Datasets:
tom-010
/
diffusing-embeddings-sections-and-paragraphs

Dataset card Data Studio Files
xet
Community
text
stringlengths
791
228k
parts
listlengths
6
567
The Publishing Prize Grand Prix through the years ------------------------------------------------- 1990 **Broadcast Media** TV4\. Ricky Tillblad. 1991 **Refuse collection 1991** Vaxjo Municipality. Bosse Lindqwist \& Heidi Lindqwist, Lindqwist Production. 1992 **Book regulations for the army** Lars\-Ove Davidson, Defence Media. 1993 **Foaiten Magazine** Peter Hennix, Swedish National Defence Research Institute. 1994–1996 Recess. 1997 **S\-tinget Magazine** Varmland County Council. Mia Ohlsson \& Tin Wegelius. 1998 **Letter, word, text – handbook of graphic design** Christer Hellmark, Textura. 1999 **Graphic Cookbook** Kaj Johansson, Peter Lundberg \& Robert Ryberg, Kapero Graphic Development. 2000 **The age of the lion** Jeppe Wikstrom, Publishing house Max Strom in collaboration with Leo form. 2001 **Indicator species – indicators of conservation value forests** Johan Nitare, Swedish Forest Agency. 2002 **Queen Silvia** Gunilla Widengren Hammarskiold, Ekerlids Publishers, and Helen Sköld, Kingston. 2003 **www.norrbottenlappland.se** Mats Astrom \& Barbro Gustafsson, Norrbotten\-Lappland, Karin Klockare Jarlstrom, Annika Fredriksson \& Max Piltz, Vinter Advertising Agency, and Martin Spegel \& Magdalena Eriksson, Mirror Partner Development. 2004 **Agenda Magazine** Ann\-Charlotte Hansson, Per Nilsson and Hakan Hermansson, Volvo Car Corporation, in collaboration with Studio Desktop. 2005 **Encyclopedia of Swedish flora and fauna – butterflies** Christer Engstrom (editor in chief), Lena Eliasson (designer), Martin Holmer and Karl Jilg (illustrators), Claes U. Eliasson, Nils Ryrholm and Ulf Gardenfors (authors), Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. 2006 **Hasse \& Tage** Staffan Schoier and Stefan Wermelin (authors), Claes Gustavsson (designer), Ingemar Perup (picture editor), Sara Nystrom (publisher), Susanna Eriksson Lundqvist (editor), Albert Bonniers. 2007 **Timeless Sea Rescuer** Swedish Sea Rescue Society in collaboration with Designer Anna Larsson, Anders Wallhed (author), Rolf Westerstrom (CEO), Elisabeth Jansson (marketing) and Magnus Brodd (coordinator), Swedish Sea Rescue Society, Anna Larsson (graphic designer). 2008 **Centennium – photography in Sweden, part 1** Swedish Professional Photographers Association, Gosta Flemming (editor), Lars Hall (designer). 2009 **SID.** Aller Custom Publishing on behalf of the Pressbyran, Mariette Kristenson, Pressbyran, Jonathan Leman (editor), Anna Olsson (editor) and Johan Lindberg (creative director), Aller Custom Publishing 2010 **Perspectives on Gothenburg** Publishing house Max Strom, Peter Claesson (photographer), Kristian Wedel (author), Patric Leo (design), Petra Ashton Inkapool (original), Marcus Erixson (image processing), Jeppe Wikstrom (publisher) and Charlotta Broady (project leader, editor) 2011 **Photographic Journal** Swedish Professional Photographers Association in collaboration with Anders Birgersson/Zoo People, Jenny Morelli (editor in chief), Swedish Photographers Professional Association, Anders Birgersson (AD), Zoo People 2011 **IKEA Life at home** Futurniture on behalf of IKEA Swedish Sales AB, Nils Larsson (marketing), Christian Braendshoi (project leader), Tina Bjoreman (editorial director) and Anna Pettersson (reporter), IKEA Swedish Sales AB, Dan Grettve (account manager), Philip Arvidson (AD) Anna Lenskog (AD), Hanna Meijer (AD), Jenny Gromark (copywriter), Simon Kallgard (interaction designer), Josefina Mothander (production manager), Sverker Carlsson (project manager), Daniel Storm Dahl (membership manager) and Johanna Riedemar (distribution manager), Futurniture 2012 **fordetvidare.se** Le Bureau on behalf of the National Agency for Education, Eva Nilsson (project manager), Johanna Johncke, (production manager), Lina Elfstrand (AD), Hjalmar Delehag (copy), Le Bureau, Ann Charlotte Gunnarson, National Agency for Education. Production Company: B\-Reel 2012 **Strindberg worlds** Publishing house Max Strom, Jeppe Wikstrom, publisher, Patric Leo, designer, Bjorn Meidal, author, Bengt Wanselius, picture editor 2013 **lundhags.se/byxguide** NY Advertising Agency on behalf of Lundhags Skomakarna AB, Bj0rn Ceder, creative director; Henrik Melkner, project manager; Stefan Wennerberg, graphic producer, NY Advertising Agency, Henrik Ottosson, CEO; Sara Wanseth, Marketing; Niclas Sjogren, copywriter, Lundhags Skomakarna AB 2014 **Sune Jonsson Bodices** Publishing house Max Strom. Sune Jonsson (photographer), Val Williams (text), Jeppe Wikstrom (publisher), Patric Leo (design, photo selection), Charlotta Broady (editorial), His Dackenberg (editorial), Patric Leo (editorial), Britta Lundgren (editorial) Petra Ahston Inkapool (original), Amelia Stenbeck\-Ramel (original). 2015 **Vera (film)** South Tower Communication in cooperation with Amphi Production on behalf of the Uppsala County Council. South Tower Communication: Jonas Pertoft (project). Amphi Production: Emma Lundqvist (project), Per Ringqvist (producer), Ylva Gustavsson (director), Karin Aspentrom (screenplay), Carl Rasmussen (photographer). Child protection team at Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala County Council: Gabriel Otterman (pediatrician, project, facts reviewer), Lena Widing (nurse), Dagmar Lagerberg (expert). <https://vimeo.com/107563154> 2016 **BlankSpot \#0** Blank Spot Project: Nils Resare (editor), [Martin Schibbye](/wiki/Martin_Schibbye "Martin Schibbye") (editor in chief), [Brit Stakston](/wiki/Brit_Stakston "Brit Stakston") (digital strategist). Ronnestam: Johan Ronnestam (concept, idea). Birgersson Production: Anders Birgersson (AD). 2017 (film) **Ingen elev ska behöva känna sig otrygg** ProLounge in cooperation with Kärnhuset on behalf of Skolinspektionen. 2017 (print) **100 år och framåt** Designkontoret Silver in cooperation with Jung Relations on behalf of ICA. Designkontoret Silver: Marlis Nylén (project leader), Magda Lipka Falck (ad, designer), Carl Wikner (strategy). Jung Relations: Johan Nyman (editor), Karin Lindebo (project leader). Roland Persson/Skarp Agent (photo). Gustaf Öhrnell Hjalmars/Agent Molly (illustration). Julia Hansson (illustration). 2017 (webb) **Volvo Car Group – online annual report 2016** Solberg Kommunikation on behalf of Volvo Car Group. Solberg Kommunikation: Jeanette Gustavsson (customer contact), Anna Larsson (AD), Pilar Perez (AD Online). Volvo Car Group: Nils Mösko (VP Head of Investor Relations), Annelie Nyberg (IR Manager). 2018 (film) **Riskgruppen** Nosy AB on behalf of Pensionsmyndigheten. Nosy AB: Hanna Winéus (project leader), Carmen Recarey (operative project leader), Filip Lindquist (CD), Jonas Granström (AD), Andreas Hörnsten (copy), Tobias Wallin (motion), Lotta Engström (original). Pensionsmyndigheten: Anna Savelius (project leader). Photographer: Stephanie Andersson. Production: FLX. 2018 (print) **Being There** Bokförlaget Max Ström. Paul Hansen (author, photographer), Charlotta Broady (editor), Jeppe Wikström (publisher), Patric Leo (designer). 2018 (webb) **Profoto** Valtech and Bazooka in cooperation with Profoto. Valtech: Mats Saxer (customer contact), Karin Tykesson (project leader), Olle Westerlund and Jennifer Forsberg (User Experience Designer), Anna Kagebeck (team coach), Jill Karlsson (interface developer), Fredrik Höjdegård, Fredrik Danielsson, Jonas Ryttberg, Tobias Hasslebrant and Anders Ekström (developers). Bazooka: Jussi Kilpinen and Oscar Nilsson (Art Director). Profoto: Lars Wiklund (Program Manager), Hanna Fellman (Business Development Manager), Karin Nordqvist (Product Owner), Vendela Hägge (Vice President Global Marketing), Anna Riberth (Product Marketing Manager), Petter Sylvan (CFO).
[ "The Publishing Prize Grand Prix through the years\n-------------------------------------------------", "1990 **Broadcast Media** TV4\\. Ricky Tillblad.", "1991 **Refuse collection 1991** Vaxjo Municipality. Bosse Lindqwist \\& Heidi Lindqwist, Lindqwist Production.", "1992 **Book regulations for the army** Lars\\-Ove Davidson, Defence Media.", "1993 **Foaiten Magazine** Peter Hennix, Swedish National Defence Research Institute.", "1994–1996 Recess.", "1997 **S\\-tinget Magazine** Varmland County Council. Mia Ohlsson \\& Tin Wegelius.", "1998 **Letter, word, text – handbook of graphic design** Christer Hellmark, Textura.", "1999 **Graphic Cookbook** Kaj Johansson, Peter Lundberg \\& Robert Ryberg, Kapero Graphic Development.", "2000 **The age of the lion** Jeppe Wikstrom, Publishing house Max Strom in collaboration with Leo form.", "2001 **Indicator species – indicators of conservation value forests** Johan Nitare, Swedish Forest Agency.", "2002 **Queen Silvia** Gunilla Widengren Hammarskiold, Ekerlids Publishers, and Helen Sköld, Kingston.", "2003 **www.norrbottenlappland.se** Mats Astrom \\& Barbro Gustafsson, Norrbotten\\-Lappland, Karin Klockare Jarlstrom, Annika Fredriksson \\& Max Piltz, Vinter Advertising Agency, and Martin Spegel \\& Magdalena Eriksson, Mirror Partner Development.", "2004 **Agenda Magazine** Ann\\-Charlotte Hansson, Per Nilsson and Hakan Hermansson, Volvo Car Corporation, in collaboration with Studio Desktop.", "2005 **Encyclopedia of Swedish flora and fauna – butterflies** Christer Engstrom (editor in chief), Lena Eliasson (designer), Martin Holmer and Karl Jilg (illustrators), Claes U. Eliasson, Nils Ryrholm and Ulf Gardenfors (authors), Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.", "2006 **Hasse \\& Tage** Staffan Schoier and Stefan Wermelin (authors), Claes Gustavsson (designer), Ingemar Perup (picture editor), Sara Nystrom (publisher), Susanna Eriksson Lundqvist (editor), Albert Bonniers.", "2007 **Timeless Sea Rescuer** Swedish Sea Rescue Society in collaboration with Designer Anna Larsson, Anders Wallhed (author), Rolf Westerstrom (CEO), Elisabeth Jansson (marketing) and Magnus Brodd (coordinator), Swedish Sea Rescue Society, Anna Larsson (graphic designer).", "2008 **Centennium – photography in Sweden, part 1** Swedish Professional Photographers Association, Gosta Flemming (editor), Lars Hall (designer).", "2009 **SID.** Aller Custom Publishing on behalf of the Pressbyran, Mariette Kristenson, Pressbyran, Jonathan Leman (editor), Anna Olsson (editor) and Johan Lindberg (creative director), Aller Custom Publishing", "2010 **Perspectives on Gothenburg** Publishing house Max Strom, Peter Claesson (photographer), Kristian Wedel (author), Patric Leo (design), Petra Ashton Inkapool (original), Marcus Erixson (image processing), Jeppe Wikstrom (publisher) and Charlotta Broady (project leader, editor)", "2011 **Photographic Journal** Swedish Professional Photographers Association in collaboration with Anders Birgersson/Zoo People, Jenny Morelli (editor in chief), Swedish Photographers Professional Association, Anders Birgersson (AD), Zoo People", "2011 **IKEA Life at home** Futurniture on behalf of IKEA Swedish Sales AB, Nils Larsson (marketing), Christian Braendshoi (project leader), Tina Bjoreman (editorial director) and Anna Pettersson (reporter), IKEA Swedish Sales AB, Dan Grettve (account manager), Philip Arvidson (AD) Anna Lenskog (AD), Hanna Meijer (AD), Jenny Gromark (copywriter), Simon Kallgard (interaction designer), Josefina Mothander (production manager), Sverker Carlsson (project manager), Daniel Storm Dahl (membership manager) and Johanna Riedemar (distribution manager), Futurniture", "2012 **fordetvidare.se** Le Bureau on behalf of the National Agency for Education, Eva Nilsson (project manager), Johanna Johncke, (production manager), Lina Elfstrand (AD), Hjalmar Delehag (copy), Le Bureau, Ann Charlotte Gunnarson, National Agency for Education. Production Company: B\\-Reel", "2012 **Strindberg worlds** Publishing house Max Strom, Jeppe Wikstrom, publisher, Patric Leo, designer, Bjorn Meidal, author, Bengt Wanselius, picture editor", "2013 **lundhags.se/byxguide** NY Advertising Agency on behalf of Lundhags Skomakarna AB, Bj0rn Ceder, creative director; Henrik Melkner, project manager; Stefan Wennerberg, graphic producer, NY Advertising Agency, Henrik Ottosson, CEO; Sara Wanseth, Marketing; Niclas Sjogren, copywriter, Lundhags Skomakarna AB", "2014 **Sune Jonsson Bodices** Publishing house Max Strom. Sune Jonsson (photographer), Val Williams (text), Jeppe Wikstrom (publisher), Patric Leo (design, photo selection), Charlotta Broady (editorial), His Dackenberg (editorial), Patric Leo (editorial), Britta Lundgren (editorial) Petra Ahston Inkapool (original), Amelia Stenbeck\\-Ramel (original).", "2015 **Vera (film)** South Tower Communication in cooperation with Amphi Production on behalf of the Uppsala County Council. South Tower Communication: Jonas Pertoft (project). Amphi Production: Emma Lundqvist (project), Per Ringqvist (producer), Ylva Gustavsson (director), Karin Aspentrom (screenplay), Carl Rasmussen (photographer). Child protection team at Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala County Council: Gabriel Otterman (pediatrician, project, facts reviewer), Lena Widing (nurse), Dagmar Lagerberg (expert). <https://vimeo.com/107563154>", "2016 **BlankSpot \\#0** Blank Spot Project: Nils Resare (editor), [Martin Schibbye](/wiki/Martin_Schibbye \"Martin Schibbye\") (editor in chief), [Brit Stakston](/wiki/Brit_Stakston \"Brit Stakston\") (digital strategist). Ronnestam: Johan Ronnestam (concept, idea). Birgersson Production: Anders Birgersson (AD).", "2017 (film) **Ingen elev ska behöva känna sig otrygg**", "ProLounge in cooperation with Kärnhuset on behalf of Skolinspektionen.", "2017 (print) **100 år och framåt**", "Designkontoret Silver in cooperation with Jung Relations on behalf of ICA. Designkontoret Silver: Marlis Nylén (project leader), Magda Lipka Falck (ad, designer), Carl Wikner (strategy). Jung Relations: Johan Nyman (editor), Karin Lindebo (project leader). Roland Persson/Skarp Agent (photo). Gustaf Öhrnell Hjalmars/Agent Molly (illustration). Julia Hansson (illustration).", "2017 (webb) **Volvo Car Group – online annual report 2016**", "Solberg Kommunikation on behalf of Volvo Car Group. Solberg Kommunikation: Jeanette Gustavsson (customer contact), Anna Larsson (AD), Pilar Perez (AD Online). Volvo Car Group: Nils Mösko (VP Head of Investor Relations), Annelie Nyberg (IR Manager).", "2018 (film) **Riskgruppen**", "Nosy AB on behalf of Pensionsmyndigheten. Nosy AB: Hanna Winéus (project leader), Carmen Recarey (operative project leader), Filip Lindquist (CD), Jonas Granström (AD), Andreas Hörnsten (copy), Tobias Wallin (motion), Lotta Engström (original). Pensionsmyndigheten: Anna Savelius (project leader). Photographer: Stephanie Andersson. Production: FLX.", "2018 (print) **Being There**", "Bokförlaget Max Ström. Paul Hansen (author, photographer), Charlotta Broady (editor), Jeppe Wikström (publisher), Patric Leo (designer).", "2018 (webb) **Profoto**", "Valtech and Bazooka in cooperation with Profoto. Valtech: Mats Saxer (customer contact), Karin Tykesson (project leader), Olle Westerlund and Jennifer Forsberg (User Experience Designer), Anna Kagebeck (team coach), Jill Karlsson (interface developer), Fredrik Höjdegård, Fredrik Danielsson, Jonas Ryttberg, Tobias Hasslebrant and Anders Ekström (developers). Bazooka: Jussi Kilpinen and Oscar Nilsson (Art Director). Profoto: Lars Wiklund (Program Manager), Hanna Fellman (Business Development Manager), Karin Nordqvist (Product Owner), Vendela Hägge (Vice President Global Marketing), Anna Riberth (Product Marketing Manager), Petter Sylvan (CFO).", "" ]
Service history --------------- Originally named *Chowan* the ship was launched in 1857 in [Murfreesboro, North Carolina](/wiki/Murfreesboro%2C_North_Carolina "Murfreesboro, North Carolina"). Four months later, its draftsman and builder, John K. Kirkham filed papers at the [Hertford County](/wiki/Hertford_County%2C_North_Carolina "Hertford County, North Carolina") Court for a lien for payment of $4,996 owed to him by the North Carolina and New York Steamship Company. She was seized by Sheriff John A. Vann. In February 1858, a jury awarded $2,287\.36 to Kirkham and the court ordered that the ship be sold at auction on 4 May. *Chowan* was purchased by John W. Southall and Capt. Thomas W. Badger and renamed *Southern Star*. In early 1858 she was towed to [Delaware](/wiki/Delaware "Delaware") where she was fitted with engines. She then steamed to [Norfolk](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia "Norfolk, Virginia") in September 1858 under her own power for final outfitting for hauling freight between the [West Indies](/wiki/West_Indies "West Indies") and ports along the east coast of [North America](/wiki/North_America "North America"). ### US Navy service The [US Navy](/wiki/US_Navy "US Navy") approached its owners and chartered the vessel in October 1858 to be part of a 19 ship squadron military\-diplomatic [expedition to Paraguay](/wiki/Paraguay_expedition "Paraguay expedition") to settle grievances growing out of an unprovoked attack on [*Water Witch*](/wiki/USS_Water_Witch_%281851%29 "USS Water Witch (1851)") by [Paraguayan](/wiki/Paraguay "Paraguay") forces in 1855\. Commissioned 27 October 1858, Commander [A. M. Pennock](/wiki/Alexander_Mosely_Pennock "Alexander Mosely Pennock") in command, *Southern Star* sailed 2 November for [Asunción](/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n "Asunción"), Paraguay, arriving 25 January 1859\. Her mission accomplished, she departed from [Montevideo](/wiki/Montevideo "Montevideo"), Uruguay, 22 March to return to Norfolk's Gosport Navy Yard. Satisfied with her performance, she was purchased by the Navy for $49,000 and renamed *Crusader*. She was outfitted as a gunboat at Gosport with four 12\-pound cannons and numerous lighter arms. On 11 June 1859, Lieutenant [John N. Maffitt](/wiki/John_Newland_Maffitt_%281819-1886%29 "John Newland Maffitt (1819-1886)") was assigned as her first commanding officer as *Crusader*.{{cite book \| last \= Maffitt \| first \= Emma Martin \| title \= The Life and Services of John Newland Maffitt \| publisher \= The Neale Publishing Company \| year \= 1906 \| location \= New York and Washington \| pages \= \[https://archive.org/details/lifeandservices00maffgoog/page/n220 206]–208 \| url \= https://archive.org/details/lifeandservices00maffgoog }} She left the [Brooklyn Navy Yard](/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard "Brooklyn Navy Yard") for naval service in August 1859\. *Crusader* cleared [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), Pennsylvania 7 October 1859 for duty with the [Home Squadron](/wiki/Home_Squadron "Home Squadron") in the suppression of the [slave trade](/wiki/History_of_slavery "History of slavery") in [West Indian](/wiki/West_Indies "West Indies") waters until 7 February 1861, returning to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") 16 February. She made national headlines when on 23 May 1860 she intercepted a slave ship carrying 450 Africans, the first of the four slave traders and one pirate ship she apprehended. Following another tour of duty in the [Gulf of Mexico](/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico") from 16 March to 28 August 1861, during which she captured two vessels to prevent their sale for use as [Confederate](/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America "Confederate States of America") [privateers](/wiki/Privateer "Privateer"), she was placed out of commission 17 September 1861 for repairs. *Crusader* sailed 18 January 1862 to join the [South Atlantic Blockading Squadron](/wiki/South_Atlantic_Blockading_Squadron "South Atlantic Blockading Squadron"). She cruised off the [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina") coast until 10 August. With [*E. B. Hale*](/wiki/USS_E._B._Hale_%281861%29 "USS E. B. Hale (1861)") she conducted a successful expedition up the [South Edisto River](/wiki/Edisto_River "Edisto River") on 28 April to capture a Confederate battery, the officers and men of both ships earning a commendation from the [Secretary of the Navy](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy "United States Secretary of the Navy") for their courageous conduct. On a similar raid *Crusader* and [*Planter*](/wiki/USS_Planter_%281860%29 "USS Planter (1860)") drove off a band of Confederates from [Simmons' Bluff](/wiki/Battle_of_Simmon%27s_Bluff "Battle of Simmon's Bluff") and destroyed their camp on 21 June. After repairs at New York, *Crusader* put to sea 22 September 1862 to join the [North Atlantic Blockading Squadron](/wiki/North_Atlantic_Blockading_Squadron "North Atlantic Blockading Squadron"). She was diverted to duty in the [Chesapeake Bay](/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay "Chesapeake Bay") and inland waters of [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia") and served in this area until the end of the war. She captured five vessels with valuable cargoes and destroyed four others. *Crusader* was decommissioned at [Washington Navy Yard](/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard "Washington Navy Yard") 13 June 1865 and sold there 20 July 1865\.
