\[\\[Abbeville, South Carolina]] \\\|url\\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026853/1916\\-10\\-25/ed\\-1/seq\\-1 \\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-12\\-21}} They also voted to close down all the black\\-owned businesses in Abbeville.{{cite news \\\|date\\=1917\\-10\\-25 \\\|title\\=Monday's Mob Forced Negroes to Close Shops \\\|language\\=en \\\|pages\\=1 \\\|newspaper\\=Abbeville Press and Banner \\\|location\\=\\[\\[Abbeville, South Carolina]] \\\|url\\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026853/1916\\-10\\-25/ed\\-1/seq\\-1 \\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-12\\-21}} The Crawfords requested they be given until November 15 and this was granted; they were to leave by mid\\-November. They did indeed leave, leaving behind their family's generational assets.", "" ]
History ------- {{See also\\|List of UC Santa Barbara Gauchos men's soccer seasons}} ### Humble beginnings UC Santa Barbara fielded its first men's soccer team in 1966 but didn't compete in the Big West Conference until 1983\.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.bigwest.org/sports/msoccer/info/record.pdf \\|title\=Big West Conference Men's Soccer Records \\|date\=December 2014 \\|website\=bigwest.org \\|page\=2 \\|access\-date\=September 15, 2015}} The Gauchos had mixed success, with good seasons (1983, 1988\) alongside bad seasons (1991, 1992\), but never found prolonged stretches of success or failure.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.bigwest.org/sports/msoccer/info/record.pdf \\|title\=Big West Conference Men's Soccer Records \\|date\=December 2014 \\|website\=bigwest.org \\|pages\=2–3 \\|access\-date\=September 15, 2015}} The Big West Conference stopped sponsoring men's soccer after the 1991 season but re\-instituted it before the 2001 season. During this period, UCSB competed in the [Mountain Pacific Sports Federation](/wiki/Mountain_Pacific_Sports_Federation "Mountain Pacific Sports Federation"). The return of soccer to the Big West Conference marked the rough beginning of the Gauchos' greatest success to date. ### Vom Steeg era In January 1999, UC Santa Barbara's athletic director, [Gary Cunningham](/wiki/Gary_Cunningham "Gary Cunningham"), was successfully able to hire former UCSB and professional soccer player, [Tim Vom Steeg](/wiki/Tim_Vom_Steeg "Tim Vom Steeg"), away from [Santa Barbara City College](/wiki/Santa_Barbara_City_College "Santa Barbara City College") to lead the Gauchos' program.{{Cite magazine \\|year\=2013 \\|title\=Tim Vom Steeg – Men's Soccer \\|url\=http://gauchofund.com/contents/Dare\_Magazine\_Summer\-Fall13/files/assets/basic\-html/index.html\#39 \\|page\=39 \\|magazine\=DARE \\|publisher\=\[\[UC Santa Barbara Gauchos]] \\|access\-date\=April 7, 2016}}{{Cite news \\|date\=January 16, 1999 \\|title\=Friday's Sports Transactions \\|url\=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1\-22250517\.html \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506002051/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1\-22250517\.html \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2016 \\|publisher\=\[\[Associated Press]] \\|access\-date\=April 7, 2016 }} The Gauchos won the 2001 Big West Conference championship for the first time in their history, but missed out on a trip to the NCAA Tournament since the Big West Conference was ineligible for an automatic bid.{{cite journal \\|url\=http://ucsbgauchos.com/sports/m\-soccer/recaps/111601aaa.html \\|title\=Men's Soccer Claims Big West Championship With 2\-0 Shutout Of UC Irvine \\|date\=November 16, 2001 \\|website\=ucsbgauchos.com \\|access\-date\=September 15, 2015}} UC Santa Barbara have won eight Big West regular season championships (2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2013, 2014\) and have won the Big West tournament in 2010\. #### 2004 NCAA Championships The Gauchos burst onto the national scene in 2004 during their run at the [2004 NCAA Championship](/wiki/2004_Division_I_Men%27s_College_Cup "2004 Division I Men's College Cup"). The showing in this tournament established UC Santa Barbara as a force in college soccer, with UCSB marching to the finals before losing out on penalties to [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana_Hoosiers "Indiana Hoosiers"). #### 2006 NCAA Championships {{main\\|2006 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos men's soccer team}} [left\\|thumb\\|200px\\|2006 [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House") visit with [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush").](/wiki/File:UCSB_men%27s_soccer_team_at_the_White_House_2007-06-18.jpg "UCSB men's soccer team at the White House 2007-06-18.jpg") The crowning achievement of the men's soccer program took place in 2006, where UCSB won the [NCAA Division I Championship](/wiki/2006_Division_I_Men%27s_College_Cup "2006 Division I Men's College Cup") in a 2–1 decision over [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA_Bruins "UCLA Bruins"). It marked the program's first championship and only the university's second athletics championship (1979 Men's Water Polo). At one point during the season, UCSB's record stood at 7–6 with dim prospects for postseason glory. However, a 5–1 stretch to close the regular season raised morale. The Gauchos made the NCAA Tournament as an unseeded team. During their championship run, the unseeded Gauchos defeated [San Diego State](/wiki/San_Diego_State_Aztecs "San Diego State Aztecs") at home, then \#1 ranked/\#3 seeded [SMU](/wiki/SMU_Mustangs "SMU Mustangs") followed by [Old Dominion](/wiki/Old_Dominion_University "Old Dominion University") on the road, and finally [Northwestern](/wiki/Northwestern_Wildcats "Northwestern Wildcats") before an NCAA season\-high 8,784 people at [Harder Stadium](/wiki/Harder_Stadium "Harder Stadium") in Santa Barbara. This propelled the Gauchos into the Final Four and earned them a trip to the College Cup held at [Hermann Stadium](/wiki/Hermann_Stadium "Hermann Stadium") in [St. Louis, Missouri](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri "St. Louis, Missouri"). UCSB needed extra time to defeat \#2 seed [Wake Forest](/wiki/Wake_Forest_Demon_Deacons "Wake Forest Demon Deacons") 0–0 (4–3 on penalties) in their first match of the College Cup. The final was a matchup between Southern California teams as UCLA advanced on a 4–0 win over [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers "Virginia Cavaliers"). The \#8 ranked/\#8 seeded Bruins served as the final team to fall to the Gauchos by a score of 2–1 to complete UCSB's magical season.	[ "History\n-------", "{{See also\\\|List of UC Santa Barbara Gauchos men's soccer seasons}}", "### Humble beginnings", "UC Santa Barbara fielded its first men's soccer team in 1966 but didn't compete in the Big West Conference until 1983\\.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.bigwest.org/sports/msoccer/info/record.pdf \\\|title\\=Big West Conference Men's Soccer Records \\\|date\\=December 2014 \\\|website\\=bigwest.org \\\|page\\=2 \\\|access\\-date\\=September 15, 2015}} The Gauchos had mixed success, with good seasons (1983, 1988\\) alongside bad seasons (1991, 1992\\), but never found prolonged stretches of success or failure.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.bigwest.org/sports/msoccer/info/record.pdf \\\|title\\=Big West Conference Men's Soccer Records \\\|date\\=December 2014 \\\|website\\=bigwest.org \\\|pages\\=2–3 \\\|access\\-date\\=September 15, 2015}}", "The Big West Conference stopped sponsoring men's soccer after the 1991 season but re\\-instituted it before the 2001 season. During this period, UCSB competed in the [Mountain Pacific Sports Federation](/wiki/Mountain_Pacific_Sports_Federation \"Mountain Pacific Sports Federation\"). The return of soccer to the Big West Conference marked the rough beginning of the Gauchos' greatest success to date.", "### Vom Steeg era", "In January 1999, UC Santa Barbara's athletic director, [Gary Cunningham](/wiki/Gary_Cunningham \"Gary Cunningham\"), was successfully able to hire former UCSB and professional soccer player, [Tim Vom Steeg](/wiki/Tim_Vom_Steeg \"Tim Vom Steeg\"), away from [Santa Barbara City College](/wiki/Santa_Barbara_City_College \"Santa Barbara City College\") to lead the Gauchos' program.{{Cite magazine \\\|year\\=2013 \\\|title\\=Tim Vom Steeg – Men's Soccer \\\|url\\=http://gauchofund.com/contents/Dare\\_Magazine\\_Summer\\-Fall13/files/assets/basic\\-html/index.html\\#39 \\\|page\\=39 \\\|magazine\\=DARE \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[UC Santa Barbara Gauchos]] \\\|access\\-date\\=April 7, 2016}}{{Cite news \\\|date\\=January 16, 1999 \\\|title\\=Friday's Sports Transactions \\\|url\\=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1\\-22250517\\.html \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506002051/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1\\-22250517\\.html \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2016 \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\\|access\\-date\\=April 7, 2016 }} The Gauchos won the 2001 Big West Conference championship for the first time in their history, but missed out on a trip to the NCAA Tournament since the Big West Conference was ineligible for an automatic bid.{{cite journal \\\|url\\=http://ucsbgauchos.com/sports/m\\-soccer/recaps/111601aaa.html \\\|title\\=Men's Soccer Claims Big West Championship With 2\\-0 Shutout Of UC Irvine \\\|date\\=November 16, 2001 \\\|website\\=ucsbgauchos.com \\\|access\\-date\\=September 15, 2015}} UC Santa Barbara have won eight Big West regular season championships (2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2013, 2014\\) and have won the Big West tournament in 2010\\.", "#### 2004 NCAA Championships", "The Gauchos burst onto the national scene in 2004 during their run at the [2004 NCAA Championship](/wiki/2004_Division_I_Men%27s_College_Cup \"2004 Division I Men's College Cup\"). The showing in this tournament established UC Santa Barbara as a force in college soccer, with UCSB marching to the finals before losing out on penalties to [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana_Hoosiers \"Indiana Hoosiers\").", "#### 2006 NCAA Championships", "{{main\\\|2006 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos men's soccer team}}\n[left\\\|thumb\\\|200px\\\|2006 [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\") visit with [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\").](/wiki/File:UCSB_men%27s_soccer_team_at_the_White_House_2007-06-18.jpg \"UCSB men's soccer team at the White House 2007-06-18.jpg\")", "The crowning achievement of the men's soccer program took place in 2006, where UCSB won the [NCAA Division I Championship](/wiki/2006_Division_I_Men%27s_College_Cup \"2006 Division I Men's College Cup\") in a 2–1 decision over [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA_Bruins \"UCLA Bruins\"). It marked the program's first championship and only the university's second athletics championship (1979 Men's Water Polo).", "At one point during the season, UCSB's record stood at 7–6 with dim prospects for postseason glory. However, a 5–1 stretch to close the regular season raised morale. The Gauchos made the NCAA Tournament as an unseeded team. During their championship run, the unseeded Gauchos defeated [San Diego State](/wiki/San_Diego_State_Aztecs \"San Diego State Aztecs\") at home, then \\#1 ranked/\\#3 seeded [SMU](/wiki/SMU_Mustangs \"SMU Mustangs\") followed by [Old Dominion](/wiki/Old_Dominion_University \"Old Dominion University\") on the road, and finally [Northwestern](/wiki/Northwestern_Wildcats \"Northwestern Wildcats\") before an NCAA season\\-high 8,784 people at [Harder Stadium](/wiki/Harder_Stadium \"Harder Stadium\") in Santa Barbara. This propelled the Gauchos into the Final Four and earned them a trip to the College Cup held at [Hermann Stadium](/wiki/Hermann_Stadium \"Hermann Stadium\") in [St. Louis, Missouri](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri \"St. Louis, Missouri\").", "UCSB needed extra time to defeat \\#2 seed [Wake Forest](/wiki/Wake_Forest_Demon_Deacons \"Wake Forest Demon Deacons\") 0–0 (4–3 on penalties) in their first match of the College Cup. The final was a matchup between Southern California teams as UCLA advanced on a 4–0 win over [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers \"Virginia Cavaliers\"). The \\#8 ranked/\\#8 seeded Bruins served as the final team to fall to the Gauchos by a score of 2–1 to complete UCSB's magical season.", "" ]
### Vom Steeg era In January 1999, UC Santa Barbara's athletic director, [Gary Cunningham](/wiki/Gary_Cunningham "Gary Cunningham"), was successfully able to hire former UCSB and professional soccer player, [Tim Vom Steeg](/wiki/Tim_Vom_Steeg "Tim Vom Steeg"), away from [Santa Barbara City College](/wiki/Santa_Barbara_City_College "Santa Barbara City College") to lead the Gauchos' program.{{Cite magazine \\|year\=2013 \\|title\=Tim Vom Steeg – Men's Soccer \\|url\=http://gauchofund.com/contents/Dare\_Magazine\_Summer\-Fall13/files/assets/basic\-html/index.html\#39 \\|page\=39 \\|magazine\=DARE \\|publisher\=\[\[UC Santa Barbara Gauchos]] \\|access\-date\=April 7, 2016}}{{Cite news \\|date\=January 16, 1999 \\|title\=Friday's Sports Transactions \\|url\=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1\-22250517\.html \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506002051/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1\-22250517\.html \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2016 \\|publisher\=\[\[Associated Press]] \\|access\-date\=April 7, 2016 }} The Gauchos won the 2001 Big West Conference championship for the first time in their history, but missed out on a trip to the NCAA Tournament since the Big West Conference was ineligible for an automatic bid.{{cite journal \\|url\=http://ucsbgauchos.com/sports/m\-soccer/recaps/111601aaa.html \\|title\=Men's Soccer Claims Big West Championship With 2\-0 Shutout Of UC Irvine \\|date\=November 16, 2001 \\|website\=ucsbgauchos.com \\|access\-date\=September 15, 2015}} UC Santa Barbara have won eight Big West regular season championships (2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2013, 2014\) and have won the Big West tournament in 2010\. #### 2004 NCAA Championships The Gauchos burst onto the national scene in 2004 during their run at the [2004 NCAA Championship](/wiki/2004_Division_I_Men%27s_College_Cup "2004 Division I Men's College Cup"). The showing in this tournament established UC Santa Barbara as a force in college soccer, with UCSB marching to the finals before losing out on penalties to [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana_Hoosiers "Indiana Hoosiers"). #### 2006 NCAA Championships {{main\\|2006 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos men's soccer team}} [left\\|thumb\\|200px\\|2006 [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House") visit with [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush").](/wiki/File:UCSB_men%27s_soccer_team_at_the_White_House_2007-06-18.jpg "UCSB men's soccer team at the White House 2007-06-18.jpg") The crowning achievement of the men's soccer program took place in 2006, where UCSB won the [NCAA Division I Championship](/wiki/2006_Division_I_Men%27s_College_Cup "2006 Division I Men's College Cup") in a 2–1 decision over [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA_Bruins "UCLA Bruins"). It marked the program's first championship and only the university's second athletics championship (1979 Men's Water Polo). At one point during the season, UCSB's record stood at 7–6 with dim prospects for postseason glory. However, a 5–1 stretch to close the regular season raised morale. The Gauchos made the NCAA Tournament as an unseeded team. During their championship run, the unseeded Gauchos defeated [San Diego State](/wiki/San_Diego_State_Aztecs "San Diego State Aztecs") at home, then \#1 ranked/\#3 seeded [SMU](/wiki/SMU_Mustangs "SMU Mustangs") followed by [Old Dominion](/wiki/Old_Dominion_University "Old Dominion University") on the road, and finally [Northwestern](/wiki/Northwestern_Wildcats "Northwestern Wildcats") before an NCAA season\-high 8,784 people at [Harder Stadium](/wiki/Harder_Stadium "Harder Stadium") in Santa Barbara. This propelled the Gauchos into the Final Four and earned them a trip to the College Cup held at [Hermann Stadium](/wiki/Hermann_Stadium "Hermann Stadium") in [St. Louis, Missouri](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri "St. Louis, Missouri"). UCSB needed extra time to defeat \#2 seed [Wake Forest](/wiki/Wake_Forest_Demon_Deacons "Wake Forest Demon Deacons") 0–0 (4–3 on penalties) in their first match of the College Cup. The final was a matchup between Southern California teams as UCLA advanced on a 4–0 win over [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers "Virginia Cavaliers"). The \#8 ranked/\#8 seeded Bruins served as the final team to fall to the Gauchos by a score of 2–1 to complete UCSB's magical season.	[ "### Vom Steeg era", "In January 1999, UC Santa Barbara's athletic director, [Gary Cunningham](/wiki/Gary_Cunningham \"Gary Cunningham\"), was successfully able to hire former UCSB and professional soccer player, [Tim Vom Steeg](/wiki/Tim_Vom_Steeg \"Tim Vom Steeg\"), away from [Santa Barbara City College](/wiki/Santa_Barbara_City_College \"Santa Barbara City College\") to lead the Gauchos' program.{{Cite magazine \\\|year\\=2013 \\\|title\\=Tim Vom Steeg – Men's Soccer \\\|url\\=http://gauchofund.com/contents/Dare\\_Magazine\\_Summer\\-Fall13/files/assets/basic\\-html/index.html\\#39 \\\|page\\=39 \\\|magazine\\=DARE \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[UC Santa Barbara Gauchos]] \\\|access\\-date\\=April 7, 2016}}{{Cite news \\\|date\\=January 16, 1999 \\\|title\\=Friday's Sports Transactions \\\|url\\=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1\\-22250517\\.html \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506002051/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1\\-22250517\\.html \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2016 \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\\|access\\-date\\=April 7, 2016 }} The Gauchos won the 2001 Big West Conference championship for the first time in their history, but missed out on a trip to the NCAA Tournament since the Big West Conference was ineligible for an automatic bid.{{cite journal \\\|url\\=http://ucsbgauchos.com/sports/m\\-soccer/recaps/111601aaa.html \\\|title\\=Men's Soccer Claims Big West Championship With 2\\-0 Shutout Of UC Irvine \\\|date\\=November 16, 2001 \\\|website\\=ucsbgauchos.com \\\|access\\-date\\=September 15, 2015}} UC Santa Barbara have won eight Big West regular season championships (2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2013, 2014\\) and have won the Big West tournament in 2010\\.", "#### 2004 NCAA Championships", "The Gauchos burst onto the national scene in 2004 during their run at the [2004 NCAA Championship](/wiki/2004_Division_I_Men%27s_College_Cup \"2004 Division I Men's College Cup\"). The showing in this tournament established UC Santa Barbara as a force in college soccer, with UCSB marching to the finals before losing out on penalties to [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana_Hoosiers \"Indiana Hoosiers\").", "#### 2006 NCAA Championships", "{{main\\\|2006 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos men's soccer team}}\n[left\\\|thumb\\\|200px\\\|2006 [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\") visit with [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\").](/wiki/File:UCSB_men%27s_soccer_team_at_the_White_House_2007-06-18.jpg \"UCSB men's soccer team at the White House 2007-06-18.jpg\")", "The crowning achievement of the men's soccer program took place in 2006, where UCSB won the [NCAA Division I Championship](/wiki/2006_Division_I_Men%27s_College_Cup \"2006 Division I Men's College Cup\") in a 2–1 decision over [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA_Bruins \"UCLA Bruins\"). It marked the program's first championship and only the university's second athletics championship (1979 Men's Water Polo).", "At one point during the season, UCSB's record stood at 7–6 with dim prospects for postseason glory. However, a 5–1 stretch to close the regular season raised morale. The Gauchos made the NCAA Tournament as an unseeded team. During their championship run, the unseeded Gauchos defeated [San Diego State](/wiki/San_Diego_State_Aztecs \"San Diego State Aztecs\") at home, then \\#1 ranked/\\#3 seeded [SMU](/wiki/SMU_Mustangs \"SMU Mustangs\") followed by [Old Dominion](/wiki/Old_Dominion_University \"Old Dominion University\") on the road, and finally [Northwestern](/wiki/Northwestern_Wildcats \"Northwestern Wildcats\") before an NCAA season\\-high 8,784 people at [Harder Stadium](/wiki/Harder_Stadium \"Harder Stadium\") in Santa Barbara. This propelled the Gauchos into the Final Four and earned them a trip to the College Cup held at [Hermann Stadium](/wiki/Hermann_Stadium \"Hermann Stadium\") in [St. Louis, Missouri](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri \"St. Louis, Missouri\").", "UCSB needed extra time to defeat \\#2 seed [Wake Forest](/wiki/Wake_Forest_Demon_Deacons \"Wake Forest Demon Deacons\") 0–0 (4–3 on penalties) in their first match of the College Cup. The final was a matchup between Southern California teams as UCLA advanced on a 4–0 win over [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers \"Virginia Cavaliers\"). The \\#8 ranked/\\#8 seeded Bruins served as the final team to fall to the Gauchos by a score of 2–1 to complete UCSB's magical season.", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \\|align\=left \\|1890\= 600 \\|1900\= 1805 \\|1910\= 3396 \\|1920\= 3225 \\|1930\= 2085 \\|1940\= 1766 \\|1950\= 1569 \\|1960\= 1713 \\|1970\= 2223 \\|1980\= 2586 \\|1990\= 2588 \\|2000\= 2996 \\|2010\= 3437 \\|2020\= 3382 \\|estyear\= \\|estimate\= \\|estref\= \\|align\-fn\=center \\|footnote\=\[https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html U.S. Decennial Census] }} ### 2020 census The [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census "2020 United States census") counted 3,382 people, 1,344 households, and 872 families in Frontenac.{{Cite web \\|title\=US Census Bureau, Table P16: HOUSEHOLD TYPE \\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table?q\=Frontenac%20city,%20Kansas%20p16\&y\=2020 \\|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \\|website\=data.census.gov}} The population density was 647\.3 per square mile (249\.9/km{{sup\\|2}}). There were 1,475 housing units at an average density of 282\.3 per square mile (109\.0/km{{sup\\|2}}).{{Cite web \\|title\=US Census Bureau, Table DP1: PROFILE OF GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS \\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020\.DP1?q\=Frontenac%20city,%20Kansas%20dp1 \\|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \\|website\=data.census.gov}}{{Cite web \\|last\=Bureau \\|first\=US Census \\|title\=Gazetteer Files \\|url\=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference\-files/2020/geo/gazetter\-file.html \\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-30 \\|website\=Census.gov}} The racial makeup was 89\.47% (3,026\) [white](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)") or [European American](/wiki/European_American "European American") (88\.14% [non\-Hispanic white](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_White "Non-Hispanic White")), 0\.74% (25\) [black](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)") or [African\-American](/wiki/African_American "African American"), 0\.95% (32\) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native "Alaska Native"), 1\.3% (44\) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.92% (31\) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)") or [Native Hawaiian](/wiki/Native_Hawaiian "Native Hawaiian"), 1\.27% (43\) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 5\.35% (181\) from [two or more races](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans").{{Cite web \\|title\=US Census Bureau, Table P1: RACE \\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\.P1?q\=Frontenac%20city,%20Kansas%20p1\&y\=2020 \\|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \\|website\=data.census.gov}} [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race was 3\.9% (132\) of the population.{{Cite web \\|title\=US Census Bureau, Table P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE \\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\.P2?q\=Frontenac%20city,%20Kansas%20p2\&y\=2020 \\|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \\|website\=data.census.gov}} Of the 1,344 households, 30\.6% had children under the age of 18; 47\.2% were married couples living together; 28\.3% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 29\.6% of households consisted of individuals and 16\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.4 and the average family size was 2\.7\.{{Cite web \\|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S1101: HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES \\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S1101?q\=Frontenac%20city,%20Kansas%20s1101%20\&y\=2020 \\|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \\|website\=data.census.gov}} The percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher was estimated to be 23\.5% of the population.{{Cite web \\|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S1501: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT \\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S1501?q\=Frontenac%20city,%20Kansas%20s1501%20\&y\=2020 \\|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \\|website\=data.census.gov}} 23\.9% of the population was under the age of 18, 8\.4% from 18 to 24, 24\.3% from 25 to 44, 22\.6% from 45 to 64, and 20\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39\.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 108\.1 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 111\.6 males. The 2016\-2020 5\-year [American Community Survey](/wiki/American_Community_Survey "American Community Survey") estimates show that the median household income was $51,563 (with a margin of error of \+/\- $7,113\) and the median family income was $64,330 (\+/\- $7,897\).{{Cite web \\|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S1903: MEDIAN INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION\-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) \\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S1903?q\=Frontenac%20city,%20Kansas%20s1903%20\&y\=2020 \\|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \\|website\=data.census.gov}} Males had a median income of $34,672 (\+/\- $4,525\) versus $36,141 (\+/\- $3,975\) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $35,406 (\+/\- $3,171\).{{Cite web \\|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S2001: EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION\-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) \\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S2001?q\=Frontenac%20city,%20Kansas%20s2001%20\&y\=2020 \\|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \\|website\=data.census.gov}} Approximately, 3\.9% of families and 7\.1% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 3\.0% of those under the age of 18 and 10\.5% of those ages 65 or over.{{Cite web \\|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S1701: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS \\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S1701?q\=Frontenac%20city,%20Kansas%20s1701%20\&y\=2020 \\|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \\|website\=data.census.gov}}{{Cite web \\|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S1702: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS OF FAMILIES \\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S1702?q\=Frontenac%20city,%20Kansas%20s1702\&y\=2020 \\|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \\|website\=data.census.gov}} ### 2010 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\\|title\=U.S. Census website\\|url\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\-date\=2012\-07\-06}} of 2010, there were 3,437 people, 1,391 households, and 893 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\\|691\.5\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 1,519 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|305\.6\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 95\.5% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.5% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.5% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.7% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.2% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), 0\.6% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.9% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 2\.1% of the population. There were 1,391 households, of which 32\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 11\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4\.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35\.8% were non\-families. 30\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.40 and the average family size was 3\.00\. The median age in the city was 40\.1 years. 24\.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 7\.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24\.4% were from 25 to 44; 24\.2% were from 45 to 64; and 19\.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46\.3% male and 53\.7% female. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web \\|url\=https://www.census.gov \\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|access\-date\=2008\-01\-31 \\|title\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 2,996 people, 1,230 households, and 783 families residing in the city.currently as of 2004 the population is 3,079 . The population density was {{convert\\|755\.6\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\=us\\|adj\=off}}. There were 1,329 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|335\.2\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\=us\\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 97\.70% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.20% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.70% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.07% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.43% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 0\.90% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.73% of the population. There were 1,230 households, out of which 29\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 8\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36\.3% were non\-families. 32\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.33 and the average family size was 2\.94\. In the city, the population was spread out, with 23\.5% under the age of 18, 8\.5% from 18 to 24, 24\.9% from 25 to 44, 21\.3% from 45 to 64, and 21\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 81\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76\.1 males. The median income for a household in the city was $33,558, and the median income for a family was $42,214\. Males had a median income of $30,474 versus $21,163 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $17,349\. About 4\.4% of families and 7\.7% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 5\.6% of those under age 18 and 9\.6% of those age 65 or over.	[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\\|align\\=left\n\\\|1890\\= 600\n\\\|1900\\= 1805\n\\\|1910\\= 3396\n\\\|1920\\= 3225\n\\\|1930\\= 2085\n\\\|1940\\= 1766\n\\\|1950\\= 1569\n\\\|1960\\= 1713\n\\\|1970\\= 2223\n\\\|1980\\= 2586\n\\\|1990\\= 2588\n\\\|2000\\= 2996\n\\\|2010\\= 3437\n\\\|2020\\= 3382\n\\\|estyear\\=\n\\\|estimate\\=\n\\\|estref\\=\n\\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\\|footnote\\=\\[https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html U.S. Decennial Census]\n}}\n### 2020 census", "The [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\") counted 3,382 people, 1,344 households, and 872 families in Frontenac.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table P16: HOUSEHOLD TYPE \\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table?q\\=Frontenac%20city,%20Kansas%20p16\\&y\\=2020 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\\|website\\=data.census.gov}} The population density was 647\\.3 per square mile (249\\.9/km{{sup\\\|2}}). There were 1,475 housing units at an average density of 282\\.3 per square mile (109\\.0/km{{sup\\\|2}}).{{Cite web \\\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table DP1: PROFILE OF GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS \\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020\\.DP1?q\\=Frontenac%20city,%20Kansas%20dp1 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\\|website\\=data.census.gov}}{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Bureau \\\|first\\=US Census \\\|title\\=Gazetteer Files \\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference\\-files/2020/geo/gazetter\\-file.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-30 \\\|website\\=Census.gov}} The racial makeup was 89\\.47% (3,026\\) [white](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") or [European American](/wiki/European_American \"European American\") (88\\.14% [non\\-Hispanic white](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_White \"Non-Hispanic White\")), 0\\.74% (25\\) [black](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\") or [African\\-American](/wiki/African_American \"African American\"), 0\\.95% (32\\) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native \"Alaska Native\"), 1\\.3% (44\\) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.92% (31\\) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\") or [Native Hawaiian](/wiki/Native_Hawaiian \"Native Hawaiian\"), 1\\.27% (43\\) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 5\\.35% (181\\) from [two or more races](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\").{{Cite web \\\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table P1: RACE \\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\\.P1?q\\=Frontenac%20city,%20Kansas%20p1\\&y\\=2020 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\\|website\\=data.census.gov}} [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race was 3\\.9% (132\\) of the population.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE \\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2?q\\=Frontenac%20city,%20Kansas%20p2\\&y\\=2020 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\\|website\\=data.census.gov}}", "Of the 1,344 households, 30\\.6% had children under the age of 18; 47\\.2% were married couples living together; 28\\.3% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 29\\.6% of households consisted of individuals and 16\\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.4 and the average family size was 2\\.7\\.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S1101: HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES \\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S1101?q\\=Frontenac%20city,%20Kansas%20s1101%20\\&y\\=2020 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\\|website\\=data.census.gov}} The percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher was estimated to be 23\\.5% of the population.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S1501: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT \\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S1501?q\\=Frontenac%20city,%20Kansas%20s1501%20\\&y\\=2020 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\\|website\\=data.census.gov}}", "23\\.9% of the population was under the age of 18, 8\\.4% from 18 to 24, 24\\.3% from 25 to 44, 22\\.6% from 45 to 64, and 20\\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39\\.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 108\\.1 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 111\\.6 males.", "The 2016\\-2020 5\\-year [American Community Survey](/wiki/American_Community_Survey \"American Community Survey\") estimates show that the median household income was $51,563 (with a margin of error of \\+/\\- $7,113\\) and the median family income was $64,330 (\\+/\\- $7,897\\).{{Cite web \\\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S1903: MEDIAN INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION\\-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) \\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S1903?q\\=Frontenac%20city,%20Kansas%20s1903%20\\&y\\=2020 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\\|website\\=data.census.gov}} Males had a median income of $34,672 (\\+/\\- $4,525\\) versus $36,141 (\\+/\\- $3,975\\) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $35,406 (\\+/\\- $3,171\\).{{Cite web \\\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S2001: EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION\\-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) \\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S2001?q\\=Frontenac%20city,%20Kansas%20s2001%20\\&y\\=2020 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\\|website\\=data.census.gov}} Approximately, 3\\.9% of families and 7\\.1% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 3\\.0% of those under the age of 18 and 10\\.5% of those ages 65 or over.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S1701: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS \\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S1701?q\\=Frontenac%20city,%20Kansas%20s1701%20\\&y\\=2020 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\\|website\\=data.census.gov}}{{Cite web \\\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S1702: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS OF FAMILIES \\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S1702?q\\=Frontenac%20city,%20Kansas%20s1702\\&y\\=2020 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\\|website\\=data.census.gov}}", "### 2010 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-06}} of 2010, there were 3,437 people, 1,391 households, and 893 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\\|691\\.5\\\|PD/sqmi\\\|PD/km2\\\|1}}. There were 1,519 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\\|305\\.6\\\|/sqmi\\\|/km2\\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 95\\.5% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.5% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.5% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.7% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.2% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.6% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.9% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 2\\.1% of the population.", "There were 1,391 households, of which 32\\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 11\\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4\\.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35\\.8% were non\\-families. 30\\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15\\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.40 and the average family size was 3\\.00\\.", "The median age in the city was 40\\.1 years. 24\\.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 7\\.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24\\.4% were from 25 to 44; 24\\.2% were from 45 to 64; and 19\\.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46\\.3% male and 53\\.7% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-31 \\\|title\\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 2,996 people, 1,230 households, and 783 families residing in the city.currently as of 2004 the population is 3,079 . The population density was {{convert\\\|755\\.6\\\|PD/sqmi\\\|PD/km2\\\|sp\\=us\\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 1,329 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\\|335\\.2\\\|/sqmi\\\|/km2\\\|sp\\=us\\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 97\\.70% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.20% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.70% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.07% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.43% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.90% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.73% of the population.", "There were 1,230 households, out of which 29\\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51\\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 8\\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36\\.3% were non\\-families. 32\\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17\\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.33 and the average family size was 2\\.94\\.", "In the city, the population was spread out, with 23\\.5% under the age of 18, 8\\.5% from 18 to 24, 24\\.9% from 25 to 44, 21\\.3% from 45 to 64, and 21\\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 81\\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76\\.1 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $33,558, and the median income for a family was $42,214\\. Males had a median income of $30,474 versus $21,163 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $17,349\\. About 4\\.4% of families and 7\\.7% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 5\\.6% of those under age 18 and 9\\.6% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
Plot ---- Dale "Barbie" Barbara's ([Mike Vogel](/wiki/Mike_Vogel "Mike Vogel")) fate is left in the hands of James "Big Jim" Rennie ([Dean Norris](/wiki/Dean_Norris "Dean Norris")) and his son James "Junior" Rennie ([Alexander Koch](/wiki/Alexander_Koch_%28actor%29 "Alexander Koch (actor)")) after being [falsely charged with numerous crimes](/wiki/Exigent_Circumstances_%28Under_the_Dome%29%23Plot "Exigent Circumstances (Under the Dome)#Plot") committed by Big Jim. Barbie, wearing a noose around his neck, is waiting for Junior to pull the lever on the gallows releasing the trap\-door. However, the Dome emits a mysterious sound which scares Junior from pulling the lever and causes Sheriff Linda Esquivel ([Natalie Martinez](/wiki/Natalie_Martinez "Natalie Martinez")) to halt the execution. It turns out that the Dome has become magnetized, causing execution observers to pass out. Linda, Junior, Barbie, and Big Jim visit the Dome wall where its magnetization pulls all metal objects against it, including Barbie who is still in metal handcuffs. While freeing Barbie from the cuffs, Linda is killed by being crushed between the Dome's wall and an SUV pulled by the magnetization. Meanwhile, Julia Shumway ([Rachelle Lefevre](/wiki/Rachelle_Lefevre "Rachelle Lefevre")) meets Sam Verdreaux ([Eddie Cahill](/wiki/Eddie_Cahill "Eddie Cahill")) while rescuing from drowning a mysterious teenage girl ([Grace Victoria Cox](/wiki/Grace_Victoria_Cox "Grace Victoria Cox")) who may hold clues to the origin of the Dome. Julia leaves Sam and the girl to look for Barbie. Later in the episode it is revealed that Sam is Junior's uncle and Big Jim's brother\-in\-law. Determined to save the rest of the townspeople, Barbie meets Rebecca Pine ([Karla Crome](/wiki/Karla_Crome "Karla Crome")), a high school science teacher who has many theories about the Dome. Inside the McAlister's house Elinore "Norrie" Calvert\-Hill's ([Mackenzie Lintz](/wiki/Mackenzie_Lintz "Mackenzie Lintz")) mother, Carolyn Hill ([Aisha Hinds](/wiki/Aisha_Hinds "Aisha Hinds")), passes out from a large magnetization pulse. Fighting against "flying" dangerous metal objects, Barbie, Rebecca, Joe McAlister ([Colin Ford](/wiki/Colin_Ford "Colin Ford")), Angie McAlister ([Britt Robertson](/wiki/Britt_Robertson "Britt Robertson")), and Norrie pull Carolyn out of the house seconds before the house is torn apart from the pulse. While Barbie and Rebecca attempt to stop the pulses, the teens are convinced that the Dome is punishing them for not killing Big Jim when it told them to. The Dome's magnetic force locks Big Jim in the fall\-out shelter where he is taunted by Dodee Weaver's ([Jolene Purdy](/wiki/Jolene_Purdy "Jolene Purdy")) ghost. Eventually he blows himself out with grenades but then sees Junior unconscious next to the gallows. Another large pulse has caused almost everyone inside the Dome to pass out, with the exception of Barbie, Julia, and Big Jim. Big Jim believes the Dome is telling him to sacrifice himself so he prepares to hang himself. He is unable to reach the lever while standing on the trap\-door so he asks Julia and Barbie for assistance. Julia accepts but then refuses to follow through, forcing Big Jim to break through the door himself. Julia prevents Big Jim's death by cutting the rope after she becomes convinced that killing Big Jim is not the answer. She believes the Dome instead wants the townspeople to stop killing each other. Once Julia cuts Big Jim loose, the townspeople begin to wake up from their unconscious states and the Dome releases all the metal objects. Big Jim tries to gain the townspeople's trust back by appointing Phil Bushey (Nicholas Strong) as the new sheriff and inviting Joe, Angie, Norrie, and Carolyn to stay at his house. Junior then pulls Big Jim aside and tells him while he was unconscious he had a vision of his supposedly deceased mother Pauline Rennie ([Sherry Stringfield](/wiki/Sherry_Stringfield "Sherry Stringfield")). Big Jim tries to reassure him that it was just a dream but Junior refuses to believe him. Meanwhile, outside the dome it is revealed that Junior's mother is still alive, living single but concerned for her son under the dome. Later that night Angie sees the girl who was rescued by Julia and follows her into the school where she is seen looking into a locker. The girl notices Angie and runs away. Angie looks inside the locker and is stunned by whatever is there. Then she is cut down by an unseen assailant. Her bloody hand\-print on the locker is the last thing we see.	[ "Plot\n----", "Dale \"Barbie\" Barbara's ([Mike Vogel](/wiki/Mike_Vogel \"Mike Vogel\")) fate is left in the hands of James \"Big Jim\" Rennie ([Dean Norris](/wiki/Dean_Norris \"Dean Norris\")) and his son James \"Junior\" Rennie ([Alexander Koch](/wiki/Alexander_Koch_%28actor%29 \"Alexander Koch (actor)\")) after being [falsely charged with numerous crimes](/wiki/Exigent_Circumstances_%28Under_the_Dome%29%23Plot \"Exigent Circumstances (Under the Dome)#Plot\") committed by Big Jim. Barbie, wearing a noose around his neck, is waiting for Junior to pull the lever on the gallows releasing the trap\\-door. However, the Dome emits a mysterious sound which scares Junior from pulling the lever and causes Sheriff Linda Esquivel ([Natalie Martinez](/wiki/Natalie_Martinez \"Natalie Martinez\")) to halt the execution. It turns out that the Dome has become magnetized, causing execution observers to pass out. Linda, Junior, Barbie, and Big Jim visit the Dome wall where its magnetization pulls all metal objects against it, including Barbie who is still in metal handcuffs. While freeing Barbie from the cuffs, Linda is killed by being crushed between the Dome's wall and an SUV pulled by the magnetization.", "Meanwhile, Julia Shumway ([Rachelle Lefevre](/wiki/Rachelle_Lefevre \"Rachelle Lefevre\")) meets Sam Verdreaux ([Eddie Cahill](/wiki/Eddie_Cahill \"Eddie Cahill\")) while rescuing from drowning a mysterious teenage girl ([Grace Victoria Cox](/wiki/Grace_Victoria_Cox \"Grace Victoria Cox\")) who may hold clues to the origin of the Dome. Julia leaves Sam and the girl to look for Barbie. Later in the episode it is revealed that Sam is Junior's uncle and Big Jim's brother\\-in\\-law.", "Determined to save the rest of the townspeople, Barbie meets Rebecca Pine ([Karla Crome](/wiki/Karla_Crome \"Karla Crome\")), a high school science teacher who has many theories about the Dome. Inside the McAlister's house Elinore \"Norrie\" Calvert\\-Hill's ([Mackenzie Lintz](/wiki/Mackenzie_Lintz \"Mackenzie Lintz\")) mother, Carolyn Hill ([Aisha Hinds](/wiki/Aisha_Hinds \"Aisha Hinds\")), passes out from a large magnetization pulse. Fighting against \"flying\" dangerous metal objects, Barbie, Rebecca, Joe McAlister ([Colin Ford](/wiki/Colin_Ford \"Colin Ford\")), Angie McAlister ([Britt Robertson](/wiki/Britt_Robertson \"Britt Robertson\")), and Norrie pull Carolyn out of the house seconds before the house is torn apart from the pulse. While Barbie and Rebecca attempt to stop the pulses, the teens are convinced that the Dome is punishing them for not killing Big Jim when it told them to.", "The Dome's magnetic force locks Big Jim in the fall\\-out shelter where he is taunted by Dodee Weaver's ([Jolene Purdy](/wiki/Jolene_Purdy \"Jolene Purdy\")) ghost. Eventually he blows himself out with grenades but then sees Junior unconscious next to the gallows. Another large pulse has caused almost everyone inside the Dome to pass out, with the exception of Barbie, Julia, and Big Jim. Big Jim believes the Dome is telling him to sacrifice himself so he prepares to hang himself. He is unable to reach the lever while standing on the trap\\-door so he asks Julia and Barbie for assistance. Julia accepts but then refuses to follow through, forcing Big Jim to break through the door himself. Julia prevents Big Jim's death by cutting the rope after she becomes convinced that killing Big Jim is not the answer. She believes the Dome instead wants the townspeople to stop killing each other. Once Julia cuts Big Jim loose, the townspeople begin to wake up from their unconscious states and the Dome releases all the metal objects.", "Big Jim tries to gain the townspeople's trust back by appointing Phil Bushey (Nicholas Strong) as the new sheriff and inviting Joe, Angie, Norrie, and Carolyn to stay at his house. Junior then pulls Big Jim aside and tells him while he was unconscious he had a vision of his supposedly deceased mother Pauline Rennie ([Sherry Stringfield](/wiki/Sherry_Stringfield \"Sherry Stringfield\")). Big Jim tries to reassure him that it was just a dream but Junior refuses to believe him. Meanwhile, outside the dome it is revealed that Junior's mother is still alive, living single but concerned for her son under the dome.", "Later that night Angie sees the girl who was rescued by Julia and follows her into the school where she is seen looking into a locker. The girl notices Angie and runs away. Angie looks inside the locker and is stunned by whatever is there. Then she is cut down by an unseen assailant. Her bloody hand\\-print on the locker is the last thing we see.", "" ]
Career as an architect and designer ----------------------------------- Proetz was born in [Saint Louis, Missouri](/wiki/Saint_Louis%2C_Missouri "Saint Louis, Missouri"). He studied painting and design at the [Art Institute of Chicago](/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago "Art Institute of Chicago"). His studies were interrupted by [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), during which he served in the [Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy"), designing and constructing [cantonments](/wiki/Cantonments "Cantonments") and fire houses.{{cite book\\|last1\=City Art Museum of Saint Louis\\|title\=Architecture and Decorative Arts by Victor Proetz\\|date\=1944\\|publisher\=City Art Museum\\|location\=Saint Louis, MO\\|pages\=9–13}} After the war he enrolled in the [Illinois Institute of Technology](/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology "Illinois Institute of Technology")'s architecture school and went on to win the [Emerson Prize](/wiki/Emerson_Prize "Emerson Prize"). In 1924 he returned to Saint Louis and formed an architectural firm with Ralph Cole Hall. Between the World Wars their firm executed numerous commissions in various parts of the country. These commissions notably included the additions and alterations to the [Hotel Adolphus](/wiki/Hotel_Adolphus "Hotel Adolphus") in [Dallas, Texas](/wiki/Dallas%2C_Texas "Dallas, Texas"), which gained such wide recognition that it was publicized abroad. Proetz moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") in 1933 and during his time there produced forty designs for textile and wall paper. In 1935 Proetz became vice\-president and chief designer of Cosden Inc. (a.k.a. Cosden House), a firm which practiced a combination of architecture and decoration in New York. It was owned by Eleanor Neves Cosden, the wife of a millionaire Oklahoma oilman. From 1936\-37 Proetz worked out of the firm's new [London](/wiki/London "London") office, on the first [penthouse](/wiki/Penthouse_apartment "Penthouse apartment") in London, for Lord and Lady [Louis Mountbatten](/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten%2C_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma "Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma"). It was located in a newly constructed apartment building called Brook House; the name honored [Lady Louis Mountbatten](/wiki/Edwina_Mountbatten%2C_Countess_Mountbatten_of_Burma "Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma")'s father's mansion, which had stood on the site and which was demolished by the Mountbattens to make way for the more modern structure. The apartment building was destroyed during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). [Lord and Taylor](/wiki/Lord_and_Taylor "Lord and Taylor") invited him in 1943 to become director of their interior decorating department. He produced a group of full\- scale interiors displayed at the Lord and Taylor's store in New York. They won wide critical acclaim for the use of traditional materials material in combination with contemporary design, as well as the use on unconventional materials. One of the features most favorably remarked upon was the use of ordinary [butcher paper](/wiki/Butcher_paper "Butcher paper") as a veneer base for clear lacquer, and other similar devices. He was also commended for his spare use of the fine materials that normal people did not have access to during the war. Proetz designed the [Brooklyn Museum](/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum "Brooklyn Museum")'s 19th\-century period rooms, the [porcelain](/wiki/Porcelain "Porcelain") gallery for the [Saint Louis Art Museum](/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum "Saint Louis Art Museum"),{{cite journal\\|last1\=Proetz\\|first1\=Victor\\|title\=Private Museums and the Virtue of Curiosity\\|journal\=The Journal of the American Association of Museums; Museum News\\|date\=October 1962}} and a series of public rooms and offices for the [Smithsonian Museum](/wiki/Smithsonian_Museum "Smithsonian Museum")'s [National Portrait Gallery](/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_%28United_States%29 "National Portrait Gallery (United States)").{{cite news\\|title\=Victor H. Proetz Dead; Curator at Smithsonian\\|work\=Washington Post\\|date\=23 August 1966}} Through the years, Proetz continually broadened his repertoire. He produced over 2,000 designs for furniture, textiles, lighting fixtures, ceramics, glass, and other things, executed here and abroad. He did this all while continuing his architectural practice in which he completed commissions in New York, [Long Island](/wiki/Long_Island "Long Island"), [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), [St. Louis](/wiki/Saint_Louis%2C_Missouri "Saint Louis, Missouri"), [Lake Forest](/wiki/Lake_Forest%2C_Illinois "Lake Forest, Illinois"), [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas%2C_Texas "Dallas, Texas"), [Palm Beach](/wiki/Palm_Beach%2C_Florida "Palm Beach, Florida"), [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"), and [London](/wiki/London "London"). He also designed interiors for yachts and the officers’ quarters on a British airplane carrier.	[ "Career as an architect and designer\n-----------------------------------", "Proetz was born in [Saint Louis, Missouri](/wiki/Saint_Louis%2C_Missouri \"Saint Louis, Missouri\"). He studied painting and design at the [Art Institute of Chicago](/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago \"Art Institute of Chicago\"). His studies were interrupted by [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), during which he served in the [Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\"), designing and constructing [cantonments](/wiki/Cantonments \"Cantonments\") and fire houses.{{cite book\\\|last1\\=City Art Museum of Saint Louis\\\|title\\=Architecture and Decorative Arts by Victor Proetz\\\|date\\=1944\\\|publisher\\=City Art Museum\\\|location\\=Saint Louis, MO\\\|pages\\=9–13}}", "After the war he enrolled in the [Illinois Institute of Technology](/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology \"Illinois Institute of Technology\")'s architecture school and went on to win the [Emerson Prize](/wiki/Emerson_Prize \"Emerson Prize\").", "In 1924 he returned to Saint Louis and formed an architectural firm with Ralph Cole Hall. Between the World Wars their firm executed numerous commissions in various parts of the country. These commissions notably included the additions and alterations to the [Hotel Adolphus](/wiki/Hotel_Adolphus \"Hotel Adolphus\") in [Dallas, Texas](/wiki/Dallas%2C_Texas \"Dallas, Texas\"), which gained such wide recognition that it was publicized abroad.", "Proetz moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") in 1933 and during his time there produced forty designs for textile and wall paper.", "In 1935 Proetz became vice\\-president and chief designer of Cosden Inc. (a.k.a. Cosden House), a firm which practiced a combination of architecture and decoration in New York. It was owned by Eleanor Neves Cosden, the wife of a millionaire Oklahoma oilman. From 1936\\-37 Proetz worked out of the firm's new [London](/wiki/London \"London\") office, on the first [penthouse](/wiki/Penthouse_apartment \"Penthouse apartment\") in London, for Lord and Lady [Louis Mountbatten](/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten%2C_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma \"Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma\"). It was located in a newly constructed apartment building called Brook House; the name honored [Lady Louis Mountbatten](/wiki/Edwina_Mountbatten%2C_Countess_Mountbatten_of_Burma \"Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma\")'s father's mansion, which had stood on the site and which was demolished by the Mountbattens to make way for the more modern structure. The apartment building was destroyed during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").", "[Lord and Taylor](/wiki/Lord_and_Taylor \"Lord and Taylor\") invited him in 1943 to become director of their interior decorating department. He produced a group of full\\- scale interiors displayed at the Lord and Taylor's store in New York. They won wide critical acclaim for the use of traditional materials material in combination with contemporary design, as well as the use on unconventional materials. One of the features most favorably remarked upon was the use of ordinary [butcher paper](/wiki/Butcher_paper \"Butcher paper\") as a veneer base for clear lacquer, and other similar devices. He was also commended for his spare use of the fine materials that normal people did not have access to during the war.", "Proetz designed the [Brooklyn Museum](/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum \"Brooklyn Museum\")'s 19th\\-century period rooms, the [porcelain](/wiki/Porcelain \"Porcelain\") gallery for the [Saint Louis Art Museum](/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum \"Saint Louis Art Museum\"),{{cite journal\\\|last1\\=Proetz\\\|first1\\=Victor\\\|title\\=Private Museums and the Virtue of Curiosity\\\|journal\\=The Journal of the American Association of Museums; Museum News\\\|date\\=October 1962}} and a series of public rooms and offices for the [Smithsonian Museum](/wiki/Smithsonian_Museum \"Smithsonian Museum\")'s [National Portrait Gallery](/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_%28United_States%29 \"National Portrait Gallery (United States)\").{{cite news\\\|title\\=Victor H. Proetz Dead; Curator at Smithsonian\\\|work\\=Washington Post\\\|date\\=23 August 1966}}", "Through the years, Proetz continually broadened his repertoire. He produced over 2,000 designs for furniture, textiles, lighting fixtures, ceramics, glass, and other things, executed here and abroad. He did this all while continuing his architectural practice in which he completed commissions in New York, [Long Island](/wiki/Long_Island \"Long Island\"), [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), [St. Louis](/wiki/Saint_Louis%2C_Missouri \"Saint Louis, Missouri\"), [Lake Forest](/wiki/Lake_Forest%2C_Illinois \"Lake Forest, Illinois\"), [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas%2C_Texas \"Dallas, Texas\"), [Palm Beach](/wiki/Palm_Beach%2C_Florida \"Palm Beach, Florida\"), [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"), and [London](/wiki/London \"London\"). He also designed interiors for yachts and the officers’ quarters on a British airplane carrier.", "" ]
Club career ----------- ### Youth career He began playing rugby at primary school playing tag rugby before joining [Kyadondo Heathens](/wiki/Kyadondo_Rugby_Club "Kyadondo Rugby Club") in 2002\. Initially he was split between following in his fathers footsteps and becoming a footballer, his father playing a [midfielder](/wiki/Midfielder "Midfielder") for the [Uganda Cranes](/wiki/Uganda_national_football_team "Uganda national football team"), and playing rugby but in 2006 [Kyadondo Heathens](/wiki/Kyadondo_Rugby_Club "Kyadondo Rugby Club") had trip to [England](/wiki/England "England") where Wokorach got to visit [Twickenham](/wiki/Twickenham "Twickenham"), this trip helped inspire him to stick with rugby. He later joined Stallions Rugby Club.{{Cite web \\|date\=2020\-07\-04 \\|title\=Philip Wokorach: The exciting Ugandan kid taking Kenyan rugby by storm \\|url\=https://nation.africa/kenya/sports/rugby/philip\-wokorach\-the\-exciting\-ugandan\-kid\-taking\-kenyan\-rugby\-by\-storm\-148968 \\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-29 \\|website\=Nation }} He led his school side, Hana Mixed International School, to the Uganda School League title in 2011 as well as coming runners up in the [Blackrock Rugby Festival](/wiki/Blackrock_Rugby_Festival "Blackrock Rugby Festival"). He led the sevens side to victory at the Safari Sevens tournament. Wokorach was awarded [Most Valuable Player](/wiki/Most_Valuable_Player "Most Valuable Player") in all three tournaments. ### Toyota Buffaloes In his first season of senior rugby Wokorach won the [Uganda Rugby Union Young Player of the Year](/wiki/Uganda_Rugby_Union "Uganda Rugby Union").{{Cite web \\|last\=Kyeyune \\|first\=Darren Allan \\|date\=2012\-03\-25 \\|title\=Kimono misses out, Olweny scoops top URU award \\|url\=http://kawowo.com/2012/03/25/kimono\-misses\-out\-olweny\-scoops\-top\-uru\-award/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-28 \\|website\=Kawowo Sports }} ### Kyadondo Heathens He joined [Kyadondo Heathens](/wiki/Kyadondo_Rugby_Club "Kyadondo Rugby Club") in the 2012–13 season. In March 2013, playing against Stanbic Black Pirates in the. [Nile Special Premier League](/wiki/Nile_Special_Premier_League "Nile Special Premier League") Semi\-finals, he broke his right leg, originally thought to be a career ending injury he managed to return to full fitness in 8 months. Kyadondo Heathens won the double that year. He made his return in January 2014 coming off the bench as the Heathens beat Lira Bulls 114–05, Wokorach being named Man of the Match. He scored two tries in the 2016 [Uganda Cup](/wiki/Uganda_Cup_%28rugby_union%29 "Uganda Cup (rugby union)") final beating the Stanbic Black Pirates 20–17, winning their 4th consecutive title.{{Cite web \\|last\=Kyazze \\|first\=Clive \\|date\=2016\-10\-22 \\|title\=Heathens defeat Pirates to lift 11th Uganda Cup title \\|url\=http://kawowo.com/2016/10/22/heathens\-defeat\-pirates\-to\-lift\-11th\-uganda\-cup\-title/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-28 \\|website\=Kawowo Sports }} ### Esher RFC In January 2015, he went to [England](/wiki/England "England") to play for [Esher RFC](/wiki/Esher_RFC "Esher RFC") however in February he broke his left leg. Thought to be another career ending injury, he returned to [Uganda](/wiki/Uganda "Uganda"). ### Kabras Sugar RFC He managed to return from the second broken leg within 8 months going on to play rugby in [Kenya](/wiki/Kenya "Kenya"). He helped the [Kakamega](/wiki/Kakamega "Kakamega") based side Kabras Sugar RFC to their first [Kenya Cup](/wiki/Kenya_Cup "Kenya Cup") title. Then coming runners up the following two seasons losing both times to [Kenya Commercial Bank RFC](/wiki/Kenya_Commercial_Bank_RFC "Kenya Commercial Bank RFC"), with Wokorach being the top points scorer in the 2018–19 season.{{Cite web \\|title\=Philip Wokorach tops Kenya Cup Scorers Chart \\|url\=https://dailysport.co.ke/philip\-wokorach\-tops\-kenya\-cup\-scorers\-chart/ \\|website\=Daily Sport}} Before leaving to move to [France](/wiki/France "France") he was described as having "dominated the Kenyan (rugby) scene".{{Cite web \\|last\=Bashir \\|first\=Omar \\|date\=2023\-02\-13 \\|title\=Know Your Stars: Phillip Wokorach is a Ugandan professional rugby player \\|url\=https://nbssport.co.ug/2023/02/13/know\-your\-stars\-phillip\-wokorach\-is\-a\-ugandan\-professional\-rugby\-player/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-29 \\|website\=NBS Sport }} ### Boruges XV He moved to France in 2019 to play in the [Fédérale 3](/wiki/Federale_3 "Federale 3") (5th Division) signing a 9\-month contract.{{Cite web \\|last\=Kaweru \\|first\=Franklin \\|date\=2019\-10\-03 \\|title\=Philip Wokorach: Rugby Cranes back takes his talent to France \\|url\=http://kawowo.com/2019/10/03/philip\-wokorach\-rugby\-cranes\-back\-takes\-his\-talent\-to\-france/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-28 \\|website\=Kawowo Sports }} He made his debut after only 3 training sessions, playing against Rugby Club Uzerchoison the 13th October 2019\.{{Cite web \\|date\=2019\-10\-12 \\|title\=Rugby \- De Twickenham à Depège, le nouveau joueur du Bourges XV Philip Wokorach raconte son parcours \\|url\=https://www.leberry.fr/bourges\-18000/sports/de\-twickenham\-a\-depege\-le\-nouveau\-joueur\-du\-bourges\-xv\-philip\-wokorach\-raconte\-son\-parcours\_13661618/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-28 \\|website\=leberry.fr}} He helped the French side earn promotion to the [Fédérale 2](/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_2 "Fédérale 2") (4th Division), before leaving the club to join [AS Bédarrides](/wiki/Avenir_sportif_de_B%C3%A9darrides_Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Pape "Avenir sportif de Bédarrides Châteauneuf-du-Pape"). ### AS Bédarrides He joined French [Fédérale 1](/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_1 "Fédérale 1") (3rd Division) [AS Bédarrides](/wiki/Avenir_sportif_de_B%C3%A9darrides_Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Pape "Avenir sportif de Bédarrides Châteauneuf-du-Pape") in 2020,{{Cite web \\|date\=2020\-05\-15 \\|title\=Philip Wokorach Joins French Side A.S.B.C \\|url\=https://chimpreports.com/philip\-wokorach\-joins\-french\-side\-a\-s\-b\-c/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-28 \\|website\=ChimpReports }}{{Cite web \\|title\=PHILIP WOKORACH IS ANOTHER STEP UPWARDS. \\|url\=https://sportznow.ug/index.php/article/philip\-wokorach\-another\-step\-upwards \\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-28 \\|website\=sportznow.ug }} making only 5 appearances in his first season, before becoming a regular in the squad, featuring 24 and 23 times in the 2021–22 and 2022–23 seasons respectively.{{Cite web \\|title\=Philip WOKORACH \- Player statistics \- It's rugby \\|url\=https://www.itsrugby.co.uk/players/philip\-wokorach\-32901\.html \\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-29 \\|website\=www.itsrugby.co.uk}} While at AS Bédarrides, he has featured for [Monaco 7s](/wiki/Monaco_national_rugby_union_team_%28sevens%29 "Monaco national rugby union team (sevens)") and [Racing 92 7s](/wiki/Racing_92 "Racing 92") in the SuperSevens tournament coming runners up while playing for Monaco losing 14–40 against the [French Barbarians](/wiki/French_Barbarians "French Barbarians").{{Cite web \\|last\=Akorebirungi \\|first\=Ernest \\|date\=2023\-10\-18 \\|title\=Philip Wokorach joins Racing 92 for France's elite clubs Super 7s finale \\|url\=http://kawowo.com/2023/10/18/philip\-wokorach\-super\-sevens\-racing\-92\-france/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-28 \\|website\=Kawowo Sports }}{{Cite web \\|date\=27 August 2021 \\|title\=MonacoRugby7s \\|url\=https://twitter.com/MonacoRugby7s/status/1431207887469174789 \\|website\=MonacoRugby7s}} As well as in 2022 featuring for Wonder 7s as well.	[ "Club career\n-----------", "### Youth career", "He began playing rugby at primary school playing tag rugby before joining [Kyadondo Heathens](/wiki/Kyadondo_Rugby_Club \"Kyadondo Rugby Club\") in 2002\\. Initially he was split between following in his fathers footsteps and becoming a footballer, his father playing a [midfielder](/wiki/Midfielder \"Midfielder\") for the [Uganda Cranes](/wiki/Uganda_national_football_team \"Uganda national football team\"), and playing rugby but in 2006 [Kyadondo Heathens](/wiki/Kyadondo_Rugby_Club \"Kyadondo Rugby Club\") had trip to [England](/wiki/England \"England\") where Wokorach got to visit [Twickenham](/wiki/Twickenham \"Twickenham\"), this trip helped inspire him to stick with rugby. He later joined Stallions Rugby Club.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2020\\-07\\-04 \\\|title\\=Philip Wokorach: The exciting Ugandan kid taking Kenyan rugby by storm \\\|url\\=https://nation.africa/kenya/sports/rugby/philip\\-wokorach\\-the\\-exciting\\-ugandan\\-kid\\-taking\\-kenyan\\-rugby\\-by\\-storm\\-148968 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-29 \\\|website\\=Nation }}", "He led his school side, Hana Mixed International School, to the Uganda School League title in 2011 as well as coming runners up in the [Blackrock Rugby Festival](/wiki/Blackrock_Rugby_Festival \"Blackrock Rugby Festival\"). He led the sevens side to victory at the Safari Sevens tournament. Wokorach was awarded [Most Valuable Player](/wiki/Most_Valuable_Player \"Most Valuable Player\") in all three tournaments.", "### Toyota Buffaloes", "In his first season of senior rugby Wokorach won the [Uganda Rugby Union Young Player of the Year](/wiki/Uganda_Rugby_Union \"Uganda Rugby Union\").{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Kyeyune \\\|first\\=Darren Allan \\\|date\\=2012\\-03\\-25 \\\|title\\=Kimono misses out, Olweny scoops top URU award \\\|url\\=http://kawowo.com/2012/03/25/kimono\\-misses\\-out\\-olweny\\-scoops\\-top\\-uru\\-award/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-28 \\\|website\\=Kawowo Sports }}", "### Kyadondo Heathens", "He joined [Kyadondo Heathens](/wiki/Kyadondo_Rugby_Club \"Kyadondo Rugby Club\") in the 2012–13 season. In March 2013, playing against Stanbic Black Pirates in the. [Nile Special Premier League](/wiki/Nile_Special_Premier_League \"Nile Special Premier League\") Semi\\-finals, he broke his right leg, originally thought to be a career ending injury he managed to return to full fitness in 8 months. Kyadondo Heathens won the double that year. He made his return in January 2014 coming off the bench as the Heathens beat Lira Bulls 114–05, Wokorach being named Man of the Match.", "He scored two tries in the 2016 [Uganda Cup](/wiki/Uganda_Cup_%28rugby_union%29 \"Uganda Cup (rugby union)\") final beating the Stanbic Black Pirates 20–17, winning their 4th consecutive title.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Kyazze \\\|first\\=Clive \\\|date\\=2016\\-10\\-22 \\\|title\\=Heathens defeat Pirates to lift 11th Uganda Cup title \\\|url\\=http://kawowo.com/2016/10/22/heathens\\-defeat\\-pirates\\-to\\-lift\\-11th\\-uganda\\-cup\\-title/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-28 \\\|website\\=Kawowo Sports }}", "### Esher RFC", "In January 2015, he went to [England](/wiki/England \"England\") to play for [Esher RFC](/wiki/Esher_RFC \"Esher RFC\") however in February he broke his left leg. Thought to be another career ending injury, he returned to [Uganda](/wiki/Uganda \"Uganda\").", "### Kabras Sugar RFC", "He managed to return from the second broken leg within 8 months going on to play rugby in [Kenya](/wiki/Kenya \"Kenya\"). He helped the [Kakamega](/wiki/Kakamega \"Kakamega\") based side Kabras Sugar RFC to their first [Kenya Cup](/wiki/Kenya_Cup \"Kenya Cup\") title. Then coming runners up the following two seasons losing both times to [Kenya Commercial Bank RFC](/wiki/Kenya_Commercial_Bank_RFC \"Kenya Commercial Bank RFC\"), with Wokorach being the top points scorer in the 2018–19 season.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Philip Wokorach tops Kenya Cup Scorers Chart \\\|url\\=https://dailysport.co.ke/philip\\-wokorach\\-tops\\-kenya\\-cup\\-scorers\\-chart/ \\\|website\\=Daily Sport}} Before leaving to move to [France](/wiki/France \"France\") he was described as having \"dominated the Kenyan (rugby) scene\".{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Bashir \\\|first\\=Omar \\\|date\\=2023\\-02\\-13 \\\|title\\=Know Your Stars: Phillip Wokorach is a Ugandan professional rugby player \\\|url\\=https://nbssport.co.ug/2023/02/13/know\\-your\\-stars\\-phillip\\-wokorach\\-is\\-a\\-ugandan\\-professional\\-rugby\\-player/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-29 \\\|website\\=NBS Sport }}", "### Boruges XV", "He moved to France in 2019 to play in the [Fédérale 3](/wiki/Federale_3 \"Federale 3\") (5th Division) signing a 9\\-month contract.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Kaweru \\\|first\\=Franklin \\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-03 \\\|title\\=Philip Wokorach: Rugby Cranes back takes his talent to France \\\|url\\=http://kawowo.com/2019/10/03/philip\\-wokorach\\-rugby\\-cranes\\-back\\-takes\\-his\\-talent\\-to\\-france/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-28 \\\|website\\=Kawowo Sports }} He made his debut after only 3 training sessions, playing against Rugby Club Uzerchoison the 13th October 2019\\.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-12 \\\|title\\=Rugby \\- De Twickenham à Depège, le nouveau joueur du Bourges XV Philip Wokorach raconte son parcours \\\|url\\=https://www.leberry.fr/bourges\\-18000/sports/de\\-twickenham\\-a\\-depege\\-le\\-nouveau\\-joueur\\-du\\-bourges\\-xv\\-philip\\-wokorach\\-raconte\\-son\\-parcours\\_13661618/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-28 \\\|website\\=leberry.fr}} He helped the French side earn promotion to the [Fédérale 2](/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_2 \"Fédérale 2\") (4th Division), before leaving the club to join [AS Bédarrides](/wiki/Avenir_sportif_de_B%C3%A9darrides_Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Pape \"Avenir sportif de Bédarrides Châteauneuf-du-Pape\").", "### AS Bédarrides", "He joined French [Fédérale 1](/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_1 \"Fédérale 1\") (3rd Division) [AS Bédarrides](/wiki/Avenir_sportif_de_B%C3%A9darrides_Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Pape \"Avenir sportif de Bédarrides Châteauneuf-du-Pape\") in 2020,{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2020\\-05\\-15 \\\|title\\=Philip Wokorach Joins French Side A.S.B.C \\\|url\\=https://chimpreports.com/philip\\-wokorach\\-joins\\-french\\-side\\-a\\-s\\-b\\-c/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-28 \\\|website\\=ChimpReports }}{{Cite web \\\|title\\=PHILIP WOKORACH IS ANOTHER STEP UPWARDS. \\\|url\\=https://sportznow.ug/index.php/article/philip\\-wokorach\\-another\\-step\\-upwards \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-28 \\\|website\\=sportznow.ug }} making only 5 appearances in his first season, before becoming a regular in the squad, featuring 24 and 23 times in the 2021–22 and 2022–23 seasons respectively.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Philip WOKORACH \\- Player statistics \\- It's rugby \\\|url\\=https://www.itsrugby.co.uk/players/philip\\-wokorach\\-32901\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-29 \\\|website\\=www.itsrugby.co.uk}} While at AS Bédarrides, he has featured for [Monaco 7s](/wiki/Monaco_national_rugby_union_team_%28sevens%29 \"Monaco national rugby union team (sevens)\") and [Racing 92 7s](/wiki/Racing_92 \"Racing 92\") in the SuperSevens tournament coming runners up while playing for Monaco losing 14–40 against the [French Barbarians](/wiki/French_Barbarians \"French Barbarians\").{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Akorebirungi \\\|first\\=Ernest \\\|date\\=2023\\-10\\-18 \\\|title\\=Philip Wokorach joins Racing 92 for France's elite clubs Super 7s finale \\\|url\\=http://kawowo.com/2023/10/18/philip\\-wokorach\\-super\\-sevens\\-racing\\-92\\-france/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-28 \\\|website\\=Kawowo Sports }}{{Cite web \\\|date\\=27 August 2021 \\\|title\\=MonacoRugby7s \\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/MonacoRugby7s/status/1431207887469174789 \\\|website\\=MonacoRugby7s}} As well as in 2022 featuring for Wonder 7s as well.", "" ]