[ "Service history\n---------------", "Originally named *Chowan* the ship was launched in 1857 in [Murfreesboro, North Carolina](/wiki/Murfreesboro%2C_North_Carolina \"Murfreesboro, North Carolina\"). Four months later, its draftsman and builder, John K. Kirkham filed papers at the [Hertford County](/wiki/Hertford_County%2C_North_Carolina \"Hertford County, North Carolina\") Court for a lien for payment of $4,996 owed to him by the North Carolina and New York Steamship Company. She was seized by Sheriff John A. Vann. In February 1858, a jury awarded $2,287\\.36 to Kirkham and the court ordered that the ship be sold at auction on 4 May. *Chowan* was purchased by John W. Southall and Capt. Thomas W. Badger and renamed *Southern Star*. In early 1858 she was towed to [Delaware](/wiki/Delaware \"Delaware\") where she was fitted with engines. She then steamed to [Norfolk](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia \"Norfolk, Virginia\") in September 1858 under her own power for final outfitting for hauling freight between the [West Indies](/wiki/West_Indies \"West Indies\") and ports along the east coast of [North America](/wiki/North_America \"North America\").", "### US Navy service", "The [US Navy](/wiki/US_Navy \"US Navy\") approached its owners and chartered the vessel in October 1858 to be part of a 19 ship squadron military\\-diplomatic [expedition to Paraguay](/wiki/Paraguay_expedition \"Paraguay expedition\") to settle grievances growing out of an unprovoked attack on [*Water Witch*](/wiki/USS_Water_Witch_%281851%29 \"USS Water Witch (1851)\") by [Paraguayan](/wiki/Paraguay \"Paraguay\") forces in 1855\\. Commissioned 27 October 1858, Commander [A. M. Pennock](/wiki/Alexander_Mosely_Pennock \"Alexander Mosely Pennock\") in command, *Southern Star* sailed 2 November for [Asunción](/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n \"Asunción\"), Paraguay, arriving 25 January 1859\\. Her mission accomplished, she departed from [Montevideo](/wiki/Montevideo \"Montevideo\"), Uruguay, 22 March to return to Norfolk's Gosport Navy Yard. Satisfied with her performance, she was purchased by the Navy for $49,000 and renamed *Crusader*. She was outfitted as a gunboat at Gosport with four 12\\-pound cannons and numerous lighter arms.", "On 11 June 1859, Lieutenant [John N. Maffitt](/wiki/John_Newland_Maffitt_%281819-1886%29 \"John Newland Maffitt (1819-1886)\") was assigned as her first commanding officer as *Crusader*.{{cite book \\| last \\= Maffitt \\| first \\= Emma Martin \\| title \\= The Life and Services of John Newland Maffitt \\| publisher \\= The Neale Publishing Company \\| year \\= 1906 \\| location \\= New York and Washington \\| pages \\= \\[https://archive.org/details/lifeandservices00maffgoog/page/n220 206]–208 \\| url \\= https://archive.org/details/lifeandservices00maffgoog }} She left the [Brooklyn Navy Yard](/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard \"Brooklyn Navy Yard\") for naval service in August 1859\\. *Crusader* cleared [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), Pennsylvania 7 October 1859 for duty with the [Home Squadron](/wiki/Home_Squadron \"Home Squadron\") in the suppression of the [slave trade](/wiki/History_of_slavery \"History of slavery\") in [West Indian](/wiki/West_Indies \"West Indies\") waters until 7 February 1861, returning to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") 16 February. She made national headlines when on 23 May 1860 she intercepted a slave ship carrying 450 Africans, the first of the four slave traders and one pirate ship she apprehended.", "Following another tour of duty in the [Gulf of Mexico](/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico \"Gulf of Mexico\") from 16 March to 28 August 1861, during which she captured two vessels to prevent their sale for use as [Confederate](/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America \"Confederate States of America\") [privateers](/wiki/Privateer \"Privateer\"), she was placed out of commission 17 September 1861 for repairs. *Crusader* sailed 18 January 1862 to join the [South Atlantic Blockading Squadron](/wiki/South_Atlantic_Blockading_Squadron \"South Atlantic Blockading Squadron\"). She cruised off the [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\") coast until 10 August. With [*E. B. Hale*](/wiki/USS_E._B._Hale_%281861%29 \"USS E. B. Hale (1861)\") she conducted a successful expedition up the [South Edisto River](/wiki/Edisto_River \"Edisto River\") on 28 April to capture a Confederate battery, the officers and men of both ships earning a commendation from the [Secretary of the Navy](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy \"United States Secretary of the Navy\") for their courageous conduct. On a similar raid *Crusader* and [*Planter*](/wiki/USS_Planter_%281860%29 \"USS Planter (1860)\") drove off a band of Confederates from [Simmons' Bluff](/wiki/Battle_of_Simmon%27s_Bluff \"Battle of Simmon's Bluff\") and destroyed their camp on 21 June.", "After repairs at New York, *Crusader* put to sea 22 September 1862 to join the [North Atlantic Blockading Squadron](/wiki/North_Atlantic_Blockading_Squadron \"North Atlantic Blockading Squadron\"). She was diverted to duty in the [Chesapeake Bay](/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay \"Chesapeake Bay\") and inland waters of [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\") and served in this area until the end of the war. She captured five vessels with valuable cargoes and destroyed four others. *Crusader* was decommissioned at [Washington Navy Yard](/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard \"Washington Navy Yard\") 13 June 1865 and sold there 20 July 1865\\.", "" ]
Association football career --------------------------- ### Club #### Early career and Fortuna Köln He started his playing career at DJK Dürscheid, in 1987\. Two years later, he moved to [Bayer Leverkusen](/wiki/Bayer_04_Leverkusen "Bayer 04 Leverkusen")'s youth system, before moving to [Fortuna Köln](/wiki/SC_Fortuna_K%C3%B6ln "SC Fortuna Köln"), where he made his first\-team debut in the [Regionalliga](/wiki/Regionalliga "Regionalliga") in 2000\. #### 1\. FC Kaiserslautern He moved to Bundesliga side Kaiserslautern in the winter break of the [2001–02 season](/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Bundesliga "2001–02 Bundesliga") and initially played for their reserve squad in the third division and served as backup for [Georg Koch](/wiki/Georg_Koch "Georg Koch") and [Roman Weidenfeller](/wiki/Roman_Weidenfeller "Roman Weidenfeller") in the first team. Following Weidenfeller's transfer to [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund "Borussia Dortmund"), he fought with Koch for the place of the first goalkeeper and made his Bundesliga debut at the beginning of the [2002–03 season](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Bundesliga "2002–03 Bundesliga"), being replaced by Koch after conceding four goals in two matches. After the winter break, however, he managed to secure himself the position of the first\-choice goalkeeper and established himself as one of the most talented new keepers in the Bundesliga. He was considered first\-choice throughout the [2003–04 season](/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Bundesliga "2003–04 Bundesliga"), despite being sent off during the second match of the season (the first of two red cards he has received during his league career). He remained the first goalkeeper for Kaiserslautern until late November 2004, when he lost his place to veteran [Thomas Ernst](/wiki/Thomas_Ernst "Thomas Ernst"). #### Werder Bremen [thumb\|right\|200px\|Wiese with [Werder Bremen](/wiki/SV_Werder_Bremen "SV Werder Bremen") in 2009](/wiki/File:Tim_Wiese_-_SV_Werder_Bremen_%281%29.jpg "Tim Wiese - SV Werder Bremen (1).jpg") Wiese moved to [Werder Bremen](/wiki/SV_Werder_Bremen "SV Werder Bremen") in 2005 and was favoured to replace the aging [Andreas Reinke](/wiki/Andreas_Reinke "Andreas Reinke"), but tore his [cruciate ligaments](/wiki/Cruciate_ligament "Cruciate ligament") twice and missed the entire first part of the season. Following Reinke sustaining an injury in a match against [VfB Stuttgart](/wiki/VfB_Stuttgart "VfB Stuttgart") in February 2006, Wiese made his Bundesliga debut for Werder Bremen, and remained their first goalkeeper for the rest of the [2005–06 season](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Bundesliga "2005–06 Bundesliga"). Wiese, however, (who is often compared to former German goalkeeper [Oliver Kahn](/wiki/Oliver_Kahn "Oliver Kahn") for his emotional outbursts) had a shaky start, with an error against [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC") in the second round of the [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League") on 7 March 2006 being of particular note. With only two minutes of the game left to play, and Bremen on course to reach the quarter\-finals, he made a routine catch, but then dropped the ball as he rolled on the ground, allowing [Emerson](/wiki/Emerson_%28footballer%2C_born_1976%29 "Emerson (footballer, born 1976)") to score and Juventus to progress. He has stabilized since then, however, and was vital for Bremen's late surge that moved them past rivals [Hamburger SV](/wiki/Hamburger_SV "Hamburger SV") to claim second place during the 2005–06 season. In the [2006–07 season](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Bundesliga "2006–07 Bundesliga"), he eventually established himself as the first goalkeeper at Werder Bremen and only missed three Bundesliga matches throughout the season. In the [2008–09 DFB\-Pokal](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_DFB-Pokal "2008–09 DFB-Pokal") semi\-final against Hamburg, Wiese helped Werder Bremen progress to the final when he saved three consecutive penalties. #### 1899 Hoffenheim On 2 May 2012, Wiese signed for [1899 Hoffenheim](/wiki/TSG_1899_Hoffenheim "TSG 1899 Hoffenheim") for an undisclosed fee,{{cite news\|url\=http://www.goal.com/en/news/15/germany/2012/05/02/3076106/official\-hoffenheim\-announce\-summer\-signings\-of\-wiese\|title\=Official: Hoffenheim announce summer signings of Wiese \& Derdiyok\|date\=2 May 2012\|access\-date\=28 June 2012\|publisher\=Goal.com}}{{cite news \| date\= 2 May 2012 \| url\=http://www.achtzehn99\.de/nationaltorwart\-tim\-wiese\-verstaerkt\-die\-tsg/ \| title\=Nationaltorwart Tim Wiese verstärkt die TSG \| publisher\=Hoffenheim official website \| access\-date\= 28 June 2012 \| language \= de}} and was made club captain in August.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.achtzehn99\.de/tim\-wiese\-to\-take\-captain\-s\-armband/ \|title\=Tim Wiese to take captain's armband \|publisher\=achtzehn99\.de \|date\=9 August 2012 \|access\-date\=26 June 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203061907/http://www.achtzehn99\.de/tim\-wiese\-to\-take\-captain\-s\-armband/ \|archive\-date\=3 December 2013}} A poor start to the season, however, saw Wiese conceding 15 goals in four games, resulting in Hoffenheim's manager [Markus Babbel](/wiki/Markus_Babbel "Markus Babbel") issuing a statement defending the goalkeeper.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid\=1702568\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104180641/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid\=1702568\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=4 January 2015 \|title\=Babbel: Wiese not to blame \|publisher\=FIFA.com \|date\=17 September 2012 \|access\-date\=26 June 2013}} In November 2012, it was announced that Wiese had injured his knee in a training session and would be unavailable until January.{{cite web \|url\=http://www1\.skysports.com/football/news/14964/8289387/Bundesliga\-Knee\-injury\-sidelines\-Hoffenheim\-s\-Tim\-Wiese\-until\-2013 \|title\=Bundesliga: Knee injury sidelines Hoffenheim's Tim Wiese until 2013 \|publisher\=Sky Sports \|date\=27 November 2012 \|access\-date\=26 June 2013 \|first\=Thomas \|last\=Zocher}} Following the signing of [Heurelho Gomes](/wiki/Heurelho_Gomes "Heurelho Gomes") from [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. "Tottenham Hotspur F.C.") on loan at the end of January 2013, Wiese was dropped from the squad, with Hoffenheim's manager [Andreas Müller](/wiki/Andreas_M%C3%BCller_%28footballer%2C_born_1962%29 "Andreas Müller (footballer, born 1962)") stating, "Tim doesn't have a chance in the current situation. No matter what he does, he doesn't have an opportunity to be assessed sensibly."{{cite web \|url\=http://newsok.com/hoffenheim\-drops\-former\-germany\-keeper\-tim\-wiese/article/feed/494442/?page\=1 \|title\=Hoffenheim drops former Germany keeper Tim Wiese \|publisher\=NewsOK \|date\=31 January 2013 \|access\-date\=26 June 2013}} Wiese and teammate [Tobias Weis](/wiki/Tobias_Weis "Tobias Weis") were fined an undisclosed amount following an incident at a carnival party on 11 February 2013, where the two players were ejected by security.{{cite web \|url\=http://espnfc.com/news/story/\_/id/1338512/hoffenheim\-duo\-tim\-weise\-and\-tobias\-weis\-fined\-after\-carnival\-row?cc\=5739 \|title\=Hoffenheim duo fined after carnival row \|publisher\=ESPN \|date\=13 February 2013 \|access\-date\=26 June 2013 \|first\=Stephan \|last\=Uersfeld}} In March 2013, Müller announced that Wiese could leave the club on a free transfer if they were relegated,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.goal.com/en\-gb/news/2892/transfer\-zone/2013/03/02/3792505/wiese\-free\-to\-leave\-if\-hoffenheim\-are\-relegated \|title\=Wiese free to leave if Hoffenheim are relegated \|publisher\=Goal.com \|date\=2 March 2013 \|access\-date\=26 June 2013 \|first\=Livio \|last\=Caferoglu}} prompting several of his teammates to come to his defence, including Weis and team captain [Sejad Salihović](/wiki/Sejad_Salihovi%C4%87 "Sejad Salihović").{{cite web \|url\=http://espnfc.com/news/story/\_/id/1385371/hoffenheim\-players\-come\-to\-the\-defence\-of\-tim\-wiese?cc\=5739 \|title\=Hoffenheim players defend Wiese \|publisher\=ESPN \|date\=23 March 2013 \|access\-date\=26 June 2013}} During the season, Wiese made ten appearances for Hoffenheim, conceding 25 goals, with his last appearance coming in a 2–1 defeat against [Eintracht Frankfurt](/wiki/Eintracht_Frankfurt "Eintracht Frankfurt") on 26 January.{{Soccerbase season\|43546\|2012\|name\=Tim Wiese\|access\-date\=26 June 2013}} Hoffenheim avoided relegation to the [2\. Bundesliga](/wiki/2._Bundesliga "2. Bundesliga"), prompting further speculation about Wiese's future at the club.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.welt.de/sport/fussball/bundesliga/1899\-hoffenheim/article116588960/Klasse\-gehalten\-aber\-was\-wird\-aus\-Tim\-Wiese.html \|title\=Klasse gehalten, aber was wird aus Tim Wiese? \|newspaper\=Die Welt \|date\=28 May 2013 \|access\-date\=26 June 2013 \|first\=Philip \|last\=Sagioglou}} His contract with Hoffenheim was mutually terminated on 21 January 2014, making him a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent "Free agent"), after it was revealed that his body was in a bodybuilding style, unsuited to professional football.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.focus.de/sport/fussball/bundesliga1/ex\-nationaltorwart\-ohne\-arbeitgeber\-hoffenheim\-loest\-den\-vertrag\-von\-tim\-wiese\-auf\_id\_3559024\.html \|title\=Vertrag aufgelöst: Hoffenheim schmeißt Tim Wiese raus \|publisher\=Soccerbase \| date \= 21 January 2014 \| access\-date \= 21 January 2014 \| language \= de}}{{cite web \| url \= https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/pitchside/ex\-germany\-keeper\-wiese\-explains\-said\-story\-why\-211402387\.html \| title \= Ex\-Germany keeper Wiese explains sad story of why he became a bodybuilder \| publisher \= eurosport.yahoo.com \| date \= 25 July 2014 \| access\-date \= 16 September 2014}} ### International Wiese earned his first international cap for [Germany](/wiki/Germany_national_football_team "Germany national football team") against [England](/wiki/England_national_football_team "England national football team") on 19 November 2008, when he came in as a substitute for [René Adler](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Adler "René Adler") at the beginning of the second half.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.kicker.de/news/live\-news/livescores/livematch/object/843715\|title\=Deutschland – England\|work\=kicker.de\|date\=19 November 2008\|access\-date\=19 February 2009}} Wiese was a squad member for Germany in the [2010 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup "2010 FIFA World Cup"), but was the only player not seeing any action as an understudy to [Schalke 04](/wiki/FC_Schalke_04 "FC Schalke 04") goalkeeper [Manuel Neuer](/wiki/Manuel_Neuer "Manuel Neuer") and was denied an appearance in the third\-place playoff due to injury, enabling [Bayern Munich](/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich "FC Bayern Munich") veteran [Hans\-Jörg Butt](/wiki/Hans-J%C3%B6rg_Butt "Hans-Jörg Butt") to step in. ### Retirement Wiese announced his retirement from professional football on 17 September 2014, stating, "I am not a dreamer, but a realist and I assume that I have my best years behind me and I will no longer play as a professional." In March 2017, Wiese returned to football for a one\-off match with German eighth\-division side SSV Dillingen of the [Kreisliga Schwaben\-Nord](/wiki/Kreisliga_Schwaben-Nord "Kreisliga Schwaben-Nord").{{cite web \|date\=2 April 2017 \|title\=2000 Zuschauer! Tim Wiese rockt die Kreisliga \|trans\-title\=2000 spectators! Tim Wiese rocks the Kreisliga \|url\=http://www.fussball.de/newsdetail/2000\-zuschauer\-tim\-wiese\-rockt\-die\-kreisliga/\-/article\-id/164988 \|access\-date\=3 April 2017 \|website\=fussball.de \|publisher\=DFB GmbH \|language\=de}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.espnfc.us/germany/story/3092234/wwe\-wrestler\-tim\-wiese\-ready\-for\-minor\-league\-football\-comeback \|title \= WWE wrestler Tim Wiese ready for minor league football comeback \|publisher\=ESPN FC \|date\=30 March 2017 \|access\-date\=30 March 2017}} Dillingen lost the match 2–1 to TSV Haunsheim on 1 April 2017\.
[ "Association football career\n---------------------------", "### Club", "#### Early career and Fortuna Köln", "He started his playing career at DJK Dürscheid, in 1987\\. Two years later, he moved to [Bayer Leverkusen](/wiki/Bayer_04_Leverkusen \"Bayer 04 Leverkusen\")'s youth system, before moving to [Fortuna Köln](/wiki/SC_Fortuna_K%C3%B6ln \"SC Fortuna Köln\"), where he made his first\\-team debut in the [Regionalliga](/wiki/Regionalliga \"Regionalliga\") in 2000\\.", "#### 1\\. FC Kaiserslautern", "He moved to Bundesliga side Kaiserslautern in the winter break of the [2001–02 season](/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Bundesliga \"2001–02 Bundesliga\") and initially played for their reserve squad in the third division and served as backup for [Georg Koch](/wiki/Georg_Koch \"Georg Koch\") and [Roman Weidenfeller](/wiki/Roman_Weidenfeller \"Roman Weidenfeller\") in the first team. Following Weidenfeller's transfer to [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund \"Borussia Dortmund\"), he fought with Koch for the place of the first goalkeeper and made his Bundesliga debut at the beginning of the [2002–03 season](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Bundesliga \"2002–03 Bundesliga\"), being replaced by Koch after conceding four goals in two matches. After the winter break, however, he managed to secure himself the position of the first\\-choice goalkeeper and established himself as one of the most talented new keepers in the Bundesliga. He was considered first\\-choice throughout the [2003–04 season](/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Bundesliga \"2003–04 Bundesliga\"), despite being sent off during the second match of the season (the first of two red cards he has received during his league career). He remained the first goalkeeper for Kaiserslautern until late November 2004, when he lost his place to veteran [Thomas Ernst](/wiki/Thomas_Ernst \"Thomas Ernst\").", "#### Werder Bremen", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Wiese with [Werder Bremen](/wiki/SV_Werder_Bremen \"SV Werder Bremen\") in 2009](/wiki/File:Tim_Wiese_-_SV_Werder_Bremen_%281%29.jpg \"Tim Wiese - SV Werder Bremen (1).jpg\")\nWiese moved to [Werder Bremen](/wiki/SV_Werder_Bremen \"SV Werder Bremen\") in 2005 and was favoured to replace the aging [Andreas Reinke](/wiki/Andreas_Reinke \"Andreas Reinke\"), but tore his [cruciate ligaments](/wiki/Cruciate_ligament \"Cruciate ligament\") twice and missed the entire first part of the season. Following Reinke sustaining an injury in a match against [VfB Stuttgart](/wiki/VfB_Stuttgart \"VfB Stuttgart\") in February 2006, Wiese made his Bundesliga debut for Werder Bremen, and remained their first goalkeeper for the rest of the [2005–06 season](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Bundesliga \"2005–06 Bundesliga\").", "Wiese, however, (who is often compared to former German goalkeeper [Oliver Kahn](/wiki/Oliver_Kahn \"Oliver Kahn\") for his emotional outbursts) had a shaky start, with an error against [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\") in the second round of the [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\") on 7 March 2006 being of particular note. With only two minutes of the game left to play, and Bremen on course to reach the quarter\\-finals, he made a routine catch, but then dropped the ball as he rolled on the ground, allowing [Emerson](/wiki/Emerson_%28footballer%2C_born_1976%29 \"Emerson (footballer, born 1976)\") to score and Juventus to progress. He has stabilized since then, however, and was vital for Bremen's late surge that moved them past rivals [Hamburger SV](/wiki/Hamburger_SV \"Hamburger SV\") to claim second place during the 2005–06 season.", "In the [2006–07 season](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Bundesliga \"2006–07 Bundesliga\"), he eventually established himself as the first goalkeeper at Werder Bremen and only missed three Bundesliga matches throughout the season. In the [2008–09 DFB\\-Pokal](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_DFB-Pokal \"2008–09 DFB-Pokal\") semi\\-final against Hamburg, Wiese helped Werder Bremen progress to the final when he saved three consecutive penalties.", "#### 1899 Hoffenheim", "On 2 May 2012, Wiese signed for [1899 Hoffenheim](/wiki/TSG_1899_Hoffenheim \"TSG 1899 Hoffenheim\") for an undisclosed fee,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.goal.com/en/news/15/germany/2012/05/02/3076106/official\\-hoffenheim\\-announce\\-summer\\-signings\\-of\\-wiese\\|title\\=Official: Hoffenheim announce summer signings of Wiese \\& Derdiyok\\|date\\=2 May 2012\\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2012\\|publisher\\=Goal.com}}{{cite news \\| date\\= 2 May 2012 \\| url\\=http://www.achtzehn99\\.de/nationaltorwart\\-tim\\-wiese\\-verstaerkt\\-die\\-tsg/ \\| title\\=Nationaltorwart Tim Wiese verstärkt die TSG \\| publisher\\=Hoffenheim official website \\| access\\-date\\= 28 June 2012 \\| language \\= de}} and was made club captain in August.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.achtzehn99\\.de/tim\\-wiese\\-to\\-take\\-captain\\-s\\-armband/ \\|title\\=Tim Wiese to take captain's armband \\|publisher\\=achtzehn99\\.de \\|date\\=9 August 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203061907/http://www.achtzehn99\\.de/tim\\-wiese\\-to\\-take\\-captain\\-s\\-armband/ \\|archive\\-date\\=3 December 2013}} A poor start to the season, however, saw Wiese conceding 15 goals in four games, resulting in Hoffenheim's manager [Markus Babbel](/wiki/Markus_Babbel \"Markus Babbel\") issuing a statement defending the goalkeeper.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid\\=1702568\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104180641/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid\\=1702568\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=4 January 2015 \\|title\\=Babbel: Wiese not to blame \\|publisher\\=FIFA.com \\|date\\=17 September 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2013}} In November 2012, it was announced that Wiese had injured his knee in a training session and would be unavailable until January.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www1\\.skysports.com/football/news/14964/8289387/Bundesliga\\-Knee\\-injury\\-sidelines\\-Hoffenheim\\-s\\-Tim\\-Wiese\\-until\\-2013 \\|title\\=Bundesliga: Knee injury sidelines Hoffenheim's Tim Wiese until 2013 \\|publisher\\=Sky Sports \\|date\\=27 November 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2013 \\|first\\=Thomas \\|last\\=Zocher}} Following the signing of [Heurelho Gomes](/wiki/Heurelho_Gomes \"Heurelho Gomes\") from [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. \"Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\") on loan at the end of January 2013, Wiese was dropped from the squad, with Hoffenheim's manager [Andreas Müller](/wiki/Andreas_M%C3%BCller_%28footballer%2C_born_1962%29 \"Andreas Müller (footballer, born 1962)\") stating, \"Tim doesn't have a chance in the current situation. No matter what he does, he doesn't have an opportunity to be assessed sensibly.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://newsok.com/hoffenheim\\-drops\\-former\\-germany\\-keeper\\-tim\\-wiese/article/feed/494442/?page\\=1 \\|title\\=Hoffenheim drops former Germany keeper Tim Wiese \\|publisher\\=NewsOK \\|date\\=31 January 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2013}} Wiese and teammate [Tobias Weis](/wiki/Tobias_Weis \"Tobias Weis\") were fined an undisclosed amount following an incident at a carnival party on 11 February 2013, where the two players were ejected by security.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://espnfc.com/news/story/\\_/id/1338512/hoffenheim\\-duo\\-tim\\-weise\\-and\\-tobias\\-weis\\-fined\\-after\\-carnival\\-row?cc\\=5739 \\|title\\=Hoffenheim duo fined after carnival row \\|publisher\\=ESPN \\|date\\=13 February 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2013 \\|first\\=Stephan \\|last\\=Uersfeld}} In March 2013, Müller announced that Wiese could leave the club on a free transfer if they were relegated,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.goal.com/en\\-gb/news/2892/transfer\\-zone/2013/03/02/3792505/wiese\\-free\\-to\\-leave\\-if\\-hoffenheim\\-are\\-relegated \\|title\\=Wiese free to leave if Hoffenheim are relegated \\|publisher\\=Goal.com \\|date\\=2 March 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2013 \\|first\\=Livio \\|last\\=Caferoglu}} prompting several of his teammates to come to his defence, including Weis and team captain [Sejad Salihović](/wiki/Sejad_Salihovi%C4%87 \"Sejad Salihović\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://espnfc.com/news/story/\\_/id/1385371/hoffenheim\\-players\\-come\\-to\\-the\\-defence\\-of\\-tim\\-wiese?cc\\=5739 \\|title\\=Hoffenheim players defend Wiese \\|publisher\\=ESPN \\|date\\=23 March 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2013}} During the season, Wiese made ten appearances for Hoffenheim, conceding 25 goals, with his last appearance coming in a 2–1 defeat against [Eintracht Frankfurt](/wiki/Eintracht_Frankfurt \"Eintracht Frankfurt\") on 26 January.{{Soccerbase season\\|43546\\|2012\\|name\\=Tim Wiese\\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2013}} Hoffenheim avoided relegation to the [2\\. Bundesliga](/wiki/2._Bundesliga \"2. Bundesliga\"), prompting further speculation about Wiese's future at the club.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.welt.de/sport/fussball/bundesliga/1899\\-hoffenheim/article116588960/Klasse\\-gehalten\\-aber\\-was\\-wird\\-aus\\-Tim\\-Wiese.html \\|title\\=Klasse gehalten, aber was wird aus Tim Wiese? \\|newspaper\\=Die Welt \\|date\\=28 May 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2013 \\|first\\=Philip \\|last\\=Sagioglou}}", "His contract with Hoffenheim was mutually terminated on 21 January 2014, making him a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent \"Free agent\"), after it was revealed that his body was in a bodybuilding style, unsuited to professional football.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.focus.de/sport/fussball/bundesliga1/ex\\-nationaltorwart\\-ohne\\-arbeitgeber\\-hoffenheim\\-loest\\-den\\-vertrag\\-von\\-tim\\-wiese\\-auf\\_id\\_3559024\\.html \\|title\\=Vertrag aufgelöst: Hoffenheim schmeißt Tim Wiese raus \\|publisher\\=Soccerbase \\| date \\= 21 January 2014 \\| access\\-date \\= 21 January 2014 \\| language \\= de}}{{cite web \\| url \\= https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/pitchside/ex\\-germany\\-keeper\\-wiese\\-explains\\-said\\-story\\-why\\-211402387\\.html \\| title \\= Ex\\-Germany keeper Wiese explains sad story of why he became a bodybuilder \\| publisher \\= eurosport.yahoo.com \\| date \\= 25 July 2014 \\| access\\-date \\= 16 September 2014}}", "### International", "Wiese earned his first international cap for [Germany](/wiki/Germany_national_football_team \"Germany national football team\") against [England](/wiki/England_national_football_team \"England national football team\") on 19 November 2008, when he came in as a substitute for [René Adler](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Adler \"René Adler\") at the beginning of the second half.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kicker.de/news/live\\-news/livescores/livematch/object/843715\\|title\\=Deutschland – England\\|work\\=kicker.de\\|date\\=19 November 2008\\|access\\-date\\=19 February 2009}}", "Wiese was a squad member for Germany in the [2010 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup \"2010 FIFA World Cup\"), but was the only player not seeing any action as an understudy to [Schalke 04](/wiki/FC_Schalke_04 \"FC Schalke 04\") goalkeeper [Manuel Neuer](/wiki/Manuel_Neuer \"Manuel Neuer\") and was denied an appearance in the third\\-place playoff due to injury, enabling [Bayern Munich](/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich \"FC Bayern Munich\") veteran [Hans\\-Jörg Butt](/wiki/Hans-J%C3%B6rg_Butt \"Hans-Jörg Butt\") to step in.", "### Retirement", "Wiese announced his retirement from professional football on 17 September 2014, stating, \"I am not a dreamer, but a realist and I assume that I have my best years behind me and I will no longer play as a professional.\"", "In March 2017, Wiese returned to football for a one\\-off match with German eighth\\-division side SSV Dillingen of the [Kreisliga Schwaben\\-Nord](/wiki/Kreisliga_Schwaben-Nord \"Kreisliga Schwaben-Nord\").{{cite web \\|date\\=2 April 2017 \\|title\\=2000 Zuschauer! Tim Wiese rockt die Kreisliga \\|trans\\-title\\=2000 spectators! Tim Wiese rocks the Kreisliga \\|url\\=http://www.fussball.de/newsdetail/2000\\-zuschauer\\-tim\\-wiese\\-rockt\\-die\\-kreisliga/\\-/article\\-id/164988 \\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2017 \\|website\\=fussball.de \\|publisher\\=DFB GmbH \\|language\\=de}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.espnfc.us/germany/story/3092234/wwe\\-wrestler\\-tim\\-wiese\\-ready\\-for\\-minor\\-league\\-football\\-comeback \\|title \\= WWE wrestler Tim Wiese ready for minor league football comeback \\|publisher\\=ESPN FC \\|date\\=30 March 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2017}} Dillingen lost the match 2–1 to TSV Haunsheim on 1 April 2017\\.", "" ]
Plot ---- While leading a dance troupe, Karan and Priya are in love and participate in a dance audition where the winner gets the chance to perform on the luxurious Singhania cruise owned by Raj Singhania. Jojo Fernandes, leader of another troupe, wins by cheating in the competition. Karan beats up Jojo and accidentally kills him, and his troupe is selected to perform eventually. Raj meets Priya, falls in love with her, and proposes to her. She says yes. It is revealed that Priya and Karan were scheming to get Raj's wealth. Meanwhile, another dancer named Harry from the troupe gets wind of their plot and starts to blackmail Karan. It is revealed that Karan killed Jojo Fernandes deliberately, rather than the latter dying in an accident. Karan meets him at the designated place to hand him over the money but instead kills him. Unknown to Karan, just before dying, he calls Raj to reveal the truth. The call goes in the voice mailbox since Raj is not in his office. Priya meets with an accident while returning home. Raj showers Priya with all his love and care. Priya is overwhelmed to know Raj has kept a fast for two days. Priya tells Karan that she will not go ahead with the divorce. Karan feels betrayed and decides to get his revenge on Priya and Raj. He feigns a call from Harry and acts as if he is being harassed for a bribe. Priya decides to give her jewelry to Karan to save him. However, Karan anonymously calls Raj from a public phone and lies to him that Priya loves Karan and she is giving away the money that she looted from Raj to Karan. Raj follows her and sees that Priya is meeting Karan and handing over her jewelry. He also finds the recording of Harry later in his office. Raj blackmails Karan by showing him the tape to kill Priya. Raj explains every point of the plan right up to precise time and says that he will call on the landline as he wants to hear Priya scream while she is dying. Priya, unaware of the plan, decides to confess everything to Raj in an audio recording and replace the tape with the music cassette in Raj's car. She knows that Raj has a habit of listening to music while traveling to the office. In the recordings, she mentions that if Raj has forgiven her, he should give her a call. If not, she will leave him forever. Raj was discussing a meeting with an employee that day and hence doesn't listen to the tape. Karan enters the house as planned and waits for the call. At the same time, Priya is also waiting for the call from Raj, expecting him to forgive her. Raj calls the landline as planned, and an excited Priya answers the phone. Karan attacks her at the same time and ensures Raj can hear her screams. Raj soon listens to the tape as he sits in the car in horror. He rushes to save Priya only to see the police and an ambulance waiting at the house. It is revealed that Priya is saved and her attacker dead. Her savior is none other than Karan; the person who really attacked Priya is another man. Karan then tells Raj that by using Harry's cassette, he can prove nothing. He blackmails Raj, saying he had recorded the meeting with him about the murder, and demands that Raj divorce Priya with large alimony as a part of his ransom plan. Raj goes to meet Karan at a decided spot where he says he is ready to go to prison, but only after Karan is killed. The two men fight, and Karan is about to kill Raj but is confronted by Priya. Karan tells her about Raj's plan to kill her, but she says that she is aware of it. Karan subsequently shoots Priya, and Raj runs to kill Karan. Karan tries to kill Raj, but it turns out Priya is still alive and shoots Karan, saving Raj, and Karan dies.
[ "Plot\n----", "While leading a dance troupe, Karan and Priya are in love and participate in a dance audition where the winner gets the chance to perform on the luxurious Singhania cruise owned by Raj Singhania. Jojo Fernandes, leader of another troupe, wins by cheating in the competition. Karan beats up Jojo and accidentally kills him, and his troupe is selected to perform eventually. Raj meets Priya, falls in love with her, and proposes to her. She says yes. It is revealed that Priya and Karan were scheming to get Raj's wealth.", "Meanwhile, another dancer named Harry from the troupe gets wind of their plot and starts to blackmail Karan. It is revealed that Karan killed Jojo Fernandes deliberately, rather than the latter dying in an accident. Karan meets him at the designated place to hand him over the money but instead kills him. Unknown to Karan, just before dying, he calls Raj to reveal the truth. The call goes in the voice mailbox since Raj is not in his office.", "Priya meets with an accident while returning home. Raj showers Priya with all his love and care. Priya is overwhelmed to know Raj has kept a fast for two days. Priya tells Karan that she will not go ahead with the divorce. Karan feels betrayed and decides to get his revenge on Priya and Raj. He feigns a call from Harry and acts as if he is being harassed for a bribe. Priya decides to give her jewelry to Karan to save him. However, Karan anonymously calls Raj from a public phone and lies to him that Priya loves Karan and she is giving away the money that she looted from Raj to Karan. Raj follows her and sees that Priya is meeting Karan and handing over her jewelry. He also finds the recording of Harry later in his office.", "Raj blackmails Karan by showing him the tape to kill Priya. Raj explains every point of the plan right up to precise time and says that he will call on the landline as he wants to hear Priya scream while she is dying. Priya, unaware of the plan, decides to confess everything to Raj in an audio recording and replace the tape with the music cassette in Raj's car. She knows that Raj has a habit of listening to music while traveling to the office. In the recordings, she mentions that if Raj has forgiven her, he should give her a call. If not, she will leave him forever.", "Raj was discussing a meeting with an employee that day and hence doesn't listen to the tape. Karan enters the house as planned and waits for the call. At the same time, Priya is also waiting for the call from Raj, expecting him to forgive her. Raj calls the landline as planned, and an excited Priya answers the phone. Karan attacks her at the same time and ensures Raj can hear her screams. Raj soon listens to the tape as he sits in the car in horror. He rushes to save Priya only to see the police and an ambulance waiting at the house.", "It is revealed that Priya is saved and her attacker dead. Her savior is none other than Karan; the person who really attacked Priya is another man. Karan then tells Raj that by using Harry's cassette, he can prove nothing. He blackmails Raj, saying he had recorded the meeting with him about the murder, and demands that Raj divorce Priya with large alimony as a part of his ransom plan. Raj goes to meet Karan at a decided spot where he says he is ready to go to prison, but only after Karan is killed. The two men fight, and Karan is about to kill Raj but is confronted by Priya. Karan tells her about Raj's plan to kill her, but she says that she is aware of it. Karan subsequently shoots Priya, and Raj runs to kill Karan. Karan tries to kill Raj, but it turns out Priya is still alive and shoots Karan, saving Raj, and Karan dies.", "" ]
Governor of Dublin ------------------ **Background: Importance of Dublin** Despite the victory of Muirchertach's great\-grandfather [Brian Boru](/wiki/Brian_Boru "Brian Boru") over the [Vikings](/wiki/Vikings "Vikings") at the [Battle of Clontarf](/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf "Battle of Clontarf") in 1014 and the breaking of Norse power in Ireland, Dublin remained under the rule of [Norse–Gael](/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gael "Norse–Gael") kings and had links with other Viking Kingdoms. They paid tribute to their Irish overlords, but otherwise the Irish rarely interfered, mainly because of the trade the Norse brought to the area. However, in 1052, the King of Dublin, Echmarchach mac Ragnaill, was removed by the [King of Laigin](/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Leinster "List of kings of Leinster") (Leinster), [Diarmuit mac Maíl ma mBó](/wiki/Diarmait_mac_M%C3%A1el_na_mB%C3%B3 "Diarmait mac Máel na mBó"). Echmarchach was replaced by Diarmuit's son, Murchad. As a prince of Leinster, Murchad acted as a sort of [governor](/wiki/Governor "Governor") of the city on behalf of his father, the King. Diarmuit seemed to appreciate the importance of Dublin which, even back then, was recognised as a sort of national [capital city](/wiki/Capital_city "Capital city") and was important for a number of reasons, including trade and its military forces, particularly its [navy](/wiki/Navy "Navy"). **Appointment of Muirchertach** Following the death of the King of Leinster in the year 1075, Dublin came under the control of Muirchertach's father, [Toirdelbach mac Tadhg Ua Briain](/wiki/Toirdelbach_Ua_Briain "Toirdelbach Ua Briain"), King of Munster and High King of Ireland, as he expanded his power throughout Ireland. Toirdelbach at first appointed Godfraid mac Ragnaill as king but he was later expelled by Toirdelbhach. He then placed a man by the name of Domnall as governor but he was himself replaced by Muirchertach later that same year after the former's sudden death. This was probably Muirchertach's first major political appointment as it was in this year that he was first mentioned in the [Annals of Tigernach](/wiki/Annals_of_Tigernach "Annals of Tigernach"), signifying the power and the importance of the position he held. As governor, he would have had frequent contact with the [Archbishop of Dublin](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin_%28Roman_Catholic%29 "Archbishop of Dublin (Roman Catholic)"), Patrick. Patrick had previously held various positions within the [Catholic Church in England](/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales "Catholic Church in England and Wales") and would have been very familiar with the politics of England following the [Norman Conquest in 1066](/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England "Norman conquest of England"). Patrick possibly influenced Muirchertach's great interest in affairs outside Ireland later in his career. On 19 October 1084, Muirchertach led a large army consisting of the armies of the Kingdoms of [Dublin](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin "Kingdom of Dublin"), [Leinster](/wiki/Laigin "Laigin"), [Osraige](/wiki/Osraige "Osraige") and [Munster](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Munster "Kingdom of Munster") against the forces of Donchad ua Ruairc of [Breifne](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Breifne "Kingdom of Breifne"), in a battle at Moin Croinnioce, near modern [Leixlip](/wiki/Leixlip "Leixlip") in [County Kildare](/wiki/County_Kildare "County Kildare"). Over 4,000 men were killed in the battle, with Muirchertach heavily defeating the forces of Ua Ruairc. After the battle, Muirchertach cut off Ua Ruairc's head and brought it to his father's palace in Kincora.
[ "Governor of Dublin\n------------------", "**Background: Importance of Dublin**", "Despite the victory of Muirchertach's great\\-grandfather [Brian Boru](/wiki/Brian_Boru \"Brian Boru\") over the [Vikings](/wiki/Vikings \"Vikings\") at the [Battle of Clontarf](/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf \"Battle of Clontarf\") in 1014 and the breaking of Norse power in Ireland, Dublin remained under the rule of [Norse–Gael](/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gael \"Norse–Gael\") kings and had links with other Viking Kingdoms. They paid tribute to their Irish overlords, but otherwise the Irish rarely interfered, mainly because of the trade the Norse brought to the area.", "However, in 1052, the King of Dublin, Echmarchach mac Ragnaill, was removed by the [King of Laigin](/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Leinster \"List of kings of Leinster\") (Leinster), [Diarmuit mac Maíl ma mBó](/wiki/Diarmait_mac_M%C3%A1el_na_mB%C3%B3 \"Diarmait mac Máel na mBó\"). Echmarchach was replaced by Diarmuit's son, Murchad. As a prince of Leinster, Murchad acted as a sort of [governor](/wiki/Governor \"Governor\") of the city on behalf of his father, the King. Diarmuit seemed to appreciate the importance of Dublin which, even back then, was recognised as a sort of national [capital city](/wiki/Capital_city \"Capital city\") and was important for a number of reasons, including trade and its military forces, particularly its [navy](/wiki/Navy \"Navy\").", "**Appointment of Muirchertach**", "Following the death of the King of Leinster in the year 1075, Dublin came under the control of Muirchertach's father, [Toirdelbach mac Tadhg Ua Briain](/wiki/Toirdelbach_Ua_Briain \"Toirdelbach Ua Briain\"), King of Munster and High King of Ireland, as he expanded his power throughout Ireland. Toirdelbach at first appointed Godfraid mac Ragnaill as king but he was later expelled by Toirdelbhach. He then placed a man by the name of Domnall as governor but he was himself replaced by Muirchertach later that same year after the former's sudden death. This was probably Muirchertach's first major political appointment as it was in this year that he was first mentioned in the [Annals of Tigernach](/wiki/Annals_of_Tigernach \"Annals of Tigernach\"), signifying the power and the importance of the position he held.", "As governor, he would have had frequent contact with the [Archbishop of Dublin](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin_%28Roman_Catholic%29 \"Archbishop of Dublin (Roman Catholic)\"), Patrick. Patrick had previously held various positions within the [Catholic Church in England](/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales \"Catholic Church in England and Wales\") and would have been very familiar with the politics of England following the [Norman Conquest in 1066](/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England \"Norman conquest of England\"). Patrick possibly influenced Muirchertach's great interest in affairs outside Ireland later in his career.", "On 19 October 1084, Muirchertach led a large army consisting of the armies of the Kingdoms of [Dublin](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin \"Kingdom of Dublin\"), [Leinster](/wiki/Laigin \"Laigin\"), [Osraige](/wiki/Osraige \"Osraige\") and [Munster](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Munster \"Kingdom of Munster\") against the forces of Donchad ua Ruairc of [Breifne](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Breifne \"Kingdom of Breifne\"), in a battle at Moin Croinnioce, near modern [Leixlip](/wiki/Leixlip \"Leixlip\") in [County Kildare](/wiki/County_Kildare \"County Kildare\"). Over 4,000 men were killed in the battle, with Muirchertach heavily defeating the forces of Ua Ruairc. After the battle, Muirchertach cut off Ua Ruairc's head and brought it to his father's palace in Kincora.", "" ]
King of Ireland --------------- In 1094, Muirchertach fought the kings of [Leth Cuinn](/wiki/Leth_Cuinn "Leth Cuinn") and [Gofraid Crobán, King of Dublin and the Isles](/wiki/Godred_Crovan "Godred Crovan"). He went with his army to Dublin and banished Gofraid, and brought about the killing of Domnall Ua Maíl Shechnaill. He asserted supremacy over the [Southern Uí Néill](/wiki/Southern_U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill "Southern Uí Néill") of the [Kingdom of Meath](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Meath "Kingdom of Meath"), dividing the province between two rival clans, applying a policy of [divide and rule](/wiki/Divide_and_rule "Divide and rule"), which had been used very effectively by his father before him. **The Irish Sea and Magnus Barefoot** Since the [Kingdom of Dublin](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin "Kingdom of Dublin") had fallen to the Irish of [Leinster](/wiki/Laigin "Laigin") in the year 1052, Irish influence in the [Irish Sea](/wiki/Irish_Sea "Irish Sea"), particularly the [Kingdom of Man and the Isles](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles "Kingdom of the Isles"), had greatly increased. [Diarmuit mac Maíl na mBó](/wiki/Diarmait_mac_M%C3%A1el_na_mB%C3%B3 "Diarmait mac Máel na mBó"), King of Leinster and High King of Ireland, was also King of the Isles through capturing Dublin as Dublin was part of this Kingdom. Having ousted the [Norse–Gael](/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gael "Norse–Gael") king, he was in a very powerful position. After Diarmuit's death, Muirchertach's father, [Toirdelbach](/wiki/Toirdelbach_Ua_Briain "Toirdelbach Ua Briain"), became High King of Ireland and had control of Dublin. He was involved in the Isle of Man as well, more or less controlling the island, possibly through one his sons, Tadc, brother of Muirchertach, marrying a woman from the [Manx royalty.](/wiki/King_of_Mann "King of Mann") Upon Toirdelbhach's death and the accession of Muirchertach to the throne, the Manx may have used the opportunity to assert some form of independence from Irish rule, lasting until 1095, when Muirchertach was able to assert control, again through a political marriage into Manx Royalty, who had requested a king from the Irish royal bloodline. This time, the alliance was made through his nephew [Diarmuit](/wiki/Diarmait_Ua_Briain "Diarmait Ua Briain"), Tadc's son, who married a Manx princess. By gaining overlordship of the Isles, Muirchertach was able to access the manpower and large naval fleets of the Isles, and he had a base from which to launch assaults on [Ulster](/wiki/Ulster "Ulster") in the [Hebrides](/wiki/Hebrides "Hebrides"), which would prove useful in his war against [Domnall Ua Lochlainn](/wiki/Domnall_Ua_Lochlainn "Domnall Ua Lochlainn"). However, this attracted the attention of the [King of Norway](/wiki/King_of_Norway "King of Norway"), Magnus III, better known as [Magnus Barefoot](/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot "Magnus Barefoot"), who wanted to retain Norwegian power in the area and bring the Norse Kingdoms such as [Orkney](/wiki/Orkney "Orkney"), the Isles and Dublin. With a fleet of around sixty ships and several thousand men, he re\-established Norse power in the area, garrisoning the islands of Orkney and Man. Although some sources say he did want to conquer Ireland, there was not much contact between the Norwegians and the Irish, apart from an incident when three Norwegian ships were sunk by the [Ulaid](/wiki/Ulaid "Ulaid") (who were under Muirchertach's overlordship), probably while cattle raiding in the area. Some sources do say Magnus planned a full assault on Ireland, but the Irish gathered a large army on the coast, and Magnus did not attack. Earlier, Muirchertach had sent a fleet to [Wales](/wiki/Wales "Wales") to help the Welsh fight the [Normans](/wiki/Normans "Normans") who were encroaching on their territory on the island of [Anglesey](/wiki/Anglesey "Anglesey"). However, the Normans were able to buy off the Irish ships to their side, and the Welsh were defeated. The Norman victory celebrations were interrupted by Magnus, however, who landed and routed the Norman army, reputedly shooting Hugh de Montgomery, brother of [Arnulf](/wiki/Arnulf_de_Montgomery "Arnulf de Montgomery"), through the eye. Later, when the Irish fleet returned home, they were punished by Muirchertach for their treachery. After this event, Anglesey was considered the southernmost point of the [Kingdom of Norway](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_%28872%E2%80%931397%29 "Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)"). After these campaigns, Magnus went home to Norway to campaign against [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden"), but he would return later. In 1101, Muirchertach declared himself High King and travelled the island provinces. He is first named as High King in the [Annals of Tigernach](/wiki/Annals_of_Tigernach "Annals of Tigernach") in this year. It was in this year that he gave the fortress on the [rock of Cashel](/wiki/Rock_of_Cashel "Rock of Cashel") to the Church. He commissioned the piece of propaganda, *[Cogad Gaédal re Galliab](/wiki/Cogad_G%C3%A1edel_re_Gallaib "Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib")*, "the War of the Irish with the Foreigners" between 1103 and 1113\.Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, 1995, pp. 354\-77\. The work was intended to romanticize the accounts from the annals, in a bid by Muirchertach to secure the [O'Brien Dynasty](/wiki/O%27Brien_dynasty "O'Brien dynasty")'s claim to the High Kingship, in a time when the throne was fiercely contested by the [Northern Uí Néill](/wiki/Northern_U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill "Northern Uí Néill") in Ulster and later, the Ua Conchobhairs of [Connacht](/wiki/Connacht "Connacht").{{Cite journal\|title\=Annals of Tigernach\|doi\=10\.1163/9789004184640\_emc\_sim\_00190}} ***An Sligeadh Timcheall*** In 1101, officially High King of Ireland and with the Church on his side, Muirchertach planned his largest and most ambitious campaign yet, called *An Sligeadh Timcheall* ("The Circular Hosting"). He gathered the armies of the various kingdoms, save those of [Ulster](/wiki/Ulster "Ulster"), and marched northwards. The six\-week long campaign began with his army marching north to the [River Erne](/wiki/River_Erne "River Erne") at Assaroe, then to the [Inis Eoin Peninsula](/wiki/Inishowen "Inishowen"), burning [Ardstraw](/wiki/Ardstraw "Ardstraw") and [Fahan](/wiki/Fahan "Fahan") on the way. The offensive culminated with the destruction of [Grianan an Aileach](/wiki/Grianan_of_Aileach "Grianan of Aileach"), an important fort of the Northern Uí Néill, in revenge for Ua Lochlainn's earlier burning of towns in Munster. Muirchertach famously ordered his men to bring back one stone from the walls of the fort for every sack of provisions they had. They marched home to [Munster](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Munster "Kingdom of Munster") along the ancient route of Slige Midluachra. For the first time during his reign, he had successfully subdued the [Ulaid](/wiki/Ulaid "Ulaid"). The [Northern Uí Néill](/wiki/Northern_U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill "Northern Uí Néill") had been severely weakened, but did not capitulate. Muirchertach would lead several campaigns against Ua Lochlainn over the next few years, but was unable to gain their submission, with the campaign almost always ending in stalemate in southern [County Armagh](/wiki/County_Armagh "County Armagh"). With the Ulaid now under his control, however, he had another angle from which to attack the Uí Néill from in the Northeast, and easier access to the [Hebrides](/wiki/Hebrides "Hebrides") and other areas of the [Isles](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles "Kingdom of the Isles"), and parts of [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland").