Playing career -------------- ### Junior A native of [Richmond Hill, Ontario](/wiki/Richmond_Hill%2C_Ontario "Richmond Hill, Ontario"), Lomberg began his [junior hockey](/wiki/Junior_hockey "Junior hockey") career in the [Ontario Junior Hockey League](/wiki/Ontario_Junior_Hockey_League "Ontario Junior Hockey League") (OJHL), playing bit roles in parts of two seasons with the [North York Rangers](/wiki/North_York_Rangers "North York Rangers") and the [Upper Canada Patriots](/wiki/Upper_Canada_Patriots "Upper Canada Patriots") in [2009–10](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_CCHL_season "2009–10 CCHL season") and [2010–11](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_OJHL_season "2010–11 OJHL season"). From there, he moved on to play for the [Muskegon Lumberjacks](/wiki/Muskegon_Lumberjacks "Muskegon Lumberjacks") of the [United States Hockey League](/wiki/United_States_Hockey_League "United States Hockey League") (USHL) in the [2011–12 season](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_USHL_season "2011–12 USHL season"), emerging as the team's offensive leader with 40 points in 52 games, while adding 154 penalty minutes – enough for fifth in the league.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/top\_league.php?lid\=ushl1999\&sid\=2012\&leaguenm\=USHL\\|title\=USHL 2011\-12 League Leaders\\|website\=HockeyDB}} Attending the [University of Maine](/wiki/University_of_Maine "University of Maine") beginning with the 2012–13 school year, Lomberg played for the [Maine Black Bears](/wiki/Maine_Black_Bears_men%27s_ice_hockey "Maine Black Bears men's ice hockey") for two seasons, accumulating 18 goals and 14 assists over 66 games with the team. However, following the 2013–14 season, Lomberg left the school after being suspended from the Black Bears due to an assault and disorderly conduct charge, the latter of which he pleaded guilty to.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://bangordailynews.com/2014/08/05/news/bangor/suspended\-umaine\-hockey\-player\-pleads\-guilty\-to\-discorderly\-conduct\-charge/\\|title\=Suspended UMaine hockey player to plead guilty to disorderly conduct charge\\|last\=Harrison\\|first\=Judy\\|date\=August 9, 2014\\|website\=Bangor Daily News\\|access\-date\=January 29, 2018}} Looking to get his hockey career back on track, Lomberg returned to the USHL for the [2014–15 season](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_USHL_season "2014–15 USHL season") with the [Youngstown Phantoms](/wiki/Youngstown_Phantoms "Youngstown Phantoms"). Lomberg scored 24 goals and 43 points in the regular season while playing with future [Winnipeg Jets](/wiki/Winnipeg_Jets "Winnipeg Jets") forward [Kyle Connor](/wiki/Kyle_Connor "Kyle Connor") and serving as team captain{{Cite news\\|url\=https://www.sbncollegehockey.com/nchc/2015/9/4/9264209/ryan\-lomberg\-signs\-ahl\-deal\-stockton\-heat\-calgary\-flames\-affiliate\-miami\-maine\\|title\=Former Black Bear Lomberg opts for AHL over Miami\\|work\=SB Nation College Hockey\\|access\-date\=2018\-01\-29}} to help lead the Phantoms to the [Anderson Cup](/wiki/Anderson_Cup "Anderson Cup"). Lomberg's play with the Phantoms caught the eye of the [Calgary Flames](/wiki/Calgary_Flames "Calgary Flames")' amateur scouting staff, earning him an invite to their annual fall development camp.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/flames/news/flames\-announce\-development\-camp\-roster\-schedule/c\-773951\\|title\=Flames announce development camp roster, schedule\\|website\=Calgary Flames}} Lomberg impressed enough to earn a minor\-league deal with the [Stockton Heat](/wiki/Stockton_Heat "Stockton Heat"), Calgary's AHL affiliate. The deal was announced in the wake of speculation that Lomberg would join [Miami University](/wiki/Miami_University "Miami University")'s men's hockey team on a transfer from the University of Maine. ### Professional Lomberg split his first professional season between the Heat and their [ECHL](/wiki/ECHL "ECHL") affiliate, the [Adirondack Thunder](/wiki/Adirondack_Thunder "Adirondack Thunder"). Scoring at nearly a point\-per\-game pace with the Flames, Lomberg earned extended time with the Heat throughout the system, going goalless with 3 assists and 42 penalty minutes in 15 AHL games during the [2015–16 AHL season](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_AHL_season "2015–16 AHL season"). Continuing with the Heat in [2016–17](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_AHL_season "2016–17 AHL season"), Lomberg emerged as a more multi\-dimensional player. In addition to his 127 penalty minutes, Lomberg scored 13 goals and 29 points in 68 games with the team, good for seventh and eighth on the team, respectively. [thumb\\|Lomberg (right) during a game against the [Seattle Kraken](/wiki/Seattle_Kraken "Seattle Kraken") in 2022\.](/wiki/File:Ryan_Lomberg_and_Jordan_Eberle.jpg "Ryan Lomberg and Jordan Eberle.jpg") Impressed with his work ethic and determination, the [Calgary Flames](/wiki/Calgary_Flames "Calgary Flames") rewarded Lomberg with a two\-year entry\-level contract worth $710,000 per season in the NHL on March 17, 2017\.{{Cite news\\|url\=https://calgaryherald.com/sports/hockey/nhl/calgary\-flames/calgary\-flames\-farmhand\-ryan\-lomberg\-earns\-two\-way\-contract\-with\-nhl\-club\\|title\=Calgary Flames farmhand Ryan Lomberg earns two\-way contract with NHL club\\|date\=2017\-03\-23\\|work\=Calgary Herald\\|access\-date\=2018\-01\-29\\|language\=en\-US}} The deal came into effect at the beginning of the [2017–18 NHL season](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NHL_season "2017–18 NHL season"). Looking to inject some energy into the lineup and forced to deal with the absence of [Jaromír Jágr](/wiki/Jarom%C3%ADr_J%C3%A1gr "Jaromír Jágr"), the Flames recalled Lomberg on January 14, 2018\.{{Cite news\\|url\=http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/flames\-put\-jagr\-injured\-reserve\-call\-lomberg\-ahl/\\|title\=Flames put Jagr on injured reserve, call up Lomberg from AHL \- Sportsnet.ca\\|work\=Sportsnet.ca\\|access\-date\=2018\-01\-29\\|language\=en\-US}} He made his NHL debut eleven days later, on January 25, against the Edmonton Oilers. During the game, he fought the Oilers' [Zack Kassian](/wiki/Zack_Kassian "Zack Kassian"), and recorded 6:30 of total playing time. After five seasons within the Flames organization, Lomberg left as a free agent to sign a two\-year, $1\.45 million contract with the [Florida Panthers](/wiki/Florida_Panthers "Florida Panthers") on October 9, 2020\.{{cite web\\| url \= https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida\-panthers\-agree\-to\-terms\-with\-forward\-ryan\-lomberg\-on\-a\-two\-year\-contract/c\-319403854 \\| title \= Florida Panthers agree to terms with Ryan Lomberg \\| publisher \= \[\[Florida Panthers]] \\| date \= October 9, 2020 \\| accessdate \= October 9, 2020}} He played 34 games for the Panthers during the [2020–21 season](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NHL_season "2020–21 NHL season"), recording two goals and two assists in 34 games. On November 26, 2021, the Panthers re\-signed Lomberg to a two\-year contract extension.{{cite web \\|title\=Panthers Re\-Sign Forward Ryan Lomberg to a Two\-Year Contract Extension \\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/panthers\-re\-sign\-forward\-ryan\-lomberg\-to\-a\-two\-year\-contract\-extension/c\-328344222 \\|website\=\[\[Florida Panthers]] \\|access\-date\=November 26, 2021}} After helping the Panthers claim their first [Stanley Cup](/wiki/Stanley_Cup "Stanley Cup") in franchise history, Lomberg left as a free agent and was signed to a two\-year, $4 million contract in a return with his original club, the Calgary Flames, on July 1, 2024\.{{citeweb\\| url \= https://www.nhl.com/flames/news/flames\-sign\-forward\-ryan\-lomberg \\| title \= Flames sign forward Ryan Lomberg \\| publisher \= \[\[Calgary Flames]] \\| date \= July 1, 2024 \\| accessdate \= July 1, 2024 }}	[ "Playing career\n--------------", "### Junior", "A native of [Richmond Hill, Ontario](/wiki/Richmond_Hill%2C_Ontario \"Richmond Hill, Ontario\"), Lomberg began his [junior hockey](/wiki/Junior_hockey \"Junior hockey\") career in the [Ontario Junior Hockey League](/wiki/Ontario_Junior_Hockey_League \"Ontario Junior Hockey League\") (OJHL), playing bit roles in parts of two seasons with the [North York Rangers](/wiki/North_York_Rangers \"North York Rangers\") and the [Upper Canada Patriots](/wiki/Upper_Canada_Patriots \"Upper Canada Patriots\") in [2009–10](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_CCHL_season \"2009–10 CCHL season\") and [2010–11](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_OJHL_season \"2010–11 OJHL season\"). From there, he moved on to play for the [Muskegon Lumberjacks](/wiki/Muskegon_Lumberjacks \"Muskegon Lumberjacks\") of the [United States Hockey League](/wiki/United_States_Hockey_League \"United States Hockey League\") (USHL) in the [2011–12 season](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_USHL_season \"2011–12 USHL season\"), emerging as the team's offensive leader with 40 points in 52 games, while adding 154 penalty minutes – enough for fifth in the league.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/top\\_league.php?lid\\=ushl1999\\&sid\\=2012\\&leaguenm\\=USHL\\\|title\\=USHL 2011\\-12 League Leaders\\\|website\\=HockeyDB}}", "Attending the [University of Maine](/wiki/University_of_Maine \"University of Maine\") beginning with the 2012–13 school year, Lomberg played for the [Maine Black Bears](/wiki/Maine_Black_Bears_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Maine Black Bears men's ice hockey\") for two seasons, accumulating 18 goals and 14 assists over 66 games with the team. However, following the 2013–14 season, Lomberg left the school after being suspended from the Black Bears due to an assault and disorderly conduct charge, the latter of which he pleaded guilty to.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://bangordailynews.com/2014/08/05/news/bangor/suspended\\-umaine\\-hockey\\-player\\-pleads\\-guilty\\-to\\-discorderly\\-conduct\\-charge/\\\|title\\=Suspended UMaine hockey player to plead guilty to disorderly conduct charge\\\|last\\=Harrison\\\|first\\=Judy\\\|date\\=August 9, 2014\\\|website\\=Bangor Daily News\\\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2018}}", "Looking to get his hockey career back on track, Lomberg returned to the USHL for the [2014–15 season](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_USHL_season \"2014–15 USHL season\") with the [Youngstown Phantoms](/wiki/Youngstown_Phantoms \"Youngstown Phantoms\"). Lomberg scored 24 goals and 43 points in the regular season while playing with future [Winnipeg Jets](/wiki/Winnipeg_Jets \"Winnipeg Jets\") forward [Kyle Connor](/wiki/Kyle_Connor \"Kyle Connor\") and serving as team captain{{Cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.sbncollegehockey.com/nchc/2015/9/4/9264209/ryan\\-lomberg\\-signs\\-ahl\\-deal\\-stockton\\-heat\\-calgary\\-flames\\-affiliate\\-miami\\-maine\\\|title\\=Former Black Bear Lomberg opts for AHL over Miami\\\|work\\=SB Nation College Hockey\\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-01\\-29}} to help lead the Phantoms to the [Anderson Cup](/wiki/Anderson_Cup \"Anderson Cup\").", "Lomberg's play with the Phantoms caught the eye of the [Calgary Flames](/wiki/Calgary_Flames \"Calgary Flames\")' amateur scouting staff, earning him an invite to their annual fall development camp.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/flames/news/flames\\-announce\\-development\\-camp\\-roster\\-schedule/c\\-773951\\\|title\\=Flames announce development camp roster, schedule\\\|website\\=Calgary Flames}} Lomberg impressed enough to earn a minor\\-league deal with the [Stockton Heat](/wiki/Stockton_Heat \"Stockton Heat\"), Calgary's AHL affiliate. The deal was announced in the wake of speculation that Lomberg would join [Miami University](/wiki/Miami_University \"Miami University\")'s men's hockey team on a transfer from the University of Maine.", "### Professional", "Lomberg split his first professional season between the Heat and their [ECHL](/wiki/ECHL \"ECHL\") affiliate, the [Adirondack Thunder](/wiki/Adirondack_Thunder \"Adirondack Thunder\"). Scoring at nearly a point\\-per\\-game pace with the Flames, Lomberg earned extended time with the Heat throughout the system, going goalless with 3 assists and 42 penalty minutes in 15 AHL games during the [2015–16 AHL season](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_AHL_season \"2015–16 AHL season\").", "Continuing with the Heat in [2016–17](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_AHL_season \"2016–17 AHL season\"), Lomberg emerged as a more multi\\-dimensional player. In addition to his 127 penalty minutes, Lomberg scored 13 goals and 29 points in 68 games with the team, good for seventh and eighth on the team, respectively.\n[thumb\\\|Lomberg (right) during a game against the [Seattle Kraken](/wiki/Seattle_Kraken \"Seattle Kraken\") in 2022\\.](/wiki/File:Ryan_Lomberg_and_Jordan_Eberle.jpg \"Ryan Lomberg and Jordan Eberle.jpg\")\nImpressed with his work ethic and determination, the [Calgary Flames](/wiki/Calgary_Flames \"Calgary Flames\") rewarded Lomberg with a two\\-year entry\\-level contract worth $710,000 per season in the NHL on March 17, 2017\\.{{Cite news\\\|url\\=https://calgaryherald.com/sports/hockey/nhl/calgary\\-flames/calgary\\-flames\\-farmhand\\-ryan\\-lomberg\\-earns\\-two\\-way\\-contract\\-with\\-nhl\\-club\\\|title\\=Calgary Flames farmhand Ryan Lomberg earns two\\-way contract with NHL club\\\|date\\=2017\\-03\\-23\\\|work\\=Calgary Herald\\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-01\\-29\\\|language\\=en\\-US}} The deal came into effect at the beginning of the [2017–18 NHL season](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NHL_season \"2017–18 NHL season\").", "Looking to inject some energy into the lineup and forced to deal with the absence of [Jaromír Jágr](/wiki/Jarom%C3%ADr_J%C3%A1gr \"Jaromír Jágr\"), the Flames recalled Lomberg on January 14, 2018\\.{{Cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/flames\\-put\\-jagr\\-injured\\-reserve\\-call\\-lomberg\\-ahl/\\\|title\\=Flames put Jagr on injured reserve, call up Lomberg from AHL \\- Sportsnet.ca\\\|work\\=Sportsnet.ca\\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-01\\-29\\\|language\\=en\\-US}} He made his NHL debut eleven days later, on January 25, against the Edmonton Oilers. During the game, he fought the Oilers' [Zack Kassian](/wiki/Zack_Kassian \"Zack Kassian\"), and recorded 6:30 of total playing time.", "After five seasons within the Flames organization, Lomberg left as a free agent to sign a two\\-year, $1\\.45 million contract with the [Florida Panthers](/wiki/Florida_Panthers \"Florida Panthers\") on October 9, 2020\\.{{cite web\\\| url \\= https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida\\-panthers\\-agree\\-to\\-terms\\-with\\-forward\\-ryan\\-lomberg\\-on\\-a\\-two\\-year\\-contract/c\\-319403854 \\\| title \\= Florida Panthers agree to terms with Ryan Lomberg \\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Florida Panthers]] \\\| date \\= October 9, 2020 \\\| accessdate \\= October 9, 2020}} He played 34 games for the Panthers during the [2020–21 season](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NHL_season \"2020–21 NHL season\"), recording two goals and two assists in 34 games. On November 26, 2021, the Panthers re\\-signed Lomberg to a two\\-year contract extension.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Panthers Re\\-Sign Forward Ryan Lomberg to a Two\\-Year Contract Extension \\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/panthers\\-re\\-sign\\-forward\\-ryan\\-lomberg\\-to\\-a\\-two\\-year\\-contract\\-extension/c\\-328344222 \\\|website\\=\\[\\[Florida Panthers]] \\\|access\\-date\\=November 26, 2021}}", "After helping the Panthers claim their first [Stanley Cup](/wiki/Stanley_Cup \"Stanley Cup\") in franchise history, Lomberg left as a free agent and was signed to a two\\-year, $4 million contract in a return with his original club, the Calgary Flames, on July 1, 2024\\.{{citeweb\\\| url \\= https://www.nhl.com/flames/news/flames\\-sign\\-forward\\-ryan\\-lomberg \\\| title \\= Flames sign forward Ryan Lomberg \\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Calgary Flames]] \\\| date \\= July 1, 2024 \\\| accessdate \\= July 1, 2024 }}", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Early life Ingram was born on 7 July 1823, at the [Rectory](/wiki/Rectory "Rectory") of [Templecarne](/wiki/Templecarne "Templecarne") ([Aghnahoo](/wiki/Aghnahoo "Aghnahoo")), just south of [Pettigo](/wiki/Pettigo "Pettigo"), a village in south\-east [County Donegal](/wiki/County_Donegal "County Donegal"), Ireland into an [Ulster Scots](/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people "Ulster Scots people") family.{{cite book\\|title\=Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section C\\|chapter\=Appendix: Biographical Notices of John Kells Ingram and Robert Atkinson\\|publisher\=Royal Irish Academy\\|date\=1908\\|volume\=27\\|pages \= 1–19\\|jstor \= 25502772}} (1908/1909\). Although his ancestry was [Scottish Presbyterian](/wiki/Scottish_Presbyterian "Scottish Presbyterian"), Ingram's grandparents had converted to [Anglicanism](/wiki/Anglicanism "Anglicanism"). His grandfather Captain John Ingram ran a [linen](/wiki/Linen "Linen") [mill](/wiki/Factory "Factory") and had a business as a linen [bleacher](/wiki/Bleacher "Bleacher") in [Glennane](/wiki/Glennane "Glennane") ([Lisdrumhure](/wiki/Lisdrumhure "Lisdrumhure")). He was active in the [Volunteer Movement](/wiki/Irish_Volunteers_%2818th_century%29 "Irish Volunteers (18th century)") and financed in 1782 a volunteer corps in the County Armagh, known as [Lisdrumhure Volunteers](/wiki/Lisdrumhure_Volunteers "Lisdrumhure Volunteers") or [Mountnorris Volunteers](/wiki/Mountnorris_Volunteers "Mountnorris Volunteers"). Ingram's father, Rev. William Ingram, a scholar at Trinity College Dublin, rector of the [Church of Ireland](/wiki/Church_of_Ireland "Church of Ireland") and curate of [Templecarne Parish](/wiki/Templecarne_Parish "Templecarne Parish") ([Diocese of Clogher](/wiki/Diocese_of_Clogher_%28Church_of_Ireland%29 "Diocese of Clogher (Church of Ireland)")), married Elizabeth Cooke in 1817\. Ingram's father died in 1829 and his mother then moved with the family to [Newry](/wiki/Newry "Newry"), to guarantee the best possible education for her five children. Ingram first went to Mr. Lyons' School in [Newry](/wiki/Newry "Newry") from 1829 to 1837\. He also attended [Drogheda Grammar School](/wiki/Drogheda_Grammar_School "Drogheda Grammar School"). In 1840, at the age of sixteen, Ingram published sonnets in the [Dublin University Magazine](/wiki/Dublin_University_Magazine "Dublin University Magazine"). ### Academic career On 13 October 1837, he matriculated at [Trinity College Dublin](/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin "Trinity College Dublin"). He was [elected a Scholar](/wiki/List_of_Scholars_of_Trinity_College_Dublin "List of Scholars of Trinity College Dublin") of the College in 1840, graduated with a BA in mathematics in 1842, and was awarded an MA in 1850\. He was a member of the [College Historical Society](/wiki/College_Historical_Society "College Historical Society").{{Cite journal\\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23041188\\|access\-date\=2020\-09\-02\\|journal\=Hermathena\\|jstor\=23041188\\|language\=en\\|title\=John Kells Ingram (1823\-1907\)\\|last1\=Barrett\\|first1\=Sean D.\\|year\=1998\\|issue\=164\\|pages\=5–30}} His early scholarly publications (1842\-1847\) were in mathematics. He had a distinguished career at Trinity, spanning over fifty\-five years, as a student, fellow and professor, successively of [Oratory](/wiki/Eloquence "Eloquence"), [English Literature](/wiki/English_Literature "English Literature"), [Jurisprudence](/wiki/Jurisprudence "Jurisprudence") and [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language "Greek language"), [LL.D](/wiki/LL.D "LL.D"), [FTCD](/wiki/Fellow "Fellow")), subsequently becoming the College Librarian and ultimately its Vice Provost.[John Kells Ingram, Trinity Economic Paper Series, by Sean D. Barrett, Trinity College, Dublin](https://www.tcd.ie/Economics/TEP/1999_papers/TEPNo9SB99.pdf) During his life, Ingram was President of the Library Association of Great Britain, co\-founder of the [National Library of Ireland](/wiki/National_Library_of_Ireland "National Library of Ireland"), National Library trustee, Vice\-president of the [Library Association of Ireland](/wiki/Library_Association_of_Ireland "Library Association of Ireland"), a member of the [Royal Irish Academy](/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy "Royal Irish Academy"), co\-founder of the Dublin Statistical Society, honorary member of the [American Economic Association](/wiki/American_Economic_Association "American Economic Association"), member of the [English historical school of economics](/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics "English historical school of economics") and co\-founder of the [Hermathena](/wiki/Hermathena_%28journal%29 "Hermathena (journal)") publication. ### The Memory of the Dead One evening in March 1843 Ingram wrote the poem for which he is best remembered, a political ballad called "The Memory of the Dead" (better known as "Who Fears to Speak of '98"; or "Ninety Eight"), in honour of the [Irish Rebellion of 1798](/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798 "Irish Rebellion of 1798") led by the [United Irishmen](/wiki/United_Irishmen "United Irishmen"). On that evening, he was in company of his like\-minded friends John O'Regan, Thomas O'Regan and [George Ferdinand Shaw](/wiki/George_Ferdinand_Shaw "George Ferdinand Shaw"), all fellow Protestant students at TCD. They spent the evening discussing the 1798 Rebellion when briefly [Catholics](/wiki/Catholicism_in_Ireland "Catholicism in Ireland") and [Protestants](/wiki/Protestantism_in_Ireland "Protestantism in Ireland") (mainly [Presbyterians](/wiki/Presbyterianism "Presbyterianism") and [Methodists](/wiki/Methodism "Methodism")) united to try to overturn the [Protestant Ascendancy](/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy "Protestant Ascendancy") in Ireland from which all of them were excluded. They were stirred by the lack of regard shown for the Irish rebels of 1798 by the contemporary nationalist movement, led by [Daniel O'Connell](/wiki/D%C3%B3nal_%C3%93_Conaill "Dónal Ó Conaill"). The poem was published anonymously on 1 April 1843 in [Thomas Davis](/wiki/Thomas_Davis_%28Young_Irelander%29 "Thomas Davis (Young Irelander)")'s [The Nation Newspaper](/wiki/The_Nation_%28Irish_newspaper%29 "The Nation (Irish newspaper)") although in fact its authorship was an open secret in Dublin.[Bibliography of the writings of John Kells Ingram (1823\-1907\) with a brief chronology](https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofwr00npnp) Compiled For Cumann Na Leabharlann, Dublin, 1907\-1908 The Nation was the publication of the radical and bourgeois\-radical wing of Ó Conaill's movement for "repeal" of the Act of Union between Ireland and Great Britain. Despite this poem, Ingram showed no nationalist sympathies at any time, maintaining that Ireland was not ready for self\-government. "'The Memory of the Dead' was my only contribution to the 'Nation'," commented Ingram later.Sonnets and Other Poems, p. 9 Nevertheless, before he died, Ingram made a manuscript copy of "Ninety Eight", proclaiming that he would always defend brave men who opposed tyranny.[John Kells Ingram and "The Memory of the Dead" ("Ninety Eight")](http://www.workersliberty.org/story/2008/07/01/memory-dead) \- Text of Ingram's "The Memory of the Dead" with commentary, workersliberty.org It was set to music for voice and piano in 1845 by [John Edward Pigot](/wiki/John_Edward_Pigot "John Edward Pigot"). Ingram's ballad was translated into Latin by [Robert Yelverton Tyrrell](/wiki/Robert_Yelverton_Tyrrell "Robert Yelverton Tyrrell") and into Irish by Dr. [Douglas Hyde](/wiki/Douglas_Hyde "Douglas Hyde"). The song became a popular Irish nationalist anthem. It is one of the best\-known of Irish Republican songs and often played by the piper at Republican funerals.{{Citation needed\\|date\=September 2010}} ### Scholarly works Ingram was one of the writers selected to write "scholars" entries for the ninth edition, the tenth edition and the eleventh editions of the [Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica "Encyclopædia Britannica"). He wrote the entries in the Encyclopædia Britannica on [Pierre Leroux](/wiki/Pierre_Leroux "Pierre Leroux"), [Cliffe Leslie](/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Cliffe_Leslie "Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie"), [John Ramsay McCulloch](/wiki/John_Ramsay_McCulloch "John Ramsay McCulloch"),[Important Contributors to the Britannica, 9th and 10th Editions](http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/contributors.html), 1902encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 16 April 2017\. [Georg Ludwig von Maurer](/wiki/Georg_Ludwig_von_Maurer "Georg Ludwig von Maurer"), [William Petty](/wiki/William_Petty "William Petty"), [Francois Quesnay](/wiki/Francois_Quesnay "Francois Quesnay"), and [Karl Heinrich Rau](/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Rau "Karl Heinrich Rau"). In his later career Ingram became interested in the nascent disciplines of sociology and economics. He was not a trained economist but rather a sociologist and his early economic writings dealt mainly with the [Poor Law](/wiki/Poor_Law "Poor Law"). He was a spokesman for historical economics in Britain and influenced many contemporary social and economic thinkers at that time in Great Britain, the United States, and continental Europe.{{citation needed\\|date\=February 2013}} His attack on classical economics encompassed its methodology and its conclusions.{{Citation needed\\|date\=September 2012}} Ingram played an important role in the English [Methodenstreit](/wiki/Methodenstreit "Methodenstreit") (Battle of methods), (closely associated with the [Werturteilsstreit](/wiki/Werturteilsstreit "Werturteilsstreit")). In his 1888 History of Political Economy he used the term "[economic man](/wiki/Economic_man "Economic man")" as a critical description of the human being as conceived by economic theory, and he may have coined the term. From 1891 to 1896 Ingram wrote entries in [Palgrave's Dictionary of Economics](/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics "The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics"). He was president of the [Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland](/wiki/Statistical_and_Social_Inquiry_Society_of_Ireland "Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland") between 1878 and 1880 and took over as President of the [Royal Irish Academy](/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy "Royal Irish Academy") when [William Reeves](/wiki/William_Reeves_%28bishop%29 "William Reeves (bishop)") died in 1892\.{{cite web\\| url \= http://www.newulsterbiography.co.uk/index.php/home/viewPerson/732\\| title\= John Kells Ingram (1823 \- 1907\): Academic and economist\\| publisher\= Dictionary of Ulster Biography\\|access\-date\= 1 November 2014}} He also wrote on labour and trade issues, and connecting these to slavery, including [domestic slavery](/wiki/Domestic_slavery "Domestic slavery") in Europe from ancient times onward. His book, A History of Slavery and Serfdom was extremely successful, being translated into eleven languages and serving as a textbook till the 1920s.{{citation needed\\|date\=February 2013}} He also wrote the entries on [sumptuary laws](/wiki/Sumptuary_laws "Sumptuary laws") and [slavery](/wiki/Slavery "Slavery") in the 9th, 10th and 11th editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Paul O'Higgins attributes the phrase "labour is not a commodity" to Ingram, who used it in 1880 during a Dublin meeting of the British [Trades Union Congress](/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress "Trades Union Congress"). It appears as a principle in the preamble to the [International Labour Organization](/wiki/International_Labour_Organization "International Labour Organization")'s founding documents.O'Higgins, P., ['Labour is not a Commodity' — an Irish Contribution to International Labour Law'](https://academic.oup.com/ilj/article-abstract/26/3/225/664238) (1997\) 26(3\) Industrial Law Journal 225\-234 Ingram was active in the fields of mathematics, archaeology, the classics, economics, etymology, law, literature, medieval manuscripts, poetry, religious speculation and Shakespearean criticism. He wrote extensively on Shakespearean syntax.{{citation needed\\|date\=February 2013}} He worked on advancing the science of classical etymology, notably in his Greek and Latin Etymology in England. He also wrote papers on Mexican antiques and contributed papers to mathematical societies on [differential calculus](/wiki/Differential_calculus "Differential calculus") and [geometrical analysis](/wiki/Geometric_analysis "Geometric analysis").{{citation needed\\|date\=February 2013}} ### Literary works Ingram published several books of poetry and fiction: * 1840 – Sonnets, Dublin University Magazine * 1843 – The Memory of the Dead * 1845 – The pirate's revenge, or, A tale of Don Pedro and Miss Lois Maynard, Wright's Steam Power Press, Boston 1845 * 1846 – Amelia Somers, the orphan, or, The buried alive, Wright's Steam Power Press, Boston 1846 * 1897 – Love and Sorrow, priv., Dublin 1897 * 1900 – Sonnets and Other Poems, Adam \& Charles Black, London 1900 ### Political views Ingram was an advocate of [Home Rule](/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_Movement "Irish Home Rule Movement") for Ireland, though within the context of a more general devolution within the United Kingdom.{{citation needed\\|date\=February 2013}} ### Philosophical views Ingram was a firm adherent of [Auguste Comte](/wiki/Auguste_Comte "Auguste Comte") and was also a [positivist](/wiki/Positivism "Positivism"). He was influenced by the [German Historical School](/wiki/German_Historical_School "German Historical School"). ### Social engagement Ingram spoke up for the access of female students to Trinity College. In his function as college librarian, he first opened Trinity College Library so that the general public could see great Irish literary treasures such as the [Book of Kells](/wiki/Book_of_Kells "Book of Kells"). ### Death [thumb\\|A portrait labelled as Prof John Kells Ingram illustrates late 19th century sheet music](/wiki/File:Dear_Ireland_when_you%27re_free_%28NYPL_Hades-610022-1800910%29.jpg "Dear Ireland when you're free (NYPL Hades-610022-1800910).jpg") Ingram died in 1907 in his house, 38 Upper Mount Street, Dublin, where he had lived since 1884, and was buried in [Mount Jerome Cemetery](/wiki/Mount_Jerome_Cemetery "Mount Jerome Cemetery"). ### Personal life Ingram married Margaret Johnston Clark on 23 July 1862 at [Maghera Church](/wiki/Maghera "Maghera"), [County Londonderry](/wiki/County_Londonderry "County Londonderry").Montgomery\-Massingberd, Hugh. Burke's Irish Family Records, page 237, Burkes Peerage Ltd., London 1976\. They had five children: * Francis Ernest Ingram, died 1866 * Florence Beatrice Ingram, died 1918 * John Kells Ingram, junior, died in South Africa * Madeline Townley Balfour, died 1955 * Thomas Dunbar Ingram, died in South Africa	[ "Biography\n---------", "### Early life", "Ingram was born on 7 July 1823, at the [Rectory](/wiki/Rectory \"Rectory\") of [Templecarne](/wiki/Templecarne \"Templecarne\") ([Aghnahoo](/wiki/Aghnahoo \"Aghnahoo\")), just south of [Pettigo](/wiki/Pettigo \"Pettigo\"), a village in south\\-east [County Donegal](/wiki/County_Donegal \"County Donegal\"), Ireland into an [Ulster Scots](/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people \"Ulster Scots people\") family.{{cite book\\\|title\\=Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section C\\\|chapter\\=Appendix: Biographical Notices of John Kells Ingram and Robert Atkinson\\\|publisher\\=Royal Irish Academy\\\|date\\=1908\\\|volume\\=27\\\|pages \\= 1–19\\\|jstor \\= 25502772}} (1908/1909\\).", "Although his ancestry was [Scottish Presbyterian](/wiki/Scottish_Presbyterian \"Scottish Presbyterian\"), Ingram's grandparents had converted to [Anglicanism](/wiki/Anglicanism \"Anglicanism\"). His grandfather Captain John Ingram ran a [linen](/wiki/Linen \"Linen\") [mill](/wiki/Factory \"Factory\") and had a business as a linen [bleacher](/wiki/Bleacher \"Bleacher\") in [Glennane](/wiki/Glennane \"Glennane\") ([Lisdrumhure](/wiki/Lisdrumhure \"Lisdrumhure\")). He was active in the [Volunteer Movement](/wiki/Irish_Volunteers_%2818th_century%29 \"Irish Volunteers (18th century)\") and financed in 1782 a volunteer corps in the County Armagh, known as [Lisdrumhure Volunteers](/wiki/Lisdrumhure_Volunteers \"Lisdrumhure Volunteers\") or [Mountnorris Volunteers](/wiki/Mountnorris_Volunteers \"Mountnorris Volunteers\").", "Ingram's father, Rev. William Ingram, a scholar at Trinity College Dublin, rector of the [Church of Ireland](/wiki/Church_of_Ireland \"Church of Ireland\") and curate of [Templecarne Parish](/wiki/Templecarne_Parish \"Templecarne Parish\") ([Diocese of Clogher](/wiki/Diocese_of_Clogher_%28Church_of_Ireland%29 \"Diocese of Clogher (Church of Ireland)\")), married Elizabeth Cooke in 1817\\.", "Ingram's father died in 1829 and his mother then moved with the family to [Newry](/wiki/Newry \"Newry\"), to guarantee the best possible education for her five children. Ingram first went to Mr. Lyons' School in [Newry](/wiki/Newry \"Newry\") from 1829 to 1837\\. He also attended [Drogheda Grammar School](/wiki/Drogheda_Grammar_School \"Drogheda Grammar School\").", "In 1840, at the age of sixteen, Ingram published sonnets in the [Dublin University Magazine](/wiki/Dublin_University_Magazine \"Dublin University Magazine\").", "### Academic career", "On 13 October 1837, he matriculated at [Trinity College Dublin](/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin \"Trinity College Dublin\"). He was [elected a Scholar](/wiki/List_of_Scholars_of_Trinity_College_Dublin \"List of Scholars of Trinity College Dublin\") of the College in 1840, graduated with a BA in mathematics in 1842, and was awarded an MA in 1850\\. He was a member of the [College Historical Society](/wiki/College_Historical_Society \"College Historical Society\").{{Cite journal\\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23041188\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-02\\\|journal\\=Hermathena\\\|jstor\\=23041188\\\|language\\=en\\\|title\\=John Kells Ingram (1823\\-1907\\)\\\|last1\\=Barrett\\\|first1\\=Sean D.\\\|year\\=1998\\\|issue\\=164\\\|pages\\=5–30}} His early scholarly publications (1842\\-1847\\) were in mathematics. He had a distinguished career at Trinity, spanning over fifty\\-five years, as a student, fellow and professor, successively of [Oratory](/wiki/Eloquence \"Eloquence\"), [English Literature](/wiki/English_Literature \"English Literature\"), [Jurisprudence](/wiki/Jurisprudence \"Jurisprudence\") and [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language \"Greek language\"), [LL.D](/wiki/LL.D \"LL.D\"), [FTCD](/wiki/Fellow \"Fellow\")), subsequently becoming the College Librarian and ultimately its Vice Provost.[John Kells Ingram, Trinity Economic Paper Series, by Sean D. Barrett, Trinity College, Dublin](https://www.tcd.ie/Economics/TEP/1999_papers/TEPNo9SB99.pdf)", "During his life, Ingram was President of the Library Association of Great Britain, co\\-founder of the [National Library of Ireland](/wiki/National_Library_of_Ireland \"National Library of Ireland\"), National Library trustee, Vice\\-president of the [Library Association of Ireland](/wiki/Library_Association_of_Ireland \"Library Association of Ireland\"), a member of the [Royal Irish Academy](/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy \"Royal Irish Academy\"), co\\-founder of the Dublin Statistical Society, honorary member of the [American Economic Association](/wiki/American_Economic_Association \"American Economic Association\"), member of the [English historical school of economics](/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics \"English historical school of economics\") and co\\-founder of the [Hermathena](/wiki/Hermathena_%28journal%29 \"Hermathena (journal)\") publication.", "### The Memory of the Dead", "One evening in March 1843 Ingram wrote the poem for which he is best remembered, a political ballad called \"The Memory of the Dead\" (better known as \"Who Fears to Speak of '98\"; or \"Ninety Eight\"), in honour of the [Irish Rebellion of 1798](/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798 \"Irish Rebellion of 1798\") led by the [United Irishmen](/wiki/United_Irishmen \"United Irishmen\"). On that evening, he was in company of his like\\-minded friends John O'Regan, Thomas O'Regan and [George Ferdinand Shaw](/wiki/George_Ferdinand_Shaw \"George Ferdinand Shaw\"), all fellow Protestant students at TCD. They spent the evening discussing the 1798 Rebellion when briefly [Catholics](/wiki/Catholicism_in_Ireland \"Catholicism in Ireland\") and [Protestants](/wiki/Protestantism_in_Ireland \"Protestantism in Ireland\") (mainly [Presbyterians](/wiki/Presbyterianism \"Presbyterianism\") and [Methodists](/wiki/Methodism \"Methodism\")) united to try to overturn the [Protestant Ascendancy](/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy \"Protestant Ascendancy\") in Ireland from which all of them were excluded. They were stirred by the lack of regard shown for the Irish rebels of 1798 by the contemporary nationalist movement, led by [Daniel O'Connell](/wiki/D%C3%B3nal_%C3%93_Conaill \"Dónal Ó Conaill\").", "The poem was published anonymously on 1 April 1843 in [Thomas Davis](/wiki/Thomas_Davis_%28Young_Irelander%29 \"Thomas Davis (Young Irelander)\")'s [The Nation Newspaper](/wiki/The_Nation_%28Irish_newspaper%29 \"The Nation (Irish newspaper)\") although in fact its authorship was an open secret in Dublin.[Bibliography of the writings of John Kells Ingram (1823\\-1907\\) with a brief chronology](https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofwr00npnp) Compiled For Cumann Na Leabharlann, Dublin, 1907\\-1908 The Nation was the publication of the radical and bourgeois\\-radical wing of Ó Conaill's movement for \"repeal\" of the Act of Union between Ireland and Great Britain. Despite this poem, Ingram showed no nationalist sympathies at any time, maintaining that Ireland was not ready for self\\-government. \"'The Memory of the Dead' was my only contribution to the 'Nation',\" commented Ingram later.Sonnets and Other Poems, p. 9 Nevertheless, before he died, Ingram made a manuscript copy of \"Ninety Eight\", proclaiming that he would always defend brave men who opposed tyranny.[John Kells Ingram and \"The Memory of the Dead\" (\"Ninety Eight\")](http://www.workersliberty.org/story/2008/07/01/memory-dead) \\- Text of Ingram's \"The Memory of the Dead\" with commentary, workersliberty.org", "It was set to music for voice and piano in 1845 by [John Edward Pigot](/wiki/John_Edward_Pigot \"John Edward Pigot\"). Ingram's ballad was translated into Latin by [Robert Yelverton Tyrrell](/wiki/Robert_Yelverton_Tyrrell \"Robert Yelverton Tyrrell\") and into Irish by Dr. [Douglas Hyde](/wiki/Douglas_Hyde \"Douglas Hyde\"). The song became a popular Irish nationalist anthem. It is one of the best\\-known of Irish Republican songs and often played by the piper at Republican funerals.{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=September 2010}}", "### Scholarly works", "Ingram was one of the writers selected to write \"scholars\" entries for the ninth edition, the tenth edition and the eleventh editions of the [Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica \"Encyclopædia Britannica\"). He wrote the entries in the Encyclopædia Britannica on [Pierre Leroux](/wiki/Pierre_Leroux \"Pierre Leroux\"), [Cliffe Leslie](/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Cliffe_Leslie \"Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie\"), [John Ramsay McCulloch](/wiki/John_Ramsay_McCulloch \"John Ramsay McCulloch\"),[Important Contributors to the Britannica, 9th and 10th Editions](http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/contributors.html), 1902encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 16 April 2017\\. [Georg Ludwig von Maurer](/wiki/Georg_Ludwig_von_Maurer \"Georg Ludwig von Maurer\"), [William Petty](/wiki/William_Petty \"William Petty\"), [Francois Quesnay](/wiki/Francois_Quesnay \"Francois Quesnay\"), and [Karl Heinrich Rau](/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Rau \"Karl Heinrich Rau\").", "In his later career Ingram became interested in the nascent disciplines of sociology and economics. He was not a trained economist but rather a sociologist and his early economic writings dealt mainly with the [Poor Law](/wiki/Poor_Law \"Poor Law\"). He was a spokesman for historical economics in Britain and influenced many contemporary social and economic thinkers at that time in Great Britain, the United States, and continental Europe.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=February 2013}} His attack on classical economics encompassed its methodology and its conclusions.{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=September 2012}} Ingram played an important role in the English [Methodenstreit](/wiki/Methodenstreit \"Methodenstreit\") (Battle of methods), (closely associated with the [Werturteilsstreit](/wiki/Werturteilsstreit \"Werturteilsstreit\")). In his 1888 History of Political Economy he used the term \"[economic man](/wiki/Economic_man \"Economic man\")\" as a critical description of the human being as conceived by economic theory, and he may have coined the term. From 1891 to 1896 Ingram wrote entries in [Palgrave's Dictionary of Economics](/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics \"The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics\"). He was president of the [Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland](/wiki/Statistical_and_Social_Inquiry_Society_of_Ireland \"Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland\") between 1878 and 1880 and took over as President of the [Royal Irish Academy](/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy \"Royal Irish Academy\") when [William Reeves](/wiki/William_Reeves_%28bishop%29 \"William Reeves (bishop)\") died in 1892\\.{{cite web\\\| url \\= http://www.newulsterbiography.co.uk/index.php/home/viewPerson/732\\\| title\\= John Kells Ingram (1823 \\- 1907\\): Academic and economist\\\| publisher\\= Dictionary of Ulster Biography\\\|access\\-date\\= 1 November 2014}}", "He also wrote on labour and trade issues, and connecting these to slavery, including [domestic slavery](/wiki/Domestic_slavery \"Domestic slavery\") in Europe from ancient times onward. His book, A History of Slavery and Serfdom was extremely successful, being translated into eleven languages and serving as a textbook till the 1920s.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=February 2013}} He also wrote the entries on [sumptuary laws](/wiki/Sumptuary_laws \"Sumptuary laws\") and [slavery](/wiki/Slavery \"Slavery\") in the 9th, 10th and 11th editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Paul O'Higgins attributes the phrase \"labour is not a commodity\" to Ingram, who used it in 1880 during a Dublin meeting of the British [Trades Union Congress](/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress \"Trades Union Congress\"). It appears as a principle in the preamble to the [International Labour Organization](/wiki/International_Labour_Organization \"International Labour Organization\")'s founding documents.O'Higgins, P., ['Labour is not a Commodity' — an Irish Contribution to International Labour Law'](https://academic.oup.com/ilj/article-abstract/26/3/225/664238) (1997\\) 26(3\\) Industrial Law Journal 225\\-234", "Ingram was active in the fields of mathematics, archaeology, the classics, economics, etymology, law, literature, medieval manuscripts, poetry, religious speculation and Shakespearean criticism. He wrote extensively on Shakespearean syntax.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=February 2013}} He worked on advancing the science of classical etymology, notably in his Greek and Latin Etymology in England.", "He also wrote papers on Mexican antiques and contributed papers to mathematical societies on [differential calculus](/wiki/Differential_calculus \"Differential calculus\") and [geometrical analysis](/wiki/Geometric_analysis \"Geometric analysis\").{{citation needed\\\|date\\=February 2013}}", "### Literary works", "Ingram published several books of poetry and fiction:\n* 1840 – Sonnets, Dublin University Magazine\n* 1843 – The Memory of the Dead\n* 1845 – The pirate's revenge, or, A tale of Don Pedro and Miss Lois Maynard, Wright's Steam Power Press, Boston 1845\n* 1846 – Amelia Somers, the orphan, or, The buried alive, Wright's Steam Power Press, Boston 1846\n* 1897 – Love and Sorrow, priv., Dublin 1897\n* 1900 – Sonnets and Other Poems, Adam \\& Charles Black, London 1900", "### Political views", "Ingram was an advocate of [Home Rule](/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_Movement \"Irish Home Rule Movement\") for Ireland, though within the context of a more general devolution within the United Kingdom.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=February 2013}}", "### Philosophical views", "Ingram was a firm adherent of [Auguste Comte](/wiki/Auguste_Comte \"Auguste Comte\") and was also a [positivist](/wiki/Positivism \"Positivism\"). He was influenced by the [German Historical School](/wiki/German_Historical_School \"German Historical School\").", "### Social engagement", "Ingram spoke up for the access of female students to Trinity College. In his function as college librarian, he first opened Trinity College Library so that the general public could see great Irish literary treasures such as the [Book of Kells](/wiki/Book_of_Kells \"Book of Kells\").", "### Death", "[thumb\\\|A portrait labelled as Prof John Kells Ingram illustrates late 19th century sheet music](/wiki/File:Dear_Ireland_when_you%27re_free_%28NYPL_Hades-610022-1800910%29.jpg \"Dear Ireland when you're free (NYPL Hades-610022-1800910).jpg\")\nIngram died in 1907 in his house, 38 Upper Mount Street, Dublin, where he had lived since 1884, and was buried in [Mount Jerome Cemetery](/wiki/Mount_Jerome_Cemetery \"Mount Jerome Cemetery\").", "### Personal life", "Ingram married Margaret Johnston Clark on 23 July 1862 at [Maghera Church](/wiki/Maghera \"Maghera\"), [County Londonderry](/wiki/County_Londonderry \"County Londonderry\").Montgomery\\-Massingberd, Hugh. Burke's Irish Family Records, page 237, Burkes Peerage Ltd., London 1976\\. They had five children:", "* Francis Ernest Ingram, died 1866\n* Florence Beatrice Ingram, died 1918\n* John Kells Ingram, junior, died in South Africa\n* Madeline Townley Balfour, died 1955\n* Thomas Dunbar Ingram, died in South Africa" ]
### Early life Ingram was born on 7 July 1823, at the [Rectory](/wiki/Rectory "Rectory") of [Templecarne](/wiki/Templecarne "Templecarne") ([Aghnahoo](/wiki/Aghnahoo "Aghnahoo")), just south of [Pettigo](/wiki/Pettigo "Pettigo"), a village in south\-east [County Donegal](/wiki/County_Donegal "County Donegal"), Ireland into an [Ulster Scots](/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people "Ulster Scots people") family.{{cite book\\|title\=Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section C\\|chapter\=Appendix: Biographical Notices of John Kells Ingram and Robert Atkinson\\|publisher\=Royal Irish Academy\\|date\=1908\\|volume\=27\\|pages \= 1–19\\|jstor \= 25502772}} (1908/1909\). Although his ancestry was [Scottish Presbyterian](/wiki/Scottish_Presbyterian "Scottish Presbyterian"), Ingram's grandparents had converted to [Anglicanism](/wiki/Anglicanism "Anglicanism"). His grandfather Captain John Ingram ran a [linen](/wiki/Linen "Linen") [mill](/wiki/Factory "Factory") and had a business as a linen [bleacher](/wiki/Bleacher "Bleacher") in [Glennane](/wiki/Glennane "Glennane") ([Lisdrumhure](/wiki/Lisdrumhure "Lisdrumhure")). He was active in the [Volunteer Movement](/wiki/Irish_Volunteers_%2818th_century%29 "Irish Volunteers (18th century)") and financed in 1782 a volunteer corps in the County Armagh, known as [Lisdrumhure Volunteers](/wiki/Lisdrumhure_Volunteers "Lisdrumhure Volunteers") or [Mountnorris Volunteers](/wiki/Mountnorris_Volunteers "Mountnorris Volunteers"). Ingram's father, Rev. William Ingram, a scholar at Trinity College Dublin, rector of the [Church of Ireland](/wiki/Church_of_Ireland "Church of Ireland") and curate of [Templecarne Parish](/wiki/Templecarne_Parish "Templecarne Parish") ([Diocese of Clogher](/wiki/Diocese_of_Clogher_%28Church_of_Ireland%29 "Diocese of Clogher (Church of Ireland)")), married Elizabeth Cooke in 1817\. Ingram's father died in 1829 and his mother then moved with the family to [Newry](/wiki/Newry "Newry"), to guarantee the best possible education for her five children. Ingram first went to Mr. Lyons' School in [Newry](/wiki/Newry "Newry") from 1829 to 1837\. He also attended [Drogheda Grammar School](/wiki/Drogheda_Grammar_School "Drogheda Grammar School"). In 1840, at the age of sixteen, Ingram published sonnets in the [Dublin University Magazine](/wiki/Dublin_University_Magazine "Dublin University Magazine").	[ "### Early life", "Ingram was born on 7 July 1823, at the [Rectory](/wiki/Rectory \"Rectory\") of [Templecarne](/wiki/Templecarne \"Templecarne\") ([Aghnahoo](/wiki/Aghnahoo \"Aghnahoo\")), just south of [Pettigo](/wiki/Pettigo \"Pettigo\"), a village in south\\-east [County Donegal](/wiki/County_Donegal \"County Donegal\"), Ireland into an [Ulster Scots](/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people \"Ulster Scots people\") family.{{cite book\\\|title\\=Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section C\\\|chapter\\=Appendix: Biographical Notices of John Kells Ingram and Robert Atkinson\\\|publisher\\=Royal Irish Academy\\\|date\\=1908\\\|volume\\=27\\\|pages \\= 1–19\\\|jstor \\= 25502772}} (1908/1909\\).", "Although his ancestry was [Scottish Presbyterian](/wiki/Scottish_Presbyterian \"Scottish Presbyterian\"), Ingram's grandparents had converted to [Anglicanism](/wiki/Anglicanism \"Anglicanism\"). His grandfather Captain John Ingram ran a [linen](/wiki/Linen \"Linen\") [mill](/wiki/Factory \"Factory\") and had a business as a linen [bleacher](/wiki/Bleacher \"Bleacher\") in [Glennane](/wiki/Glennane \"Glennane\") ([Lisdrumhure](/wiki/Lisdrumhure \"Lisdrumhure\")). He was active in the [Volunteer Movement](/wiki/Irish_Volunteers_%2818th_century%29 \"Irish Volunteers (18th century)\") and financed in 1782 a volunteer corps in the County Armagh, known as [Lisdrumhure Volunteers](/wiki/Lisdrumhure_Volunteers \"Lisdrumhure Volunteers\") or [Mountnorris Volunteers](/wiki/Mountnorris_Volunteers \"Mountnorris Volunteers\").", "Ingram's father, Rev. William Ingram, a scholar at Trinity College Dublin, rector of the [Church of Ireland](/wiki/Church_of_Ireland \"Church of Ireland\") and curate of [Templecarne Parish](/wiki/Templecarne_Parish \"Templecarne Parish\") ([Diocese of Clogher](/wiki/Diocese_of_Clogher_%28Church_of_Ireland%29 \"Diocese of Clogher (Church of Ireland)\")), married Elizabeth Cooke in 1817\\.", "Ingram's father died in 1829 and his mother then moved with the family to [Newry](/wiki/Newry \"Newry\"), to guarantee the best possible education for her five children. Ingram first went to Mr. Lyons' School in [Newry](/wiki/Newry \"Newry\") from 1829 to 1837\\. He also attended [Drogheda Grammar School](/wiki/Drogheda_Grammar_School \"Drogheda Grammar School\").", "In 1840, at the age of sixteen, Ingram published sonnets in the [Dublin University Magazine](/wiki/Dublin_University_Magazine \"Dublin University Magazine\").", "" ]
History ------- Benin hosted its first official international match on 8 November 1959, a 1–0 loss to [Nigeria](/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team "Nigeria national football team"). The match was played while the country was still a French dependency, prior to its independence on 1 August 1960\. Benin qualified for the [2004 Africa Cup of Nations](/wiki/2004_Africa_Cup_of_Nations "2004 Africa Cup of Nations"), their first AFCON in history. However, they lost all three matches to [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa_national_football_team "South Africa national football team"), [Morocco](/wiki/Morocco_national_football_team "Morocco national football team") and again Nigeria. Benin's only goal was scored by [Moussa Latoundji](/wiki/Moussa_Latoundji "Moussa Latoundji") against Nigeria. History repeated itself again in [2008](/wiki/2008_Africa_Cup_of_Nations "2008 Africa Cup of Nations"), when Benin lost to [Mali](/wiki/Mali_national_football_team "Mali national football team"), the [Ivory Coast](/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team "Ivory Coast national football team") and yet again Nigeria. They also scored only once through [Razak Omotoyossi](/wiki/Razak_Omotoyossi "Razak Omotoyossi") in the 4–1 defeat to the Ivory Coast. In 2010, the [Benin Football Federation](/wiki/Benin_Football_Federation "Benin Football Federation")'s president [Anjorin Moucharaf](/wiki/Anjorin_Moucharaf "Anjorin Moucharaf") was arrested. Members of the BFF decried the imprisonment, saying that Moucharaf had been unjustly accused of fraud, leading to 12 of the 15 board members resigning in protest.{{cite web \\|last1\=Kobo \\|first1\=Kingsley \\|title\=Fifa back detained Benin FA boss Anjorin Moucharaf \\|url\=https://www.goal.com/en/news/89/africa/2011/08/14/2619508/fifa\-back\-detained\-benin\-fa\-boss\-anjorin\-moucharaf \\|website\=Goal \\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-09 \\|archive\-date\=2021\-11\-09 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109122123/https://www.goal.com/en/news/89/africa/2011/08/14/2619508/fifa\-back\-detained\-benin\-fa\-boss\-anjorin\-moucharaf \\|url\-status\=live }} In the [2010 World Cup qualifiers](/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%28CAF%29 "2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)"), Benin topped their group in the second round. They started with a defeat to [Angola](/wiki/Angola_national_football_team "Angola national football team") but went on to win the next four matches and ensure their qualification before the final day. In the third round of the qualifiers, Benin finished second in their group, three points behind [Ghana](/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team "Ghana national football team"). Despite not qualifying for the [2010 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup "2010 FIFA World Cup"), Benin's second\-place finish ensured their qualification to the [2010 Africa Cup of Nations](/wiki/2010_Africa_Cup_of_Nations "2010 Africa Cup of Nations"), where they drew against [Mozambique](/wiki/Mozambique_national_football_team "Mozambique national football team") to receive their first ever point at the AFCON. The Squirrels then lost their other two matches against Nigeria and defending champions [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt_national_football_team "Egypt national football team") to finish third in their group and fail to progress to the next round. After this performance, on 8 February 2010, the BFF, not willing to accept a group stage exit for the third time in a row, dissolved the national team and sacked coach [Michel Dussuyer](/wiki/Michel_Dussuyer "Michel Dussuyer"), as well as the rest of his staff.{{Cite news \\|url\=http://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/0,1518,676907,00\.html \\|title\=Benin löst Nationalelf auf \\|newspaper\=Der Spiegel \\|date\=9 February 2010 \\|access\-date\=2010\-02\-10 \\|archive\-date\=2011\-06\-04 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604113146/http://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/0,1518,676907,00\.html \\|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.febefoot.net/881\-benin\-les\-ecureuils\-et\-michel\-dussuyer\-sanctionnes\-.htm\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211145208/http://www.febefoot.net/881\-benin\-les\-ecureuils\-et\-michel\-dussuyer\-sanctionnes\-.htm\\|title\=Bénin: Les Ecureuils et Michel DUSSUYER sanctionnés\\|archive\-date\=11 February 2010\\|access\-date\=21 July 2015\\|language\=fr\\|publisher\=Fédération Béninoise de Football}} Dussuyer was unaware that he had been sacked and claimed that he had not done anything wrong.{{cite web\\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/8502851\.stm\\|title\=Benin coach Michel Dussuyer 'unaware' of sacking\\|date\=9 February 2010\\|access\-date\=21 July 2015\\|publisher\=BBC Sport\\|archive\-date\=23 January 2023\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123060654/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/8502851\.stm\\|url\-status\=live}} The team became an innocent victim of enraged African countries failing to accept defeat at major tournaments and disbanding their national teams in the early 2010s, along with Nigeria, the team that Benin have met in the group stage of all three of their AFCONs before their disbandment, which were suspended for two years by President [Goodluck Jonathan](/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan "Goodluck Jonathan") after the [2010 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup "2010 FIFA World Cup"). In the second round of the [2014 World Cup qualifiers](/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%28CAF%29 "2014 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)"), Benin were placed in Group H with [Algeria](/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team "Algeria national football team"), [Mali](/wiki/Mali_national_football_team "Mali national football team") and [Rwanda](/wiki/Rwanda_national_football_team "Rwanda national football team"). They finished third in their group, failing to advance to the next round. On 9 May 2016, FIFA suspended Benin for unknown reasons. At the [2019 Africa Cup of Nations](/wiki/2019_Africa_Cup_of_Nations "2019 Africa Cup of Nations"), despite advancing only as the third\-best third\-placed team, Benin, reunited with Dussuyer, reached the quarter\-finals, where they lost to eventual runners\-up [Senegal](/wiki/Senegal_national_football_team "Senegal national football team"), with a shock win over tournament favourites [Morocco](/wiki/Morocco_national_football_team "Morocco national football team") on penalties.	[ "History\n-------", "Benin hosted its first official international match on 8 November 1959, a 1–0 loss to [Nigeria](/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team \"Nigeria national football team\"). The match was played while the country was still a French dependency, prior to its independence on 1 August 1960\\.", "Benin qualified for the [2004 Africa Cup of Nations](/wiki/2004_Africa_Cup_of_Nations \"2004 Africa Cup of Nations\"), their first AFCON in history. However, they lost all three matches to [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa_national_football_team \"South Africa national football team\"), [Morocco](/wiki/Morocco_national_football_team \"Morocco national football team\") and again Nigeria. Benin's only goal was scored by [Moussa Latoundji](/wiki/Moussa_Latoundji \"Moussa Latoundji\") against Nigeria.", "History repeated itself again in [2008](/wiki/2008_Africa_Cup_of_Nations \"2008 Africa Cup of Nations\"), when Benin lost to [Mali](/wiki/Mali_national_football_team \"Mali national football team\"), the [Ivory Coast](/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team \"Ivory Coast national football team\") and yet again Nigeria. They also scored only once through [Razak Omotoyossi](/wiki/Razak_Omotoyossi \"Razak Omotoyossi\") in the 4–1 defeat to the Ivory Coast.", "In 2010, the [Benin Football Federation](/wiki/Benin_Football_Federation \"Benin Football Federation\")'s president [Anjorin Moucharaf](/wiki/Anjorin_Moucharaf \"Anjorin Moucharaf\") was arrested. Members of the BFF decried the imprisonment, saying that Moucharaf had been unjustly accused of fraud, leading to 12 of the 15 board members resigning in protest.{{cite web \\\|last1\\=Kobo \\\|first1\\=Kingsley \\\|title\\=Fifa back detained Benin FA boss Anjorin Moucharaf \\\|url\\=https://www.goal.com/en/news/89/africa/2011/08/14/2619508/fifa\\-back\\-detained\\-benin\\-fa\\-boss\\-anjorin\\-moucharaf \\\|website\\=Goal \\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-09 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-09 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109122123/https://www.goal.com/en/news/89/africa/2011/08/14/2619508/fifa\\-back\\-detained\\-benin\\-fa\\-boss\\-anjorin\\-moucharaf \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In the [2010 World Cup qualifiers](/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%28CAF%29 \"2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)\"), Benin topped their group in the second round. They started with a defeat to [Angola](/wiki/Angola_national_football_team \"Angola national football team\") but went on to win the next four matches and ensure their qualification before the final day. In the third round of the qualifiers, Benin finished second in their group, three points behind [Ghana](/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team \"Ghana national football team\"). Despite not qualifying for the [2010 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup \"2010 FIFA World Cup\"), Benin's second\\-place finish ensured their qualification to the [2010 Africa Cup of Nations](/wiki/2010_Africa_Cup_of_Nations \"2010 Africa Cup of Nations\"), where they drew against [Mozambique](/wiki/Mozambique_national_football_team \"Mozambique national football team\") to receive their first ever point at the AFCON. The Squirrels then lost their other two matches against Nigeria and defending champions [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt_national_football_team \"Egypt national football team\") to finish third in their group and fail to progress to the next round. After this performance, on 8 February 2010, the BFF, not willing to accept a group stage exit for the third time in a row, dissolved the national team and sacked coach [Michel Dussuyer](/wiki/Michel_Dussuyer \"Michel Dussuyer\"), as well as the rest of his staff.{{Cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/0,1518,676907,00\\.html \\\|title\\=Benin löst Nationalelf auf \\\|newspaper\\=Der Spiegel \\\|date\\=9 February 2010 \\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-02\\-10 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-06\\-04 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604113146/http://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/0,1518,676907,00\\.html \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.febefoot.net/881\\-benin\\-les\\-ecureuils\\-et\\-michel\\-dussuyer\\-sanctionnes\\-.htm\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211145208/http://www.febefoot.net/881\\-benin\\-les\\-ecureuils\\-et\\-michel\\-dussuyer\\-sanctionnes\\-.htm\\\|title\\=Bénin: Les Ecureuils et Michel DUSSUYER sanctionnés\\\|archive\\-date\\=11 February 2010\\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2015\\\|language\\=fr\\\|publisher\\=Fédération Béninoise de Football}} Dussuyer was unaware that he had been sacked and claimed that he had not done anything wrong.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/8502851\\.stm\\\|title\\=Benin coach Michel Dussuyer 'unaware' of sacking\\\|date\\=9 February 2010\\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2015\\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\\|archive\\-date\\=23 January 2023\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123060654/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/8502851\\.stm\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The team became an innocent victim of enraged African countries failing to accept defeat at major tournaments and disbanding their national teams in the early 2010s, along with Nigeria, the team that Benin have met in the group stage of all three of their AFCONs before their disbandment, which were suspended for two years by President [Goodluck Jonathan](/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan \"Goodluck Jonathan\") after the [2010 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup \"2010 FIFA World Cup\").", "In the second round of the [2014 World Cup qualifiers](/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%28CAF%29 \"2014 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)\"), Benin were placed in Group H with [Algeria](/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team \"Algeria national football team\"), [Mali](/wiki/Mali_national_football_team \"Mali national football team\") and [Rwanda](/wiki/Rwanda_national_football_team \"Rwanda national football team\"). They finished third in their group, failing to advance to the next round.", "On 9 May 2016, FIFA suspended Benin for unknown reasons.", "At the [2019 Africa Cup of Nations](/wiki/2019_Africa_Cup_of_Nations \"2019 Africa Cup of Nations\"), despite advancing only as the third\\-best third\\-placed team, Benin, reunited with Dussuyer, reached the quarter\\-finals, where they lost to eventual runners\\-up [Senegal](/wiki/Senegal_national_football_team \"Senegal national football team\"), with a shock win over tournament favourites [Morocco](/wiki/Morocco_national_football_team \"Morocco national football team\") on penalties.", "" ]
Plot ---- The Russo family, Harper, and Alex's boyfriend, Mason, arrange "another" congratulations party for Justin for taking over WizTech. A student named Dominic visits the family to inform them that Justin is too busy to get away from work, and flirts with Alex, which makes Mason jealous. Jerry announces a family reunion in [Tuscany](/wiki/Tuscany "Tuscany"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"). Alex creates a portal between the villa in Italy and their loft back in New York to ease the travel, but Jerry scolds her for being immaturely selfish. After a talk with Dominic, Alex tries to prove that she is not the irresponsible wizard she used to be by casting a spell to expel the negative parts of her personality, but accidentally creates an evil reflection of herself in a mirror. Evil Alex escapes the mirror and runs to Italy. Meanwhile, Max gets the attention of an Italian girl and tries to find her, unaware that she is his cousin, and Jerry and Theresa follow to get him back. They accidentally meet with their cousins and the reunion begins early. Evil Alex shrinks and imprisons Max, Jerry, and Theresa with the help of another anonymous wizard, who is later revealed to be Dominic, the nephew of Gorog, the former leader of the Angels of Darkness. Harper and Alex follow them to the [Leaning Tower of Pisa](/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa "Leaning Tower of Pisa"), where Harper is also captured. Dominic wants to use Alex's magic to capture all mortals in tiny beads through a spell replicator installed at the top of the tower so he can take over the world. When she refuses, Evil Alex goes to capture Mason. To save her family, Alex goes through with Dominic's plan, activating his machine. Before she is able to turn on Dominic and reverse the spell, she is instantly transported away and found guilty of attempting to destroy the mortal world, with Dominic's twisted testimony. She is later saved by Mason who manages to destroy her jail cell. The two race back to the Leaning Tower of Pisa, where evil Alex and good Alex end up in a battle by magic and combat at the Russo house and the Jumbotron, while Mason fights Dominic. Alex manages to recover the bracelet from Evil Alex's hands. When Dominic knocks out Mason, Alex is about to defeat him. Evil Alex and Dominic join forces against her, but she manages to destroy one of them and free her family. After that, Mason pushes Dominic off the tower to his death. Alex then gives up her powers to defeat her evil self, destroying the machine. In the end, Alex is given her magic back after accepting that she doesn't truly need it. The Russo family, Harper and Mason enjoy the rest of their family reunion before heading back to the Sub Station. The movie ends with Alex telling Harper that they should have to stay in Italy for a while, due to Jerry and Theresa getting upset about their living room being destroyed as a result of the battle between Alex and her evil self.	[ "Plot\n----", "The Russo family, Harper, and Alex's boyfriend, Mason, arrange \"another\" congratulations party for Justin for taking over WizTech. A student named Dominic visits the family to inform them that Justin is too busy to get away from work, and flirts with Alex, which makes Mason jealous. Jerry announces a family reunion in [Tuscany](/wiki/Tuscany \"Tuscany\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"). Alex creates a portal between the villa in Italy and their loft back in New York to ease the travel, but Jerry scolds her for being immaturely selfish.", "After a talk with Dominic, Alex tries to prove that she is not the irresponsible wizard she used to be by casting a spell to expel the negative parts of her personality, but accidentally creates an evil reflection of herself in a mirror. Evil Alex escapes the mirror and runs to Italy. Meanwhile, Max gets the attention of an Italian girl and tries to find her, unaware that she is his cousin, and Jerry and Theresa follow to get him back. They accidentally meet with their cousins and the reunion begins early.", "Evil Alex shrinks and imprisons Max, Jerry, and Theresa with the help of another anonymous wizard, who is later revealed to be Dominic, the nephew of Gorog, the former leader of the Angels of Darkness. Harper and Alex follow them to the [Leaning Tower of Pisa](/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa \"Leaning Tower of Pisa\"), where Harper is also captured. Dominic wants to use Alex's magic to capture all mortals in tiny beads through a spell replicator installed at the top of the tower so he can take over the world. When she refuses, Evil Alex goes to capture Mason.", "To save her family, Alex goes through with Dominic's plan, activating his machine. Before she is able to turn on Dominic and reverse the spell, she is instantly transported away and found guilty of attempting to destroy the mortal world, with Dominic's twisted testimony. She is later saved by Mason who manages to destroy her jail cell. The two race back to the Leaning Tower of Pisa, where evil Alex and good Alex end up in a battle by magic and combat at the Russo house and the Jumbotron, while Mason fights Dominic. Alex manages to recover the bracelet from Evil Alex's hands.", "When Dominic knocks out Mason, Alex is about to defeat him. Evil Alex and Dominic join forces against her, but she manages to destroy one of them and free her family. After that, Mason pushes Dominic off the tower to his death. Alex then gives up her powers to defeat her evil self, destroying the machine. In the end, Alex is given her magic back after accepting that she doesn't truly need it. The Russo family, Harper and Mason enjoy the rest of their family reunion before heading back to the Sub Station.", "The movie ends with Alex telling Harper that they should have to stay in Italy for a while, due to Jerry and Theresa getting upset about their living room being destroyed as a result of the battle between Alex and her evil self.", "" ]