[ "King of Ireland\n---------------", "In 1094, Muirchertach fought the kings of [Leth Cuinn](/wiki/Leth_Cuinn \"Leth Cuinn\") and [Gofraid Crobán, King of Dublin and the Isles](/wiki/Godred_Crovan \"Godred Crovan\"). He went with his army to Dublin and banished Gofraid, and brought about the killing of Domnall Ua Maíl Shechnaill. He asserted supremacy over the [Southern Uí Néill](/wiki/Southern_U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill \"Southern Uí Néill\") of the [Kingdom of Meath](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Meath \"Kingdom of Meath\"), dividing the province between two rival clans, applying a policy of [divide and rule](/wiki/Divide_and_rule \"Divide and rule\"), which had been used very effectively by his father before him.", "**The Irish Sea and Magnus Barefoot**", "Since the [Kingdom of Dublin](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin \"Kingdom of Dublin\") had fallen to the Irish of [Leinster](/wiki/Laigin \"Laigin\") in the year 1052, Irish influence in the [Irish Sea](/wiki/Irish_Sea \"Irish Sea\"), particularly the [Kingdom of Man and the Isles](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles \"Kingdom of the Isles\"), had greatly increased. [Diarmuit mac Maíl na mBó](/wiki/Diarmait_mac_M%C3%A1el_na_mB%C3%B3 \"Diarmait mac Máel na mBó\"), King of Leinster and High King of Ireland, was also King of the Isles through capturing Dublin as Dublin was part of this Kingdom. Having ousted the [Norse–Gael](/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gael \"Norse–Gael\") king, he was in a very powerful position. After Diarmuit's death, Muirchertach's father, [Toirdelbach](/wiki/Toirdelbach_Ua_Briain \"Toirdelbach Ua Briain\"), became High King of Ireland and had control of Dublin. He was involved in the Isle of Man as well, more or less controlling the island, possibly through one his sons, Tadc, brother of Muirchertach, marrying a woman from the [Manx royalty.](/wiki/King_of_Mann \"King of Mann\")", "Upon Toirdelbhach's death and the accession of Muirchertach to the throne, the Manx may have used the opportunity to assert some form of independence from Irish rule, lasting until 1095, when Muirchertach was able to assert control, again through a political marriage into Manx Royalty, who had requested a king from the Irish royal bloodline. This time, the alliance was made through his nephew [Diarmuit](/wiki/Diarmait_Ua_Briain \"Diarmait Ua Briain\"), Tadc's son, who married a Manx princess. By gaining overlordship of the Isles, Muirchertach was able to access the manpower and large naval fleets of the Isles, and he had a base from which to launch assaults on [Ulster](/wiki/Ulster \"Ulster\") in the [Hebrides](/wiki/Hebrides \"Hebrides\"), which would prove useful in his war against [Domnall Ua Lochlainn](/wiki/Domnall_Ua_Lochlainn \"Domnall Ua Lochlainn\").", "However, this attracted the attention of the [King of Norway](/wiki/King_of_Norway \"King of Norway\"), Magnus III, better known as [Magnus Barefoot](/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot \"Magnus Barefoot\"), who wanted to retain Norwegian power in the area and bring the Norse Kingdoms such as [Orkney](/wiki/Orkney \"Orkney\"), the Isles and Dublin. With a fleet of around sixty ships and several thousand men, he re\\-established Norse power in the area, garrisoning the islands of Orkney and Man. Although some sources say he did want to conquer Ireland, there was not much contact between the Norwegians and the Irish, apart from an incident when three Norwegian ships were sunk by the [Ulaid](/wiki/Ulaid \"Ulaid\") (who were under Muirchertach's overlordship), probably while cattle raiding in the area. Some sources do say Magnus planned a full assault on Ireland, but the Irish gathered a large army on the coast, and Magnus did not attack.", "Earlier, Muirchertach had sent a fleet to [Wales](/wiki/Wales \"Wales\") to help the Welsh fight the [Normans](/wiki/Normans \"Normans\") who were encroaching on their territory on the island of [Anglesey](/wiki/Anglesey \"Anglesey\"). However, the Normans were able to buy off the Irish ships to their side, and the Welsh were defeated. The Norman victory celebrations were interrupted by Magnus, however, who landed and routed the Norman army, reputedly shooting Hugh de Montgomery, brother of [Arnulf](/wiki/Arnulf_de_Montgomery \"Arnulf de Montgomery\"), through the eye. Later, when the Irish fleet returned home, they were punished by Muirchertach for their treachery. After this event, Anglesey was considered the southernmost point of the [Kingdom of Norway](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_%28872%E2%80%931397%29 \"Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)\"). After these campaigns, Magnus went home to Norway to campaign against [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\"), but he would return later.", "In 1101, Muirchertach declared himself High King and travelled the island provinces. He is first named as High King in the [Annals of Tigernach](/wiki/Annals_of_Tigernach \"Annals of Tigernach\") in this year. It was in this year that he gave the fortress on the [rock of Cashel](/wiki/Rock_of_Cashel \"Rock of Cashel\") to the Church. He commissioned the piece of propaganda, *[Cogad Gaédal re Galliab](/wiki/Cogad_G%C3%A1edel_re_Gallaib \"Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib\")*, \"the War of the Irish with the Foreigners\" between 1103 and 1113\\.Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, 1995, pp. 354\\-77\\. The work was intended to romanticize the accounts from the annals, in a bid by Muirchertach to secure the [O'Brien Dynasty](/wiki/O%27Brien_dynasty \"O'Brien dynasty\")'s claim to the High Kingship, in a time when the throne was fiercely contested by the [Northern Uí Néill](/wiki/Northern_U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill \"Northern Uí Néill\") in Ulster and later, the Ua Conchobhairs of [Connacht](/wiki/Connacht \"Connacht\").{{Cite journal\\|title\\=Annals of Tigernach\\|doi\\=10\\.1163/9789004184640\\_emc\\_sim\\_00190}}", "***An Sligeadh Timcheall***", "In 1101, officially High King of Ireland and with the Church on his side, Muirchertach planned his largest and most ambitious campaign yet, called *An Sligeadh Timcheall* (\"The Circular Hosting\"). He gathered the armies of the various kingdoms, save those of [Ulster](/wiki/Ulster \"Ulster\"), and marched northwards. The six\\-week long campaign began with his army marching north to the [River Erne](/wiki/River_Erne \"River Erne\") at Assaroe, then to the [Inis Eoin Peninsula](/wiki/Inishowen \"Inishowen\"), burning [Ardstraw](/wiki/Ardstraw \"Ardstraw\") and [Fahan](/wiki/Fahan \"Fahan\") on the way. The offensive culminated with the destruction of [Grianan an Aileach](/wiki/Grianan_of_Aileach \"Grianan of Aileach\"), an important fort of the Northern Uí Néill, in revenge for Ua Lochlainn's earlier burning of towns in Munster. Muirchertach famously ordered his men to bring back one stone from the walls of the fort for every sack of provisions they had. They marched home to [Munster](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Munster \"Kingdom of Munster\") along the ancient route of Slige Midluachra.", "For the first time during his reign, he had successfully subdued the [Ulaid](/wiki/Ulaid \"Ulaid\"). The [Northern Uí Néill](/wiki/Northern_U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill \"Northern Uí Néill\") had been severely weakened, but did not capitulate. Muirchertach would lead several campaigns against Ua Lochlainn over the next few years, but was unable to gain their submission, with the campaign almost always ending in stalemate in southern [County Armagh](/wiki/County_Armagh \"County Armagh\"). With the Ulaid now under his control, however, he had another angle from which to attack the Uí Néill from in the Northeast, and easier access to the [Hebrides](/wiki/Hebrides \"Hebrides\") and other areas of the [Isles](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles \"Kingdom of the Isles\"), and parts of [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\").", "" ]
The de Belleme family and England --------------------------------- Following the death of [William II of England](/wiki/William_II_of_England "William II of England") in the year 1100, the throne was seized by [Henry I of England](/wiki/Henry_I_of_England "Henry I of England"). However, the crown was also claimed by William's older brother, [Robert, the Duke of Normandy](/wiki/Robert_I%2C_Duke_of_Normandy "Robert I, Duke of Normandy"). Some of Robert's supporters included the de Belleme family, "one of the most powerful non\-royal families in Europe." [Robert de Belleme](/wiki/Robert_of_Bell%C3%AAme%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Shrewsbury "Robert of Bellême, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury") was [Duke of Shrewsbury](/wiki/Earl_of_Shrewsbury "Earl of Shrewsbury"), and his brother Arnulf was [Earl of Pembroke](/wiki/Earl_of_Pembroke "Earl of Pembroke"). Robert of Normandy invaded the [Kingdom of England](/wiki/Kingdom_of_England "Kingdom of England") to secure the throne, but he and Henry quickly came to an agreement before there was any major bloodshed. But Henry turned against Robert's supporters, namely the two de Belleme brothers. Robert de Belleme sought assistance from the Welsh and from [Magnus Barefoot](/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot "Magnus Barefoot"), but received none from the latter (matters were complicated as Magnus had killed Robert's brother, Hugh, which Magnus apparently later regretted). Arnulf meanwhile sought assistance from Muirchertach. Arnulf sent his steward, [Gerald of Windsor](/wiki/Gerald_de_Windsor "Gerald de Windsor"), to negotiate with the High King. As part of their agreement, Arnulf was to marry Muirchertach's daughter. The High King agreed, and he dispatched his daughter with a fleet to assist the de Bellemes. However, Robert and Arnulf were defeated by Henry before the fleet could arrive to assist them. According to a Welsh chronicle, Arnulf "*thought to make peace with the Irish and to obtain help from them. And he sent messengers to Ireland, that is Gerald the Steward* (Gerald of Windsor) *and many others, to ask for the daughter of King Murtart for his wife. And that he easily obtained; and the messengers came joyfully to their land. And Murtart sent his daughter and many armed ships along with her to his aid. And when the earls had exalted themselves with pride because of those events, they refused to accept any peace from the king*."{{Cite book\|last\=Duffy\|first\=Seán\|year\=1997\|page\=45}} De Montgomery and his brother Robert were defeated by Henry, however, and fled to Ireland. The Montgomery brothers fought under Muirchertach during his campaign with [Magnus Barefoot](/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot "Magnus Barefoot"), but when de Montgomery attempted to seize the kingship for himself, Muirchertach "took his daughter away from Arnulf and gave the wanton girl in an unlawful marriage to one of his cousins. He resolved to kill Arnulf himself as a reward for his alliance, but the latter ... fled to his own people and lived for twenty years afterwards with no fixed abode."{{Cite book\|last\=Duffy\|first\=Seán\|year\=1997\|page\=46}} According to [Orderic Vitalis](/wiki/Orderic_Vitalis "Orderic Vitalis"), Muirchertach only allowed the Normans to stay in case he needed their support to fight Magnus if he were to violate their treaty and attack the Irish. However, after the [Norwegian King](/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway "Monarchy of Norway")'s death at the hands of the [Ulaid](/wiki/Ulaid "Ulaid"), Muirchertach turned against the English rebels and forced them out of Ireland, possibly in an attempt to make amends with Henry. Indeed, Henry had imposed sanctions on Irish trade for their assistance in helping the rebels, but Muirchertach was able to negotiate the lifting of the embargo (possibly by handing Arnulf over to the English), while also again demonstrating his skill in diplomacy. However, it does seem unlikely that Muirchertach would have turned against the Normans. It is possible Arnulf was not even in Ireland at the time of Magnus's death. The marriage between Muirchertach's daughter and Arnulf went ahead regardless, and later, the [High King](/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland "High King of Ireland") wrote to the English bishop [Anselm of Canterbury](/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury "Anselm of Canterbury"), thanking him for intervening with Henry on behalf of his son\-in\-law. It is possible Henry would have executed Arnulf otherwise. Although Arnulf was pardoned, the de Belleme family was never really forgiven by Henry for the rebellion.
[ "The de Belleme family and England\n---------------------------------", "Following the death of [William II of England](/wiki/William_II_of_England \"William II of England\") in the year 1100, the throne was seized by [Henry I of England](/wiki/Henry_I_of_England \"Henry I of England\"). However, the crown was also claimed by William's older brother, [Robert, the Duke of Normandy](/wiki/Robert_I%2C_Duke_of_Normandy \"Robert I, Duke of Normandy\"). Some of Robert's supporters included the de Belleme family, \"one of the most powerful non\\-royal families in Europe.\" [Robert de Belleme](/wiki/Robert_of_Bell%C3%AAme%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Shrewsbury \"Robert of Bellême, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury\") was [Duke of Shrewsbury](/wiki/Earl_of_Shrewsbury \"Earl of Shrewsbury\"), and his brother Arnulf was [Earl of Pembroke](/wiki/Earl_of_Pembroke \"Earl of Pembroke\").", "Robert of Normandy invaded the [Kingdom of England](/wiki/Kingdom_of_England \"Kingdom of England\") to secure the throne, but he and Henry quickly came to an agreement before there was any major bloodshed. But Henry turned against Robert's supporters, namely the two de Belleme brothers. Robert de Belleme sought assistance from the Welsh and from [Magnus Barefoot](/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot \"Magnus Barefoot\"), but received none from the latter (matters were complicated as Magnus had killed Robert's brother, Hugh, which Magnus apparently later regretted).", "Arnulf meanwhile sought assistance from Muirchertach. Arnulf sent his steward, [Gerald of Windsor](/wiki/Gerald_de_Windsor \"Gerald de Windsor\"), to negotiate with the High King. As part of their agreement, Arnulf was to marry Muirchertach's daughter. The High King agreed, and he dispatched his daughter with a fleet to assist the de Bellemes. However, Robert and Arnulf were defeated by Henry before the fleet could arrive to assist them.", "According to a Welsh chronicle, Arnulf \"*thought to make peace with the Irish and to obtain help from them. And he sent messengers to Ireland, that is Gerald the Steward* (Gerald of Windsor) *and many others, to ask for the daughter of King Murtart for his wife. And that he easily obtained; and the messengers came joyfully to their land. And Murtart sent his daughter and many armed ships along with her to his aid. And when the earls had exalted themselves with pride because of those events, they refused to accept any peace from the king*.\"{{Cite book\\|last\\=Duffy\\|first\\=Seán\\|year\\=1997\\|page\\=45}}", "De Montgomery and his brother Robert were defeated by Henry, however, and fled to Ireland. The Montgomery brothers fought under Muirchertach during his campaign with [Magnus Barefoot](/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot \"Magnus Barefoot\"), but when de Montgomery attempted to seize the kingship for himself, Muirchertach \"took his daughter away from Arnulf and gave the wanton girl in an unlawful marriage to one of his cousins. He resolved to kill Arnulf himself as a reward for his alliance, but the latter ... fled to his own people and lived for twenty years afterwards with no fixed abode.\"{{Cite book\\|last\\=Duffy\\|first\\=Seán\\|year\\=1997\\|page\\=46}}", "According to [Orderic Vitalis](/wiki/Orderic_Vitalis \"Orderic Vitalis\"), Muirchertach only allowed the Normans to stay in case he needed their support to fight Magnus if he were to violate their treaty and attack the Irish. However, after the [Norwegian King](/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway \"Monarchy of Norway\")'s death at the hands of the [Ulaid](/wiki/Ulaid \"Ulaid\"), Muirchertach turned against the English rebels and forced them out of Ireland, possibly in an attempt to make amends with Henry. Indeed, Henry had imposed sanctions on Irish trade for their assistance in helping the rebels, but Muirchertach was able to negotiate the lifting of the embargo (possibly by handing Arnulf over to the English), while also again demonstrating his skill in diplomacy.", "However, it does seem unlikely that Muirchertach would have turned against the Normans. It is possible Arnulf was not even in Ireland at the time of Magnus's death. The marriage between Muirchertach's daughter and Arnulf went ahead regardless, and later, the [High King](/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland \"High King of Ireland\") wrote to the English bishop [Anselm of Canterbury](/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury \"Anselm of Canterbury\"), thanking him for intervening with Henry on behalf of his son\\-in\\-law. It is possible Henry would have executed Arnulf otherwise. Although Arnulf was pardoned, the de Belleme family was never really forgiven by Henry for the rebellion.", "" ]
Later life and death -------------------- By 1100, Muirchertach controlled almost all of the island, apart from the north\-western territory of the [Northern Uí Néill](/wiki/Northern_U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill "Northern Uí Néill") who, under the leadership of King [Domnall Ua Lochlainn](/wiki/Domnall_Ua_Lochlainn "Domnall Ua Lochlainn") continued to remain defiant. However, as the conflict between Muirchertach and Domnall was reduced to a stalemate, Muirchertach became less committed to war and began focusing on other aspects of his rule. In the period of 1101–1112, he, like his father Toirdelbach Ua Briain, presided over the [Synod of Cashel](/wiki/Synod_of_Cashel "Synod of Cashel"), and was able to influence reforms in the Church, notably relating to marriage. He also enacted more laws, and reformed aspects of the justice system. He presented more gifts to the Church. Like many rulers, not only in Ireland but throughout [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe"), he seemed to realise having the [Catholic Church](/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church") on his side was important to a successful reign. However, conflict with Ua Lochlainn flared again in 1112 when Domnall defied Muirchertach by marching south to [Dublin](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin "Kingdom of Dublin"), where he burned [Fingal](/wiki/Fingal "Fingal") and carried away many captives and herds of cattle. This led Muirchertach to return once more to the North to deal with Domnall, but a peace was again organised by the abbot of [Armagh](/wiki/County_Armagh "County Armagh"). After a month\-long stand\-off, matters were settled, and Muirchertach returned home to Munster. In 1114, the King became "*sick to the point of a living skeleton*", and his brother Diarmuit took advantage of the High King's misfortune to steal the Kingship and banish Muirchertach. However, the next year, Muirchertach miraculously regained his strength and returned to his home, from whence he launched campaigns against Diarmuit. He finally managed to capture his rebellious brother in 1115, but his High Kingship seemed to be disintegrating. The young [Toirdelbach Ua Conchobhair](/wiki/Tairrdelbach_Ua_Conchobair "Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair"), King of Connacht, son of Muirchertach's old rival [Ruadhrí na Saide Buide](/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_na_Saide_Buide "Ruaidrí na Saide Buide"), and Muirchertach's nephew, at only twenty\-seven years of age, was making quite a name for himself in the political landscape of Ireland. He launched repeated invasions of Munster, which Muirchertach struggled to repel in his weakened position. Muirchertach was further weakened by rebellions by the [MacCarthy Mór](/wiki/MacCarthy_M%C3%B3r "MacCarthy Mór") dynasty in southern Munster, who had been living under the rule of the [O'Brien dynasty](/wiki/O%27Brien_dynasty "O'Brien dynasty") for over a century. These rebellions were supported by Ua Conchobhair, who managed to successfully invade and partition the [Kingdom of Munster](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Munster "Kingdom of Munster") in 1118\. Muirchertach died in 1119 and the [Annals of Ulster](/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster "Annals of Ulster") call him 'king of Ireland and tower of the honour and dignity of the western world."*Annals of Ulster* 1119\.2\. Munster was divided into three Kingdoms: the Kingdom of [Thomond](/wiki/Thomond "Thomond") under the O'Brien dynasty, the [Kingdom of Desmond](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Desmond "Kingdom of Desmond") under the [MacCarthy Mór](/wiki/MacCarthy_M%C3%B3r "MacCarthy Mór") dynasty, and the Kingdom of [Airgíalla](/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla "Airgíalla") under the Kennedys, although the last was short\-lived. Muirchertach apparently went into retirement having lost his High Kingship, and died at [Lismore](/wiki/Lismore%2C_County_Waterford "Lismore, County Waterford"), modern [County Waterford](/wiki/County_Waterford "County Waterford"), a year later in 1119\. He was succeeded by Toirdelbach Ua Conchobhair as [High King of Ireland](/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland "High King of Ireland"), who would prove to be one of the greatest High Kings in the [history of Ireland](/wiki/History_of_Ireland "History of Ireland"). Although the O'Briens never reclaimed the High Kingship, the Kingdom of Thomond remained a powerful kingdom for the next few centuries.
[ "Later life and death\n--------------------", "By 1100, Muirchertach controlled almost all of the island, apart from the north\\-western territory of the [Northern Uí Néill](/wiki/Northern_U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill \"Northern Uí Néill\") who, under the leadership of King [Domnall Ua Lochlainn](/wiki/Domnall_Ua_Lochlainn \"Domnall Ua Lochlainn\") continued to remain defiant. However, as the conflict between Muirchertach and Domnall was reduced to a stalemate, Muirchertach became less committed to war and began focusing on other aspects of his rule.", "In the period of 1101–1112, he, like his father Toirdelbach Ua Briain, presided over the [Synod of Cashel](/wiki/Synod_of_Cashel \"Synod of Cashel\"), and was able to influence reforms in the Church, notably relating to marriage. He also enacted more laws, and reformed aspects of the justice system. He presented more gifts to the Church. Like many rulers, not only in Ireland but throughout [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\"), he seemed to realise having the [Catholic Church](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\") on his side was important to a successful reign.", "However, conflict with Ua Lochlainn flared again in 1112 when Domnall defied Muirchertach by marching south to [Dublin](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin \"Kingdom of Dublin\"), where he burned [Fingal](/wiki/Fingal \"Fingal\") and carried away many captives and herds of cattle. This led Muirchertach to return once more to the North to deal with Domnall, but a peace was again organised by the abbot of [Armagh](/wiki/County_Armagh \"County Armagh\"). After a month\\-long stand\\-off, matters were settled, and Muirchertach returned home to Munster.", "In 1114, the King became \"*sick to the point of a living skeleton*\", and his brother Diarmuit took advantage of the High King's misfortune to steal the Kingship and banish Muirchertach. However, the next year, Muirchertach miraculously regained his strength and returned to his home, from whence he launched campaigns against Diarmuit. He finally managed to capture his rebellious brother in 1115, but his High Kingship seemed to be disintegrating.", "The young [Toirdelbach Ua Conchobhair](/wiki/Tairrdelbach_Ua_Conchobair \"Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair\"), King of Connacht, son of Muirchertach's old rival [Ruadhrí na Saide Buide](/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_na_Saide_Buide \"Ruaidrí na Saide Buide\"), and Muirchertach's nephew, at only twenty\\-seven years of age, was making quite a name for himself in the political landscape of Ireland. He launched repeated invasions of Munster, which Muirchertach struggled to repel in his weakened position. Muirchertach was further weakened by rebellions by the [MacCarthy Mór](/wiki/MacCarthy_M%C3%B3r \"MacCarthy Mór\") dynasty in southern Munster, who had been living under the rule of the [O'Brien dynasty](/wiki/O%27Brien_dynasty \"O'Brien dynasty\") for over a century. These rebellions were supported by Ua Conchobhair, who managed to successfully invade and partition the [Kingdom of Munster](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Munster \"Kingdom of Munster\") in 1118\\. Muirchertach died in 1119 and the [Annals of Ulster](/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster \"Annals of Ulster\") call him 'king of Ireland and tower of the honour and dignity of the western world.\"*Annals of Ulster* 1119\\.2\\.", "Munster was divided into three Kingdoms: the Kingdom of [Thomond](/wiki/Thomond \"Thomond\") under the O'Brien dynasty, the [Kingdom of Desmond](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Desmond \"Kingdom of Desmond\") under the [MacCarthy Mór](/wiki/MacCarthy_M%C3%B3r \"MacCarthy Mór\") dynasty, and the Kingdom of [Airgíalla](/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla \"Airgíalla\") under the Kennedys, although the last was short\\-lived. Muirchertach apparently went into retirement having lost his High Kingship, and died at [Lismore](/wiki/Lismore%2C_County_Waterford \"Lismore, County Waterford\"), modern [County Waterford](/wiki/County_Waterford \"County Waterford\"), a year later in 1119\\. He was succeeded by Toirdelbach Ua Conchobhair as [High King of Ireland](/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland \"High King of Ireland\"), who would prove to be one of the greatest High Kings in the [history of Ireland](/wiki/History_of_Ireland \"History of Ireland\"). Although the O'Briens never reclaimed the High Kingship, the Kingdom of Thomond remained a powerful kingdom for the next few centuries.", "" ]
Types ----- Companion robots can perform a variety of tasks and they are produced in a specialized manner according to their purpose or target audience in order to increase convenience and end user satisfaction. ### Social Companion Robots Social companion robots are designed to provide companionship and be a solution for unwanted solitude. They often mimic adult human, child or pet behaviours appealing to the user base.{{Cite web \|last\=halusker \|date\=2023\-10\-25 \|title\=The rise of robotic companions to address social isolation \|url\=https://www.research.colostate.edu/healthyagingcenter/2023/10/25/the\-rise\-of\-robotic\-companions\-to\-address\-social\-isolation/ \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-22 \|website\=Center for Healthy Aging \|language\=en\-US}} Robots which are specifically devised for simple conversations, conveying emotions and respond to user feelings fall under this category. ### Assistive Companion Robots Assistive companion robots are aimed at people who require constant care because of age, disability or rehabilitation purposes. Such robots can help disadvantaged users with their daily tasks, act as reminders (e.g., for regular medication) and facilitate mobility in everyday actions. Assistive companion robots reduce the intensity of labour that should be performed by caretakers, nurses and legal guardians. ### Educational Companion Robots Educational companion robots perform tutorship for students, regardless of their ages, and can teach desired subjects with activities tailored for the user such as interactive assignments and games. Rather than replacing teachers and instructors, educational companion robots are aides to them. ### Therapeutic Companion Robots Designed for individuals coping with stress (PTSD in severe cases), anxiety and loneliness; therapeutic companion robots support users' emotional and mental wellbeing. Such robots can be utilized in hospitals and care facilities as well as dwellings where the distressed user may need the most help. Therapeutic companion robots bear a vast resemblance to assistive companion robots to the extent of being a branch of them; the nuance between these two types of companion robots is that the former is for long\-term/lifetime usage while the latter is mostly for the duration of the therapy received by the user. ### Pet Companion Robots Pet companion robots are for individuals who seek an alternative to live pets as live animals demand a considerable amount of care and may not be eligible for people with allergies. These robots aim to be perfect imitations of a pet while diminishing the chore aspect of having one. ### Entertainment Companion Robots Entertainment companion robots are designed solely for entertainment and can provide numerous ways of entertainment, ranging from dancing to playing games with the user. People who would appreciate an individual to have fun with are the main audience of such products. ### Personal Assistant Robots Personal assistant robots help people with daily tasks, management, scheduling, reminding etc. Their area of activity can be offices as well as homes and public spaces.
[ "Types\n-----", "Companion robots can perform a variety of tasks and they are produced in a specialized manner according to their purpose or target audience in order to increase convenience and end user satisfaction.", "### Social Companion Robots", "Social companion robots are designed to provide companionship and be a solution for unwanted solitude. They often mimic adult human, child or pet behaviours appealing to the user base.{{Cite web \\|last\\=halusker \\|date\\=2023\\-10\\-25 \\|title\\=The rise of robotic companions to address social isolation \\|url\\=https://www.research.colostate.edu/healthyagingcenter/2023/10/25/the\\-rise\\-of\\-robotic\\-companions\\-to\\-address\\-social\\-isolation/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-22 \\|website\\=Center for Healthy Aging \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Robots which are specifically devised for simple conversations, conveying emotions and respond to user feelings fall under this category.", "### Assistive Companion Robots", "Assistive companion robots are aimed at people who require constant care because of age, disability or rehabilitation purposes. Such robots can help disadvantaged users with their daily tasks, act as reminders (e.g., for regular medication) and facilitate mobility in everyday actions. Assistive companion robots reduce the intensity of labour that should be performed by caretakers, nurses and legal guardians.", "### Educational Companion Robots", "Educational companion robots perform tutorship for students, regardless of their ages, and can teach desired subjects with activities tailored for the user such as interactive assignments and games. Rather than replacing teachers and instructors, educational companion robots are aides to them.", "### Therapeutic Companion Robots", "Designed for individuals coping with stress (PTSD in severe cases), anxiety and loneliness; therapeutic companion robots support users' emotional and mental wellbeing. Such robots can be utilized in hospitals and care facilities as well as dwellings where the distressed user may need the most help. Therapeutic companion robots bear a vast resemblance to assistive companion robots to the extent of being a branch of them; the nuance between these two types of companion robots is that the former is for long\\-term/lifetime usage while the latter is mostly for the duration of the therapy received by the user.", "### Pet Companion Robots", "Pet companion robots are for individuals who seek an alternative to live pets as live animals demand a considerable amount of care and may not be eligible for people with allergies. These robots aim to be perfect imitations of a pet while diminishing the chore aspect of having one.", "### Entertainment Companion Robots", "Entertainment companion robots are designed solely for entertainment and can provide numerous ways of entertainment, ranging from dancing to playing games with the user. People who would appreciate an individual to have fun with are the main audience of such products.", "### Personal Assistant Robots", "Personal assistant robots help people with daily tasks, management, scheduling, reminding etc. Their area of activity can be offices as well as homes and public spaces.", "" ]
Gameplay -------- ### Prime attributes Eight prime attributes define characters in *Tunnels \& Trolls*: * Strength (ST) determines which weapons the character can use and how much the character can carry. It also serves as magic points in 5th and earlier editions. * Intelligence (IQ) measures the character's ability to think and remember facts. * Luck (LK) affects combat results and saving throws. * Constitution (CON) measures how healthy the character is and how much damage the character can take before being killed. * Dexterity (DEX) represents agility, nimbleness and affects marksmanship. * Charisma (CHR) represents attractiveness and leadership ability. Later editions add the following prime attributes: * Wizardry (WIZ) replaces Strength for powering magic points. Also called **Power (POW)** in the 5\.5 Edition. * Speed (SPD) represents reaction speed and, in some editions, movement rate. A new character begins with a randomly generated score for each attribute, determined by rolling three six\-side dice. ### Character races The rules recommend that novice players create human characters but also offer the options of [elves](/wiki/Elves "Elves"), [dwarves](/wiki/Dwarf_%28Middle-earth%29 "Dwarf (Middle-earth)"), and [hobbits](/wiki/Hobbit "Hobbit"). Other races like [leprechauns](/wiki/Leprechaun "Leprechaun") and [fairies](/wiki/Fairy "Fairy") serve as additional character options. A character's race affects his or her attributes. A player may also choose to play as a "monster race" such as a zombie or vampire. ### Character classes Players also choose a character class for their character. The two base classes are Warriors and Wizards. Wizards can cast spells but have combat limitations. While Warriors cannot cast magic, they are allowed the full use of weapons, and armor is twice as effective in blocking damage. Rogues and Warrior\-Wizards are also available as character classes. Both classes combine the abilities of the Warrior and the Wizard. Rogues in *Tunnels \& Trolls*, unlike the Rogue classes in *[Dungeons \& Dragons](/wiki/Character_class_%28Dungeons_%26_Dragons%29 "Character class (Dungeons & Dragons)")*, are not thieves, but could be more accurately described as 'Rogue Wizards'. Rogues are limited in their spell\-casting abilities, can use the same range of combat weapons and armor as a warrior, and do not receive the Warrior's armor bonus or the Wizard's spell\-creating ability. Warrior\-Wizards are not so limited, but the player must be lucky with the dice when creating the character: high minimum attribute scores are required. Later editions include new classes such as Specialist Mage, Paragon (a renaming of the Warrior\-Wizard), Leader, and Ranger. ### Starting equipment and money New characters begin with a number of gold pieces determined by rolling three six\-sided dice and multiplying the total by ten. These gold pieces can be used to buy weapons, armor, and other equipment. ### Combat Combat is handled by comparing dice rolls between a character and his opponent. Both sides roll a number of dice determined by which weapon is in use, then modify the appropriate result by "personal adds". Totals are compared, with the higher roll damaging the opposing combatant by the difference in totals. Armor absorbs this damage taken, and any amount remaining is subtracted from the Constitution attribute. *Tunnels \& Trolls* is unusual among roleplaying games in conducting mass combat resolution with one set of rolls, as the above system applies to combat between any number of opponents. Personal adds are determined by Strength, Luck, and Dexterity. For every point above 12 possessed in each of these attributes, the character receives a one\-point bonus to his personal adds. Similarly, for every point below 9 possessed in each of these attributes, the character receives a one\-point penalty. In the 7th Edition, the formula was changed to include Speed in the personal adds. This also applies to the Deluxe Edition. The 5\.5, 7th and Deluxe editions include 'spite damage' whereby each "6" rolled on the combat dice causes a minimum of one damage to be inflicted on the opposing side, regardless of armor or the respective combat totals. This helped resolve the interminable stalemate that could occur between evenly matched, heavily armored opponents. ### Saving rolls The Saving Roll (SR) is used during combat to break a stalemate or overcome the characters being outmatched as well as for use of ranged weapons. The SR is also used in all other tests of skill or luck the characters may be presented with by the GM or solo adventure. Checks are made using a character's attribute plus 2d6 (doubles add and roll over) against a difficulty level based on the task at hand. For every level of saving roll the formula is 15\+5x, with x being the level of difficulty. This was one of the earliest uses of this mechanic in RPGs.
[ "Gameplay\n--------", "### Prime attributes", "Eight prime attributes define characters in *Tunnels \\& Trolls*:", "* Strength (ST) determines which weapons the character can use and how much the character can carry. It also serves as magic points in 5th and earlier editions.\n* Intelligence (IQ) measures the character's ability to think and remember facts.\n* Luck (LK) affects combat results and saving throws.\n* Constitution (CON) measures how healthy the character is and how much damage the character can take before being killed.\n* Dexterity (DEX) represents agility, nimbleness and affects marksmanship.\n* Charisma (CHR) represents attractiveness and leadership ability.", "Later editions add the following prime attributes:", "* Wizardry (WIZ) replaces Strength for powering magic points. Also called **Power (POW)** in the 5\\.5 Edition.\n* Speed (SPD) represents reaction speed and, in some editions, movement rate.", "A new character begins with a randomly generated score for each attribute, determined by rolling three six\\-side dice.", "### Character races", "The rules recommend that novice players create human characters but also offer the options of [elves](/wiki/Elves \"Elves\"), [dwarves](/wiki/Dwarf_%28Middle-earth%29 \"Dwarf (Middle-earth)\"), and [hobbits](/wiki/Hobbit \"Hobbit\"). Other races like [leprechauns](/wiki/Leprechaun \"Leprechaun\") and [fairies](/wiki/Fairy \"Fairy\") serve as additional character options. A character's race affects his or her attributes. A player may also choose to play as a \"monster race\" such as a zombie or vampire.", "### Character classes", "Players also choose a character class for their character. The two base classes are Warriors and Wizards. Wizards can cast spells but have combat limitations. While Warriors cannot cast magic, they are allowed the full use of weapons, and armor is twice as effective in blocking damage. Rogues and Warrior\\-Wizards are also available as character classes. Both classes combine the abilities of the Warrior and the Wizard. Rogues in *Tunnels \\& Trolls*, unlike the Rogue classes in *[Dungeons \\& Dragons](/wiki/Character_class_%28Dungeons_%26_Dragons%29 \"Character class (Dungeons & Dragons)\")*, are not thieves, but could be more accurately described as 'Rogue Wizards'. Rogues are limited in their spell\\-casting abilities, can use the same range of combat weapons and armor as a warrior, and do not receive the Warrior's armor bonus or the Wizard's spell\\-creating ability. Warrior\\-Wizards are not so limited, but the player must be lucky with the dice when creating the character: high minimum attribute scores are required. Later editions include new classes such as Specialist Mage, Paragon (a renaming of the Warrior\\-Wizard), Leader, and Ranger.", "### Starting equipment and money", "New characters begin with a number of gold pieces determined by rolling three six\\-sided dice and multiplying the total by ten. These gold pieces can be used to buy weapons, armor, and other equipment.", "### Combat", "Combat is handled by comparing dice rolls between a character and his opponent. Both sides roll a number of dice determined by which weapon is in use, then modify the appropriate result by \"personal adds\". Totals are compared, with the higher roll damaging the opposing combatant by the difference in totals. Armor absorbs this damage taken, and any amount remaining is subtracted from the Constitution attribute.", "*Tunnels \\& Trolls* is unusual among roleplaying games in conducting mass combat resolution with one set of rolls, as the above system applies to combat between any number of opponents.", "Personal adds are determined by Strength, Luck, and Dexterity. For every point above 12 possessed in each of these attributes, the character receives a one\\-point bonus to his personal adds. Similarly, for every point below 9 possessed in each of these attributes, the character receives a one\\-point penalty.", "In the 7th Edition, the formula was changed to include Speed in the personal adds. This also applies to the Deluxe Edition.", "The 5\\.5, 7th and Deluxe editions include 'spite damage' whereby each \"6\" rolled on the combat dice causes a minimum of one damage to be inflicted on the opposing side, regardless of armor or the respective combat totals. This helped resolve the interminable stalemate that could occur between evenly matched, heavily armored opponents.", "### Saving rolls", "The Saving Roll (SR) is used during combat to break a stalemate or overcome the characters being outmatched as well as for use of ranged weapons. The SR is also used in all other tests of skill or luck the characters may be presented with by the GM or solo adventure. Checks are made using a character's attribute plus 2d6 (doubles add and roll over) against a difficulty level based on the task at hand. For every level of saving roll the formula is 15\\+5x, with x being the level of difficulty. This was one of the earliest uses of this mechanic in RPGs.", "" ]
Biology and ecology ------------------- Beach vitex is a [perennial](/wiki/Perennial "Perennial") that grows throughout the summer months in [temperate](/wiki/Temperate "Temperate") and [tropical](/wiki/Tropical "Tropical") areas of the Pacific. In temperate areas, the plant is [deciduous](/wiki/Deciduous "Deciduous") and loses its leaves during the cool nights of fall. In the southeastern United States, leaves emerge in April while flowering occurs from June–August with fruiting following shortly thereafter. Fruits may remain attached to the plant into the early spring. *V. rotundifolia* is capable of overwintering on the dunes in South and North Carolina and in gulf coastal areas. It can survive in USDA [hardiness zones](/wiki/Hardiness_zones "Hardiness zones") 6b to 10\. ### Growth The plant grows rapidly, and reproduces through vegetative means. As the plant matures, it begins to flower. After maturation, the plant produces large numbers of fruits (up to 5581 fruits per square meter). ### Pollination Insect visitation is the likely method of pollen transfer due to the spatial separation of the [anthers](/wiki/Anthers "Anthers") and [stigma](/wiki/Stigma_%28botany%29 "Stigma (botany)"), which would make self\-pollination unlikely. Abe reported *V. rotundifolia* flowers on [Nishino\-shima Island](/wiki/Nishinoshima_%28Ogasawara%29 "Nishinoshima (Ogasawara)") were visited by flies, honey bees, beetles, butterflies, and ants though most of the visitors were ants.{{cite journal \|last\=Abe \|first\=T. \|year\= 2006 \|title\= Colonization of Nishino\-shima Island by plants and arthropods 31 years after eruption \|journal\= Pacific Science \|volume\=60 \|pages\=355–365 \|doi\= 10\.1353/psc.2006\.0014 \|issue\=3\|hdl\=10125/22571 \|s2cid\=53702453 \|url\=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/22571/1/vol60n3\-355\-366\.pdf \|hdl\-access\=free }}{{cite journal \|last\=Abe \|first\=T. \|year\= 2006 \|title\= Threatened pollination systems in native flora of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands \|journal\= Annals of Botany \|volume\=98 \|pages\=317–334 \|doi\=10\.1093/aob/mcl117 \|issue\=2 \|pmid\=16790463 \|pmc\=2803473}} Diverse groups of pollinators visit the flowers in search of the 0\.5 μL per flower nectar reward. Due to this wide range of visitors, it is unlikely the plant would require a specialist insect to mediate successful pollination. ### Dormancy Evidence indicates that beach vitex possesses a combinational [dormancy](/wiki/Dormancy "Dormancy") mechanism. This dormancy mechanism is made up of a physical dormancy component and a physiological dormancy component.{{cite journal \|last\=Cousins \|first\=M.M. \|author2\=J. Briggs \|author3\=T. Whitwell \|author4\=C. Gresham \|author5\=J. Whetstone \|year\= 2010 \|title\= Reestablishment Potential of Beach Vitex (''Vitex rotundifolia'' L. f.) Following Removal and Control Efforts \|journal\=Invasive Plant Science and Management \|volume\=3 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=327–333 \|doi\= 10\.1614/IPSM\-D\-09\-00062\.1 \|s2cid\=86043702 }} The physical dormancy mechanism is believed to be inforced at least in part by cuticular alkanes that prevent water penetration.{{cite journal \|doi\=10\.1021/jf8025259 \|last\=Cousins \|first\=M.M. \|author2\=C. Gresham \|author3\=M. B. Riley \|author4\=T. Whitwell \|year\= 2009 \|title\=Beach Dune Sand Hydrophobicity Due to the Presence of Beach Vitex (''Vitex rotundifolia'' L. f.) \|journal\=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry \|volume\=57 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=409–415 \|pmid\= 19090757}} The mechanism of the physiological dormancy component is not yet fully understood. This dormancy mechanism allows for the establishment of a substantial soil seed bank that is capable of surviving and producing new seedlings in excess of 4 years after all vegetation has been removed. Dormancy mechanisms also allow the plant to undergo long\-distance dispersal. ### Dispersal There is substantial supportive evidence of a water\-based dispersal mechanism for beach vitex fruits. *V. rotundifolia* plants are present throughout the Pacific including coastal areas of two continents and many islands. Bird dispersal is highly unlikely as there is no fleshy fruit reward; water dispersal is the most likely dispersal means capable of enabling dispersal over such long distances. Fruits are covered with thick coatings of [hydrophobic](/wiki/Hydrophobic "Hydrophobic") [cuticular](/wiki/Cuticular "Cuticular") [alkanes](/wiki/Alkanes "Alkanes") allowing them to resist water penetration for extended periods. Researchers have observed *V. rotundifolia* fruits floating on rivers and oceans. ### Genetic diversity Genetic diversity within populations has been found to be much lower than the average for most woody plants.{{cite journal \|last\=Yeeh \|first\=Y. \|author2\=S. S. Kang \|author3\=H. G. Chung \|author4\=M. S. Chung \|author5\=M. G. Chung \|year\= 1996 \|title\= Genetic and clonal diversity in Korean populations of ''Vitex rotundifolia'' (Verbenaceae) \|journal\= Journal of Plant Research \|volume\=109 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=161–168 \|doi\=10\.1007/BF02344541 \|s2cid\=29083993 }} Additionally, the divergence between populations was found to be higher. There were large genetic differences between populations, indicating there is limited gene flow between populations. This is understandable due to the limited [ecological niche](/wiki/Ecological_niche "Ecological niche") beach vitex inhabits. Since the populations are largely [clonal](/wiki/Clonal_interference "Clonal interference"), this may enhance [genetic drift](/wiki/Genetic_drift "Genetic drift"). Significant variations have been observed with regard to [genotype](/wiki/Genotype "Genotype") and [chemotype](/wiki/Chemotype "Chemotype") of various beach vitex samples collected from across China. Genotypic and chemotypic variations were closely associated.{{cite journal \|last\=Hu \|first\=Y. \|author2\=Q.Y. Zhang \|author3\=H.L. Xin \|author4\=L.P. Qin \|author5\=B.R. Lu \|author6\=K. Rahman \|author7\=H.C. Zheng \|year\= 2007 \|title\= Association between chemical and genetic variation of ''Vitex rotundifolia'' populations from different locations in China: its implication for quality control of medicinal plants \|journal\= Biomedical Chromatography \|pmid\=17474140 \|volume\=21 \|issue\=9 \|pages\=967–975 \|doi\=10\.1002/bmc.841}} Large genetic variation between populations was observed with lower variation within populations, and plants within 20 m of each other were closely related. It was believed that differentiation of separated populations might be the cause of variations between populations.{{cite journal \|doi\=10\.1111/j.1744\-7909\.2008\.00635\.x \|last\=Hu \|first\=Y. \|author2\=Y. Zhu \|author3\=Q.Y. Zhang \|author4\=H.L. Xin \|author5\=L.P. Qin \|author6\=B.R. Lu \|author7\=K. Rahman \|author8\=H.C. Zheng \|year\= 2008 \|title\= Population Genetic Structure of the Medicinal Plant ''Vitex rotundifolia'' in China: Implications for its Use and Conservation \|journal\= Journal of Integrative Plant Biology \|volume\=50 \|issue\=9 \|pages\=1118–1129 \|pmid\= 18844780 }}
[ "Biology and ecology\n-------------------", "Beach vitex is a [perennial](/wiki/Perennial \"Perennial\") that grows throughout the summer months in [temperate](/wiki/Temperate \"Temperate\") and [tropical](/wiki/Tropical \"Tropical\") areas of the Pacific. In temperate areas, the plant is [deciduous](/wiki/Deciduous \"Deciduous\") and loses its leaves during the cool nights of fall. In the southeastern United States, leaves emerge in April while flowering occurs from June–August with fruiting following shortly thereafter. Fruits may remain attached to the plant into the early spring. *V. rotundifolia* is capable of overwintering on the dunes in South and North Carolina and in gulf coastal areas. It can survive in USDA [hardiness zones](/wiki/Hardiness_zones \"Hardiness zones\") 6b to 10\\.", "### Growth", "The plant grows rapidly, and reproduces through vegetative means. As the plant matures, it begins to flower. After maturation, the plant produces large numbers of fruits (up to 5581 fruits per square meter).", "### Pollination", "Insect visitation is the likely method of pollen transfer due to the spatial separation of the [anthers](/wiki/Anthers \"Anthers\") and [stigma](/wiki/Stigma_%28botany%29 \"Stigma (botany)\"), which would make self\\-pollination unlikely. Abe reported *V. rotundifolia* flowers on [Nishino\\-shima Island](/wiki/Nishinoshima_%28Ogasawara%29 \"Nishinoshima (Ogasawara)\") were visited by flies, honey bees, beetles, butterflies, and ants though most of the visitors were ants.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Abe \\|first\\=T. \\|year\\= 2006 \\|title\\= Colonization of Nishino\\-shima Island by plants and arthropods 31 years after eruption \\|journal\\= Pacific Science \\|volume\\=60 \\|pages\\=355–365 \\|doi\\= 10\\.1353/psc.2006\\.0014 \\|issue\\=3\\|hdl\\=10125/22571 \\|s2cid\\=53702453 \\|url\\=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/22571/1/vol60n3\\-355\\-366\\.pdf \\|hdl\\-access\\=free }}{{cite journal \\|last\\=Abe \\|first\\=T. \\|year\\= 2006 \\|title\\= Threatened pollination systems in native flora of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands \\|journal\\= Annals of Botany \\|volume\\=98 \\|pages\\=317–334 \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/aob/mcl117 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pmid\\=16790463 \\|pmc\\=2803473}} Diverse groups of pollinators visit the flowers in search of the 0\\.5 μL per flower nectar reward. Due to this wide range of visitors, it is unlikely the plant would require a specialist insect to mediate successful pollination.", "### Dormancy", "Evidence indicates that beach vitex possesses a combinational [dormancy](/wiki/Dormancy \"Dormancy\") mechanism. This dormancy mechanism is made up of a physical dormancy component and a physiological dormancy component.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Cousins \\|first\\=M.M. \\|author2\\=J. Briggs \\|author3\\=T. Whitwell \\|author4\\=C. Gresham \\|author5\\=J. Whetstone \\|year\\= 2010 \\|title\\= Reestablishment Potential of Beach Vitex (''Vitex rotundifolia'' L. f.) Following Removal and Control Efforts \\|journal\\=Invasive Plant Science and Management \\|volume\\=3 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=327–333 \\|doi\\= 10\\.1614/IPSM\\-D\\-09\\-00062\\.1 \\|s2cid\\=86043702 }} The physical dormancy mechanism is believed to be inforced at least in part by cuticular alkanes that prevent water penetration.{{cite journal \\|doi\\=10\\.1021/jf8025259 \\|last\\=Cousins \\|first\\=M.M. \\|author2\\=C. Gresham \\|author3\\=M. B. Riley \\|author4\\=T. Whitwell \\|year\\= 2009 \\|title\\=Beach Dune Sand Hydrophobicity Due to the Presence of Beach Vitex (''Vitex rotundifolia'' L. f.) \\|journal\\=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry \\|volume\\=57 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=409–415 \\|pmid\\= 19090757}} The mechanism of the physiological dormancy component is not yet fully understood. This dormancy mechanism allows for the establishment of a substantial soil seed bank that is capable of surviving and producing new seedlings in excess of 4 years after all vegetation has been removed. Dormancy mechanisms also allow the plant to undergo long\\-distance dispersal.", "### Dispersal", "There is substantial supportive evidence of a water\\-based dispersal mechanism for beach vitex fruits. *V. rotundifolia* plants are present throughout the Pacific including coastal areas of two continents and many islands. Bird dispersal is highly unlikely as there is no fleshy fruit reward; water dispersal is the most likely dispersal means capable of enabling dispersal over such long distances. Fruits are covered with thick coatings of [hydrophobic](/wiki/Hydrophobic \"Hydrophobic\") [cuticular](/wiki/Cuticular \"Cuticular\") [alkanes](/wiki/Alkanes \"Alkanes\") allowing them to resist water penetration for extended periods. Researchers have observed *V. rotundifolia* fruits floating on rivers and oceans.", "### Genetic diversity", "Genetic diversity within populations has been found to be much lower than the average for most woody plants.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Yeeh \\|first\\=Y. \\|author2\\=S. S. Kang \\|author3\\=H. G. Chung \\|author4\\=M. S. Chung \\|author5\\=M. G. Chung \\|year\\= 1996 \\|title\\= Genetic and clonal diversity in Korean populations of ''Vitex rotundifolia'' (Verbenaceae) \\|journal\\= Journal of Plant Research \\|volume\\=109 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=161–168 \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/BF02344541 \\|s2cid\\=29083993 }} Additionally, the divergence between populations was found to be higher. There were large genetic differences between populations, indicating there is limited gene flow between populations. This is understandable due to the limited [ecological niche](/wiki/Ecological_niche \"Ecological niche\") beach vitex inhabits. Since the populations are largely [clonal](/wiki/Clonal_interference \"Clonal interference\"), this may enhance [genetic drift](/wiki/Genetic_drift \"Genetic drift\"). Significant variations have been observed with regard to [genotype](/wiki/Genotype \"Genotype\") and [chemotype](/wiki/Chemotype \"Chemotype\") of various beach vitex samples collected from across China. Genotypic and chemotypic variations were closely associated.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Hu \\|first\\=Y. \\|author2\\=Q.Y. Zhang \\|author3\\=H.L. Xin \\|author4\\=L.P. Qin \\|author5\\=B.R. Lu \\|author6\\=K. Rahman \\|author7\\=H.C. Zheng \\|year\\= 2007 \\|title\\= Association between chemical and genetic variation of ''Vitex rotundifolia'' populations from different locations in China: its implication for quality control of medicinal plants \\|journal\\= Biomedical Chromatography \\|pmid\\=17474140 \\|volume\\=21 \\|issue\\=9 \\|pages\\=967–975 \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/bmc.841}} Large genetic variation between populations was observed with lower variation within populations, and plants within 20 m of each other were closely related. It was believed that differentiation of separated populations might be the cause of variations between populations.{{cite journal \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1744\\-7909\\.2008\\.00635\\.x \\|last\\=Hu \\|first\\=Y. \\|author2\\=Y. Zhu \\|author3\\=Q.Y. Zhang \\|author4\\=H.L. Xin \\|author5\\=L.P. Qin \\|author6\\=B.R. Lu \\|author7\\=K. Rahman \\|author8\\=H.C. Zheng \\|year\\= 2008 \\|title\\= Population Genetic Structure of the Medicinal Plant ''Vitex rotundifolia'' in China: Implications for its Use and Conservation \\|journal\\= Journal of Integrative Plant Biology \\|volume\\=50 \\|issue\\=9 \\|pages\\=1118–1129 \\|pmid\\= 18844780 }}", "" ]
Main tenets ----------- The theory is grounded on five central assumptions similar to the ones that lie at the core of [Kenneth Waltz](/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz "Kenneth Waltz")'s defensive neorealism. These are:Mearsheimer, J. (2005\). Structural Realism, in T. Dunne, M. Kurki \& S. Smith, International Relations Theory: Discipline and Diversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Mearsheimer, John J. "The false promise of international institutions." International Security 19, no. 3 (1994\): 5–49\. 1. Great powers are the main actors in world politics and the international system is [anarchical](/wiki/Anarchy "Anarchy") 2. All states possess some offensive [military](/wiki/Military "Military") capability 3. States can never be certain of the intentions of other states 4. States have survival as their primary goal 5. States are [rational](/wiki/Rationalism "Rationalism") actors, capable of coming up with sound strategies that maximize their prospects for survival Like defensive neorealism, offensive realism posits an [anarchic](/wiki/Anarchy_in_international_relations "Anarchy in international relations") international system in which rational great powers uncertain of other states' intentions and capable of military offensive strive to survive.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 30–31\.Eric J. Labs, "Beyond Victory: Offensive Realism and the Expansion of War Aims", Security Studies 6:4 (1997\): 7–8\. Although initially developed from similar propositions to those of defensive neorealism, Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism advances drastically different predictions regarding great power behaviour in international politics.Shiping Tang, "From Offensive to Defensive Realism: A Social Evolutionary Interpretation of China's Security Strategy", 148–149, in China's Ascent: Power, Security, and the Future of International Politics, edited by Robert Ross and Zhu Feng. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008\).Taliaferro, Security Seeking, 134\. Mainly, it diverges from defensive neorealism in regards to the accumulation of [power](/wiki/Power_in_international_relations "Power in international relations") a state needs to possess to ensure its security and the issuing of strategy states pursue to meet this satisfactory level of security. Ultimately, Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism draws a much more pessimistic picture of international politics characterised by dangerous inter\-state security competition likely leading to conflict and war.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 32–33\.Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 153\. ### Status quo v. power\-maximizing states John Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism intends to fix the "status quo bias" of Kenneth Waltz's defensive neorealism.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 20\.Snyder, Mearsheimer's World,157–158\. While both neorealist variants argue that states are primarily concerned with maximising their security, they disagree over the amount of power required in the process. To the contrary of defensive neorealism according to which states are status quo powers seeking only to preserve their respective positions in the international system by maintaining the prevailing [balance of power](/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations "Balance of power in international relations"),Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Reading, MA: Addison\-Wesley Publishing Company, 1979\): 126\.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 21\. offensive neorealism claims that states are in fact power\-maximising revisionists harbouring aggressive intentions. Indeed, in offensive neorealism, the international system provides great powers with strong incentives to resort to offensive action in order to increase their security and assure their survival.; Sten Rynning and Jens Ringsmose, "Why Are Revisionist States Revisionist? Reviving Classical Realism as an Approach to Understanding International Change", International Politics 45 (2008\): 26\. The international system characterised by [anarchy](/wiki/Anarchy_in_international_relations "Anarchy in international relations") (the absence of a central authority capable of enforcing rules and punishing aggressors) and uncertainty as to state intentions and available offensive military capabilities leads states to constantly fear each other and resort to self\-help mechanisms to provide for their survival.John J. Mearsheimer, "China's Unpeaceful Rise", Current History 105: 690 (2006\): 160\. In order to alleviate this fear of aggression each holds of the other, states always seek to maximise their own relative power, defined in terms of material capabilities. As Mearsheimer puts it: "they look for opportunities to alter the balance of power by acquiring additional increments of power at the expense of potential rivals",Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 34\. since "the greater the military advantage one state has over other states, the more secure it is".John J. Mearsheimer, "The False Promise of International Institutions", International Security 19:3 (1994–1995\): 11–12\. States seek to increase their military strength to the detriment of other states within the system with [hegemony](/wiki/Hegemony "Hegemony")—being the only great power in the state system—as their ultimate goal.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 21 and 29\. [John Mearsheimer](/wiki/John_Mearsheimer "John Mearsheimer") summed up this view as follows: "great powers recognize that the best way to ensure their security is to achieve hegemony now, thus eliminating any possibility of a challenge by another great power. Only a misguided state would pass up an opportunity to be the hegemon in the system because it thought it already had sufficient power to survive.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 35\." Accordingly, offensive neorealists such as Mearsheimer believe that a state's best strategy to increase its relative power to the point of achieving hegemony is to rely on offensive tactics. Provided that it is rational for them to act aggressively, great powers will likely pursue expansionist policies, which will bring them closer to hegemony.Mearsheimer, China's Unpeaceful Rise, 160\.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 141\. Since global hegemony is nearly impossible to attain due to the constraints of power projection across oceans and retaliation forces, the best end game status states can hope to reach is that of a [regional hegemon](/wiki/Regional_hegemony "Regional hegemony") dominating its own geographical area. This relentless quest for power inherently generates a state of "constant security competition, with the possibility of war always in the background".Mearsheimer, The False Promise, 12\. Only once regional hegemony is attained do great powers become status quo states. ### Balancing v. buck\-passing The emphasis offensive neorealism puts on hegemony as states' end aim stands in sharp contrast to defensive neorealism's belief that state survival can be guaranteed at some point well short of hegemony. In a defensive neorealist mindset, security increments by power accumulation end up experiencing diminishing marginal returns where costs eventually outweigh benefits.Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 154\. Defensive neorealism posits that under anarchy there is a strong propensity for states to engage in [balancing](/wiki/Balancing_in_international_relations "Balancing in international relations")—states shouldering direct responsibility to maintain the existing balance of power—against threatening power\-seeking states, which may in turn succeed in "jeopardiz\[ing] the very survival of the maximizing state".Peter Toft, "John J. Mearsheimer: An Offensive Realist Between Geopolitics and Power", Journal of International Relations and Development 8 (2005\): 390\. This argument also applies to state behavior towards the most powerful state in the international system, as defensive neorealists note that an excessive concentration of power is self\-defeating, triggering balancing countermoves.Yuan\-Kang Wang, "Offensive Realism and the Rise of China", Issues \& Studies 40:1 (2004\): 177\.Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 156\.Labs, Beyond Victory, 10\. Mearsheimer challenges these claims by making the argument that it is rather difficult to estimate when states have reached a satisfactory amount of power short of hegemony and costly to rely extensively on balancing as an efficient power\-checking method due to [collective action](/wiki/Collective_action "Collective action") issues.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 34–35 and 156–157\.Wang, Offensive Realism, 178\. According to him, when a great power finds itself in a defensive posture trying to prevent rivals from gaining power at its expense, it can choose to engage in balancing or intervene by favoring [buck\-passing](/wiki/Buck_passing "Buck passing")—transferring the responsibility to act onto other states while remaining on the sidelines. In order to determine the circumstances in which great powers behave according to one or the other, Mearsheimer builds on Waltz's defensive neorealism by including a second variable—geography—alongside the distribution of power. On one hand, the choice between balancing and buck\-passing depends on whether the anarchic international system is of a bipolar, balanced, or unbalanced multipolar architecture. On another hand, state geographic location in terms of border sharing and stopping power of water also influences great powers' strategy preference. Combined, these two variables allow him to establish that great powers tend to favor—to the contrary of defensive neorealism predictions—buck\-passing over balancing in all instances of multipolarity except for those that include a potential hegemon.Mearsheimer, *Tragedy of Great Power Politics*, 155, 160, 261 and 272\.Wang, Offensive Realism, 179\.Feng \& Z Ruizhuan, Typologies of Realism, 124\. Responding to defensive neorealists' posture on state behaviour towards the most powerful state in the international system, Mearsheimer believes that threatened states will reluctantly engage in balancing against potential hegemons but that balancing coalitions are unlikely to form against a great power that has achieved regional hegemony.Mearsheimer, *Tragedy of Great Power Politics*, 271 and 345\. This lack of balancing is best explained by the regional hegemon's newly acquired status quo stance, which follows from the geographical constraints on its power projection capability.Keir A. Lieber and Gerard Alexander, "Waiting for Balancing Why the World Is Not Pushing Back", International Security 30:1 (2005\): 111–112\.Jack S. Levy and William R. Thompson, "Balancing on Land and at Sea: Do States Ally Against the Leading Global Power?" International Security 35:1 (2010\): 11\. Instead of relying on offensive actions, a regional hegemon finds itself in a defensive position seeking to avert threats to its hegemonic status by preventing the rise of any peer competitors in other areas. As such it will behave as an [offshore balancer](/wiki/Offshore_balancing "Offshore balancing"), passing the buck to local neighbours of the potential hegemon and engaging in balancing only as a last resort.