History ------- [thumb\\|View inside the mill at Braichgoch around 1885](/wiki/File:The_engine_room_of_Braich_Goch_quarry%2C_Corris_NLW3361409.jpg "The engine room of Braich Goch quarry, Corris NLW3361409.jpg") [thumb\\|Quarrymen at Braich Goch quarry, 1890](/wiki/File:Braich_Goch_1890.png "Braich Goch 1890.png") Slate quarrying in the Corris district dates back to the 14th century when the [Foel Grochan quarry](/wiki/Aberllefenni_Slate_Quarry "Aberllefenni Slate Quarry") at [Aberllefenni](/wiki/Aberllefenni "Aberllefenni") is believed to have first been worked. In 1787, David Williams leased the quarrying and mineral rights at Gaewern and Braich Goch from John Edwards, representing the [Vane Estate](/wiki/George_Vane-Tempest%2C_5th_Marquess_of_Londonderry%23Business_interests "George Vane-Tempest, 5th Marquess of Londonderry#Business interests"). It is not certain when quarrying began on this land, but certainly slate extraction had started by 1812\. The early mining took place at Gaewern, the northern of the two quarry areas, under the auspices of the Merionethshire Slate Company. It was not until 1836 that quarrying began at Braich Goch proper, under the name of the North Wales Slate \& Slab Company. By 1838, the lease, still from (now) Sir John Edwards, was expanded. In 1840 an [incline](/wiki/Cable_railway "Cable railway") was constructed to ease the movement of slate within the quarry. In 1843, the company surrendered the lease to Arthur Causton a [civil engineer](/wiki/Civil_engineer "Civil engineer"). He obtained a new lease directly from the Vanes Estate, thus removing the subleasing arrangement with John Edwards. Meanwhile, the neighbouring Gaewern quarry was struggling and in 1848, the Merionethshire Slate Company was dissolved after the discovery of serious financial mismanagement. In 1853, the property was taken over by a company known as Alltgoed Consolls, and they restarted quarrying at Gaewern. In 1851, new partners were brought into the North Wales Slate \& Slab Company, which was reformed under the name Braich Goch Slate and Slab Company. However, an attempted flotation of the company failed to attract enough investors and as a result, the partners were brought out by John Rowlands, who owned Gaewern and Ratgoed quarries. At this time Braich Goch quarry included two waterwheels, six planning machines, nine sawing engines, {{convert\\|2\\|miles}} of tramways and inclined planes, and six hand sawing machines, amongst other equipment. By 1856, shareholders in the Alltgoed Consols were increasingly discontented due to the lack of profits from the three quarries. In 1859, the Corris Tramroad opened, connecting the Corris district with Machynlleth and the [River Dyfi](/wiki/Afon_Dyfi "Afon Dyfi") beyond. The Birley family saw the opportunity of this new transportation route for improving the profitability of the local quarries and purchased the lease for Braich Goch from Rowlands, forming Braich Goch Slate Quarry Ltd. Rowlands continued with Gaewern, though without financial success and in 1868 sold it to the Talyllyn Slate Company. By that same year, employment at Braich Goch had grown to over 200 men.{{cite book\\|author\=Richards, Alun John \\|title\=Slate Quarrying at Corris \\|publisher\=Carreg Gwalch \\|isbn\=0\-86381\-279\-1 \\|year\=1994}} In 1880, Braichgoch took over Gaewern quarry, and the two were worked as a single operation. By the mid\-1890s over 6,000 tons of finished slate were being produced and over 350 workers were employed. Braichgoch was the largest slate quarry south of Blaenau Ffestiniog.{{cite book\\|first\=Alun John \\|last\=Richards \\|title\=The Slate Regions of North and Mid Wales and Their Railways \\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=q\_bcAAAACAAJ \\|year\=1999 \\|publisher\=Gwasg Carreg Gwalch \\|isbn\=978\-0\-86381\-552\-2}} The downturn in demand for slate in the late 1890s led to Braichgoch closing in 1906\. It was revived after the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War") and continued working sporadically until its final closure in 1971\.	[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\\|View inside the mill at Braichgoch around 1885](/wiki/File:The_engine_room_of_Braich_Goch_quarry%2C_Corris_NLW3361409.jpg \"The engine room of Braich Goch quarry, Corris NLW3361409.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|Quarrymen at Braich Goch quarry, 1890](/wiki/File:Braich_Goch_1890.png \"Braich Goch 1890.png\")\nSlate quarrying in the Corris district dates back to the 14th century when the [Foel Grochan quarry](/wiki/Aberllefenni_Slate_Quarry \"Aberllefenni Slate Quarry\") at [Aberllefenni](/wiki/Aberllefenni \"Aberllefenni\") is believed to have first been worked.", "In 1787, David Williams leased the quarrying and mineral rights at Gaewern and Braich Goch from John Edwards, representing the [Vane Estate](/wiki/George_Vane-Tempest%2C_5th_Marquess_of_Londonderry%23Business_interests \"George Vane-Tempest, 5th Marquess of Londonderry#Business interests\"). It is not certain when quarrying began on this land, but certainly slate extraction had started by 1812\\. The early mining took place at Gaewern, the northern of the two quarry areas, under the auspices of the Merionethshire Slate Company.", "It was not until 1836 that quarrying began at Braich Goch proper, under the name of the North Wales Slate \\& Slab Company. By 1838, the lease, still from (now) Sir John Edwards, was expanded. In 1840 an [incline](/wiki/Cable_railway \"Cable railway\") was constructed to ease the movement of slate within the quarry. In 1843, the company surrendered the lease to Arthur Causton a [civil engineer](/wiki/Civil_engineer \"Civil engineer\"). He obtained a new lease directly from the Vanes Estate, thus removing the subleasing arrangement with John Edwards.", "Meanwhile, the neighbouring Gaewern quarry was struggling and in 1848, the Merionethshire Slate Company was dissolved after the discovery of serious financial mismanagement. In 1853, the property was taken over by a company known as Alltgoed Consolls, and they restarted quarrying at Gaewern.", "In 1851, new partners were brought into the North Wales Slate \\& Slab Company, which was reformed under the name Braich Goch Slate and Slab Company. However, an attempted flotation of the company failed to attract enough investors and as a result, the partners were brought out by John Rowlands, who owned Gaewern and Ratgoed quarries. At this time Braich Goch quarry included two waterwheels, six planning machines, nine sawing engines, {{convert\\\|2\\\|miles}} of tramways and inclined planes, and six hand sawing machines, amongst other equipment.", "By 1856, shareholders in the Alltgoed Consols were increasingly discontented due to the lack of profits from the three quarries.", "In 1859, the Corris Tramroad opened, connecting the Corris district with Machynlleth and the [River Dyfi](/wiki/Afon_Dyfi \"Afon Dyfi\") beyond. The Birley family saw the opportunity of this new transportation route for improving the profitability of the local quarries and purchased the lease for Braich Goch from Rowlands, forming Braich Goch Slate Quarry Ltd. Rowlands continued with Gaewern, though without financial success and in 1868 sold it to the Talyllyn Slate Company. By that same year, employment at Braich Goch had grown to over 200 men.{{cite book\\\|author\\=Richards, Alun John \\\|title\\=Slate Quarrying at Corris \\\|publisher\\=Carreg Gwalch \\\|isbn\\=0\\-86381\\-279\\-1 \\\|year\\=1994}}", "In 1880, Braichgoch took over Gaewern quarry, and the two were worked as a single operation. By the mid\\-1890s over 6,000 tons of finished slate were being produced and over 350 workers were employed. Braichgoch was the largest slate quarry south of Blaenau Ffestiniog.{{cite book\\\|first\\=Alun John \\\|last\\=Richards \\\|title\\=The Slate Regions of North and Mid Wales and Their Railways \\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=q\\_bcAAAACAAJ \\\|year\\=1999 \\\|publisher\\=Gwasg Carreg Gwalch \\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-86381\\-552\\-2}}", "The downturn in demand for slate in the late 1890s led to Braichgoch closing in 1906\\. It was revived after the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\") and continued working sporadically until its final closure in 1971\\.", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Personal life Lee Tae\-ri was born in [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul "Seoul"), South Korea on June 28, 1993\. His family consists of his father, mother and one older sister. He finished his high school at Paikyang High School and is currently taking up theater major in Chung\-Ang University's Institute of the Arts. Lee became an actor because it was his father's dream before but couldn't pursue it.{{cite web\\|last\=Lee\\|first\=Kyung\-nam\\|title\=′Rooftop Prince′ Trio Lee Tae\-ri and Choi Woo Sik Discuss Past Roles\\|url\=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/5699/rooftop\-prince\-trio\-lee\-min\-ho\-and\-choi\-woo\-sik\-discuss\-past\-roles\\|work\=enewsWorld\\|publisher\=CJ E\&M\\|access\-date\=21 July 2014\\|date\=19 April 2012\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220916/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/5699/rooftop\-prince\-trio\-lee\-min\-ho\-and\-choi\-woo\-sik\-discuss\-past\-roles\\|archive\-date\=3 March 2016\\|url\-status\=dead}} He started playing soccer as a rebellion against his parents wish for him to pursue acting. He became the captain of his middle school's soccer team, and was awarded top score in 2008 Seoul FC Junior Championship Cup scoring 10 goals in a game.{{cite web\\|last\=Choi\\|first\=Ji\-eun\\|title\=\[INTERVIEW] Korean actor Lee Min\-ho\-I\\|url\=http://www.hancinema.net/interview\-korean\-actor\-lee\-min\-ho\-i\-24744\.html\\|work\=10Asia\\|publisher\=\[\[HanCinema]]\\|access\-date\=6 January 2013\\|date\=18 August 2010\\|archive\-date\=25 July 2012\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725074118/http://www.hancinema.net/interview\-korean\-actor\-lee\-min\-ho\-i\-24744\.html\\|url\-status\=live}} He wanted to become a professional soccer player, but eventually upon entering high school, he came to realize what acting was like and fully embraced it.{{cite web\\|url\=http://foto.sportschosun.com/news/ntype2\_o.htm?ut\=1\&name\=/news/sports/200809/20080911/89k74106\.htm\\|title\='순풍산부인과' 이민호, FC서울컵 주니어챔피언십 득점 선두\\|date\=10 June 2008\\|website\=\[\[Sports Chosun]]\\|language\=ko\\|access\-date\=5 January 2020\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307202926/http://foto.sportschosun.com/news/ntype2\_o.htm?ut\=1\&name\=%2Fnews%2Fsports%2F200809%2F20080911%2F89k74106\.htm\\|archive\-date\=7 March 2016\\|url\-status\=dead}} Lee Tae\-ri considered using a stage name because many confused him with the [City Hunter](/wiki/City_Hunter_%28TV_series%29 "City Hunter (TV series)")’s [Lee Min\-ho](/wiki/Lee_Min-ho "Lee Min-ho") but his parents disapproved of the idea and said that instead of changing his name, he should work harder to be recognized. ### Career Lee started his career as a child actor. He debuted at the age of five playing the role in the 1998 sitcom Soonpoong Clinic, followed by historical dramas [Empress Myeongseong](/wiki/Empress_Myeongseong_%28TV_series%29 "Empress Myeongseong (TV series)") and Jang Gil San.{{cite web\\|url\=http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/4770\\|script\-title\=ko:이민호│우리 정배, 정말 잘 자랐다\\|date\=16 August 2010\\|website\=10Asia\\|language\=ko\\|access\-date\=5 February 2018\\|archive\-date\=5 February 2018\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184543/http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/4770\\|url\-status\=dead}} In 2005, he starred with [Yoo Seung\-ho](/wiki/Yoo_Seung-ho "Yoo Seung-ho") in KBS' children program Magic Warriors.{{cite web\\|title\=Magic Warriors Mir \& Gaon\\|url\=http://contents.kbs.co.kr/program/program\_dview.php?contentsUid\=57\\|website\=KBS World\\|access\-date\=4 January 2013\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128221416/http://contents.kbs.co.kr/program/program\_dview.php?contentsUid\=57\\|archive\-date\=28 November 2011\\|url\-status\=dead}} He is also known for his roles in Gangnam Mom, [Grudge: The Revolt of Gumiho](/wiki/Grudge:The_Revolt_of_Gumiho "The Revolt of Gumiho") and [The Thorn Birds](/wiki/The_Thorn_Birds_%282011_TV_series%29 "The Thorn Birds (2011 TV series)").{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.newsen.com/news\_view.php?uid\=201103022339171001\\|script\-title\=ko:'가시나무새' 아역 명연기 시청자 호평 '정배 이민호 잘 자랐네'\\|date\=2 March 2011\\|website\=Newsen\\|language\=ko\\|access\-date\=5 February 2018\\|archive\-date\=14 June 2018\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614071853/http://www.newsen.com/news\_view.php?uid\=201103022339171001\\|url\-status\=live}} In 2012, Lee rose to fame after starring in the hit historical drama [Moon Embracing the Sun](/wiki/Moon_Embracing_the_Sun "Moon Embracing the Sun").{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.edaily.co.kr/news/news\_detail.asp?mediaCodeNo\=258\&newsId\=01148006599397064\\|script\-title\=ko:\`양명앓이\` 이민호, 맙소사 이렇게 뜰 줄이야\~(인터뷰)\\|date\=12 January 2012\\|website\=eDaily\\|language\=ko}} He was then cast as Song Kang\-ho's rebellious son in the movie [Howling](/wiki/Howling_%282012_film%29 "Howling (2012 film)").{{cite web\\|last\=Choi\\|first\=Eun\-hwa\\|title\=Lee Min Ho Moves to the Big Screen\\|url\=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/2988/lee\-min\-ho\-moves\-to\-the\-big\-screen\\|work\=enewsWorld\\|publisher\=CJ E\&M\\|access\-date\=21 July 2014\\|date\=27 January 2012\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216121848/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/2988/lee\-min\-ho\-moves\-to\-the\-big\-screen\\|archive\-date\=16 December 2014\\|url\-status\=dead}} He appeared in the music video for [2BiC](/wiki/2BiC "2BiC")′s debut song I Made Another Girl Cry.{{cite web\\|last\=Kim\\|first\=Ji\-yeon\\|title\=Lee Min Ho Shines in Music Video for 2BIC′s Debut Song\\|url\=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/4183/lee\-min\-ho\-in\-2bics\-music\-video\\|work\=enewsWorld\\|publisher\=CJ E\&M\\|access\-date\=6 January 2013\\|date\=9 March 2012\\|archive\-date\=3 March 2016\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222840/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/4183/lee\-min\-ho\-in\-2bics\-music\-video\\|url\-status\=dead}} Lee followed with a supporting role in the hit romantic comedy [Rooftop Prince](/wiki/Rooftop_Prince "Rooftop Prince"), where he played one of the 3 member of [Yoochun](/wiki/Yoochun "Yoochun")'s character entourage.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.hancinema.net/lee\-min\-ho\-i\-joins\-the\-rooftop\-prince\-after\-the\-sun\-and\-the\-moon\-37981\.html\\|title\=Lee Min\-ho\-I joins "The Rooftop Prince" after "The Sun and the Moon"\\|date\=26 January 2012\\|publisher\=\[\[Nate (web portal)\\|Nate]]}}{{cite web\\|last\=Choi\\|first\=Eun\-hwa\\|title\=Lee Min Ho is On A Horse\\|url\=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/2988/lee\-min\-ho\-moves\-to\-the\-big\-screen\\|work\=enewsWorld\\|publisher\=CJ E\&M\\|access\-date\=6 January 2013\\|date\=20 February 2012\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216121848/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/2988/lee\-min\-ho\-moves\-to\-the\-big\-screen\\|archive\-date\=16 December 2014\\|url\-status\=dead}} He was then cast as the son of [Shin Ha\-kyun](/wiki/Shin_Ha-kyun "Shin Ha-kyun")'s character in the action film [Running Man](/wiki/Running_Man_%282012_film%29 "Running Man (2012 film)").{{cite web\\|title\=Sin Ha\-gyoon and Lee Min\-ho\-I cast for movie "Running Man"\\|url\=http://www.hancinema.net/sin\-ha\-gyoon\-and\-lee\-min\-ho\-i\-cast\-for\-movie\-running\-man\-41683\.html\\|publisher\=\[\[Daum.net\\|Daum]]\\|access\-date\=4 January 2013\\|archive\-date\=9 June 2012\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609003351/http://www.hancinema.net/sin\-ha\-gyoon\-and\-lee\-min\-ho\-i\-cast\-for\-movie\-running\-man\-41683\.html\\|url\-status\=live}} In 2013, Lee played supporting roles in the historical drama [The Blade and Petal](/wiki/The_Blade_and_Petal "The Blade and Petal"),{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.hancinema.net/lee\-min\-ho\-i\-to\-star\-in\-kbs\-sword\-and\-flower\-56478\.html\\|title\=Lee Min\-ho\-I to star in KBS "Sword and Flower"\\|date\=May 23, 2013\\|publisher\=\[\[Nate (web portal)\\|Nate]]\\|access\-date\=February 5, 2018\\|archive\-date\=February 5, 2018\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130150/https://www.hancinema.net/lee\-min\-ho\-i\-to\-star\-in\-kbs\-sword\-and\-flower\-56478\.html\\|url\-status\=live}} and political romantic comedy [Prime Minister \& I](/wiki/Prime_Minister_%26_I "Prime Minister & I").{{cite web\\|url\=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\=117\&aid\=0002388737\\|script\-title\=ko:이민호, '총리와 나' 출연 확정…영리한 기자 役\\|date\=22 October 2013\\|website\=\[\[Naver]]\\|language\=ko\\|access\-date\=5 February 2018\\|archive\-date\=5 February 2018\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184343/http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\=117\&aid\=0002388737\\|url\-status\=live}} In 2014, he had his first lead role in the youth film, School of Youths with [Bae Seul\-ki](/wiki/Bae_Seul-ki "Bae Seul-ki").{{cite web\\|url\=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\=079\&aid\=0002575562\\|script\-title\=ko:이민호 배슬기 '청춘학당', 19금 예고편 공개\\|date\=20 March 2014\\|website\=\[\[Naver]]\\|language\=ko\\|access\-date\=5 February 2018\\|archive\-date\=5 February 2018\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130142/http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\=079\&aid\=0002575562\\|url\-status\=live}} He also co\-starred with [Bae Noo\-ri](/wiki/Bae_Noo-ri "Bae Noo-ri") in a 4 episode web drama Teleport Lovers, produced by Korean organization K\-Move! to promote overseas employment among Korean youth.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.hancinema.net/bae\-noo\-ri\-and\-lee\-min\-ho\-i\-met\-again\-as\-couple\-in\-online\-drama\-\-teleport\-love\-\-76657\.html\\|title\=Bae Noo\-ri and Lee Min\-ho\-I met again as couple in online drama, 'Teleport Love'\\|date\=18 December 2014\\|publisher\=\[\[The Korea Economic Daily]]\\|access\-date\=5 February 2018\\|archive\-date\=6 February 2018\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073511/https://www.hancinema.net/bae\-noo\-ri\-and\-lee\-min\-ho\-i\-met\-again\-as\-couple\-in\-online\-drama\-\-teleport\-love\-\-76657\.html\\|url\-status\=live}} In 2015, he was cast as a high school student who gets involved in a case with his music teacher in [Kwak Jae\-yong](/wiki/Kwak_Jae-yong "Kwak Jae-yong")'s [Time Renegade](/wiki/Time_Renegade "Time Renegade").{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.hancinema.net/lee\-min\-ho\-i\-to\-star\-in\-time\-renegades\-78008\.html\\|title\=Lee Min\-ho\-I to star in "Time Renegades"\\|date\=27 January 2015\\|publisher\=Newsen\\|access\-date\=5 February 2018\\|archive\-date\=6 February 2018\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073515/https://www.hancinema.net/lee\-min\-ho\-i\-to\-star\-in\-time\-renegades\-78008\.html\\|url\-status\=live}} The same year, he played a supporting role as Grand Prince Bongnim in [Splendid Politics](/wiki/Splendid_Politics "Splendid Politics").{{cite web\\|url\=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\=108\&aid\=0002448615\\|script\-title\=ko:\[단독]'해품달' 이민호, '화정' 합류..봉림대군 활약\\|date\=21 August 2015\\|website\=\[\[Naver]]\\|language\=ko\\|access\-date\=5 February 2018\\|archive\-date\=5 February 2018\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184346/http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\=108\&aid\=0002448615\\|url\-status\=live}} In 2017, Lee was cast in the medical drama [Hospital Ship](/wiki/Hospital_Ship_%28TV_series%29 "Hospital Ship (TV series)"), playing [Ha Ji\-won](/wiki/Ha_Ji-won "Ha Ji-won")'s brother.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.hancinema.net/lee\-min\-ho\-i\-to\-appear\-in\-hospital\-ship\-as\-ha\-ji\-won\-s\-brother\-110586\.html\\|title\=Lee Min\-ho\-I to appear in "Hospital Ship" as Ha Ji\-won's brother\\|date\=27 September 2017\\|publisher\=TV Daily\\|access\-date\=5 February 2018\\|archive\-date\=5 February 2018\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130203/https://www.hancinema.net/lee\-min\-ho\-i\-to\-appear\-in\-hospital\-ship\-as\-ha\-ji\-won\-s\-brother\-110586\.html\\|url\-status\=live}} He is set to star next in the horror film, Woman's Wail.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.hancinema.net/lee\-min\-ho\-i\-joins\-son\-na\-eun\-and\-park\-joo\-mi\-for\-horror\-flick\-woman\-s\-wail\-110723\.html\\|title\=Lee Min\-ho\-I joins Son Na\-eun and Park Joo\-mi for horror flick "Woman's Wail"\\|date\=2 October 2017\\|publisher\=\[\[Nate (web portal)\\|Nate]]\\|access\-date\=5 February 2018\\|archive\-date\=5 February 2018\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130130/https://www.hancinema.net/lee\-min\-ho\-i\-joins\-son\-na\-eun\-and\-park\-joo\-mi\-for\-horror\-flick\-woman\-s\-wail\-110723\.html\\|url\-status\=live}} In 2018, he started using Lee Tae\-ri as his stage name and also signed up with Starhaus Entertainment.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.hancinema.net/lee\-min\-ho\-i\-changes\-his\-name\-to\-lee\-tae\-ri\-119505\.html\\|title\=Lee Min\-ho\-I Changes His Name to Lee Tae\-ri\\|date\=13 June 2018\\|website\=\[\[HanCinema]]\\|publisher\=Sports Donga\\|access\-date\=30 October 2018\\|archive\-date\=15 June 2018\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615061200/https://www.hancinema.net/lee\-min\-ho\-i\-changes\-his\-name\-to\-lee\-tae\-ri\-119505\.html\\|url\-status\=live}} Lee was cast in the romantic comedy drama [Coffee, Do Me a Favor](/wiki/Coffee%2C_Do_Me_a_Favor "Coffee, Do Me a Favor") as a musical actor;{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.tvreport.co.kr/?c\=news\&m\=newsview\&idx\=1061865\\|script\-title\=ko:이민호, '커피야 부탁해'로 컴백…뮤지컬배우 지망생 役\\|date\=8 June 2018\\|website\=TV Report\\|language\=ko\\|access\-date\=14 June 2018\\|archive\-date\=15 June 2018\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615004751/http://www.tvreport.co.kr/?c\=news\&m\=newsview\&idx\=1061865\\|url\-status\=live}} as well as the drama remake of the film [The Beauty Inside](/wiki/The_Beauty_Inside_%282015_film%29 "The Beauty Inside (2015 film)").{{cite web\\|date\=July 26, 2018\\|script\-title\=ko:배우 이태리, 드라마 '뷰티 인사이드' 출연확정, 서현진\-이민기와 호흡\\|url\=http://www.sportsseoul.com/news/read/663017\\|website\=Sports Seoul\\|language\=ko\\|access\-date\=July 26, 2018\\|archive\-date\=January 23, 2023\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123022254/http://www.sportsseoul.com/news/read/663017\\|url\-status\=live}} In 2019, he was cast in [Search: WWW](/wiki/Search:WWW "WWW") as Godori and in another drama named [Extraordinary You](/wiki/Extraordinary_You "Extraordinary You") which was a remake of the webtoon "July Found by Chance", Lee played the supporting role of "Jinmichae", a worker in a high school who guides the self aware students from the comical life. Lee was also cast as a Cameo in [Voice (TV series)](/wiki/Voice_%28TV_series%29 "Voice (TV series)"). In 2020, he was cast in [Tale of the Nine Tailed](/wiki/Tale_of_the_Nine_Tailed "Tale of the Nine Tailed") as an [Imoogi](/wiki/Imoogi "Imoogi") who is in constant conflict with a [Gumiho](/wiki/Gumiho "Gumiho") (nine tail fox). Lee was later cast in a high school drama [True Beauty (South Korean TV series)](/wiki/True_Beauty_%28South_Korean_TV_series%29 "True Beauty (South Korean TV series)") as a cameo. In 2021, Lee was cast as Ma Hyun\-bin in [Young Lady and Gentleman](/wiki/Young_Lady_and_Gentleman "Young Lady and Gentleman"). In 2022, he was cast in [The King of Tears, Lee Bang\-won](/wiki/The_King_of_Tears%2C_Lee_Bang-won "The King of Tears, Lee Bang-won") and [Bloody Heart](/wiki/Bloody_Heart "Bloody Heart").	[ "Biography\n---------", "### Personal life", "Lee Tae\\-ri was born in [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul \"Seoul\"), South Korea on June 28, 1993\\. His family consists of his father, mother and one older sister. He finished his high school at Paikyang High School and is currently taking up theater major in Chung\\-Ang University's Institute of the Arts.", "Lee became an actor because it was his father's dream before but couldn't pursue it.{{cite web\\\|last\\=Lee\\\|first\\=Kyung\\-nam\\\|title\\=′Rooftop Prince′ Trio Lee Tae\\-ri and Choi Woo Sik Discuss Past Roles\\\|url\\=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/5699/rooftop\\-prince\\-trio\\-lee\\-min\\-ho\\-and\\-choi\\-woo\\-sik\\-discuss\\-past\\-roles\\\|work\\=enewsWorld\\\|publisher\\=CJ E\\&M\\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2014\\\|date\\=19 April 2012\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220916/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/5699/rooftop\\-prince\\-trio\\-lee\\-min\\-ho\\-and\\-choi\\-woo\\-sik\\-discuss\\-past\\-roles\\\|archive\\-date\\=3 March 2016\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He started playing soccer as a rebellion against his parents wish for him to pursue acting. He became the captain of his middle school's soccer team, and was awarded top score in 2008 Seoul FC Junior Championship Cup scoring 10 goals in a game.{{cite web\\\|last\\=Choi\\\|first\\=Ji\\-eun\\\|title\\=\\[INTERVIEW] Korean actor Lee Min\\-ho\\-I\\\|url\\=http://www.hancinema.net/interview\\-korean\\-actor\\-lee\\-min\\-ho\\-i\\-24744\\.html\\\|work\\=10Asia\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[HanCinema]]\\\|access\\-date\\=6 January 2013\\\|date\\=18 August 2010\\\|archive\\-date\\=25 July 2012\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725074118/http://www.hancinema.net/interview\\-korean\\-actor\\-lee\\-min\\-ho\\-i\\-24744\\.html\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He wanted to become a professional soccer player, but eventually upon entering high school, he came to realize what acting was like and fully embraced it.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://foto.sportschosun.com/news/ntype2\\_o.htm?ut\\=1\\&name\\=/news/sports/200809/20080911/89k74106\\.htm\\\|title\\='순풍산부인과' 이민호, FC서울컵 주니어챔피언십 득점 선두\\\|date\\=10 June 2008\\\|website\\=\\[\\[Sports Chosun]]\\\|language\\=ko\\\|access\\-date\\=5 January 2020\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307202926/http://foto.sportschosun.com/news/ntype2\\_o.htm?ut\\=1\\&name\\=%2Fnews%2Fsports%2F200809%2F20080911%2F89k74106\\.htm\\\|archive\\-date\\=7 March 2016\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Lee Tae\\-ri considered using a stage name because many confused him with the [City Hunter](/wiki/City_Hunter_%28TV_series%29 \"City Hunter (TV series)\")’s [Lee Min\\-ho](/wiki/Lee_Min-ho \"Lee Min-ho\") but his parents disapproved of the idea and said that instead of changing his name, he should work harder to be recognized.", "### Career", "Lee started his career as a child actor. He debuted at the age of five playing the role in the 1998 sitcom Soonpoong Clinic, followed by historical dramas [Empress Myeongseong](/wiki/Empress_Myeongseong_%28TV_series%29 \"Empress Myeongseong (TV series)\") and Jang Gil San.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/4770\\\|script\\-title\\=ko:이민호│우리 정배, 정말 잘 자랐다\\\|date\\=16 August 2010\\\|website\\=10Asia\\\|language\\=ko\\\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2018\\\|archive\\-date\\=5 February 2018\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184543/http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/4770\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\nIn 2005, he starred with [Yoo Seung\\-ho](/wiki/Yoo_Seung-ho \"Yoo Seung-ho\") in KBS' children program Magic Warriors.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Magic Warriors Mir \\& Gaon\\\|url\\=http://contents.kbs.co.kr/program/program\\_dview.php?contentsUid\\=57\\\|website\\=KBS World\\\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2013\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128221416/http://contents.kbs.co.kr/program/program\\_dview.php?contentsUid\\=57\\\|archive\\-date\\=28 November 2011\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He is also known for his roles in Gangnam Mom, [Grudge: The Revolt of Gumiho](/wiki/Grudge:The_Revolt_of_Gumiho \"The Revolt of Gumiho\") and [The Thorn Birds](/wiki/The_Thorn_Birds_%282011_TV_series%29 \"The Thorn Birds (2011 TV series)\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.newsen.com/news\\_view.php?uid\\=201103022339171001\\\|script\\-title\\=ko:'가시나무새' 아역 명연기 시청자 호평 '정배 이민호 잘 자랐네'\\\|date\\=2 March 2011\\\|website\\=Newsen\\\|language\\=ko\\\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2018\\\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614071853/http://www.newsen.com/news\\_view.php?uid\\=201103022339171001\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In 2012, Lee rose to fame after starring in the hit historical drama [Moon Embracing the Sun](/wiki/Moon_Embracing_the_Sun \"Moon Embracing the Sun\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.edaily.co.kr/news/news\\_detail.asp?mediaCodeNo\\=258\\&newsId\\=01148006599397064\\\|script\\-title\\=ko:\\`양명앓이\\` 이민호, 맙소사 이렇게 뜰 줄이야\\~(인터뷰)\\\|date\\=12 January 2012\\\|website\\=eDaily\\\|language\\=ko}} He was then cast as Song Kang\\-ho's rebellious son in the movie [Howling](/wiki/Howling_%282012_film%29 \"Howling (2012 film)\").{{cite web\\\|last\\=Choi\\\|first\\=Eun\\-hwa\\\|title\\=Lee Min Ho Moves to the Big Screen\\\|url\\=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/2988/lee\\-min\\-ho\\-moves\\-to\\-the\\-big\\-screen\\\|work\\=enewsWorld\\\|publisher\\=CJ E\\&M\\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2014\\\|date\\=27 January 2012\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216121848/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/2988/lee\\-min\\-ho\\-moves\\-to\\-the\\-big\\-screen\\\|archive\\-date\\=16 December 2014\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He appeared in the music video for [2BiC](/wiki/2BiC \"2BiC\")′s debut song I Made Another Girl Cry.{{cite web\\\|last\\=Kim\\\|first\\=Ji\\-yeon\\\|title\\=Lee Min Ho Shines in Music Video for 2BIC′s Debut Song\\\|url\\=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/4183/lee\\-min\\-ho\\-in\\-2bics\\-music\\-video\\\|work\\=enewsWorld\\\|publisher\\=CJ E\\&M\\\|access\\-date\\=6 January 2013\\\|date\\=9 March 2012\\\|archive\\-date\\=3 March 2016\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222840/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/4183/lee\\-min\\-ho\\-in\\-2bics\\-music\\-video\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Lee followed with a supporting role in the hit romantic comedy [Rooftop Prince](/wiki/Rooftop_Prince \"Rooftop Prince\"), where he played one of the 3 member of [Yoochun](/wiki/Yoochun \"Yoochun\")'s character entourage.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.hancinema.net/lee\\-min\\-ho\\-i\\-joins\\-the\\-rooftop\\-prince\\-after\\-the\\-sun\\-and\\-the\\-moon\\-37981\\.html\\\|title\\=Lee Min\\-ho\\-I joins \"The Rooftop Prince\" after \"The Sun and the Moon\"\\\|date\\=26 January 2012\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Nate (web portal)\\\|Nate]]}}{{cite web\\\|last\\=Choi\\\|first\\=Eun\\-hwa\\\|title\\=Lee Min Ho is On A Horse\\\|url\\=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/2988/lee\\-min\\-ho\\-moves\\-to\\-the\\-big\\-screen\\\|work\\=enewsWorld\\\|publisher\\=CJ E\\&M\\\|access\\-date\\=6 January 2013\\\|date\\=20 February 2012\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216121848/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/2988/lee\\-min\\-ho\\-moves\\-to\\-the\\-big\\-screen\\\|archive\\-date\\=16 December 2014\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He was then cast as the son of [Shin Ha\\-kyun](/wiki/Shin_Ha-kyun \"Shin Ha-kyun\")'s character in the action film [Running Man](/wiki/Running_Man_%282012_film%29 \"Running Man (2012 film)\").{{cite web\\\|title\\=Sin Ha\\-gyoon and Lee Min\\-ho\\-I cast for movie \"Running Man\"\\\|url\\=http://www.hancinema.net/sin\\-ha\\-gyoon\\-and\\-lee\\-min\\-ho\\-i\\-cast\\-for\\-movie\\-running\\-man\\-41683\\.html\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Daum.net\\\|Daum]]\\\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2013\\\|archive\\-date\\=9 June 2012\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609003351/http://www.hancinema.net/sin\\-ha\\-gyoon\\-and\\-lee\\-min\\-ho\\-i\\-cast\\-for\\-movie\\-running\\-man\\-41683\\.html\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In 2013, Lee played supporting roles in the historical drama [The Blade and Petal](/wiki/The_Blade_and_Petal \"The Blade and Petal\"),{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.hancinema.net/lee\\-min\\-ho\\-i\\-to\\-star\\-in\\-kbs\\-sword\\-and\\-flower\\-56478\\.html\\\|title\\=Lee Min\\-ho\\-I to star in KBS \"Sword and Flower\"\\\|date\\=May 23, 2013\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Nate (web portal)\\\|Nate]]\\\|access\\-date\\=February 5, 2018\\\|archive\\-date\\=February 5, 2018\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130150/https://www.hancinema.net/lee\\-min\\-ho\\-i\\-to\\-star\\-in\\-kbs\\-sword\\-and\\-flower\\-56478\\.html\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and political romantic comedy [Prime Minister \\& I](/wiki/Prime_Minister_%26_I \"Prime Minister & I\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\\=117\\&aid\\=0002388737\\\|script\\-title\\=ko:이민호, '총리와 나' 출연 확정…영리한 기자 役\\\|date\\=22 October 2013\\\|website\\=\\[\\[Naver]]\\\|language\\=ko\\\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2018\\\|archive\\-date\\=5 February 2018\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184343/http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\\=117\\&aid\\=0002388737\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In 2014, he had his first lead role in the youth film, School of Youths with [Bae Seul\\-ki](/wiki/Bae_Seul-ki \"Bae Seul-ki\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\\=079\\&aid\\=0002575562\\\|script\\-title\\=ko:이민호 배슬기 '청춘학당', 19금 예고편 공개\\\|date\\=20 March 2014\\\|website\\=\\[\\[Naver]]\\\|language\\=ko\\\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2018\\\|archive\\-date\\=5 February 2018\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130142/http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\\=079\\&aid\\=0002575562\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He also co\\-starred with [Bae Noo\\-ri](/wiki/Bae_Noo-ri \"Bae Noo-ri\") in a 4 episode web drama Teleport Lovers, produced by Korean organization K\\-Move! to promote overseas employment among Korean youth.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.hancinema.net/bae\\-noo\\-ri\\-and\\-lee\\-min\\-ho\\-i\\-met\\-again\\-as\\-couple\\-in\\-online\\-drama\\-\\-teleport\\-love\\-\\-76657\\.html\\\|title\\=Bae Noo\\-ri and Lee Min\\-ho\\-I met again as couple in online drama, 'Teleport Love'\\\|date\\=18 December 2014\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Korea Economic Daily]]\\\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2018\\\|archive\\-date\\=6 February 2018\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073511/https://www.hancinema.net/bae\\-noo\\-ri\\-and\\-lee\\-min\\-ho\\-i\\-met\\-again\\-as\\-couple\\-in\\-online\\-drama\\-\\-teleport\\-love\\-\\-76657\\.html\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In 2015, he was cast as a high school student who gets involved in a case with his music teacher in [Kwak Jae\\-yong](/wiki/Kwak_Jae-yong \"Kwak Jae-yong\")'s [Time Renegade](/wiki/Time_Renegade \"Time Renegade\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.hancinema.net/lee\\-min\\-ho\\-i\\-to\\-star\\-in\\-time\\-renegades\\-78008\\.html\\\|title\\=Lee Min\\-ho\\-I to star in \"Time Renegades\"\\\|date\\=27 January 2015\\\|publisher\\=Newsen\\\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2018\\\|archive\\-date\\=6 February 2018\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073515/https://www.hancinema.net/lee\\-min\\-ho\\-i\\-to\\-star\\-in\\-time\\-renegades\\-78008\\.html\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The same year, he played a supporting role as Grand Prince Bongnim in [Splendid Politics](/wiki/Splendid_Politics \"Splendid Politics\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\\=108\\&aid\\=0002448615\\\|script\\-title\\=ko:\\[단독]'해품달' 이민호, '화정' 합류..봉림대군 활약\\\|date\\=21 August 2015\\\|website\\=\\[\\[Naver]]\\\|language\\=ko\\\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2018\\\|archive\\-date\\=5 February 2018\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184346/http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\\=108\\&aid\\=0002448615\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In 2017, Lee was cast in the medical drama [Hospital Ship](/wiki/Hospital_Ship_%28TV_series%29 \"Hospital Ship (TV series)\"), playing [Ha Ji\\-won](/wiki/Ha_Ji-won \"Ha Ji-won\")'s brother.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.hancinema.net/lee\\-min\\-ho\\-i\\-to\\-appear\\-in\\-hospital\\-ship\\-as\\-ha\\-ji\\-won\\-s\\-brother\\-110586\\.html\\\|title\\=Lee Min\\-ho\\-I to appear in \"Hospital Ship\" as Ha Ji\\-won's brother\\\|date\\=27 September 2017\\\|publisher\\=TV Daily\\\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2018\\\|archive\\-date\\=5 February 2018\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130203/https://www.hancinema.net/lee\\-min\\-ho\\-i\\-to\\-appear\\-in\\-hospital\\-ship\\-as\\-ha\\-ji\\-won\\-s\\-brother\\-110586\\.html\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He is set to star next in the horror film, Woman's Wail.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.hancinema.net/lee\\-min\\-ho\\-i\\-joins\\-son\\-na\\-eun\\-and\\-park\\-joo\\-mi\\-for\\-horror\\-flick\\-woman\\-s\\-wail\\-110723\\.html\\\|title\\=Lee Min\\-ho\\-I joins Son Na\\-eun and Park Joo\\-mi for horror flick \"Woman's Wail\"\\\|date\\=2 October 2017\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Nate (web portal)\\\|Nate]]\\\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2018\\\|archive\\-date\\=5 February 2018\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130130/https://www.hancinema.net/lee\\-min\\-ho\\-i\\-joins\\-son\\-na\\-eun\\-and\\-park\\-joo\\-mi\\-for\\-horror\\-flick\\-woman\\-s\\-wail\\-110723\\.html\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In 2018, he started using Lee Tae\\-ri as his stage name and also signed up with Starhaus Entertainment.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.hancinema.net/lee\\-min\\-ho\\-i\\-changes\\-his\\-name\\-to\\-lee\\-tae\\-ri\\-119505\\.html\\\|title\\=Lee Min\\-ho\\-I Changes His Name to Lee Tae\\-ri\\\|date\\=13 June 2018\\\|website\\=\\[\\[HanCinema]]\\\|publisher\\=Sports Donga\\\|access\\-date\\=30 October 2018\\\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2018\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615061200/https://www.hancinema.net/lee\\-min\\-ho\\-i\\-changes\\-his\\-name\\-to\\-lee\\-tae\\-ri\\-119505\\.html\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Lee was cast in the romantic comedy drama [Coffee, Do Me a Favor](/wiki/Coffee%2C_Do_Me_a_Favor \"Coffee, Do Me a Favor\") as a musical actor;{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.tvreport.co.kr/?c\\=news\\&m\\=newsview\\&idx\\=1061865\\\|script\\-title\\=ko:이민호, '커피야 부탁해'로 컴백…뮤지컬배우 지망생 役\\\|date\\=8 June 2018\\\|website\\=TV Report\\\|language\\=ko\\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2018\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615004751/http://www.tvreport.co.kr/?c\\=news\\&m\\=newsview\\&idx\\=1061865\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} as well as the drama remake of the film [The Beauty Inside](/wiki/The_Beauty_Inside_%282015_film%29 \"The Beauty Inside (2015 film)\").{{cite web\\\|date\\=July 26, 2018\\\|script\\-title\\=ko:배우 이태리, 드라마 '뷰티 인사이드' 출연확정, 서현진\\-이민기와 호흡\\\|url\\=http://www.sportsseoul.com/news/read/663017\\\|website\\=Sports Seoul\\\|language\\=ko\\\|access\\-date\\=July 26, 2018\\\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2023\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123022254/http://www.sportsseoul.com/news/read/663017\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In 2019, he was cast in [Search: WWW](/wiki/Search:WWW \"WWW\") as Godori and in another drama named [Extraordinary You](/wiki/Extraordinary_You \"Extraordinary You\") which was a remake of the webtoon \"July Found by Chance\", Lee played the supporting role of \"Jinmichae\", a worker in a high school who guides the self aware students from the comical life. Lee was also cast as a Cameo in [Voice (TV series)](/wiki/Voice_%28TV_series%29 \"Voice (TV series)\").", "In 2020, he was cast in [Tale of the Nine Tailed](/wiki/Tale_of_the_Nine_Tailed \"Tale of the Nine Tailed\") as an [Imoogi](/wiki/Imoogi \"Imoogi\") who is in constant conflict with a [Gumiho](/wiki/Gumiho \"Gumiho\") (nine tail fox). Lee was later cast in a high school drama [True Beauty (South Korean TV series)](/wiki/True_Beauty_%28South_Korean_TV_series%29 \"True Beauty (South Korean TV series)\") as a cameo.", "In 2021, Lee was cast as Ma Hyun\\-bin in [Young Lady and Gentleman](/wiki/Young_Lady_and_Gentleman \"Young Lady and Gentleman\").", "In 2022, he was cast in [The King of Tears, Lee Bang\\-won](/wiki/The_King_of_Tears%2C_Lee_Bang-won \"The King of Tears, Lee Bang-won\") and [Bloody Heart](/wiki/Bloody_Heart \"Bloody Heart\").", "" ]
Organizational structure ------------------------ The PAA is a member of the [International Federation of Associations of Anatomists](/wiki/International_Federation_of_Associations_of_Anatomists "International Federation of Associations of Anatomists") (IFAA).[Official Web IFAA](http://www.ifaa.net) The government of the Pan American Association of Anatomy consists of the general assembly (performed with partners in the congress), the board of directors (composed by advisers or delegates from each country) and the executive committee (headed by the president, who is elected by the general assembly). There are two counselors or delegates for each American country concerned; one as owner and another alternate. When the mandate of the president of the executive committee is finished, he is named honorary president of the association and he automatically joins the Honorary Presidents Committee of the PAA, which works with the executive committee. The headquarters of the congresses vary from one congress to another, but they are always within the Americas and in a rotative form. The designation of the host country is resolved at the general assembly by a vote of its partners and it is usually held every 3 years. Since 2013, the association executive committee has been chaired by Prof. Dr. Manuel Arteaga Martínez, from Mexico (2013–2017\). The next Pan\-American Congress of Anatomy will be held in [Peru](/wiki/Peru "Peru"), 2017; its president is Prof. Dr. Germán Molina Albornoz, from Peru. The statutes of the association and the Pan American Congress of Anatomy, adopted by majority vote by the general assembly of the association, can be found on the.[PAA website](http://www.apanatomia.weebly.com)	[ "Organizational structure\n------------------------", "The PAA is a member of the [International Federation of Associations of Anatomists](/wiki/International_Federation_of_Associations_of_Anatomists \"International Federation of Associations of Anatomists\") (IFAA).[Official Web IFAA](http://www.ifaa.net)", "The government of the Pan American Association of Anatomy consists of the general assembly (performed with partners in the congress), the board of directors (composed by advisers or delegates from each country) and the executive committee (headed by the president, who is elected by the general assembly).", "There are two counselors or delegates for each American country concerned; one as owner and another alternate.", "When the mandate of the president of the executive committee is finished, he is named honorary president of the association and he automatically joins the Honorary Presidents Committee of the PAA, which works with the executive committee.", "The headquarters of the congresses vary from one congress to another, but they are always within the Americas and in a rotative form. The designation of the host country is resolved at the general assembly by a vote of its partners and it is usually held every 3 years.", "Since 2013, the association executive committee has been chaired by Prof. Dr. Manuel Arteaga Martínez, from Mexico (2013–2017\\). The next Pan\\-American Congress of Anatomy will be held in [Peru](/wiki/Peru \"Peru\"), 2017; its president is Prof. Dr. Germán Molina Albornoz, from Peru.", "The statutes of the association and the Pan American Congress of Anatomy, adopted by majority vote by the general assembly of the association, can be found on the.[PAA website](http://www.apanatomia.weebly.com)", "" ]
Categories of disaster ---------------------- [Cultural property](/wiki/Cultural_property "Cultural property") faces threats from a variety of sources on a daily basis, from thieves, vandals, and pests; to pollution, light, humidity, and temperature; to natural emergencies and physical forces.{{cite web\\|title\=10 Agents of Deterioration\\|url\=http://www.cci\-icc.gc.ca/crc/articles/mcpm/index\-eng.aspx\\|publisher\=Canadian Conservation Institute\\|access\-date\=18 September 2011\\|archive\-date\=27 August 2011\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827043439/http://cci\-icc.gc.ca/crc/articles/mcpm/index\-eng.aspx\\|url\-status\=dead}} Effects stemming from these issues can be treated and sometimes reversed with interventive conservation after the damage has occurred. However, many of the sources of danger mentioned above are controllable, and others are at least predictable. Disaster preparedness strives to mitigate the occurrence of damage and deterioration through risk management, research and the implementation of procedures which enhance the safety of cultural heritage objects and collections. Disaster preparedness is considered an integral part of [collections maintenance](/wiki/Collections_maintenance_%28museum%29 "Collections maintenance (museum)"), and [collections management](/wiki/Collections_management_%28museum%29 "Collections management (museum)") and is related to [museum integrated pest management](/wiki/Museum_integrated_pest_management "Museum integrated pest management") and [museum environments](/wiki/Museum_environments "Museum environments").{{cite journal\\|title\=AIC Definitions of Conservation Terminology\\|journal\=WAAC Newsletter\\|date\=May 1996\\|volume\=18\\|series\=CoOL: Conservation OnLine\\|issue\=2}} [Agents of deterioration](/wiki/Agents_of_deterioration "Agents of deterioration"){{cite web\\|url\=https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation\-institute/services/agents\-deterioration.html\\|title\=Agents of deterioration\\|first\=Canadian Conservation\\|last\=Institute\\|date\=14 September 2017\\|website\=www.canada.ca}}{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.conservation\-wiki.com/wiki/Ten\_Agents\_of\_Deterioration\\|title\=Ten Agents of Deterioration \- Wiki\\|website\=www.conservation\-wiki.com\\|date\=29 October 2020 }} are forces which act upon materials and cause them to change or deteriorate over time. There are commonly held to be ten main agents of deterioration. These are incorrect temperature, incorrect relative humidity, light, dust \& pollutants (also called contaminants), pests, physical forces, theft \& vandalism, fire, water, and dissociation or custodial neglect.{{cite book\\|last1\=Ashley\-Smith\\|first1\=Jonathan\\|title\=Risk Assessment for Objects Conservation\\|date\=1999\\|publisher\=Routledge\\|isbn\=9780750628532\\|location\=London, U.K. \& New York, N.Y.\\|page\=32}} It is important to recognize the type of damage each agent may present as well as ways to mitigate harmful effects. Most of these forces can vary in intensity and severity. For example, earthquakes are a type of physical force that can cause widespread and severe damage to cultural heritage. A handling accident, where a single item is dropped and damaged, is also an example of physical forces but may not be considered a 'disaster' in the context of disaster planning as the incident likely can be dealt with as part of regular day\-to\-day business. Events considered 'disasters' in the context of disaster preparedness tend to be sudden or acute incidents with widespread and disruptive effects (such as natural disasters), which require a substantial redirection of resourcing from a normal business. The type of events included in an organisations disaster preparedness plan will depend on their risk appetite. Examples of disasters affecting cultural organisations and cultural heritage are given below using the '[agents of deterioration](/wiki/Agents_of_deterioration "Agents of deterioration")' category headings. Natural disasters are usually dictated by region and climate. They may be predictable to a degree (in that some geographic locations are known to be more prone to earthquakes, hurricanes etc.) but the exact timing and intensity of natural disasters is uncertain. Examples of natural disasters include [hurricanes](/wiki/Hurricanes "Hurricanes"), [tornados](/wiki/Tornado "Tornado"), [floods](/wiki/Flood "Flood"), [blizzards](/wiki/Blizzard "Blizzard"), [landslides](/wiki/Landslide "Landslide"), [earthquakes](/wiki/Earthquake "Earthquake") and their aftershocks, [bushfires](/wiki/Bushfires "Bushfires") or wildfires, and [sandstorms](/wiki/Sandstorm "Sandstorm") or dust storms. These types of hazards can cause extreme structural and object damage to museums and cultural heritage sites. Many such disasters have resulted in loss of life and livelihoods in addition to loss or damage to cultural heritage. Some types of natural disasters are becoming more likely and more severe due to [anthropogenic climate change, placing many cultural heritage sites at greater risk](/wiki/Cultural_heritage_at_risk_from_climate_change "Cultural heritage at risk from climate change"). ### Temperature [Heatwaves](/wiki/Heat_wave "Heat wave") are becoming more common and more extreme in many areas of the world due to the effects of anthropogenic [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change"). As [temperature](/wiki/Temperature "Temperature") is a major factor in the rate of chemical deterioration, higher average temperatures and fluctuations will cause cultural heritage to deteriorate at a faster rate. Biological deterioration from insects, mould (or mold) and micro\-organisms may also occur more quickly as they thrive in higher temperatures.{{Cite book\\|last\=body.\\|first\=National Trust, issuing\\|url\=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1114786445\\|title\=The National Trust manual of housekeeping : care and conservation of collections in historic houses.\\|date\=2 June 2011\\|isbn\=978\-1\-907892\-18\-9\\|pages\=81–91\\|publisher\=Pavilion Books \\|oclc\=1114786445}} Cultural heritage 'disasters' relating to extreme heat are typically those associated with fire, though extreme high temperatures can cause structural damage, desiccation of textiles, embrittlement of paint layers, and softening and melting of adhesives and plastics.{{Citation \\|last \=National Park Service\\|author\-link\=National Park Service\\|title\=Museum Handbook, Part I: Museum Collections\\|year \=1998\\|chapter \=Chapter 4: Museum Collections Environment\\|chapter\-url \= http://www.nps.gov/museum/publications/MHI/CHAPTER4\.pdf\\|access\-date\= April 29, 2014}}{{cite book\\|last \=Staniforth\\|first \=Sarah\\|title \=Manual of Housekeeping: The Care of Collections in Historic Houses Open to the Public\\|place \=Amsterdam \\|publisher \=Elsevier\\|year \=2006\\|chapter \=5: Agents of Deterioration\\|page \=51}}{{cite book \\|last1\=Buck \\|first1\=Rebecca \\|last2\=Gilmore \\|first2\=Jean \\|title\=Museum Registration Methods \\|date\=2010 \\|publisher\=The AAM Press \\|location\=Washington, D.C. \\|isbn\=9781933253152 \\|page\=374 \\|edition\=5th}} Change in weather conditions may also cause low temperatures which can cause stiffening and embrittlement to collection items.{{cite web\\|last\=Institute\\|first\=Canadian Conservation\\|date\=2017\-09\-22\\|title\=Incorrect temperature\\|url\=https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation\-institute/services/agents\-deterioration/temperature.html\\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-10\\|website\=www.canada.ca}} ### Incorrect Relative Humidity [thumb\\|A cloud forest and a hygrometer](/wiki/File:Cloud_forest_mount_kinabalu-withHygrom.jpg "Cloud forest mount kinabalu-withHygrom.jpg") [Relative Humidity](/wiki/Relative_Humidity "Relative Humidity") (RH) can cause damage to cultural heritage when it is too high, too low or fluctuates to widely or frequently for specific materials. On its own it is not typically a cause of 'disasters', though high humidity is a major factor in mould (or mold) outbreaks. [Mould](/wiki/Mold "Mold") (or mold) outbreaks are more often associated with flooding or water leaks, causing temporary increases in the moisture content of the air; however mould (or mold) caused by high humidity is an ongoing concern for cultural heritage in tropical climates. ### Contamination or pollutants Dust storms and excessive dust deposition due to building works or building collapse have caused damage to cultural heritage. ### Physical forces Physical forces that may result in collection disasters include earthquakes, structural collapse of buildings, and damage caused by civil unrest and [war](/wiki/War "War"). Cultural heritage may be deliberately targeted during wartime due to their symbolic value. There are many high\-profile examples of loss caused by such events. As well as the devastating injuries and loss of life, the destruction of the World Trade Centre building in New York on [11 September 2001](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks") resulted in the destruction of civic, business and non\-profit archives, and library, archaeological and [art collections](/wiki/Artwork_at_the_World_Trade_Center_%281973%E2%80%932001%29 "Artwork at the World Trade Center (1973–2001)"). As examples, the Broadway Theatre Archive of 35,000 photographs was lost, as was one of the largest existing urban archaeological assemblages, that of the [Five Points](/wiki/Five_Points%2C_Manhattan "Five Points, Manhattan") area in nineteenth century New York. These losses are detailed in the 2002 report by the Heritage Emergency National Task Force (HENTF), Cataclysm and Challenge: Impact of September 11, 2001, on Our Nation's Cultural Heritage.{{Cite journal\\|last\=Hargraves\\|first\=Ruth\\|date\=2002\\|title\=Cataclysm and Challenge. Impact of September 11, 2001, on Our Nation's Cultural Heritage\\|url\=https://cool.culturalheritage.org/byorg/hp/PDFS/Cataclysm.pdf\\|journal\=\\|via\=Heritage Preservation}}{{cite web\\|date\=2021\-09\-01\\|title\=What Was Lost\\|url\=https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/?p\=125469\\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-12\\|website\=American Libraries Magazine\\|language\=en\-US}} In 2001 two six\-century [Bamiyan Buddha sculptures](/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan "Buddhas of Bamiyan") in [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan") were destroyed in an explosion set by [Taliban](/wiki/Taliban "Taliban") forces.{{cite web\\|title\=The Death of the Buddhas of Bamiyan\\|url\=https://www.mei.edu/publications/death\-buddhas\-bamiyan\\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-12\\|website\=Middle East Institute\\|language\=en}} Though cultural damage is usually dwarfed by loss of life and humanitarian effects, examples of major earthquakes causing loss of historic buildings and moveable heritage include the [2013 Bohol, Philippines earthquake](/wiki/2013_Bohol_earthquake "2013 Bohol earthquake"),{{cite web\\|last\=Melbourne\\|first\=Ben Rodin, University of\\|date\=2017\-06\-26\\|title\=Rebuilding cultural heritage after disaster\\|url\=https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/rebuilding\-cultural\-heritage\-after\-disaster\\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-12\\|website\=Pursuit\\|language\=en}} the 2016 earthquake in [Italy](/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy "List of earthquakes in Italy"),{{cite web\\|date\=2016\-09\-09\\|title\=Italy Earthquake's Other Casualty – Cultural Heritage\\|url\=https://www.iccrom.org/news/italy\-earthquake%E2%80%99s\-other\-casualty\-%E2%80%93\-cultural\-heritage\\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-12\\|website\=ICCROM\\|language\=en}} and the earthquakes of 2010 and 2011 in [Christchurch](/wiki/2011_Christchurch_earthquake "2011 Christchurch earthquake"), New Zealand.{{cite web\\|title\=Lost heritage Canterbury earthquakes {{!}} Lost heritage {{!}} Search the List {{!}} Heritage New Zealand\\|url\=https://www.heritage.org.nz/the\-list/lost\-heritage/canterbury\-earthquakes\\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-12\\|website\=www.heritage.org.nz}} Many churches were damaged or destroyed in these earthquakes, including paintings, [frescoes](/wiki/Fresco "Fresco"), furniture, manuscripts, and [stained glass windows](/wiki/Stained_glass "Stained glass") contained within. The 2015 earthquake in [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal "Nepal") caused extensive damage to museums, temples, monasteries, libraries, and historic houses. Traditional craft practices were also disrupted by the quakes.{{Cite book\\|title\=Overview Report of the Nepal Cultural Emergency Crowdmap Initiative\\|publisher\=ICCROM\\|year\=2015\\|url\=https://www.iccrom.org/sites/default/files/Nepal\-Cultural\-Emergency\-Crowdmap\-Initiative\-Overview\-Report.pdf}} ### Fire [thumb\\|250px\\|The [National Museum of Brazil fire](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Brazil_fire "National Museum of Brazil fire") in September 2018](/wiki/File:Fire_-_Museu_Nacional_06.jpg "Fire - Museu Nacional 06.jpg") There are many examples of [fire](/wiki/Fire "Fire") damaging cultural heritage. Fire can cause internal and external damage to singular exhibits or of whole building depending on the cause and speed of responsiveness.{{cite book \\|last1\=Dorge \\|first1\=Valerie \\|last2\=Jones \\|first2\=Sharon \\|title\=Building an Emergency Plan: A Guide for Museums and Other Cultural Institutions \\|date\=1999 \\|publisher\=Getty Conservation Institute \\|location\=Los Angeles, CA \\|url\=http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications\_resources/pdf\_publications/emergency.html \\|access\-date\=2 November 2019}} The [National Museum of Brazil](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Brazil_fire "National Museum of Brazil fire") was destroyed by fire in 2018\.{{cite web\\|date\=2018\-09\-06\\|title\=Fire Devastates Brazil's Oldest Science Museum\\|url\=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/news\-museu\-nacional\-fire\-rio\-de\-janeiro\-natural\-history\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302103803/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/news\-museu\-nacional\-fire\-rio\-de\-janeiro\-natural\-history\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-date\=2 March 2021\\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-12\\|website\=Science\\|language\=en}} In 1992 a fire broke out at [Windsor Castle](/wiki/1992_Windsor_Castle_fire "1992 Windsor Castle fire"), damaging several rooms and associated furnishings.{{cite web\\|title\=The fire at Windsor Castle\\|url\=https://www.rct.uk/visit/windsor\-castle/the\-fire\-at\-windsor\-castle\\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-12\\|website\=www.rct.uk\\|language\=en}} The [Notre Dame Cathedral](/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris "Notre-Dame de Paris") in Paris suffered a devastating [fire](/wiki/Notre-Dame_fire "Notre-Dame fire") in April 2019 that damaged priceless artefacts and the magnificent roof structure.{{Cite magazine \\|title\=The Notre Dame Fire Put Priceless Art and Artifacts at Risk \\|url\=https://time.com/5571542/notre\-dame\-fire\-art\-artifacts\-lost/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-11\-17 \\|magazine\=Time \\|language\=en}} ### Water [Flooding](/wiki/Flood "Flood") in locations that experience extreme weather conditions (rainfall, storms) is one relatively common type of disaster affecting cultural collections. [Extreme weather events](/wiki/Extreme_weather "Extreme weather") are also becoming more common due to the effects of anthropogenic climate change. Water damage may also occur due to [storm surges](/wiki/Storm_surge "Storm surge") in coastal areas, and rising sea levels. Disasters have also been caused by faulty pipe or sprinkler systems, and the improper use of water during cleaning.{{cite web \\|last1\=Tremain \\|first1\=David \\|title\=Agent of Deterioration: Water \\|url\=https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation\-institute/services/agents\-deterioration/water.html \\|website\=Agents of Deterioration \\|date\=22 September 2017 \\|publisher\=Canadian Conservation Institute \\|access\-date\=8 May 2021}} The [1966 Florence Floods](/wiki/1966_flood_of_the_Arno "1966 flood of the Arno") were a pivotal moment in the development of the [conservation profession](/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property "Conservation and restoration of cultural property"). [thumb\\|Secured display cabinets at Chester Beatty Library](/wiki/File:Chester_Beatty_Library-_Bookbindings_in_Europe.jpg "Chester Beatty Library- Bookbindings in Europe.jpg") ### Theft and vandalism [Theft](/wiki/Theft "Theft") and [vandalism](/wiki/Vandalism "Vandalism") may be planned acts or opportunistic. There have been many high\-profile cases of planned thefts from cultural organisations worldwide, though not all such events come to public notice; other thefts have occurred when normal security controls are interrupted, such as during building works, civil protests, or even during acts of [terrorism](/wiki/Terrorism "Terrorism") and war. ### Dissociation Extreme forms of dissociation (separation of the physical item from the information that makes it significant) might include a critical loss of electronic data that cannot be retrieved, or the closure or sale of the collection (in parts or in its entirety) due to financial or political pressures. ### Other risks Not all risks to collections can be categorised according to the [agents of deterioration](/wiki/Agents_of_deterioration "Agents of deterioration"). They may not result in direct damage or loss to collection material but instead affect the reputation or operation of the organisation. For example, serious issues can be created due to funding or sponsorship scandals; misuse of funds; the presence of [looted cultural property](/wiki/Looted_cultural_property "Looted cultural property") or material acquired by unethical means; political or social perspectives on activities undertaken by the governing body, a donor, or even the institution's founder; and wider societal economic pressures leading to the closure of collecting organisations due to loss of income. Political, business, social, religious or media pressure groups may in some cases interfere with the operation of cultural organisations, leading to [selection bias](/wiki/Selection_bias "Selection bias"), [propaganda](/wiki/Propaganda "Propaganda"), [discrimination](/wiki/Discrimination "Discrimination") or [censorship](/wiki/Censorship "Censorship") attempts (e.g. in the presentation of exhibitions, or in recruitment processes).	[ "Categories of disaster\n----------------------", "[Cultural property](/wiki/Cultural_property \"Cultural property\") faces threats from a variety of sources on a daily basis, from thieves, vandals, and pests; to pollution, light, humidity, and temperature; to natural emergencies and physical forces.{{cite web\\\|title\\=10 Agents of Deterioration\\\|url\\=http://www.cci\\-icc.gc.ca/crc/articles/mcpm/index\\-eng.aspx\\\|publisher\\=Canadian Conservation Institute\\\|access\\-date\\=18 September 2011\\\|archive\\-date\\=27 August 2011\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827043439/http://cci\\-icc.gc.ca/crc/articles/mcpm/index\\-eng.aspx\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Effects stemming from these issues can be treated and sometimes reversed with interventive conservation after the damage has occurred. However, many of the sources of danger mentioned above are controllable, and others are at least predictable. Disaster preparedness strives to mitigate the occurrence of damage and deterioration through risk management, research and the implementation of procedures which enhance the safety of cultural heritage objects and collections. Disaster preparedness is considered an integral part of [collections maintenance](/wiki/Collections_maintenance_%28museum%29 \"Collections maintenance (museum)\"), and [collections management](/wiki/Collections_management_%28museum%29 \"Collections management (museum)\") and is related to [museum integrated pest management](/wiki/Museum_integrated_pest_management \"Museum integrated pest management\") and [museum environments](/wiki/Museum_environments \"Museum environments\").{{cite journal\\\|title\\=AIC Definitions of Conservation Terminology\\\|journal\\=WAAC Newsletter\\\|date\\=May 1996\\\|volume\\=18\\\|series\\=CoOL: Conservation OnLine\\\|issue\\=2}}", "[Agents of deterioration](/wiki/Agents_of_deterioration \"Agents of deterioration\"){{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation\\-institute/services/agents\\-deterioration.html\\\|title\\=Agents of deterioration\\\|first\\=Canadian Conservation\\\|last\\=Institute\\\|date\\=14 September 2017\\\|website\\=www.canada.ca}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.conservation\\-wiki.com/wiki/Ten\\_Agents\\_of\\_Deterioration\\\|title\\=Ten Agents of Deterioration \\- Wiki\\\|website\\=www.conservation\\-wiki.com\\\|date\\=29 October 2020 }} are forces which act upon materials and cause them to change or deteriorate over time. There are commonly held to be ten main agents of deterioration. These are incorrect temperature, incorrect relative humidity, light, dust \\& pollutants (also called contaminants), pests, physical forces, theft \\& vandalism, fire, water, and dissociation or custodial neglect.{{cite book\\\|last1\\=Ashley\\-Smith\\\|first1\\=Jonathan\\\|title\\=Risk Assessment for Objects Conservation\\\|date\\=1999\\\|publisher\\=Routledge\\\|isbn\\=9780750628532\\\|location\\=London, U.K. \\& New York, N.Y.\\\|page\\=32}} It is important to recognize the type of damage each agent may present as well as ways to mitigate harmful effects.", "Most of these forces can vary in intensity and severity. For example, earthquakes are a type of physical force that can cause widespread and severe damage to cultural heritage. A handling accident, where a single item is dropped and damaged, is also an example of physical forces but may not be considered a 'disaster' in the context of disaster planning as the incident likely can be dealt with as part of regular day\\-to\\-day business. Events considered 'disasters' in the context of disaster preparedness tend to be sudden or acute incidents with widespread and disruptive effects (such as natural disasters), which require a substantial redirection of resourcing from a normal business. The type of events included in an organisations disaster preparedness plan will depend on their risk appetite. Examples of disasters affecting cultural organisations and cultural heritage are given below using the '[agents of deterioration](/wiki/Agents_of_deterioration \"Agents of deterioration\")' category headings.", "Natural disasters are usually dictated by region and climate. They may be predictable to a degree (in that some geographic locations are known to be more prone to earthquakes, hurricanes etc.) but the exact timing and intensity of natural disasters is uncertain. Examples of natural disasters include [hurricanes](/wiki/Hurricanes \"Hurricanes\"), [tornados](/wiki/Tornado \"Tornado\"), [floods](/wiki/Flood \"Flood\"), [blizzards](/wiki/Blizzard \"Blizzard\"), [landslides](/wiki/Landslide \"Landslide\"), [earthquakes](/wiki/Earthquake \"Earthquake\") and their aftershocks, [bushfires](/wiki/Bushfires \"Bushfires\") or wildfires, and [sandstorms](/wiki/Sandstorm \"Sandstorm\") or dust storms. These types of hazards can cause extreme structural and object damage to museums and cultural heritage sites. Many such disasters have resulted in loss of life and livelihoods in addition to loss or damage to cultural heritage. Some types of natural disasters are becoming more likely and more severe due to [anthropogenic climate change, placing many cultural heritage sites at greater risk](/wiki/Cultural_heritage_at_risk_from_climate_change \"Cultural heritage at risk from climate change\").", "### Temperature", "[Heatwaves](/wiki/Heat_wave \"Heat wave\") are becoming more common and more extreme in many areas of the world due to the effects of anthropogenic [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change \"Climate change\"). As [temperature](/wiki/Temperature \"Temperature\") is a major factor in the rate of chemical deterioration, higher average temperatures and fluctuations will cause cultural heritage to deteriorate at a faster rate. Biological deterioration from insects, mould (or mold) and micro\\-organisms may also occur more quickly as they thrive in higher temperatures.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=body.\\\|first\\=National Trust, issuing\\\|url\\=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1114786445\\\|title\\=The National Trust manual of housekeeping : care and conservation of collections in historic houses.\\\|date\\=2 June 2011\\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-907892\\-18\\-9\\\|pages\\=81–91\\\|publisher\\=Pavilion Books \\\|oclc\\=1114786445}} Cultural heritage 'disasters' relating to extreme heat are typically those associated with fire, though extreme high temperatures can cause structural damage, desiccation of textiles, embrittlement of paint layers, and softening and melting of adhesives and plastics.{{Citation \\\|last \\=National Park Service\\\|author\\-link\\=National Park Service\\\|title\\=Museum Handbook, Part I: Museum Collections\\\|year \\=1998\\\|chapter \\=Chapter 4: Museum Collections Environment\\\|chapter\\-url \\= http://www.nps.gov/museum/publications/MHI/CHAPTER4\\.pdf\\\|access\\-date\\= April 29, 2014}}{{cite book\\\|last \\=Staniforth\\\|first \\=Sarah\\\|title \\=Manual of Housekeeping: The Care of Collections in Historic Houses Open to the Public\\\|place \\=Amsterdam \\\|publisher \\=Elsevier\\\|year \\=2006\\\|chapter \\=5: Agents of Deterioration\\\|page \\=51}}{{cite book \\\|last1\\=Buck \\\|first1\\=Rebecca \\\|last2\\=Gilmore \\\|first2\\=Jean \\\|title\\=Museum Registration Methods \\\|date\\=2010 \\\|publisher\\=The AAM Press \\\|location\\=Washington, D.C. \\\|isbn\\=9781933253152 \\\|page\\=374 \\\|edition\\=5th}} Change in weather conditions may also cause low temperatures which can cause stiffening and embrittlement to collection items.{{cite web\\\|last\\=Institute\\\|first\\=Canadian Conservation\\\|date\\=2017\\-09\\-22\\\|title\\=Incorrect temperature\\\|url\\=https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation\\-institute/services/agents\\-deterioration/temperature.html\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-10\\\|website\\=www.canada.ca}}", "### Incorrect Relative Humidity", "[thumb\\\|A cloud forest and a hygrometer](/wiki/File:Cloud_forest_mount_kinabalu-withHygrom.jpg \"Cloud forest mount kinabalu-withHygrom.jpg\")\n[Relative Humidity](/wiki/Relative_Humidity \"Relative Humidity\") (RH) can cause damage to cultural heritage when it is too high, too low or fluctuates to widely or frequently for specific materials. On its own it is not typically a cause of 'disasters', though high humidity is a major factor in mould (or mold) outbreaks. [Mould](/wiki/Mold \"Mold\") (or mold) outbreaks are more often associated with flooding or water leaks, causing temporary increases in the moisture content of the air; however mould (or mold) caused by high humidity is an ongoing concern for cultural heritage in tropical climates.", "### Contamination or pollutants", "Dust storms and excessive dust deposition due to building works or building collapse have caused damage to cultural heritage.", "### Physical forces", "Physical forces that may result in collection disasters include earthquakes, structural collapse of buildings, and damage caused by civil unrest and [war](/wiki/War \"War\"). Cultural heritage may be deliberately targeted during wartime due to their symbolic value.", "There are many high\\-profile examples of loss caused by such events. As well as the devastating injuries and loss of life, the destruction of the World Trade Centre building in New York on [11 September 2001](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\") resulted in the destruction of civic, business and non\\-profit archives, and library, archaeological and [art collections](/wiki/Artwork_at_the_World_Trade_Center_%281973%E2%80%932001%29 \"Artwork at the World Trade Center (1973–2001)\"). As examples, the Broadway Theatre Archive of 35,000 photographs was lost, as was one of the largest existing urban archaeological assemblages, that of the [Five Points](/wiki/Five_Points%2C_Manhattan \"Five Points, Manhattan\") area in nineteenth century New York. These losses are detailed in the 2002 report by the Heritage Emergency National Task Force (HENTF), Cataclysm and Challenge: Impact of September 11, 2001, on Our Nation's Cultural Heritage.{{Cite journal\\\|last\\=Hargraves\\\|first\\=Ruth\\\|date\\=2002\\\|title\\=Cataclysm and Challenge. Impact of September 11, 2001, on Our Nation's Cultural Heritage\\\|url\\=https://cool.culturalheritage.org/byorg/hp/PDFS/Cataclysm.pdf\\\|journal\\=\\\|via\\=Heritage Preservation}}{{cite web\\\|date\\=2021\\-09\\-01\\\|title\\=What Was Lost\\\|url\\=https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/?p\\=125469\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-12\\\|website\\=American Libraries Magazine\\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "In 2001 two six\\-century [Bamiyan Buddha sculptures](/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan \"Buddhas of Bamiyan\") in [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\") were destroyed in an explosion set by [Taliban](/wiki/Taliban \"Taliban\") forces.{{cite web\\\|title\\=The Death of the Buddhas of Bamiyan\\\|url\\=https://www.mei.edu/publications/death\\-buddhas\\-bamiyan\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-12\\\|website\\=Middle East Institute\\\|language\\=en}}", "Though cultural damage is usually dwarfed by loss of life and humanitarian effects, examples of major earthquakes causing loss of historic buildings and moveable heritage include the [2013 Bohol, Philippines earthquake](/wiki/2013_Bohol_earthquake \"2013 Bohol earthquake\"),{{cite web\\\|last\\=Melbourne\\\|first\\=Ben Rodin, University of\\\|date\\=2017\\-06\\-26\\\|title\\=Rebuilding cultural heritage after disaster\\\|url\\=https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/rebuilding\\-cultural\\-heritage\\-after\\-disaster\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-12\\\|website\\=Pursuit\\\|language\\=en}} the 2016 earthquake in [Italy](/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy \"List of earthquakes in Italy\"),{{cite web\\\|date\\=2016\\-09\\-09\\\|title\\=Italy Earthquake's Other Casualty – Cultural Heritage\\\|url\\=https://www.iccrom.org/news/italy\\-earthquake%E2%80%99s\\-other\\-casualty\\-%E2%80%93\\-cultural\\-heritage\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-12\\\|website\\=ICCROM\\\|language\\=en}} and the earthquakes of 2010 and 2011 in [Christchurch](/wiki/2011_Christchurch_earthquake \"2011 Christchurch earthquake\"), New Zealand.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Lost heritage Canterbury earthquakes {{!}} Lost heritage {{!}} Search the List {{!}} Heritage New Zealand\\\|url\\=https://www.heritage.org.nz/the\\-list/lost\\-heritage/canterbury\\-earthquakes\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-12\\\|website\\=www.heritage.org.nz}} Many churches were damaged or destroyed in these earthquakes, including paintings, [frescoes](/wiki/Fresco \"Fresco\"), furniture, manuscripts, and [stained glass windows](/wiki/Stained_glass \"Stained glass\") contained within. The 2015 earthquake in [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal \"Nepal\") caused extensive damage to museums, temples, monasteries, libraries, and historic houses. Traditional craft practices were also disrupted by the quakes.{{Cite book\\\|title\\=Overview Report of the Nepal Cultural Emergency Crowdmap Initiative\\\|publisher\\=ICCROM\\\|year\\=2015\\\|url\\=https://www.iccrom.org/sites/default/files/Nepal\\-Cultural\\-Emergency\\-Crowdmap\\-Initiative\\-Overview\\-Report.pdf}}", "### Fire", "[thumb\\\|250px\\\|The [National Museum of Brazil fire](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Brazil_fire \"National Museum of Brazil fire\") in September 2018](/wiki/File:Fire_-_Museu_Nacional_06.jpg \"Fire - Museu Nacional 06.jpg\")\nThere are many examples of [fire](/wiki/Fire \"Fire\") damaging cultural heritage. Fire can cause internal and external damage to singular exhibits or of whole building depending on the cause and speed of responsiveness.{{cite book \\\|last1\\=Dorge \\\|first1\\=Valerie \\\|last2\\=Jones \\\|first2\\=Sharon \\\|title\\=Building an Emergency Plan: A Guide for Museums and Other Cultural Institutions \\\|date\\=1999 \\\|publisher\\=Getty Conservation Institute \\\|location\\=Los Angeles, CA \\\|url\\=http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications\\_resources/pdf\\_publications/emergency.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2019}}", "The [National Museum of Brazil](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Brazil_fire \"National Museum of Brazil fire\") was destroyed by fire in 2018\\.{{cite web\\\|date\\=2018\\-09\\-06\\\|title\\=Fire Devastates Brazil's Oldest Science Museum\\\|url\\=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/news\\-museu\\-nacional\\-fire\\-rio\\-de\\-janeiro\\-natural\\-history\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302103803/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/news\\-museu\\-nacional\\-fire\\-rio\\-de\\-janeiro\\-natural\\-history\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-date\\=2 March 2021\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-12\\\|website\\=Science\\\|language\\=en}} In 1992 a fire broke out at [Windsor Castle](/wiki/1992_Windsor_Castle_fire \"1992 Windsor Castle fire\"), damaging several rooms and associated furnishings.{{cite web\\\|title\\=The fire at Windsor Castle\\\|url\\=https://www.rct.uk/visit/windsor\\-castle/the\\-fire\\-at\\-windsor\\-castle\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-12\\\|website\\=www.rct.uk\\\|language\\=en}} The [Notre Dame Cathedral](/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris \"Notre-Dame de Paris\") in Paris suffered a devastating [fire](/wiki/Notre-Dame_fire \"Notre-Dame fire\") in April 2019 that damaged priceless artefacts and the magnificent roof structure.{{Cite magazine \\\|title\\=The Notre Dame Fire Put Priceless Art and Artifacts at Risk \\\|url\\=https://time.com/5571542/notre\\-dame\\-fire\\-art\\-artifacts\\-lost/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-17 \\\|magazine\\=Time \\\|language\\=en}}", "### Water", "[Flooding](/wiki/Flood \"Flood\") in locations that experience extreme weather conditions (rainfall, storms) is one relatively common type of disaster affecting cultural collections. [Extreme weather events](/wiki/Extreme_weather \"Extreme weather\") are also becoming more common due to the effects of anthropogenic climate change. Water damage may also occur due to [storm surges](/wiki/Storm_surge \"Storm surge\") in coastal areas, and rising sea levels. Disasters have also been caused by faulty pipe or sprinkler systems, and the improper use of water during cleaning.{{cite web \\\|last1\\=Tremain \\\|first1\\=David \\\|title\\=Agent of Deterioration: Water \\\|url\\=https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation\\-institute/services/agents\\-deterioration/water.html \\\|website\\=Agents of Deterioration \\\|date\\=22 September 2017 \\\|publisher\\=Canadian Conservation Institute \\\|access\\-date\\=8 May 2021}}", "The [1966 Florence Floods](/wiki/1966_flood_of_the_Arno \"1966 flood of the Arno\") were a pivotal moment in the development of the [conservation profession](/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property \"Conservation and restoration of cultural property\").", "[thumb\\\|Secured display cabinets at Chester Beatty Library](/wiki/File:Chester_Beatty_Library-_Bookbindings_in_Europe.jpg \"Chester Beatty Library- Bookbindings in Europe.jpg\")", "### Theft and vandalism", "[Theft](/wiki/Theft \"Theft\") and [vandalism](/wiki/Vandalism \"Vandalism\") may be planned acts or opportunistic. There have been many high\\-profile cases of planned thefts from cultural organisations worldwide, though not all such events come to public notice; other thefts have occurred when normal security controls are interrupted, such as during building works, civil protests, or even during acts of [terrorism](/wiki/Terrorism \"Terrorism\") and war.", "### Dissociation", "Extreme forms of dissociation (separation of the physical item from the information that makes it significant) might include a critical loss of electronic data that cannot be retrieved, or the closure or sale of the collection (in parts or in its entirety) due to financial or political pressures.", "### Other risks", "Not all risks to collections can be categorised according to the [agents of deterioration](/wiki/Agents_of_deterioration \"Agents of deterioration\"). They may not result in direct damage or loss to collection material but instead affect the reputation or operation of the organisation. For example, serious issues can be created due to funding or sponsorship scandals; misuse of funds; the presence of [looted cultural property](/wiki/Looted_cultural_property \"Looted cultural property\") or material acquired by unethical means; political or social perspectives on activities undertaken by the governing body, a donor, or even the institution's founder; and wider societal economic pressures leading to the closure of collecting organisations due to loss of income.", "Political, business, social, religious or media pressure groups may in some cases interfere with the operation of cultural organisations, leading to [selection bias](/wiki/Selection_bias \"Selection bias\"), [propaganda](/wiki/Propaganda \"Propaganda\"), [discrimination](/wiki/Discrimination \"Discrimination\") or [censorship](/wiki/Censorship \"Censorship\") attempts (e.g. in the presentation of exhibitions, or in recruitment processes).", "" ]