[ "Main tenets\n-----------", "The theory is grounded on five central assumptions similar to the ones that lie at the core of [Kenneth Waltz](/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz \"Kenneth Waltz\")'s defensive neorealism. These are:Mearsheimer, J. (2005\\). Structural Realism, in T. Dunne, M. Kurki \\& S. Smith, International Relations Theory: Discipline and Diversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Mearsheimer, John J. \"The false promise of international institutions.\" International Security 19, no. 3 (1994\\): 5–49\\.\n1. Great powers are the main actors in world politics and the international system is [anarchical](/wiki/Anarchy \"Anarchy\")\n2. All states possess some offensive [military](/wiki/Military \"Military\") capability\n3. States can never be certain of the intentions of other states\n4. States have survival as their primary goal\n5. States are [rational](/wiki/Rationalism \"Rationalism\") actors, capable of coming up with sound strategies that maximize their prospects for survival", "Like defensive neorealism, offensive realism posits an [anarchic](/wiki/Anarchy_in_international_relations \"Anarchy in international relations\") international system in which rational great powers uncertain of other states' intentions and capable of military offensive strive to survive.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 30–31\\.Eric J. Labs, \"Beyond Victory: Offensive Realism and the Expansion of War Aims\", Security Studies 6:4 (1997\\): 7–8\\. Although initially developed from similar propositions to those of defensive neorealism, Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism advances drastically different predictions regarding great power behaviour in international politics.Shiping Tang, \"From Offensive to Defensive Realism: A Social Evolutionary Interpretation of China's Security Strategy\", 148–149, in China's Ascent: Power, Security, and the Future of International Politics, edited by Robert Ross and Zhu Feng. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008\\).Taliaferro, Security Seeking, 134\\.", "Mainly, it diverges from defensive neorealism in regards to the accumulation of [power](/wiki/Power_in_international_relations \"Power in international relations\") a state needs to possess to ensure its security and the issuing of strategy states pursue to meet this satisfactory level of security. Ultimately, Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism draws a much more pessimistic picture of international politics characterised by dangerous inter\\-state security competition likely leading to conflict and war.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 32–33\\.Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 153\\.", "### Status quo v. power\\-maximizing states", "John Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism intends to fix the \"status quo bias\" of Kenneth Waltz's defensive neorealism.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 20\\.Snyder, Mearsheimer's World,157–158\\. While both neorealist variants argue that states are primarily concerned with maximising their security, they disagree over the amount of power required in the process. To the contrary of defensive neorealism according to which states are status quo powers seeking only to preserve their respective positions in the international system by maintaining the prevailing [balance of power](/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations \"Balance of power in international relations\"),Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Reading, MA: Addison\\-Wesley Publishing Company, 1979\\): 126\\.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 21\\. offensive neorealism claims that states are in fact power\\-maximising revisionists harbouring aggressive intentions. Indeed, in offensive neorealism, the international system provides great powers with strong incentives to resort to offensive action in order to increase their security and assure their survival.; Sten Rynning and Jens Ringsmose, \"Why Are Revisionist States Revisionist? Reviving Classical Realism as an Approach to Understanding International Change\", International Politics 45 (2008\\): 26\\.", "The international system characterised by [anarchy](/wiki/Anarchy_in_international_relations \"Anarchy in international relations\") (the absence of a central authority capable of enforcing rules and punishing aggressors) and uncertainty as to state intentions and available offensive military capabilities leads states to constantly fear each other and resort to self\\-help mechanisms to provide for their survival.John J. Mearsheimer, \"China's Unpeaceful Rise\", Current History 105: 690 (2006\\): 160\\. In order to alleviate this fear of aggression each holds of the other, states always seek to maximise their own relative power, defined in terms of material capabilities. As Mearsheimer puts it: \"they look for opportunities to alter the balance of power by acquiring additional increments of power at the expense of potential rivals\",Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 34\\. since \"the greater the military advantage one state has over other states, the more secure it is\".John J. Mearsheimer, \"The False Promise of International Institutions\", International Security 19:3 (1994–1995\\): 11–12\\. States seek to increase their military strength to the detriment of other states within the system with [hegemony](/wiki/Hegemony \"Hegemony\")—being the only great power in the state system—as their ultimate goal.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 21 and 29\\.", "[John Mearsheimer](/wiki/John_Mearsheimer \"John Mearsheimer\") summed up this view as follows: \"great powers recognize that the best way to ensure their security is to achieve hegemony now, thus eliminating any possibility of a challenge by another great power. Only a misguided state would pass up an opportunity to be the hegemon in the system because it thought it already had sufficient power to survive.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 35\\.\" Accordingly, offensive neorealists such as Mearsheimer believe that a state's best strategy to increase its relative power to the point of achieving hegemony is to rely on offensive tactics. Provided that it is rational for them to act aggressively, great powers will likely pursue expansionist policies, which will bring them closer to hegemony.Mearsheimer, China's Unpeaceful Rise, 160\\.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 141\\.", "Since global hegemony is nearly impossible to attain due to the constraints of power projection across oceans and retaliation forces, the best end game status states can hope to reach is that of a [regional hegemon](/wiki/Regional_hegemony \"Regional hegemony\") dominating its own geographical area. This relentless quest for power inherently generates a state of \"constant security competition, with the possibility of war always in the background\".Mearsheimer, The False Promise, 12\\. Only once regional hegemony is attained do great powers become status quo states.", "### Balancing v. buck\\-passing", "The emphasis offensive neorealism puts on hegemony as states' end aim stands in sharp contrast to defensive neorealism's belief that state survival can be guaranteed at some point well short of hegemony. In a defensive neorealist mindset, security increments by power accumulation end up experiencing diminishing marginal returns where costs eventually outweigh benefits.Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 154\\. Defensive neorealism posits that under anarchy there is a strong propensity for states to engage in [balancing](/wiki/Balancing_in_international_relations \"Balancing in international relations\")—states shouldering direct responsibility to maintain the existing balance of power—against threatening power\\-seeking states, which may in turn succeed in \"jeopardiz\\[ing] the very survival of the maximizing state\".Peter Toft, \"John J. Mearsheimer: An Offensive Realist Between Geopolitics and Power\", Journal of International Relations and Development 8 (2005\\): 390\\. This argument also applies to state behavior towards the most powerful state in the international system, as defensive neorealists note that an excessive concentration of power is self\\-defeating, triggering balancing countermoves.Yuan\\-Kang Wang, \"Offensive Realism and the Rise of China\", Issues \\& Studies 40:1 (2004\\): 177\\.Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 156\\.Labs, Beyond Victory, 10\\.", "Mearsheimer challenges these claims by making the argument that it is rather difficult to estimate when states have reached a satisfactory amount of power short of hegemony and costly to rely extensively on balancing as an efficient power\\-checking method due to [collective action](/wiki/Collective_action \"Collective action\") issues.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 34–35 and 156–157\\.Wang, Offensive Realism, 178\\. According to him, when a great power finds itself in a defensive posture trying to prevent rivals from gaining power at its expense, it can choose to engage in balancing or intervene by favoring [buck\\-passing](/wiki/Buck_passing \"Buck passing\")—transferring the responsibility to act onto other states while remaining on the sidelines.", "In order to determine the circumstances in which great powers behave according to one or the other, Mearsheimer builds on Waltz's defensive neorealism by including a second variable—geography—alongside the distribution of power. On one hand, the choice between balancing and buck\\-passing depends on whether the anarchic international system is of a bipolar, balanced, or unbalanced multipolar architecture. On another hand, state geographic location in terms of border sharing and stopping power of water also influences great powers' strategy preference. Combined, these two variables allow him to establish that great powers tend to favor—to the contrary of defensive neorealism predictions—buck\\-passing over balancing in all instances of multipolarity except for those that include a potential hegemon.Mearsheimer, *Tragedy of Great Power Politics*, 155, 160, 261 and 272\\.Wang, Offensive Realism, 179\\.Feng \\& Z Ruizhuan, Typologies of Realism, 124\\.", "Responding to defensive neorealists' posture on state behaviour towards the most powerful state in the international system, Mearsheimer believes that threatened states will reluctantly engage in balancing against potential hegemons but that balancing coalitions are unlikely to form against a great power that has achieved regional hegemony.Mearsheimer, *Tragedy of Great Power Politics*, 271 and 345\\. This lack of balancing is best explained by the regional hegemon's newly acquired status quo stance, which follows from the geographical constraints on its power projection capability.Keir A. Lieber and Gerard Alexander, \"Waiting for Balancing Why the World Is Not Pushing Back\", International Security 30:1 (2005\\): 111–112\\.Jack S. Levy and William R. Thompson, \"Balancing on Land and at Sea: Do States Ally Against the Leading Global Power?\" International Security 35:1 (2010\\): 11\\. Instead of relying on offensive actions, a regional hegemon finds itself in a defensive position seeking to avert threats to its hegemonic status by preventing the rise of any peer competitors in other areas. As such it will behave as an [offshore balancer](/wiki/Offshore_balancing \"Offshore balancing\"), passing the buck to local neighbours of the potential hegemon and engaging in balancing only as a last resort.", "" ]
Contributions and criticism --------------------------- Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism represents an important contribution to international relations theory yet also generated important criticism. While the inputs and critics below provide a good sample of the theory's contributions and the kind of arguments that have been addressed against it, the listing should in no case be considered as exhaustive. ### Theoretical inputs Firstly, some scholars believe that Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism provides an alternative complement to Waltz's defensive neorealism. The theory adds to defensive neorealists' argument that the structure of the international system constrains state behaviour. Setting to rectify the status quo bias pertaining to defensive neorealism by arguing that anarchy can also generate incentives for states to maximize their share of power, offensive neorealism solves some anomalies that Waltz's theory fails to explain. Mainly, the theory is able to provide an explanation for the amount of conflict occurring among states in the international system. As Snyder states, Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism "enlarges the scope of neorealist theory by providing a theoretical rationale for the behaviour of [revisionist states](/wiki/Revisionist_state "Revisionist state")".Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 158\. Moreover, this complementarity could signify theoretical interrelation with the two theories working in alternation to explain state behaviour, thereby allowing for a "more complete structural realist theory that can more accurately account for both defensive and offensive state behaviour".Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 403\. Secondly, these scholars uphold the argument that Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism significantly contributes to foreign policy theory and alliance theory. More specifically, Mearsheimer's theory goes a step further than structural defensive realism by successfully theorising both international politics and foreign policy. Contrary to Waltz's rejection of defensive neorealism as a theory capable of explaining foreign policy on top of international politics,See Kenneth N. Waltz, "International Politics Is Not Foreign Policy", Security Studies 6:1 (1996\): 54–57\.Waltz, Theory of International Politics, 71–72 and 121–123\. offensive neorealism includes explanations of both international outcomes pertaining to the systemic level of analysis and individual state behaviour.Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 389\.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 422 note 60\. Additionally, the inclusion of new variables such as geography alongside the distribution of power enhances offensive neorealism's potential to make specific assumptions about states' pursuit of aggressive actions and resort to balancing and buck\-passing.Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 401\. ### Theoretical flaws Some scholars have pointed out logical issues with Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism. Snyder rejects Mearsheimer's view of the [security dilemma](/wiki/Security_dilemma "Security dilemma") as "a synoptic statement of offensive realism".Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 155\.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics 35–36\. He argues that offensive neorealism's positing of all [states as revisionists](/wiki/Revisionist_state "Revisionist state") removes the central proposition—uncertainty about other states' intentions—on which the whole concept of security dilemma is grounded. Aggressive great powers' measures to maximize their security threaten others which leads to an actual justified security competition between states rather than an unnecessary one based on hypothetical threats.Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 155–156\. Peter Toft argues that there are flaws in offensive neorealism's [level of analysis](/wiki/Level_of_analysis "Level of analysis"). According to him, the inclusion of the non\-structural geography variable to explain great power behaviour shifts the theory's focal point of analysis from system\-wide dynamics to regional ones. Considering the theory's regional security analyses, he further argues that offensive neorealism fails to clearly define what constitutes a region with "entities like Europe or North\-East Asia (taken) for granted", leaving room for scholarly disapproval.Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 393\. [Christopher Layne](/wiki/Christopher_Layne "Christopher Layne") further highlights problems associated with the geographic variable. He criticizes Mearsheimer's reasoning according to which the "stopping power of water" prevents a great power from achieving global hegemony as this constraint does not seem to apply to the case of an emerging rival's capacity to exercise influence beyond its own neighbourhood. As Layne states, "apparently water stops the United States from imposing its powers on others in distant regions, but it does not stop them from threatening American primacy in the Western Hemisphere".Christopher Layne, "The Poster Child for Offensive Realism: America as a Global Hegemon", Security Studies 12:2 (2002/2003\): 127\. Moreover, he finds offensive realism's classification of regional hegemons as status quo powers difficult to reconcile with the theory's emphasis on great powers as relentless power\-maximizers. In this sense, Layne questions the ability of the water constraint to transform a power\-maximizing state into a status quo power and contradicts Mearsheimer by arguing that a regional hegemon remains subjected to the quest for security, thereby striving to attain global hegemony.Layne, The Poster Child for Offensive Realism, 129\. A second group of criticisms addresses the issue of offensive neorealism's restrictive focuses. Mearsheimer's theory has been criticised for failing to take into account domestic politics. No attention is paid to a rising power's internal political functioning, its economy or society, which play a role in a state's decision\-making process, in turn influencing its behaviour in international politics.David C. Hendrickson, "The Lion and the Lamb: Realism and Liberalism Reconsidered", World Policy Journal 20:1 (2003\): 97; Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 172\.Kagan, Why John J. Mearsheimer is Right. Moreover, Snyder argues that no consideration is given to transnational threats such as terrorism, and that Mearsheimer's emphasis on security makes him ignore states' non\-security interests such as ideology, national unification and human rights as an essential aspect of international politics alongside power competition.Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 171–172\. Additionally, Toft points out that Mearsheimer's concentration on military capabilities and issuing [state capacity](/wiki/State_capacity "State capacity") for territorial conquest "implies a risk that his analyses miss a host of other ways of gaining and exercising influence".Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 384\. Similarly, political scientists whose primary focus is bargaining models of international conflict note that offensive neorealism ignores the fact that war is costly.On Bargaining Theory see David A. Lake, "Two Cheers for Bargaining Theory: Assessing Rationalist Explanations of the Iraq War," International Security 35:3 (2010/11\): 15\. Since those costs in turn make war inefficient, states (even those who do not have hegemony) have incentive to construct bargained settlements. For instance, in a bipolar world with a 70%\-to\-30% power breakdown, states would prefer an analogously proportioned breakdown in resources rather than having some of those resources destroyed over the course of fighting. Due to this inefficiency—[war's inefficiency puzzle](/wiki/War%27s_inefficiency_puzzle "War's inefficiency puzzle")—the constant fighting Mearsheimer proposes would actually make states less secure because the repeated costs of fighting eventually deplete all of that state's power. Most importantly, there have been questions about the theory's empirical validity and prediction ability, which in turn can negatively affect the validity of offensive neorealism's prescriptions for state behaviour in international politics. In addition to mentioning the theory's failure to account for Japan's 20th century territorial acquisitions, NATO's continuation or Germany's non\-achievement of [regional hegemony](/wiki/Regional_hegemony "Regional hegemony") in the post\-Cold war era,Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 396–397\. critics have also expressed serious doubts regarding offensive neorealist views on China's rising power and U.S. regional hegemony. According to them, there is no reason to believe that China as a rational power which wants to ensure its survival will seek hegemony rather than rely on cooperative mechanisms.Jonathan Kirshner, "The Tragedy of Offensive Realism: Classical Realism and the Rise of China", European Journal of International Relations 18:1 (2010\): 59–61\.Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 397\. They similarly contradict Mearsheimer's arguments regarding the United States. Firstly, weak opposition or balancing inefficiencies rather than geographical constraints are taken as explanations for the uniqueness of the United States' regional hegemonic position.Colin Elman, "Extending Offensive Realism: The Louisiana Purchase and America's Rise to Regional Hegemony", American Political Science Review 98:4 (2004\): 563\.Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 173\. Toft and Layne go a step further by asserting that Mearsheimer misjudges the United States as a regional hegemon engaged in offshore balancing. Instead of being a regional hegemon with the strategic aim of dominating the Western hemisphere while preventing the rise of peer competitors in Europe and Northeast Asia, these scholars believe that empirical data points to the fact that the United States has sought and achieved global hegemony, which in turn biases Mearsheimer's predictions regarding future U.S. strategic behavior, mainly in terms of its military involvement overseas..Layne, The Poster Child for Offensive Realism, 162–163\.Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 397–399\.
[ "Contributions and criticism\n---------------------------", "Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism represents an important contribution to international relations theory yet also generated important criticism. While the inputs and critics below provide a good sample of the theory's contributions and the kind of arguments that have been addressed against it, the listing should in no case be considered as exhaustive.", "### Theoretical inputs", "Firstly, some scholars believe that Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism provides an alternative complement to Waltz's defensive neorealism. The theory adds to defensive neorealists' argument that the structure of the international system constrains state behaviour. Setting to rectify the status quo bias pertaining to defensive neorealism by arguing that anarchy can also generate incentives for states to maximize their share of power, offensive neorealism solves some anomalies that Waltz's theory fails to explain. Mainly, the theory is able to provide an explanation for the amount of conflict occurring among states in the international system. As Snyder states, Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism \"enlarges the scope of neorealist theory by providing a theoretical rationale for the behaviour of [revisionist states](/wiki/Revisionist_state \"Revisionist state\")\".Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 158\\.", "Moreover, this complementarity could signify theoretical interrelation with the two theories working in alternation to explain state behaviour, thereby allowing for a \"more complete structural realist theory that can more accurately account for both defensive and offensive state behaviour\".Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 403\\. Secondly, these scholars uphold the argument that Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism significantly contributes to foreign policy theory and alliance theory. More specifically, Mearsheimer's theory goes a step further than structural defensive realism by successfully theorising both international politics and foreign policy.", "Contrary to Waltz's rejection of defensive neorealism as a theory capable of explaining foreign policy on top of international politics,See Kenneth N. Waltz, \"International Politics Is Not Foreign Policy\", Security Studies 6:1 (1996\\): 54–57\\.Waltz, Theory of International Politics, 71–72 and 121–123\\. offensive neorealism includes explanations of both international outcomes pertaining to the systemic level of analysis and individual state behaviour.Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 389\\.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 422 note 60\\. Additionally, the inclusion of new variables such as geography alongside the distribution of power enhances offensive neorealism's potential to make specific assumptions about states' pursuit of aggressive actions and resort to balancing and buck\\-passing.Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 401\\.", "### Theoretical flaws", "Some scholars have pointed out logical issues with Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism. Snyder rejects Mearsheimer's view of the [security dilemma](/wiki/Security_dilemma \"Security dilemma\") as \"a synoptic statement of offensive realism\".Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 155\\.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics 35–36\\. He argues that offensive neorealism's positing of all [states as revisionists](/wiki/Revisionist_state \"Revisionist state\") removes the central proposition—uncertainty about other states' intentions—on which the whole concept of security dilemma is grounded. Aggressive great powers' measures to maximize their security threaten others which leads to an actual justified security competition between states rather than an unnecessary one based on hypothetical threats.Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 155–156\\.", "Peter Toft argues that there are flaws in offensive neorealism's [level of analysis](/wiki/Level_of_analysis \"Level of analysis\"). According to him, the inclusion of the non\\-structural geography variable to explain great power behaviour shifts the theory's focal point of analysis from system\\-wide dynamics to regional ones. Considering the theory's regional security analyses, he further argues that offensive neorealism fails to clearly define what constitutes a region with \"entities like Europe or North\\-East Asia (taken) for granted\", leaving room for scholarly disapproval.Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 393\\.", "[Christopher Layne](/wiki/Christopher_Layne \"Christopher Layne\") further highlights problems associated with the geographic variable. He criticizes Mearsheimer's reasoning according to which the \"stopping power of water\" prevents a great power from achieving global hegemony as this constraint does not seem to apply to the case of an emerging rival's capacity to exercise influence beyond its own neighbourhood. As Layne states, \"apparently water stops the United States from imposing its powers on others in distant regions, but it does not stop them from threatening American primacy in the Western Hemisphere\".Christopher Layne, \"The Poster Child for Offensive Realism: America as a Global Hegemon\", Security Studies 12:2 (2002/2003\\): 127\\. Moreover, he finds offensive realism's classification of regional hegemons as status quo powers difficult to reconcile with the theory's emphasis on great powers as relentless power\\-maximizers. In this sense, Layne questions the ability of the water constraint to transform a power\\-maximizing state into a status quo power and contradicts Mearsheimer by arguing that a regional hegemon remains subjected to the quest for security, thereby striving to attain global hegemony.Layne, The Poster Child for Offensive Realism, 129\\.", "A second group of criticisms addresses the issue of offensive neorealism's restrictive focuses. Mearsheimer's theory has been criticised for failing to take into account domestic politics. No attention is paid to a rising power's internal political functioning, its economy or society, which play a role in a state's decision\\-making process, in turn influencing its behaviour in international politics.David C. Hendrickson, \"The Lion and the Lamb: Realism and Liberalism Reconsidered\", World Policy Journal 20:1 (2003\\): 97; Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 172\\.Kagan, Why John J. Mearsheimer is Right. Moreover, Snyder argues that no consideration is given to transnational threats such as terrorism, and that Mearsheimer's emphasis on security makes him ignore states' non\\-security interests such as ideology, national unification and human rights as an essential aspect of international politics alongside power competition.Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 171–172\\.", "Additionally, Toft points out that Mearsheimer's concentration on military capabilities and issuing [state capacity](/wiki/State_capacity \"State capacity\") for territorial conquest \"implies a risk that his analyses miss a host of other ways of gaining and exercising influence\".Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 384\\. Similarly, political scientists whose primary focus is bargaining models of international conflict note that offensive neorealism ignores the fact that war is costly.On Bargaining Theory see David A. Lake, \"Two Cheers for Bargaining Theory: Assessing Rationalist Explanations of the Iraq War,\" International Security 35:3 (2010/11\\): 15\\.", "Since those costs in turn make war inefficient, states (even those who do not have hegemony) have incentive to construct bargained settlements. For instance, in a bipolar world with a 70%\\-to\\-30% power breakdown, states would prefer an analogously proportioned breakdown in resources rather than having some of those resources destroyed over the course of fighting. Due to this inefficiency—[war's inefficiency puzzle](/wiki/War%27s_inefficiency_puzzle \"War's inefficiency puzzle\")—the constant fighting Mearsheimer proposes would actually make states less secure because the repeated costs of fighting eventually deplete all of that state's power.", "Most importantly, there have been questions about the theory's empirical validity and prediction ability, which in turn can negatively affect the validity of offensive neorealism's prescriptions for state behaviour in international politics. In addition to mentioning the theory's failure to account for Japan's 20th century territorial acquisitions, NATO's continuation or Germany's non\\-achievement of [regional hegemony](/wiki/Regional_hegemony \"Regional hegemony\") in the post\\-Cold war era,Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 396–397\\. critics have also expressed serious doubts regarding offensive neorealist views on China's rising power and U.S. regional hegemony. According to them, there is no reason to believe that China as a rational power which wants to ensure its survival will seek hegemony rather than rely on cooperative mechanisms.Jonathan Kirshner, \"The Tragedy of Offensive Realism: Classical Realism and the Rise of China\", European Journal of International Relations 18:1 (2010\\): 59–61\\.Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 397\\. They similarly contradict Mearsheimer's arguments regarding the United States. Firstly, weak opposition or balancing inefficiencies rather than geographical constraints are taken as explanations for the uniqueness of the United States' regional hegemonic position.Colin Elman, \"Extending Offensive Realism: The Louisiana Purchase and America's Rise to Regional Hegemony\", American Political Science Review 98:4 (2004\\): 563\\.Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 173\\.", "Toft and Layne go a step further by asserting that Mearsheimer misjudges the United States as a regional hegemon engaged in offshore balancing. Instead of being a regional hegemon with the strategic aim of dominating the Western hemisphere while preventing the rise of peer competitors in Europe and Northeast Asia, these scholars believe that empirical data points to the fact that the United States has sought and achieved global hegemony, which in turn biases Mearsheimer's predictions regarding future U.S. strategic behavior, mainly in terms of its military involvement overseas..Layne, The Poster Child for Offensive Realism, 162–163\\.Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 397–399\\.", "" ]
### Theoretical flaws Some scholars have pointed out logical issues with Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism. Snyder rejects Mearsheimer's view of the [security dilemma](/wiki/Security_dilemma "Security dilemma") as "a synoptic statement of offensive realism".Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 155\.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics 35–36\. He argues that offensive neorealism's positing of all [states as revisionists](/wiki/Revisionist_state "Revisionist state") removes the central proposition—uncertainty about other states' intentions—on which the whole concept of security dilemma is grounded. Aggressive great powers' measures to maximize their security threaten others which leads to an actual justified security competition between states rather than an unnecessary one based on hypothetical threats.Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 155–156\. Peter Toft argues that there are flaws in offensive neorealism's [level of analysis](/wiki/Level_of_analysis "Level of analysis"). According to him, the inclusion of the non\-structural geography variable to explain great power behaviour shifts the theory's focal point of analysis from system\-wide dynamics to regional ones. Considering the theory's regional security analyses, he further argues that offensive neorealism fails to clearly define what constitutes a region with "entities like Europe or North\-East Asia (taken) for granted", leaving room for scholarly disapproval.Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 393\. [Christopher Layne](/wiki/Christopher_Layne "Christopher Layne") further highlights problems associated with the geographic variable. He criticizes Mearsheimer's reasoning according to which the "stopping power of water" prevents a great power from achieving global hegemony as this constraint does not seem to apply to the case of an emerging rival's capacity to exercise influence beyond its own neighbourhood. As Layne states, "apparently water stops the United States from imposing its powers on others in distant regions, but it does not stop them from threatening American primacy in the Western Hemisphere".Christopher Layne, "The Poster Child for Offensive Realism: America as a Global Hegemon", Security Studies 12:2 (2002/2003\): 127\. Moreover, he finds offensive realism's classification of regional hegemons as status quo powers difficult to reconcile with the theory's emphasis on great powers as relentless power\-maximizers. In this sense, Layne questions the ability of the water constraint to transform a power\-maximizing state into a status quo power and contradicts Mearsheimer by arguing that a regional hegemon remains subjected to the quest for security, thereby striving to attain global hegemony.Layne, The Poster Child for Offensive Realism, 129\. A second group of criticisms addresses the issue of offensive neorealism's restrictive focuses. Mearsheimer's theory has been criticised for failing to take into account domestic politics. No attention is paid to a rising power's internal political functioning, its economy or society, which play a role in a state's decision\-making process, in turn influencing its behaviour in international politics.David C. Hendrickson, "The Lion and the Lamb: Realism and Liberalism Reconsidered", World Policy Journal 20:1 (2003\): 97; Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 172\.Kagan, Why John J. Mearsheimer is Right. Moreover, Snyder argues that no consideration is given to transnational threats such as terrorism, and that Mearsheimer's emphasis on security makes him ignore states' non\-security interests such as ideology, national unification and human rights as an essential aspect of international politics alongside power competition.Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 171–172\. Additionally, Toft points out that Mearsheimer's concentration on military capabilities and issuing [state capacity](/wiki/State_capacity "State capacity") for territorial conquest "implies a risk that his analyses miss a host of other ways of gaining and exercising influence".Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 384\. Similarly, political scientists whose primary focus is bargaining models of international conflict note that offensive neorealism ignores the fact that war is costly.On Bargaining Theory see David A. Lake, "Two Cheers for Bargaining Theory: Assessing Rationalist Explanations of the Iraq War," International Security 35:3 (2010/11\): 15\. Since those costs in turn make war inefficient, states (even those who do not have hegemony) have incentive to construct bargained settlements. For instance, in a bipolar world with a 70%\-to\-30% power breakdown, states would prefer an analogously proportioned breakdown in resources rather than having some of those resources destroyed over the course of fighting. Due to this inefficiency—[war's inefficiency puzzle](/wiki/War%27s_inefficiency_puzzle "War's inefficiency puzzle")—the constant fighting Mearsheimer proposes would actually make states less secure because the repeated costs of fighting eventually deplete all of that state's power. Most importantly, there have been questions about the theory's empirical validity and prediction ability, which in turn can negatively affect the validity of offensive neorealism's prescriptions for state behaviour in international politics. In addition to mentioning the theory's failure to account for Japan's 20th century territorial acquisitions, NATO's continuation or Germany's non\-achievement of [regional hegemony](/wiki/Regional_hegemony "Regional hegemony") in the post\-Cold war era,Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 396–397\. critics have also expressed serious doubts regarding offensive neorealist views on China's rising power and U.S. regional hegemony. According to them, there is no reason to believe that China as a rational power which wants to ensure its survival will seek hegemony rather than rely on cooperative mechanisms.Jonathan Kirshner, "The Tragedy of Offensive Realism: Classical Realism and the Rise of China", European Journal of International Relations 18:1 (2010\): 59–61\.Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 397\. They similarly contradict Mearsheimer's arguments regarding the United States. Firstly, weak opposition or balancing inefficiencies rather than geographical constraints are taken as explanations for the uniqueness of the United States' regional hegemonic position.Colin Elman, "Extending Offensive Realism: The Louisiana Purchase and America's Rise to Regional Hegemony", American Political Science Review 98:4 (2004\): 563\.Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 173\. Toft and Layne go a step further by asserting that Mearsheimer misjudges the United States as a regional hegemon engaged in offshore balancing. Instead of being a regional hegemon with the strategic aim of dominating the Western hemisphere while preventing the rise of peer competitors in Europe and Northeast Asia, these scholars believe that empirical data points to the fact that the United States has sought and achieved global hegemony, which in turn biases Mearsheimer's predictions regarding future U.S. strategic behavior, mainly in terms of its military involvement overseas..Layne, The Poster Child for Offensive Realism, 162–163\.Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 397–399\.
[ "### Theoretical flaws", "Some scholars have pointed out logical issues with Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism. Snyder rejects Mearsheimer's view of the [security dilemma](/wiki/Security_dilemma \"Security dilemma\") as \"a synoptic statement of offensive realism\".Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 155\\.Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics 35–36\\. He argues that offensive neorealism's positing of all [states as revisionists](/wiki/Revisionist_state \"Revisionist state\") removes the central proposition—uncertainty about other states' intentions—on which the whole concept of security dilemma is grounded. Aggressive great powers' measures to maximize their security threaten others which leads to an actual justified security competition between states rather than an unnecessary one based on hypothetical threats.Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 155–156\\.", "Peter Toft argues that there are flaws in offensive neorealism's [level of analysis](/wiki/Level_of_analysis \"Level of analysis\"). According to him, the inclusion of the non\\-structural geography variable to explain great power behaviour shifts the theory's focal point of analysis from system\\-wide dynamics to regional ones. Considering the theory's regional security analyses, he further argues that offensive neorealism fails to clearly define what constitutes a region with \"entities like Europe or North\\-East Asia (taken) for granted\", leaving room for scholarly disapproval.Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 393\\.", "[Christopher Layne](/wiki/Christopher_Layne \"Christopher Layne\") further highlights problems associated with the geographic variable. He criticizes Mearsheimer's reasoning according to which the \"stopping power of water\" prevents a great power from achieving global hegemony as this constraint does not seem to apply to the case of an emerging rival's capacity to exercise influence beyond its own neighbourhood. As Layne states, \"apparently water stops the United States from imposing its powers on others in distant regions, but it does not stop them from threatening American primacy in the Western Hemisphere\".Christopher Layne, \"The Poster Child for Offensive Realism: America as a Global Hegemon\", Security Studies 12:2 (2002/2003\\): 127\\. Moreover, he finds offensive realism's classification of regional hegemons as status quo powers difficult to reconcile with the theory's emphasis on great powers as relentless power\\-maximizers. In this sense, Layne questions the ability of the water constraint to transform a power\\-maximizing state into a status quo power and contradicts Mearsheimer by arguing that a regional hegemon remains subjected to the quest for security, thereby striving to attain global hegemony.Layne, The Poster Child for Offensive Realism, 129\\.", "A second group of criticisms addresses the issue of offensive neorealism's restrictive focuses. Mearsheimer's theory has been criticised for failing to take into account domestic politics. No attention is paid to a rising power's internal political functioning, its economy or society, which play a role in a state's decision\\-making process, in turn influencing its behaviour in international politics.David C. Hendrickson, \"The Lion and the Lamb: Realism and Liberalism Reconsidered\", World Policy Journal 20:1 (2003\\): 97; Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 172\\.Kagan, Why John J. Mearsheimer is Right. Moreover, Snyder argues that no consideration is given to transnational threats such as terrorism, and that Mearsheimer's emphasis on security makes him ignore states' non\\-security interests such as ideology, national unification and human rights as an essential aspect of international politics alongside power competition.Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 171–172\\.", "Additionally, Toft points out that Mearsheimer's concentration on military capabilities and issuing [state capacity](/wiki/State_capacity \"State capacity\") for territorial conquest \"implies a risk that his analyses miss a host of other ways of gaining and exercising influence\".Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 384\\. Similarly, political scientists whose primary focus is bargaining models of international conflict note that offensive neorealism ignores the fact that war is costly.On Bargaining Theory see David A. Lake, \"Two Cheers for Bargaining Theory: Assessing Rationalist Explanations of the Iraq War,\" International Security 35:3 (2010/11\\): 15\\.", "Since those costs in turn make war inefficient, states (even those who do not have hegemony) have incentive to construct bargained settlements. For instance, in a bipolar world with a 70%\\-to\\-30% power breakdown, states would prefer an analogously proportioned breakdown in resources rather than having some of those resources destroyed over the course of fighting. Due to this inefficiency—[war's inefficiency puzzle](/wiki/War%27s_inefficiency_puzzle \"War's inefficiency puzzle\")—the constant fighting Mearsheimer proposes would actually make states less secure because the repeated costs of fighting eventually deplete all of that state's power.", "Most importantly, there have been questions about the theory's empirical validity and prediction ability, which in turn can negatively affect the validity of offensive neorealism's prescriptions for state behaviour in international politics. In addition to mentioning the theory's failure to account for Japan's 20th century territorial acquisitions, NATO's continuation or Germany's non\\-achievement of [regional hegemony](/wiki/Regional_hegemony \"Regional hegemony\") in the post\\-Cold war era,Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 396–397\\. critics have also expressed serious doubts regarding offensive neorealist views on China's rising power and U.S. regional hegemony. According to them, there is no reason to believe that China as a rational power which wants to ensure its survival will seek hegemony rather than rely on cooperative mechanisms.Jonathan Kirshner, \"The Tragedy of Offensive Realism: Classical Realism and the Rise of China\", European Journal of International Relations 18:1 (2010\\): 59–61\\.Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 397\\. They similarly contradict Mearsheimer's arguments regarding the United States. Firstly, weak opposition or balancing inefficiencies rather than geographical constraints are taken as explanations for the uniqueness of the United States' regional hegemonic position.Colin Elman, \"Extending Offensive Realism: The Louisiana Purchase and America's Rise to Regional Hegemony\", American Political Science Review 98:4 (2004\\): 563\\.Snyder, Mearsheimer's World, 173\\.", "Toft and Layne go a step further by asserting that Mearsheimer misjudges the United States as a regional hegemon engaged in offshore balancing. Instead of being a regional hegemon with the strategic aim of dominating the Western hemisphere while preventing the rise of peer competitors in Europe and Northeast Asia, these scholars believe that empirical data points to the fact that the United States has sought and achieved global hegemony, which in turn biases Mearsheimer's predictions regarding future U.S. strategic behavior, mainly in terms of its military involvement overseas..Layne, The Poster Child for Offensive Realism, 162–163\\.Toft, John J. Mearsheimer, 397–399\\.", "" ]
Syntax of language tags ----------------------- Each language tag is composed of one or more "subtags" separated by hyphens (\-). Each subtag is composed of basic Latin letters or digits only. With the exceptions of private\-use language tags beginning with an *x\-* prefix and grandfathered language tags (including those starting with an *i\-* prefix and those previously registered in the old Language Tag Registry), subtags occur in the following order: * A single *primary language subtag* based on a two\-letter language code from [ISO 639\-1](/wiki/ISO_639-1 "ISO 639-1") (2002\) or a three\-letter code from [ISO 639\-2](/wiki/ISO_639-2 "ISO 639-2") (1998\), [ISO 639\-3](/wiki/ISO_639-3 "ISO 639-3") (2007\) or ISO 639\-5 (2008\), or registered through the BCP 47 process and composed of five to eight letters; * Up to three optional *extended language subtags* composed of three letters each, separated by hyphens; (There is currently no extended language subtag registered in the Language Subtag Registry without an equivalent and preferred primary language subtag. This component of language tags is preserved for backwards compatibility and to allow for future parts of ISO 639\.) * An optional *script subtag*, based on a four\-letter script code from [ISO 15924](/wiki/ISO_15924 "ISO 15924") (usually written in [Title Case](/wiki/Letter_case%23Headings_and_publication_titles "Letter case#Headings and publication titles")); * An optional *region subtag* based on a two\-letter country code from [ISO 3166\-1 alpha\-2](/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2 "ISO 3166-1 alpha-2") (usually written in upper case), or a three\-digit code from [UN M.49](/wiki/UN_M49 "UN M49") for geographical regions; * Optional *variant subtags*, separated by hyphens, each composed of five to eight letters, or of four characters starting with a digit; (Variant subtags are registered with IANA and not associated with any external standard.) * Optional *extension subtags*, separated by hyphens, each composed of a single character, with the exception of the letter *x*, and a hyphen followed by one or more subtags of two to eight characters each, separated by hyphens; * An optional *private\-use subtag*, composed of the letter *x* and a hyphen followed by subtags of one to eight characters each, separated by hyphens. Subtags are not [case\-sensitive](/wiki/Case-sensitive "Case-sensitive"), but the specification recommends using the same case as in the Language Subtag Registry, where region subtags are [UPPERCASE](/wiki/UPPERCASE "UPPERCASE"), script subtags are [Title Case](/wiki/Title_case "Title case"), and all other subtags are [lowercase](/wiki/Lowercase "Lowercase"). This capitalization follows the recommendations of the underlying ISO standards. Optional script and region subtags are preferred to be omitted when they add no distinguishing information to a language tag. For example, *es* is preferred over *es\-Latn*, as Spanish is fully expected to be written in the Latin script; *ja* is preferred over *ja\-JP*, as Japanese *as used in Japan* does not differ markedly from Japanese as used elsewhere. Not all linguistic regions can be represented with a valid region subtag: the subnational regional dialects of a primary language are registered as variant subtags. For example, the *valencia* variant subtag for the [Valencian](/wiki/Valencian_language "Valencian language") variant of the [Catalan](/wiki/Catalan_language "Catalan language") is registered in the Language Subtag Registry with the prefix *ca*. As this dialect is spoken almost exclusively in Spain, the region subtag *ES* can normally be omitted. Furthermore, there are script tags that do not refer to traditional scripts such as Latin, or even scripts at all, and these usually begin with a *Z.* For example, *Zsye* refers to [emojis](/wiki/Emoji "Emoji"), *Zmth* to [mathematical notation](/wiki/Mathematical_notation "Mathematical notation"), *Zxxx* to unwritten documents and *Zyyy* to undetermined scripts. IETF language tags have been used as [locale](/wiki/Locale_%28computer_software%29 "Locale (computer software)") identifiers in many applications. It may be necessary for these applications to establish their own strategy for defining, encoding and matching locales if the strategy described in RFC 4647 is not adequate. The use, interpretation and matching of IETF language tags is currently defined in RFC 5646 and RFC 4647\. The Language Subtag Registry lists all currently valid public subtags. Private\-use subtags are not included in the Registry as they are implementation\-dependent and subject to private agreements between third parties using them. These private agreements are out of scope of BCP 47\.
[ "Syntax of language tags\n-----------------------", "Each language tag is composed of one or more \"subtags\" separated by hyphens (\\-). Each subtag is composed of basic Latin letters or digits only.", "With the exceptions of private\\-use language tags beginning with an *x\\-* prefix and grandfathered language tags (including those starting with an *i\\-* prefix and those previously registered in the old Language Tag Registry), subtags occur in the following order:\n* A single *primary language subtag* based on a two\\-letter language code from [ISO 639\\-1](/wiki/ISO_639-1 \"ISO 639-1\") (2002\\) or a three\\-letter code from [ISO 639\\-2](/wiki/ISO_639-2 \"ISO 639-2\") (1998\\), [ISO 639\\-3](/wiki/ISO_639-3 \"ISO 639-3\") (2007\\) or ISO 639\\-5 (2008\\), or registered through the BCP 47 process and composed of five to eight letters;\n* Up to three optional *extended language subtags* composed of three letters each, separated by hyphens; (There is currently no extended language subtag registered in the Language Subtag Registry without an equivalent and preferred primary language subtag. This component of language tags is preserved for backwards compatibility and to allow for future parts of ISO 639\\.)\n* An optional *script subtag*, based on a four\\-letter script code from [ISO 15924](/wiki/ISO_15924 \"ISO 15924\") (usually written in [Title Case](/wiki/Letter_case%23Headings_and_publication_titles \"Letter case#Headings and publication titles\"));\n* An optional *region subtag* based on a two\\-letter country code from [ISO 3166\\-1 alpha\\-2](/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2 \"ISO 3166-1 alpha-2\") (usually written in upper case), or a three\\-digit code from [UN M.49](/wiki/UN_M49 \"UN M49\") for geographical regions;\n* Optional *variant subtags*, separated by hyphens, each composed of five to eight letters, or of four characters starting with a digit; (Variant subtags are registered with IANA and not associated with any external standard.)\n* Optional *extension subtags*, separated by hyphens, each composed of a single character, with the exception of the letter *x*, and a hyphen followed by one or more subtags of two to eight characters each, separated by hyphens;\n* An optional *private\\-use subtag*, composed of the letter *x* and a hyphen followed by subtags of one to eight characters each, separated by hyphens.", "Subtags are not [case\\-sensitive](/wiki/Case-sensitive \"Case-sensitive\"), but the specification recommends using the same case as in the Language Subtag Registry, where region subtags are [UPPERCASE](/wiki/UPPERCASE \"UPPERCASE\"), script subtags are [Title Case](/wiki/Title_case \"Title case\"), and all other subtags are [lowercase](/wiki/Lowercase \"Lowercase\"). This capitalization follows the recommendations of the underlying ISO standards.", "Optional script and region subtags are preferred to be omitted when they add no distinguishing information to a language tag. For example, *es* is preferred over *es\\-Latn*, as Spanish is fully expected to be written in the Latin script; *ja* is preferred over *ja\\-JP*, as Japanese *as used in Japan* does not differ markedly from Japanese as used elsewhere.", "Not all linguistic regions can be represented with a valid region subtag: the subnational regional dialects of a primary language are registered as variant subtags. For example, the *valencia* variant subtag for the [Valencian](/wiki/Valencian_language \"Valencian language\") variant of the [Catalan](/wiki/Catalan_language \"Catalan language\") is registered in the Language Subtag Registry with the prefix *ca*. As this dialect is spoken almost exclusively in Spain, the region subtag *ES* can normally be omitted.", "Furthermore, there are script tags that do not refer to traditional scripts such as Latin, or even scripts at all, and these usually begin with a *Z.* For example, *Zsye* refers to [emojis](/wiki/Emoji \"Emoji\"), *Zmth* to [mathematical notation](/wiki/Mathematical_notation \"Mathematical notation\"), *Zxxx* to unwritten documents and *Zyyy* to undetermined scripts.", "IETF language tags have been used as [locale](/wiki/Locale_%28computer_software%29 \"Locale (computer software)\") identifiers in many applications. It may be necessary for these applications to establish their own strategy for defining, encoding and matching locales if the strategy described in RFC 4647 is not adequate.", "The use, interpretation and matching of IETF language tags is currently defined in RFC 5646 and RFC 4647\\. The Language Subtag Registry lists all currently valid public subtags. Private\\-use subtags are not included in the Registry as they are implementation\\-dependent and subject to private agreements between third parties using them. These private agreements are out of scope of BCP 47\\.", "" ]
Relation to other standards --------------------------- Although some types of subtags are derived from [ISO](/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization "International Organization for Standardization") or [UN](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") core standards, they do not follow these standards absolutely, as this could lead to the meaning of language tags changing over time. In particular, a subtag derived from a code assigned by [ISO 639](/wiki/ISO_639 "ISO 639"), [ISO 15924](/wiki/ISO_15924 "ISO 15924"), [ISO 3166](/wiki/ISO_3166 "ISO 3166"), or [UN M49](/wiki/UN_M49 "UN M49") remains a valid (though deprecated) subtag even if the code is withdrawn from the corresponding core standard. If the standard later assigns a new meaning to the withdrawn code, the corresponding subtag will still retain its old meaning. This stability was introduced in RFC 4646\. ### ISO 639\-3 and ISO 639\-1 RFC 4646 defined the concept of an "extended language subtag" (sometimes referred to as *extlang*), although no such subtags were registered at that time.{{cite web \|url\=http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft\-ietf\-ltru\-4646bis \|title\=Tags for Identifying Languages (old draft for the revision of RFC 4646, now obsolete and may disappear soon) \|author\=Addison Phillips, \[\[Mark Davis (Unicode)\|Mark Davis]] \|year\=2008 \|publisher\=IETF WG LTRU \|access\-date\=2008\-06\-23 }}{{failed verification\|date\=August 2019}}{{cite web \|url\=http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft\-ietf\-ltru\-4645bis \|title\=Update to the Language Subtag Registry (old draft for the revision of RFC 4645, now obsolete and may disappear soon) \|author\=Doug Ewell \|year\=2008 \|format\=1MB \|publisher\=IETF WG LTRU \|access\-date\=2008\-06\-23}}{{failed verification\|date\=August 2019}} RFC 5645 and RFC 5646 added primary language subtags corresponding to [ISO 639\-3](/wiki/ISO_639-3 "ISO 639-3") codes for all languages that did not already exist in the Registry. In addition, codes for languages encompassed by certain macrolanguages were registered as extended language subtags. Sign languages were also registered as extlangs, with the prefix *sgn*. These languages may be represented either with the subtag for the encompassed language alone (*cmn* for Mandarin) or with a language\-extlang combination (*zh\-cmn*). The first option is preferred for most purposes. The second option is called "extlang form" and is new in RFC 5646\. Whole tags that were registered prior to RFC 4646 and are now classified as "grandfathered" or "redundant" (depending on whether they fit the new syntax) are deprecated in favor of the corresponding ISO 639\-3–based language subtag, if one exists. To list a few examples, *nan* is preferred over *zh\-min\-nan* for [Min Nan](/wiki/Min_Nan "Min Nan") Chinese; *hak* is preferred over *i\-hak* and *zh\-hakka* for [Hakka Chinese](/wiki/Hakka_Chinese "Hakka Chinese"); and *ase* is preferred over *sgn\-US* for [American Sign Language](/wiki/American_Sign_Language "American Sign Language"). [Windows Vista](/wiki/Windows_Vista "Windows Vista") and later versions of Microsoft Windows have RFC 4646 support.{{cite web\|url\=https://learn.microsoft.com/en\-us/windows/win32/api/winnls/nf\-winnls\-getgeoinfoa\|title\=GetGeoInfoA function (winnls.h) \- Win32 apps}} ### ISO 639\-5 and ISO 639\-1/2 [ISO 639\-5](/wiki/ISO_639-5 "ISO 639-5") defines language collections with alpha\-3 codes in a different way than they were initially encoded in ISO 639\-2 (including one code already present in ISO 639\-1, Bihari coded inclusively as *bh* in ISO 639\-1 and *bih* in ISO 639\-2\). Specifically, the language collections are now all defined in ISO 639\-5 as inclusive, rather than some of them being defined exclusively. This means that language collections have a broader scope than before, in some cases where they could encompass languages that were already encoded separately within ISO 639\-2\. For example, the ISO 639\-2 code *afa* was previously associated with the name "Afro\-Asiatic (Other)", excluding languages such as Arabic that already had their own code. In ISO 639\-5, this collection is named "Afro\-Asiatic languages" and includes all such languages. ISO 639\-2 changed the exclusive names in 2009 to match the inclusive ISO 639\-5 names.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639\-2/php/code\_changes.php\|title\=ISO 639\-2 Language Code List \- Codes for the representation of names of languages (Library of Congress)\|work\=loc.gov\|access\-date\=28 July 2015}} To avoid breaking implementations that may still depend on the older (exclusive) definition of these collections, ISO 639\-5 defines a grouping type attribute for all collections that were already encoded in ISO 639\-2 (such grouping type is not defined for the new collections added only in ISO 639\-5\). BCP 47 defines a "Scope" property to identify subtags for language collections. However, it does not define any given collection as inclusive or exclusive, and does not use the ISO 639\-5 grouping type attribute, although the description fields in the Language Subtag Registry for these subtags match the ISO 639\-5 (inclusive) names. As a consequence, BCP 47 language tags that include a primary language subtag for a collection may be ambiguous as to whether the collection is intended to be inclusive or exclusive. ISO 639\-5 does not define precisely which languages are members of these collections; only the hierarchical classification of collections is defined, using the inclusive definition of these collections. Because of this, RFC 5646 does not recommend the use of subtags for language collections for most applications, although they are still preferred over subtags whose meaning is even less specific, such as "Multiple languages" and "Undetermined". In contrast, the classification of individual languages within their macrolanguage is standardized, in both ISO 639\-3 and the Language Subtag Registry. ### ISO 15924, ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode Script subtags were first added to the Language Subtag Registry when RFC 4646 was published, from the list of codes defined in [ISO 15924](/wiki/ISO_15924 "ISO 15924"). They are encoded in the language tag after primary and extended language subtags, but before other types of subtag, including region and variant subtags. Some primary language subtags are defined with a property named "Suppress\-Script" which indicates the cases where a single script can usually be assumed by default for the language, even if it can be written with another script. When this is the case, it is preferable to omit the script subtag, to improve the likelihood of successful matching. A different script subtag can still be appended to make the distinction when necessary. For example, *yi* is preferred over *yi\-Hebr* in most contexts, because the Hebrew script subtag is assumed for the [Yiddish](/wiki/Yiddish "Yiddish") language. As another example, *zh\-Hans\-SG* may be considered equivalent to *zh\-Hans*, because the region code is probably not significant; the written form of Chinese used in Singapore uses the same simplified Chinese characters as in other countries where Chinese is written. However, the script subtag is maintained because it is significant. ISO 15924 includes some codes for script variants (for example, *Hans* and *Hant* for simplified and traditional forms of Chinese characters) that are unified within [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode "Unicode") and [ISO/IEC 10646](/wiki/ISO/IEC_10646 "ISO/IEC 10646"). These script variants are most often encoded for bibliographic purposes, but are not always significant from a linguistic point of view (for example, *Latf* and *Latg* script codes for the Fraktur and Gaelic variants of the Latin script, which are mostly encoded with regular Latin letters in Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646\). They may occasionally be useful in language tags to expose orthographic or semantic differences, with different analysis of letters, diacritics, and digraphs/trigraphs as default grapheme clusters, or differences in letter casing rules. ### ISO 3166\-1 and UN M.49 {{Further\|Country code top\-level domain\#Historical ccTLDs}} Two\-letter region subtags are based on codes assigned, or "exceptionally reserved", in [ISO 3166\-1](/wiki/ISO_3166-1 "ISO 3166-1"). If the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency were to reassign a code that had previously been assigned to a different country, the existing BCP 47 subtag corresponding to that code would retain its meaning, and a new region subtag based on [UN M.49](/wiki/UN_M.49 "UN M.49") would be registered for the new country. UN M.49 is also the source for numeric region subtags for geographical regions, such as `005` for South America. The UN M.49 codes for economic regions are not allowed. Region subtags are used to specify the variety of a language "as used in" a particular region. They are appropriate when the variety is regional in nature, and can be captured adequately by identifying the countries involved, as when distinguishing [British English](/wiki/British_English "British English") (*en\-GB*) from [American English](/wiki/American_English "American English") (*en\-US*). When the difference is one of script or script variety, as for [simplified](/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters "Simplified Chinese characters") versus [traditional](/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters "Traditional Chinese characters") Chinese characters, it should be expressed with a script subtag instead of a region subtag; in this example, *zh\-Hans* and *zh\-Hant* should be used instead of *zh\-CN/zh\-SG/zh\-MY* and *zh\-TW/zh\-HK/zh\-MO*. When a distinct language subtag exists for a language that could be considered a regional variety, it is often preferable to use the more specific subtag instead of a language\-region combination. For example, *ar\-DZ* ([Arabic](/wiki/Arabic_language "Arabic language") as used in [Algeria](/wiki/Algeria "Algeria")) may be better expressed as *arq* for [Algerian Spoken Arabic](/wiki/Algerian_Arabic "Algerian Arabic"). ### Adherence to core standards Disagreements about language identification may extend to BCP 47 and to the core standards that inform it. For example, some speakers of Punjabi believe that the ISO 639\-3 distinction between \[pan] "Panjabi" and \[pnb] "Western Panjabi" is spurious (i.e. they feel the two are [the same language](/wiki/Punjabi_language "Punjabi language")); that sub\-varieties of the [Arabic script](/wiki/Arabic_script "Arabic script") should be encoded separately in ISO 15924 (as, for example, the [Fraktur](/wiki/Fraktur "Fraktur") and [Gaelic](/wiki/Insular_script "Insular script") styles of the Latin script are); and that BCP 47 should reflect these views and/or overrule the core standards with regard to them. BCP 47 delegates this type of judgment to the core standards, and does not attempt to overrule or supersede them. Variant subtags and (theoretically) primary language subtags may be registered individually, but not in a way that contradicts the core standards.{{cite web\|url\=https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/ietf\-languages/jeE9ayFqi4b5xGS4\-Xd\-BOVQJpM/\|title\=Re: \[Ietf\-languages] Punjabi language code fix recommendations\|last\=Ewell\|first\=Doug\|date\=2022\-08\-12\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-12}}