Disaster preparedness plan -------------------------- [thumb\\|left\\|Office board with emergency planning, response, and salvage documents.](/wiki/File:Office_board_with_emergency_response.JPG "Office board with emergency response.JPG") Museums develop disaster (or emergency) preparedness plans for natural and man\-made events that may be expected to occur. These plans are collection\-focussed and separate to or a sub\-component of wider organisational [operational risk management](/wiki/Operational_risk_management "Operational risk management") plans, which focus on human safety and business continuity (including procedures related to [crisis management](/wiki/Crisis_management "Crisis management") and [crisis communication](/wiki/Crisis_communication "Crisis communication") in order to protect the institution's [reputation](/wiki/Reputation "Reputation") in case of a [public relations](/wiki/Public_relations "Public relations") crisis). Despite their focus on cultural heritage, collection disaster preparedness plans still emphasise the need to put human safety above collection safety. Various [contingency plans](/wiki/Contingency_plan "Contingency plan") should also be included. The primary objectives of emergency planning are to identify risks in order to anticipate and, if possible, to avoid emergencies; to retain control when an emergency occurs; and to mitigate potential damage as quickly as possible.{{cite book \\|last1\=Buck \\|first1\=Rebecca \\|last2\=Gilmore \\|first2\=Jean \\|title\=MRM5: Museum Registration Methods \\|date\=2010 \\|publisher\=AAM Press \\|location\=Washington, D.C. \\|isbn\=978\-1\-933253\-15\-2 \\|page\=360}} Disaster preparedness plans are usually created and reviewed in consultation with various stakeholders. Copies of disaster preparedness plan are kept in different locations within and outside of the museum, in case the emergency situation prevents access to the museum site. Training is an important part of a disaster preparedness plan, to ensure that staff are familiar with the contents of the plan and understand how to effectively carry out the established protocols. A variety of templates and guides have been published to assist cultural organisations prepare for disasters: * Building an emergency plan, published by the Getty Conservation Institute in the US{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications\_resources/pdf\_publications/emergency.html\\|title\=Building an Emergency Plan: Guide for Museums \& Cultural Institutions\\|website\=www.getty.edu}} * Be prepared, published by the Heritage Collections Council in Australia and made available via the Australian Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Materials{{cite web\\|url\=https://aiccm.org.au/disaster/disaster\-planning/\\|title\=Disaster Planning}} * {{Proper name\\|dPlan}}, hosted by the North East Document Conservation Centre (NEDCC){{cite web\\|url\=https://www.nedcc.org/free\-resources/dplan\-artsready\-2\.0\-online\-disaster\-planning\-tool/prr\-library\\|title\=PRR Guides and Resources\\|website\=Northeast Document Conservation Center}} * The Emergency Preparedness and Response wiki, prepared by the American Institute for Conservation{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.conservation\-wiki.com/wiki/Emergency\_Preparedness\_\&\_Response\\|title\=Emergency Preparedness \& Response \- Wiki\\|website\=www.conservation\-wiki.com\\|date\=18 December 2023 }} and including the Emergency Response and Salvage Wheel. The Wheel was previously available as an iPhone app but as of 2021 requires updating from 32\-bit format.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.culturalheritage.org/resources/emergencies/disaster\-response\-recovery/ers\-app\\|title\=ERS App\\|website\=www.culturalheritage.org}} * Resources from ICCROM's [FAR programme](https://www.iccrom.org/what-we-do/programmes/first-aid-and-resilience-cultural-heritage-times-crisis-far/our-approach) : First Aid and Resilience for Cultural Heritage in Times of Crisis (FAR){{Cite web \\|title\=First Aid and Resilience for Cultural Heritage in Times of Crisis (FAR) Resources \\|url\=https://www.iccrom.org/programmes/first\-aid\-and\-resilience\-times\-crisis\-far/resources \\|access\-date\=2022\-11\-17 \\|website\=ICCROM \\|language\=en}} ### Preparation To prepare for disasters, cultural organisations may conduct regular risk assessments to identify potential dangers to the collection or related organisational activities. This assessment is used to prepare both preventive maintenance programs (to prevent disasters from occurring) and response plans for identified scenarios. Other preparatory activities include creating and maintaining an inventory of the collection, identifying salvage priorities for different disaster scenarios, developing emergency telephone contact lists, identifying critical resources and contractors, and assembling useful disaster salvage equipment and supplies (e.g. spill kits, wet\-dry vacuum cleaners, fans). Training for museum personnel is another key part of the preparation stage.{{cite web \\|title\=Emergency Preparedness and Response \\|url\=https://www.conservation\-wiki.com/wiki/Emergency\_Preparedness\_%26\_Response\#Risk\_Assessment \\|website\=American Institute for Conservation Wiki \\|access\-date\=2 November 2019}} Cultural organizations may also consider setting up a mobile laboratory such as the heritage ambulance set up by IAPH in Seville.{{Cite web \\|editor\-last\=Grow \\|editor\-first\=Sharra \\|title\=News in Conservation \\|url\=https://issuu.com/nic\_iiconservation/docs/nic\-magazine\-feb\-mar\-2022 \\|access\-date\=16 November 2022 \\|website\=Isuu.com, page 8\., News in Brief, NiC, Issue 88 Feb\-March 2022, IIC\\|date\=5 February 2022 }} #### Insurance A detailed and flexible [insurance policy](/wiki/Insurance_policy "Insurance policy") is a useful preparation strategy. A policy may specify the replacement value of objects owned by the museum and those loaned by other organisations, and cover building repairs, temporary offsite storage, clean\-up operations and other costs incurred.{{cite book\\|editor\-last\=Buck\\|editor\-first\=Rebecca A.\\|title\=MRM5 : museum registration methods\\|date\=2010\\|publisher\=AAM Press, American Association of Museums\\|location\=Washington, DC\\|isbn\=978\-1\-933253\-15\-2\\|pages\=351–369\\|edition\=5th\\|author\=Gilmore, Jean Allman}}{{cite book\\|last\=Malaro\\|first\=Marie C.\\|title\=A legal primer on managing museum collections\\|author2\=DeAngelis, Ildiko Pogány\\|date\=2012\\|publisher\=Smithsonian Books\\|isbn\=978\-1\-58834\-322\-2\\|edition\=3rd\\|location\=Washington, DC\\|page\=464}} ### Prevention Emergency [preparedness](/wiki/Preparedness "Preparedness") should dovetail [collections maintenance](/wiki/Collections_maintenance "Collections maintenance") and [preservation](/wiki/Preservation_%28library_and_archive%29 "Preservation (library and archive)") activities.{{cite web\\|title\=Preventive Conservation\\|url\=http://www.icom\-cc.org/36/working\-groups/preventive\-conservation/\\|work\=International Council of Museums\-Committee for Conservation\\|access\-date\= April 3, 2014}} Although many preventive measures are universal, certain measures are particularly useful in mitigating against collection disasters. #### Preventive maintenance A variety of teams within a cultural organisation contribute to its upkeep and maintenance. Facilities management ensure gas, sewage, electricity and water services are well\-maintained and compliant with local codes. They maintain any fire doors, fire detection and suppression systems and check the building regularly for fire risks. Emergency access routes are signposted and cleared of obstacles. Collection management teams ensure items are stored in a manner to prevent water, dust and pest ingress. Storage enclosures and furniture keeps collection objects at least 10 cm above the floor to reduce the risk from floodwaters.{{cite web\\|title\=National Park Service \- Museum Management Program\\|url\=http://www.nps.gov/history/museum/publications/conserveogram/18\-02\.pdf\\|access\-date\=2015\-03\-01\\|publisher\=Nps.gov}} #### Environmental monitoring Regular monitoring of the temperature and relative humidity in collection spaces (storage and display) helps identify new trends or unusual occurrences \- for example, if a sudden increase in relative humidity is detected early enough, it may be possible to correct the environment before mould growth occurs. #### Security measures Physical security systems deter potential intruders (e.g. warning signs, [security lighting](/wiki/Security_lighting "Security lighting") and perimeter markings), detect intrusions and monitor/record intruders (e.g. intruder alarms and CCTV systems) and trigger appropriate incident responses (e.g. by security guards and police).{{cite book\\|author\=Garcia, Mary Lynn\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=NDMVuN\_4VfIC\&pg\=PA1\\|title\=Design and Evaluation of Physical Protection Systems\\|publisher\=Butterworth\-Heinemann\\|year\=2007\\|isbn\=9780080554280\\|pages\=1–11\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921071009/http://books.google.com/books?id\=NDMVuN\_4VfIC\&pg\=PA1\\|archive\-date\=2013\-09\-21\\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite book\\|url\=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/3\-19\-30/ch2\.htm\\|title\=Field Manual 3\-19\.30: Physical Security\\|publisher\=Headquarters, United States Department of Army\\|year\=2001\\|chapter\=Chapter 2: The Systems Approach\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055650/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/3\-19\-30/ch2\.htm\\|archive\-date\=2013\-09\-21\\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite book\\|author\=Anderson, Ross\\|url\=https://archive.org/details/securityengineer00ande\\|title\=Security Engineering\\|publisher\=Wiley\\|year\=2001\\|isbn\=978\-0\-471\-38922\-4\\|url\-access\=registration}} #### Resources and personnel Preparedness for personnel includes providing museum staff with emergency training and predetermined designated responsibilities.{{cite web \\|title\=Emergency Plan for Collections \\|url\=https://www.amnh.org/research/natural\-science\-collections\-conservation/general\-conservation/emergency\-preparedness/emergency\-plan\-for\-collections \\|website\=American Museum of Natural History \\|access\-date\=2 November 2019 \\|archive\-date\=3 November 2019 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103022927/https://www.amnh.org/research/natural\-science\-collections\-conservation/general\-conservation/emergency\-preparedness/emergency\-plan\-for\-collections \\|url\-status\=dead }} Trianing may take the form of 'desktop' walkthroughs of scenarios, quizzes, and hands\-on salvage practice. #### Policies and procedures In an attempt to maintain control of any emergency, the policies and procedures in the emergency plan outline the chain of command, prescribed team roles and responsibilities, documentation requirements, and salvage priorities. #### Plan review and revision Periodically, museums will reevaluate their disaster preparedness plan to account for changes in contact numbers, locations or personnel, revised salvage priority lists, and other modifications impacting the institution's prevention, mitigation and preparedness strategy. ### Response Immediate action taken within the first few hours or days to stabilize the environment, assess the damage, and report conditions and recommendations may be considered the 'response' phase of the disaster. Contingency and communication strategies in the disaster preparedness plan are put into action. The welfare of staff and visitors is the primary concern during an emergency, and their safety must be ensured first and foremost.Buck, Rebecca; Gilmore, Jean (2010\). MRM5: Museum Registration Methods. Washington, D.C.: AAM Press. p. 363\. {{ISBN\\|978\-1\-933253\-15\-2}}. The best response is executed by following the prescribed emergency response plan, remaining safe and calm, and acting deliberately. Risk assessments are recommended to identify hazards to health and safety and to implement controls before recovery salvage work begins. For example, damaged structures may need to be stabilised before it is safe for salvage teams to enter. Collections and facilities may be contaminated with sewage, toxic chemicals or other hazardous substances. There may be electrical risks from damaged or exposed wiring. Salvage teams will also need safe, dry and warm rest areas and toilet facilities.(NPS Museum Handbook, Part I, 2000 PP 10:35 – 10:42\) Response activities may include: * Liaising with first responders, such as fire * Contacting the organisation's insurance company and agents with any available information and photographs of the incident. * Contacting organizations or private lenders with loaned items in affected spaces. * Contacting museum emergency response teams to notify them to be on standby (if not required immediately).{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.nps.gov/history/museum/publications/conserveogram/21\-10\.pdf \\|title\=National Park Service \- Museum Management Program \\|publisher\=Nps.gov \\|access\-date\=2015\-03\-01}} * Contacting pre\-approved engineers, disaster response and salvage organizations, and other service providers, to make them aware of the incident and potential requests for assistance (e.g. for transport, generators, new or interim security controls, drying systems (fans/air pumps), clean water, and freezer services). * Preparing and releasing a press release via a media liaison. * Rescheduling any tour groups or other appointments. #### Documentation Documentation of the incident and any damage caused before commencing salvage activities is an important part of the response stage. This helps with planning, reduces recovery time, and provides a record for insurance purposes and other reporting. Photographs showing where dislodged objects have fallen can help to identify them later, based on their location. Documentation may need to be carried out under supervision of emergency services personnel, especially if the building is damaged or unstable. The disaster response team can use the information collected to discuss the next steps. These may include establishing salvage work areas, establishing personal protective equipment and hazardous substances mitigation requirements, recommendations for additional security controls, and triage protocols for salvage treatments. [thumb\\|293x293px\\|Emergency Response and Salvage Wheel nine categories of collections by material. Step by step!](/wiki/File:Emergency_Response_and_Salvage_Wheel_%28Safety_First%21%29.JPG "Emergency Response and Salvage Wheel (Safety First!).JPG") ### Recovery [thumb\\|266x266px\\|Water\-damaged records are air\-dried through hanging at the Land Registration Authority (Leyte, Philippines). Photo taken during the Society of Filipino Archivists' Assessment and Technical Assistance to records offices affected by Super [Typhoon Haiyan](/wiki/Typhoon_Haiyan "Typhoon Haiyan") (Yolanda), 2013\.](/wiki/File:Salvaging_records_damaged_by_Typhoon_Haiyan%2C_2013.png "Salvaging records damaged by Typhoon Haiyan, 2013.png") The recovery phase begins when the disaster situation is brought under control and work to retrieve and treat damaged collection objects can begin. Plans developed during the response phase are put into action, and regularly reviewed and revised for as long as salvage operations continue.'Emergency Response and Recovery': Section 6\. Buck, R., Gilmore, J., ed. (2010\). Museum Registration Methods (5 ed.). Washington, D.C.: The AAM Press. {{ISBN\\|978\-1\-933253\-15\-2}}. Salvage activities are more effective if salvage priorities are established prior to the commencement of recovery activities, even before a disaster has even occurred. Priority salvage lists are a common component of disaster preparedness plans. Cultural organisations may prioritise objects based on their value, their vulnerability, and their prospects for recovery ([triage](/wiki/Triage "Triage")). There are many online resources that specify how to stabilize and care for various object formats that have been damaged by material and condition.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.conservation\-us.org/publications\-resources/disaster\-response\-recovery \\|title\=Disaster Response and Recovery \\|publisher\=Conservation\-us.org \\|access\-date\=2015\-03\-01}} Activities may include protecting undamaged objects with plastic sheeting, packing damaged objects to move offsite (e.g. to a freezer, if they have become wet), isolating items that have become mouldy, retrieving broken pieces that have become detached, setting up fans to dry objects that have become wet. Building recovery may occur concurrently by Facilities, Security, and other custodial departments. The health and safety of staff, visitors and emergency personal remain the highest priority. #### Funding recovery efforts Many disaster recovery activities are limited by a lack of available resources and funding. Strategies to raise funds have included approaches to existing donors, 'adopt an artefact' campaigns where groups or individuals sponsor the conservation of damaged objects or exhibits, and fundraising events.{{cite web\\|title\=Funding Opportunities\\|url\=https://www.nedcc.org/free\-resources/funding\-opportunities/overview\\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-10\\|website\=Northeast Document Conservation Center\\|language\=en}} Social media has increasingly played a major role in fundraising and mobilizing recovery efforts. Raising [climate finance](/wiki/Climate_finance "Climate finance") or [green climate fund](/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund "Green Climate Fund") to combat the impacts to culture and communities, as result of climate calamities, is on the agenda for [COP27\.](/wiki/2022_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference "2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference"){{Cite web \\|title\=Germany, G7 launch 'Global Shield' climate finance at COP27 – DW – 11/14/2022 \\|url\=https://www.dw.com/en/germany\-g7\-launch\-global\-shield\-climate\-finance\-at\-cop27/a\-63728889 \\|access\-date\=2022\-11\-17 \\|website\=dw.com \\|language\=en}}	[ "Disaster preparedness plan\n--------------------------", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Office board with emergency planning, response, and salvage documents.](/wiki/File:Office_board_with_emergency_response.JPG \"Office board with emergency response.JPG\")", "Museums develop disaster (or emergency) preparedness plans for natural and man\\-made events that may be expected to occur. These plans are collection\\-focussed and separate to or a sub\\-component of wider organisational [operational risk management](/wiki/Operational_risk_management \"Operational risk management\") plans, which focus on human safety and business continuity (including procedures related to [crisis management](/wiki/Crisis_management \"Crisis management\") and [crisis communication](/wiki/Crisis_communication \"Crisis communication\") in order to protect the institution's [reputation](/wiki/Reputation \"Reputation\") in case of a [public relations](/wiki/Public_relations \"Public relations\") crisis). Despite their focus on cultural heritage, collection disaster preparedness plans still emphasise the need to put human safety above collection safety.", "Various [contingency plans](/wiki/Contingency_plan \"Contingency plan\") should also be included.", "The primary objectives of emergency planning are to identify risks in order to anticipate and, if possible, to avoid emergencies; to retain control when an emergency occurs; and to mitigate potential damage as quickly as possible.{{cite book \\\|last1\\=Buck \\\|first1\\=Rebecca \\\|last2\\=Gilmore \\\|first2\\=Jean \\\|title\\=MRM5: Museum Registration Methods \\\|date\\=2010 \\\|publisher\\=AAM Press \\\|location\\=Washington, D.C. \\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-933253\\-15\\-2 \\\|page\\=360}} Disaster preparedness plans are usually created and reviewed in consultation with various stakeholders. Copies of disaster preparedness plan are kept in different locations within and outside of the museum, in case the emergency situation prevents access to the museum site. Training is an important part of a disaster preparedness plan, to ensure that staff are familiar with the contents of the plan and understand how to effectively carry out the established protocols.", "A variety of templates and guides have been published to assist cultural organisations prepare for disasters:\n* Building an emergency plan, published by the Getty Conservation Institute in the US{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications\\_resources/pdf\\_publications/emergency.html\\\|title\\=Building an Emergency Plan: Guide for Museums \\& Cultural Institutions\\\|website\\=www.getty.edu}}\n* Be prepared, published by the Heritage Collections Council in Australia and made available via the Australian Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Materials{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://aiccm.org.au/disaster/disaster\\-planning/\\\|title\\=Disaster Planning}}\n* {{Proper name\\\|dPlan}}, hosted by the North East Document Conservation Centre (NEDCC){{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.nedcc.org/free\\-resources/dplan\\-artsready\\-2\\.0\\-online\\-disaster\\-planning\\-tool/prr\\-library\\\|title\\=PRR Guides and Resources\\\|website\\=Northeast Document Conservation Center}}\n* The Emergency Preparedness and Response wiki, prepared by the American Institute for Conservation{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.conservation\\-wiki.com/wiki/Emergency\\_Preparedness\\_\\&\\_Response\\\|title\\=Emergency Preparedness \\& Response \\- Wiki\\\|website\\=www.conservation\\-wiki.com\\\|date\\=18 December 2023 }} and including the Emergency Response and Salvage Wheel. The Wheel was previously available as an iPhone app but as of 2021 requires updating from 32\\-bit format.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.culturalheritage.org/resources/emergencies/disaster\\-response\\-recovery/ers\\-app\\\|title\\=ERS App\\\|website\\=www.culturalheritage.org}}\n* Resources from ICCROM's [FAR programme](https://www.iccrom.org/what-we-do/programmes/first-aid-and-resilience-cultural-heritage-times-crisis-far/our-approach) : First Aid and Resilience for Cultural Heritage in Times of Crisis (FAR){{Cite web \\\|title\\=First Aid and Resilience for Cultural Heritage in Times of Crisis (FAR) Resources \\\|url\\=https://www.iccrom.org/programmes/first\\-aid\\-and\\-resilience\\-times\\-crisis\\-far/resources \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-17 \\\|website\\=ICCROM \\\|language\\=en}}", "### Preparation", "To prepare for disasters, cultural organisations may conduct regular risk assessments to identify potential dangers to the collection or related organisational activities. This assessment is used to prepare both preventive maintenance programs (to prevent disasters from occurring) and response plans for identified scenarios. Other preparatory activities include creating and maintaining an inventory of the collection, identifying salvage priorities for different disaster scenarios, developing emergency telephone contact lists, identifying critical resources and contractors, and assembling useful disaster salvage equipment and supplies (e.g. spill kits, wet\\-dry vacuum cleaners, fans). Training for museum personnel is another key part of the preparation stage.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Emergency Preparedness and Response \\\|url\\=https://www.conservation\\-wiki.com/wiki/Emergency\\_Preparedness\\_%26\\_Response\\#Risk\\_Assessment \\\|website\\=American Institute for Conservation Wiki \\\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2019}} Cultural organizations may also consider setting up a mobile laboratory such as the heritage ambulance set up by IAPH in Seville.{{Cite web \\\|editor\\-last\\=Grow \\\|editor\\-first\\=Sharra \\\|title\\=News in Conservation \\\|url\\=https://issuu.com/nic\\_iiconservation/docs/nic\\-magazine\\-feb\\-mar\\-2022 \\\|access\\-date\\=16 November 2022 \\\|website\\=Isuu.com, page 8\\., News in Brief, NiC, Issue 88 Feb\\-March 2022, IIC\\\|date\\=5 February 2022 }}", "#### Insurance", "A detailed and flexible [insurance policy](/wiki/Insurance_policy \"Insurance policy\") is a useful preparation strategy. A policy may specify the replacement value of objects owned by the museum and those loaned by other organisations, and cover building repairs, temporary offsite storage, clean\\-up operations and other costs incurred.{{cite book\\\|editor\\-last\\=Buck\\\|editor\\-first\\=Rebecca A.\\\|title\\=MRM5 : museum registration methods\\\|date\\=2010\\\|publisher\\=AAM Press, American Association of Museums\\\|location\\=Washington, DC\\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-933253\\-15\\-2\\\|pages\\=351–369\\\|edition\\=5th\\\|author\\=Gilmore, Jean Allman}}{{cite book\\\|last\\=Malaro\\\|first\\=Marie C.\\\|title\\=A legal primer on managing museum collections\\\|author2\\=DeAngelis, Ildiko Pogány\\\|date\\=2012\\\|publisher\\=Smithsonian Books\\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-58834\\-322\\-2\\\|edition\\=3rd\\\|location\\=Washington, DC\\\|page\\=464}}", "### Prevention", "Emergency [preparedness](/wiki/Preparedness \"Preparedness\") should dovetail [collections maintenance](/wiki/Collections_maintenance \"Collections maintenance\") and [preservation](/wiki/Preservation_%28library_and_archive%29 \"Preservation (library and archive)\") activities.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Preventive Conservation\\\|url\\=http://www.icom\\-cc.org/36/working\\-groups/preventive\\-conservation/\\\|work\\=International Council of Museums\\-Committee for Conservation\\\|access\\-date\\= April 3, 2014}} Although many preventive measures are universal, certain measures are particularly useful in mitigating against collection disasters.", "#### Preventive maintenance", "A variety of teams within a cultural organisation contribute to its upkeep and maintenance.", "Facilities management ensure gas, sewage, electricity and water services are well\\-maintained and compliant with local codes. They maintain any fire doors, fire detection and suppression systems and check the building regularly for fire risks. Emergency access routes are signposted and cleared of obstacles.", "Collection management teams ensure items are stored in a manner to prevent water, dust and pest ingress. Storage enclosures and furniture keeps collection objects at least 10 cm above the floor to reduce the risk from floodwaters.{{cite web\\\|title\\=National Park Service \\- Museum Management Program\\\|url\\=http://www.nps.gov/history/museum/publications/conserveogram/18\\-02\\.pdf\\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-03\\-01\\\|publisher\\=Nps.gov}}", "#### Environmental monitoring", "Regular monitoring of the temperature and relative humidity in collection spaces (storage and display) helps identify new trends or unusual occurrences \\- for example, if a sudden increase in relative humidity is detected early enough, it may be possible to correct the environment before mould growth occurs.", "#### Security measures", "Physical security systems deter potential intruders (e.g. warning signs, [security lighting](/wiki/Security_lighting \"Security lighting\") and perimeter markings), detect intrusions and monitor/record intruders (e.g. intruder alarms and CCTV systems) and trigger appropriate incident responses (e.g. by security guards and police).{{cite book\\\|author\\=Garcia, Mary Lynn\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=NDMVuN\\_4VfIC\\&pg\\=PA1\\\|title\\=Design and Evaluation of Physical Protection Systems\\\|publisher\\=Butterworth\\-Heinemann\\\|year\\=2007\\\|isbn\\=9780080554280\\\|pages\\=1–11\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921071009/http://books.google.com/books?id\\=NDMVuN\\_4VfIC\\&pg\\=PA1\\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-21\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite book\\\|url\\=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/3\\-19\\-30/ch2\\.htm\\\|title\\=Field Manual 3\\-19\\.30: Physical Security\\\|publisher\\=Headquarters, United States Department of Army\\\|year\\=2001\\\|chapter\\=Chapter 2: The Systems Approach\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055650/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/3\\-19\\-30/ch2\\.htm\\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-21\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite book\\\|author\\=Anderson, Ross\\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/securityengineer00ande\\\|title\\=Security Engineering\\\|publisher\\=Wiley\\\|year\\=2001\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-471\\-38922\\-4\\\|url\\-access\\=registration}}", "#### Resources and personnel", "Preparedness for personnel includes providing museum staff with emergency training and predetermined designated responsibilities.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Emergency Plan for Collections \\\|url\\=https://www.amnh.org/research/natural\\-science\\-collections\\-conservation/general\\-conservation/emergency\\-preparedness/emergency\\-plan\\-for\\-collections \\\|website\\=American Museum of Natural History \\\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2019 \\\|archive\\-date\\=3 November 2019 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103022927/https://www.amnh.org/research/natural\\-science\\-collections\\-conservation/general\\-conservation/emergency\\-preparedness/emergency\\-plan\\-for\\-collections \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Trianing may take the form of 'desktop' walkthroughs of scenarios, quizzes, and hands\\-on salvage practice.", "#### Policies and procedures", "In an attempt to maintain control of any emergency, the policies and procedures in the emergency plan outline the chain of command, prescribed team roles and responsibilities, documentation requirements, and salvage priorities.", "#### Plan review and revision", "Periodically, museums will reevaluate their disaster preparedness plan to account for changes in contact numbers, locations or personnel, revised salvage priority lists, and other modifications impacting the institution's prevention, mitigation and preparedness strategy.", "### Response", "Immediate action taken within the first few hours or days to stabilize the environment, assess the damage, and report conditions and recommendations may be considered the 'response' phase of the disaster. Contingency and communication strategies in the disaster preparedness plan are put into action.", "The welfare of staff and visitors is the primary concern during an emergency, and their safety must be ensured first and foremost.Buck, Rebecca; Gilmore, Jean (2010\\). MRM5: Museum Registration Methods. Washington, D.C.: AAM Press. p. 363\\. {{ISBN\\\|978\\-1\\-933253\\-15\\-2}}. The best response is executed by following the prescribed emergency response plan, remaining safe and calm, and acting deliberately. Risk assessments are recommended to identify hazards to health and safety and to implement controls before recovery salvage work begins. For example, damaged structures may need to be stabilised before it is safe for salvage teams to enter. Collections and facilities may be contaminated with sewage, toxic chemicals or other hazardous substances. There may be electrical risks from damaged or exposed wiring. Salvage teams will also need safe, dry and warm rest areas and toilet facilities.(NPS Museum Handbook, Part I, 2000 PP 10:35 – 10:42\\)", "Response activities may include:\n* Liaising with first responders, such as fire\n* Contacting the organisation's insurance company and agents with any available information and photographs of the incident.\n* Contacting organizations or private lenders with loaned items in affected spaces.\n* Contacting museum emergency response teams to notify them to be on standby (if not required immediately).{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.nps.gov/history/museum/publications/conserveogram/21\\-10\\.pdf \\\|title\\=National Park Service \\- Museum Management Program \\\|publisher\\=Nps.gov \\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-03\\-01}}\n* Contacting pre\\-approved engineers, disaster response and salvage organizations, and other service providers, to make them aware of the incident and potential requests for assistance (e.g. for transport, generators, new or interim security controls, drying systems (fans/air pumps), clean water, and freezer services).\n* Preparing and releasing a press release via a media liaison.\n* Rescheduling any tour groups or other appointments.", "#### Documentation", "Documentation of the incident and any damage caused before commencing salvage activities is an important part of the response stage. This helps with planning, reduces recovery time, and provides a record for insurance purposes and other reporting. Photographs showing where dislodged objects have fallen can help to identify them later, based on their location. Documentation may need to be carried out under supervision of emergency services personnel, especially if the building is damaged or unstable.", "The disaster response team can use the information collected to discuss the next steps. These may include establishing salvage work areas, establishing personal protective equipment and hazardous substances mitigation requirements, recommendations for additional security controls, and triage protocols for salvage treatments.", "[thumb\\\|293x293px\\\|Emergency Response and Salvage Wheel nine categories of collections by material. Step by step!](/wiki/File:Emergency_Response_and_Salvage_Wheel_%28Safety_First%21%29.JPG \"Emergency Response and Salvage Wheel (Safety First!).JPG\")", "### Recovery", "[thumb\\\|266x266px\\\|Water\\-damaged records are air\\-dried through hanging at the Land Registration Authority (Leyte, Philippines). Photo taken during the Society of Filipino Archivists' Assessment and Technical Assistance to records offices affected by Super [Typhoon Haiyan](/wiki/Typhoon_Haiyan \"Typhoon Haiyan\") (Yolanda), 2013\\.](/wiki/File:Salvaging_records_damaged_by_Typhoon_Haiyan%2C_2013.png \"Salvaging records damaged by Typhoon Haiyan, 2013.png\")\nThe recovery phase begins when the disaster situation is brought under control and work to retrieve and treat damaged collection objects can begin. Plans developed during the response phase are put into action, and regularly reviewed and revised for as long as salvage operations continue.'Emergency Response and Recovery': Section 6\\. Buck, R., Gilmore, J., ed. (2010\\). Museum Registration Methods (5 ed.). Washington, D.C.: The AAM Press. {{ISBN\\\|978\\-1\\-933253\\-15\\-2}}.", "Salvage activities are more effective if salvage priorities are established prior to the commencement of recovery activities, even before a disaster has even occurred. Priority salvage lists are a common component of disaster preparedness plans. Cultural organisations may prioritise objects based on their value, their vulnerability, and their prospects for recovery ([triage](/wiki/Triage \"Triage\")).", "There are many online resources that specify how to stabilize and care for various object formats that have been damaged by material and condition.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.conservation\\-us.org/publications\\-resources/disaster\\-response\\-recovery \\\|title\\=Disaster Response and Recovery \\\|publisher\\=Conservation\\-us.org \\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-03\\-01}} Activities may include protecting undamaged objects with plastic sheeting, packing damaged objects to move offsite (e.g. to a freezer, if they have become wet), isolating items that have become mouldy, retrieving broken pieces that have become detached, setting up fans to dry objects that have become wet.", "Building recovery may occur concurrently by Facilities, Security, and other custodial departments.", "The health and safety of staff, visitors and emergency personal remain the highest priority.", "#### Funding recovery efforts", "Many disaster recovery activities are limited by a lack of available resources and funding. Strategies to raise funds have included approaches to existing donors, 'adopt an artefact' campaigns where groups or individuals sponsor the conservation of damaged objects or exhibits, and fundraising events.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Funding Opportunities\\\|url\\=https://www.nedcc.org/free\\-resources/funding\\-opportunities/overview\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-10\\\|website\\=Northeast Document Conservation Center\\\|language\\=en}} Social media has increasingly played a major role in fundraising and mobilizing recovery efforts.", "Raising [climate finance](/wiki/Climate_finance \"Climate finance\") or [green climate fund](/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund \"Green Climate Fund\") to combat the impacts to culture and communities, as result of climate calamities, is on the agenda for [COP27\\.](/wiki/2022_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference \"2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference\"){{Cite web \\\|title\\=Germany, G7 launch 'Global Shield' climate finance at COP27 – DW – 11/14/2022 \\\|url\\=https://www.dw.com/en/germany\\-g7\\-launch\\-global\\-shield\\-climate\\-finance\\-at\\-cop27/a\\-63728889 \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-17 \\\|website\\=dw.com \\\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
### Prevention Emergency [preparedness](/wiki/Preparedness "Preparedness") should dovetail [collections maintenance](/wiki/Collections_maintenance "Collections maintenance") and [preservation](/wiki/Preservation_%28library_and_archive%29 "Preservation (library and archive)") activities.{{cite web\\|title\=Preventive Conservation\\|url\=http://www.icom\-cc.org/36/working\-groups/preventive\-conservation/\\|work\=International Council of Museums\-Committee for Conservation\\|access\-date\= April 3, 2014}} Although many preventive measures are universal, certain measures are particularly useful in mitigating against collection disasters. #### Preventive maintenance A variety of teams within a cultural organisation contribute to its upkeep and maintenance. Facilities management ensure gas, sewage, electricity and water services are well\-maintained and compliant with local codes. They maintain any fire doors, fire detection and suppression systems and check the building regularly for fire risks. Emergency access routes are signposted and cleared of obstacles. Collection management teams ensure items are stored in a manner to prevent water, dust and pest ingress. Storage enclosures and furniture keeps collection objects at least 10 cm above the floor to reduce the risk from floodwaters.{{cite web\\|title\=National Park Service \- Museum Management Program\\|url\=http://www.nps.gov/history/museum/publications/conserveogram/18\-02\.pdf\\|access\-date\=2015\-03\-01\\|publisher\=Nps.gov}} #### Environmental monitoring Regular monitoring of the temperature and relative humidity in collection spaces (storage and display) helps identify new trends or unusual occurrences \- for example, if a sudden increase in relative humidity is detected early enough, it may be possible to correct the environment before mould growth occurs. #### Security measures Physical security systems deter potential intruders (e.g. warning signs, [security lighting](/wiki/Security_lighting "Security lighting") and perimeter markings), detect intrusions and monitor/record intruders (e.g. intruder alarms and CCTV systems) and trigger appropriate incident responses (e.g. by security guards and police).{{cite book\\|author\=Garcia, Mary Lynn\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=NDMVuN\_4VfIC\&pg\=PA1\\|title\=Design and Evaluation of Physical Protection Systems\\|publisher\=Butterworth\-Heinemann\\|year\=2007\\|isbn\=9780080554280\\|pages\=1–11\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921071009/http://books.google.com/books?id\=NDMVuN\_4VfIC\&pg\=PA1\\|archive\-date\=2013\-09\-21\\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite book\\|url\=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/3\-19\-30/ch2\.htm\\|title\=Field Manual 3\-19\.30: Physical Security\\|publisher\=Headquarters, United States Department of Army\\|year\=2001\\|chapter\=Chapter 2: The Systems Approach\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055650/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/3\-19\-30/ch2\.htm\\|archive\-date\=2013\-09\-21\\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite book\\|author\=Anderson, Ross\\|url\=https://archive.org/details/securityengineer00ande\\|title\=Security Engineering\\|publisher\=Wiley\\|year\=2001\\|isbn\=978\-0\-471\-38922\-4\\|url\-access\=registration}} #### Resources and personnel Preparedness for personnel includes providing museum staff with emergency training and predetermined designated responsibilities.{{cite web \\|title\=Emergency Plan for Collections \\|url\=https://www.amnh.org/research/natural\-science\-collections\-conservation/general\-conservation/emergency\-preparedness/emergency\-plan\-for\-collections \\|website\=American Museum of Natural History \\|access\-date\=2 November 2019 \\|archive\-date\=3 November 2019 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103022927/https://www.amnh.org/research/natural\-science\-collections\-conservation/general\-conservation/emergency\-preparedness/emergency\-plan\-for\-collections \\|url\-status\=dead }} Trianing may take the form of 'desktop' walkthroughs of scenarios, quizzes, and hands\-on salvage practice. #### Policies and procedures In an attempt to maintain control of any emergency, the policies and procedures in the emergency plan outline the chain of command, prescribed team roles and responsibilities, documentation requirements, and salvage priorities. #### Plan review and revision Periodically, museums will reevaluate their disaster preparedness plan to account for changes in contact numbers, locations or personnel, revised salvage priority lists, and other modifications impacting the institution's prevention, mitigation and preparedness strategy.	[ "### Prevention", "Emergency [preparedness](/wiki/Preparedness \"Preparedness\") should dovetail [collections maintenance](/wiki/Collections_maintenance \"Collections maintenance\") and [preservation](/wiki/Preservation_%28library_and_archive%29 \"Preservation (library and archive)\") activities.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Preventive Conservation\\\|url\\=http://www.icom\\-cc.org/36/working\\-groups/preventive\\-conservation/\\\|work\\=International Council of Museums\\-Committee for Conservation\\\|access\\-date\\= April 3, 2014}} Although many preventive measures are universal, certain measures are particularly useful in mitigating against collection disasters.", "#### Preventive maintenance", "A variety of teams within a cultural organisation contribute to its upkeep and maintenance.", "Facilities management ensure gas, sewage, electricity and water services are well\\-maintained and compliant with local codes. They maintain any fire doors, fire detection and suppression systems and check the building regularly for fire risks. Emergency access routes are signposted and cleared of obstacles.", "Collection management teams ensure items are stored in a manner to prevent water, dust and pest ingress. Storage enclosures and furniture keeps collection objects at least 10 cm above the floor to reduce the risk from floodwaters.{{cite web\\\|title\\=National Park Service \\- Museum Management Program\\\|url\\=http://www.nps.gov/history/museum/publications/conserveogram/18\\-02\\.pdf\\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-03\\-01\\\|publisher\\=Nps.gov}}", "#### Environmental monitoring", "Regular monitoring of the temperature and relative humidity in collection spaces (storage and display) helps identify new trends or unusual occurrences \\- for example, if a sudden increase in relative humidity is detected early enough, it may be possible to correct the environment before mould growth occurs.", "#### Security measures", "Physical security systems deter potential intruders (e.g. warning signs, [security lighting](/wiki/Security_lighting \"Security lighting\") and perimeter markings), detect intrusions and monitor/record intruders (e.g. intruder alarms and CCTV systems) and trigger appropriate incident responses (e.g. by security guards and police).{{cite book\\\|author\\=Garcia, Mary Lynn\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=NDMVuN\\_4VfIC\\&pg\\=PA1\\\|title\\=Design and Evaluation of Physical Protection Systems\\\|publisher\\=Butterworth\\-Heinemann\\\|year\\=2007\\\|isbn\\=9780080554280\\\|pages\\=1–11\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921071009/http://books.google.com/books?id\\=NDMVuN\\_4VfIC\\&pg\\=PA1\\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-21\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite book\\\|url\\=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/3\\-19\\-30/ch2\\.htm\\\|title\\=Field Manual 3\\-19\\.30: Physical Security\\\|publisher\\=Headquarters, United States Department of Army\\\|year\\=2001\\\|chapter\\=Chapter 2: The Systems Approach\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055650/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/3\\-19\\-30/ch2\\.htm\\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-21\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite book\\\|author\\=Anderson, Ross\\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/securityengineer00ande\\\|title\\=Security Engineering\\\|publisher\\=Wiley\\\|year\\=2001\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-471\\-38922\\-4\\\|url\\-access\\=registration}}", "#### Resources and personnel", "Preparedness for personnel includes providing museum staff with emergency training and predetermined designated responsibilities.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Emergency Plan for Collections \\\|url\\=https://www.amnh.org/research/natural\\-science\\-collections\\-conservation/general\\-conservation/emergency\\-preparedness/emergency\\-plan\\-for\\-collections \\\|website\\=American Museum of Natural History \\\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2019 \\\|archive\\-date\\=3 November 2019 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103022927/https://www.amnh.org/research/natural\\-science\\-collections\\-conservation/general\\-conservation/emergency\\-preparedness/emergency\\-plan\\-for\\-collections \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Trianing may take the form of 'desktop' walkthroughs of scenarios, quizzes, and hands\\-on salvage practice.", "#### Policies and procedures", "In an attempt to maintain control of any emergency, the policies and procedures in the emergency plan outline the chain of command, prescribed team roles and responsibilities, documentation requirements, and salvage priorities.", "#### Plan review and revision", "Periodically, museums will reevaluate their disaster preparedness plan to account for changes in contact numbers, locations or personnel, revised salvage priority lists, and other modifications impacting the institution's prevention, mitigation and preparedness strategy.", "" ]
General election ---------------- ### Campaign [thumb\\|right\\|First page of the [Civil Rights Act of 1964](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964 "Civil Rights Act of 1964")](/wiki/File:Civilrightsact1964.jpg "Civilrightsact1964.jpg") Although Goldwater had been successful in rallying conservatives, he was unable to broaden his base of support for the [general election](/wiki/General_election "General election"). Shortly before the Republican Convention, he had alienated moderate and liberal Republicans by his vote against the [Civil Rights Act of 1964](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964 "Civil Rights Act of 1964"), which he opposed due to his opinion that it was unconstitutional,{{cite web \\|url\=http://finduslaw.com/civil\_rights\_act\_of\_1964\_cra\_title\_vii\_equal\_employment\_opportunities\_42\_us\_code\_chapter\_21 \\|title\=Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125033337/http://finduslaw.com/civil\_rights\_act\_of\_1964\_cra\_title\_vii\_equal\_employment\_opportunities\_42\_us\_code\_chapter\_21 \\|archive\-date\=January 25, 2010 }} and which Johnson had supported following Kennedy's death and signed into law. Although a staunch supporter of racial equality, having voted in favor of the 1957 and 1960 civil rights bills, and the 24th Amendment to the Constitution, Goldwater felt that [desegregation](/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States "Desegregation in the United States") was primarily a states' rights issue, rather than a national policy. He thus believed the 1964 act to be unconstitutional. Goldwater's vote against the legislation helped lead African\-Americans to overwhelmingly support Johnson.{{cite news \\|last\=Barnes \\|first\=Bart \\|date\=May 30, 1998 \\|title\=Barry Goldwater, GOP Hero, Dies \\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-srv/politics/daily/may98/goldwater30\.htm \\|newspaper\=The Washington Post \\|access\-date\=November 6, 2016 }} Goldwater was also hurt by the reluctance of many prominent moderate Republicans to support him. Governors [Nelson Rockefeller](/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller "Nelson Rockefeller") of New York and [George W. Romney](/wiki/George_W._Romney "George W. Romney") of Michigan refused to endorse Goldwater due to his stance on civil rights and his proposal to make Social Security voluntary, and did not campaign for him. On the other hand, former Vice President [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") and Governor William Scranton of Pennsylvania loyally supported the GOP ticket and campaigned for Goldwater, although Nixon did not entirely agree with Goldwater's political stances and said that it would "be a tragedy" if Goldwater's platform were not "challenged and repudiated" by the Republicans. Scranton also felt that Goldwater's proposal of voluntarizing Social Security was the "worst kind of fiscal responsibility".[Black, Conrad](/wiki/Conrad_Black "Conrad Black") (2007\), p. 464\. The [New York Herald\-Tribune](/wiki/New_York_Herald-Tribune "New York Herald-Tribune"), a voice for eastern Republicans (and a target for Goldwater activists during the primaries), supported Johnson in the general election. Some moderates even formed a "Republicans for Johnson" organization, although most prominent GOP politicians avoided being associated with it.Nation: The Social Security Argument, Time, October 23, 1964 Republican discontent with Goldwater was the focus of the Johnson campaign's famous advertisement "[Confessions of a Republican](/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Republican "Confessions of a Republican")". [Fact](/wiki/Fact_%28U.S._magazine%29 "Fact (U.S. magazine)") magazine published an article polling psychiatrists around the country as to Goldwater's sanity. Some 1,189 psychiatrists appeared to agree that Goldwater was "emotionally unstable" and unfit for office, though none of the members had actually interviewed him. The article received heavy publicity and resulted in a change to the ethics guidelines of the [American Psychiatric Association](/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association "American Psychiatric Association"), now known as the [Goldwater rule](/wiki/Goldwater_rule "Goldwater rule"). In a [libel](/wiki/Libel "Libel") suit, a federal court awarded Goldwater $1 in compensatory damages, and $75,000 in punitive damages.{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/30/books/review/30gillespie.html?\_r\=1\&scp\=1\&sq\=goldwater%20psychiatrists%201964\&st\=cse \\|title\=The Hard Right\\|author\=Nick Gillespie \\| author\-link \= Nick Gillespie \\|date\=July 30, 2006 \\|work\= New York Times}}{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/29/health/essay\-the\-perils\-of\-putting\-national\-leaders\-on\-the\-couch.html?scp\=3\&sq\=goldwater%20psychiatrists%201964\&st\=cse \\|title\=Essay; The Perils of Putting National Leaders on the Couch \\|author\=Sally Satel\\| author\-link \= Sally Satel\\|date\=June 30, 2004 \\|work\= New York Times}}{{cite news\\|url\=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\=FB0A11F8345415738DDDAC0894D1405B858AF1D3\&scp\=6\&sq\=goldwater%20psychiatrists%201964\&st\=cse\\|title\='64 Poll of Psychiatrists On Goldwater Defended\\|work\=The New York Times \\|date\=September 5, 1965}}{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/05/16/archives/expert\-condemns\-goldwater\-poll\-tells\-libel\-trial\-magazine\-survey.html?sq\=goldwater%2520psychiatrists%25201964\&scp\=14\&st\=cse\\|title\=EXPERT CONDEMNS GOLDWATER POLL – Tells Libel Trial Magazine Survey Was 'Loaded'\\|work\=The New York Times \\|date\=May 16, 1968}}{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/05/25/archives/goldwater\-awarded\-75000\-in\-damages\-in\-his\-suit\-for\-libel\-goldwater.html?sq\=goldwater%2520psychiatrists%25201964\&scp\=34\&st\=cse\\|title\=Goldwater Awarded $75,000 in Damages In His Suit for Libel \\|page\=1\\|newspaper\=The New York Times\\|date\=May 25, 1968}} Eisenhower's strong backing could have been an asset to the Goldwater campaign, but instead, its absence was clearly noticed. When questioned about the presidential capabilities of the former president's younger brother, university administrator [Milton S. Eisenhower](/wiki/Milton_S._Eisenhower "Milton S. Eisenhower"), in July 1964, Goldwater replied: "One Eisenhower in a generation is enough." However, Eisenhower did not openly repudiate Goldwater, and made one television commercial for Goldwater's campaign.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/ike\-at\-gettysburg\\|title\=The Living Room Candidate – Commercials – 1964 – Ike at Gettysburg}} A prominent Hollywood [celebrity](/wiki/Celebrity "Celebrity") who vigorously supported Goldwater was [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan"). Reagan gave a well\-received televised speech supporting Goldwater; it was so popular that Goldwater's advisors had it played on local television stations around the nation. Many historians consider this speech — "[A Time for Choosing](/wiki/A_Time_for_Choosing "A Time for Choosing")" — to mark the beginning of Reagan's transformation from an actor to a political leader. In [1966](/wiki/1966_California_gubernatorial_election "1966 California gubernatorial election"), Reagan would be elected [Governor of California](/wiki/Governor_of_California "Governor of California"). Goldwater did not have ties to the [Ku Klux Klan](/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan "Ku Klux Klan") (KKK), but he was publicly endorsed by members of the organization.{{Citation \\|last\=Jamieson \\|first\=Kathleen Hall \\|title\=1964: Goldwater vs. Goldwater \\|date\=1996\-06\-20 \\|work\=Packaging The Presidency \\|pages\=169–220 \\|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1093/oso/9780195089417\.003\.0005 \\|access\-date\=2024\-04\-12 \\|publisher\=Oxford University PressNew York, NY \\|doi\=10\.1093/oso/9780195089417\.003\.0005 \\|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-508941\-7}}{{Cite journal \\|title\=Ku Klux Klan Members Supporting Barry Goldwater's Campaign for the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention, San Francisco, California, as an African American Man Pushes Signs Back \\|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.3998/mpub.11645040\.cmp.18 \\|access\-date\=2024\-04\-12 \\|website\=dx.doi.org\\|doi\=10\.3998/mpub.11645040\.cmp.18 }}[Lyndon B. Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") exploited this association during the elections,{{Cite journal \\|last1\=Beerman \\|first1\=Jill \\|last2\=Diamond \\|first2\=Edwin \\|last3\=Bates \\|first3\=Stephen \\|date\=1985 \\|title\=The Spot: The Rise of Political Advertising on Television \\|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.2307/4611507 \\|journal\=The Antioch Review \\|volume\=43 \\|issue\=3 \\|pages\=366 \\|doi\=10\.2307/4611507 \\|jstor\=4611507 \\|issn\=0003\-5769}} but Goldwater barred the KKK from supporting him and denounced them.{{Cite journal \\|date\=2002\-03\-29 \\|title\=New York Times New York City Poll, August 2001 \\|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.3886/icpsr03344\.v3 \\|access\-date\=2024\-04\-12 \\|website\=ICPSR Data Holdings\\|doi\=10\.3886/icpsr03344\.v3 }} #### Goldwater's gaffes Goldwater was famous for speaking "off\-the\-cuff" at times, and many of his former statements were given wide publicity by the Democrats. In the early 1960s, Goldwater had called the [Eisenhower administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_Eisenhower "Presidency of Dwight Eisenhower") "a [dime store](/wiki/Five_and_dime "Five and dime") [New Deal](/wiki/New_Deal "New Deal")".{{Citation needed\\|date\=April 2024}} In December 1961, he told a [news conference](/wiki/News_conference "News conference") that "sometimes, I think this country would be better off if we could just saw off the [Eastern Seaboard](/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States "East Coast of the United States") and let it float out to sea", a remark which indicated his dislike of the liberal economic and social policies that were often associated with that part of the nation. That comment came back to hurt him, in the form of a Johnson [television commercial](/wiki/Television_commercial "Television commercial"),{{cite web \\|title\=The Living Room Candidate – Commercials – 1964 – Eastern Seabord \\|url\=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/eastern\-seabord}} as did remarks about making [Social Security](/wiki/Social_Security_%28United_States%29 "Social Security (United States)") voluntary (something that even his running mate Miller felt would lead to the destruction of the system){{cite web \\|title\=The Living Room Candidate – Commercials – 1964 – Social Security \\|url\=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/social\-security}} and selling the [Tennessee Valley Authority](/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority "Tennessee Valley Authority"). In his most famous verbal gaffe, Goldwater once joked that the U.S. military should "lob one \[a nuclear bomb] into the men's room of the [Kremlin](/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin "Moscow Kremlin")" in the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"). #### Gulf of Tonkin Incident and Resolution Meanwhile, President Johnson was concerned he could lose the election by appearing soft on Communism.Karnow (1983\), p. 371\. On July 10, the {{USS\\|Maddox\\|DD\-731\\|6}} was ordered into the [Gulf of Tonkin](/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin "Gulf of Tonkin"), authorized to "maintain contact with the U.S. military command in Saigon ... and arrange 'such communications ... as may be desired'".Karnow (1983\), p. 366\. On July 30, South Vietnamese commandos tried to attack the North Vietnamese radar station on the island of Hon Me,Karnow (1983\), p. 367\. with the USS Maddox sufficiently close that the North Vietnamese believed it was there to provide cover for that commando raid.Karnow (1983\), p. 370\. North Vietnam filed an official complaint with the [International Control Commission](/wiki/International_Control_Commission "International Control Commission"), accusing the United States of being behind the raid. On August 2, the Maddox reported having been attacked by three North Vietnamese Navy torpedo boats.Moïse (1996\), pp. 50, 78\. Johnson called Soviet Premier Khrushchev, saying the US did not want war and asking the Soviets to convince North Vietnam to not attack American warships.Karnow (1983\), pp. 368–369\. The next day, August 3, South Vietnamese raided Cape Vinhson and Cua Ron. That night, in the middle of a thunderstorm, the Maddox intercepted radio messages that gave them "the 'impression' that Communist patrol boats were bracing for \[another] assault". They called for air support from the {{USS\\|Ticonderoga\\|CV\-14\\|6}}. The pilots didn't see anything, but the Maddox and the nearby {{USS\\|Turner Joy}} started shooting in all directions. However, after the incident, all US personnel involved acknowledged they had neither seen nor heard Communist gunfire. Nevertheless, Johnson and an aide Kenneth O'Donnell agreed that Johnson "would have to respond firmly to defend himself against Goldwater and the Republican right wing". Johnson denounced the attack as "unprovoked" and Congress passed the [Gulf of Tonkin resolution](/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution "Gulf of Tonkin Resolution"), giving the president the power to do effectively whatever they felt necessary in Vietnam and began major US involvement in the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"), and left Goldwater looking like an irresponsible hawk.Karnow (1983\), pp. 368–374\. Moïse (1996\) noted that the Johnson administration did not intentionally fake the incident. However, it's clear that Johnson was under pressure to do something, the attacks that actually occurred earlier were not "unprovoked", as Johnson claimed, and once he had taken action, he could not easily admit that the evidence was over\-stated. ### Ads and slogans [thumb\\|thumbtime\=3\\|Full "Daisy" advertisement](/wiki/File:Daisy_%281964%29.webm "Daisy (1964).webm") Johnson positioned himself as a moderate, and succeeded in portraying Goldwater as an extremist. CIA Director [William Colby](/wiki/William_Colby "William Colby") asserted that [Tracy Barnes](/wiki/Tracy_Barnes "Tracy Barnes") instructed the CIA to spy on the Goldwater campaign and the Republican National Committee, to provide information to Johnson's campaign; [E. Howard Hunt](/wiki/E._Howard_Hunt "E. Howard Hunt"), later implicated as a ringleader in the [Watergate scandal](/wiki/Watergate_scandal "Watergate scandal"), disputed this, instead claiming the operation had been ordered by the White House.Usdin, Steve (May 22, 2018\). "When the CIA Infiltrated a Presidential Campaign" (Politico) In his memoir Goldwater reported that during his 1964 campaign "our telephones had been bugged" and "our security had been penetrated. The opposition appeared to possess some of the details of our plans and strategies the minute a decision was made".{{cite book \\|last1\=Goldwater \\|first1\=Barry \\|title\=With No Apologies \\|date\=1979 \\|publisher\=William Morrow and Company \\|page\=263}} Goldwater had a habit of making blunt statements about [war](/wiki/War "War"), [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons "Nuclear weapons"), and [economics](/wiki/Economics "Economics") that could be turned against him. Most famously, the Johnson campaign broadcast a television commercial on September 7 dubbed the ["Daisy Girl"](/wiki/Daisy_%28advertisement%29 "Daisy (advertisement)") ad, which featured a little girl picking petals from a daisy in a field, counting the petals, which then segues into a [launch](/wiki/Rocket_launch "Rocket launch") [countdown](/wiki/Countdown "Countdown") and a nuclear explosion.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/peace\-little\-girl\-daisy\\|title\=The Living Room Candidate – Commercials – 1964 – Peace Little Girl (Daisy)}} The ads were in response to Goldwater's advocacy of "tactical" nuclear weapons use in [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam").Farber, David. The Age of Great Dreams: America in the 1960s. {{ISBN\\|1429931264}} "[Confessions of a Republican](/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Republican "Confessions of a Republican")", another Johnson ad, features a monologue from a man who tells viewers that he had previously voted for Eisenhower and Nixon, but now worries about the "men with strange ideas", "weird groups", and "the head of the [Ku Klux Klan](/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan "Ku Klux Klan")" who were supporting Goldwater; he concludes that "either they're not Republicans, or I'm not".{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/confessions\-of\-a\-republican\\|title\=The Living Room Candidate – Commercials – 1964 – Confessions of a Republican}} Voters increasingly viewed Goldwater as a [right\-wing](/wiki/Right-wing_politics "Right-wing politics") fringe candidate. His slogan, "In your heart, you know he's right", was successfully parodied by the Johnson campaign into, "In your guts, you know he's nuts", or, "In your heart, you know he might" (as in "he might push the [nuclear button](/wiki/Nuclear_button "Nuclear button")"), or even, "In your heart, he's too far right".{{cite web \\|title\=10 worst political slogans of all time \\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/the\-filter/10\-worst\-political\-slogans\-of\-all\-time/in\-your\-heart\-you\-know\-hes\-right/ \\|website\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]] \\|access\-date\=February 3, 2021 \\|date\=March 23, 2016}}{{cite web \\|title\=Election and the Vietnam War \\|url\=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lyndon\-B\-Johnson/Election\-and\-the\-Vietnam\-War \\|website\=\[\[Encyclopædia Britannica]] \\|access\-date\=February 3, 2021}} The Johnson campaign's greatest concern may have been voter complacency leading to low turnout in key states. To counter this, all of Johnson's [broadcast](/wiki/Broadcasting "Broadcasting") ads concluded with the line: "Vote for President Johnson on November 3\. The stakes are too high for you to stay home."{{Cite web \\|last\=Barth \\|first\=Jay \\|date\=2016\-05\-12 \\|title\=1964 redux: The stakes are too high for you to stay at home \\|url\=https://arktimes.com/columns/jay\-barth/2016/05/12/1964\-redux\-the\-stakes\-are\-too\-high\-for\-you\-to\-stay\-at\-home \\|access\-date\=2023\-05\-18 \\|website\=Arkansas Times \\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \\|title\=The Living Room Candidate \- Commercials \- 1964 \- Republican Convention \\|url\=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/republican\-convention \\|access\-date\=2023\-05\-18 \\|website\=www.livingroomcandidate.org}} The Democratic campaign used two other slogans: "All the way with LBJ";{{Citation \\|last\=Wilkes \\|first\=G. A. \\|title\=all the way with LBJ \\|date\=2008 \\|url\=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10\.1093/acref/9780195563160\.001\.0001/acref\-9780195563160\-e\-27 \\|work\=A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms \\|access\-date\=2023\-05\-18 \\|publisher\=Oxford University Press \\|language\=en \\|doi\=10\.1093/acref/9780195563160\.001\.0001 \\|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-556316\-0}}{{Cite magazine \\|date\=1961\-04\-14 \\|title\=The Vice\-Presidency: All the Way with LBJ. \\|language\=en\-US \\|magazine\=Time \\|url\=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,872238,00\.html \\|access\-date\=2023\-05\-18 \\|issn\=0040\-781X}}{{Cite web \\|title\=\[Delegates on the floor at the 1964 Democratic National Convention, Atlantic City, New Jersey; large banner reading "New York for LBJ all the way..."] / WKL. \\|url\=https://www.loc.gov/item/2014645524/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-05\-18 \\|website\=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}} and, "LBJ for the USA".{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.loc.gov/item/2012646840/\\|title\=LBJ for the USA\\|website\=Library of Congress}} The election campaign was disrupted for a week by the death of former president [Herbert Hoover](/wiki/Herbert_Hoover "Herbert Hoover") on October 20, 1964, because it was considered disrespectful to be campaigning during a time of mourning. Hoover died of natural causes. He had been U.S. president from 1929 to 1933\. Both major candidates attended his funeral.Best, Gary Dean. Herbert Hoover, the Post\-Presidential Years, 1933–1964: 1946–1964. pp. 415, 431–432 {{ISBN\\|0817977511}} Johnson [led in all opinion polls by huge margins](/wiki/Historical_polling_for_U.S._Presidential_elections%231964_United_States_presidential_election "Historical polling for U.S. Presidential elections#1964 United States presidential election") throughout the entire campaign."Gallup Presidential Election Trial\-Heat Trends, 1936–2008". Gallup, Inc.	[ "General election\n----------------", "### Campaign", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|First page of the [Civil Rights Act of 1964](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964 \"Civil Rights Act of 1964\")](/wiki/File:Civilrightsact1964.jpg \"Civilrightsact1964.jpg\")\nAlthough Goldwater had been successful in rallying conservatives, he was unable to broaden his base of support for the [general election](/wiki/General_election \"General election\"). Shortly before the Republican Convention, he had alienated moderate and liberal Republicans by his vote against the [Civil Rights Act of 1964](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964 \"Civil Rights Act of 1964\"), which he opposed due to his opinion that it was unconstitutional,{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://finduslaw.com/civil\\_rights\\_act\\_of\\_1964\\_cra\\_title\\_vii\\_equal\\_employment\\_opportunities\\_42\\_us\\_code\\_chapter\\_21 \\\|title\\=Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125033337/http://finduslaw.com/civil\\_rights\\_act\\_of\\_1964\\_cra\\_title\\_vii\\_equal\\_employment\\_opportunities\\_42\\_us\\_code\\_chapter\\_21 \\\|archive\\-date\\=January 25, 2010 }} and which Johnson had supported following Kennedy's death and signed into law. Although a staunch supporter of racial equality, having voted in favor of the 1957 and 1960 civil rights bills, and the 24th Amendment to the Constitution, Goldwater felt that [desegregation](/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States \"Desegregation in the United States\") was primarily a states' rights issue, rather than a national policy. He thus believed the 1964 act to be unconstitutional. Goldwater's vote against the legislation helped lead African\\-Americans to overwhelmingly support Johnson.{{cite news \\\|last\\=Barnes \\\|first\\=Bart \\\|date\\=May 30, 1998 \\\|title\\=Barry Goldwater, GOP Hero, Dies \\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-srv/politics/daily/may98/goldwater30\\.htm \\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\\|access\\-date\\=November 6, 2016 }}", "Goldwater was also hurt by the reluctance of many prominent moderate Republicans to support him. Governors [Nelson Rockefeller](/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller \"Nelson Rockefeller\") of New York and [George W. Romney](/wiki/George_W._Romney \"George W. Romney\") of Michigan refused to endorse Goldwater due to his stance on civil rights and his proposal to make Social Security voluntary, and did not campaign for him. On the other hand, former Vice President [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon \"Richard Nixon\") and Governor William Scranton of Pennsylvania loyally supported the GOP ticket and campaigned for Goldwater, although Nixon did not entirely agree with Goldwater's political stances and said that it would \"be a tragedy\" if Goldwater's platform were not \"challenged and repudiated\" by the Republicans. Scranton also felt that Goldwater's proposal of voluntarizing Social Security was the \"worst kind of fiscal responsibility\".[Black, Conrad](/wiki/Conrad_Black \"Conrad Black\") (2007\\), p. 464\\. The [New York Herald\\-Tribune](/wiki/New_York_Herald-Tribune \"New York Herald-Tribune\"), a voice for eastern Republicans (and a target for Goldwater activists during the primaries), supported Johnson in the general election. Some moderates even formed a \"Republicans for Johnson\" organization, although most prominent GOP politicians avoided being associated with it.Nation: The Social Security Argument, Time, October 23, 1964 Republican discontent with Goldwater was the focus of the Johnson campaign's famous advertisement \"[Confessions of a Republican](/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Republican \"Confessions of a Republican\")\".", "[Fact](/wiki/Fact_%28U.S._magazine%29 \"Fact (U.S. magazine)\") magazine published an article polling psychiatrists around the country as to Goldwater's sanity. Some 1,189 psychiatrists appeared to agree that Goldwater was \"emotionally unstable\" and unfit for office, though none of the members had actually interviewed him. The article received heavy publicity and resulted in a change to the ethics guidelines of the [American Psychiatric Association](/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association \"American Psychiatric Association\"), now known as the [Goldwater rule](/wiki/Goldwater_rule \"Goldwater rule\"). In a [libel](/wiki/Libel \"Libel\") suit, a federal court awarded Goldwater $1 in compensatory damages, and $75,000 in punitive damages.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/30/books/review/30gillespie.html?\\_r\\=1\\&scp\\=1\\&sq\\=goldwater%20psychiatrists%201964\\&st\\=cse \\\|title\\=The Hard Right\\\|author\\=Nick Gillespie \\\| author\\-link \\= Nick Gillespie \\\|date\\=July 30, 2006 \\\|work\\= New York Times}}{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/29/health/essay\\-the\\-perils\\-of\\-putting\\-national\\-leaders\\-on\\-the\\-couch.html?scp\\=3\\&sq\\=goldwater%20psychiatrists%201964\\&st\\=cse \\\|title\\=Essay; The Perils of Putting National Leaders on the Couch \\\|author\\=Sally Satel\\\| author\\-link \\= Sally Satel\\\|date\\=June 30, 2004 \\\|work\\= New York Times}}{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\\=FB0A11F8345415738DDDAC0894D1405B858AF1D3\\&scp\\=6\\&sq\\=goldwater%20psychiatrists%201964\\&st\\=cse\\\|title\\='64 Poll of Psychiatrists On Goldwater Defended\\\|work\\=The New York Times \\\|date\\=September 5, 1965}}{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/05/16/archives/expert\\-condemns\\-goldwater\\-poll\\-tells\\-libel\\-trial\\-magazine\\-survey.html?sq\\=goldwater%2520psychiatrists%25201964\\&scp\\=14\\&st\\=cse\\\|title\\=EXPERT CONDEMNS GOLDWATER POLL – Tells Libel Trial Magazine Survey Was 'Loaded'\\\|work\\=The New York Times \\\|date\\=May 16, 1968}}{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/05/25/archives/goldwater\\-awarded\\-75000\\-in\\-damages\\-in\\-his\\-suit\\-for\\-libel\\-goldwater.html?sq\\=goldwater%2520psychiatrists%25201964\\&scp\\=34\\&st\\=cse\\\|title\\=Goldwater Awarded $75,000 in Damages In His Suit for Libel \\\|page\\=1\\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\\|date\\=May 25, 1968}}", "Eisenhower's strong backing could have been an asset to the Goldwater campaign, but instead, its absence was clearly noticed. When questioned about the presidential capabilities of the former president's younger brother, university administrator [Milton S. Eisenhower](/wiki/Milton_S._Eisenhower \"Milton S. Eisenhower\"), in July 1964, Goldwater replied: \"One Eisenhower in a generation is enough.\" However, Eisenhower did not openly repudiate Goldwater, and made one television commercial for Goldwater's campaign.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/ike\\-at\\-gettysburg\\\|title\\=The Living Room Candidate – Commercials – 1964 – Ike at Gettysburg}} A prominent Hollywood [celebrity](/wiki/Celebrity \"Celebrity\") who vigorously supported Goldwater was [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\"). Reagan gave a well\\-received televised speech supporting Goldwater; it was so popular that Goldwater's advisors had it played on local television stations around the nation. Many historians consider this speech — \"[A Time for Choosing](/wiki/A_Time_for_Choosing \"A Time for Choosing\")\" — to mark the beginning of Reagan's transformation from an actor to a political leader. In [1966](/wiki/1966_California_gubernatorial_election \"1966 California gubernatorial election\"), Reagan would be elected [Governor of California](/wiki/Governor_of_California \"Governor of California\").", "Goldwater did not have ties to the [Ku Klux Klan](/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan \"Ku Klux Klan\") (KKK), but he was publicly endorsed by members of the organization.{{Citation \\\|last\\=Jamieson \\\|first\\=Kathleen Hall \\\|title\\=1964: Goldwater vs. Goldwater \\\|date\\=1996\\-06\\-20 \\\|work\\=Packaging The Presidency \\\|pages\\=169–220 \\\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1093/oso/9780195089417\\.003\\.0005 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-12 \\\|publisher\\=Oxford University PressNew York, NY \\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/oso/9780195089417\\.003\\.0005 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-508941\\-7}}{{Cite journal \\\|title\\=Ku Klux Klan Members Supporting Barry Goldwater's Campaign for the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention, San Francisco, California, as an African American Man Pushes Signs Back \\\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.3998/mpub.11645040\\.cmp.18 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-12 \\\|website\\=dx.doi.org\\\|doi\\=10\\.3998/mpub.11645040\\.cmp.18 }}[Lyndon B. Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson \"Lyndon B. Johnson\") exploited this association during the elections,{{Cite journal \\\|last1\\=Beerman \\\|first1\\=Jill \\\|last2\\=Diamond \\\|first2\\=Edwin \\\|last3\\=Bates \\\|first3\\=Stephen \\\|date\\=1985 \\\|title\\=The Spot: The Rise of Political Advertising on Television \\\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.2307/4611507 \\\|journal\\=The Antioch Review \\\|volume\\=43 \\\|issue\\=3 \\\|pages\\=366 \\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/4611507 \\\|jstor\\=4611507 \\\|issn\\=0003\\-5769}} but Goldwater barred the KKK from supporting him and denounced them.{{Cite journal \\\|date\\=2002\\-03\\-29 \\\|title\\=New York Times New York City Poll, August 2001 \\\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.3886/icpsr03344\\.v3 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-12 \\\|website\\=ICPSR Data Holdings\\\|doi\\=10\\.3886/icpsr03344\\.v3 }}", "#### Goldwater's gaffes", "Goldwater was famous for speaking \"off\\-the\\-cuff\" at times, and many of his former statements were given wide publicity by the Democrats. In the early 1960s, Goldwater had called the [Eisenhower administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_Eisenhower \"Presidency of Dwight Eisenhower\") \"a [dime store](/wiki/Five_and_dime \"Five and dime\") [New Deal](/wiki/New_Deal \"New Deal\")\".{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=April 2024}}", "In December 1961, he told a [news conference](/wiki/News_conference \"News conference\") that \"sometimes, I think this country would be better off if we could just saw off the [Eastern Seaboard](/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States \"East Coast of the United States\") and let it float out to sea\", a remark which indicated his dislike of the liberal economic and social policies that were often associated with that part of the nation. That comment came back to hurt him, in the form of a Johnson [television commercial](/wiki/Television_commercial \"Television commercial\"),{{cite web \\\|title\\=The Living Room Candidate – Commercials – 1964 – Eastern Seabord \\\|url\\=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/eastern\\-seabord}} as did remarks about making [Social Security](/wiki/Social_Security_%28United_States%29 \"Social Security (United States)\") voluntary (something that even his running mate Miller felt would lead to the destruction of the system){{cite web \\\|title\\=The Living Room Candidate – Commercials – 1964 – Social Security \\\|url\\=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/social\\-security}} and selling the [Tennessee Valley Authority](/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority \"Tennessee Valley Authority\"). In his most famous verbal gaffe, Goldwater once joked that the U.S. military should \"lob one \\[a nuclear bomb] into the men's room of the [Kremlin](/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin \"Moscow Kremlin\")\" in the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\").", "#### Gulf of Tonkin Incident and Resolution", "Meanwhile, President Johnson was concerned he could lose the election by appearing soft on Communism.Karnow (1983\\), p. 371\\. On July 10, the {{USS\\\|Maddox\\\|DD\\-731\\\|6}} was ordered into the [Gulf of Tonkin](/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin \"Gulf of Tonkin\"), authorized to \"maintain contact with the U.S. military command in Saigon ... and arrange 'such communications ... as may be desired'\".Karnow (1983\\), p. 366\\. On July 30, South Vietnamese commandos tried to attack the North Vietnamese radar station on the island of Hon Me,Karnow (1983\\), p. 367\\. with the USS Maddox sufficiently close that the North Vietnamese believed it was there to provide cover for that commando raid.Karnow (1983\\), p. 370\\. North Vietnam filed an official complaint with the [International Control Commission](/wiki/International_Control_Commission \"International Control Commission\"), accusing the United States of being behind the raid. On August 2, the Maddox reported having been attacked by three North Vietnamese Navy torpedo boats.Moïse (1996\\), pp. 50, 78\\. Johnson called Soviet Premier Khrushchev, saying the US did not want war and asking the Soviets to convince North Vietnam to not attack American warships.Karnow (1983\\), pp. 368–369\\. The next day, August 3, South Vietnamese raided Cape Vinhson and Cua Ron. That night, in the middle of a thunderstorm, the Maddox intercepted radio messages that gave them \"the 'impression' that Communist patrol boats were bracing for \\[another] assault\". They called for air support from the {{USS\\\|Ticonderoga\\\|CV\\-14\\\|6}}. The pilots didn't see anything, but the Maddox and the nearby {{USS\\\|Turner Joy}} started shooting in all directions. However, after the incident, all US personnel involved acknowledged they had neither seen nor heard Communist gunfire. Nevertheless, Johnson and an aide Kenneth O'Donnell agreed that Johnson \"would have to respond firmly to defend himself against Goldwater and the Republican right wing\". Johnson denounced the attack as \"unprovoked\" and Congress passed the [Gulf of Tonkin resolution](/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution \"Gulf of Tonkin Resolution\"), giving the president the power to do effectively whatever they felt necessary in Vietnam and began major US involvement in the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\"), and left Goldwater looking like an irresponsible hawk.Karnow (1983\\), pp. 368–374\\. Moïse (1996\\) noted that the Johnson administration did not intentionally fake the incident. However, it's clear that Johnson was under pressure to do something, the attacks that actually occurred earlier were not \"unprovoked\", as Johnson claimed, and once he had taken action, he could not easily admit that the evidence was over\\-stated.", "### Ads and slogans", "[thumb\\\|thumbtime\\=3\\\|Full \"Daisy\" advertisement](/wiki/File:Daisy_%281964%29.webm \"Daisy (1964).webm\")\nJohnson positioned himself as a moderate, and succeeded in portraying Goldwater as an extremist. CIA Director [William Colby](/wiki/William_Colby \"William Colby\") asserted that [Tracy Barnes](/wiki/Tracy_Barnes \"Tracy Barnes\") instructed the CIA to spy on the Goldwater campaign and the Republican National Committee, to provide information to Johnson's campaign; [E. Howard Hunt](/wiki/E._Howard_Hunt \"E. Howard Hunt\"), later implicated as a ringleader in the [Watergate scandal](/wiki/Watergate_scandal \"Watergate scandal\"), disputed this, instead claiming the operation had been ordered by the White House.Usdin, Steve (May 22, 2018\\). \"When the CIA Infiltrated a Presidential Campaign\" (Politico) In his memoir Goldwater reported that during his 1964 campaign \"our telephones had been bugged\" and \"our security had been penetrated. The opposition appeared to possess some of the details of our plans and strategies the minute a decision was made\".{{cite book \\\|last1\\=Goldwater \\\|first1\\=Barry \\\|title\\=With No Apologies \\\|date\\=1979 \\\|publisher\\=William Morrow and Company \\\|page\\=263}}", "Goldwater had a habit of making blunt statements about [war](/wiki/War \"War\"), [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons \"Nuclear weapons\"), and [economics](/wiki/Economics \"Economics\") that could be turned against him. Most famously, the Johnson campaign broadcast a television commercial on September 7 dubbed the [\"Daisy Girl\"](/wiki/Daisy_%28advertisement%29 \"Daisy (advertisement)\") ad, which featured a little girl picking petals from a daisy in a field, counting the petals, which then segues into a [launch](/wiki/Rocket_launch \"Rocket launch\") [countdown](/wiki/Countdown \"Countdown\") and a nuclear explosion.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/peace\\-little\\-girl\\-daisy\\\|title\\=The Living Room Candidate – Commercials – 1964 – Peace Little Girl (Daisy)}} The ads were in response to Goldwater's advocacy of \"tactical\" nuclear weapons use in [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam \"Vietnam\").Farber, David. The Age of Great Dreams: America in the 1960s. {{ISBN\\\|1429931264}} \"[Confessions of a Republican](/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Republican \"Confessions of a Republican\")\", another Johnson ad, features a monologue from a man who tells viewers that he had previously voted for Eisenhower and Nixon, but now worries about the \"men with strange ideas\", \"weird groups\", and \"the head of the [Ku Klux Klan](/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan \"Ku Klux Klan\")\" who were supporting Goldwater; he concludes that \"either they're not Republicans, or I'm not\".{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/confessions\\-of\\-a\\-republican\\\|title\\=The Living Room Candidate – Commercials – 1964 – Confessions of a Republican}} Voters increasingly viewed Goldwater as a [right\\-wing](/wiki/Right-wing_politics \"Right-wing politics\") fringe candidate. His slogan, \"In your heart, you know he's right\", was successfully parodied by the Johnson campaign into, \"In your guts, you know he's nuts\", or, \"In your heart, you know he might\" (as in \"he might push the [nuclear button](/wiki/Nuclear_button \"Nuclear button\")\"), or even, \"In your heart, he's too far right\".{{cite web \\\|title\\=10 worst political slogans of all time \\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/the\\-filter/10\\-worst\\-political\\-slogans\\-of\\-all\\-time/in\\-your\\-heart\\-you\\-know\\-hes\\-right/ \\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]] \\\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2021 \\\|date\\=March 23, 2016}}{{cite web \\\|title\\=Election and the Vietnam War \\\|url\\=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lyndon\\-B\\-Johnson/Election\\-and\\-the\\-Vietnam\\-War \\\|website\\=\\[\\[Encyclopædia Britannica]] \\\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2021}}", "The Johnson campaign's greatest concern may have been voter complacency leading to low turnout in key states. To counter this, all of Johnson's [broadcast](/wiki/Broadcasting \"Broadcasting\") ads concluded with the line: \"Vote for President Johnson on November 3\\. The stakes are too high for you to stay home.\"{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Barth \\\|first\\=Jay \\\|date\\=2016\\-05\\-12 \\\|title\\=1964 redux: The stakes are too high for you to stay at home \\\|url\\=https://arktimes.com/columns/jay\\-barth/2016/05/12/1964\\-redux\\-the\\-stakes\\-are\\-too\\-high\\-for\\-you\\-to\\-stay\\-at\\-home \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-18 \\\|website\\=Arkansas Times \\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\\|title\\=The Living Room Candidate \\- Commercials \\- 1964 \\- Republican Convention \\\|url\\=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/republican\\-convention \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-18 \\\|website\\=www.livingroomcandidate.org}} The Democratic campaign used two other slogans: \"All the way with LBJ\";{{Citation \\\|last\\=Wilkes \\\|first\\=G. A. \\\|title\\=all the way with LBJ \\\|date\\=2008 \\\|url\\=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10\\.1093/acref/9780195563160\\.001\\.0001/acref\\-9780195563160\\-e\\-27 \\\|work\\=A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-18 \\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\\|language\\=en \\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/acref/9780195563160\\.001\\.0001 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-556316\\-0}}{{Cite magazine \\\|date\\=1961\\-04\\-14 \\\|title\\=The Vice\\-Presidency: All the Way with LBJ. \\\|language\\=en\\-US \\\|magazine\\=Time \\\|url\\=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,872238,00\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-18 \\\|issn\\=0040\\-781X}}{{Cite web \\\|title\\=\\[Delegates on the floor at the 1964 Democratic National Convention, Atlantic City, New Jersey; large banner reading \"New York for LBJ all the way...\"] / WKL. \\\|url\\=https://www.loc.gov/item/2014645524/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-18 \\\|website\\=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}} and, \"LBJ for the USA\".{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.loc.gov/item/2012646840/\\\|title\\=LBJ for the USA\\\|website\\=Library of Congress}}", "The election campaign was disrupted for a week by the death of former president [Herbert Hoover](/wiki/Herbert_Hoover \"Herbert Hoover\") on October 20, 1964, because it was considered disrespectful to be campaigning during a time of mourning. Hoover died of natural causes. He had been U.S. president from 1929 to 1933\\. Both major candidates attended his funeral.Best, Gary Dean. Herbert Hoover, the Post\\-Presidential Years, 1933–1964: 1946–1964. pp. 415, 431–432 {{ISBN\\\|0817977511}}", "Johnson [led in all opinion polls by huge margins](/wiki/Historical_polling_for_U.S._Presidential_elections%231964_United_States_presidential_election \"Historical polling for U.S. Presidential elections#1964 United States presidential election\") throughout the entire campaign.\"Gallup Presidential Election Trial\\-Heat Trends, 1936–2008\". Gallup, Inc.", "" ]
Results ------- [thumb\\|right\\|upright\=1\.4\\|Election results by county.{{legend\\|\#1560BD\\|\[\[Lyndon B. Johnson]]\\|border\=1px \#AAAAAA solid}} {{legend\\|\#E32636\\|\[\[Barry Goldwater]]\\|border\=1px \#AAAAAA solid}} {{legend\\|\#00A550\\|\[\[Unpledged elector]]s\\|border\=1px \#AAAAAA solid}}](/wiki/File:PresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif "PresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif") {{original research section\\|date\=September 2023}} The election was held on November 3, 1964\. Johnson beat Goldwater in the general election, winning over 61% of the popular vote. Johnson became the only Democrat between 1944 and 1976 to win a majority of the popular vote. In the end, Goldwater won only his native state of [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona "Arizona") and five [Deep South](/wiki/Deep_South "Deep South") states — [Louisiana](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana "1964 United States presidential election in Louisiana"), [Mississippi](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi "1964 United States presidential election in Mississippi"), [Georgia](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Georgia "1964 United States presidential election in Georgia"), [Alabama](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama "1964 United States presidential election in Alabama"), and [South Carolina](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Carolina "1964 United States presidential election in South Carolina") — which had been increasingly alienated by Democratic civil rights policies, and where [Jim Crow laws](/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws "Jim Crow laws") tended to be still active to varying degrees, before the following year's [Voting Rights Act](/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965 "Voting Rights Act of 1965") outlawed them entirely. The five Southern states that voted for Goldwater swung over dramatically to support him. For instance, in Mississippi, where Democrat [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") had won 97% of the popular vote in [1936](/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election "1936 United States presidential election"), Goldwater won 87% of the vote.[Kornacki, Steve](/wiki/Steve_Kornacki "Steve Kornacki") (February 3, 2011\). ["The 'Southern Strategy', fulfilled"](http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/02/03/reagan_southern_strategy/index.html). [Salon.com](/wiki/Salon.com "Salon.com"). {{webarchive \\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413151441/http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war\_room/2011/02/03/reagan\_southern\_strategy/index.html \\|date\=April 13, 2011 }}. Of these states, Louisiana had been the only state where a Republican had won even once since [Reconstruction](/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States "Reconstruction era of the United States"). [thumb\\|right\\|Results by congressional district.](/wiki/File:1964_Presidential_Election%2C_Results_by_Congressional_District.png "1964 Presidential Election, Results by Congressional District.png") The 1964 election was a major transition point for the South, and an important step in the process by which the Democrats' former "[Solid South](/wiki/Solid_South "Solid South")" became a Republican bastion. Nonetheless, Johnson still managed to eke out a bare popular majority of 51–49% (6\.307 to 5\.993 million) in the eleven former Confederate states. Conversely, Johnson was the first Democrat ever to carry the state of [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont "Vermont") in a presidential election, and only the second Democrat, after Woodrow Wilson in 1912, when the Republican Party was divided, to carry [Maine](/wiki/Maine "Maine") since the Republican Party was founded in 1854\. Maine and Vermont had been the only states that FDR had failed to carry during any of his four successful presidential bids. Around twenty percent of the people who had voted for Nixon in the 1960 election switched their support to Johnson.{{cite book \\|last\=Murphy \\|first\=Paul \\|date\=1974 \\|title\=Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890\-present \\|publisher\=\[\[G. P. Putnam's Sons]]}} Of the 3,126 counties/districts/independent cities making returns, Johnson won in 2,275 (72\.77%), while Goldwater carried 826 (26\.42%). Unpledged electors carried six counties in Alabama (0\.19%). Johnson was the first president whose home state was in the former Confederacy since [Zachary Taylor](/wiki/Zachary_Taylor "Zachary Taylor") in 1848\. Goldwater was the only Republican presidential candidate between 1952 and 1992 to never have served as president. The Johnson landslide defeated many conservative Republican congressmen, giving him a majority that could overcome the [conservative coalition](/wiki/Conservative_coalition "Conservative coalition"). Johnson's landslide victory coincided with [the defeat](/wiki/1964_United_States_elections "1964 United States elections") of many conservative Republican congressmen. The subsequent [89th Congress](/wiki/89th_United_States_Congress "89th United States Congress") would pass major legislation such as the [Social Security Amendments of 1965](/wiki/Social_Security_Amendments_of_1965 "Social Security Amendments of 1965") and the [Voting Rights Act of 1965](/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965 "Voting Rights Act of 1965"). The 1964 election marked the beginning of a major, long\-term re\-alignment in American politics, as Goldwater's unsuccessful bid significantly influenced the [modern conservative movement](/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States "Conservatism in the United States"). The movement of conservatives to the Republican Party continued, culminating in the [1980 presidential victory](/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election "1980 United States presidential election") of [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan"). This was the first election to have the participation of the [District of Columbia](/wiki/District_of_Columbia "District of Columbia"), under the [23rd Amendment to the US Constitution](/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution") from 1961\. The Johnson campaign broke two American election records previously held by Franklin Roosevelt: the most Electoral College votes won by a major\-party candidate running for the White House for the first time (with 486 to the 472 won by Roosevelt in [1932](/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election "1932 United States presidential election")); and the largest share of the popular vote under the current Democratic/Republican competition (Roosevelt won 60\.8% nationwide, Johnson 61\.1%). This first\-time electoral count was exceeded when [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") won 489 votes in [1980](/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election "1980 United States presidential election"). {{start U.S. presidential ticket box\\| pv\_footnote\={{Leip PV source 2\\| year\=1964\\| as of\=May 8, 2013}} \\| ev\_footnote\={{National Archives EV source\\| year\=1964\\| as of\=August 7, 2005}}}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (incumbent)\\| party\=\[\[United States Democratic Party\\|Democratic]]\\| state\=\[\[Texas]]\\| pv\=43,129,040\\| pv\_pct\=61\.05%\\| ev\=486\\| vp\_name\=\[\[Hubert Humphrey]]\\| vp\_state\=\[\[Minnesota]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[Barry Goldwater]]\\| party\=\[\[United States Republican Party\\|Republican]]\\| state\=\[\[Arizona]]\\| pv\=27,175,754\\| pv\_pct\=38\.47%\\| ev\=52\\| vp\_name\=\[\[William E. Miller]]\\| vp\_state\=\[\[New York (state)\\|New York]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=(unpledged electors)\\| party\=Democratic\\| state\=Alabama\\| pv\=210,732\\| pv\_pct\=0\.30%\\| ev\=0\\| vp\_name\= \\| vp\_state\=\[\[Alabama ]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[Eric Hass]]\\| party\=\[\[Socialist Labor Party\\|Socialist Labor]]\\| state\=\[\[New York (state)\\|New York]]\\| pv\=45,189\\| pv\_pct\=0\.06%\\| ev\=0\\| vp\_name\=\[\[Henning A. Blomen]]\\| vp\_state\=\[\[Massachusetts]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[Clifton DeBerry]]\\| party\=\[\[Socialist Workers Party (United States)\\|Socialist Workers]]\\| state\=\[\[Illinois]]\\| pv\=32,706\\| pv\_pct\=0\.05%\\| ev\=0\\| vp\_name\=\[\[Ed Shaw (activist)\\|Ed Shaw]]\\| vp\_state\=\[\[Michigan]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[E. Harold Munn]]\\| party\=\[\[Prohibition Party\\|Prohibition]]\\| state\=\[\[Michigan]]\\| pv\=23,267\\| pv\_pct\=0\.03%\\| ev\=0\\| vp\_name\=\[\[Mark R. Shaw]]\\| vp\_state\=\[\[Massachusetts]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[John Kasper]]\\| party\=\[\[National States' Rights Party\\|States' Rights]]\\| state\=\[\[New York (state)\\|New York]]\\| pv\=6,953\\| pv\_pct\=0\.01%\\| ev\=0\\| vp\_name\=\[\[J. B. Stoner]]\\| vp\_state\=\[\[Georgia (U.S. state)\\|Georgia]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=Joseph B. Lightburn\\| party\=\[\[Constitution Party (United States 1952\)\\|Constitution]]\\| state\=\[\[West Virginia]]\\| pv\=5,061\\| pv\_pct\=0\.01%\\| ev\=0\\| vp\_name\=Theodore Billings\\| vp\_state\=\[\[Colorado]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box other\\| footnote\=\\| pv\=12,837\\| pv\_pct\=0\.02%}} {{end U.S. presidential ticket box\\| pv\=70,641,539\\| ev\=538\\| to\_win\=270}} {{bar box \\|title\=Popular vote \\|titlebar\=\#ddd \\|width\=600px \\|barwidth\=410px \\|bars\= {{bar percent\\|'''Johnson'''\\|{{party color\\|Democratic Party (US)}}\\|61\.05}} {{bar percent\\|Goldwater\\|{{party color\\|Republican Party (US)}}\\|38\.47}} {{bar percent\\|Others\\|\#777777\\|0\.48}} }} {{bar box \\|title\=Electoral vote \\|titlebar\=\#ddd \\|width\=600px \\|barwidth\=410px \\|bars\= {{bar percent\\|'''Johnson'''\\|{{party color\\|Democratic Party (US)}}\\|90\.33}} {{bar percent\\|Goldwater\\|{{party color\\|Republican Party (US)}}\\|9\.67}} }} ### Aftermath Although Goldwater was decisively defeated, some political pundits and historians believe he laid the foundation for the conservative [revolution](/wiki/Revolution "Revolution") to follow. Among them is [Rick Perlstein](/wiki/Rick_Perlstein "Rick Perlstein"), historian of the American conservative movement, who wrote of Goldwater's defeat: "Here was one time, at least, when history was written by the losers."{{Cite book\\|last\=Perlstein\\|first\=Richard\\|title\=Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus\\|publisher\=Nation Books\\|year\=2001\\|isbn\=978\-1\-56858\-412\-6\\|location\=New York\\|pages\=x}} [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan")'s speech on Goldwater's behalf, grass\-roots organization, and the conservative takeover (although temporary in the 1960s) of the [Republican party](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)") would all help to bring about the "[Reagan Revolution](/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan "Presidency of Ronald Reagan")" of the 1980s. Johnson used his victory in the 1964 election to launch the [Great Society](/wiki/Great_Society "Great Society") program at home, sign the [Voting Rights Act](/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act "Voting Rights Act") of 1965, and start the [War on Poverty](/wiki/War_on_Poverty "War on Poverty"). He also escalated the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"), which eroded his popularity. By 1968, Johnson's popularity had declined, and the Democrats became so split over his candidacy that he withdrew as a candidate. Moreover, his support of [civil rights](/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights "Civil and political rights") for blacks helped split white union members and Southerners away from [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt")'s Democratic [New Deal Coalition](/wiki/New_Deal_Coalition "New Deal Coalition"), which would later lead to the phenomenon of the "[Reagan Democrat](/wiki/Reagan_Democrat "Reagan Democrat")".{{Cite news\\|title\=Reagan, the South and Civil Rights\\|url\=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\=1953700\\|access\-date\=February 9, 2021\\|website\=NPR.org\\|date \= June 10, 2004\\|language\=en\\|last1 \= Williams\\|first1 \= Juan}} Of the 14 presidential elections that followed up to 2020, Democrats would win only six times, although, in eight of those elections, the Democratic candidate received the highest number of popular votes. The election also furthered the shift of the black voting electorate away from the Republican Party, a phenomenon which had begun with the [New Deal](/wiki/New_Deal "New Deal"). Since the 1964 election, Democratic presidential candidates have almost consistently won 80–95% of the black vote in each presidential election. ### Geography of results File:1964 Electoral Map.png\\|Results by state File:1964 United States presidential election results map by county.svg\\|Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote File:1964 United States Presidential election by congressional district.svg\\|Results by district, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote #### Cartographic gallery File:PresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif\\|Presidential election results by county File:DemocraticPresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif\\|Democratic presidential election results by county File:RepublicanPresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif\\|Republican presidential election results by county File:UnpledgedElectorsPresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif\\|Unpledged electors presidential election results by county File:OtherPresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif\\|"Other" presidential election results by county File:CartogramPresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif\\|\[\[Cartogram]] of presidential election results by county File:CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif\\|\[\[Cartogram]] of Democratic presidential election results by county File:CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif\\|\[\[Cartogram]] of Republican presidential election results by county File:CartogramUnpledgedElectorsPresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif\\|\[\[Cartogram]] of unpledged electors presidential election results by county File:CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif\\|\[\[Cartogram]] of "Other" presidential election results by county File:U.S. 1960 to 1964 presidential election swing.svg\\|County swing from 1960 to 1964 ### Results by state Source:{{cite web\\|url\=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year\=1964\&datatype\=national\&def\=1\&f\=0\&off\=0\&elect\=0\\|title\=1964 Presidential General Election Data – National\\|access\-date\=March 18, 2013}} States/districts won by [Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson")/[Humphrey](/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey "Hubert Humphrey") \| States/districts won by [Goldwater](/wiki/Barry_Goldwater "Barry Goldwater")/[Miller](/wiki/William_E._Miller "William E. Miller") \| \| Lyndon B. JohnsonDemocratic \| \| \| Barry GoldwaterRepublican \| \| \| Unpledged electorsUnpledged Democratic \| \| \| Other \| \| \| Margin \| \| State total \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| State \| electoralvotes \| \# \| % \| electoralvotes \| \# \| % \| electoralvotes \| \# \| % \| electoralvotes \| \# \| % \| electoralvotes \| \# \| % \| \# \| \| [Alabama](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama "1964 United States presidential election in Alabama") \| 10 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 479,085 \| 69\.45 \| 10 \| 210,732 \| 30\.55 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| −268,353 \| −38\.90 \| 689,817 \| AL \| [Alaska](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alaska "1964 United States presidential election in Alaska") \| 3 \| 44,329 \| 65\.91 \| 3 \| 22,930 \| 34\.09 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 21,399 \| 31\.82 \| 67,259 \| AK \| [Arizona](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arizona "1964 United States presidential election in Arizona") \| 5 \| 237,753 \| 49\.45 \| \- \| 242,535 \| 50\.45 \| 5 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 482 \| 0\.10 \| \- \| −4,782 \| −1\.00 \| 480,770 \| AZ \| [Arkansas](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arkansas "1964 United States presidential election in Arkansas") \| 6 \| 314,197 \| 56\.06 \| 6 \| 243,264 \| 43\.41 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 70,933 \| 12\.66 \| 560,426 \| AR \| [California](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_California "1964 United States presidential election in California") \| 40 \| 4,171,877 \| 59\.11 \| 40 \| 2,879,108 \| 40\.79 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 489 \| 0\.01 \| \- \| 1,292,769 \| 18\.32 \| 7,057,586 \| CA \| [Colorado](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Colorado "1964 United States presidential election in Colorado") \| 6 \| 476,024 \| 61\.27 \| 6 \| 296,767 \| 38\.19 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 302 \| 0\.04 \| \- \| 179,257 \| 23\.07 \| 776,986 \| CO \| [Connecticut](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Connecticut "1964 United States presidential election in Connecticut") \| 8 \| 826,269 \| 67\.81 \| 8 \| 390,996 \| 32\.09 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 435,273 \| 35\.72 \| 1,218,578 \| CT \| [Delaware](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Delaware "1964 United States presidential election in Delaware") \| 3 \| 122,704 \| 60\.95 \| 3 \| 78,078 \| 38\.78 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 113 \| 0\.06 \| \- \| 44,626 \| 22\.17 \| 201,320 \| DE \| [D. C.](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_the_District_of_Columbia "1964 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia") \| 3 \| 169,796 \| 85\.50 \| 3 \| 28,801 \| 14\.50 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 140,995 \| 71\.00 \| 198,597 \| DC \| [Florida](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida "1964 United States presidential election in Florida") \| 14 \| 948,540 \| 51\.15 \| 14 \| 905,941 \| 48\.85 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 42,599 \| 2\.30 \| 1,854,481 \| FL \| [Georgia](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Georgia "1964 United States presidential election in Georgia") \| 12 \| 522,557 \| 45\.87 \| \- \| 616,584 \| 54\.12 \| 12 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| −94,027 \| −8\.25 \| 1,139,336 \| GA \| [Hawaii](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Hawaii "1964 United States presidential election in Hawaii") \| 4 \| 163,249 \| 78\.76 \| 4 \| 44,022 \| 21\.24 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 119,227 \| 57\.52 \| 207,271 \| HI \| [Idaho](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Idaho "1964 United States presidential election in Idaho") \| 4 \| 148,920 \| 50\.92 \| 4 \| 143,557 \| 49\.08 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 5,363 \| 1\.83 \| 292,477 \| ID \| [Illinois](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Illinois "1964 United States presidential election in Illinois") \| 26 \| 2,796,833 \| 59\.47 \| 26 \| 1,905,946 \| 40\.53 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 890,887 \| 18\.94 \| 4,702,841 \| IL \| [Indiana](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Indiana "1964 United States presidential election in Indiana") \| 13 \| 1,170,848 \| 55\.98 \| 13 \| 911,118 \| 43\.56 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 1,374 \| 0\.07 \| \- \| 259,730 \| 12\.42 \| 2,091,606 \| IN \| [Iowa](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Iowa "1964 United States presidential election in Iowa") \| 9 \| 733,030 \| 61\.88 \| 9 \| 449,148 \| 37\.92 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 182 \| 0\.02 \| \- \| 283,882 \| 23\.97 \| 1,184,539 \| IA \| [Kansas](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas "1964 United States presidential election in Kansas") \| 7 \| 464,028 \| 54\.09 \| 7 \| 386,579 \| 45\.06 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 1,901 \| 0\.22 \| \- \| 77,449 \| 9\.03 \| 857,901 \| KS \| [Kentucky](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kentucky "1964 United States presidential election in Kentucky") \| 9 \| 669,659 \| 64\.01 \| 9 \| 372,977 \| 35\.65 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 296,682 \| 28\.36 \| 1,046,105 \| KY \| [Louisiana](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana "1964 United States presidential election in Louisiana") \| 10 \| 387,068 \| 43\.19 \| \- \| 509,225 \| 56\.81 \| 10 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| −122,157 \| −13\.63 \| 896,293 \| LA \| [Maine](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maine "1964 United States presidential election in Maine") \| 4 \| 262,264 \| 68\.84 \| 4 \| 118,701 \| 31\.16 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 143,563 \| 37\.68 \| 381,221 \| ME \| [Maryland](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maryland "1964 United States presidential election in Maryland") \| 10 \| 730,912 \| 65\.47 \| 10 \| 385,495 \| 34\.53 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 1 \| 0\.00 \| \- \| 345,417 \| 30\.94 \| 1,116,457 \| MD \| [Massachusetts](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Massachusetts "1964 United States presidential election in Massachusetts") \| 14 \| 1,786,422 \| 76\.19 \| 14 \| 549,727 \| 23\.44 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 4,755 \| 0\.20 \| \- \| 1,236,695 \| 52\.74 \| 2,344,798 \| MA \| [Michigan](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan "1964 United States presidential election in Michigan") \| 21 \| 2,136,615 \| 66\.70 \| 21 \| 1,060,152 \| 33\.10 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 1,704 \| 0\.05 \| \- \| 1,076,463 \| 33\.61 \| 3,203,102 \| MI \| [Minnesota](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota "1964 United States presidential election in Minnesota") \| 10 \| 991,117 \| 63\.76 \| 10 \| 559,624 \| 36\.00 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 2,544 \| 0\.16 \| \- \| 431,493 \| 27\.76 \| 1,554,462 \| MN \| [Mississippi](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi "1964 United States presidential election in Mississippi") \| 7 \| 52,618 \| 12\.86 \| \- \| 356,528 \| 87\.14 \| 7 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| −303,910 \| −74\.28 \| 409,146 \| MS \| [Missouri](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri "1964 United States presidential election in Missouri") \| 12 \| 1,164,344 \| 64\.05 \| 12 \| 653,535 \| 35\.95 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 510,809 \| 28\.10 \| 1,817,879 \| MO \| [Montana](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana "1964 United States presidential election in Montana") \| 4 \| 164,246 \| 58\.95 \| 4 \| 113,032 \| 40\.57 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 51,214 \| 18\.38 \| 278,628 \| MT \| [Nebraska](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nebraska "1964 United States presidential election in Nebraska") \| 5 \| 307,307 \| 52\.61 \| 5 \| 276,847 \| 47\.39 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 30,460 \| 5\.22 \| 584,154 \| NE \| [Nevada](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nevada "1964 United States presidential election in Nevada") \| 3 \| 79,339 \| 58\.58 \| 3 \| 56,094 \| 41\.42 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 23,245 \| 17\.16 \| 135,433 \| NV \| [New Hampshire](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Hampshire "1964 United States presidential election in New Hampshire") \| 4 \| 184,064 \| 63\.89 \| 4 \| 104,029 \| 36\.11 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 78,036 \| 27\.78 \| 288,093 \| NH \| [New Jersey](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey "1964 United States presidential election in New Jersey") \| 17 \| 1,867,671 \| 65\.61 \| 17 \| 963,843 \| 33\.86 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 7,075 \| 0\.25 \| \- \| 903,828 \| 31\.75 \| 2,846,770 \| NJ \| [New Mexico](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Mexico "1964 United States presidential election in New Mexico") \| 4 \| 194,017 \| 59\.22 \| 4 \| 131,838 \| 40\.24 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 1,217 \| 0\.37 \| \- \| 62,179 \| 18\.98 \| 327,615 \| NM \| [New York](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York "1964 United States presidential election in New York") \| 43 \| 4,913,156 \| 68\.56 \| 43 \| 2,243,559 \| 31\.31 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 6,085 \| 0\.08 \| \- \| 2,669,597 \| 37\.25 \| 7,166,015 \| NY \| [North Carolina](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Carolina "1964 United States presidential election in North Carolina") \| 13 \| 800,139 \| 56\.15 \| 13 \| 624,844 \| 43\.85 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 175,295 \| 12\.30 \| 1,424,983 \| NC \| [North Dakota](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Dakota "1964 United States presidential election in North Dakota") \| 4 \| 149,784 \| 57\.97 \| 4 \| 108,207 \| 41\.88 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 41,577 \| 16\.09 \| 258,389 \| ND \| [Ohio](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio "1964 United States presidential election in Ohio") \| 26 \| 2,498,331 \| 62\.94 \| 26 \| 1,470,865 \| 37\.06 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 1,027,466 \| 25\.89 \| 3,969,196 \| OH \| [Oklahoma](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oklahoma "1964 United States presidential election in Oklahoma") \| 8 \| 519,834 \| 55\.75 \| 8 \| 412,665 \| 44\.25 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 107,169 \| 11\.49 \| 932,499 \| OK \| [Oregon](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oregon "1964 United States presidential election in Oregon") \| 6 \| 501,017 \| 63\.72 \| 6 \| 282,779 \| 35\.96 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 218,238 \| 27\.75 \| 786,305 \| OR \| [Pennsylvania](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Pennsylvania "1964 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania") \| 29 \| 3,130,954 \| 64\.92 \| 29 \| 1,673,657 \| 34\.70 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 5,092 \| 0\.11 \| \- \| 1,457,297 \| 30\.22 \| 4,822,690 \| PA \| [Rhode Island](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Rhode_Island "1964 United States presidential election in Rhode Island") \| 4 \| 315,463 \| 80\.87 \| 4 \| 74,615 \| 19\.13 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 2 \| 0\.00 \| \- \| 240,848 \| 61\.74 \| 390,091 \| RI \| [South Carolina](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Carolina "1964 United States presidential election in South Carolina") \| 8 \| 215,700 \| 41\.10 \| \- \| 309,048 \| 58\.89 \| 8 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| −93,348 \| −17\.79 \| 524,756 \| SC \| [South Dakota](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Dakota "1964 United States presidential election in South Dakota") \| 4 \| 163,010 \| 55\.61 \| 4 \| 130,108 \| 44\.39 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 32,902 \| 11\.22 \| 293,118 \| SD \| [Tennessee](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Tennessee "1964 United States presidential election in Tennessee") \| 11 \| 634,947 \| 55\.50 \| 11 \| 508,965 \| 44\.49 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 125,982 \| 11\.01 \| 1,143,946 \| TN \| [Texas](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Texas "1964 United States presidential election in Texas") \| 25 \| 1,663,185 \| 63\.32 \| 25 \| 958,566 \| 36\.49 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 5,060 \| 0\.19 \| \- \| 704,619 \| 26\.82 \| 2,626,811 \| TX \| [Utah](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Utah "1964 United States presidential election in Utah") \| 4 \| 219,628 \| 54\.86 \| 4 \| 180,682 \| 45\.14 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 38,946 \| 9\.73 \| 400,310 \| UT \| [Vermont](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Vermont "1964 United States presidential election in Vermont") \| 3 \| 108,127 \| 66\.30 \| 3 \| 54,942 \| 33\.69 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 53,185 \| 32\.61 \| 163,089 \| VT \| [Virginia](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia "1964 United States presidential election in Virginia") \| 12 \| 558,038 \| 53\.54 \| 12 \| 481,334 \| 46\.18 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 2,895 \| 0\.28 \| \- \| 76,704 \| 7\.36 \| 1,042,267 \| VA \| [Washington](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Washington_%28state%29 "1964 United States presidential election in Washington (state)") \| 9 \| 779,881 \| 61\.97 \| 9 \| 470,366 \| 37\.37 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 7,772 \| 0\.62 \| \- \| 309,515 \| 24\.59 \| 1,258,556 \| WA \| [West Virginia](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_West_Virginia "1964 United States presidential election in West Virginia") \| 7 \| 538,087 \| 67\.94 \| 7 \| 253,953 \| 32\.06 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 284,134 \| 35\.87 \| 792,040 \| WV \| [Wisconsin](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin "1964 United States presidential election in Wisconsin") \| 12 \| 1,050,424 \| 62\.09 \| 12 \| 638,495 \| 37\.74 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 1,204 \| 0\.07 \| \- \| 411,929 \| 24\.35 \| 1,691,815 \| WI \| [Wyoming](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wyoming "1964 United States presidential election in Wyoming") \| 3 \| 80,718 \| 56\.56 \| 3 \| 61,998 \| 43\.44 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 18,720 \| 13\.12 \| 142,716 \| WY \|\| TOTALS: \| 538 \| 43,129,040 \| 61\.05 \| 486 \| 27,175,754 \| 38\.47 \| 52 \| 210,732 \| 0\.30 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 15,951,287 \| 22\.58 \| 70,641,539 \| US \| #### States that flipped from Republican to Democratic * [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska "Alaska") * [California](/wiki/California "California") * [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado "Colorado") * [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida") * [Idaho](/wiki/Idaho "Idaho") * [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana "Indiana") * [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa "Iowa") * [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas "Kansas") * [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky "Kentucky") * [Maine](/wiki/Maine "Maine") * [Montana](/wiki/Montana "Montana") * [Nebraska](/wiki/Nebraska "Nebraska") * [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire "New Hampshire") * [North Dakota](/wiki/North_Dakota "North Dakota") * [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio "Ohio") * [Oklahoma](/wiki/Oklahoma "Oklahoma") * [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon "Oregon") * [South Dakota](/wiki/South_Dakota "South Dakota") * [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee") * [Utah](/wiki/Utah "Utah") * [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia") * [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont "Vermont") * [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 "Washington (state)") * [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin "Wisconsin") * [Wyoming](/wiki/Wyoming "Wyoming") #### States that flipped from Democratic to Republican * [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28US_state%29 "Georgia (US state)") * [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana") * [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina") #### States that flipped from Unpledged to Republican * [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama "Alabama") * [Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi "Mississippi") #### Close states Margin of victory less than 5% (23 electoral votes): 1. Arizona, 1\.00% (4,782 votes) 2. Idaho, 1\.83% (5,363 votes) 3. Florida, 2\.30% (42,599 votes) Margin of victory over 5%, but less than 10% (40 electoral votes): 1. Nebraska, 5\.22% (30,460 votes) 2. Virginia, 7\.36% (76,704 votes) 3. Georgia, 8\.25% (94,027 votes) 4. Kansas, 9\.03% (77,449 votes) 5. Utah, 9\.73% (38,946 votes) Tipping point: 1. Washington, 24\.59% (309,515 votes) #### Statistics {{cite web\\|url\=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year\=1964\&datatype\=national\&def\=1\&f\=0\&off\=0\&elect\=0\\|title\=1964 Presidential General Election Data – National\\|access\-date\=March 18, 2013}} Counties with highest percent of vote (Democratic) 1. [Duval County, Texas](/wiki/Duval_County%2C_Texas "Duval County, Texas") 92\.55% 2. [Knott County, Kentucky](/wiki/Knott_County%2C_Kentucky "Knott County, Kentucky") 90\.61% 3. [Webb County, Texas](/wiki/Webb_County%2C_Texas "Webb County, Texas") 90\.08% 4. [Jim Hogg County, Texas](/wiki/Jim_Hogg_County%2C_Texas "Jim Hogg County, Texas") 89\.87% 5. [Menominee County, Wisconsin](/wiki/Menominee_County%2C_Wisconsin "Menominee County, Wisconsin") 89\.12% Counties with highest percent of vote (Republican) 1. [Holmes County, Mississippi](/wiki/Holmes_County%2C_Mississippi "Holmes County, Mississippi") 96\.59% 2. [Noxubee County, Mississippi](/wiki/Noxubee_County%2C_Mississippi "Noxubee County, Mississippi") 96\.59% 3. [Amite County, Mississippi](/wiki/Amite_County%2C_Mississippi "Amite County, Mississippi") 96\.38% 4. [Leake County, Mississippi](/wiki/Leake_County%2C_Mississippi "Leake County, Mississippi") 96\.23% 5. [Franklin County, Mississippi](/wiki/Franklin_County%2C_Mississippi "Franklin County, Mississippi") 96\.05% Counties with highest percent of vote (other) 1. [Macon County, Alabama](/wiki/Macon_County%2C_Alabama "Macon County, Alabama") 61\.54% 2. [Limestone County, Alabama](/wiki/Limestone_County%2C_Alabama "Limestone County, Alabama") 56\.01% 3. [Jackson County, Alabama](/wiki/Jackson_County%2C_Alabama "Jackson County, Alabama") 53\.53% 4. [Lauderdale County, Alabama](/wiki/Lauderdale_County%2C_Alabama "Lauderdale County, Alabama") 52\.45% 5. [Colbert County, Alabama](/wiki/Colbert_County%2C_Alabama "Colbert County, Alabama") 51\.41%	[ "Results\n-------", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|upright\\=1\\.4\\\|Election results by county.{{legend\\\|\\#1560BD\\\|\\[\\[Lyndon B. Johnson]]\\\|border\\=1px \\#AAAAAA solid}}\n{{legend\\\|\\#E32636\\\|\\[\\[Barry Goldwater]]\\\|border\\=1px \\#AAAAAA solid}}\n{{legend\\\|\\#00A550\\\|\\[\\[Unpledged elector]]s\\\|border\\=1px \\#AAAAAA solid}}](/wiki/File:PresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif \"PresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif\")\n{{original research section\\\|date\\=September 2023}}\nThe election was held on November 3, 1964\\. Johnson beat Goldwater in the general election, winning over 61% of the popular vote. Johnson became the only Democrat between 1944 and 1976 to win a majority of the popular vote. In the end, Goldwater won only his native state of [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona \"Arizona\") and five [Deep South](/wiki/Deep_South \"Deep South\") states — [Louisiana](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana \"1964 United States presidential election in Louisiana\"), [Mississippi](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi \"1964 United States presidential election in Mississippi\"), [Georgia](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Georgia \"1964 United States presidential election in Georgia\"), [Alabama](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama \"1964 United States presidential election in Alabama\"), and [South Carolina](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Carolina \"1964 United States presidential election in South Carolina\") — which had been increasingly alienated by Democratic civil rights policies, and where [Jim Crow laws](/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws \"Jim Crow laws\") tended to be still active to varying degrees, before the following year's [Voting Rights Act](/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965 \"Voting Rights Act of 1965\") outlawed them entirely.", "The five Southern states that voted for Goldwater swung over dramatically to support him. For instance, in Mississippi, where Democrat [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\") had won 97% of the popular vote in [1936](/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election \"1936 United States presidential election\"), Goldwater won 87% of the vote.[Kornacki, Steve](/wiki/Steve_Kornacki \"Steve Kornacki\") (February 3, 2011\\). [\"The 'Southern Strategy', fulfilled\"](http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/02/03/reagan_southern_strategy/index.html). [Salon.com](/wiki/Salon.com \"Salon.com\"). {{webarchive \\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413151441/http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war\\_room/2011/02/03/reagan\\_southern\\_strategy/index.html \\\|date\\=April 13, 2011 }}. Of these states, Louisiana had been the only state where a Republican had won even once since [Reconstruction](/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States \"Reconstruction era of the United States\").", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Results by congressional district.](/wiki/File:1964_Presidential_Election%2C_Results_by_Congressional_District.png \"1964 Presidential Election, Results by Congressional District.png\")\nThe 1964 election was a major transition point for the South, and an important step in the process by which the Democrats' former \"[Solid South](/wiki/Solid_South \"Solid South\")\" became a Republican bastion. Nonetheless, Johnson still managed to eke out a bare popular majority of 51–49% (6\\.307 to 5\\.993 million) in the eleven former Confederate states. Conversely, Johnson was the first Democrat ever to carry the state of [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont \"Vermont\") in a presidential election, and only the second Democrat, after Woodrow Wilson in 1912, when the Republican Party was divided, to carry [Maine](/wiki/Maine \"Maine\") since the Republican Party was founded in 1854\\. Maine and Vermont had been the only states that FDR had failed to carry during any of his four successful presidential bids.", "Around twenty percent of the people who had voted for Nixon in the 1960 election switched their support to Johnson.{{cite book \\\|last\\=Murphy \\\|first\\=Paul \\\|date\\=1974 \\\|title\\=Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890\\-present \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[G. P. Putnam's Sons]]}} Of the 3,126 counties/districts/independent cities making returns, Johnson won in 2,275 (72\\.77%), while Goldwater carried 826 (26\\.42%). Unpledged electors carried six counties in Alabama (0\\.19%). Johnson was the first president whose home state was in the former Confederacy since [Zachary Taylor](/wiki/Zachary_Taylor \"Zachary Taylor\") in 1848\\. Goldwater was the only Republican presidential candidate between 1952 and 1992 to never have served as president.", "The Johnson landslide defeated many conservative Republican congressmen, giving him a majority that could overcome the [conservative coalition](/wiki/Conservative_coalition \"Conservative coalition\"). Johnson's landslide victory coincided with [the defeat](/wiki/1964_United_States_elections \"1964 United States elections\") of many conservative Republican congressmen. The subsequent [89th Congress](/wiki/89th_United_States_Congress \"89th United States Congress\") would pass major legislation such as the [Social Security Amendments of 1965](/wiki/Social_Security_Amendments_of_1965 \"Social Security Amendments of 1965\") and the [Voting Rights Act of 1965](/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965 \"Voting Rights Act of 1965\"). The 1964 election marked the beginning of a major, long\\-term re\\-alignment in American politics, as Goldwater's unsuccessful bid significantly influenced the [modern conservative movement](/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States \"Conservatism in the United States\"). The movement of conservatives to the Republican Party continued, culminating in the [1980 presidential victory](/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election \"1980 United States presidential election\") of [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\").", "This was the first election to have the participation of the [District of Columbia](/wiki/District_of_Columbia \"District of Columbia\"), under the [23rd Amendment to the US Constitution](/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution \"Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution\") from 1961\\. The Johnson campaign broke two American election records previously held by Franklin Roosevelt: the most Electoral College votes won by a major\\-party candidate running for the White House for the first time (with 486 to the 472 won by Roosevelt in [1932](/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election \"1932 United States presidential election\")); and the largest share of the popular vote under the current Democratic/Republican competition (Roosevelt won 60\\.8% nationwide, Johnson 61\\.1%). This first\\-time electoral count was exceeded when [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\") won 489 votes in [1980](/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election \"1980 United States presidential election\").", "{{start U.S. presidential ticket box\\\| pv\\_footnote\\={{Leip PV source 2\\\| year\\=1964\\\| as of\\=May 8, 2013}}\n\\\| ev\\_footnote\\={{National Archives EV source\\\| year\\=1964\\\| as of\\=August 7, 2005}}}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (incumbent)\\\| party\\=\\[\\[United States Democratic Party\\\|Democratic]]\\\| state\\=\\[\\[Texas]]\\\| pv\\=43,129,040\\\| pv\\_pct\\=61\\.05%\\\| ev\\=486\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Hubert Humphrey]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Minnesota]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[Barry Goldwater]]\\\| party\\=\\[\\[United States Republican Party\\\|Republican]]\\\| state\\=\\[\\[Arizona]]\\\| pv\\=27,175,754\\\| pv\\_pct\\=38\\.47%\\\| ev\\=52\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[William E. Miller]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[New York (state)\\\|New York]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=(unpledged electors)\\\| party\\=Democratic\\\| state\\=Alabama\\\| pv\\=210,732\\\| pv\\_pct\\=0\\.30%\\\| ev\\=0\\\| vp\\_name\\= \\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Alabama ]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[Eric Hass]]\\\| party\\=\\[\\[Socialist Labor Party\\\|Socialist Labor]]\\\| state\\=\\[\\[New York (state)\\\|New York]]\\\| pv\\=45,189\\\| pv\\_pct\\=0\\.06%\\\| ev\\=0\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Henning A. Blomen]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Massachusetts]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[Clifton DeBerry]]\\\| party\\=\\[\\[Socialist Workers Party (United States)\\\|Socialist Workers]]\\\| state\\=\\[\\[Illinois]]\\\| pv\\=32,706\\\| pv\\_pct\\=0\\.05%\\\| ev\\=0\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Ed Shaw (activist)\\\|Ed Shaw]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Michigan]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[E. Harold Munn]]\\\| party\\=\\[\\[Prohibition Party\\\|Prohibition]]\\\| state\\=\\[\\[Michigan]]\\\| pv\\=23,267\\\| pv\\_pct\\=0\\.03%\\\| ev\\=0\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Mark R. Shaw]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Massachusetts]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[John Kasper]]\\\| party\\=\\[\\[National States' Rights Party\\\|States' Rights]]\\\| state\\=\\[\\[New York (state)\\\|New York]]\\\| pv\\=6,953\\\| pv\\_pct\\=0\\.01%\\\| ev\\=0\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[J. B. Stoner]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Georgia (U.S. state)\\\|Georgia]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=Joseph B. Lightburn\\\| party\\=\\[\\[Constitution Party (United States 1952\\)\\\|Constitution]]\\\| state\\=\\[\\[West Virginia]]\\\| pv\\=5,061\\\| pv\\_pct\\=0\\.01%\\\| ev\\=0\\\| vp\\_name\\=Theodore Billings\\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Colorado]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box other\\\| footnote\\=\\\| pv\\=12,837\\\| pv\\_pct\\=0\\.02%}}\n{{end U.S. presidential ticket box\\\| pv\\=70,641,539\\\| ev\\=538\\\| to\\_win\\=270}}", "{{bar box\n\\\|title\\=Popular vote\n\\\|titlebar\\=\\#ddd\n\\\|width\\=600px\n\\\|barwidth\\=410px\n\\\|bars\\=\n{{bar percent\\\|'''Johnson'''\\\|{{party color\\\|Democratic Party (US)}}\\\|61\\.05}}\n{{bar percent\\\|Goldwater\\\|{{party color\\\|Republican Party (US)}}\\\|38\\.47}}\n{{bar percent\\\|Others\\\|\\#777777\\\|0\\.48}}\n}}\n{{bar box\n\\\|title\\=Electoral vote\n\\\|titlebar\\=\\#ddd\n\\\|width\\=600px\n\\\|barwidth\\=410px\n\\\|bars\\=\n{{bar percent\\\|'''Johnson'''\\\|{{party color\\\|Democratic Party (US)}}\\\|90\\.33}}\n{{bar percent\\\|Goldwater\\\|{{party color\\\|Republican Party (US)}}\\\|9\\.67}}\n}}", "### Aftermath", "Although Goldwater was decisively defeated, some political pundits and historians believe he laid the foundation for the conservative [revolution](/wiki/Revolution \"Revolution\") to follow. Among them is [Rick Perlstein](/wiki/Rick_Perlstein \"Rick Perlstein\"), historian of the American conservative movement, who wrote of Goldwater's defeat: \"Here was one time, at least, when history was written by the losers.\"{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Perlstein\\\|first\\=Richard\\\|title\\=Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus\\\|publisher\\=Nation Books\\\|year\\=2001\\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-56858\\-412\\-6\\\|location\\=New York\\\|pages\\=x}} [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\")'s speech on Goldwater's behalf, grass\\-roots organization, and the conservative takeover (although temporary in the 1960s) of the [Republican party](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") would all help to bring about the \"[Reagan Revolution](/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan \"Presidency of Ronald Reagan\")\" of the 1980s.", "Johnson used his victory in the 1964 election to launch the [Great Society](/wiki/Great_Society \"Great Society\") program at home, sign the [Voting Rights Act](/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act \"Voting Rights Act\") of 1965, and start the [War on Poverty](/wiki/War_on_Poverty \"War on Poverty\"). He also escalated the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\"), which eroded his popularity. By 1968, Johnson's popularity had declined, and the Democrats became so split over his candidacy that he withdrew as a candidate. Moreover, his support of [civil rights](/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights \"Civil and political rights\") for blacks helped split white union members and Southerners away from [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\")'s Democratic [New Deal Coalition](/wiki/New_Deal_Coalition \"New Deal Coalition\"), which would later lead to the phenomenon of the \"[Reagan Democrat](/wiki/Reagan_Democrat \"Reagan Democrat\")\".{{Cite news\\\|title\\=Reagan, the South and Civil Rights\\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\\=1953700\\\|access\\-date\\=February 9, 2021\\\|website\\=NPR.org\\\|date \\= June 10, 2004\\\|language\\=en\\\|last1 \\= Williams\\\|first1 \\= Juan}} Of the 14 presidential elections that followed up to 2020, Democrats would win only six times, although, in eight of those elections, the Democratic candidate received the highest number of popular votes. The election also furthered the shift of the black voting electorate away from the Republican Party, a phenomenon which had begun with the [New Deal](/wiki/New_Deal \"New Deal\"). Since the 1964 election, Democratic presidential candidates have almost consistently won 80–95% of the black vote in each presidential election.", "### Geography of results", "", "File:1964 Electoral Map.png\\\|Results by state\nFile:1964 United States presidential election results map by county.svg\\\|Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote\nFile:1964 United States Presidential election by congressional district.svg\\\|Results by district, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote", "", "#### Cartographic gallery", "", "File:PresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif\\\|Presidential election results by county\nFile:DemocraticPresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif\\\|Democratic presidential election results by county\nFile:RepublicanPresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif\\\|Republican presidential election results by county\nFile:UnpledgedElectorsPresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif\\\|Unpledged electors presidential election results by county\nFile:OtherPresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif\\\|\"Other\" presidential election results by county\nFile:CartogramPresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif\\\|\\[\\[Cartogram]] of presidential election results by county\nFile:CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif\\\|\\[\\[Cartogram]] of Democratic presidential election results by county\nFile:CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif\\\|\\[\\[Cartogram]] of Republican presidential election results by county\nFile:CartogramUnpledgedElectorsPresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif\\\|\\[\\[Cartogram]] of unpledged electors presidential election results by county\nFile:CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1964Colorbrewer.gif\\\|\\[\\[Cartogram]] of \"Other\" presidential election results by county\nFile:U.S. 1960 to 1964 presidential election swing.svg\\\|County swing from 1960 to 1964", "", "### Results by state", "Source:{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year\\=1964\\&datatype\\=national\\&def\\=1\\&f\\=0\\&off\\=0\\&elect\\=0\\\|title\\=1964 Presidential General Election Data – National\\\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2013}}", "States/districts won by [Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson \"Lyndon B. Johnson\")/[Humphrey](/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey \"Hubert Humphrey\") \|\n States/districts won by [Goldwater](/wiki/Barry_Goldwater \"Barry Goldwater\")/[Miller](/wiki/William_E._Miller \"William E. Miller\") \|", "\|", "Lyndon B. JohnsonDemocratic \| \| \|\n Barry GoldwaterRepublican \| \| \|\n Unpledged electorsUnpledged Democratic \| \| \|\n Other \| \| \|\n Margin \| \|\n State total \| \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| State \| electoralvotes \| \\# \| % \| electoralvotes \| \\# \| % \| electoralvotes \| \\# \| % \| electoralvotes \| \\# \| % \| electoralvotes \| \\# \| % \| \\# \| \|", "[Alabama](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama \"1964 United States presidential election in Alabama\") \|\n 10 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 479,085 \|\n 69\\.45 \|\n 10 \|\n 210,732 \|\n 30\\.55 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n −268,353 \|\n −38\\.90 \|\n 689,817 \|\n AL \|\n [Alaska](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alaska \"1964 United States presidential election in Alaska\") \|\n 3 \|\n 44,329 \|\n 65\\.91 \|\n 3 \|\n 22,930 \|\n 34\\.09 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 21,399 \|\n 31\\.82 \|\n 67,259 \|\n AK \|\n [Arizona](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arizona \"1964 United States presidential election in Arizona\") \|\n 5 \|\n 237,753 \|\n 49\\.45 \|\n \\- \|\n 242,535 \|\n 50\\.45 \|\n 5 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 482 \|\n 0\\.10 \|\n \\- \|\n −4,782 \|\n −1\\.00 \|\n 480,770 \|\n AZ \|\n [Arkansas](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arkansas \"1964 United States presidential election in Arkansas\") \|\n 6 \|\n 314,197 \|\n 56\\.06 \|\n 6 \|\n 243,264 \|\n 43\\.41 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 70,933 \|\n 12\\.66 \|\n 560,426 \|\n AR \|\n [California](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_California \"1964 United States presidential election in California\") \|\n 40 \|\n 4,171,877 \|\n 59\\.11 \|\n 40 \|\n 2,879,108 \|\n 40\\.79 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 489 \|\n 0\\.01 \|\n \\- \|\n 1,292,769 \|\n 18\\.32 \|\n 7,057,586 \|\n CA \|\n [Colorado](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Colorado \"1964 United States presidential election in Colorado\") \|\n 6 \|\n 476,024 \|\n 61\\.27 \|\n 6 \|\n 296,767 \|\n 38\\.19 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 302 \|\n 0\\.04 \|\n \\- \|\n 179,257 \|\n 23\\.07 \|\n 776,986 \|\n CO \|\n [Connecticut](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Connecticut \"1964 United States presidential election in Connecticut\") \|\n 8 \|\n 826,269 \|\n 67\\.81 \|\n 8 \|\n 390,996 \|\n 32\\.09 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 435,273 \|\n 35\\.72 \|\n 1,218,578 \|\n CT \|\n [Delaware](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Delaware \"1964 United States presidential election in Delaware\") \|\n 3 \|\n 122,704 \|\n 60\\.95 \|\n 3 \|\n 78,078 \|\n 38\\.78 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 113 \|\n 0\\.06 \|\n \\- \|\n 44,626 \|\n 22\\.17 \|\n 201,320 \|\n DE \|\n [D. C.](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_the_District_of_Columbia \"1964 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia\") \|\n 3 \|\n 169,796 \|\n 85\\.50 \|\n 3 \|\n 28,801 \|\n 14\\.50 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 140,995 \|\n 71\\.00 \|\n 198,597 \|\n DC \|\n [Florida](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida \"1964 United States presidential election in Florida\") \|\n 14 \|\n 948,540 \|\n 51\\.15 \|\n 14 \|\n 905,941 \|\n 48\\.85 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 42,599 \|\n 2\\.30 \|\n 1,854,481 \|\n FL \|\n [Georgia](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Georgia \"1964 United States presidential election in Georgia\") \|\n 12 \|\n 522,557 \|\n 45\\.87 \|\n \\- \|\n 616,584 \|\n 54\\.12 \|\n 12 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n −94,027 \|\n −8\\.25 \|\n 1,139,336 \|\n GA \|\n [Hawaii](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Hawaii \"1964 United States presidential election in Hawaii\") \|\n 4 \|\n 163,249 \|\n 78\\.76 \|\n 4 \|\n 44,022 \|\n 21\\.24 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 119,227 \|\n 57\\.52 \|\n 207,271 \|\n HI \|\n [Idaho](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Idaho \"1964 United States presidential election in Idaho\") \|\n 4 \|\n 148,920 \|\n 50\\.92 \|\n 4 \|\n 143,557 \|\n 49\\.08 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 5,363 \|\n 1\\.83 \|\n 292,477 \|\n ID \|\n [Illinois](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Illinois \"1964 United States presidential election in Illinois\") \|\n 26 \|\n 2,796,833 \|\n 59\\.47 \|\n 26 \|\n 1,905,946 \|\n 40\\.53 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 890,887 \|\n 18\\.94 \|\n 4,702,841 \|\n IL \|\n [Indiana](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Indiana \"1964 United States presidential election in Indiana\") \|\n 13 \|\n 1,170,848 \|\n 55\\.98 \|\n 13 \|\n 911,118 \|\n 43\\.56 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 1,374 \|\n 0\\.07 \|\n \\- \|\n 259,730 \|\n 12\\.42 \|\n 2,091,606 \|\n IN \|\n [Iowa](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Iowa \"1964 United States presidential election in Iowa\") \|\n 9 \|\n 733,030 \|\n 61\\.88 \|\n 9 \|\n 449,148 \|\n 37\\.92 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 182 \|\n 0\\.02 \|\n \\- \|\n 283,882 \|\n 23\\.97 \|\n 1,184,539 \|\n IA \|\n [Kansas](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas \"1964 United States presidential election in Kansas\") \|\n 7 \|\n 464,028 \|\n 54\\.09 \|\n 7 \|\n 386,579 \|\n 45\\.06 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 1,901 \|\n 0\\.22 \|\n \\- \|\n 77,449 \|\n 9\\.03 \|\n 857,901 \|\n KS \|\n [Kentucky](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kentucky \"1964 United States presidential election in Kentucky\") \|\n 9 \|\n 669,659 \|\n 64\\.01 \|\n 9 \|\n 372,977 \|\n 35\\.65 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 296,682 \|\n 28\\.36 \|\n 1,046,105 \|\n KY \|\n [Louisiana](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana \"1964 United States presidential election in Louisiana\") \|\n 10 \|\n 387,068 \|\n 43\\.19 \|\n \\- \|\n 509,225 \|\n 56\\.81 \|\n 10 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n −122,157 \|\n −13\\.63 \|\n 896,293 \|\n LA \|\n [Maine](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maine \"1964 United States presidential election in Maine\") \|\n 4 \|\n 262,264 \|\n 68\\.84 \|\n 4 \|\n 118,701 \|\n 31\\.16 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 143,563 \|\n 37\\.68 \|\n 381,221 \|\n ME \|\n [Maryland](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maryland \"1964 United States presidential election in Maryland\") \|\n 10 \|\n 730,912 \|\n 65\\.47 \|\n 10 \|\n 385,495 \|\n 34\\.53 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 1 \|\n 0\\.00 \|\n \\- \|\n 345,417 \|\n 30\\.94 \|\n 1,116,457 \|\n MD \|\n [Massachusetts](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Massachusetts \"1964 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\") \|\n 14 \|\n 1,786,422 \|\n 76\\.19 \|\n 14 \|\n 549,727 \|\n 23\\.44 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 4,755 \|\n 0\\.20 \|\n \\- \|\n 1,236,695 \|\n 52\\.74 \|\n 2,344,798 \|\n MA \|\n [Michigan](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan \"1964 United States presidential election in Michigan\") \|\n 21 \|\n 2,136,615 \|\n 66\\.70 \|\n 21 \|\n 1,060,152 \|\n 33\\.10 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 1,704 \|\n 0\\.05 \|\n \\- \|\n 1,076,463 \|\n 33\\.61 \|\n 3,203,102 \|\n MI \|\n [Minnesota](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota \"1964 United States presidential election in Minnesota\") \|\n 10 \|\n 991,117 \|\n 63\\.76 \|\n 10 \|\n 559,624 \|\n 36\\.00 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 2,544 \|\n 0\\.16 \|\n \\- \|\n 431,493 \|\n 27\\.76 \|\n 1,554,462 \|\n MN \|\n [Mississippi](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi \"1964 United States presidential election in Mississippi\") \|\n 7 \|\n 52,618 \|\n 12\\.86 \|\n \\- \|\n 356,528 \|\n 87\\.14 \|\n 7 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n −303,910 \|\n −74\\.28 \|\n 409,146 \|\n MS \|\n [Missouri](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri \"1964 United States presidential election in Missouri\") \|\n 12 \|\n 1,164,344 \|\n 64\\.05 \|\n 12 \|\n 653,535 \|\n 35\\.95 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 510,809 \|\n 28\\.10 \|\n 1,817,879 \|\n MO \|\n [Montana](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana \"1964 United States presidential election in Montana\") \|\n 4 \|\n 164,246 \|\n 58\\.95 \|\n 4 \|\n 113,032 \|\n 40\\.57 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 51,214 \|\n 18\\.38 \|\n 278,628 \|\n MT \|\n [Nebraska](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nebraska \"1964 United States presidential election in Nebraska\") \|\n 5 \|\n 307,307 \|\n 52\\.61 \|\n 5 \|\n 276,847 \|\n 47\\.39 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 30,460 \|\n 5\\.22 \|\n 584,154 \|\n NE \|\n [Nevada](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nevada \"1964 United States presidential election in Nevada\") \|\n 3 \|\n 79,339 \|\n 58\\.58 \|\n 3 \|\n 56,094 \|\n 41\\.42 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 23,245 \|\n 17\\.16 \|\n 135,433 \|\n NV \|\n [New Hampshire](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Hampshire \"1964 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\") \|\n 4 \|\n 184,064 \|\n 63\\.89 \|\n 4 \|\n 104,029 \|\n 36\\.11 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 78,036 \|\n 27\\.78 \|\n 288,093 \|\n NH \|\n [New Jersey](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey \"1964 United States presidential election in New Jersey\") \|\n 17 \|\n 1,867,671 \|\n 65\\.61 \|\n 17 \|\n 963,843 \|\n 33\\.86 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 7,075 \|\n 0\\.25 \|\n \\- \|\n 903,828 \|\n 31\\.75 \|\n 2,846,770 \|\n NJ \|\n [New Mexico](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Mexico \"1964 United States presidential election in New Mexico\") \|\n 4 \|\n 194,017 \|\n 59\\.22 \|\n 4 \|\n 131,838 \|\n 40\\.24 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 1,217 \|\n 0\\.37 \|\n \\- \|\n 62,179 \|\n 18\\.98 \|\n 327,615 \|\n NM \|\n [New York](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York \"1964 United States presidential election in New York\") \|\n 43 \|\n 4,913,156 \|\n 68\\.56 \|\n 43 \|\n 2,243,559 \|\n 31\\.31 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 6,085 \|\n 0\\.08 \|\n \\- \|\n 2,669,597 \|\n 37\\.25 \|\n 7,166,015 \|\n NY \|\n [North Carolina](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Carolina \"1964 United States presidential election in North Carolina\") \|\n 13 \|\n 800,139 \|\n 56\\.15 \|\n 13 \|\n 624,844 \|\n 43\\.85 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 175,295 \|\n 12\\.30 \|\n 1,424,983 \|\n NC \|\n [North Dakota](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Dakota \"1964 United States presidential election in North Dakota\") \|\n 4 \|\n 149,784 \|\n 57\\.97 \|\n 4 \|\n 108,207 \|\n 41\\.88 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 41,577 \|\n 16\\.09 \|\n 258,389 \|\n ND \|\n [Ohio](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio \"1964 United States presidential election in Ohio\") \|\n 26 \|\n 2,498,331 \|\n 62\\.94 \|\n 26 \|\n 1,470,865 \|\n 37\\.06 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 1,027,466 \|\n 25\\.89 \|\n 3,969,196 \|\n OH \|\n [Oklahoma](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oklahoma \"1964 United States presidential election in Oklahoma\") \|\n 8 \|\n 519,834 \|\n 55\\.75 \|\n 8 \|\n 412,665 \|\n 44\\.25 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 107,169 \|\n 11\\.49 \|\n 932,499 \|\n OK \|\n [Oregon](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oregon \"1964 United States presidential election in Oregon\") \|\n 6 \|\n 501,017 \|\n 63\\.72 \|\n 6 \|\n 282,779 \|\n 35\\.96 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 218,238 \|\n 27\\.75 \|\n 786,305 \|\n OR \|\n [Pennsylvania](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Pennsylvania \"1964 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\") \|\n 29 \|\n 3,130,954 \|\n 64\\.92 \|\n 29 \|\n 1,673,657 \|\n 34\\.70 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 5,092 \|\n 0\\.11 \|\n \\- \|\n 1,457,297 \|\n 30\\.22 \|\n 4,822,690 \|\n PA \|\n [Rhode Island](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Rhode_Island \"1964 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\") \|\n 4 \|\n 315,463 \|\n 80\\.87 \|\n 4 \|\n 74,615 \|\n 19\\.13 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 2 \|\n 0\\.00 \|\n \\- \|\n 240,848 \|\n 61\\.74 \|\n 390,091 \|\n RI \|\n [South Carolina](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Carolina \"1964 United States presidential election in South Carolina\") \|\n 8 \|\n 215,700 \|\n 41\\.10 \|\n \\- \|\n 309,048 \|\n 58\\.89 \|\n 8 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n −93,348 \|\n −17\\.79 \|\n 524,756 \|\n SC \|\n [South Dakota](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Dakota \"1964 United States presidential election in South Dakota\") \|\n 4 \|\n 163,010 \|\n 55\\.61 \|\n 4 \|\n 130,108 \|\n 44\\.39 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 32,902 \|\n 11\\.22 \|\n 293,118 \|\n SD \|\n [Tennessee](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Tennessee \"1964 United States presidential election in Tennessee\") \|\n 11 \|\n 634,947 \|\n 55\\.50 \|\n 11 \|\n 508,965 \|\n 44\\.49 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 125,982 \|\n 11\\.01 \|\n 1,143,946 \|\n TN \|\n [Texas](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Texas \"1964 United States presidential election in Texas\") \|\n 25 \|\n 1,663,185 \|\n 63\\.32 \|\n 25 \|\n 958,566 \|\n 36\\.49 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 5,060 \|\n 0\\.19 \|\n \\- \|\n 704,619 \|\n 26\\.82 \|\n 2,626,811 \|\n TX \|\n [Utah](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Utah \"1964 United States presidential election in Utah\") \|\n 4 \|\n 219,628 \|\n 54\\.86 \|\n 4 \|\n 180,682 \|\n 45\\.14 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 38,946 \|\n 9\\.73 \|\n 400,310 \|\n UT \|\n [Vermont](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Vermont \"1964 United States presidential election in Vermont\") \|\n 3 \|\n 108,127 \|\n 66\\.30 \|\n 3 \|\n 54,942 \|\n 33\\.69 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 53,185 \|\n 32\\.61 \|\n 163,089 \|\n VT \|\n [Virginia](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia \"1964 United States presidential election in Virginia\") \|\n 12 \|\n 558,038 \|\n 53\\.54 \|\n 12 \|\n 481,334 \|\n 46\\.18 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 2,895 \|\n 0\\.28 \|\n \\- \|\n 76,704 \|\n 7\\.36 \|\n 1,042,267 \|\n VA \|\n [Washington](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Washington_%28state%29 \"1964 United States presidential election in Washington (state)\") \|\n 9 \|\n 779,881 \|\n 61\\.97 \|\n 9 \|\n 470,366 \|\n 37\\.37 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 7,772 \|\n 0\\.62 \|\n \\- \|\n 309,515 \|\n 24\\.59 \|\n 1,258,556 \|\n WA \|\n [West Virginia](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_West_Virginia \"1964 United States presidential election in West Virginia\") \|\n 7 \|\n 538,087 \|\n 67\\.94 \|\n 7 \|\n 253,953 \|\n 32\\.06 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 284,134 \|\n 35\\.87 \|\n 792,040 \|\n WV \|\n [Wisconsin](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin \"1964 United States presidential election in Wisconsin\") \|\n 12 \|\n 1,050,424 \|\n 62\\.09 \|\n 12 \|\n 638,495 \|\n 37\\.74 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 1,204 \|\n 0\\.07 \|\n \\- \|\n 411,929 \|\n 24\\.35 \|\n 1,691,815 \|\n WI \|\n [Wyoming](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wyoming \"1964 United States presidential election in Wyoming\") \|\n 3 \|\n 80,718 \|\n 56\\.56 \|\n 3 \|\n 61,998 \|\n 43\\.44 \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n \\- \|\n 18,720 \|\n 13\\.12 \|\n 142,716 \|\n WY \|\| TOTALS: \| 538 \| 43,129,040 \| 61\\.05 \| 486 \| 27,175,754 \| 38\\.47 \| 52 \| 210,732 \| 0\\.30 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 15,951,287 \| 22\\.58 \| 70,641,539 \| US \|", "", "#### States that flipped from Republican to Democratic", "* [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska \"Alaska\")\n* [California](/wiki/California \"California\")\n* [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado \"Colorado\")\n* [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\")\n* [Idaho](/wiki/Idaho \"Idaho\")\n* [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana \"Indiana\")\n* [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa \"Iowa\")\n* [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas \"Kansas\")\n* [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky \"Kentucky\")\n* [Maine](/wiki/Maine \"Maine\")\n* [Montana](/wiki/Montana \"Montana\")\n* [Nebraska](/wiki/Nebraska \"Nebraska\")\n* [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire \"New Hampshire\")\n* [North Dakota](/wiki/North_Dakota \"North Dakota\")\n* [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\")\n* [Oklahoma](/wiki/Oklahoma \"Oklahoma\")\n* [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon \"Oregon\")\n* [South Dakota](/wiki/South_Dakota \"South Dakota\")\n* [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee \"Tennessee\")\n* [Utah](/wiki/Utah \"Utah\")\n* [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\")\n* [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont \"Vermont\")\n* [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 \"Washington (state)\")\n* [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin \"Wisconsin\")\n* [Wyoming](/wiki/Wyoming \"Wyoming\")", "#### States that flipped from Democratic to Republican", "* [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28US_state%29 \"Georgia (US state)\")\n* [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana \"Louisiana\")\n* [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\")", "#### States that flipped from Unpledged to Republican", "* [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama \"Alabama\")\n* [Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi \"Mississippi\")", "#### Close states", "Margin of victory less than 5% (23 electoral votes):\n1. Arizona, 1\\.00% (4,782 votes)\n2. Idaho, 1\\.83% (5,363 votes)\n3. Florida, 2\\.30% (42,599 votes)", "Margin of victory over 5%, but less than 10% (40 electoral votes):\n1. Nebraska, 5\\.22% (30,460 votes)\n2. Virginia, 7\\.36% (76,704 votes)\n3. Georgia, 8\\.25% (94,027 votes)\n4. Kansas, 9\\.03% (77,449 votes)\n5. Utah, 9\\.73% (38,946 votes)", "Tipping point:", "1. Washington, 24\\.59% (309,515 votes)", "#### Statistics", "{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year\\=1964\\&datatype\\=national\\&def\\=1\\&f\\=0\\&off\\=0\\&elect\\=0\\\|title\\=1964 Presidential General Election Data – National\\\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2013}}", "Counties with highest percent of vote (Democratic)\n1. [Duval County, Texas](/wiki/Duval_County%2C_Texas \"Duval County, Texas\") 92\\.55%\n2. [Knott County, Kentucky](/wiki/Knott_County%2C_Kentucky \"Knott County, Kentucky\") 90\\.61%\n3. [Webb County, Texas](/wiki/Webb_County%2C_Texas \"Webb County, Texas\") 90\\.08%\n4. [Jim Hogg County, Texas](/wiki/Jim_Hogg_County%2C_Texas \"Jim Hogg County, Texas\") 89\\.87%\n5. [Menominee County, Wisconsin](/wiki/Menominee_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Menominee County, Wisconsin\") 89\\.12%", "Counties with highest percent of vote (Republican)\n1. [Holmes County, Mississippi](/wiki/Holmes_County%2C_Mississippi \"Holmes County, Mississippi\") 96\\.59%\n2. [Noxubee County, Mississippi](/wiki/Noxubee_County%2C_Mississippi \"Noxubee County, Mississippi\") 96\\.59%\n3. [Amite County, Mississippi](/wiki/Amite_County%2C_Mississippi \"Amite County, Mississippi\") 96\\.38%\n4. [Leake County, Mississippi](/wiki/Leake_County%2C_Mississippi \"Leake County, Mississippi\") 96\\.23%\n5. [Franklin County, Mississippi](/wiki/Franklin_County%2C_Mississippi \"Franklin County, Mississippi\") 96\\.05%", "Counties with highest percent of vote (other)\n1. [Macon County, Alabama](/wiki/Macon_County%2C_Alabama \"Macon County, Alabama\") 61\\.54%\n2. [Limestone County, Alabama](/wiki/Limestone_County%2C_Alabama \"Limestone County, Alabama\") 56\\.01%\n3. [Jackson County, Alabama](/wiki/Jackson_County%2C_Alabama \"Jackson County, Alabama\") 53\\.53%\n4. [Lauderdale County, Alabama](/wiki/Lauderdale_County%2C_Alabama \"Lauderdale County, Alabama\") 52\\.45%\n5. [Colbert County, Alabama](/wiki/Colbert_County%2C_Alabama \"Colbert County, Alabama\") 51\\.41%", "" ]
Biography --------- Born in [Florence](/wiki/Florence "Florence"), the youngest son of [Tommaso Sassetti](/wiki/Tommaso_Sassetti "Tommaso Sassetti"). He is first recorded as joining the famous [Medici bank](/wiki/Medici_bank "Medici bank") in either 1438 or 1439 (at seventeen or eighteen years of age) as a factor to the [Avignon](/wiki/Avignon "Avignon") branch, employed by [Cosimo de' Medici](/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici "Cosimo de' Medici"). His rise was remarkably quick, and he became a junior partner in that branch, and then its general manager, investing his own money in the branch and receiving a share of the profits. By 1453, he had been transferred to the [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva "Geneva") branch (which as before, he invested in{{sfn\\|de Roover\\|1943\\|p\=75}}—though he maintained his investment in the Avignon branch),{{sfn\\|de Roover\\|1943\\|p\=70}} and in 1458 had returned home to [Florence](/wiki/Florence "Florence") to a position as an adviser to [Piero](/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo_de%27_Medici "Piero di Cosimo de' Medici") and [Lorenzo de' Medici](/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici "Lorenzo de' Medici") (who had succeeded Cosimo); he also married. Some time after this, he was raised to the highest position in the Medici bank available to non\-Medici: "General manager" (and was referred to by Lorenzo as nostro ministro). Among other things, Sassetti is vital to studies of the Medici bank because of some surviving documents kept by him: his "secret account book" or libro segreto, is a private set of account books that Sassetti meticulously kept between 1462 and 1472\. They are invaluable for their full and honest statements of Sassetti's finances and for the light they shed on the internal workings of the bank when he was the general manager. They also are interesting in showing how Sassetti made liberal use of interest\-bearing deposits and reinvested his earnings from the Medici branches in other enterprises.{{sfn\\|de Roover\\|1943\\|p\=75}} Sassetti is often figured in the ultimate [decline](/wiki/Medici_bank%23Decline "Medici bank#Decline") of the Medici bank. An early sign of the decline was the near\-failure of the [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon "Lyon") branch because of its manager's venality, which Sassetti saved—but as general manager, he should have been suspicious of the high profits the branch manager responsible (Lionetto de' Rossi) reported and checked the books before events had come to such a pass, especially since he was a partner in that branch, even if he was not in the others. > It was his duty to control the local managers, to audit their accounts, and to lay down the rules which they were expected to follow...Careless managers were reprimanded and summoned to Florence to report. Sassetti, it seems, changed this policy and gave much more leeway to the managers of the affiliated companies.{{sfn\\|de Roover\\|1943\\|p\=80}} Sassetti is even more culpable in the failure of the [Bruges](/wiki/Bruges "Bruges") branch. He consistently overruled Angelo Tani, who opposed the branch manager [Tommaso Portinari](/wiki/Tommaso_Portinari "Tommaso Portinari")'s reckless schemes, and even removed the last checks against Portinari lending excessive amounts to secular rulers, which would be a direct cause of the failure of the Bruges branch. It failed so spectacularly that the long\-term viability of the Medici branch was damaged. De Roover detects in the accounting methods of the libro segreto a growing distraction by Sassetti, who was increasingly interested in [secular humanist](/wiki/Secular_humanism "Secular humanism") activities. De Roover's view must be set against the humanist activity of Sassetti throughout the 1460s. In 1460 he acquired and restored [Villa La Pietra](/wiki/Villa_La_Pietra "Villa La Pietra"). In 1478 he purchased rights to a funerary chapel in the basilica of [Santa Trinita](/wiki/Santa_Trinita "Santa Trinita"). Work on the [Sassetti Chapel](/wiki/Sassetti_Chapel "Sassetti Chapel") was undertaken by [Domenico Ghirlandaio](/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio "Domenico Ghirlandaio") between 1483 and 1485\. It features a fresco cycle, dedicated to Sassetti's namesake, St Francis, as well as portraits of his family and images of contemporary Florence and an altarpiece on the theme [Adoration of the Shepherds](/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds "Adoration of the Shepherds").	[ "Biography\n---------", "Born in [Florence](/wiki/Florence \"Florence\"), the youngest son of [Tommaso Sassetti](/wiki/Tommaso_Sassetti \"Tommaso Sassetti\"). He is first recorded as joining the famous [Medici bank](/wiki/Medici_bank \"Medici bank\") in either 1438 or 1439 (at seventeen or eighteen years of age) as a factor to the [Avignon](/wiki/Avignon \"Avignon\") branch, employed by [Cosimo de' Medici](/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici \"Cosimo de' Medici\"). His rise was remarkably quick, and he became a junior partner in that branch, and then its general manager, investing his own money in the branch and receiving a share of the profits. By 1453, he had been transferred to the [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva \"Geneva\") branch (which as before, he invested in{{sfn\\\|de Roover\\\|1943\\\|p\\=75}}—though he maintained his investment in the Avignon branch),{{sfn\\\|de Roover\\\|1943\\\|p\\=70}} and in 1458 had returned home to [Florence](/wiki/Florence \"Florence\") to a position as an adviser to [Piero](/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo_de%27_Medici \"Piero di Cosimo de' Medici\") and [Lorenzo de' Medici](/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici \"Lorenzo de' Medici\") (who had succeeded Cosimo); he also married. Some time after this, he was raised to the highest position in the Medici bank available to non\\-Medici: \"General manager\" (and was referred to by Lorenzo as nostro ministro).", "Among other things, Sassetti is vital to studies of the Medici bank because of some surviving documents kept by him: his \"secret account book\" or libro segreto, is a private set of account books that Sassetti meticulously kept between 1462 and 1472\\. They are invaluable for their full and honest statements of Sassetti's finances and for the light they shed on the internal workings of the bank when he was the general manager. They also are interesting in showing how Sassetti made liberal use of interest\\-bearing deposits and reinvested his earnings from the Medici branches in other enterprises.{{sfn\\\|de Roover\\\|1943\\\|p\\=75}}", "Sassetti is often figured in the ultimate [decline](/wiki/Medici_bank%23Decline \"Medici bank#Decline\") of the Medici bank. An early sign of the decline was the near\\-failure of the [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon \"Lyon\") branch because of its manager's venality, which Sassetti saved—but as general manager, he should have been suspicious of the high profits the branch manager responsible (Lionetto de' Rossi) reported and checked the books before events had come to such a pass, especially since he was a partner in that branch, even if he was not in the others.", "", "> It was his duty to control the local managers, to audit their accounts, and to lay down the rules which they were expected to follow...Careless managers were reprimanded and summoned to Florence to report. Sassetti, it seems, changed this policy and gave much more leeway to the managers of the affiliated companies.{{sfn\\\|de Roover\\\|1943\\\|p\\=80}}", "Sassetti is even more culpable in the failure of the [Bruges](/wiki/Bruges \"Bruges\") branch. He consistently overruled Angelo Tani, who opposed the branch manager [Tommaso Portinari](/wiki/Tommaso_Portinari \"Tommaso Portinari\")'s reckless schemes, and even removed the last checks against Portinari lending excessive amounts to secular rulers, which would be a direct cause of the failure of the Bruges branch. It failed so spectacularly that the long\\-term viability of the Medici branch was damaged.", "De Roover detects in the accounting methods of the libro segreto a growing distraction by Sassetti, who was increasingly interested in [secular humanist](/wiki/Secular_humanism \"Secular humanism\") activities. De Roover's view must be set against the humanist activity of Sassetti throughout the 1460s. In 1460 he acquired and restored [Villa La Pietra](/wiki/Villa_La_Pietra \"Villa La Pietra\").", "In 1478 he purchased rights to a funerary chapel in the basilica of [Santa Trinita](/wiki/Santa_Trinita \"Santa Trinita\"). Work on the [Sassetti Chapel](/wiki/Sassetti_Chapel \"Sassetti Chapel\") was undertaken by [Domenico Ghirlandaio](/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio \"Domenico Ghirlandaio\") between 1483 and 1485\\. It features a fresco cycle, dedicated to Sassetti's namesake, St Francis, as well as portraits of his family and images of contemporary Florence and an altarpiece on the theme [Adoration of the Shepherds](/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds \"Adoration of the Shepherds\").", "" ]
Organization ------------ ### Leadership The senior leadership of the Department consists of the Secretary, Deputy Secretary, and Assistant Deputy Secretary, along with the administrators heading up the divisions of the Department. * Secretary: Kathy Koltin Blumenfeld * Deputy Secretary: Paul Hammer * Assistant Deputy Secretary: Diana Maas * Enterprise Operations: Jana Steinmetz * Enterprise Technology: Trina Zanow * Executive Budget \& Finance: Brian D. Pahnke * Facilities Development \& Management: Naomi De Mers * Gaming: John Dillett * Hearings \& Appeals: Brian Hayes * Intergovernmental Relations: Dawn Vick * Legal Services: Anne Hanson * Personnel Management: Jen Flogel * Chief, Wisconsin State Capitol Police: David M. Erwin ### Divisions #### Energy, Housing and Community Resources The Division of Energy, Housing and Community Resources (DEHCR) develops state housing policy and offers program assistance and funds to address homelessness and support affordable housing, public infrastructure, and economic development opportunities. The Division also administers the state program providing electric and heating payment assistance to eligible households, as well as benefits to assist with energy crisis situations and weatherization services. #### Enterprise Operations The Division of Enterprise Operations (DEO) administers enterprise policies governing procurement, risk management, fleet management, and records management, and provides services to the Department of Administration and other state agencies in financial management, procurement, fleet management, air transportation, records management, mail transportation, risk management. In addition, through the State Prosecutors Office, the division provides support to county [district attorneys](/wiki/District_attorney "District attorney") on budgeting, legislative research, grant support, and employment services. The division also facilitates opportunities for disadvantaged businesses to sell goods and services to state agencies. Subdivisions include: * State Bureau of Procurement * Bureau of Enterprise Fleet * Bureau of State Risk Management * Bureau of Financial Management * Supplier Diversity Program * State Prosecutors Office (SPO) * Continuity of Operations / [Continuity of Government](/wiki/Continuity_of_government "Continuity of government") (COOP/COG) * Serve Wisconsin * [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen_emissions_scandal "Volkswagen emissions scandal") Mitigation Program #### Enterprise Technology The Division of Enterprise Technology (DET) provides services, training, and knowledge to assist state agencies in utilizing technology to achieve their business objectives. In addition, every two years the Division publishes a strategic IT plan for the state outlining new technology goals for the state government. Subdivisions include: * Application Services * Bureau of Technical Architecture \& Project Management * Bureau of Policy and Budget * Bureau of Infrastructure Support * Bureau of Security * Bureau of Publishing \& Distribution * Bureau of District Attorney IT #### Executive Budget \& Finance The Division of Executive Budget and Finance provides accounting, budget, and financial services for the state government. The Division also provides fiscal and policy analysis to the Governor for development of executive budget proposals, and assists agencies in the technical preparation of budget requests. It also reviews new legislation and prepares or coordinates the fiscal estimates that accompany all expenditure bills. Subdivisions include: * State Budget Office * State Capital Finance Office * State Controller's Office #### Facilities Development \& Management The Division of Facilities Development \& Management (DFDM) is responsible for producing and implementing the biennial State Building Program, which facilitates all construction, remodeling, renovation, and maintenance of facilities owned by the state government or the [University of Wisconsin](/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin "University of Wisconsin") System. The Division is also responsible for building management, maintenance, and tenant services for the [State Capitol](/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Capitol "Wisconsin State Capitol"), the [Executive Residence](/wiki/Wisconsin_Governor%27s_Mansion "Wisconsin Governor's Mansion"), and 28 other State office buildings. #### Gaming The Division of Gaming is charged with protecting the integrity of [Indian](/wiki/Native_American_gaming "Native American gaming") and charitable gaming in Wisconsin. They handle licensing, background investigations, and regulatory enforcement activities to ensure compliance with state laws and regulations. #### Hearings \& Appeals The Division of Hears \& Appeals (DHA) is a quasi\-judicial independent entity attached to the Department of Administration for administrative purposes. The Division provides administrative hearings where administrative law judges, who do not work for the regulated agency, are able to provide a fair and impartial rulings on the administrative process. Subdivisions include: * Corrections Unit * Office of Worker's Compensation Hearings * General Government Unit * Waste Facility Siting Board * Work \& Family Services Unit #### Intergovernmental Relations The Division of Intergovernmental Relations (DIR) supports Wisconsin's counties, municipalities, residents, and businesses with services in land use planning, land information and records modernization, municipal boundary review, plat review, demography, and coastal management programs. #### Continuous Improvement The Division of Continuous Improvement works to design and implement systems change within the state government to improve efficiency, solve problems, and encourage innovation. #### Legal Services The Division of Legal Services provides legal assistance to the Secretary, department managers, and staff. They provide guidance on procurement, contracting, administrative rule drafting and interpretation, construction, budget development, public records law, and other activities. The Division also serves as a resource to other state agencies on these topics, with a goal to bring greater consistency to these common activities. #### Personnel Management The Division of Personnel Management (DPM) provides support to state agencies on human resources management. The Division oversees the state civil service system, manages labor relations, develops and maintains the state classification and compensation systems, and leads the state's [affirmative action](/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States "Affirmative action in the United States") and [equal opportunity](/wiki/Equal_opportunity "Equal opportunity") employment programs. Subdivisions include: * Bureau of Equity \& Inclusion * Bureau of Classification \& Compensation * Bureau of Employee Management * Bureau of Merit Recruitment \& Selection #### Wisconsin State Capitol Police {{main\\|Wisconsin Capitol Police}} The Capitol Police have statewide jurisdiction to enforce all civil and criminal laws. They are tasked with the safety of all state employees and the security of all facilities owned or leased by the state. They provide the [personal security](/wiki/Security_detail "Security detail") for the Governor, the Governor's family, the Lieutenant Governor, and other high ranking state officials and dignitaries. Subdivision include: * Patrol Operations Section * Support Services Section * Criminal Investigations Unit * Dignitary Protection Unit * K\-9 Unit * Unmanned Aircraft Unit ### Secretaries and commissioners #### Commissioners (1959–1968\) \| Commissioner \| Took office \| Left office \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|Joe E.\\|Nusbaum\\|nolink\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1959\\|7\\|30}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1963\\|1\\|8}} \| Appointed by [Gaylord Nelson](/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson "Gaylord Nelson").{{cite news\\|url\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119557012/nusbaum\-admin/ \\|title\= Nusbaum is put in New State Post \\|newspaper\= \[\[The Capital Times]] \\|date\= July 30, 1959 \\|page\= 1 \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 \\|via\= \[\[Newspapers.com]] }} Resigned. \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|Howard\\|Koop\\|nolink\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1963\\|1\\|10}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1965\\|1\\|15}} \| Appointed by [John W. Reynolds Jr.](/wiki/John_W._Reynolds_Jr. "John W. Reynolds Jr."){{cite news\\|url\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119558557/howard\-koop\-admin/ \\|title\= Howard Koop Heads Administration Unit \\|newspaper\= \[\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\|date\= January 11, 1963 \\|page\=28 \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 \\|via\= \[\[Newspapers.com]] }} Resigned. \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|George C.\\|Kaiser\\|nolink\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1965\\|1\\|28}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1965\\|1\\|15}} \| Appointed by [Warren Knowles](/wiki/Warren_Knowles "Warren Knowles").{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119559090/george\-kaiser\-admin/ \\|title\= George Kaiser Named Successor to Koop as Head of State Unit \\|newspaper\= \[\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\|date\= January 29, 1965 \\|page\=1 \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 \\|via\= \[\[Newspapers.com]] }} Resigned. \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|Wayne\\|McGown\\|nolink\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1967\\|7\\|11}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1968\\|3\\|1}} \| Appointed by [Warren Knowles](/wiki/Warren_Knowles "Warren Knowles").{{cite news\\|url\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119559367/mcgown\-admin/ \\|title\= McGown to Succeed Kaiser in State Post \\|newspaper\= \[\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\|date\= July 12, 1967 \\|page\=8 \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 \\|via\= \[\[Newspapers.com]] }} Converted to secretary. \| #### Secretaries (1968–present) \| Secretary \| Took office \| Left office \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|Wayne\\|McGown\\|nolink\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1968\\|3\\|1}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1971\\|1\\|3}} \| Appointed by [Warren Knowles](/wiki/Warren_Knowles "Warren Knowles"). \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|Joe E.\\|Nusbaum\\|nolink\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1971\\|1\\|3}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1975\\|1\\|6}} \| Nominated by [Patrick Lucey](/wiki/Patrick_Lucey "Patrick Lucey").{{cite news\\|url\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119560017/nusbaum\-admin\-again/ \\|title\= Lucey Aide: Bipartisan Hint \\|newspaper\= \[\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\|date\= December 1, 1970 \\|page\= 10 \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 \\|via\= \[\[Newspapers.com]] }} Resigned. \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|Tony\\|Earl}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1975\\|1\\|6}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1975\\|12\\|15}} \| Appointed by [Patrick Lucey](/wiki/Patrick_Lucey "Patrick Lucey").{{cite news\\|url\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119560264/earl\-admin/ \\|title\= The New Lucey Team \\|newspaper\= \[\[The Capital Times]] \\|date\= December 30, 1974 \\|page\= 16 \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 \\|via\= \[\[Newspapers.com]] }} Appointed to another job. \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|Robert H.\\|Dunn\\|nolink\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1975\\|12\\|15}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1977\\|6\\|1}} \| Appointed by [Patrick Lucey](/wiki/Patrick_Lucey "Patrick Lucey").{{cite news\\|url\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119563856/dunn\-admin/ \\|title\= Lucey Appoints Aide Dunn as Administration Secretary \\|newspaper\= \[\[The Capital Times]] \\|date\= November 25, 1975 \\|page\= 3 \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 \\|via\= \[\[Newspapers.com]] }} Replaced by governor. \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|John\\|Torphy\\|nolink\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1977\\|6\\|1}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1979\\|1\\|1}} \| Appointed by [Martin J. Schreiber](/wiki/Martin_J._Schreiber "Martin J. Schreiber"). Acting secretary until Feb. 1978\.{{cite news\\|url\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119564370/lucey\-ambassador/ \\|title\= Lucey may very well return to run another day \\|newspaper\= \[\[The Capital Times]] \\|date\= June 2, 1977 \\|page\= 20 \\|first\= Matt \\|last\= Pommer \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 \\|via\= \[\[Newspapers.com]] }} \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|Kenneth E.\\|Lindner\\|nolink\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1979\\|1\\|1}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1983\\|1\\|3}} \| Appointed by [Lee S. Dreyfus](/wiki/Lee_S._Dreyfus "Lee S. Dreyfus").{{cite news\\|url\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119564789/lindner\-admin/ \\|title\= Kenneth E. Lindner Administration \\|newspaper\= \[\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\|date\= December 16, 1978 \\|page\= 1 \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 \\|via\= \[\[Newspapers.com]] }} \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|Doris\\|Hanson}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1983\\|1\\|3}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1987\\|1\\|5}} \| Appointed by [Tony Earl](/wiki/Tony_Earl "Tony Earl").{{cite news\\|url\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119565055/doris\-hanson\-admin/ \\|title\= Earl keeps promise; Hanson to head DOA \\|newspaper\= \[\[The Capital Times]] \\|date\= November 10, 1982 \\|first\= Matt \\|last\= Pommer \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 \\|via\= \[\[Newspapers.com]] }} \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|James R.\\|Klauser\\|nolink\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1987\\|1\\|5}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1996\\|12\\|7}} \| Appointed by [Tommy Thompson](/wiki/Tommy_Thompson "Tommy Thompson").{{cite news\\|url\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119565317/thompson\-cabinet/ \\|title\= Thompson starts Cabinet \\|newspaper\= \[\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\|first\= Doug \\|last\= Mell \\|date\= November 6, 1986 \\|page\= 1 \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 \\|via\= \[\[Newspapers.com]] }} Resigned. \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|Mark\\|Bugher\\|nolink\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1996\\|12\\|7}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1999\\|9\\|15}} \| Appointed by [Tommy Thompson](/wiki/Tommy_Thompson "Tommy Thompson").{{cite news\\|url\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119566260/bugher\-admin/ \\|title\= New administration chief a regular guy \\|newspaper\= \[\[The Capital Times]] \\|date\= October 4, 1996 \\|last\= Pommer \\|first\= Matt \\|page\= 2A \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 \\|via\= \[\[Newspapers.com]] }} Resigned. \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|George\\|Lightbourn\\|nolink\=1 }}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|1999\\|9\\|15}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|2003\\|1\\|6}} \| Appointed by [Tommy Thompson](/wiki/Tommy_Thompson "Tommy Thompson").{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119566820/lightbourn\-admin/ \\|title\= Thompson picks successor for his top administrator \\|newspaper\= \[\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\|date\= September 16, 1999 \\|page\= 2B \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 \\|via\= \[\[Newspapers.com]] }} \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|Marc\\|Marotta\\|nolink\=1 }}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|2003\\|1\\|6}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|2005\\|10\\|3}} \| Appointed by [Jim Doyle](/wiki/Jim_Doyle "Jim Doyle").{{cite news\\|url\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119567198/marotta\-admin/ \\|title\= Marotta Lives on the Fast Track \\|newspaper\= \[\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\|date\= December 15, 2002 \\|page\= 1 \\|first\= Brenda \\|last\= Ingersoll \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 }} \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|Steve\\|Bablitch\\|nolink\=1 }}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|2005\\|10\\|3}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|2007\\|1\\|1}} \| Appointed by [Jim Doyle](/wiki/Jim_Doyle "Jim Doyle").{{cite news\\|url\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119567682/bablitch\-admin/ \\|title\= Steve Bablitch is new DOA chief \\|newspaper\= \[\[The Capital Times]] \\|date\= September 13, 2005 \\|page\= 1 \\|first\= Judith \\|last\= Davidoff \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 }} \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|Michael\\|Morgan\\|nolink\=1 }}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|2007\\|1\\|1}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|2010\\|7\\|6}} \| Appointed by [Jim Doyle](/wiki/Jim_Doyle "Jim Doyle").{{cite news\\|url\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119568666/morgan\-admin/ \\|title\= Doyle taps Morgan for DOA chief \\|newspaper\= \[\[The Capital Times]] \\|date\= December 1, 2006 \\|page\= C1 \\|first\= David \\|last\= Callender \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 }} \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|Dan\\|Schooff}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|2010\\|7\\|6}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|2011\\|1\\|3}} \| Appointed by [Jim Doyle](/wiki/Jim_Doyle "Jim Doyle").{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119569274/schooff\-admin/ \\|title\= Deputy secretary named head of DOA \\|newspaper\= \[\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\|date\= June 12, 2010 \\|page\= A5 \\|first\= Mary \\|last\= Spicuzza \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 }} \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|Michael\\|Huebsch}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|2011\\|1\\|3}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|2015\\|3\\|1}} \| Appointed by [Scott Walker](/wiki/Scott_Walker_%28politician%29 "Scott Walker (politician)").{{cite news\\|url\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87682534/walkers\-cabinet/ \\|title\= Walker's Cabinet \\|newspaper\= \[\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\|date\= December 31, 2010 \\|page\= A7 \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 }} \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|Scott\\|Neitzel\\|nolink\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|2015\\|3\\|1}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|2018\\|3\\|5}} \| Appointed by [Scott Walker](/wiki/Scott_Walker_%28politician%29 "Scott Walker (politician)").{{cite news\\|url\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119570611/neitzel\-admin/ \\|title\= Walker rearranges top administrators \\|newspaper\= \[\[Oshkosh Northwestern]] \\|date\= February 17, 2015 \\|first1\= Matthew \\|last1\= DeFour \\|first2\= Mary \\|last2\= Spicuzza \\|page\= A5 \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 }} \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|Ellen\\|Nowak}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|2018\\|3\\|5}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|2019\\|1\\|7}} \| Appointed by [Scott Walker](/wiki/Scott_Walker_%28politician%29 "Scott Walker (politician)").{{cite news\\|url\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119571081/nowak\-admin/ \\|title\= Nowak to replace Neitzel at DOA \\|newspaper\= \[\[The Capital Times]] \\|date\= February 21, 2018 \\|first\= Jessie \\|last\= Opoien \\|page\= O9 \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 }} \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|Joel\\|Brennan\\|nolink\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|2019\\|1\\|7}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|2021\\|1\\|17}} \| Appointed by [Tony Evers](/wiki/Tony_Evers "Tony Evers").{{cite news\\|url\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119555990/evers\-cabinet/ \\|title\= Evers: 'I'm seeking talent' \\|newspaper\= \[\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\|date\= December 20, 2018 \\|last1\= Sommerhauser \\|first1\= Mark \\|last2\= Vetterkind \\|first2\= Riley \\|page\= A1 \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 \\|via\= \[\[Newspapers.com]] }} \| \| {{nowrap\\|{{sortname\\|Kathy\\|Blumenfeld\\|nolink\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\|2021\\|1\\|17}} \| Current \| Appointed by [Tony Evers](/wiki/Tony_Evers "Tony Evers").{{cite web\\|url\= https://doa.wi.gov/Pages/AboutDOA/SecretarysOffice.aspx \\|title\= Office of the Secretary \\|website\= Wisconsin Department of Administration \\|accessdate\= February 23, 2023 }} \|	[ "Organization\n------------", "### Leadership", "The senior leadership of the Department consists of the Secretary, Deputy Secretary, and Assistant Deputy Secretary, along with the administrators heading up the divisions of the Department.\n* Secretary: Kathy Koltin Blumenfeld\n* Deputy Secretary: Paul Hammer\n* Assistant Deputy Secretary: Diana Maas\n* Enterprise Operations: Jana Steinmetz\n* Enterprise Technology: Trina Zanow\n* Executive Budget \\& Finance: Brian D. Pahnke\n* Facilities Development \\& Management: Naomi De Mers\n* Gaming: John Dillett\n* Hearings \\& Appeals: Brian Hayes\n* Intergovernmental Relations: Dawn Vick\n* Legal Services: Anne Hanson\n* Personnel Management: Jen Flogel\n* Chief, Wisconsin State Capitol Police: David M. Erwin", "### Divisions", "#### Energy, Housing and Community Resources", "The Division of Energy, Housing and Community Resources (DEHCR) develops state housing policy and offers program assistance and funds to address homelessness and support affordable housing, public infrastructure, and economic development opportunities. The Division also administers the state program providing electric and heating payment assistance to eligible households, as well as benefits to assist with energy crisis situations and weatherization services.", "#### Enterprise Operations", "The Division of Enterprise Operations (DEO) administers enterprise policies governing procurement, risk management, fleet management, and records management, and provides services to the Department of Administration and other state agencies in financial management, procurement, fleet management, air transportation, records management, mail transportation, risk management. In addition, through the State Prosecutors Office, the division provides support to county [district attorneys](/wiki/District_attorney \"District attorney\") on budgeting, legislative research, grant support, and employment services. The division also facilitates opportunities for disadvantaged businesses to sell goods and services to state agencies.", "Subdivisions include:\n* State Bureau of Procurement\n* Bureau of Enterprise Fleet\n* Bureau of State Risk Management\n* Bureau of Financial Management\n* Supplier Diversity Program\n* State Prosecutors Office (SPO)\n* Continuity of Operations / [Continuity of Government](/wiki/Continuity_of_government \"Continuity of government\") (COOP/COG)\n* Serve Wisconsin\n* [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen_emissions_scandal \"Volkswagen emissions scandal\") Mitigation Program", "#### Enterprise Technology", "The Division of Enterprise Technology (DET) provides services, training, and knowledge to assist state agencies in utilizing technology to achieve their business objectives. In addition, every two years the Division publishes a strategic IT plan for the state outlining new technology goals for the state government.", "Subdivisions include:\n* Application Services\n* Bureau of Technical Architecture \\& Project Management\n* Bureau of Policy and Budget\n* Bureau of Infrastructure Support\n* Bureau of Security\n* Bureau of Publishing \\& Distribution\n* Bureau of District Attorney IT", "#### Executive Budget \\& Finance", "The Division of Executive Budget and Finance provides accounting, budget, and financial services for the state government. The Division also provides fiscal and policy analysis to the Governor for development of executive budget proposals, and assists agencies in the technical preparation of budget requests. It also reviews new legislation and prepares or coordinates the fiscal estimates that accompany all expenditure bills.", "Subdivisions include:\n* State Budget Office\n* State Capital Finance Office\n* State Controller's Office", "#### Facilities Development \\& Management", "The Division of Facilities Development \\& Management (DFDM) is responsible for producing and implementing the biennial State Building Program, which facilitates all construction, remodeling, renovation, and maintenance of facilities owned by the state government or the [University of Wisconsin](/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin \"University of Wisconsin\") System. The Division is also responsible for building management, maintenance, and tenant services for the [State Capitol](/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Capitol \"Wisconsin State Capitol\"), the [Executive Residence](/wiki/Wisconsin_Governor%27s_Mansion \"Wisconsin Governor's Mansion\"), and 28 other State office buildings.", "#### Gaming", "The Division of Gaming is charged with protecting the integrity of [Indian](/wiki/Native_American_gaming \"Native American gaming\") and charitable gaming in Wisconsin. They handle licensing, background investigations, and regulatory enforcement activities to ensure compliance with state laws and regulations.", "#### Hearings \\& Appeals", "The Division of Hears \\& Appeals (DHA) is a quasi\\-judicial independent entity attached to the Department of Administration for administrative purposes. The Division provides administrative hearings where administrative law judges, who do not work for the regulated agency, are able to provide a fair and impartial rulings on the administrative process.", "Subdivisions include:\n* Corrections Unit\n* Office of Worker's Compensation Hearings\n* General Government Unit\n* Waste Facility Siting Board\n* Work \\& Family Services Unit", "#### Intergovernmental Relations", "The Division of Intergovernmental Relations (DIR) supports Wisconsin's counties, municipalities, residents, and businesses with services in land use planning, land information and records modernization, municipal boundary review, plat review, demography, and coastal management programs.", "#### Continuous Improvement", "The Division of Continuous Improvement works to design and implement systems change within the state government to improve efficiency, solve problems, and encourage innovation.", "#### Legal Services", "The Division of Legal Services provides legal assistance to the Secretary, department managers, and staff. They provide guidance on procurement, contracting, administrative rule drafting and interpretation, construction, budget development, public records law, and other activities. The Division also serves as a resource to other state agencies on these topics, with a goal to bring greater consistency to these common activities.", "#### Personnel Management", "The Division of Personnel Management (DPM) provides support to state agencies on human resources management. The Division oversees the state civil service system, manages labor relations, develops and maintains the state classification and compensation systems, and leads the state's [affirmative action](/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States \"Affirmative action in the United States\") and [equal opportunity](/wiki/Equal_opportunity \"Equal opportunity\") employment programs.", "Subdivisions include:\n* Bureau of Equity \\& Inclusion\n* Bureau of Classification \\& Compensation\n* Bureau of Employee Management\n* Bureau of Merit Recruitment \\& Selection", "#### Wisconsin State Capitol Police", "{{main\\\|Wisconsin Capitol Police}}\nThe Capitol Police have statewide jurisdiction to enforce all civil and criminal laws. They are tasked with the safety of all state employees and the security of all facilities owned or leased by the state. They provide the [personal security](/wiki/Security_detail \"Security detail\") for the Governor, the Governor's family, the Lieutenant Governor, and other high ranking state officials and dignitaries.", "Subdivision include:\n* Patrol Operations Section\n* Support Services Section\n* Criminal Investigations Unit\n* Dignitary Protection Unit\n* K\\-9 Unit\n* Unmanned Aircraft Unit", "### Secretaries and commissioners", "#### Commissioners (1959–1968\\)", "", "\| Commissioner \| Took office \| Left office \| Notes \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|Joe E.\\\|Nusbaum\\\|nolink\\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1959\\\|7\\\|30}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1963\\\|1\\\|8}} \| Appointed by [Gaylord Nelson](/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson \"Gaylord Nelson\").{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119557012/nusbaum\\-admin/ \\\|title\\= Nusbaum is put in New State Post \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[The Capital Times]] \\\|date\\= July 30, 1959 \\\|page\\= 1 \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 \\\|via\\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]] }} Resigned. \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|Howard\\\|Koop\\\|nolink\\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1963\\\|1\\\|10}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1965\\\|1\\\|15}} \| Appointed by [John W. Reynolds Jr.](/wiki/John_W._Reynolds_Jr. \"John W. Reynolds Jr.\"){{cite news\\\|url\\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119558557/howard\\-koop\\-admin/ \\\|title\\= Howard Koop Heads Administration Unit \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\\|date\\= January 11, 1963 \\\|page\\=28 \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 \\\|via\\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]] }} Resigned. \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|George C.\\\|Kaiser\\\|nolink\\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1965\\\|1\\\|28}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1965\\\|1\\\|15}} \| Appointed by [Warren Knowles](/wiki/Warren_Knowles \"Warren Knowles\").{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119559090/george\\-kaiser\\-admin/ \\\|title\\= George Kaiser Named Successor to Koop as Head of State Unit \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\\|date\\= January 29, 1965 \\\|page\\=1 \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 \\\|via\\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]] }} Resigned. \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|Wayne\\\|McGown\\\|nolink\\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1967\\\|7\\\|11}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1968\\\|3\\\|1}} \| Appointed by [Warren Knowles](/wiki/Warren_Knowles \"Warren Knowles\").{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119559367/mcgown\\-admin/ \\\|title\\= McGown to Succeed Kaiser in State Post \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\\|date\\= July 12, 1967 \\\|page\\=8 \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 \\\|via\\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]] }} Converted to secretary. \|", "#### Secretaries (1968–present)", "", "\| Secretary \| Took office \| Left office \| Notes \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|Wayne\\\|McGown\\\|nolink\\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1968\\\|3\\\|1}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1971\\\|1\\\|3}} \| Appointed by [Warren Knowles](/wiki/Warren_Knowles \"Warren Knowles\"). \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|Joe E.\\\|Nusbaum\\\|nolink\\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1971\\\|1\\\|3}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1975\\\|1\\\|6}} \| Nominated by [Patrick Lucey](/wiki/Patrick_Lucey \"Patrick Lucey\").{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119560017/nusbaum\\-admin\\-again/ \\\|title\\= Lucey Aide: Bipartisan Hint \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\\|date\\= December 1, 1970 \\\|page\\= 10 \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 \\\|via\\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]] }} Resigned. \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|Tony\\\|Earl}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1975\\\|1\\\|6}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1975\\\|12\\\|15}} \| Appointed by [Patrick Lucey](/wiki/Patrick_Lucey \"Patrick Lucey\").{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119560264/earl\\-admin/ \\\|title\\= The New Lucey Team \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[The Capital Times]] \\\|date\\= December 30, 1974 \\\|page\\= 16 \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 \\\|via\\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]] }} Appointed to another job. \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|Robert H.\\\|Dunn\\\|nolink\\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1975\\\|12\\\|15}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1977\\\|6\\\|1}} \| Appointed by [Patrick Lucey](/wiki/Patrick_Lucey \"Patrick Lucey\").{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119563856/dunn\\-admin/ \\\|title\\= Lucey Appoints Aide Dunn as Administration Secretary \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[The Capital Times]] \\\|date\\= November 25, 1975 \\\|page\\= 3 \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 \\\|via\\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]] }} Replaced by governor. \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|John\\\|Torphy\\\|nolink\\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1977\\\|6\\\|1}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1979\\\|1\\\|1}} \| Appointed by [Martin J. Schreiber](/wiki/Martin_J._Schreiber \"Martin J. Schreiber\"). Acting secretary until Feb. 1978\\.{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119564370/lucey\\-ambassador/ \\\|title\\= Lucey may very well return to run another day \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[The Capital Times]] \\\|date\\= June 2, 1977 \\\|page\\= 20 \\\|first\\= Matt \\\|last\\= Pommer \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 \\\|via\\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]] }} \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|Kenneth E.\\\|Lindner\\\|nolink\\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1979\\\|1\\\|1}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1983\\\|1\\\|3}} \| Appointed by [Lee S. Dreyfus](/wiki/Lee_S._Dreyfus \"Lee S. Dreyfus\").{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119564789/lindner\\-admin/ \\\|title\\= Kenneth E. Lindner Administration \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\\|date\\= December 16, 1978 \\\|page\\= 1 \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 \\\|via\\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]] }} \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|Doris\\\|Hanson}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1983\\\|1\\\|3}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1987\\\|1\\\|5}} \| Appointed by [Tony Earl](/wiki/Tony_Earl \"Tony Earl\").{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119565055/doris\\-hanson\\-admin/ \\\|title\\= Earl keeps promise; Hanson to head DOA \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[The Capital Times]] \\\|date\\= November 10, 1982 \\\|first\\= Matt \\\|last\\= Pommer \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 \\\|via\\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]] }} \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|James R.\\\|Klauser\\\|nolink\\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1987\\\|1\\\|5}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1996\\\|12\\\|7}} \| Appointed by [Tommy Thompson](/wiki/Tommy_Thompson \"Tommy Thompson\").{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119565317/thompson\\-cabinet/ \\\|title\\= Thompson starts Cabinet \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\\|first\\= Doug \\\|last\\= Mell \\\|date\\= November 6, 1986 \\\|page\\= 1 \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 \\\|via\\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]] }} Resigned. \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|Mark\\\|Bugher\\\|nolink\\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1996\\\|12\\\|7}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1999\\\|9\\\|15}} \| Appointed by [Tommy Thompson](/wiki/Tommy_Thompson \"Tommy Thompson\").{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119566260/bugher\\-admin/ \\\|title\\= New administration chief a regular guy \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[The Capital Times]] \\\|date\\= October 4, 1996 \\\|last\\= Pommer \\\|first\\= Matt \\\|page\\= 2A \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 \\\|via\\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]] }} Resigned. \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|George\\\|Lightbourn\\\|nolink\\=1 }}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|1999\\\|9\\\|15}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|2003\\\|1\\\|6}} \| Appointed by [Tommy Thompson](/wiki/Tommy_Thompson \"Tommy Thompson\").{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119566820/lightbourn\\-admin/ \\\|title\\= Thompson picks successor for his top administrator \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\\|date\\= September 16, 1999 \\\|page\\= 2B \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 \\\|via\\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]] }} \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|Marc\\\|Marotta\\\|nolink\\=1 }}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|2003\\\|1\\\|6}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|2005\\\|10\\\|3}} \| Appointed by [Jim Doyle](/wiki/Jim_Doyle \"Jim Doyle\").{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119567198/marotta\\-admin/ \\\|title\\= Marotta Lives on the Fast Track \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\\|date\\= December 15, 2002 \\\|page\\= 1 \\\|first\\= Brenda \\\|last\\= Ingersoll \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 }} \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|Steve\\\|Bablitch\\\|nolink\\=1 }}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|2005\\\|10\\\|3}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|2007\\\|1\\\|1}} \| Appointed by [Jim Doyle](/wiki/Jim_Doyle \"Jim Doyle\").{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119567682/bablitch\\-admin/ \\\|title\\= Steve Bablitch is new DOA chief \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[The Capital Times]] \\\|date\\= September 13, 2005 \\\|page\\= 1 \\\|first\\= Judith \\\|last\\= Davidoff \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 }} \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|Michael\\\|Morgan\\\|nolink\\=1 }}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|2007\\\|1\\\|1}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|2010\\\|7\\\|6}} \| Appointed by [Jim Doyle](/wiki/Jim_Doyle \"Jim Doyle\").{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119568666/morgan\\-admin/ \\\|title\\= Doyle taps Morgan for DOA chief \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[The Capital Times]] \\\|date\\= December 1, 2006 \\\|page\\= C1 \\\|first\\= David \\\|last\\= Callender \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 }} \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|Dan\\\|Schooff}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|2010\\\|7\\\|6}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|2011\\\|1\\\|3}} \| Appointed by [Jim Doyle](/wiki/Jim_Doyle \"Jim Doyle\").{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119569274/schooff\\-admin/ \\\|title\\= Deputy secretary named head of DOA \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\\|date\\= June 12, 2010 \\\|page\\= A5 \\\|first\\= Mary \\\|last\\= Spicuzza \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 }} \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|Michael\\\|Huebsch}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|2011\\\|1\\\|3}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|2015\\\|3\\\|1}} \| Appointed by [Scott Walker](/wiki/Scott_Walker_%28politician%29 \"Scott Walker (politician)\").{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87682534/walkers\\-cabinet/ \\\|title\\= Walker's Cabinet \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\\|date\\= December 31, 2010 \\\|page\\= A7 \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 }} \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|Scott\\\|Neitzel\\\|nolink\\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|2015\\\|3\\\|1}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|2018\\\|3\\\|5}} \| Appointed by [Scott Walker](/wiki/Scott_Walker_%28politician%29 \"Scott Walker (politician)\").{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119570611/neitzel\\-admin/ \\\|title\\= Walker rearranges top administrators \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Oshkosh Northwestern]] \\\|date\\= February 17, 2015 \\\|first1\\= Matthew \\\|last1\\= DeFour \\\|first2\\= Mary \\\|last2\\= Spicuzza \\\|page\\= A5 \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 }} \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|Ellen\\\|Nowak}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|2018\\\|3\\\|5}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|2019\\\|1\\\|7}} \| Appointed by [Scott Walker](/wiki/Scott_Walker_%28politician%29 \"Scott Walker (politician)\").{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119571081/nowak\\-admin/ \\\|title\\= Nowak to replace Neitzel at DOA \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[The Capital Times]] \\\|date\\= February 21, 2018 \\\|first\\= Jessie \\\|last\\= Opoien \\\|page\\= O9 \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 }} \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|Joel\\\|Brennan\\\|nolink\\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|2019\\\|1\\\|7}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|2021\\\|1\\\|17}} \| Appointed by [Tony Evers](/wiki/Tony_Evers \"Tony Evers\").{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119555990/evers\\-cabinet/ \\\|title\\= Evers: 'I'm seeking talent' \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\\|date\\= December 20, 2018 \\\|last1\\= Sommerhauser \\\|first1\\= Mark \\\|last2\\= Vetterkind \\\|first2\\= Riley \\\|page\\= A1 \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 \\\|via\\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]] }} \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|{{sortname\\\|Kathy\\\|Blumenfeld\\\|nolink\\=1}}}} \| {{Date table sorting\\\|2021\\\|1\\\|17}} \| Current \| Appointed by [Tony Evers](/wiki/Tony_Evers \"Tony Evers\").{{cite web\\\|url\\= https://doa.wi.gov/Pages/AboutDOA/SecretarysOffice.aspx \\\|title\\= Office of the Secretary \\\|website\\= Wisconsin Department of Administration \\\|accessdate\\= February 23, 2023 }} \|", "" ]
### Divisions #### Energy, Housing and Community Resources The Division of Energy, Housing and Community Resources (DEHCR) develops state housing policy and offers program assistance and funds to address homelessness and support affordable housing, public infrastructure, and economic development opportunities. The Division also administers the state program providing electric and heating payment assistance to eligible households, as well as benefits to assist with energy crisis situations and weatherization services. #### Enterprise Operations The Division of Enterprise Operations (DEO) administers enterprise policies governing procurement, risk management, fleet management, and records management, and provides services to the Department of Administration and other state agencies in financial management, procurement, fleet management, air transportation, records management, mail transportation, risk management. In addition, through the State Prosecutors Office, the division provides support to county [district attorneys](/wiki/District_attorney "District attorney") on budgeting, legislative research, grant support, and employment services. The division also facilitates opportunities for disadvantaged businesses to sell goods and services to state agencies. Subdivisions include: * State Bureau of Procurement * Bureau of Enterprise Fleet * Bureau of State Risk Management * Bureau of Financial Management * Supplier Diversity Program * State Prosecutors Office (SPO) * Continuity of Operations / [Continuity of Government](/wiki/Continuity_of_government "Continuity of government") (COOP/COG) * Serve Wisconsin * [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen_emissions_scandal "Volkswagen emissions scandal") Mitigation Program #### Enterprise Technology The Division of Enterprise Technology (DET) provides services, training, and knowledge to assist state agencies in utilizing technology to achieve their business objectives. In addition, every two years the Division publishes a strategic IT plan for the state outlining new technology goals for the state government. Subdivisions include: * Application Services * Bureau of Technical Architecture \& Project Management * Bureau of Policy and Budget * Bureau of Infrastructure Support * Bureau of Security * Bureau of Publishing \& Distribution * Bureau of District Attorney IT #### Executive Budget \& Finance The Division of Executive Budget and Finance provides accounting, budget, and financial services for the state government. The Division also provides fiscal and policy analysis to the Governor for development of executive budget proposals, and assists agencies in the technical preparation of budget requests. It also reviews new legislation and prepares or coordinates the fiscal estimates that accompany all expenditure bills. Subdivisions include: * State Budget Office * State Capital Finance Office * State Controller's Office #### Facilities Development \& Management The Division of Facilities Development \& Management (DFDM) is responsible for producing and implementing the biennial State Building Program, which facilitates all construction, remodeling, renovation, and maintenance of facilities owned by the state government or the [University of Wisconsin](/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin "University of Wisconsin") System. The Division is also responsible for building management, maintenance, and tenant services for the [State Capitol](/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Capitol "Wisconsin State Capitol"), the [Executive Residence](/wiki/Wisconsin_Governor%27s_Mansion "Wisconsin Governor's Mansion"), and 28 other State office buildings. #### Gaming The Division of Gaming is charged with protecting the integrity of [Indian](/wiki/Native_American_gaming "Native American gaming") and charitable gaming in Wisconsin. They handle licensing, background investigations, and regulatory enforcement activities to ensure compliance with state laws and regulations. #### Hearings \& Appeals The Division of Hears \& Appeals (DHA) is a quasi\-judicial independent entity attached to the Department of Administration for administrative purposes. The Division provides administrative hearings where administrative law judges, who do not work for the regulated agency, are able to provide a fair and impartial rulings on the administrative process. Subdivisions include: * Corrections Unit * Office of Worker's Compensation Hearings * General Government Unit * Waste Facility Siting Board * Work \& Family Services Unit #### Intergovernmental Relations The Division of Intergovernmental Relations (DIR) supports Wisconsin's counties, municipalities, residents, and businesses with services in land use planning, land information and records modernization, municipal boundary review, plat review, demography, and coastal management programs. #### Continuous Improvement The Division of Continuous Improvement works to design and implement systems change within the state government to improve efficiency, solve problems, and encourage innovation. #### Legal Services The Division of Legal Services provides legal assistance to the Secretary, department managers, and staff. They provide guidance on procurement, contracting, administrative rule drafting and interpretation, construction, budget development, public records law, and other activities. The Division also serves as a resource to other state agencies on these topics, with a goal to bring greater consistency to these common activities. #### Personnel Management The Division of Personnel Management (DPM) provides support to state agencies on human resources management. The Division oversees the state civil service system, manages labor relations, develops and maintains the state classification and compensation systems, and leads the state's [affirmative action](/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States "Affirmative action in the United States") and [equal opportunity](/wiki/Equal_opportunity "Equal opportunity") employment programs. Subdivisions include: * Bureau of Equity \& Inclusion * Bureau of Classification \& Compensation * Bureau of Employee Management * Bureau of Merit Recruitment \& Selection #### Wisconsin State Capitol Police {{main\\|Wisconsin Capitol Police}} The Capitol Police have statewide jurisdiction to enforce all civil and criminal laws. They are tasked with the safety of all state employees and the security of all facilities owned or leased by the state. They provide the [personal security](/wiki/Security_detail "Security detail") for the Governor, the Governor's family, the Lieutenant Governor, and other high ranking state officials and dignitaries. Subdivision include: * Patrol Operations Section * Support Services Section * Criminal Investigations Unit * Dignitary Protection Unit * K\-9 Unit * Unmanned Aircraft Unit	[ "### Divisions", "#### Energy, Housing and Community Resources", "The Division of Energy, Housing and Community Resources (DEHCR) develops state housing policy and offers program assistance and funds to address homelessness and support affordable housing, public infrastructure, and economic development opportunities. The Division also administers the state program providing electric and heating payment assistance to eligible households, as well as benefits to assist with energy crisis situations and weatherization services.", "#### Enterprise Operations", "The Division of Enterprise Operations (DEO) administers enterprise policies governing procurement, risk management, fleet management, and records management, and provides services to the Department of Administration and other state agencies in financial management, procurement, fleet management, air transportation, records management, mail transportation, risk management. In addition, through the State Prosecutors Office, the division provides support to county [district attorneys](/wiki/District_attorney \"District attorney\") on budgeting, legislative research, grant support, and employment services. The division also facilitates opportunities for disadvantaged businesses to sell goods and services to state agencies.", "Subdivisions include:\n* State Bureau of Procurement\n* Bureau of Enterprise Fleet\n* Bureau of State Risk Management\n* Bureau of Financial Management\n* Supplier Diversity Program\n* State Prosecutors Office (SPO)\n* Continuity of Operations / [Continuity of Government](/wiki/Continuity_of_government \"Continuity of government\") (COOP/COG)\n* Serve Wisconsin\n* [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen_emissions_scandal \"Volkswagen emissions scandal\") Mitigation Program", "#### Enterprise Technology", "The Division of Enterprise Technology (DET) provides services, training, and knowledge to assist state agencies in utilizing technology to achieve their business objectives. In addition, every two years the Division publishes a strategic IT plan for the state outlining new technology goals for the state government.", "Subdivisions include:\n* Application Services\n* Bureau of Technical Architecture \\& Project Management\n* Bureau of Policy and Budget\n* Bureau of Infrastructure Support\n* Bureau of Security\n* Bureau of Publishing \\& Distribution\n* Bureau of District Attorney IT", "#### Executive Budget \\& Finance", "The Division of Executive Budget and Finance provides accounting, budget, and financial services for the state government. The Division also provides fiscal and policy analysis to the Governor for development of executive budget proposals, and assists agencies in the technical preparation of budget requests. It also reviews new legislation and prepares or coordinates the fiscal estimates that accompany all expenditure bills.", "Subdivisions include:\n* State Budget Office\n* State Capital Finance Office\n* State Controller's Office", "#### Facilities Development \\& Management", "The Division of Facilities Development \\& Management (DFDM) is responsible for producing and implementing the biennial State Building Program, which facilitates all construction, remodeling, renovation, and maintenance of facilities owned by the state government or the [University of Wisconsin](/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin \"University of Wisconsin\") System. The Division is also responsible for building management, maintenance, and tenant services for the [State Capitol](/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Capitol \"Wisconsin State Capitol\"), the [Executive Residence](/wiki/Wisconsin_Governor%27s_Mansion \"Wisconsin Governor's Mansion\"), and 28 other State office buildings.", "#### Gaming", "The Division of Gaming is charged with protecting the integrity of [Indian](/wiki/Native_American_gaming \"Native American gaming\") and charitable gaming in Wisconsin. They handle licensing, background investigations, and regulatory enforcement activities to ensure compliance with state laws and regulations.", "#### Hearings \\& Appeals", "The Division of Hears \\& Appeals (DHA) is a quasi\\-judicial independent entity attached to the Department of Administration for administrative purposes. The Division provides administrative hearings where administrative law judges, who do not work for the regulated agency, are able to provide a fair and impartial rulings on the administrative process.", "Subdivisions include:\n* Corrections Unit\n* Office of Worker's Compensation Hearings\n* General Government Unit\n* Waste Facility Siting Board\n* Work \\& Family Services Unit", "#### Intergovernmental Relations", "The Division of Intergovernmental Relations (DIR) supports Wisconsin's counties, municipalities, residents, and businesses with services in land use planning, land information and records modernization, municipal boundary review, plat review, demography, and coastal management programs.", "#### Continuous Improvement", "The Division of Continuous Improvement works to design and implement systems change within the state government to improve efficiency, solve problems, and encourage innovation.", "#### Legal Services", "The Division of Legal Services provides legal assistance to the Secretary, department managers, and staff. They provide guidance on procurement, contracting, administrative rule drafting and interpretation, construction, budget development, public records law, and other activities. The Division also serves as a resource to other state agencies on these topics, with a goal to bring greater consistency to these common activities.", "#### Personnel Management", "The Division of Personnel Management (DPM) provides support to state agencies on human resources management. The Division oversees the state civil service system, manages labor relations, develops and maintains the state classification and compensation systems, and leads the state's [affirmative action](/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States \"Affirmative action in the United States\") and [equal opportunity](/wiki/Equal_opportunity \"Equal opportunity\") employment programs.", "Subdivisions include:\n* Bureau of Equity \\& Inclusion\n* Bureau of Classification \\& Compensation\n* Bureau of Employee Management\n* Bureau of Merit Recruitment \\& Selection", "#### Wisconsin State Capitol Police", "{{main\\\|Wisconsin Capitol Police}}\nThe Capitol Police have statewide jurisdiction to enforce all civil and criminal laws. They are tasked with the safety of all state employees and the security of all facilities owned or leased by the state. They provide the [personal security](/wiki/Security_detail \"Security detail\") for the Governor, the Governor's family, the Lieutenant Governor, and other high ranking state officials and dignitaries.", "Subdivision include:\n* Patrol Operations Section\n* Support Services Section\n* Criminal Investigations Unit\n* Dignitary Protection Unit\n* K\\-9 Unit\n* Unmanned Aircraft Unit", "" ]
Life and career --------------- ### Brazil Faria was born in 1849, the eldest of four children of physician José Cândido Faria (\-1855\) and Josefa Aragonez, who was of Spanish extraction.[Biography of Faria](http://www.cartoonvirtualmuseum.org/galhonra/i_aragones_faria.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111163740/http://www.cartoonvirtualmuseum.org/galhonra/i\_aragones\_faria.htm \\|date\=2014\-11\-11 }} on Cartoonvirtualmuseum.org and [Luíz Antônio Barreto: Cândido Aragonez de Faria, infonet.com.br](http://www.infonet.com.br/luisantoniobarreto/ler.asp?id=118963) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216061157/http://www.infonet.com.br/luisantoniobarreto/ler.asp?id\=118963 \\|date\=2014\-12\-16 }} are used throughout this section Dr. Faria had studied in [Montpelier](/wiki/Montpellier "Montpellier") and specialised in [cholera](/wiki/Cholera "Cholera"). He founded the Hospital de Caridade de Laranjeiras and died in a cholera epidemic in 1855\. The family moved to Rio de Janeiro, where their relatives lived. There young Cândido studied at the Liceu de Artes e Ofícios (School of Arts and Crafts) and at the Escola de Belas Artes (Fine\-Arts School). Faria's very productive career started with his artwork for many magazines satirizing local politicians and the clergy in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro"), like [Paul Gavarni](/wiki/Paul_Gavarni "Paul Gavarni") and [Honoré Daumier](/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier "Honoré Daumier") did in France. He began as a main caricaturist in 1866 for the satirical periodical A Pacotilha (English: Fake, later Pandokeu (Joker)). In September 1869 he started with his brother Adolfo the weekly O Mosquito (The Mosquito). In April 1871 he bought O Lobisomen (The Werewolf) from the lithographer António Alves do Vale. Faria and Vale signed some works together. Then in June 1874 Faria started a new weekly 0 Mefistófeles as the sole illustrator, to be merged with O Mosquito in 1875\. From 1869 through 1874 Faria was one of the illustrators of the magazine A Vida Fluminense (Life in Rio de Janeiro), since 1874 O Fígaro, for which he became the sole illustrator. Since October 1876, Faria supplied cartoons to the weeklies O Ganganelli and O Mequetrefe (The Coxcomb). In 1877 he founded the magazine O Diabrete (The Goblin). Faria worked also for more ephemeral magazines, such as A Comédia Popular (The people's comedy), A Galeria (The Gallery), Ziguezague and Ba\-Ta\-Clan (The Hotchpotch). ### Argentina During 1879 \- 1882, Faria illustrated in Buenos Aires the main satiric weekly El Mosquito and the new magazine Cotorra (English: parrot, windbag), introducing [chromolithography](/wiki/Chromolithography "Chromolithography") in South America. Later he obtained the right to exclusively illustrate the artistic and literary weekly El Correo del Domingo (Sunday Post) and the daily El Gráfico (\~ The graph). ### France In 1882 Faria emigrated to France and established his workshop at Paris, working with Charles Clérice of the [Clérice Frères](/wiki/Cl%C3%A9rice_Fr%C3%A8res "Clérice Frères") illustrators. Faria gained fame by his illustrations for books (e.g., Le fils de Porthos by [Paul Mahalin](/wiki/Paul_Mahalin "Paul Mahalin"), L'enfant d'Une vierge by [Alfred Sirven](/wiki/Alfred_Sirven "Alfred Sirven"), and Pour rire à deux by [Olympe Audouard](/wiki/Olympe_Audouard "Olympe Audouard")) and magazines (La Caricature by [Albert Robida](/wiki/Albert_Robida "Albert Robida"), Le Papillon, Le Monde illustré and La Musique pour tous). But Faria also illustrated many editions of sheet music for the singer [Paulus](/wiki/Paulus_%28singer%29 "Paulus (singer)") (Jean\-Paul Habans) and created the portrait of the singer [Montéhus](/wiki/Mont%C3%A9hus "Montéhus") used for numerous covers. He also illustrated sheet music for songs, romances and operettas by [Justin Clérice](/wiki/Justin_Cl%C3%A9rice "Justin Clérice"), [Louis Ganne](/wiki/Louis_Ganne "Louis Ganne"), [Charles Lecocq](/wiki/Charles_Lecocq "Charles Lecocq"), [Olivier Métra](/wiki/Olivier_M%C3%A9tra "Olivier Métra"), [Edmond Missa](/wiki/Edmond_Missa "Edmond Missa"), [Robert Planquette](/wiki/Robert_Planquette "Robert Planquette"), [Vincent Scotto](/wiki/Vincent_Scotto "Vincent Scotto") and others. Since 1895, Faria and the lithographers Sebaïn and Axelrod created posters for shows, tourism and general advertising. From 1902 up to his death in 1911 he was, with about 300 posters, the main poster designer for the film company [Pathé](/wiki/Path%C3%A9 "Pathé") ([Les Victimes de l'alcoolisme](/wiki/Alcohol_and_its_Victims "Alcohol and its Victims") by [Ferdinand Zecca](/wiki/Ferdinand_Zecca "Ferdinand Zecca"), L'assommoir based on [Emile Zola](/wiki/Emile_Zola "Emile Zola"), and so on). In France Faria married and had a son Jacques, artist and father of Philippe Aragonez de Faria, who would curate his father's and grandfather's work.	[ "Life and career\n---------------", "### Brazil", "Faria was born in 1849, the eldest of four children of physician José Cândido Faria (\\-1855\\) and Josefa Aragonez, who was of Spanish extraction.[Biography of Faria](http://www.cartoonvirtualmuseum.org/galhonra/i_aragones_faria.htm) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111163740/http://www.cartoonvirtualmuseum.org/galhonra/i\\_aragones\\_faria.htm \\\|date\\=2014\\-11\\-11 }} on Cartoonvirtualmuseum.org and [Luíz Antônio Barreto: Cândido Aragonez de Faria, infonet.com.br](http://www.infonet.com.br/luisantoniobarreto/ler.asp?id=118963) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216061157/http://www.infonet.com.br/luisantoniobarreto/ler.asp?id\\=118963 \\\|date\\=2014\\-12\\-16 }} are used throughout this section Dr. Faria had studied in [Montpelier](/wiki/Montpellier \"Montpellier\") and specialised in [cholera](/wiki/Cholera \"Cholera\"). He founded the Hospital de Caridade de Laranjeiras and died in a cholera epidemic in 1855\\. The family moved to Rio de Janeiro, where their relatives lived. There young Cândido studied at the Liceu de Artes e Ofícios (School of Arts and Crafts) and at the Escola de Belas Artes (Fine\\-Arts School).", "Faria's very productive career started with his artwork for many magazines satirizing local politicians and the clergy in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\"), like [Paul Gavarni](/wiki/Paul_Gavarni \"Paul Gavarni\") and [Honoré Daumier](/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier \"Honoré Daumier\") did in France. He began as a main caricaturist in 1866 for the satirical periodical A Pacotilha (English: Fake, later Pandokeu (Joker)). In September 1869 he started with his brother Adolfo the weekly O Mosquito (The Mosquito).\nIn April 1871 he bought O Lobisomen (The Werewolf) from the lithographer António Alves do Vale. Faria and Vale signed some works together. Then in June 1874 Faria started a new weekly 0 Mefistófeles as the sole illustrator, to be merged with O Mosquito in 1875\\. From 1869 through 1874 Faria was one of the illustrators of the magazine A Vida Fluminense (Life in Rio de Janeiro), since 1874 O Fígaro, for which he became the sole illustrator. Since October 1876, Faria supplied cartoons to the weeklies O Ganganelli and O Mequetrefe (The Coxcomb). In 1877 he founded the magazine O Diabrete (The Goblin). Faria worked also for more ephemeral magazines, such as A Comédia Popular (The people's comedy), A Galeria (The Gallery), Ziguezague and Ba\\-Ta\\-Clan (The Hotchpotch).", "### Argentina", "During 1879 \\- 1882, Faria illustrated in Buenos Aires the main satiric weekly El Mosquito and the new magazine Cotorra (English: parrot, windbag), introducing [chromolithography](/wiki/Chromolithography \"Chromolithography\") in South America. Later he obtained the right to exclusively illustrate the artistic and literary weekly El Correo del Domingo (Sunday Post) and the daily El Gráfico (\\~ The graph).", "### France", "In 1882 Faria emigrated to France and established his workshop at Paris, working with Charles Clérice of the [Clérice Frères](/wiki/Cl%C3%A9rice_Fr%C3%A8res \"Clérice Frères\") illustrators. Faria gained fame by his illustrations for books (e.g., Le fils de Porthos by [Paul Mahalin](/wiki/Paul_Mahalin \"Paul Mahalin\"), L'enfant d'Une vierge by [Alfred Sirven](/wiki/Alfred_Sirven \"Alfred Sirven\"), and Pour rire à deux by [Olympe Audouard](/wiki/Olympe_Audouard \"Olympe Audouard\")) and magazines (La Caricature by [Albert Robida](/wiki/Albert_Robida \"Albert Robida\"), Le Papillon, Le Monde illustré and La Musique pour tous). But Faria also illustrated many editions of sheet music for the singer [Paulus](/wiki/Paulus_%28singer%29 \"Paulus (singer)\") (Jean\\-Paul Habans) and created the portrait of the singer [Montéhus](/wiki/Mont%C3%A9hus \"Montéhus\") used for numerous covers. He also illustrated sheet music for songs, romances and operettas by [Justin Clérice](/wiki/Justin_Cl%C3%A9rice \"Justin Clérice\"), [Louis Ganne](/wiki/Louis_Ganne \"Louis Ganne\"), [Charles Lecocq](/wiki/Charles_Lecocq \"Charles Lecocq\"), [Olivier Métra](/wiki/Olivier_M%C3%A9tra \"Olivier Métra\"), [Edmond Missa](/wiki/Edmond_Missa \"Edmond Missa\"), [Robert Planquette](/wiki/Robert_Planquette \"Robert Planquette\"), [Vincent Scotto](/wiki/Vincent_Scotto \"Vincent Scotto\") and others.", "Since 1895, Faria and the lithographers Sebaïn and Axelrod created posters for shows, tourism and general advertising. From 1902 up to his death in 1911 he was, with about 300 posters, the main poster designer for the film company [Pathé](/wiki/Path%C3%A9 \"Pathé\") ([Les Victimes de l'alcoolisme](/wiki/Alcohol_and_its_Victims \"Alcohol and its Victims\") by [Ferdinand Zecca](/wiki/Ferdinand_Zecca \"Ferdinand Zecca\"), L'assommoir based on [Emile Zola](/wiki/Emile_Zola \"Emile Zola\"), and so on).", "In France Faria married and had a son Jacques, artist and father of Philippe Aragonez de Faria, who would curate his father's and grandfather's work.", "" ]
History ------- ### Early history The Natal Rugby Union, renamed the KwaZulu\-Natal Rugby Union (KZNRU) in 1999 was formed in 1890, but it took 66 years for the union to enjoy its first Currie Cup final. In the interim, the province did produce its fair share of quality players, including Springboks [Bill Payn](/wiki/Cecil_%28Bill%29_Payn "Cecil (Bill) Payn"), [Wally Clarkson](/wiki/Wally_Clarkson "Wally Clarkson") and [Philip Nel](/wiki/Philip_J._Nel "Philip J. Nel"), who led [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team "South Africa national rugby union team") on the country's unbeaten tour of [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia") and [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") in [1937](/wiki/1937_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_to_Australasia "1937 South Africa rugby union tour to Australasia"). Whilst the 1920s and 30s saw Natal improve from one of the weakest unions in the Currie Cup to becoming a more competitive mid\-table team, the team still struggled against the quality of sides such as [Western Province](/wiki/Western_Province_%28rugby_union%29 "Western Province (rugby union)") and [Transvaal](/wiki/Golden_Lions "Golden Lions"). ### 1920\-1990: The years of pain Natal did not enjoy any success prior to the 1960s, although legendary coach [Izak van Heerden](/wiki/Izak_van_Heerden "Izak van Heerden") did manage to fashion two unbeaten seasons in '61 and '63, when the Currie Cup competition was not held. The 1956 final saw Natal up against [Northern Transvaal](/wiki/Blue_Bulls "Blue Bulls") and even though it was contested at [Kingsmead](/wiki/Kingsmead_Cricket_Ground "Kingsmead Cricket Ground") in Durban, 9\-8 was the score in favour of the men from [Pretoria](/wiki/Pretoria "Pretoria"). With so many Springbok test matches in the early 1960s, the Currie Cup was contested only four times in that decade. Natal failed to make an impression, despite being able to call on the likes of Springboks [Ormond Taylor](/wiki/Ormond_Taylor "Ormond Taylor") and [Keith Oxlee](/wiki/Keith_Oxlee "Keith Oxlee"). But the province did succeed in building its own unique style of exciting rugby, thanks to the foresight and genius of Van Heerden. Van Heerden, who coached Natal from the late 1950s into the 1960s, was ahead of his time, fostering a brand of rugby that placed so much emphasis on ball retention and the interplay of forwards and backs to produce try\-scoring opportunities. Nonetheless, Natal saw very little success in the 1970s, until the arrival of [Wynand Claassen](/wiki/Wynand_Claassen "Wynand Claassen") from Pretoria in late 1979\. What followed was a rare third\-place finish in the Currie Cup in 1980, with Claassen receiving inspirational support from [Welshman](/wiki/Wales "Wales") [Roger Gardner](/wiki/Roger_Gardner "Roger Gardner") and former [Wallaby](/wiki/Australian_national_rugby_union_team "Australian national rugby union team") [Mark Loane](/wiki/Mark_Loane "Mark Loane"). The standout result was a 22\-19 defeat of Northern Transvaal – Natal's first win over Northern's at [Loftus Versfeld](/wiki/Loftus_Versfeld "Loftus Versfeld") in 41 years. [Northern Transvaal](/wiki/Blue_Bulls "Blue Bulls") went on to win the Currie Cup again that year, but Natal was the only side to get the better of them. ### 1981\-1985: Relegation to Section B During the 80s, Natal could call on players of the calibre of [Gawie Visagie](/wiki/Gawie_Visagie "Gawie Visagie"), [Henry Coxwell](/wiki/Henry_Coxwell_%28rugby_union%29 "Henry Coxwell (rugby union)"), [Rob Hankinson](/wiki/Rob_Hankinson "Rob Hankinson") and [Mort Mortassagne](/wiki/Mort_Mortassagne "Mort Mortassagne"), but relegation to the B\-Section followed in '81\. The side made up for this in 1984 by qualifying for the Currie Cup final, despite plying their trade in the B\-Section. That was after a stunning semi\-final victory over [Free State](/wiki/Free_State_Cheetahs "Free State Cheetahs"), thanks to two tries from [Des McLean](/wiki/Des_McLean_%28rugby_union%29 "Des McLean (rugby union)") and one each from [Derek la Marque](/wiki/Derek_la_Marque "Derek la Marque") and Claassen. The "Banana Boys" gave a good account of themselves in the 1984 final, but [Western Province](/wiki/Western_Province_%28rugby_team%29 "Western Province (rugby team)") were too good, winning 19\-9 at [Newlands](/wiki/Newlands_Stadium "Newlands Stadium") in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town "Cape Town"). For much of the 1980s, Natal was written off as a B\-Section team punching above their weight. It was not until the arrival of legendary coach [Ian McIntosh](/wiki/Ian_McIntosh "Ian McIntosh") from [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Zimbabwe "Zimbabwe") and the return to the A\-Section in 1987 that they started to lay the foundations for success in the 1990s. ### 1986\-1990: Return to Section A and first Currie Cup title After arriving in 1986, McIntosh quickly made his mark in Durban and spent the late 1980s building a squad and recruiting players he felt would serve the greater good of Natal Rugby. That culminated in a dream [1990 Currie Cup season](/wiki/1990_Currie_Cup_Division_A "1990 Currie Cup Division A"), which saw Natal sweep aside just about all before them, with only a heavy round\-robin defeat to [Northern Transvaal](/wiki/Blue_Bulls "Blue Bulls") playing on their minds as they traveled north to face the same opponents in the final. Despite Natal's great season, the men from Pretoria were heavily favoured to win, particularly in front of a partisan home crowd that had become accustomed to Currie Cup success. And with match\-winning [flyhalf](/wiki/Fly-half_%28rugby_union%29 "Fly-half (rugby union)") [Naas Botha](/wiki/Naas_Botha "Naas Botha") at the helm, it was widely accepted that the Blue Bulls just had to show up to win. But, in one of the biggest upsets in the history of the competition, McIntosh's side turned the tables and edged out their more\-fancied opponents 18\-12, after a match\-winning try from flying [winger](/wiki/Wing_%28rugby_union%29 "Wing (rugby union)") [Tony Watson](/wiki/Tony_Watson_%28rugby_union%29 "Tony Watson (rugby union)"). The victorious side was captained by [scrumhalf](/wiki/Scrum-half_%28rugby_union%29 "Scrum-half (rugby union)") [Craig Jamieson](/wiki/Craig_Jamieson_%28rugby_union%29 "Craig Jamieson (rugby union)"), who led the team on a ticker\-tape parade through central Durban later in the week. The victory was especially poignant for being both Natal's first, and for occurring in the union's centenary year. Players from that history\-making team included [fullback](/wiki/Fullback_%28rugby_union%29 "Fullback (rugby union)") [Hugh Reece\-Edwards](/wiki/Hugh_Reece-Edwards "Hugh Reece-Edwards") and [centres](/wiki/Centre_%28rugby_union%29 "Centre (rugby union)") [Dick Muir](/wiki/Dick_Muir "Dick Muir") and [Jeremy Thomson](/wiki/Jeremy_Thomson "Jeremy Thomson"). But the hard work was done upfront by [Gerhard Harding](/wiki/Gerhard_Harding "Gerhard Harding"), [Tom Lawton](/wiki/Tom_Lawton "Tom Lawton") and [Guy Kebble](/wiki/Guy_Kebble "Guy Kebble") in the front row, backed up by the [lock](/wiki/Lock_%28rugby_union%29 "Lock (rugby union)") pairing of [Andre Botha](/wiki/Andre_Botha_%28rugby_union%29 "Andre Botha (rugby union)") and [Rudi Visagie](/wiki/Rudi_Visagie "Rudi Visagie"), [flank](/wiki/Flanker_%28rugby_union%29 "Flanker (rugby union)") [Wahl Bartmann](/wiki/Wahl_Bartmann "Wahl Bartmann") and [eighth man](/wiki/Number_Eight_%28rugby_union%29 "Number Eight (rugby union)") [Andrew Aitken](/wiki/Andrew_Aitken_%28rugby_union%29 "Andrew Aitken (rugby union)"). McIntosh produced a masterstroke by naming regular lock [Steve Atherton](/wiki/Steve_Atherton "Steve Atherton") on the flank just minutes before kick\-off. It resulted in what was arguably Natal's heaviest\-ever scrum and laid the platform for the Durban side to put the required pressure on Blue Bulls scrumhalf [Robert du Preez](/wiki/Robert_du_Preez_%28rugby_union%2C_born_1963%29 "Robert du Preez (rugby union, born 1963)") and Botha. [right\\|thumb\\|150px\\|Logo of Natal Rugby Union prior to 1995](/wiki/File:Natal_Rugby_Union_logo.svg "Natal Rugby Union logo.svg") ### 1990\-1999: Team of the Decade and the rise of the Sharks That 1990 victory was the catalyst for further Currie Cup success, as McIntosh set about ensuring continuity that culminated in Natal being labelled the "team of the ‘90s" a decade later. During this time, the province also recruited wisely, with the likes of Du Preez, fullback [Andre Joubert](/wiki/Andre_Joubert "Andre Joubert"), flyhalf [Henry Honiball](/wiki/Henry_Honiball "Henry Honiball"), centre [Pieter Muller](/wiki/Pieter_Muller "Pieter Muller") and [prop](/wiki/Prop_%28rugby_union%29 "Prop (rugby union)") [Ollie le Roux](/wiki/Ollie_le_Roux "Ollie le Roux") all making the trip to Durban to seek greater fortune. Another shrewd acquisition was tireless flanker Bartmann from [Transvaal](/wiki/Golden_Lions "Golden Lions"), and [1992](/wiki/1992_Currie_Cup "1992 Currie Cup") saw him lead Natal to a second Currie Cup triumph – this time away from home. [Francois Pienaar](/wiki/Francois_Pienaar "Francois Pienaar")'s powerful Transvaal unit were defeated 14\-13 in the final at [Ellis Park](/wiki/Ellis_Park_Stadium "Ellis Park Stadium"). A 21\-15 Currie Cup final defeat to the same opponents followed in [1993](/wiki/1993_Currie_Cup "1993 Currie Cup") – a loss that was made all the more difficult because it took place in front of an expectant home crowd at Kings Park. But the newly branded Sharks were back in the winner's circle just two years later. By now, players such as locks [Mark Andrews](/wiki/Mark_Andrews_%28rugby_union%29 "Mark Andrews (rugby union)") and Atherton, [hooker](/wiki/Hooker_%28rugby_union%29 "Hooker (rugby union)") [John Allan](/wiki/John_Allan_%28rugby_union%29 "John Allan (rugby union)"), eighth man [Gary Teichmann](/wiki/Gary_Teichmann "Gary Teichmann"), prop [Adrian Garvey](/wiki/Adrian_Garvey "Adrian Garvey"), wing [Cabous van der Westhuizen](/wiki/Cabous_van_der_Westhuizen "Cabous van der Westhuizen") and scrumhalf [Kevin Putt](/wiki/Kevin_Putt "Kevin Putt") were all household names and either current or future [Springbok](/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team "South Africa national rugby union team") stars. Making the most of a memorable [World Cup year](/wiki/1995_Rugby_World_Cup "1995 Rugby World Cup") which saw the Springboks claim a historic first world title, McIntosh also recruited [Frenchmen](/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team "France national rugby union team") [Olivier Roumat](/wiki/Olivier_Roumat "Olivier Roumat") and [Thierry Lacroix](/wiki/Thierry_Lacroix "Thierry Lacroix") to bolster what was already a highly talented squad. It proved a masterstroke, with the big lock and flyhalf playing important roles in the [1995](/wiki/1995_Currie_Cup "1995 Currie Cup") final victory over Western Province in Durban. The final score was 25\-17, with the Sharks able to celebrate a third Currie Cup success in six years. With the likes of legendary fullback Joubert now entering their prime, along with a new crop of Sharks heroes in the form of flank [Wayne Fyvie](/wiki/Wayne_Fyvie "Wayne Fyvie") and prop [Robbi Kempson](/wiki/Robbi_Kempson "Robbi Kempson"), further success followed in [1996](/wiki/1996_Currie_Cup "1996 Currie Cup") with the Natal securing their first back\-to\-back Currie Cup titles. Such was their dominance in that year that McIntosh's side was able to travel away to Ellis Park and convincingly beat [Transvaal](/wiki/Golden_Lions "Golden Lions") 33\-15, with Joubert grabbing the man\-of\-the\-match award with a stunning two\-try performance. It was surprising, then, that the team from Durban had to wait until [1999](/wiki/1999_Currie_Cup "1999 Currie Cup") to contest another final, with the likes of Western Province, Free State Cheetahs and the [Northern Transvaal](/wiki/Blue_Bulls "Blue Bulls") once again coming into their own towards the end of the 1990s. But it was Transvaal, now renamed the Golden Lions, that would cause Natal Currie Cup heartache, as they pitched up in Durban and handed the four\-time champions a 32\-9 hiding in the 1999 final, with Lions fullback [Thinus Delport](/wiki/Thinus_Delport "Thinus Delport") scoring twice in a match\-winning performance. Despite the best efforts of their rising star, under\-21 flyhallf [Cobus Gomes](/wiki/Cobus_Gomes "Cobus Gomes") who kicked 3 penalties and scored what was arguably the try of the season only to have it reversed due to ill\-discipline in the scrum prior to the line break. That signaled the end of an era, with McIntosh, inspirational captain Teichmann, Honiball and Joubert all announcing their retirements. ### 2000\-2009: Growing International Influence With [Rudolf Straeuli](/wiki/Rudolf_Straeuli "Rudolf Straeuli") now at the helm and future Springbok captain [John Smit](/wiki/John_Smit "John Smit") at the forefront of a Sharks revival, they were able to overcome those huge losses and qualify for the [2000](/wiki/2000_Currie_Cup "2000 Currie Cup") final. But Western Province was too strong at Kings Park in Durban, as The Sharks went down by 25 points to 15\. It was a case of deja vu just [12 months later](/wiki/2001_Currie_Cup "2001 Currie Cup"), but this time at Newlands in Cape Town. The score was 29\-24 on that occasion, as Western Province enjoyed a period of dominance over their coastal rivals from Durban. The Sharks bounced back to feature in the [2003](/wiki/2003_Currie_Cup "2003 Currie Cup") final, but a heavy 40\-19 Currie Cup final defeat to the Blue Bulls in Pretoria followed and that was to signal the start of a barren period for the province. It was not until [2008](/wiki/2008_Currie_Cup_Premier_Division "2008 Currie Cup Premier Division"), with New Zealander [John Plumtree](/wiki/John_Plumtree "John Plumtree") in charge, that The Sharks were able to break the curse and once again claim Currie Cup glory. Northern Transvaal, by now renamed the Blue Bulls, were their opponents in the final, and this time the Kings Park faithful were treated to a gutsy Sharks performance that culminated in an edgy 14\-9 victory. It was the fifth Currie Cup title, and like the 1995 final, a French connection in the guise of [Frédéric Michalak](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Michalak "Frédéric Michalak") would again be involved for The Sharks and, with quality young players such as [Ruan Pienaar](/wiki/Ruan_Pienaar "Ruan Pienaar"), [Rory Kockott](/wiki/Rory_Kockott "Rory Kockott"), [Beast Mtawarira](/wiki/Tendai_Mtawarira "Tendai Mtawarira"), [JP Pietersen](/wiki/JP_Pietersen "JP Pietersen"), [Bismarck du Plessis](/wiki/Bismarck_du_Plessis "Bismarck du Plessis"), [Keegan Daniel](/wiki/Keegan_Daniel "Keegan Daniel") and [Ryan Kankowski](/wiki/Ryan_Kankowski "Ryan Kankowski") in their ranks, the portents for success are clearly present. ### 2010\-2013: Becoming a Force to be Reckoned with Many of the above\-mentioned players, along with some of the stalwarts like John Smit, [Stefan Terblanche](/wiki/Stefan_Terblanche "Stefan Terblanche") and [Jacques Botes](/wiki/Jacques_Botes "Jacques Botes"), together with a few new recruits like [Willem Alberts](/wiki/Willem_Alberts "Willem Alberts") and [Louis Ludik](/wiki/Louis_Ludik "Louis Ludik"), and new talent coming through the Sharks Academy made good in [2010](/wiki/2010_Currie_Cup_Premier_Division "2010 Currie Cup Premier Division") as the team regained the Absa Currie Cup trophy after another successful domestic season. Having finished the pool stages of the tournament at the top of the log, they dispatched of the Blue Bulls in the semi\-final and then comprehensively beat Western Province 30\-10 in the final \- both matches taking place in front of home crowds at [The Shark Tank](/wiki/Kings_Park_Stadium "Kings Park Stadium"). Young [Patrick Lambie](/wiki/Patrick_Lambie "Patrick Lambie") was the star of the show, earning the coveted Man of the Match award with his 25 individual points' haul and he, along with Keegan Daniel, [Lwazi Mvovo](/wiki/Lwazi_Mvovo "Lwazi Mvovo"), Willem Alberts and [Charl McLeod](/wiki/Charl_McLeod "Charl McLeod") all went on to gain Springbok honours at the end of the year. The Sharks reached their third final in four years when they finished second on the login [2011](/wiki/2011_Currie_Cup_Premier_Division "2011 Currie Cup Premier Division"), with the Lions finishing top. The Lions had not won a trophy since beating the Sharks in the 1999 Currie Cup final. Despite the odds, a fired\-up Lions side emulated the feat of their predecessors of 12 years previously (the Sharks had also suffered a 12\-year drought, winning in 1996 and then again in 2008\) and ran out winners at a packed Ellis Park in [Johannesburg](/wiki/Johannesburg "Johannesburg"), defeating The Sharks and emerge 2011 Currie Cup champions. It was a similar scenario in [2012](/wiki/2012_Currie_Cup_Premier_Division "2012 Currie Cup Premier Division") when The Sharks managed, again, to reach the Currie Cup final, hosting it again as they had succeeded in 2008 and 2010\. All the signs suggested that they would emulate those feats, but sadly it was Western Province who broke their own 11\-year trophy drought in a tight final at Kings Park, with [Juan de Jongh](/wiki/Juan_de_Jongh "Juan de Jongh") dancing through the Sharks defence in the 36th minute to score what would become the match\-winning try. The final score was 25\-18 in favour of Western Province. However, The Sharks were not to be denied in [2013](/wiki/2013_Currie_Cup_Premier_Division "2013 Currie Cup Premier Division") when matters were reversed. The final pool match pitted The Sharks and Western Province against one another at Kings Park, the teams one and two on the log. The winner of that match would finish top and thus earn the right to host the final, should they get through. Western Province won 17\-13 and finished top of the Currie Cup log, with the Sharks in the second position. Both teams successfully negotiated their way through the semi\-finals, Western Province defeated the Golden Lions 33\-16 and The Sharks victorious over Free State \- 33\-22\. The 2013 Currie Cup final was held on 26 October 2013 at Newlands in Cape Town. The home side were overwhelming favourites having beaten the Sharks in both pool matches during the season. It was typical derby stuff; a massive clash between the two best teams in the tournament. But it appeared that The Sharks were hungrier. They hit the rucks with greater passion; they smashed Province in the tackles and took their chances to emerge worthy 33\-19 victors, holding out against a late, but ultimately ineffective charge from the home side to be crowned 2013 champions \- their third title and fifth final in the tournament since 2008\.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.sharksrugby.co.za/general/content/currie\-cup\-history \\|title\=Sharks Rugby \\|access\-date\=6 June 2014 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707204653/http://www.sharksrugby.co.za/general/content/currie\-cup\-history \\|archive\-date\=7 July 2014 }}	[ "History\n-------", "### Early history", "The Natal Rugby Union, renamed the KwaZulu\\-Natal Rugby Union (KZNRU) in 1999 was formed in 1890, but it took 66 years for the union to enjoy its first Currie Cup final. In the interim, the province did produce its fair share of quality players, including Springboks [Bill Payn](/wiki/Cecil_%28Bill%29_Payn \"Cecil (Bill) Payn\"), [Wally Clarkson](/wiki/Wally_Clarkson \"Wally Clarkson\") and [Philip Nel](/wiki/Philip_J._Nel \"Philip J. Nel\"), who led [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team \"South Africa national rugby union team\") on the country's unbeaten tour of [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") and [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\") in [1937](/wiki/1937_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_to_Australasia \"1937 South Africa rugby union tour to Australasia\"). Whilst the 1920s and 30s saw Natal improve from one of the weakest unions in the Currie Cup to becoming a more competitive mid\\-table team, the team still struggled against the quality of sides such as [Western Province](/wiki/Western_Province_%28rugby_union%29 \"Western Province (rugby union)\") and [Transvaal](/wiki/Golden_Lions \"Golden Lions\").", "### 1920\\-1990: The years of pain", "Natal did not enjoy any success prior to the 1960s, although legendary coach [Izak van Heerden](/wiki/Izak_van_Heerden \"Izak van Heerden\") did manage to fashion two unbeaten seasons in '61 and '63, when the Currie Cup competition was not held. The 1956 final saw Natal up against [Northern Transvaal](/wiki/Blue_Bulls \"Blue Bulls\") and even though it was contested at [Kingsmead](/wiki/Kingsmead_Cricket_Ground \"Kingsmead Cricket Ground\") in Durban, 9\\-8 was the score in favour of the men from [Pretoria](/wiki/Pretoria \"Pretoria\"). With so many Springbok test matches in the early 1960s, the Currie Cup was contested only four times in that decade. Natal failed to make an impression, despite being able to call on the likes of Springboks [Ormond Taylor](/wiki/Ormond_Taylor \"Ormond Taylor\") and [Keith Oxlee](/wiki/Keith_Oxlee \"Keith Oxlee\"). But the province did succeed in building its own unique style of exciting rugby, thanks to the foresight and genius of Van Heerden. Van Heerden, who coached Natal from the late 1950s into the 1960s, was ahead of his time, fostering a brand of rugby that placed so much emphasis on ball retention and the interplay of forwards and backs to produce try\\-scoring opportunities. Nonetheless, Natal saw very little success in the 1970s, until the arrival of [Wynand Claassen](/wiki/Wynand_Claassen \"Wynand Claassen\") from Pretoria in late 1979\\. What followed was a rare third\\-place finish in the Currie Cup in 1980, with Claassen receiving inspirational support from [Welshman](/wiki/Wales \"Wales\") [Roger Gardner](/wiki/Roger_Gardner \"Roger Gardner\") and former [Wallaby](/wiki/Australian_national_rugby_union_team \"Australian national rugby union team\") [Mark Loane](/wiki/Mark_Loane \"Mark Loane\"). The standout result was a 22\\-19 defeat of Northern Transvaal – Natal's first win over Northern's at [Loftus Versfeld](/wiki/Loftus_Versfeld \"Loftus Versfeld\") in 41 years. [Northern Transvaal](/wiki/Blue_Bulls \"Blue Bulls\") went on to win the Currie Cup again that year, but Natal was the only side to get the better of them.", "### 1981\\-1985: Relegation to Section B", "During the 80s, Natal could call on players of the calibre of [Gawie Visagie](/wiki/Gawie_Visagie \"Gawie Visagie\"), [Henry Coxwell](/wiki/Henry_Coxwell_%28rugby_union%29 \"Henry Coxwell (rugby union)\"), [Rob Hankinson](/wiki/Rob_Hankinson \"Rob Hankinson\") and [Mort Mortassagne](/wiki/Mort_Mortassagne \"Mort Mortassagne\"), but relegation to the B\\-Section followed in '81\\. The side made up for this in 1984 by qualifying for the Currie Cup final, despite plying their trade in the B\\-Section. That was after a stunning semi\\-final victory over [Free State](/wiki/Free_State_Cheetahs \"Free State Cheetahs\"), thanks to two tries from [Des McLean](/wiki/Des_McLean_%28rugby_union%29 \"Des McLean (rugby union)\") and one each from [Derek la Marque](/wiki/Derek_la_Marque \"Derek la Marque\") and Claassen. The \"Banana Boys\" gave a good account of themselves in the 1984 final, but [Western Province](/wiki/Western_Province_%28rugby_team%29 \"Western Province (rugby team)\") were too good, winning 19\\-9 at [Newlands](/wiki/Newlands_Stadium \"Newlands Stadium\") in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\"). For much of the 1980s, Natal was written off as a B\\-Section team punching above their weight. It was not until the arrival of legendary coach [Ian McIntosh](/wiki/Ian_McIntosh \"Ian McIntosh\") from [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Zimbabwe \"Zimbabwe\") and the return to the A\\-Section in 1987 that they started to lay the foundations for success in the 1990s.", "### 1986\\-1990: Return to Section A and first Currie Cup title", "After arriving in 1986, McIntosh quickly made his mark in Durban and spent the late 1980s building a squad and recruiting players he felt would serve the greater good of Natal Rugby. That culminated in a dream [1990 Currie Cup season](/wiki/1990_Currie_Cup_Division_A \"1990 Currie Cup Division A\"), which saw Natal sweep aside just about all before them, with only a heavy round\\-robin defeat to [Northern Transvaal](/wiki/Blue_Bulls \"Blue Bulls\") playing on their minds as they traveled north to face the same opponents in the final. Despite Natal's great season, the men from Pretoria were heavily favoured to win, particularly in front of a partisan home crowd that had become accustomed to Currie Cup success. And with match\\-winning [flyhalf](/wiki/Fly-half_%28rugby_union%29 \"Fly-half (rugby union)\") [Naas Botha](/wiki/Naas_Botha \"Naas Botha\") at the helm, it was widely accepted that the Blue Bulls just had to show up to win. But, in one of the biggest upsets in the history of the competition, McIntosh's side turned the tables and edged out their more\\-fancied opponents 18\\-12, after a match\\-winning try from flying [winger](/wiki/Wing_%28rugby_union%29 \"Wing (rugby union)\") [Tony Watson](/wiki/Tony_Watson_%28rugby_union%29 \"Tony Watson (rugby union)\"). The victorious side was captained by [scrumhalf](/wiki/Scrum-half_%28rugby_union%29 \"Scrum-half (rugby union)\") [Craig Jamieson](/wiki/Craig_Jamieson_%28rugby_union%29 \"Craig Jamieson (rugby union)\"), who led the team on a ticker\\-tape parade through central Durban later in the week. The victory was especially poignant for being both Natal's first, and for occurring in the union's centenary year. Players from that history\\-making team included [fullback](/wiki/Fullback_%28rugby_union%29 \"Fullback (rugby union)\") [Hugh Reece\\-Edwards](/wiki/Hugh_Reece-Edwards \"Hugh Reece-Edwards\") and [centres](/wiki/Centre_%28rugby_union%29 \"Centre (rugby union)\") [Dick Muir](/wiki/Dick_Muir \"Dick Muir\") and [Jeremy Thomson](/wiki/Jeremy_Thomson \"Jeremy Thomson\"). But the hard work was done upfront by [Gerhard Harding](/wiki/Gerhard_Harding \"Gerhard Harding\"), [Tom Lawton](/wiki/Tom_Lawton \"Tom Lawton\") and [Guy Kebble](/wiki/Guy_Kebble \"Guy Kebble\") in the front row, backed up by the [lock](/wiki/Lock_%28rugby_union%29 \"Lock (rugby union)\") pairing of [Andre Botha](/wiki/Andre_Botha_%28rugby_union%29 \"Andre Botha (rugby union)\") and [Rudi Visagie](/wiki/Rudi_Visagie \"Rudi Visagie\"), [flank](/wiki/Flanker_%28rugby_union%29 \"Flanker (rugby union)\") [Wahl Bartmann](/wiki/Wahl_Bartmann \"Wahl Bartmann\") and [eighth man](/wiki/Number_Eight_%28rugby_union%29 \"Number Eight (rugby union)\") [Andrew Aitken](/wiki/Andrew_Aitken_%28rugby_union%29 \"Andrew Aitken (rugby union)\"). McIntosh produced a masterstroke by naming regular lock [Steve Atherton](/wiki/Steve_Atherton \"Steve Atherton\") on the flank just minutes before kick\\-off. It resulted in what was arguably Natal's heaviest\\-ever scrum and laid the platform for the Durban side to put the required pressure on Blue Bulls scrumhalf [Robert du Preez](/wiki/Robert_du_Preez_%28rugby_union%2C_born_1963%29 \"Robert du Preez (rugby union, born 1963)\") and Botha.", "[right\\\|thumb\\\|150px\\\|Logo of Natal Rugby Union prior to 1995](/wiki/File:Natal_Rugby_Union_logo.svg \"Natal Rugby Union logo.svg\")", "### 1990\\-1999: Team of the Decade and the rise of the Sharks", "That 1990 victory was the catalyst for further Currie Cup success, as McIntosh set about ensuring continuity that culminated in Natal being labelled the \"team of the ‘90s\" a decade later. During this time, the province also recruited wisely, with the likes of Du Preez, fullback [Andre Joubert](/wiki/Andre_Joubert \"Andre Joubert\"), flyhalf [Henry Honiball](/wiki/Henry_Honiball \"Henry Honiball\"), centre [Pieter Muller](/wiki/Pieter_Muller \"Pieter Muller\") and [prop](/wiki/Prop_%28rugby_union%29 \"Prop (rugby union)\") [Ollie le Roux](/wiki/Ollie_le_Roux \"Ollie le Roux\") all making the trip to Durban to seek greater fortune. Another shrewd acquisition was tireless flanker Bartmann from [Transvaal](/wiki/Golden_Lions \"Golden Lions\"), and [1992](/wiki/1992_Currie_Cup \"1992 Currie Cup\") saw him lead Natal to a second Currie Cup triumph – this time away from home. [Francois Pienaar](/wiki/Francois_Pienaar \"Francois Pienaar\")'s powerful Transvaal unit were defeated 14\\-13 in the final at [Ellis Park](/wiki/Ellis_Park_Stadium \"Ellis Park Stadium\"). A 21\\-15 Currie Cup final defeat to the same opponents followed in [1993](/wiki/1993_Currie_Cup \"1993 Currie Cup\") – a loss that was made all the more difficult because it took place in front of an expectant home crowd at Kings Park. But the newly branded Sharks were back in the winner's circle just two years later. By now, players such as locks [Mark Andrews](/wiki/Mark_Andrews_%28rugby_union%29 \"Mark Andrews (rugby union)\") and Atherton, [hooker](/wiki/Hooker_%28rugby_union%29 \"Hooker (rugby union)\") [John Allan](/wiki/John_Allan_%28rugby_union%29 \"John Allan (rugby union)\"), eighth man [Gary Teichmann](/wiki/Gary_Teichmann \"Gary Teichmann\"), prop [Adrian Garvey](/wiki/Adrian_Garvey \"Adrian Garvey\"), wing [Cabous van der Westhuizen](/wiki/Cabous_van_der_Westhuizen \"Cabous van der Westhuizen\") and scrumhalf [Kevin Putt](/wiki/Kevin_Putt \"Kevin Putt\") were all household names and either current or future [Springbok](/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team \"South Africa national rugby union team\") stars. Making the most of a memorable [World Cup year](/wiki/1995_Rugby_World_Cup \"1995 Rugby World Cup\") which saw the Springboks claim a historic first world title, McIntosh also recruited [Frenchmen](/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team \"France national rugby union team\") [Olivier Roumat](/wiki/Olivier_Roumat \"Olivier Roumat\") and [Thierry Lacroix](/wiki/Thierry_Lacroix \"Thierry Lacroix\") to bolster what was already a highly talented squad. It proved a masterstroke, with the big lock and flyhalf playing important roles in the [1995](/wiki/1995_Currie_Cup \"1995 Currie Cup\") final victory over Western Province in Durban. The final score was 25\\-17, with the Sharks able to celebrate a third Currie Cup success in six years. With the likes of legendary fullback Joubert now entering their prime, along with a new crop of Sharks heroes in the form of flank [Wayne Fyvie](/wiki/Wayne_Fyvie \"Wayne Fyvie\") and prop [Robbi Kempson](/wiki/Robbi_Kempson \"Robbi Kempson\"), further success followed in [1996](/wiki/1996_Currie_Cup \"1996 Currie Cup\") with the Natal securing their first back\\-to\\-back Currie Cup titles. Such was their dominance in that year that McIntosh's side was able to travel away to Ellis Park and convincingly beat [Transvaal](/wiki/Golden_Lions \"Golden Lions\") 33\\-15, with Joubert grabbing the man\\-of\\-the\\-match award with a stunning two\\-try performance. It was surprising, then, that the team from Durban had to wait until [1999](/wiki/1999_Currie_Cup \"1999 Currie Cup\") to contest another final, with the likes of Western Province, Free State Cheetahs and the [Northern Transvaal](/wiki/Blue_Bulls \"Blue Bulls\") once again coming into their own towards the end of the 1990s. But it was Transvaal, now renamed the Golden Lions, that would cause Natal Currie Cup heartache, as they pitched up in Durban and handed the four\\-time champions a 32\\-9 hiding in the 1999 final, with Lions fullback [Thinus Delport](/wiki/Thinus_Delport \"Thinus Delport\") scoring twice in a match\\-winning performance. Despite the best efforts of their rising star, under\\-21 flyhallf [Cobus Gomes](/wiki/Cobus_Gomes \"Cobus Gomes\") who kicked 3 penalties and scored what was arguably the try of the season only to have it reversed due to ill\\-discipline in the scrum prior to the line break. That signaled the end of an era, with McIntosh, inspirational captain Teichmann, Honiball and Joubert all announcing their retirements.", "### 2000\\-2009: Growing International Influence", "With [Rudolf Straeuli](/wiki/Rudolf_Straeuli \"Rudolf Straeuli\") now at the helm and future Springbok captain [John Smit](/wiki/John_Smit \"John Smit\") at the forefront of a Sharks revival, they were able to overcome those huge losses and qualify for the [2000](/wiki/2000_Currie_Cup \"2000 Currie Cup\") final. But Western Province was too strong at Kings Park in Durban, as The Sharks went down by 25 points to 15\\. It was a case of deja vu just [12 months later](/wiki/2001_Currie_Cup \"2001 Currie Cup\"), but this time at Newlands in Cape Town. The score was 29\\-24 on that occasion, as Western Province enjoyed a period of dominance over their coastal rivals from Durban. The Sharks bounced back to feature in the [2003](/wiki/2003_Currie_Cup \"2003 Currie Cup\") final, but a heavy 40\\-19 Currie Cup final defeat to the Blue Bulls in Pretoria followed and that was to signal the start of a barren period for the province. It was not until [2008](/wiki/2008_Currie_Cup_Premier_Division \"2008 Currie Cup Premier Division\"), with New Zealander [John Plumtree](/wiki/John_Plumtree \"John Plumtree\") in charge, that The Sharks were able to break the curse and once again claim Currie Cup glory. Northern Transvaal, by now renamed the Blue Bulls, were their opponents in the final, and this time the Kings Park faithful were treated to a gutsy Sharks performance that culminated in an edgy 14\\-9 victory. It was the fifth Currie Cup title, and like the 1995 final, a French connection in the guise of [Frédéric Michalak](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Michalak \"Frédéric Michalak\") would again be involved for The Sharks and, with quality young players such as [Ruan Pienaar](/wiki/Ruan_Pienaar \"Ruan Pienaar\"), [Rory Kockott](/wiki/Rory_Kockott \"Rory Kockott\"), [Beast Mtawarira](/wiki/Tendai_Mtawarira \"Tendai Mtawarira\"), [JP Pietersen](/wiki/JP_Pietersen \"JP Pietersen\"), [Bismarck du Plessis](/wiki/Bismarck_du_Plessis \"Bismarck du Plessis\"), [Keegan Daniel](/wiki/Keegan_Daniel \"Keegan Daniel\") and [Ryan Kankowski](/wiki/Ryan_Kankowski \"Ryan Kankowski\") in their ranks, the portents for success are clearly present.", "### 2010\\-2013: Becoming a Force to be Reckoned with", "Many of the above\\-mentioned players, along with some of the stalwarts like John Smit, [Stefan Terblanche](/wiki/Stefan_Terblanche \"Stefan Terblanche\") and [Jacques Botes](/wiki/Jacques_Botes \"Jacques Botes\"), together with a few new recruits like [Willem Alberts](/wiki/Willem_Alberts \"Willem Alberts\") and [Louis Ludik](/wiki/Louis_Ludik \"Louis Ludik\"), and new talent coming through the Sharks Academy made good in [2010](/wiki/2010_Currie_Cup_Premier_Division \"2010 Currie Cup Premier Division\") as the team regained the Absa Currie Cup trophy after another successful domestic season. Having finished the pool stages of the tournament at the top of the log, they dispatched of the Blue Bulls in the semi\\-final and then comprehensively beat Western Province 30\\-10 in the final \\- both matches taking place in front of home crowds at [The Shark Tank](/wiki/Kings_Park_Stadium \"Kings Park Stadium\"). Young [Patrick Lambie](/wiki/Patrick_Lambie \"Patrick Lambie\") was the star of the show, earning the coveted Man of the Match award with his 25 individual points' haul and he, along with Keegan Daniel, [Lwazi Mvovo](/wiki/Lwazi_Mvovo \"Lwazi Mvovo\"), Willem Alberts and [Charl McLeod](/wiki/Charl_McLeod \"Charl McLeod\") all went on to gain Springbok honours at the end of the year. The Sharks reached their third final in four years when they finished second on the login [2011](/wiki/2011_Currie_Cup_Premier_Division \"2011 Currie Cup Premier Division\"), with the Lions finishing top. The Lions had not won a trophy since beating the Sharks in the 1999 Currie Cup final. Despite the odds, a fired\\-up Lions side emulated the feat of their predecessors of 12 years previously (the Sharks had also suffered a 12\\-year drought, winning in 1996 and then again in 2008\\) and ran out winners at a packed Ellis Park in [Johannesburg](/wiki/Johannesburg \"Johannesburg\"), defeating The Sharks and emerge 2011 Currie Cup champions. It was a similar scenario in [2012](/wiki/2012_Currie_Cup_Premier_Division \"2012 Currie Cup Premier Division\") when The Sharks managed, again, to reach the Currie Cup final, hosting it again as they had succeeded in 2008 and 2010\\. All the signs suggested that they would emulate those feats, but sadly it was Western Province who broke their own 11\\-year trophy drought in a tight final at Kings Park, with [Juan de Jongh](/wiki/Juan_de_Jongh \"Juan de Jongh\") dancing through the Sharks defence in the 36th minute to score what would become the match\\-winning try. The final score was 25\\-18 in favour of Western Province. However, The Sharks were not to be denied in [2013](/wiki/2013_Currie_Cup_Premier_Division \"2013 Currie Cup Premier Division\") when matters were reversed. The final pool match pitted The Sharks and Western Province against one another at Kings Park, the teams one and two on the log. The winner of that match would finish top and thus earn the right to host the final, should they get through. Western Province won 17\\-13 and finished top of the Currie Cup log, with the Sharks in the second position.\nBoth teams successfully negotiated their way through the semi\\-finals, Western Province defeated the Golden Lions 33\\-16 and The Sharks victorious over Free State \\- 33\\-22\\. The 2013 Currie Cup final was held on 26 October 2013 at Newlands in Cape Town. The home side were overwhelming favourites having beaten the Sharks in both pool matches during the season. It was typical derby stuff; a massive clash between the two best teams in the tournament. But it appeared that The Sharks were hungrier. They hit the rucks with greater passion; they smashed Province in the tackles and took their chances to emerge worthy 33\\-19 victors, holding out against a late, but ultimately ineffective charge from the home side to be crowned 2013 champions \\- their third title and fifth final in the tournament since 2008\\.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.sharksrugby.co.za/general/content/currie\\-cup\\-history \\\|title\\=Sharks Rugby \\\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2014 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707204653/http://www.sharksrugby.co.za/general/content/currie\\-cup\\-history \\\|archive\\-date\\=7 July 2014 }}", "" ]
Life and career --------------- Born into a wealthy [Jewish](/wiki/Italian_Jewish "Italian Jewish") family, on 14 November 1934, Carlo De Benedetti is the brother of Italian Senator Franco Debenedetti, whose surname is different owing to a spelling error.{{cite news\\|url\=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1997/gennaio/16/Benedetti\_indagato\_con\_fratello\_Carlo\_co\_0\_970116606\.shtml\\|title\=De Benedetti indagato con il fratello Carlo\\|date\=16 January 1997\\|newspaper\=\[\[Corriere della Sera]]}} In 1943, during the [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), the De Benedetti family fled to [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland"). After Carlo returned to Italy, he received a degree in [electrical engineering](/wiki/Electrical_engineering "Electrical engineering") from the [Polytechnic University of Turin](/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Turin "Polytechnic University of Turin") and in 1959 began to work in his father's manufacturing business, the Compagnia Italiana Tubi Metallici Flessibili. He helped improve company profits consistently and in 1972 acquired the Gilardini company, of which he became president and CEO until 1976\. Carlo De Benedetti left Italy to return to [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") in 1975, owing to possible terrorist threats during the [Anni di Piombo](/wiki/Anni_di_Piombo "Anni di Piombo") period of Italian domestic terrorism. For a brief period, from 4 May to 25 August 1976, he was appointed [CEO](/wiki/Chief_executive_officer "Chief executive officer") of [FIAT](/wiki/FIAT "FIAT").{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.lastampa.it/redazione/cmsSezioni/economia/200901articoli/40415girata.asp\\|title\=Tra industria e Borsa cinquant'anni sul ring\\|date\=27 January 2009\\|work\=LaStampa.it\\|access\-date\=2009\-12\-23\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322004853/http://www.lastampa.it/redazione/cmsSezioni/economia/200901articoli/40415girata.asp\#\\|archive\-date\=2012\-03\-22\\|url\-status\=dead}} His resignation from Fiat was caused, according to De Benedetti, by his decision to lay off 65,000 workers, which was refused by [Fiat](/wiki/Fiat_Automobiles "Fiat Automobiles") head [Gianni Agnelli](/wiki/Gianni_Agnelli "Gianni Agnelli"); other sources say that he was suspected of trying to build up a takeover of power within the company, with the backing Swiss financial groups.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.ilgiornale.it/interni/de\_benedetti\_finanziere\_moralista\_che\_piace\_sinistra/19\-08\-2009/articolo\-id\=374927\-page\=0\-comments\=1\\|title\=De Benedetti, finanziere moralista che piace alla sinistra\\|work\=ilGiornale.it\\|date\=19 August 2009}} In November 1976, De Benedetti acquired the [CIR Group](/wiki/CIR_Group "CIR Group"), thereby also obtaining control of the national newspaper [La Repubblica](/wiki/La_Repubblica "La Repubblica") and the newsmagazine [L'Espresso](/wiki/L%27Espresso "L'Espresso"). In 1978 he became [CEO](/wiki/Chief_executive_officer "Chief executive officer") of the Italian manufacturer [Olivetti](/wiki/Olivetti "Olivetti"),{{cite news\\| url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/04/business/de\-benedetti\-steps\-down\-as\-the\-chairman\-of\-olivetti.html \\| work\=The New York Times \\| title\=De Benedetti Steps Down as the Chairman of Olivetti \\| first\=John \\| last\=Tagliabue \\| date\=4 September 1996 \\| accessdate\=28 April 2010}} where he remained until his resignation in 1996\. As president of Olivetti, since 1983, he quickly and ruthlessly reorganized the company, switching its focus from mechanical [typewriters](/wiki/Typewriters "Typewriters") to [computers](/wiki/Computers "Computers").{{cite news\\| url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/19/business/crafting\-a\-high\-tech\-renaissance\-at\-olivetti.html?\&pagewanted\=all \\| work\=The New York Times \\| title\=Crafting A High\-Tech Renaissance At Olivetti \\| first\=John \\| last\=Tagliabue \\| date\=February 19, 1984 \\| accessdate\=28 April 2010}} In the 1980s, along with other leading business figures, he founded the [European Round Table of Industrialists](/wiki/European_Round_Table_of_Industrialists "European Round Table of Industrialists"), of which he was vice president until 2004\. In 1985 he became a member of the European Advisory Committee of the [New York Stock Exchange](/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange "New York Stock Exchange"). In 1995 De Benedetti founded the [telecommunications](/wiki/Telecommunications "Telecommunications") companies [Omnitel](/wiki/Omnitel_Pronto_Italia "Omnitel Pronto Italia") and [Infostrada](/wiki/Infostrada "Infostrada"). In 1997 he created the [Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso](/wiki/Gruppo_Editoriale_L%27Espresso "Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso") (L'Espresso Editorial Group),{{cite web\\|url\=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1997/03/26/fusione\-espresso\-repubblica\-avremo\-piu.html\\|title\=FUSIONE L' ESPRESSO \- REPUBBLICA 'AVREMO PIU' RISORSE PER CRESCERE'\\|work\=Archivio \- la Repubblica.it}} by merging the [L'Espresso](/wiki/L%27Espresso "L'Espresso") and [La Repubblica](/wiki/La_Repubblica "La Repubblica") editorial groups. [Carlo Caracciolo](/wiki/Carlo_Caracciolo "Carlo Caracciolo") was appointed president of the group. However, Carlo De Benedetti assumed the presidency in 2006, after the death of [Caracciolo.](/wiki/Andrea_Caracciolo "Andrea Caracciolo"){{cite web\\|url\=http://www.rainews24\.rai.it/it/news.php?newsid%3D89522 \\|title\=Rainews24\.it \\|accessdate\=2010\-01\-30 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613144537/http://www.rainews24\.rai.it/it/news.php?newsid\=89522 \\|archive\-date\=2011\-06\-13 }} On 26 January 2009, at a press conference, De Benedetti announced his decision to retire from all his executive positions in the CIR group, keeping only \- at the request of the Board of Directors \- the position of Chairman of the Espresso Group. All the executive positions in the CIR group were given to the current Chief Executive, [Rodolfo De Benedetti](/wiki/Rodolfo_De_Benedetti "Rodolfo De Benedetti").{{cite web\\|url\=http://rassegnastampa.mef.gov.it/mefinternazionale/PDF/2009/2009\-01\-27/2009012711676597\.pdf \\|title\=Archived copy \\|accessdate\=2010\-01\-30 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172029/http://rassegnastampa.mef.gov.it/mefinternazionale/PDF/2009/2009\-01\-27/2009012711676597\.pdf \\|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-03 }} ### SME affair In 1985, [Romano Prodi](/wiki/Romano_Prodi "Romano Prodi"), then president of the state\-owned [IRI](/wiki/Istituto_per_la_Ricostruzione_Industriale "Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale") (Institute for Industrial Reconstruction), tried to sell the IRI share in [SME](/wiki/SME_%28agricultural_company%29 "SME (agricultural company)") (a former state\-owned agency, later turned food industry conglomerate) to De Benedetti, who was then president of [Buitoni](/wiki/Buitoni "Buitoni") (a food industry belonging to the CIR group), for [Lit.](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira")497 billion.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.repubblica.it/online/politica/smeprocesso/vicenda/vicenda.html\\|title\=La Repubblica/politica: La vicenda Sme Dall'Iri a Berlusconi}}{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.lavoce.info/articoli/pagina540\.html \\|title\=Lavoce.info \- ARTICOLI \- Vendita SME: Il prezzo era giusto? \\|accessdate\=2009\-01\-02 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009204318/http://www.lavoce.info/articoli/pagina540\.html \\|archive\-date\=2010\-10\-09 }} Other offers for SME included most notably one for a [joint venture](/wiki/Joint_venture "Joint venture") with [Fininvest](/wiki/Fininvest "Fininvest"), a media group owned by entrepreneur and future Italian prime minister [Silvio Berlusconi](/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi "Silvio Berlusconi"). The sale to De Benedetti was later blocked by the then Italian prime minister [Bettino Craxi](/wiki/Bettino_Craxi "Bettino Craxi"), and SME remained state\-owned until almost 10 years later. De Benedetti brought IRI to court in an attempt to appeal the block, but the court, presided over by judge Filippo Verde, denied his case in 1986\.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.repubblica.it/online/politica/toghe/sme/sme.html\\|title\=la Repubblica/politica: La vicenda Sme}} In 1995, [Silvio Berlusconi](/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi "Silvio Berlusconi"), [Cesare Previti](/wiki/Cesare_Previti "Cesare Previti") and [Attilio Pacifico](/wiki/Attilio_Pacifico "Attilio Pacifico") were accused of having bribed Filippo Verde and [Renato Squillante](/wiki/Renato_Squillante "Renato Squillante") to fix the trial against De Benedetti.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.corriere.it/Primo\_Piano/Cronache/2003/11\_Novembre/22/sme\_storia.shtml\\|title\=Corriere della Sera \- Sme, storia di un processo}} Berlusconi was later acquitted. According to [Der Spiegel](/wiki/Der_Spiegel "Der Spiegel") on 7 June 2011, Berlusconi was found guilty of bribery and ordered to pay €560 million to CIR. ### Tangentopoli In 1993, during the [Mani Pulite](/wiki/Mani_Pulite "Mani Pulite") (Clean Hands) political\-corruption investigations, Carlo De Benedetti was arrested and admitted to having paid a Lit.10 billion bribe to government parties, to obtain a purchase order from the [Italian Postal Service](/wiki/Poste_Italiane "Poste Italiane") for obsolete [teleprinters](/wiki/Teleprinter "Teleprinter") and computers. In May of that year, he was officially put under investigation, but De Benedetti never went to trial for this episode, the [statute of limitations](/wiki/Statute_of_limitations "Statute of limitations") having expired. ``` "PPTT poste tangenti", ``` La Republica, 21 May 1993, web: [LR21](http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1993/05/21/pptt-poste-tangenti.html). ``` "Quell inchiesta contesa", ``` La Republica, 31 October 1993: [LR31](http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1993/10/31/quell-inchiesta-contesa-sui-signori-delle-poste.html). ### Banco Ambrosiano De Benedetti became deputy chairman of the Italian bank [Banco Ambrosiano](/wiki/Banco_Ambrosiano "Banco Ambrosiano") in 1981, by acquiring 2% of the capital, but left after only 61 days.{{cite web\\|url\=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1991/03/13/de\-benedetti\-rinviato\-giudizio.html\\|title\=DE BENEDETTI RINVIATO A GIUDIZIO\\|work\=Archivio \- la Repubblica.it}} In April 1992, Carlo De Benedetti and 32 other people were convicted of fraud by a [Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan") court in connection with the collapse of the bank."Court Convicts Financier, 23 Others in Billion\-Dollar Failure of Italian Bank," [Rocky Mountain News](/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_News "Rocky Mountain News"), April 17, 1992 Benedetti was sentenced to six years and four months in prison, but the sentence was overturned in April 1998, by the [Court of Cassation](/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_%28Italy%29 "Court of Cassation (Italy)"). ``` "High court overturns conviction of Olivetti chairman in bank collapse," ``` [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"), 22 April 1998\. ### Media businesses De Benedetti once controlled the [La Repubblica](/wiki/La_Repubblica "La Repubblica"), Italy's main left\-leaning newspaper; [L'Espresso](/wiki/L%27Espresso "L'Espresso"), a major news magazine; and [La Stampa](/wiki/La_Stampa "La Stampa"), a newspaper published out of Turin. In 2012, he handed control of his family media company to his sons, who later sold it to the [Agnelli\-Elkann family](/wiki/Agnelli_family "Agnelli family") against his wishes. In 2020, he founded Domani, a daily newspaper, to service liberal readers.{{Cite news\\|last\=Giuffrida\\|first\=Angela\\|date\=2020\-08\-09\\|title\=Italy's new liberal newspaper Domani promises 'facts not chatter'\\|language\=en\-GB\\|work\=The Observer\\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/aug/09/italys\-new\-liberal\-newspaper\-domani\-promises\-facts\-not\-chatter\\|access\-date\=2020\-09\-26\\|issn\=0029\-7712}} The newspaper's ownership will eventually be transferred to a non\-profit foundation.	[ "Life and career\n---------------", "Born into a wealthy [Jewish](/wiki/Italian_Jewish \"Italian Jewish\") family, on 14 November 1934, Carlo De Benedetti is the brother of Italian Senator Franco Debenedetti, whose surname is different owing to a spelling error.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1997/gennaio/16/Benedetti\\_indagato\\_con\\_fratello\\_Carlo\\_co\\_0\\_970116606\\.shtml\\\|title\\=De Benedetti indagato con il fratello Carlo\\\|date\\=16 January 1997\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Corriere della Sera]]}} In 1943, during the [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), the De Benedetti family fled to [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\"). After Carlo returned to Italy, he received a degree in [electrical engineering](/wiki/Electrical_engineering \"Electrical engineering\") from the [Polytechnic University of Turin](/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Turin \"Polytechnic University of Turin\") and in 1959 began to work in his father's manufacturing business, the Compagnia Italiana Tubi Metallici Flessibili. He helped improve company profits consistently and in 1972 acquired the Gilardini company, of which he became president and CEO until 1976\\.", "Carlo De Benedetti left Italy to return to [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\") in 1975, owing to possible terrorist threats during the [Anni di Piombo](/wiki/Anni_di_Piombo \"Anni di Piombo\") period of Italian domestic terrorism.", "For a brief period, from 4 May to 25 August 1976, he was appointed [CEO](/wiki/Chief_executive_officer \"Chief executive officer\") of [FIAT](/wiki/FIAT \"FIAT\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.lastampa.it/redazione/cmsSezioni/economia/200901articoli/40415girata.asp\\\|title\\=Tra industria e Borsa cinquant'anni sul ring\\\|date\\=27 January 2009\\\|work\\=LaStampa.it\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-12\\-23\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322004853/http://www.lastampa.it/redazione/cmsSezioni/economia/200901articoli/40415girata.asp\\#\\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-03\\-22\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} His resignation from Fiat was caused, according to De Benedetti, by his decision to lay off 65,000 workers, which was refused by [Fiat](/wiki/Fiat_Automobiles \"Fiat Automobiles\") head [Gianni Agnelli](/wiki/Gianni_Agnelli \"Gianni Agnelli\"); other sources say that he was suspected of trying to build up a takeover of power within the company, with the backing Swiss financial groups.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.ilgiornale.it/interni/de\\_benedetti\\_finanziere\\_moralista\\_che\\_piace\\_sinistra/19\\-08\\-2009/articolo\\-id\\=374927\\-page\\=0\\-comments\\=1\\\|title\\=De Benedetti, finanziere moralista che piace alla sinistra\\\|work\\=ilGiornale.it\\\|date\\=19 August 2009}}", "In November 1976, De Benedetti acquired the [CIR Group](/wiki/CIR_Group \"CIR Group\"), thereby also obtaining control of the national newspaper [La Repubblica](/wiki/La_Repubblica \"La Repubblica\") and the newsmagazine [L'Espresso](/wiki/L%27Espresso \"L'Espresso\"). In 1978 he became [CEO](/wiki/Chief_executive_officer \"Chief executive officer\") of the Italian manufacturer [Olivetti](/wiki/Olivetti \"Olivetti\"),{{cite news\\\| url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/04/business/de\\-benedetti\\-steps\\-down\\-as\\-the\\-chairman\\-of\\-olivetti.html \\\| work\\=The New York Times \\\| title\\=De Benedetti Steps Down as the Chairman of Olivetti \\\| first\\=John \\\| last\\=Tagliabue \\\| date\\=4 September 1996 \\\| accessdate\\=28 April 2010}} where he remained until his resignation in 1996\\. As president of Olivetti, since 1983, he quickly and ruthlessly reorganized the company, switching its focus from mechanical [typewriters](/wiki/Typewriters \"Typewriters\") to [computers](/wiki/Computers \"Computers\").{{cite news\\\| url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/19/business/crafting\\-a\\-high\\-tech\\-renaissance\\-at\\-olivetti.html?\\&pagewanted\\=all \\\| work\\=The New York Times \\\| title\\=Crafting A High\\-Tech Renaissance At Olivetti \\\| first\\=John \\\| last\\=Tagliabue \\\| date\\=February 19, 1984 \\\| accessdate\\=28 April 2010}}", "In the 1980s, along with other leading business figures, he founded the [European Round Table of Industrialists](/wiki/European_Round_Table_of_Industrialists \"European Round Table of Industrialists\"), of which he was vice president until 2004\\. In 1985 he became a member of the European Advisory Committee of the [New York Stock Exchange](/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange \"New York Stock Exchange\").", "In 1995 De Benedetti founded the [telecommunications](/wiki/Telecommunications \"Telecommunications\") companies [Omnitel](/wiki/Omnitel_Pronto_Italia \"Omnitel Pronto Italia\") and [Infostrada](/wiki/Infostrada \"Infostrada\").", "In 1997 he created the [Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso](/wiki/Gruppo_Editoriale_L%27Espresso \"Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso\") (L'Espresso Editorial Group),{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1997/03/26/fusione\\-espresso\\-repubblica\\-avremo\\-piu.html\\\|title\\=FUSIONE L' ESPRESSO \\- REPUBBLICA 'AVREMO PIU' RISORSE PER CRESCERE'\\\|work\\=Archivio \\- la Repubblica.it}} by merging the [L'Espresso](/wiki/L%27Espresso \"L'Espresso\") and [La Repubblica](/wiki/La_Repubblica \"La Repubblica\") editorial groups. [Carlo Caracciolo](/wiki/Carlo_Caracciolo \"Carlo Caracciolo\") was appointed president of the group. However, Carlo De Benedetti assumed the presidency in 2006, after the death of [Caracciolo.](/wiki/Andrea_Caracciolo \"Andrea Caracciolo\"){{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.rainews24\\.rai.it/it/news.php?newsid%3D89522 \\\|title\\=Rainews24\\.it \\\|accessdate\\=2010\\-01\\-30 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613144537/http://www.rainews24\\.rai.it/it/news.php?newsid\\=89522 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-06\\-13 }} On 26 January 2009, at a press conference, De Benedetti announced his decision to retire from all his executive positions in the CIR group, keeping only \\- at the request of the Board of Directors \\- the position of Chairman of the Espresso Group. All the executive positions in the CIR group were given to the current Chief Executive, [Rodolfo De Benedetti](/wiki/Rodolfo_De_Benedetti \"Rodolfo De Benedetti\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://rassegnastampa.mef.gov.it/mefinternazionale/PDF/2009/2009\\-01\\-27/2009012711676597\\.pdf \\\|title\\=Archived copy \\\|accessdate\\=2010\\-01\\-30 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172029/http://rassegnastampa.mef.gov.it/mefinternazionale/PDF/2009/2009\\-01\\-27/2009012711676597\\.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-03 }}", "### SME affair", "In 1985, [Romano Prodi](/wiki/Romano_Prodi \"Romano Prodi\"), then president of the state\\-owned [IRI](/wiki/Istituto_per_la_Ricostruzione_Industriale \"Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale\") (Institute for Industrial Reconstruction), tried to sell the IRI share in [SME](/wiki/SME_%28agricultural_company%29 \"SME (agricultural company)\") (a former state\\-owned agency, later turned food industry conglomerate) to De Benedetti, who was then president of [Buitoni](/wiki/Buitoni \"Buitoni\") (a food industry belonging to the CIR group), for [Lit.](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\")497 billion.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.repubblica.it/online/politica/smeprocesso/vicenda/vicenda.html\\\|title\\=La Repubblica/politica: La vicenda Sme Dall'Iri a Berlusconi}}{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.lavoce.info/articoli/pagina540\\.html \\\|title\\=Lavoce.info \\- ARTICOLI \\- Vendita SME: Il prezzo era giusto? \\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-01\\-02 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009204318/http://www.lavoce.info/articoli/pagina540\\.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-10\\-09 }} Other offers for SME included most notably one for a [joint venture](/wiki/Joint_venture \"Joint venture\") with [Fininvest](/wiki/Fininvest \"Fininvest\"), a media group owned by entrepreneur and future Italian prime minister [Silvio Berlusconi](/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi \"Silvio Berlusconi\"). The sale to De Benedetti was later blocked by the then Italian prime minister [Bettino Craxi](/wiki/Bettino_Craxi \"Bettino Craxi\"), and SME remained state\\-owned until almost 10 years later.", "De Benedetti brought IRI to court in an attempt to appeal the block, but the court, presided over by judge Filippo Verde, denied his case in 1986\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.repubblica.it/online/politica/toghe/sme/sme.html\\\|title\\=la Repubblica/politica: La vicenda Sme}} In 1995, [Silvio Berlusconi](/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi \"Silvio Berlusconi\"), [Cesare Previti](/wiki/Cesare_Previti \"Cesare Previti\") and [Attilio Pacifico](/wiki/Attilio_Pacifico \"Attilio Pacifico\") were accused of having bribed Filippo Verde and [Renato Squillante](/wiki/Renato_Squillante \"Renato Squillante\") to fix the trial against De Benedetti.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.corriere.it/Primo\\_Piano/Cronache/2003/11\\_Novembre/22/sme\\_storia.shtml\\\|title\\=Corriere della Sera \\- Sme, storia di un processo}} Berlusconi was later acquitted.", "According to [Der Spiegel](/wiki/Der_Spiegel \"Der Spiegel\") on 7 June 2011, Berlusconi was found guilty of bribery and ordered to pay €560 million to CIR.", "### Tangentopoli", "In 1993, during the [Mani Pulite](/wiki/Mani_Pulite \"Mani Pulite\") (Clean Hands) political\\-corruption investigations, Carlo De Benedetti was arrested and admitted to having paid a Lit.10 billion bribe to government parties, to obtain a purchase order from the [Italian Postal Service](/wiki/Poste_Italiane \"Poste Italiane\") for obsolete [teleprinters](/wiki/Teleprinter \"Teleprinter\") and computers. In May of that year, he was officially put under investigation, but De Benedetti never went to trial for this episode, the [statute of limitations](/wiki/Statute_of_limitations \"Statute of limitations\") having expired.", "```\n \"PPTT poste tangenti\", \n```", "La Republica, 21 May 1993, web:\n [LR21](http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1993/05/21/pptt-poste-tangenti.html).", "```\n \"Quell inchiesta contesa\", \n```", "La Republica, 31 October 1993:\n [LR31](http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1993/10/31/quell-inchiesta-contesa-sui-signori-delle-poste.html).", "", "### Banco Ambrosiano", "De Benedetti became deputy chairman of the Italian bank [Banco Ambrosiano](/wiki/Banco_Ambrosiano \"Banco Ambrosiano\") in 1981, by acquiring 2% of the capital, but left after only 61 days.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1991/03/13/de\\-benedetti\\-rinviato\\-giudizio.html\\\|title\\=DE BENEDETTI RINVIATO A GIUDIZIO\\\|work\\=Archivio \\- la Repubblica.it}} In April 1992, Carlo De Benedetti and 32 other people were convicted of fraud by a [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\") court in connection with the collapse of the bank.\"Court Convicts Financier, 23 Others in Billion\\-Dollar Failure of Italian Bank,\" [Rocky Mountain News](/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_News \"Rocky Mountain News\"), April 17, 1992 Benedetti was sentenced to six years and four months in prison, but the sentence was overturned in April 1998, by the [Court of Cassation](/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_%28Italy%29 \"Court of Cassation (Italy)\").", "```\n \"High court overturns conviction of Olivetti chairman in\n bank collapse,\" \n```", "[Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"), 22 April 1998\\.", "### Media businesses", "De Benedetti once controlled the [La Repubblica](/wiki/La_Repubblica \"La Repubblica\"), Italy's main left\\-leaning newspaper; [L'Espresso](/wiki/L%27Espresso \"L'Espresso\"), a major news magazine; and [La Stampa](/wiki/La_Stampa \"La Stampa\"), a newspaper published out of Turin. In 2012, he handed control of his family media company to his sons, who later sold it to the [Agnelli\\-Elkann family](/wiki/Agnelli_family \"Agnelli family\") against his wishes. In 2020, he founded Domani, a daily newspaper, to service liberal readers.{{Cite news\\\|last\\=Giuffrida\\\|first\\=Angela\\\|date\\=2020\\-08\\-09\\\|title\\=Italy's new liberal newspaper Domani promises 'facts not chatter'\\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\\|work\\=The Observer\\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/aug/09/italys\\-new\\-liberal\\-newspaper\\-domani\\-promises\\-facts\\-not\\-chatter\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-26\\\|issn\\=0029\\-7712}} The newspaper's ownership will eventually be transferred to a non\\-profit foundation.", "" ]
History ------- Before the 20th century Cubley was little more than a collection of cottages, a few farms and Cubley Hall. The cottages that made up Cubley are now referred to as 'Old Cubley' and lie at the southern edge of Cubley, furthest from Penistone. During the first 30 years of the 20th century, a number of houses were built along the main road from Penistone. Sporadically this house building continued throughout the 20th century. The vinegar brewery used to sit at Cubley Brook at the bottom of the big dip in the road from Penistone. This closed in the 1960s or 1970s. The land was mostly converted into houses during the 1980s. Before the 1960s there was a shop, which was part of a large house on Mortimer Road, adjacent to where Hackings Avenue forked away from Mortimer Road. This was run by a Miss Credland. From the 1960s a bungalow on Mortimer Road (just before Cubley Hall on the road from Penistone) had its garage converted into a shop. This was the only shop in Cubley. Some point before the early 1990s this shop closed and left Cubley totally reliant on the shops in Penistone. During the 1990s an attempt was made to build on the land between Cubley and old Cubley. This failed when the company funding the project went bankrupt. This left two half built buildings. Around the turn of the Millennium or possible a few years either side the last large building project in Cubley happened \- the construction of a new housing estate to the south of the houses in Cubley. This finally joined up the cottages of old Cubley with a continuous line of development right into Penistone town.	[ "History\n-------", "Before the 20th century Cubley was little more than a collection of cottages, a few farms and Cubley Hall. The cottages that made up Cubley are now referred to as 'Old Cubley' and lie at the southern edge of Cubley, furthest from Penistone. During the first 30 years of the 20th century, a number of houses were built along the main road from Penistone. Sporadically this house building continued throughout the 20th century.", "The vinegar brewery used to sit at Cubley Brook at the bottom of the big dip in the road from Penistone. This closed in the 1960s or 1970s. The land was mostly converted into houses during the 1980s.", "Before the 1960s there was a shop, which was part of a large house on Mortimer Road, adjacent to where Hackings Avenue forked away from Mortimer Road. This was run by a Miss Credland. From the 1960s a bungalow on Mortimer Road (just before Cubley Hall on the road from Penistone) had its garage converted into a shop. This was the only shop in Cubley. Some point before the early 1990s this shop closed and left Cubley totally reliant on the shops in Penistone.", "During the 1990s an attempt was made to build on the land between Cubley and old Cubley. This failed when the company funding the project went bankrupt. This left two half built buildings.", "Around the turn of the Millennium or possible a few years either side the last large building project in Cubley happened \\- the construction of a new housing estate to the south of the houses in Cubley. This finally joined up the cottages of old Cubley with a continuous line of development right into Penistone town.", "" ]
Biography --------- Born in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"), Drummond studied [trumpet](/wiki/Trumpet "Trumpet") and [composition](/wiki/Musical_composition "Musical composition") at the [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California "University of Southern California") and [California Institute of the Arts](/wiki/California_Institute_of_the_Arts "California Institute of the Arts"). He studied trumpet with [Don Ellis](/wiki/Don_Ellis "Don Ellis") and [John Clyman](/wiki/John_Clyman "John Clyman"), and studied composition with [Leonard Stein](/wiki/Leonard_Stein "Leonard Stein"). Drummond then worked as a musician for and assistant to the maverick composer and instrument builder [Harry Partch](/wiki/Harry_Partch "Harry Partch"). He performed in the premieres of Partch’s large\-scale works [Daphne of the Dunes, And on the Seventh Day Petals Fell in Petaluma, and Delusion of the Fury](/wiki/List_of_works_by_Harry_Partch "List of works by Harry Partch"). Drummond also participated in recordings made by Partch for the [Columbia Masterworks](/wiki/Columbia_Masterworks "Columbia Masterworks") label in the late 1960s. In 1976, Drummond moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"). A year later he co\-founded (with [flutist](/wiki/Flutist "Flutist") [Stefani Starin](/wiki/Stefani_Starin "Stefani Starin")) the contemporary music ensemble [Newband](/wiki/Newband "Newband"). Newband recorded works by Partch, [John Zorn](/wiki/John_Zorn "John Zorn"), [Joan LaBarbara](/wiki/Joan_LaBarbara "Joan LaBarbara"), [John Cage](/wiki/John_Cage "John Cage"), [Anne LeBaron](/wiki/Anne_LeBaron "Anne LeBaron"), [James Pugliese](/wiki/James_Pugliese "James Pugliese"), and [Thelonious Monk](/wiki/Thelonious_Monk "Thelonious Monk"), as well as original works by Drummond. In 1990, he became director and curator of composer/inventor/musician Harry Partch's homemade instruments. Drummond performed many of Partch's compositions on the original instruments (such as [kithara](/wiki/Kithara "Kithara"), surrogate kithara, harmonic canons, adapted guitar, and cloud chamber bowls), as well as incorporating the instruments into original compositions. Drummond conducted educational workshops, and trained student musicians to play the idiosyncratic instrumentarium. Drummond was a director of the [New York Consortium for New Music](/wiki/New_York_Consortium_for_New_Music "New York Consortium for New Music") for over ten years, and was involved in producing the annual [Sonic Boom Festival](/wiki/Sonic_Boom_Festival "Sonic Boom Festival"). At the time of his death he was Associate Professor and Director of the Harry Partch Institute at [Montclair State University](/wiki/Montclair_State_University "Montclair State University"), [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey"). He died in Princeton, NJ, of complications from [multiple myeloma](/wiki/Multiple_myeloma "Multiple myeloma") on April 13, 2013\.	[ "Biography\n---------", "Born in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"), Drummond studied [trumpet](/wiki/Trumpet \"Trumpet\") and [composition](/wiki/Musical_composition \"Musical composition\") at the [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California \"University of Southern California\") and [California Institute of the Arts](/wiki/California_Institute_of_the_Arts \"California Institute of the Arts\"). He studied trumpet with [Don Ellis](/wiki/Don_Ellis \"Don Ellis\") and [John Clyman](/wiki/John_Clyman \"John Clyman\"), and studied composition with [Leonard Stein](/wiki/Leonard_Stein \"Leonard Stein\").", "Drummond then worked as a musician for and assistant to the maverick composer and instrument builder [Harry Partch](/wiki/Harry_Partch \"Harry Partch\"). He performed in the premieres of Partch’s large\\-scale works [Daphne of the Dunes, And on the Seventh Day Petals Fell in Petaluma, and Delusion of the Fury](/wiki/List_of_works_by_Harry_Partch \"List of works by Harry Partch\"). Drummond also participated in recordings made by Partch for the [Columbia Masterworks](/wiki/Columbia_Masterworks \"Columbia Masterworks\") label in the late 1960s.", "In 1976, Drummond moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"). A year later he co\\-founded (with [flutist](/wiki/Flutist \"Flutist\") [Stefani Starin](/wiki/Stefani_Starin \"Stefani Starin\")) the contemporary music ensemble [Newband](/wiki/Newband \"Newband\"). Newband recorded works by Partch, [John Zorn](/wiki/John_Zorn \"John Zorn\"), [Joan LaBarbara](/wiki/Joan_LaBarbara \"Joan LaBarbara\"), [John Cage](/wiki/John_Cage \"John Cage\"), [Anne LeBaron](/wiki/Anne_LeBaron \"Anne LeBaron\"), [James Pugliese](/wiki/James_Pugliese \"James Pugliese\"), and [Thelonious Monk](/wiki/Thelonious_Monk \"Thelonious Monk\"), as well as original works by Drummond.", "In 1990, he became director and curator of composer/inventor/musician Harry Partch's homemade instruments. Drummond performed many of Partch's compositions on the original instruments (such as [kithara](/wiki/Kithara \"Kithara\"), surrogate kithara, harmonic canons, adapted guitar, and cloud chamber bowls), as well as incorporating the instruments into original compositions. Drummond conducted educational workshops, and trained student musicians to play the idiosyncratic instrumentarium.", "Drummond was a director of the [New York Consortium for New Music](/wiki/New_York_Consortium_for_New_Music \"New York Consortium for New Music\") for over ten years, and was involved in producing the annual [Sonic Boom Festival](/wiki/Sonic_Boom_Festival \"Sonic Boom Festival\"). At the time of his death he was Associate Professor and Director of the Harry Partch Institute at [Montclair State University](/wiki/Montclair_State_University \"Montclair State University\"), [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\").", "He died in Princeton, NJ, of complications from [multiple myeloma](/wiki/Multiple_myeloma \"Multiple myeloma\") on April 13, 2013\\.", "" ]
Plot ---- Adult Adoption follows Rosy (Moon), a 25\-year\-old bank teller who [aged out](/wiki/Aging_out "Aging out") of the [foster care system](/wiki/Foster_care_system "Foster care system") at 18 and has since managed to build a stable albeit rudimentary and lonely life for herself; she dresses like a very young girl and eats nothing but [Kraft Dinner](/wiki/Kraft_Dinner "Kraft Dinner"). Rosy runs out of a restorative yoga class after the instructor tries to reposition her while she is swaddled. A coworker, Helen (Leah Doz), who is very close to her own mother, suggests she try to find an [older adult to adopt her](/wiki/Adult_adoption "Adult adoption"). Rosy reconnects with Nola (Chelsea Muirhead), with whom she lived in a group home, when Nola calls the bank to transfer money to her "new family". The new family's bank account seems to be a business account for a church, and Rosy suspects that it is a cult. Rosy meets Brian (Michael Healey) through a website that connects younger adults looking for parent figures with older adults looking to adopt young adults, but Brian soon makes it clear he is interested in a dating relationship. She meets Jane (Rebecca Northan), a high school teacher estranged from her own daughter. After seeing Jane on a "date" with another young woman, Rosy calls Jane, who doesn't pick up and doesn't return the call or emails. Soon after, Rosy learns Nola has been trying to get in touch, and a dangerous\-seeming man shows up and pressures her to complete the money transfer to the church. Emotionally overwhelmed, she reaches out to multiple people, including Helen, and reacts to their responses in ways that threaten the relationships. Rosy rescues Nola from the cult. Jane finally calls and asks Rosy to visit, but when Rosy shows up she finds Jane drunk. During the painful exchange, Rosy realizes Jane's limits as well as her own humanity. She has a normal human interaction with the owner of the coffeeshop in her building, reaches out to Helen to try to start mending the relationship, and returns to yoga class, where she allows the instructor to reposition her.	[ "Plot\n----", "Adult Adoption follows Rosy (Moon), a 25\\-year\\-old bank teller who [aged out](/wiki/Aging_out \"Aging out\") of the [foster care system](/wiki/Foster_care_system \"Foster care system\") at 18 and has since managed to build a stable albeit rudimentary and lonely life for herself; she dresses like a very young girl and eats nothing but [Kraft Dinner](/wiki/Kraft_Dinner \"Kraft Dinner\").", "Rosy runs out of a restorative yoga class after the instructor tries to reposition her while she is swaddled. A coworker, Helen (Leah Doz), who is very close to her own mother, suggests she try to find an [older adult to adopt her](/wiki/Adult_adoption \"Adult adoption\").", "Rosy reconnects with Nola (Chelsea Muirhead), with whom she lived in a group home, when Nola calls the bank to transfer money to her \"new family\". The new family's bank account seems to be a business account for a church, and Rosy suspects that it is a cult.", "Rosy meets Brian (Michael Healey) through a website that connects younger adults looking for parent figures with older adults looking to adopt young adults, but Brian soon makes it clear he is interested in a dating relationship. She meets Jane (Rebecca Northan), a high school teacher estranged from her own daughter.", "After seeing Jane on a \"date\" with another young woman, Rosy calls Jane, who doesn't pick up and doesn't return the call or emails. Soon after, Rosy learns Nola has been trying to get in touch, and a dangerous\\-seeming man shows up and pressures her to complete the money transfer to the church. Emotionally overwhelmed, she reaches out to multiple people, including Helen, and reacts to their responses in ways that threaten the relationships.", "Rosy rescues Nola from the cult. Jane finally calls and asks Rosy to visit, but when Rosy shows up she finds Jane drunk. During the painful exchange, Rosy realizes Jane's limits as well as her own humanity. She has a normal human interaction with the owner of the coffeeshop in her building, reaches out to Helen to try to start mending the relationship, and returns to yoga class, where she allows the instructor to reposition her.", "" ]
Mission and activities ---------------------- According to its post\-Soviet 1992 [charter](/wiki/Charter "Charter"), Memorial pursued the following aims: * To promote mature [civil society](/wiki/Civil_society "Civil society") and [democracy](/wiki/Democracy "Democracy") based on the [rule of law](/wiki/Rule_of_law "Rule of law") and thus prevent a return to [totalitarianism](/wiki/Totalitarianism "Totalitarianism"); * To assist the formation of public awareness based on the values of democracy and law, to extirpate totalitarian patterns \[of thought and behaviour], and to firmly establish [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights "Human rights") in everyday politics and public life; * To promote the truth about the historical past and perpetuate the memory of the victims of [political repression](/wiki/Political_repression "Political repression") carried out by totalitarian regimes. Its online database contains details of the victims of [political repression in the USSR](/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_USSR "Political repression in the USSR"); the fifth version contains over three million names, although Memorial estimated that 75% of victims had not yet been identified and recorded.[The Victims of Political Terror in the USSR (in Russian)](https://base.memo.ru/) base.memo.org Memorial organized assistance, both legal and financial, for the victims of the Gulag. It conducts research into the history of political repression and shares the findings in books, articles, exhibitions, museums, and the websites of its member organizations. ### Day of Remembrance Moscow Memorial was among the organisations that persuaded the Russian authorities to follow the long\-standing dissident tradition of marking 30 October each year,["Political prisoner's day, 30 October 1974", A Chronicle of Current Events (33\.1\), 10 December 1974](https://chronicle-of-current-events.com/2016/11/05/political-prisoners-day-30-october-1974-33-1/) A Chronicle of Current Events, chronicle\-of\-current\-events.com. transforming it into an official [Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions](/wiki/Day_of_Remembrance_of_the_Victims_of_Political_Repressions "Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions"). Over the next thirty years this date was adopted across Russia: by 2016 annual events were held on 30 October at 103 of the 411 burial grounds and commemorative sites included on the "Russia's Necropolis" website.[For example, the Bolsheromanovka village memorial in Siberia's Altai Region](https://en.mapofmemory.org/22-17) en.mapofmemory.org Memorial worked on the law "On Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression".{{Cite web\\|last\=Bocharova\\|first\=Svetlana\\|date\=27 March 2013\\|title\=Память, говори! Чем занимается "Мемориал" — организация, которую тщательно проверяет Генпрокуратура\\|trans\-title\=Memory, speak! What does Memorial do – an organisation that is carefully monitored by the Prosecutor General's Office\\|url\=https://lenta.ru/articles/2013/03/27/memory/\\|access\-date\=29 December 2021\\|website\=\[\[Lenta.RU]]\\|language\=ru}}{{Cite web\\|title\=Мемориал – Реабилитация жертв политических репрессий\\|trans\-title\=Memorial – Rehabilitation of victims of political repression\\|url\=https://memo.ru/ru\-ru/history\-of\-repressions\-and\-protest/rehabilitation/\\|access\-date\=29 December 2021\\|website\=memo.ru\\|language\=ru}} ### Research and education Throughout its existence, but particularly since 2012, the International Memorial Society has widened its range of activities. Today these include the [Last Address](/wiki/Last_Address "Last Address") project and, following the example of Berlin and its [Topography of Terror](/wiki/Topography_of_Terror "Topography of Terror") excursions and exhibitions, the society has organised similar educational ventures about the Soviet era in Moscow and other Russian cities.["The Victims of War and Repression complex, Ryazan (Central Russia)", Russia's Necropolis](https://en.mapofmemory.org/62-04) en.mapofmemory.org["Korkino village (Siberia), burial of Great Terror victims", Russia's Necropolis](https://en.mapofmemory.org/24-03) en.mapofmemory.org #### Archives and online database In 2005, Memorial's database contained records of more than 1,300,000 victims of political repression in the Soviet Union.[FAQ about Memorial](http://www.rightlivelihood.org/memorial_faq.html) www.rightlivelihood.org {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083632/http://www.rightlivelihood.org/memorial\_faq.html \\|date\=29 September 2007 }} First issued as a CD, by 2020 the fifth edition of the database was available online and held over three million entries of those shot, imprisoned or deported during the Soviet period. Another project is the "Open List" database, created in several languages of the former Soviet Union (Russian, Ukrainian, Georgian and Belarusian) to encourage relatives and descendants of those shot, imprisoned and deported to contribute information about the victims and their families.[The Open List database](https://openlist.wiki/) (in Russian, Ukrainian, Georgian, and Belarusian). openlist.wiki This expanded sources of information beyond the case files kept on individuals by the Soviet security services or the police. Memorial's archives have been used by historians such as Briton [Orlando Figes](/wiki/Orlando_Figes "Orlando Figes").{{cite news\\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7798497\.stm\\|title\=Stalin's new status in Russia\\|date\=27 December 2008\\|access\-date\=11 January 2018\\|via\=news.bbc.co.uk}} #### School programmes Since 1999, Memorial has organised an annual competition for secondary school students around the theme of "The Individual and History: Russia in the 20th century". It received between 1,500 and 2,000 entries each year. Authors of the 40 best contributions are invited to Moscow to attend a special school academy and the awards ceremony. The jury has been headed in the past by Otto Sigurd, [Svetlana Aleksiyevich](/wiki/Svetlana_Aleksiyevich "Svetlana Aleksiyevich") and [Ludmila Ulitskaya](/wiki/Ludmila_Ulitskaya "Ludmila Ulitskaya"). To date, 26 collections of winning entries have been published: the majority of these can be found on the "Lessons of History" website.["Results of 22nd annual schools competition", Lessons of History](https://urokiistorii.ru/school_competition){{Dead link\\|date\=August 2024 \\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\-attempted\=yes }} (in Russian) urokiistorii.ru #### The [Katyn Massacres](/wiki/Katyn_Massacre "Katyn Massacre") Memorial had a special Polish programme headed by [Aleksandr Gurianov](/wiki/Aleksandr_Gurianov "Aleksandr Gurianov").{{cite web \\|url\= https://www.wilsoncenter.org/person/alexander\-guryanov \\|title\= Alexander Guryanov \\|last\= \\|first\= \\|date\= 2020 \\|website\= \\|publisher\= wilsoncenter.org \\|access\-date\= 2024\-06\-20\\|quote\=}} Together with the Polish [KARTA Center](/wiki/KARTA_Center "KARTA Center"), the Memorial Polish programme researched the mass executions of nearly 22,000 Polish military officers and soldiers, policemen, officials, intelligentsia and others conducted at Stalin's order by the NKVD in [Katyn](/wiki/Katyn_forest "Katyn forest"), [Kalinin](/wiki/Tver%2320th_century "Tver#20th century"), [Kharkiv](/wiki/Kharkiv "Kharkiv"), [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv "Kyiv") and probably near [Minsk](/wiki/Minsk "Minsk") in April and May 1940\. The result of this research are four publications on the murders, all edited by Gurianov: one volume on Katyn, where NKVD officers murdered at least 4,400 regular army officers and reserve officers; and three volumes on Kalinin, were 6,300 policemen and prison guards and border guards were shot dead. Both titles contain an introduction on the crime and the exhumations, and a roll\-call of the respective victims with biogram and picture, where available. They are based on analogous Polish publications, but include additional information on the Katyn Massacre and expanded biograms. The four publications are: Gurianov Aleksandr, ed. Those Killed in Katyn. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War \- Prisoners of the Kozelsk NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Politburo of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940 Onwards (Moscow 2015\),{{cite book \\|last\= \\|first\= \\|author\-link\= \\|editor\-last1\= Gurianov \\|editor\-first1\= Aleksandr \\|date\= 2015 \\|title\= Ubity v Katyni. Kniga pamiati Polskikh voennoplennykh \- uznikov Kozelskogo lagera NKVD, rasstrelannykh po resheniyu Politbiuro TsK VKP(b) ot 5 Marta 1940 Goda \\|script\-title\=ru: Убиты в Катыни. Книга памяти польских военнопленных \- узников Козельского лагеря НКВД, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро ЦК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года \\|trans\-title\=Those Killed in Katyn. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War \- Prisoners of the Kozelsk NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Central Committee of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940 Onwards \\|url\= https://www.memo.ru/media/uploads/2022/01/21/killed\_in\_katyn.pdf \\|language\= ru \\|publication\-place\= Moscow \\|publisher\= Zvenia \\|page\= \\|isbn\=978\-5\-78700\-123\-5}} with 4 415 biograms of the victims. Gurianov Aleksandr, ed. Those Killed in Kalinin, buried in Mednoye. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War \- Prisoners of the Ostashkov Soviet NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Politburo of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940 Onwards (Moscow 2019\){{cite book \\|last\= \\|first\= \\|author\-link\= \\|editor\-last1\= Gurianov \\|editor\-first1\= Aleksandr \\|date\= 2015 \\|title\= Ubity v Kalinine, zakhoroneny v Mednom. kniga pamiati Polskikh voennoplennykh \- uznikov Ostashskogo lagera NKVD SSSR, Passtrelannykh po Resheniyu Politbiuro TsK VKP(b) ot 5 Marta 1940 Goda \\|script\-title\=ru: Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года \\|trans\-title\= Those Killed in Kalinin, buried in Mednoye. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War \- Prisoners of the Ostashkov Soviet NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Politburo of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940 Onwards \\|language\= ru \\|publication\-place\= Moscow \\|publisher\= Memorial \\|page\= \\|isbn\= 978\-5\-6041921\-4\-6}} * Vol. 1, "The Biograms of Polish POWs. A\-L"{{cite web \\|url\= https://imwerden.de/pdf/ubity\_v\_kalinine\_zakhoroneny\_v\_mednom\_tom1\_2019\_\_izd.pdf \\|title\= Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года. Том 1\. Биограммы военнопленных : А\-Л \\|author\= Aleksandr Gurianov \\|date\= 2019 \\|website\= \\|publisher\= Memorial \\|access\-date\= 2024\-06\-20 \\|quote\=}} * Vol. 2, "The Biograms of Polish POWs. M\-Ya"{{cite web \\|url\=https://imwerden.de/pdf/ubity\_v\_kalinine\_zakhoroneny\_v\_mednom\_tom2\_2019\_\_izd.pdf \\|title\= Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года. Tом 2\. Биограммы польских военнопленных. М\-Я \\|author\= Aleksandr Gurianov \\|date\= 2019 \\|website\= \\|publisher\= Memorial \\|access\-date\= 2024\-06\-20 \\|quote\=}} * Vol. 3, "What do we Know about Mednoye"{{cite web \\|url\=https://imwerden.de/pdf/ubity\_v\_kalinine\_zakhoroneny\_v\_mednom\_tom3\_2019\_\_izd.pdf \\|title\= Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года. Tом 3\. Что мы знаем о Медном \\|author\= Aleksandr Gurianov \\|date\= 2019 \\|website\= \\|publisher\= Memorial \\|access\-date\= 2024\-06\-20 \\|quote\=}} Both titles were launched on 17 September, to the date on the anniversary of the [Soviet invasion of Poland](/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland "Soviet invasion of Poland"): the book on Katyn in 2015, on the 75th anniversary; and the three volumes on Mednoye on the 80th anniversary, in 2019\. Memorial was planning to continue the project and publish a volume on the Katyn Massacre committed at the Kharkov Regional Directorate of the NKVD, however the events after 2019 (the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") and the policy pursued by the Russian Federation after its [invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine"), including the closure of Memorial) made this impossible as of 2024\. #### "Virtual Gulag" museum and Russia's Necropolis website In the early 21st century, Memorial in St. Petersburg worked to create the "Virtual Gulag" Museum in order to bring together research and archives from all over the former [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") and to commemorate and record the existence of the Gulag and the lives of its inmates. Disrupted by the 2008 seizure in St. Petersburg of much of the materials on which the project was based (see {{section link\\|\\|Persecution}} for further information), and faced with a need to update the information (and the technology), it was decided to create a map of the burial grounds, graveyards and commemorative sites across Russia. Launched in Russian in 2016,[«Карта Памяти: Некрополь террора и Гулага»](https://mapofmemory.org/) (tr. "Memory Map: Necropolis of Terror and Gulag") launched 2016\. mapofmemory.org an English\-language version, "Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag" followed in August 2021\.["Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag" (in English)](https://en.mapofmemory.org/) launched 2021\. This resource documents over 400 sites, some dating back to the [Russian Civil War](/wiki/Russian_Civil_War "Russian Civil War"), noting their state of preservation, monuments and ceremonies, and whether they have protected status. It includes the killing fields of the [Great Purge](/wiki/Great_Purge "Great Purge") such as [Krasny Bor](/wiki/Krasny_Bor_Forest%2C_Karelia "Krasny Bor Forest, Karelia"), the abandoned burial grounds of the Gulag, and also 138 graveyards of the "special" settlements to which ["dekulakized"](/wiki/Dekulakization "Dekulakization") peasant families and then Poles, Lithuanians and others were deported in their tens of thousands.["Those who did not return: An overview", Russia's Necropolis](https://en.mapofmemory.org/context) 2021\. en.mapofmemory.org At the Kovalevsky Woods near St. Petersburg, Memorial attempted to construct a National Memorial Museum Complex to commemorate the 4,500 victims who were killed and buried there during the [Red Terror](/wiki/Red_Terror "Red Terror").["Kovalyovsky Woods memorial cemetery", Russia's Necropolis](https://en.mapofmemory.org/47-01). en.mapofmemory.org[Catriona Bass, "A national museum to the victims of Stalinist repression: words not deeds?"](http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/catriona-bass/national-museum-to-victims-of-stalinist-repression-words-not-deeds) opendemocracy.net, 5 November 2010\. Memorial workers discovered the bodies in 2002\. A memorial complex already exists at the [Sandarmokh](/wiki/Sandarmokh "Sandarmokh") killing field (1937–1938\) in Karelia,["The Sandarmokh Memorial complex", Russia's Necropolis](https://en.mapofmemory.org/10-09). en.mapofmemory.org thanks to the efforts of [Yury A. Dmitriev](/wiki/Yury_A._Dmitriev "Yury A. Dmitriev"). In July 1997, a joint expedition of the St. Petersburg and Karelian Memorial Societies led by Dmitriev, Irina Flige, and Veniamin Joffe found 236 common graves containing the bodies of at least 6,000 victims of Stalin–era [purges](/wiki/Purges_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union "Purges of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"), executed in 1937 and 1938\. In 2016, the Russian government attempted to revise this account, claiming that among the dead were Soviet POWs shot by invading Finns in 1941–1944\. Memorial representatives challenged both the motivation behind this claim and the purported new evidence intended to support it.[Anna Yarovaya, "Who wants to rewrite Sandarmokh"](https://dmitrievaffair.com/who-wants-to-rewrite-sandarmokh/), 7x7: Horizontal Russia website (English translation) dmitrievaffair.com #### A Chronicle of Current Events (1968–1982\) In 2008, Memorial HRC launched an online version of the noted {{lang\\|ru\\|\[\[samizdat]]}} publication [A Chronicle of Current Events](/wiki/A_Chronicle_of_Current_Events "A Chronicle of Current Events"), which had been distributed in the Soviet Union.[Khronika tekushchikh sobyty](http://old.memo.ru/history/diss/chr/index.htm) (Хроника текущих событий, "Chronicle of current events"), old.memo.ru Appearing at irregular intervals during the year, it was circulated in typescript form ({{lang\\|ru\\|samizdat}}) in the USSR from 1968 to 1983\. All of its 63 issues were also translated into English and published abroad.[A Chronicle of Current Events](https://chronicleofcurrentevents.net/), April 1968 to June 1982 chronicleofcurrentevents.net Western observers and scholars considered it to be a key source of trustworthy information about human rights in the post\-Stalin Soviet Union. The launch of the online version was held at Memorial's office in Karetny. Many former editors of the underground publication attended, including [Sergei Kovalev](/wiki/Sergei_Kovalev "Sergei Kovalev") and [Alexander Lavut](/wiki/Alexander_Lavut "Alexander Lavut"). ### Media Memorial has funded or helped to produce various publications and films related to human rights. This included the documentary The Crying Sun (2007\), which focused on the village of Zumsoy in [Chechnya](/wiki/Chechnya "Chechnya"), and the struggle of its citizens to preserve their cultural identity in the face of military raids and enforced disappearances by the Russian army and 'guerilla' fighters. The 25\-minute film was produced in collaboration with [WITNESS](/wiki/WITNESS "WITNESS").{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.16beavergroup.org/monday/archives/002222\.php \\|title\=Friday Night 04\.27\.07 – Human Rights Advocacy in Chechnya: Job or Sacrifice? – 04\.27\.07 \\|work\=www.16beavergroup.org \\|access\-date\=7 December 2008 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120165312/http://www.16beavergroup.org/monday/archives/002222\.php \\|archive\-date\=20 November 2008 }}	[ "Mission and activities\n----------------------", "According to its post\\-Soviet 1992 [charter](/wiki/Charter \"Charter\"), Memorial pursued the following aims:", "* To promote mature [civil society](/wiki/Civil_society \"Civil society\") and [democracy](/wiki/Democracy \"Democracy\") based on the [rule of law](/wiki/Rule_of_law \"Rule of law\") and thus prevent a return to [totalitarianism](/wiki/Totalitarianism \"Totalitarianism\");\n* To assist the formation of public awareness based on the values of democracy and law, to extirpate totalitarian patterns \\[of thought and behaviour], and to firmly establish [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights \"Human rights\") in everyday politics and public life;\n* To promote the truth about the historical past and perpetuate the memory of the victims of [political repression](/wiki/Political_repression \"Political repression\") carried out by totalitarian regimes.", "Its online database contains details of the victims of [political repression in the USSR](/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_USSR \"Political repression in the USSR\"); the fifth version contains over three million names, although Memorial estimated that 75% of victims had not yet been identified and recorded.[The Victims of Political Terror in the USSR (in Russian)](https://base.memo.ru/) base.memo.org", "Memorial organized assistance, both legal and financial, for the victims of the Gulag. It conducts research into the history of political repression and shares the findings in books, articles, exhibitions, museums, and the websites of its member organizations.", "### Day of Remembrance", "Moscow Memorial was among the organisations that persuaded the Russian authorities to follow the long\\-standing dissident tradition of marking 30 October each year,[\"Political prisoner's day, 30 October 1974\", A Chronicle of Current Events (33\\.1\\), 10 December 1974](https://chronicle-of-current-events.com/2016/11/05/political-prisoners-day-30-october-1974-33-1/) A Chronicle of Current Events, chronicle\\-of\\-current\\-events.com. transforming it into an official [Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions](/wiki/Day_of_Remembrance_of_the_Victims_of_Political_Repressions \"Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions\"). Over the next thirty years this date was adopted across Russia: by 2016 annual events were held on 30 October at 103 of the 411 burial grounds and commemorative sites included on the \"Russia's Necropolis\" website.[For example, the Bolsheromanovka village memorial in Siberia's Altai Region](https://en.mapofmemory.org/22-17) en.mapofmemory.org", "Memorial worked on the law \"On Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression\".{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Bocharova\\\|first\\=Svetlana\\\|date\\=27 March 2013\\\|title\\=Память, говори! Чем занимается \"Мемориал\" — организация, которую тщательно проверяет Генпрокуратура\\\|trans\\-title\\=Memory, speak! What does Memorial do – an organisation that is carefully monitored by the Prosecutor General's Office\\\|url\\=https://lenta.ru/articles/2013/03/27/memory/\\\|access\\-date\\=29 December 2021\\\|website\\=\\[\\[Lenta.RU]]\\\|language\\=ru}}{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Мемориал – Реабилитация жертв политических репрессий\\\|trans\\-title\\=Memorial – Rehabilitation of victims of political repression\\\|url\\=https://memo.ru/ru\\-ru/history\\-of\\-repressions\\-and\\-protest/rehabilitation/\\\|access\\-date\\=29 December 2021\\\|website\\=memo.ru\\\|language\\=ru}}", "### Research and education", "Throughout its existence, but particularly since 2012, the International Memorial Society has widened its range of activities. Today these include the [Last Address](/wiki/Last_Address \"Last Address\") project and, following the example of Berlin and its [Topography of Terror](/wiki/Topography_of_Terror \"Topography of Terror\") excursions and exhibitions, the society has organised similar educational ventures about the Soviet era in Moscow and other Russian cities.[\"The Victims of War and Repression complex, Ryazan (Central Russia)\", Russia's Necropolis](https://en.mapofmemory.org/62-04) en.mapofmemory.org[\"Korkino village (Siberia), burial of Great Terror victims\", Russia's Necropolis](https://en.mapofmemory.org/24-03) en.mapofmemory.org", "#### Archives and online database", "In 2005, Memorial's database contained records of more than 1,300,000 victims of political repression in the Soviet Union.[FAQ about Memorial](http://www.rightlivelihood.org/memorial_faq.html) www.rightlivelihood.org {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083632/http://www.rightlivelihood.org/memorial\\_faq.html \\\|date\\=29 September 2007 }} First issued as a CD, by 2020 the fifth edition of the database was available online and held over three million entries of those shot, imprisoned or deported during the Soviet period.", "Another project is the \"Open List\" database, created in several languages of the former Soviet Union (Russian, Ukrainian, Georgian and Belarusian) to encourage relatives and descendants of those shot, imprisoned and deported to contribute information about the victims and their families.[The Open List database](https://openlist.wiki/) (in Russian, Ukrainian, Georgian, and Belarusian). openlist.wiki This expanded sources of information beyond the case files kept on individuals by the Soviet security services or the police.", "Memorial's archives have been used by historians such as Briton [Orlando Figes](/wiki/Orlando_Figes \"Orlando Figes\").{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7798497\\.stm\\\|title\\=Stalin's new status in Russia\\\|date\\=27 December 2008\\\|access\\-date\\=11 January 2018\\\|via\\=news.bbc.co.uk}}", "#### School programmes", "Since 1999, Memorial has organised an annual competition for secondary school students around the theme of \"The Individual and History: Russia in the 20th century\". It received between 1,500 and 2,000 entries each year. Authors of the 40 best contributions are invited to Moscow to attend a special school academy and the awards ceremony. The jury has been headed in the past by Otto Sigurd, [Svetlana Aleksiyevich](/wiki/Svetlana_Aleksiyevich \"Svetlana Aleksiyevich\") and [Ludmila Ulitskaya](/wiki/Ludmila_Ulitskaya \"Ludmila Ulitskaya\"). To date, 26 collections of winning entries have been published: the majority of these can be found on the \"Lessons of History\" website.[\"Results of 22nd annual schools competition\", Lessons of History](https://urokiistorii.ru/school_competition){{Dead link\\\|date\\=August 2024 \\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} (in Russian) urokiistorii.ru", "#### The [Katyn Massacres](/wiki/Katyn_Massacre \"Katyn Massacre\")", "Memorial had a special Polish programme headed by [Aleksandr Gurianov](/wiki/Aleksandr_Gurianov \"Aleksandr Gurianov\").{{cite web \\\|url\\= https://www.wilsoncenter.org/person/alexander\\-guryanov \\\|title\\= Alexander Guryanov \\\|last\\= \\\|first\\= \\\|date\\= 2020 \\\|website\\= \\\|publisher\\= wilsoncenter.org \\\|access\\-date\\= 2024\\-06\\-20\\\|quote\\=}} Together with the Polish [KARTA Center](/wiki/KARTA_Center \"KARTA Center\"), the Memorial Polish programme researched the mass executions of nearly 22,000 Polish military officers and soldiers, policemen, officials, intelligentsia and others conducted at Stalin's order by the NKVD in [Katyn](/wiki/Katyn_forest \"Katyn forest\"), [Kalinin](/wiki/Tver%2320th_century \"Tver#20th century\"), [Kharkiv](/wiki/Kharkiv \"Kharkiv\"), [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\") and probably near [Minsk](/wiki/Minsk \"Minsk\") in April and May 1940\\. The result of this research are four publications on the murders, all edited by Gurianov: one volume on Katyn, where NKVD officers murdered at least 4,400 regular army officers and reserve officers; and three volumes on Kalinin, were 6,300 policemen and prison guards and border guards were shot dead. Both titles contain an introduction on the crime and the exhumations, and a roll\\-call of the respective victims with biogram and picture, where available. They are based on analogous Polish publications, but include additional information on the Katyn Massacre and expanded biograms.", "The four publications are:", "Gurianov Aleksandr, ed. Those Killed in Katyn. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War \\- Prisoners of the Kozelsk NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Politburo of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940 Onwards (Moscow 2015\\),{{cite book \\\|last\\= \\\|first\\= \\\|author\\-link\\= \\\|editor\\-last1\\= Gurianov \\\|editor\\-first1\\= Aleksandr \\\|date\\= 2015 \\\|title\\= Ubity v Katyni. Kniga pamiati Polskikh voennoplennykh \\- uznikov Kozelskogo lagera NKVD, rasstrelannykh po resheniyu Politbiuro TsK VKP(b) ot 5 Marta 1940 Goda \\\|script\\-title\\=ru: Убиты в Катыни. Книга памяти польских военнопленных \\- узников Козельского лагеря НКВД, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро ЦК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года \\\|trans\\-title\\=Those Killed in Katyn. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War \\- Prisoners of the Kozelsk NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Central Committee of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940 Onwards \\\|url\\= https://www.memo.ru/media/uploads/2022/01/21/killed\\_in\\_katyn.pdf \\\|language\\= ru \\\|publication\\-place\\= Moscow \\\|publisher\\= Zvenia \\\|page\\= \\\|isbn\\=978\\-5\\-78700\\-123\\-5}} with 4 415 biograms of the victims.", "Gurianov Aleksandr, ed. Those Killed in Kalinin, buried in Mednoye. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War \\- Prisoners of the Ostashkov Soviet NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Politburo of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940 Onwards (Moscow 2019\\){{cite book \\\|last\\= \\\|first\\= \\\|author\\-link\\= \\\|editor\\-last1\\= Gurianov \\\|editor\\-first1\\= Aleksandr \\\|date\\= 2015 \\\|title\\= Ubity v Kalinine, zakhoroneny v Mednom. kniga pamiati Polskikh voennoplennykh \\- uznikov Ostashskogo lagera NKVD SSSR, Passtrelannykh po Resheniyu Politbiuro TsK VKP(b) ot 5 Marta 1940 Goda \\\|script\\-title\\=ru: Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года \\\|trans\\-title\\= Those Killed in Kalinin, buried in Mednoye. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War \\- Prisoners of the Ostashkov Soviet NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Politburo of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940 Onwards \\\|language\\= ru \\\|publication\\-place\\= Moscow \\\|publisher\\= Memorial \\\|page\\= \\\|isbn\\= 978\\-5\\-6041921\\-4\\-6}}", "* Vol. 1, \"The Biograms of Polish POWs. A\\-L\"{{cite web \\\|url\\= https://imwerden.de/pdf/ubity\\_v\\_kalinine\\_zakhoroneny\\_v\\_mednom\\_tom1\\_2019\\_\\_izd.pdf \\\|title\\= Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года. Том 1\\. Биограммы военнопленных : А\\-Л \\\|author\\= Aleksandr Gurianov \\\|date\\= 2019 \\\|website\\= \\\|publisher\\= Memorial \\\|access\\-date\\= 2024\\-06\\-20 \\\|quote\\=}}\n* Vol. 2, \"The Biograms of Polish POWs. M\\-Ya\"{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://imwerden.de/pdf/ubity\\_v\\_kalinine\\_zakhoroneny\\_v\\_mednom\\_tom2\\_2019\\_\\_izd.pdf \\\|title\\= Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года. Tом 2\\. Биограммы польских военнопленных. М\\-Я \\\|author\\= Aleksandr Gurianov \\\|date\\= 2019 \\\|website\\= \\\|publisher\\= Memorial \\\|access\\-date\\= 2024\\-06\\-20 \\\|quote\\=}}\n* Vol. 3, \"What do we Know about Mednoye\"{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://imwerden.de/pdf/ubity\\_v\\_kalinine\\_zakhoroneny\\_v\\_mednom\\_tom3\\_2019\\_\\_izd.pdf \\\|title\\= Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года. Tом 3\\. Что мы знаем о Медном \\\|author\\= Aleksandr Gurianov \\\|date\\= 2019 \\\|website\\= \\\|publisher\\= Memorial \\\|access\\-date\\= 2024\\-06\\-20 \\\|quote\\=}}", "Both titles were launched on 17 September, to the date on the anniversary of the [Soviet invasion of Poland](/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland \"Soviet invasion of Poland\"): the book on Katyn in 2015, on the 75th anniversary; and the three volumes on Mednoye on the 80th anniversary, in 2019\\.", "Memorial was planning to continue the project and publish a volume on the Katyn Massacre committed at the Kharkov Regional Directorate of the NKVD, however the events after 2019 (the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") and the policy pursued by the Russian Federation after its [invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Russian invasion of Ukraine\"), including the closure of Memorial) made this impossible as of 2024\\.", "#### \"Virtual Gulag\" museum and Russia's Necropolis website", "In the early 21st century, Memorial in St. Petersburg worked to create the \"Virtual Gulag\" Museum in order to bring together research and archives from all over the former [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") and to commemorate and record the existence of the Gulag and the lives of its inmates.", "Disrupted by the 2008 seizure in St. Petersburg of much of the materials on which the project was based (see {{section link\\\|\\\|Persecution}} for further information), and faced with a need to update the information (and the technology), it was decided to create a map of the burial grounds, graveyards and commemorative sites across Russia. Launched in Russian in 2016,[«Карта Памяти: Некрополь террора и Гулага»](https://mapofmemory.org/) (tr. \"Memory Map: Necropolis of Terror and Gulag\") launched 2016\\. mapofmemory.org an English\\-language version, \"Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag\" followed in August 2021\\.[\"Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag\" (in English)](https://en.mapofmemory.org/) launched 2021\\. This resource documents over 400 sites, some dating back to the [Russian Civil War](/wiki/Russian_Civil_War \"Russian Civil War\"), noting their state of preservation, monuments and ceremonies, and whether they have protected status. It includes the killing fields of the [Great Purge](/wiki/Great_Purge \"Great Purge\") such as [Krasny Bor](/wiki/Krasny_Bor_Forest%2C_Karelia \"Krasny Bor Forest, Karelia\"), the abandoned burial grounds of the Gulag, and also 138 graveyards of the \"special\" settlements to which [\"dekulakized\"](/wiki/Dekulakization \"Dekulakization\") peasant families and then Poles, Lithuanians and others were deported in their tens of thousands.[\"Those who did not return: An overview\", Russia's Necropolis](https://en.mapofmemory.org/context) 2021\\. en.mapofmemory.org", "At the Kovalevsky Woods near St. Petersburg, Memorial attempted to construct a National Memorial Museum Complex to commemorate the 4,500 victims who were killed and buried there during the [Red Terror](/wiki/Red_Terror \"Red Terror\").[\"Kovalyovsky Woods memorial cemetery\", Russia's Necropolis](https://en.mapofmemory.org/47-01). en.mapofmemory.org[Catriona Bass, \"A national museum to the victims of Stalinist repression: words not deeds?\"](http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/catriona-bass/national-museum-to-victims-of-stalinist-repression-words-not-deeds) opendemocracy.net, 5 November 2010\\. Memorial workers discovered the bodies in 2002\\. A memorial complex already exists at the [Sandarmokh](/wiki/Sandarmokh \"Sandarmokh\") killing field (1937–1938\\) in Karelia,[\"The Sandarmokh Memorial complex\", Russia's Necropolis](https://en.mapofmemory.org/10-09). en.mapofmemory.org thanks to the efforts of [Yury A. Dmitriev](/wiki/Yury_A._Dmitriev \"Yury A. Dmitriev\").", "In July 1997, a joint expedition of the St. Petersburg and Karelian Memorial Societies led by Dmitriev, Irina Flige, and Veniamin Joffe found 236 common graves containing the bodies of at least 6,000 victims of Stalin–era [purges](/wiki/Purges_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Purges of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\"), executed in 1937 and 1938\\. In 2016, the Russian government attempted to revise this account, claiming that among the dead were Soviet POWs shot by invading Finns in 1941–1944\\. Memorial representatives challenged both the motivation behind this claim and the purported new evidence intended to support it.[Anna Yarovaya, \"Who wants to rewrite Sandarmokh\"](https://dmitrievaffair.com/who-wants-to-rewrite-sandarmokh/), 7x7: Horizontal Russia website (English translation) dmitrievaffair.com", "#### A Chronicle of Current Events (1968–1982\\)", "In 2008, Memorial HRC launched an online version of the noted {{lang\\\|ru\\\|\\[\\[samizdat]]}} publication [A Chronicle of Current Events](/wiki/A_Chronicle_of_Current_Events \"A Chronicle of Current Events\"), which had been distributed in the Soviet Union.[Khronika tekushchikh sobyty](http://old.memo.ru/history/diss/chr/index.htm) (Хроника текущих событий, \"Chronicle of current events\"), old.memo.ru Appearing at irregular intervals during the year, it was circulated in typescript form ({{lang\\\|ru\\\|samizdat}}) in the USSR from 1968 to 1983\\. All of its 63 issues were also translated into English and published abroad.[A Chronicle of Current Events](https://chronicleofcurrentevents.net/), April 1968 to June 1982 chronicleofcurrentevents.net Western observers and scholars considered it to be a key source of trustworthy information about human rights in the post\\-Stalin Soviet Union.", "The launch of the online version was held at Memorial's office in Karetny. Many former editors of the underground publication attended, including [Sergei Kovalev](/wiki/Sergei_Kovalev \"Sergei Kovalev\") and [Alexander Lavut](/wiki/Alexander_Lavut \"Alexander Lavut\").", "### Media", "Memorial has funded or helped to produce various publications and films related to human rights. This included the documentary The Crying Sun (2007\\), which focused on the village of Zumsoy in [Chechnya](/wiki/Chechnya \"Chechnya\"), and the struggle of its citizens to preserve their cultural identity in the face of military raids and enforced disappearances by the Russian army and 'guerilla' fighters. The 25\\-minute film was produced in collaboration with [WITNESS](/wiki/WITNESS \"WITNESS\").{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.16beavergroup.org/monday/archives/002222\\.php \\\|title\\=Friday Night 04\\.27\\.07 – Human Rights Advocacy in Chechnya: Job or Sacrifice? – 04\\.27\\.07 \\\|work\\=www.16beavergroup.org \\\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2008 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120165312/http://www.16beavergroup.org/monday/archives/002222\\.php \\\|archive\\-date\\=20 November 2008 }}", "" ]
### Research and education Throughout its existence, but particularly since 2012, the International Memorial Society has widened its range of activities. Today these include the [Last Address](/wiki/Last_Address "Last Address") project and, following the example of Berlin and its [Topography of Terror](/wiki/Topography_of_Terror "Topography of Terror") excursions and exhibitions, the society has organised similar educational ventures about the Soviet era in Moscow and other Russian cities.["The Victims of War and Repression complex, Ryazan (Central Russia)", Russia's Necropolis](https://en.mapofmemory.org/62-04) en.mapofmemory.org["Korkino village (Siberia), burial of Great Terror victims", Russia's Necropolis](https://en.mapofmemory.org/24-03) en.mapofmemory.org #### Archives and online database In 2005, Memorial's database contained records of more than 1,300,000 victims of political repression in the Soviet Union.[FAQ about Memorial](http://www.rightlivelihood.org/memorial_faq.html) www.rightlivelihood.org {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083632/http://www.rightlivelihood.org/memorial\_faq.html \\|date\=29 September 2007 }} First issued as a CD, by 2020 the fifth edition of the database was available online and held over three million entries of those shot, imprisoned or deported during the Soviet period. Another project is the "Open List" database, created in several languages of the former Soviet Union (Russian, Ukrainian, Georgian and Belarusian) to encourage relatives and descendants of those shot, imprisoned and deported to contribute information about the victims and their families.[The Open List database](https://openlist.wiki/) (in Russian, Ukrainian, Georgian, and Belarusian). openlist.wiki This expanded sources of information beyond the case files kept on individuals by the Soviet security services or the police. Memorial's archives have been used by historians such as Briton [Orlando Figes](/wiki/Orlando_Figes "Orlando Figes").{{cite news\\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7798497\.stm\\|title\=Stalin's new status in Russia\\|date\=27 December 2008\\|access\-date\=11 January 2018\\|via\=news.bbc.co.uk}} #### School programmes Since 1999, Memorial has organised an annual competition for secondary school students around the theme of "The Individual and History: Russia in the 20th century". It received between 1,500 and 2,000 entries each year. Authors of the 40 best contributions are invited to Moscow to attend a special school academy and the awards ceremony. The jury has been headed in the past by Otto Sigurd, [Svetlana Aleksiyevich](/wiki/Svetlana_Aleksiyevich "Svetlana Aleksiyevich") and [Ludmila Ulitskaya](/wiki/Ludmila_Ulitskaya "Ludmila Ulitskaya"). To date, 26 collections of winning entries have been published: the majority of these can be found on the "Lessons of History" website.["Results of 22nd annual schools competition", Lessons of History](https://urokiistorii.ru/school_competition){{Dead link\\|date\=August 2024 \\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\-attempted\=yes }} (in Russian) urokiistorii.ru #### The [Katyn Massacres](/wiki/Katyn_Massacre "Katyn Massacre") Memorial had a special Polish programme headed by [Aleksandr Gurianov](/wiki/Aleksandr_Gurianov "Aleksandr Gurianov").{{cite web \\|url\= https://www.wilsoncenter.org/person/alexander\-guryanov \\|title\= Alexander Guryanov \\|last\= \\|first\= \\|date\= 2020 \\|website\= \\|publisher\= wilsoncenter.org \\|access\-date\= 2024\-06\-20\\|quote\=}} Together with the Polish [KARTA Center](/wiki/KARTA_Center "KARTA Center"), the Memorial Polish programme researched the mass executions of nearly 22,000 Polish military officers and soldiers, policemen, officials, intelligentsia and others conducted at Stalin's order by the NKVD in [Katyn](/wiki/Katyn_forest "Katyn forest"), [Kalinin](/wiki/Tver%2320th_century "Tver#20th century"), [Kharkiv](/wiki/Kharkiv "Kharkiv"), [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv "Kyiv") and probably near [Minsk](/wiki/Minsk "Minsk") in April and May 1940\. The result of this research are four publications on the murders, all edited by Gurianov: one volume on Katyn, where NKVD officers murdered at least 4,400 regular army officers and reserve officers; and three volumes on Kalinin, were 6,300 policemen and prison guards and border guards were shot dead. Both titles contain an introduction on the crime and the exhumations, and a roll\-call of the respective victims with biogram and picture, where available. They are based on analogous Polish publications, but include additional information on the Katyn Massacre and expanded biograms. The four publications are: Gurianov Aleksandr, ed. Those Killed in Katyn. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War \- Prisoners of the Kozelsk NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Politburo of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940 Onwards (Moscow 2015\),{{cite book \\|last\= \\|first\= \\|author\-link\= \\|editor\-last1\= Gurianov \\|editor\-first1\= Aleksandr \\|date\= 2015 \\|title\= Ubity v Katyni. Kniga pamiati Polskikh voennoplennykh \- uznikov Kozelskogo lagera NKVD, rasstrelannykh po resheniyu Politbiuro TsK VKP(b) ot 5 Marta 1940 Goda \\|script\-title\=ru: Убиты в Катыни. Книга памяти польских военнопленных \- узников Козельского лагеря НКВД, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро ЦК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года \\|trans\-title\=Those Killed in Katyn. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War \- Prisoners of the Kozelsk NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Central Committee of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940 Onwards \\|url\= https://www.memo.ru/media/uploads/2022/01/21/killed\_in\_katyn.pdf \\|language\= ru \\|publication\-place\= Moscow \\|publisher\= Zvenia \\|page\= \\|isbn\=978\-5\-78700\-123\-5}} with 4 415 biograms of the victims. Gurianov Aleksandr, ed. Those Killed in Kalinin, buried in Mednoye. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War \- Prisoners of the Ostashkov Soviet NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Politburo of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940 Onwards (Moscow 2019\){{cite book \\|last\= \\|first\= \\|author\-link\= \\|editor\-last1\= Gurianov \\|editor\-first1\= Aleksandr \\|date\= 2015 \\|title\= Ubity v Kalinine, zakhoroneny v Mednom. kniga pamiati Polskikh voennoplennykh \- uznikov Ostashskogo lagera NKVD SSSR, Passtrelannykh po Resheniyu Politbiuro TsK VKP(b) ot 5 Marta 1940 Goda \\|script\-title\=ru: Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года \\|trans\-title\= Those Killed in Kalinin, buried in Mednoye. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War \- Prisoners of the Ostashkov Soviet NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Politburo of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940 Onwards \\|language\= ru \\|publication\-place\= Moscow \\|publisher\= Memorial \\|page\= \\|isbn\= 978\-5\-6041921\-4\-6}} * Vol. 1, "The Biograms of Polish POWs. A\-L"{{cite web \\|url\= https://imwerden.de/pdf/ubity\_v\_kalinine\_zakhoroneny\_v\_mednom\_tom1\_2019\_\_izd.pdf \\|title\= Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года. Том 1\. Биограммы военнопленных : А\-Л \\|author\= Aleksandr Gurianov \\|date\= 2019 \\|website\= \\|publisher\= Memorial \\|access\-date\= 2024\-06\-20 \\|quote\=}} * Vol. 2, "The Biograms of Polish POWs. M\-Ya"{{cite web \\|url\=https://imwerden.de/pdf/ubity\_v\_kalinine\_zakhoroneny\_v\_mednom\_tom2\_2019\_\_izd.pdf \\|title\= Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года. Tом 2\. Биограммы польских военнопленных. М\-Я \\|author\= Aleksandr Gurianov \\|date\= 2019 \\|website\= \\|publisher\= Memorial \\|access\-date\= 2024\-06\-20 \\|quote\=}} * Vol. 3, "What do we Know about Mednoye"{{cite web \\|url\=https://imwerden.de/pdf/ubity\_v\_kalinine\_zakhoroneny\_v\_mednom\_tom3\_2019\_\_izd.pdf \\|title\= Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года. Tом 3\. Что мы знаем о Медном \\|author\= Aleksandr Gurianov \\|date\= 2019 \\|website\= \\|publisher\= Memorial \\|access\-date\= 2024\-06\-20 \\|quote\=}} Both titles were launched on 17 September, to the date on the anniversary of the [Soviet invasion of Poland](/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland "Soviet invasion of Poland"): the book on Katyn in 2015, on the 75th anniversary; and the three volumes on Mednoye on the 80th anniversary, in 2019\. Memorial was planning to continue the project and publish a volume on the Katyn Massacre committed at the Kharkov Regional Directorate of the NKVD, however the events after 2019 (the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") and the policy pursued by the Russian Federation after its [invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine"), including the closure of Memorial) made this impossible as of 2024\. #### "Virtual Gulag" museum and Russia's Necropolis website In the early 21st century, Memorial in St. Petersburg worked to create the "Virtual Gulag" Museum in order to bring together research and archives from all over the former [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") and to commemorate and record the existence of the Gulag and the lives of its inmates. Disrupted by the 2008 seizure in St. Petersburg of much of the materials on which the project was based (see {{section link\\|\\|Persecution}} for further information), and faced with a need to update the information (and the technology), it was decided to create a map of the burial grounds, graveyards and commemorative sites across Russia. Launched in Russian in 2016,[«Карта Памяти: Некрополь террора и Гулага»](https://mapofmemory.org/) (tr. "Memory Map: Necropolis of Terror and Gulag") launched 2016\. mapofmemory.org an English\-language version, "Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag" followed in August 2021\.["Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag" (in English)](https://en.mapofmemory.org/) launched 2021\. This resource documents over 400 sites, some dating back to the [Russian Civil War](/wiki/Russian_Civil_War "Russian Civil War"), noting their state of preservation, monuments and ceremonies, and whether they have protected status. It includes the killing fields of the [Great Purge](/wiki/Great_Purge "Great Purge") such as [Krasny Bor](/wiki/Krasny_Bor_Forest%2C_Karelia "Krasny Bor Forest, Karelia"), the abandoned burial grounds of the Gulag, and also 138 graveyards of the "special" settlements to which ["dekulakized"](/wiki/Dekulakization "Dekulakization") peasant families and then Poles, Lithuanians and others were deported in their tens of thousands.["Those who did not return: An overview", Russia's Necropolis](https://en.mapofmemory.org/context) 2021\. en.mapofmemory.org At the Kovalevsky Woods near St. Petersburg, Memorial attempted to construct a National Memorial Museum Complex to commemorate the 4,500 victims who were killed and buried there during the [Red Terror](/wiki/Red_Terror "Red Terror").["Kovalyovsky Woods memorial cemetery", Russia's Necropolis](https://en.mapofmemory.org/47-01). en.mapofmemory.org[Catriona Bass, "A national museum to the victims of Stalinist repression: words not deeds?"](http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/catriona-bass/national-museum-to-victims-of-stalinist-repression-words-not-deeds) opendemocracy.net, 5 November 2010\. Memorial workers discovered the bodies in 2002\. A memorial complex already exists at the [Sandarmokh](/wiki/Sandarmokh "Sandarmokh") killing field (1937–1938\) in Karelia,["The Sandarmokh Memorial complex", Russia's Necropolis](https://en.mapofmemory.org/10-09). en.mapofmemory.org thanks to the efforts of [Yury A. Dmitriev](/wiki/Yury_A._Dmitriev "Yury A. Dmitriev"). In July 1997, a joint expedition of the St. Petersburg and Karelian Memorial Societies led by Dmitriev, Irina Flige, and Veniamin Joffe found 236 common graves containing the bodies of at least 6,000 victims of Stalin–era [purges](/wiki/Purges_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union "Purges of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"), executed in 1937 and 1938\. In 2016, the Russian government attempted to revise this account, claiming that among the dead were Soviet POWs shot by invading Finns in 1941–1944\. Memorial representatives challenged both the motivation behind this claim and the purported new evidence intended to support it.[Anna Yarovaya, "Who wants to rewrite Sandarmokh"](https://dmitrievaffair.com/who-wants-to-rewrite-sandarmokh/), 7x7: Horizontal Russia website (English translation) dmitrievaffair.com #### A Chronicle of Current Events (1968–1982\) In 2008, Memorial HRC launched an online version of the noted {{lang\\|ru\\|\[\[samizdat]]}} publication [A Chronicle of Current Events](/wiki/A_Chronicle_of_Current_Events "A Chronicle of Current Events"), which had been distributed in the Soviet Union.[Khronika tekushchikh sobyty](http://old.memo.ru/history/diss/chr/index.htm) (Хроника текущих событий, "Chronicle of current events"), old.memo.ru Appearing at irregular intervals during the year, it was circulated in typescript form ({{lang\\|ru\\|samizdat}}) in the USSR from 1968 to 1983\. All of its 63 issues were also translated into English and published abroad.[A Chronicle of Current Events](https://chronicleofcurrentevents.net/), April 1968 to June 1982 chronicleofcurrentevents.net Western observers and scholars considered it to be a key source of trustworthy information about human rights in the post\-Stalin Soviet Union. The launch of the online version was held at Memorial's office in Karetny. Many former editors of the underground publication attended, including [Sergei Kovalev](/wiki/Sergei_Kovalev "Sergei Kovalev") and [Alexander Lavut](/wiki/Alexander_Lavut "Alexander Lavut").	[ "### Research and education", "Throughout its existence, but particularly since 2012, the International Memorial Society has widened its range of activities. Today these include the [Last Address](/wiki/Last_Address \"Last Address\") project and, following the example of Berlin and its [Topography of Terror](/wiki/Topography_of_Terror \"Topography of Terror\") excursions and exhibitions, the society has organised similar educational ventures about the Soviet era in Moscow and other Russian cities.[\"The Victims of War and Repression complex, Ryazan (Central Russia)\", Russia's Necropolis](https://en.mapofmemory.org/62-04) en.mapofmemory.org[\"Korkino village (Siberia), burial of Great Terror victims\", Russia's Necropolis](https://en.mapofmemory.org/24-03) en.mapofmemory.org", "#### Archives and online database", "In 2005, Memorial's database contained records of more than 1,300,000 victims of political repression in the Soviet Union.[FAQ about Memorial](http://www.rightlivelihood.org/memorial_faq.html) www.rightlivelihood.org {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083632/http://www.rightlivelihood.org/memorial\\_faq.html \\\|date\\=29 September 2007 }} First issued as a CD, by 2020 the fifth edition of the database was available online and held over three million entries of those shot, imprisoned or deported during the Soviet period.", "Another project is the \"Open List\" database, created in several languages of the former Soviet Union (Russian, Ukrainian, Georgian and Belarusian) to encourage relatives and descendants of those shot, imprisoned and deported to contribute information about the victims and their families.[The Open List database](https://openlist.wiki/) (in Russian, Ukrainian, Georgian, and Belarusian). openlist.wiki This expanded sources of information beyond the case files kept on individuals by the Soviet security services or the police.", "Memorial's archives have been used by historians such as Briton [Orlando Figes](/wiki/Orlando_Figes \"Orlando Figes\").{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7798497\\.stm\\\|title\\=Stalin's new status in Russia\\\|date\\=27 December 2008\\\|access\\-date\\=11 January 2018\\\|via\\=news.bbc.co.uk}}", "#### School programmes", "Since 1999, Memorial has organised an annual competition for secondary school students around the theme of \"The Individual and History: Russia in the 20th century\". It received between 1,500 and 2,000 entries each year. Authors of the 40 best contributions are invited to Moscow to attend a special school academy and the awards ceremony. The jury has been headed in the past by Otto Sigurd, [Svetlana Aleksiyevich](/wiki/Svetlana_Aleksiyevich \"Svetlana Aleksiyevich\") and [Ludmila Ulitskaya](/wiki/Ludmila_Ulitskaya \"Ludmila Ulitskaya\"). To date, 26 collections of winning entries have been published: the majority of these can be found on the \"Lessons of History\" website.[\"Results of 22nd annual schools competition\", Lessons of History](https://urokiistorii.ru/school_competition){{Dead link\\\|date\\=August 2024 \\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} (in Russian) urokiistorii.ru", "#### The [Katyn Massacres](/wiki/Katyn_Massacre \"Katyn Massacre\")", "Memorial had a special Polish programme headed by [Aleksandr Gurianov](/wiki/Aleksandr_Gurianov \"Aleksandr Gurianov\").{{cite web \\\|url\\= https://www.wilsoncenter.org/person/alexander\\-guryanov \\\|title\\= Alexander Guryanov \\\|last\\= \\\|first\\= \\\|date\\= 2020 \\\|website\\= \\\|publisher\\= wilsoncenter.org \\\|access\\-date\\= 2024\\-06\\-20\\\|quote\\=}} Together with the Polish [KARTA Center](/wiki/KARTA_Center \"KARTA Center\"), the Memorial Polish programme researched the mass executions of nearly 22,000 Polish military officers and soldiers, policemen, officials, intelligentsia and others conducted at Stalin's order by the NKVD in [Katyn](/wiki/Katyn_forest \"Katyn forest\"), [Kalinin](/wiki/Tver%2320th_century \"Tver#20th century\"), [Kharkiv](/wiki/Kharkiv \"Kharkiv\"), [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\") and probably near [Minsk](/wiki/Minsk \"Minsk\") in April and May 1940\\. The result of this research are four publications on the murders, all edited by Gurianov: one volume on Katyn, where NKVD officers murdered at least 4,400 regular army officers and reserve officers; and three volumes on Kalinin, were 6,300 policemen and prison guards and border guards were shot dead. Both titles contain an introduction on the crime and the exhumations, and a roll\\-call of the respective victims with biogram and picture, where available. They are based on analogous Polish publications, but include additional information on the Katyn Massacre and expanded biograms.", "The four publications are:", "Gurianov Aleksandr, ed. Those Killed in Katyn. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War \\- Prisoners of the Kozelsk NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Politburo of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940 Onwards (Moscow 2015\\),{{cite book \\\|last\\= \\\|first\\= \\\|author\\-link\\= \\\|editor\\-last1\\= Gurianov \\\|editor\\-first1\\= Aleksandr \\\|date\\= 2015 \\\|title\\= Ubity v Katyni. Kniga pamiati Polskikh voennoplennykh \\- uznikov Kozelskogo lagera NKVD, rasstrelannykh po resheniyu Politbiuro TsK VKP(b) ot 5 Marta 1940 Goda \\\|script\\-title\\=ru: Убиты в Катыни. Книга памяти польских военнопленных \\- узников Козельского лагеря НКВД, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро ЦК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года \\\|trans\\-title\\=Those Killed in Katyn. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War \\- Prisoners of the Kozelsk NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Central Committee of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940 Onwards \\\|url\\= https://www.memo.ru/media/uploads/2022/01/21/killed\\_in\\_katyn.pdf \\\|language\\= ru \\\|publication\\-place\\= Moscow \\\|publisher\\= Zvenia \\\|page\\= \\\|isbn\\=978\\-5\\-78700\\-123\\-5}} with 4 415 biograms of the victims.", "Gurianov Aleksandr, ed. Those Killed in Kalinin, buried in Mednoye. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War \\- Prisoners of the Ostashkov Soviet NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Politburo of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940 Onwards (Moscow 2019\\){{cite book \\\|last\\= \\\|first\\= \\\|author\\-link\\= \\\|editor\\-last1\\= Gurianov \\\|editor\\-first1\\= Aleksandr \\\|date\\= 2015 \\\|title\\= Ubity v Kalinine, zakhoroneny v Mednom. kniga pamiati Polskikh voennoplennykh \\- uznikov Ostashskogo lagera NKVD SSSR, Passtrelannykh po Resheniyu Politbiuro TsK VKP(b) ot 5 Marta 1940 Goda \\\|script\\-title\\=ru: Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года \\\|trans\\-title\\= Those Killed in Kalinin, buried in Mednoye. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War \\- Prisoners of the Ostashkov Soviet NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Politburo of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940 Onwards \\\|language\\= ru \\\|publication\\-place\\= Moscow \\\|publisher\\= Memorial \\\|page\\= \\\|isbn\\= 978\\-5\\-6041921\\-4\\-6}}", "* Vol. 1, \"The Biograms of Polish POWs. A\\-L\"{{cite web \\\|url\\= https://imwerden.de/pdf/ubity\\_v\\_kalinine\\_zakhoroneny\\_v\\_mednom\\_tom1\\_2019\\_\\_izd.pdf \\\|title\\= Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года. Том 1\\. Биограммы военнопленных : А\\-Л \\\|author\\= Aleksandr Gurianov \\\|date\\= 2019 \\\|website\\= \\\|publisher\\= Memorial \\\|access\\-date\\= 2024\\-06\\-20 \\\|quote\\=}}\n* Vol. 2, \"The Biograms of Polish POWs. M\\-Ya\"{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://imwerden.de/pdf/ubity\\_v\\_kalinine\\_zakhoroneny\\_v\\_mednom\\_tom2\\_2019\\_\\_izd.pdf \\\|title\\= Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года. Tом 2\\. Биограммы польских военнопленных. М\\-Я \\\|author\\= Aleksandr Gurianov \\\|date\\= 2019 \\\|website\\= \\\|publisher\\= Memorial \\\|access\\-date\\= 2024\\-06\\-20 \\\|quote\\=}}\n* Vol. 3, \"What do we Know about Mednoye\"{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://imwerden.de/pdf/ubity\\_v\\_kalinine\\_zakhoroneny\\_v\\_mednom\\_tom3\\_2019\\_\\_izd.pdf \\\|title\\= Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года. Tом 3\\. Что мы знаем о Медном \\\|author\\= Aleksandr Gurianov \\\|date\\= 2019 \\\|website\\= \\\|publisher\\= Memorial \\\|access\\-date\\= 2024\\-06\\-20 \\\|quote\\=}}", "Both titles were launched on 17 September, to the date on the anniversary of the [Soviet invasion of Poland](/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland \"Soviet invasion of Poland\"): the book on Katyn in 2015, on the 75th anniversary; and the three volumes on Mednoye on the 80th anniversary, in 2019\\.", "Memorial was planning to continue the project and publish a volume on the Katyn Massacre committed at the Kharkov Regional Directorate of the NKVD, however the events after 2019 (the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") and the policy pursued by the Russian Federation after its [invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Russian invasion of Ukraine\"), including the closure of Memorial) made this impossible as of 2024\\.", "#### \"Virtual Gulag\" museum and Russia's Necropolis website", "In the early 21st century, Memorial in St. Petersburg worked to create the \"Virtual Gulag\" Museum in order to bring together research and archives from all over the former [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") and to commemorate and record the existence of the Gulag and the lives of its inmates.", "Disrupted by the 2008 seizure in St. Petersburg of much of the materials on which the project was based (see {{section link\\\|\\\|Persecution}} for further information), and faced with a need to update the information (and the technology), it was decided to create a map of the burial grounds, graveyards and commemorative sites across Russia. Launched in Russian in 2016,[«Карта Памяти: Некрополь террора и Гулага»](https://mapofmemory.org/) (tr. \"Memory Map: Necropolis of Terror and Gulag\") launched 2016\\. mapofmemory.org an English\\-language version, \"Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag\" followed in August 2021\\.[\"Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag\" (in English)](https://en.mapofmemory.org/) launched 2021\\. This resource documents over 400 sites, some dating back to the [Russian Civil War](/wiki/Russian_Civil_War \"Russian Civil War\"), noting their state of preservation, monuments and ceremonies, and whether they have protected status. It includes the killing fields of the [Great Purge](/wiki/Great_Purge \"Great Purge\") such as [Krasny Bor](/wiki/Krasny_Bor_Forest%2C_Karelia \"Krasny Bor Forest, Karelia\"), the abandoned burial grounds of the Gulag, and also 138 graveyards of the \"special\" settlements to which [\"dekulakized\"](/wiki/Dekulakization \"Dekulakization\") peasant families and then Poles, Lithuanians and others were deported in their tens of thousands.[\"Those who did not return: An overview\", Russia's Necropolis](https://en.mapofmemory.org/context) 2021\\. en.mapofmemory.org", "At the Kovalevsky Woods near St. Petersburg, Memorial attempted to construct a National Memorial Museum Complex to commemorate the 4,500 victims who were killed and buried there during the [Red Terror](/wiki/Red_Terror \"Red Terror\").[\"Kovalyovsky Woods memorial cemetery\", Russia's Necropolis](https://en.mapofmemory.org/47-01). en.mapofmemory.org[Catriona Bass, \"A national museum to the victims of Stalinist repression: words not deeds?\"](http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/catriona-bass/national-museum-to-victims-of-stalinist-repression-words-not-deeds) opendemocracy.net, 5 November 2010\\. Memorial workers discovered the bodies in 2002\\. A memorial complex already exists at the [Sandarmokh](/wiki/Sandarmokh \"Sandarmokh\") killing field (1937–1938\\) in Karelia,[\"The Sandarmokh Memorial complex\", Russia's Necropolis](https://en.mapofmemory.org/10-09). en.mapofmemory.org thanks to the efforts of [Yury A. Dmitriev](/wiki/Yury_A._Dmitriev \"Yury A. Dmitriev\").", "In July 1997, a joint expedition of the St. Petersburg and Karelian Memorial Societies led by Dmitriev, Irina Flige, and Veniamin Joffe found 236 common graves containing the bodies of at least 6,000 victims of Stalin–era [purges](/wiki/Purges_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Purges of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\"), executed in 1937 and 1938\\. In 2016, the Russian government attempted to revise this account, claiming that among the dead were Soviet POWs shot by invading Finns in 1941–1944\\. Memorial representatives challenged both the motivation behind this claim and the purported new evidence intended to support it.[Anna Yarovaya, \"Who wants to rewrite Sandarmokh\"](https://dmitrievaffair.com/who-wants-to-rewrite-sandarmokh/), 7x7: Horizontal Russia website (English translation) dmitrievaffair.com", "#### A Chronicle of Current Events (1968–1982\\)", "In 2008, Memorial HRC launched an online version of the noted {{lang\\\|ru\\\|\\[\\[samizdat]]}} publication [A Chronicle of Current Events](/wiki/A_Chronicle_of_Current_Events \"A Chronicle of Current Events\"), which had been distributed in the Soviet Union.[Khronika tekushchikh sobyty](http://old.memo.ru/history/diss/chr/index.htm) (Хроника текущих событий, \"Chronicle of current events\"), old.memo.ru Appearing at irregular intervals during the year, it was circulated in typescript form ({{lang\\\|ru\\\|samizdat}}) in the USSR from 1968 to 1983\\. All of its 63 issues were also translated into English and published abroad.[A Chronicle of Current Events](https://chronicleofcurrentevents.net/), April 1968 to June 1982 chronicleofcurrentevents.net Western observers and scholars considered it to be a key source of trustworthy information about human rights in the post\\-Stalin Soviet Union.", "The launch of the online version was held at Memorial's office in Karetny. Many former editors of the underground publication attended, including [Sergei Kovalev](/wiki/Sergei_Kovalev \"Sergei Kovalev\") and [Alexander Lavut](/wiki/Alexander_Lavut \"Alexander Lavut\").", "" ]
Episodes -------- ### Series 1 (2011\) {{Main\\|Ross Kemp: Extreme World (series 1\)}} Ross Kemp returns to present another documentary series for Sky 1 named Ross Kemp: Extreme World. The series sees Kemp travel to places like Haiti and the Congo to learn more about the consequences of the 2011 Haiti earthquake and the ongoing conflict over Congo's mineral resources.. ### Series 2 (2012\) {{Main\\|Ross Kemp: Extreme World (Series 2\)}} In the second series, Kemp revisits his exploration of various locations, including Pakistan and East Africa. His travels take him to Karachi, where he delves into the battle for the city, and to East Africa, where he investigates the widespread belief in witchcraft. ### Series 3 (2014\) {{Main\\|Ross Kemp: Extreme World (Series 3\)}} Ross Kemp: Extreme World Series 3 sees Kemp gaining access to the places and people caught up in contemporary global issues. The most recent run saw Kemp examine the conflicts in Northern Ireland, poverty and corruption in Las Vegas the crack epidemic in Rio de Janeiro as well as India's huge sex\-trafficking industry. ### Series 4 (2015\) {{Main\\|Ross Kemp: Extreme World (Series 4\)}} Series four takes Kemp on a journey to delve into a broader range of global issues. Throughout the series, he immerses himself in the world of criminal biker gangs in Australia, shadows Iraqi and Syrian immigrants in Calais, and investigates South Africa’s rape epidemic, shedding light on pressing social challenges around the world. ### Series 5 (2016\) {{Main\\|Ross Kemp: Extreme World (Series 5\)}} In the fifth series, Kemp heads to Colombia, Kurdistan, Mozambique, Mongolia and the US/Mexico border to investigate the cocaine trade, immigration and the conflict between Kurdish militia groups and terrorist group [Islamic State](/wiki/Islamic_State "Islamic State"). ### Series 6 (2017\) {{Main\\|Ross Kemp: Extreme World (Series 6\)}} The sixth and final series of Extreme Worlds started airing on 21 February 2017 on Sky One, it was the final series. Kemp travels to Libya, Texas, and the Philippines to cover the migrant crisis, right\-wing extremists and the hard\-line stance against drug traffickers and uses taken by former President of the Philippines, [Rodrigo Duterte](/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte "Rodrigo Duterte").	[ "Episodes\n--------", "### Series 1 (2011\\)", "{{Main\\\|Ross Kemp: Extreme World (series 1\\)}}", "Ross Kemp returns to present another documentary series for Sky 1 named Ross Kemp: Extreme World. The series sees Kemp travel to places like Haiti and the Congo to learn more about the consequences of the 2011 Haiti earthquake and the ongoing conflict over Congo's mineral resources..", "### Series 2 (2012\\)", "{{Main\\\|Ross Kemp: Extreme World (Series 2\\)}}", "In the second series, Kemp revisits his exploration of various locations, including Pakistan and East Africa. His travels take him to Karachi, where he delves into the battle for the city, and to East Africa, where he investigates the widespread belief in witchcraft.", "### Series 3 (2014\\)", "{{Main\\\|Ross Kemp: Extreme World (Series 3\\)}}", "Ross Kemp: Extreme World Series 3 sees Kemp gaining access to the places and people caught up in contemporary global issues. The most recent run saw Kemp examine the conflicts in Northern Ireland, poverty and corruption in Las Vegas the crack epidemic in Rio de Janeiro as well as India's huge sex\\-trafficking industry.", "### Series 4 (2015\\)", "{{Main\\\|Ross Kemp: Extreme World (Series 4\\)}}", "Series four takes Kemp on a journey to delve into a broader range of global issues. Throughout the series, he immerses himself in the world of criminal biker gangs in Australia, shadows Iraqi and Syrian immigrants in Calais, and investigates South Africa’s rape epidemic, shedding light on pressing social challenges around the world.", "### Series 5 (2016\\)", "{{Main\\\|Ross Kemp: Extreme World (Series 5\\)}}", "In the fifth series, Kemp heads to Colombia, Kurdistan, Mozambique, Mongolia and the US/Mexico border to investigate the cocaine trade, immigration and the conflict between Kurdish militia groups and terrorist group [Islamic State](/wiki/Islamic_State \"Islamic State\").", "### Series 6 (2017\\)", "{{Main\\\|Ross Kemp: Extreme World (Series 6\\)}}", "The sixth and final series of Extreme Worlds started airing on 21 February 2017 on Sky One, it was the final series. Kemp travels to Libya, Texas, and the Philippines to cover the migrant crisis, right\\-wing extremists and the hard\\-line stance against drug traffickers and uses taken by former President of the Philippines, [Rodrigo Duterte](/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte \"Rodrigo Duterte\").", "" ]