[ "Relation to other standards\n---------------------------", "Although some types of subtags are derived from [ISO](/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization \"International Organization for Standardization\") or [UN](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\") core standards, they do not follow these standards absolutely, as this could lead to the meaning of language tags changing over time. In particular, a subtag derived from a code assigned by [ISO 639](/wiki/ISO_639 \"ISO 639\"), [ISO 15924](/wiki/ISO_15924 \"ISO 15924\"), [ISO 3166](/wiki/ISO_3166 \"ISO 3166\"), or [UN M49](/wiki/UN_M49 \"UN M49\") remains a valid (though deprecated) subtag even if the code is withdrawn from the corresponding core standard. If the standard later assigns a new meaning to the withdrawn code, the corresponding subtag will still retain its old meaning.", "This stability was introduced in RFC 4646\\.", "### ISO 639\\-3 and ISO 639\\-1", "RFC 4646 defined the concept of an \"extended language subtag\" (sometimes referred to as *extlang*), although no such subtags were registered at that time.{{cite web\n\\|url\\=http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft\\-ietf\\-ltru\\-4646bis\n\\|title\\=Tags for Identifying Languages (old draft for the revision of RFC 4646, now obsolete and may disappear soon)\n\\|author\\=Addison Phillips, \\[\\[Mark Davis (Unicode)\\|Mark Davis]]\n\\|year\\=2008\n\\|publisher\\=IETF WG LTRU\n\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-06\\-23 }}{{failed verification\\|date\\=August 2019}}{{cite web\n\\|url\\=http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft\\-ietf\\-ltru\\-4645bis\n\\|title\\=Update to the Language Subtag Registry (old draft for the revision of RFC 4645, now obsolete and may disappear soon)\n\\|author\\=Doug Ewell\n\\|year\\=2008\n\\|format\\=1MB\n\\|publisher\\=IETF WG LTRU\n\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-06\\-23}}{{failed verification\\|date\\=August 2019}}", "RFC 5645 and RFC 5646 added primary language subtags corresponding to [ISO 639\\-3](/wiki/ISO_639-3 \"ISO 639-3\") codes for all languages that did not already exist in the Registry. In addition, codes for languages encompassed by certain macrolanguages were registered as extended language subtags. Sign languages were also registered as extlangs, with the prefix *sgn*. These languages may be represented either with the subtag for the encompassed language alone (*cmn* for Mandarin) or with a language\\-extlang combination (*zh\\-cmn*). The first option is preferred for most purposes. The second option is called \"extlang form\" and is new in RFC 5646\\.", "Whole tags that were registered prior to RFC 4646 and are now classified as \"grandfathered\" or \"redundant\" (depending on whether they fit the new syntax) are deprecated in favor of the corresponding ISO 639\\-3–based language subtag, if one exists. To list a few examples, *nan* is preferred over *zh\\-min\\-nan* for [Min Nan](/wiki/Min_Nan \"Min Nan\") Chinese; *hak* is preferred over *i\\-hak* and *zh\\-hakka* for [Hakka Chinese](/wiki/Hakka_Chinese \"Hakka Chinese\"); and *ase* is preferred over *sgn\\-US* for [American Sign Language](/wiki/American_Sign_Language \"American Sign Language\").", "[Windows Vista](/wiki/Windows_Vista \"Windows Vista\") and later versions of Microsoft Windows have RFC 4646 support.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://learn.microsoft.com/en\\-us/windows/win32/api/winnls/nf\\-winnls\\-getgeoinfoa\\|title\\=GetGeoInfoA function (winnls.h) \\- Win32 apps}}", "### ISO 639\\-5 and ISO 639\\-1/2", "[ISO 639\\-5](/wiki/ISO_639-5 \"ISO 639-5\") defines language collections with alpha\\-3 codes in a different way than they were initially encoded in ISO 639\\-2 (including one code already present in ISO 639\\-1, Bihari coded inclusively as *bh* in ISO 639\\-1 and *bih* in ISO 639\\-2\\). Specifically, the language collections are now all defined in ISO 639\\-5 as inclusive, rather than some of them being defined exclusively. This means that language collections have a broader scope than before, in some cases where they could encompass languages that were already encoded separately within ISO 639\\-2\\.", "For example, the ISO 639\\-2 code *afa* was previously associated with the name \"Afro\\-Asiatic (Other)\", excluding languages such as Arabic that already had their own code. In ISO 639\\-5, this collection is named \"Afro\\-Asiatic languages\" and includes all such languages. ISO 639\\-2 changed the exclusive names in 2009 to match the inclusive ISO 639\\-5 names.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639\\-2/php/code\\_changes.php\\|title\\=ISO 639\\-2 Language Code List \\- Codes for the representation of names of languages (Library of Congress)\\|work\\=loc.gov\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2015}}", "To avoid breaking implementations that may still depend on the older (exclusive) definition of these collections, ISO 639\\-5 defines a grouping type attribute for all collections that were already encoded in ISO 639\\-2 (such grouping type is not defined for the new collections added only in ISO 639\\-5\\).", "BCP 47 defines a \"Scope\" property to identify subtags for language collections. However, it does not define any given collection as inclusive or exclusive, and does not use the ISO 639\\-5 grouping type attribute, although the description fields in the Language Subtag Registry for these subtags match the ISO 639\\-5 (inclusive) names. As a consequence, BCP 47 language tags that include a primary language subtag for a collection may be ambiguous as to whether the collection is intended to be inclusive or exclusive.", "ISO 639\\-5 does not define precisely which languages are members of these collections; only the hierarchical classification of collections is defined, using the inclusive definition of these collections. Because of this, RFC 5646 does not recommend the use of subtags for language collections for most applications, although they are still preferred over subtags whose meaning is even less specific, such as \"Multiple languages\" and \"Undetermined\".", "In contrast, the classification of individual languages within their macrolanguage is standardized, in both ISO 639\\-3 and the Language Subtag Registry.", "### ISO 15924, ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode", "Script subtags were first added to the Language Subtag Registry when RFC 4646 was published, from the list of codes defined in [ISO 15924](/wiki/ISO_15924 \"ISO 15924\"). They are encoded in the language tag after primary and extended language subtags, but before other types of subtag, including region and variant subtags.", "Some primary language subtags are defined with a property named \"Suppress\\-Script\" which indicates the cases where a single script can usually be assumed by default for the language, even if it can be written with another script. When this is the case, it is preferable to omit the script subtag, to improve the likelihood of successful matching. A different script subtag can still be appended to make the distinction when necessary. For example, *yi* is preferred over *yi\\-Hebr* in most contexts, because the Hebrew script subtag is assumed for the [Yiddish](/wiki/Yiddish \"Yiddish\") language.", "As another example, *zh\\-Hans\\-SG* may be considered equivalent to *zh\\-Hans*, because the region code is probably not significant; the written form of Chinese used in Singapore uses the same simplified Chinese characters as in other countries where Chinese is written. However, the script subtag is maintained because it is significant.", "ISO 15924 includes some codes for script variants (for example, *Hans* and *Hant* for simplified and traditional forms of Chinese characters) that are unified within [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode \"Unicode\") and [ISO/IEC 10646](/wiki/ISO/IEC_10646 \"ISO/IEC 10646\"). These script variants are most often encoded for bibliographic purposes, but are not always significant from a linguistic point of view (for example, *Latf* and *Latg* script codes for the Fraktur and Gaelic variants of the Latin script, which are mostly encoded with regular Latin letters in Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646\\). They may occasionally be useful in language tags to expose orthographic or semantic differences, with different analysis of letters, diacritics, and digraphs/trigraphs as default grapheme clusters, or differences in letter casing rules.", "### ISO 3166\\-1 and UN M.49", "{{Further\\|Country code top\\-level domain\\#Historical ccTLDs}}", "Two\\-letter region subtags are based on codes assigned, or \"exceptionally reserved\", in [ISO 3166\\-1](/wiki/ISO_3166-1 \"ISO 3166-1\"). If the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency were to reassign a code that had previously been assigned to a different country, the existing BCP 47 subtag corresponding to that code would retain its meaning, and a new region subtag based on [UN M.49](/wiki/UN_M.49 \"UN M.49\") would be registered for the new country. UN M.49 is also the source for numeric region subtags for geographical regions, such as `005` for South America.\nThe UN M.49 codes for economic regions are not allowed.", "Region subtags are used to specify the variety of a language \"as used in\" a particular region. They are appropriate when the variety is regional in nature, and can be captured adequately by identifying the countries involved, as when distinguishing [British English](/wiki/British_English \"British English\") (*en\\-GB*) from [American English](/wiki/American_English \"American English\") (*en\\-US*). When the difference is one of script or script variety, as for [simplified](/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters \"Simplified Chinese characters\") versus [traditional](/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters \"Traditional Chinese characters\") Chinese characters, it should be expressed with a script subtag instead of a region subtag; in this example, *zh\\-Hans* and *zh\\-Hant* should be used instead of *zh\\-CN/zh\\-SG/zh\\-MY* and *zh\\-TW/zh\\-HK/zh\\-MO*.", "When a distinct language subtag exists for a language that could be considered a regional variety, it is often preferable to use the more specific subtag instead of a language\\-region combination. For example, *ar\\-DZ* ([Arabic](/wiki/Arabic_language \"Arabic language\") as used in [Algeria](/wiki/Algeria \"Algeria\")) may be better expressed as *arq* for [Algerian Spoken Arabic](/wiki/Algerian_Arabic \"Algerian Arabic\").", "### Adherence to core standards", "Disagreements about language identification may extend to BCP 47 and to the core standards that inform it. For example, some speakers of Punjabi believe that the ISO 639\\-3 distinction between \\[pan] \"Panjabi\" and \\[pnb] \"Western Panjabi\" is spurious (i.e. they feel the two are [the same language](/wiki/Punjabi_language \"Punjabi language\")); that sub\\-varieties of the [Arabic script](/wiki/Arabic_script \"Arabic script\") should be encoded separately in ISO 15924 (as, for example, the [Fraktur](/wiki/Fraktur \"Fraktur\") and [Gaelic](/wiki/Insular_script \"Insular script\") styles of the Latin script are); and that BCP 47 should reflect these views and/or overrule the core standards with regard to them.", "BCP 47 delegates this type of judgment to the core standards, and does not attempt to overrule or supersede them. Variant subtags and (theoretically) primary language subtags may be registered individually, but not in a way that contradicts the core standards.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/ietf\\-languages/jeE9ayFqi4b5xGS4\\-Xd\\-BOVQJpM/\\|title\\=Re: \\[Ietf\\-languages] Punjabi language code fix recommendations\\|last\\=Ewell\\|first\\=Doug\\|date\\=2022\\-08\\-12\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-12}}", "" ]
Extensions ---------- *Extension subtags* (not to be confused with *extended language subtags*) allow additional information to be attached to a language tag that does not necessarily serve to identify a language. One use for extensions is to encode locale information, such as calendar and currency. Extension subtags are composed of multiple hyphen\-separated character strings, starting with a single character (other than *x*), called a *singleton*. Each extension is described in its own [IETF](/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force "Internet Engineering Task Force") [RFC](/wiki/Request_for_Comments "Request for Comments"), which identifies a Registration Authority to manage the data for that extension. [IANA](/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority") is responsible for allocating singletons. Two extensions have been assigned as of January 2014\. ### Extension T (Transformed Content) Extension T allows a language tag to include information on how the tagged data was transliterated, transcribed, or otherwise transformed. For example, the tag *en\-t\-jp* could be used for content in English that was translated from the original Japanese. Additional substrings could indicate that the translation was done mechanically, or in accordance with a published standard. Extension T is described in the informational RFC 6497, published in February 2012\.{{Cite ietf\|author1\=Davis, M.\|author2\=Phillips, A.\|author3\=Umaoka, Y.\|author4\=Falk, C.\|date\=February 2012\|rfc\=6497\|title\=BCP 47 Extension T \- Transformed Content\|url\=https://www.rfc\-editor.org/info/rfc6497\|publisher\=\[\[Request for Comments\|RFC Editor]] (informational)\|website\=rfc\-editor.org\|doi\=10\.17487/RFC6497\|access\-date\=24 June 2022}} The Registration Authority is the [Unicode Consortium](/wiki/Unicode_Consortium "Unicode Consortium"). ### Extension U (Unicode Locale) Extension U allows a wide variety of locale attributes found in the [Common Locale Data Repository](/wiki/Common_Locale_Data_Repository "Common Locale Data Repository") (CLDR) to be embedded in language tags. These attributes include country subdivisions, calendar and time zone data, collation order, currency, number system, and keyboard identification. Some examples include: * *gsw\-u\-sd\-chzh* represents [Swiss German](/wiki/Swiss_German "Swiss German") as used in the [Canton of Zurich](/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich "Canton of Zurich"). * *ar\-u\-nu\-latn* represents Arabic\-language content using [Basic Latin digits](/wiki/Arabic_numerals "Arabic numerals") (0 through 9\) instead of [Arabic\-script digits](/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals "Eastern Arabic numerals") (٠ through ٩). * *he\-IL\-u\-ca\-hebrew\-tz\-jeruslm* represents Hebrew as spoken in Israel, using the traditional [Hebrew calendar](/wiki/Hebrew_calendar "Hebrew calendar"), and in the "Asia/Jerusalem" time zone as identified in the [tz database](/wiki/Tz_database "Tz database"). Extension U is described in the informational RFC 6067, published in December 2010\.{{Cite ietf\|author1\=Davis, M.\|author2\=Phillips, A.\|author3\=Umaoka, Y.\|date\=December 2010\|rfc\=6067\|title\=BCP 47 Extension U\|url\=https://www.rfc\-editor.org/info/rfc6067\|publisher\=\[\[Request for Comments\|RFC Editor]] (informational)\|website\=rfc\-editor.org\|doi\=10\.17487/RFC6067\|access\-date\=24 June 2022}} The Registration Authority is the [Unicode Consortium](/wiki/Unicode_Consortium "Unicode Consortium").
[ "Extensions\n----------", "*Extension subtags* (not to be confused with *extended language subtags*) allow additional information to be attached to a language tag that does not necessarily serve to identify a language. One use for extensions is to encode locale information, such as calendar and currency.", "Extension subtags are composed of multiple hyphen\\-separated character strings, starting with a single character (other than *x*), called a *singleton*. Each extension is described in its own [IETF](/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force \"Internet Engineering Task Force\") [RFC](/wiki/Request_for_Comments \"Request for Comments\"), which identifies a Registration Authority to manage the data for that extension. [IANA](/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority \"Internet Assigned Numbers Authority\") is responsible for allocating singletons.", "Two extensions have been assigned as of January 2014\\.", "### Extension T (Transformed Content)", "Extension T allows a language tag to include information on how the tagged data was transliterated, transcribed, or otherwise transformed. For example, the tag *en\\-t\\-jp* could be used for content in English that was translated from the original Japanese. Additional substrings could indicate that the translation was done mechanically, or in accordance with a published standard.", "Extension T is described in the informational RFC 6497, published in February 2012\\.{{Cite ietf\\|author1\\=Davis, M.\\|author2\\=Phillips, A.\\|author3\\=Umaoka, Y.\\|author4\\=Falk, C.\\|date\\=February 2012\\|rfc\\=6497\\|title\\=BCP 47 Extension T \\- Transformed Content\\|url\\=https://www.rfc\\-editor.org/info/rfc6497\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Request for Comments\\|RFC Editor]] (informational)\\|website\\=rfc\\-editor.org\\|doi\\=10\\.17487/RFC6497\\|access\\-date\\=24 June 2022}} The Registration Authority is the [Unicode Consortium](/wiki/Unicode_Consortium \"Unicode Consortium\").", "### Extension U (Unicode Locale)", "Extension U allows a wide variety of locale attributes found in the [Common Locale Data Repository](/wiki/Common_Locale_Data_Repository \"Common Locale Data Repository\") (CLDR) to be embedded in language tags. These attributes include country subdivisions, calendar and time zone data, collation order, currency, number system, and keyboard identification.", "Some examples include:\n* *gsw\\-u\\-sd\\-chzh* represents [Swiss German](/wiki/Swiss_German \"Swiss German\") as used in the [Canton of Zurich](/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich \"Canton of Zurich\").\n* *ar\\-u\\-nu\\-latn* represents Arabic\\-language content using [Basic Latin digits](/wiki/Arabic_numerals \"Arabic numerals\") (0 through 9\\) instead of [Arabic\\-script digits](/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals \"Eastern Arabic numerals\") (٠ through ٩).\n* *he\\-IL\\-u\\-ca\\-hebrew\\-tz\\-jeruslm* represents Hebrew as spoken in Israel, using the traditional [Hebrew calendar](/wiki/Hebrew_calendar \"Hebrew calendar\"), and in the \"Asia/Jerusalem\" time zone as identified in the [tz database](/wiki/Tz_database \"Tz database\").", "Extension U is described in the informational RFC 6067, published in December 2010\\.{{Cite ietf\\|author1\\=Davis, M.\\|author2\\=Phillips, A.\\|author3\\=Umaoka, Y.\\|date\\=December 2010\\|rfc\\=6067\\|title\\=BCP 47 Extension U\\|url\\=https://www.rfc\\-editor.org/info/rfc6067\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Request for Comments\\|RFC Editor]] (informational)\\|website\\=rfc\\-editor.org\\|doi\\=10\\.17487/RFC6067\\|access\\-date\\=24 June 2022}} The Registration Authority is the [Unicode Consortium](/wiki/Unicode_Consortium \"Unicode Consortium\").", "" ]
Life ---- Giovanni was born on Feb 5 of 1600 in Florence to [Jacopo Corsi](/wiki/Jacopo_Corsi "Jacopo Corsi") and Laura [Corsini](/wiki/Corsini "Corsini"). When his father died in 1602 he was adopted by his uncle [Bardo Corsi](/wiki/Bardo_Corsi "Bardo Corsi"), who raised him as a son, as well as all his brothers and sisters. Both his father Jacopo and his uncle Bardo were important figures in Florentine cultural life at the end of the 16th century, and Bardo provided Giovanni an excellent and sophisticated education, at the height of the wealth of the Corsi dynasty. He studied at the Accademia Militare di Parma, where he learned about the [Code of Chivalry](/wiki/Code_of_Chivalry "Code of Chivalry") and became a [Knight](/wiki/Knight "Knight"). [Code of Chivalry](http://www.medieval-life-and-times.info/medieval-knights/code-ofchivalry.htm#:~:text=The%20Code%20of%20Chivalry%20was,and%20great%20gallantry%20toward%20women.&text=The%20Code%20of%20Chivalry%20was%20the%20honor%20code%20of%20the%20knight). [left\|thumb\|Giovanni Corsi in 1628 by [Valore and Domenico Casini](/wiki/Valore_and_Domenico_Casini "Valore and Domenico Casini").](/wiki/File:Retrato_de_Giovanni%2C_pelos_irm%C3%A3os_Valore_e_Domenico_Casini.png "Retrato de Giovanni, pelos irmãos Valore e Domenico Casini.png") In 1624 he inherited from his uncle [Bardo Corsi](/wiki/Bardo_Corsi "Bardo Corsi") the title of Marquis of Caiazzo (Marchese di Cajazzo) and his possessions, including the Tornabuoni Palace and [Villa Corsi](/wiki/Sesto_Fiorentino "Sesto Fiorentino"), since he died without biological heirs. STUMPO, Enrico. [CORSI, Domenico Maria](https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/domenico-maria-corsi_(Dizionario-Biografico)) Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 29\. 1983, Enciclopédia Treccani. Around 1628, when he was still young, he ordered a painting from the Casini brothers. In it Giovanni is portrayed in all his youthful pride, dressed in a sumptuous elegant Turkish\-style costume next to a dog, probably a dog that belonged to the family. He married Lucrezia Salviati in 1628 and from this first relationship the Count Antonio Corsi (b. 1625\) and Cardinal [Domenico Maria Corsi](/wiki/Domenico_Maria_Corsi "Domenico Maria Corsi") (b. 1633\) were born. Later, after his widowhood, he married Virginia Vitelli in 1640, having Laura Corsi (b. 1642\) by this marriage. Giovanni was one of the ambassadors of the Medici Dynasty in Milan, GOUDRIAAN, Elisa [Florentine Patricians and Their Networks: Structures Behind the Cultural Success and the Political Representation of the Medici Court (1600–1660\)](https://books.google.com/books?id=rDE9DwAAQBAJ&dq=Lorenzo+Corsi&pg=PA147) Volume 14, 408 pages, {{ISBN\|978\-90\-04\-35358\-9\|978\-90\-04\-34652\-9}}. 26 Oct 2017\. being one of the most illustrious and influential representatives of the Corsi dynasty in that sense. In 1634, Giovanni was sent by [Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany](/wiki/Ferdinando_II_de%27_Medici%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany "Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany") as ambassador to Milan to honor the new governor. Three years later, in 1637, he was elected senator of Florence. In 1645 he was part of the [procession](/wiki/Procession "Procession") of [Giovan Carlo de' Medici](/wiki/Carlo_de%27_Medici_%28cardinal%29 "Carlo de' Medici (cardinal)") in Rome, shortly after his appointment as cardinal and in 1655 he was entrusted with another important role as ambassador and main speaker in Rome for [Pope Alexander VII](/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII "Pope Alexander VII"). It was on that occasion, in 1655, that Giovanni suffered an apoplectic attack ([stroke](/wiki/Stroke "Stroke")), which left him incapacitated until his death in 1661\. After his death, a chapel was erected in his honor by his daughter Laura, who had married the Marquis of Bontieri and Boccheggiano Giovanni Vincenzo Salviati.
[ "Life\n----", "Giovanni was born on Feb 5 of 1600 in Florence to [Jacopo Corsi](/wiki/Jacopo_Corsi \"Jacopo Corsi\") and Laura [Corsini](/wiki/Corsini \"Corsini\"). When his father died in 1602 he was adopted by his uncle [Bardo Corsi](/wiki/Bardo_Corsi \"Bardo Corsi\"), who raised him as a son, as well as all his brothers and sisters. Both his father Jacopo and his uncle Bardo were important figures in Florentine cultural life at the end of the 16th century, and Bardo provided Giovanni an excellent and sophisticated education, at the height of the wealth of the Corsi dynasty.", "He studied at the Accademia Militare di Parma, where he learned about the [Code of Chivalry](/wiki/Code_of_Chivalry \"Code of Chivalry\") and became a [Knight](/wiki/Knight \"Knight\"). [Code of Chivalry](http://www.medieval-life-and-times.info/medieval-knights/code-ofchivalry.htm#:~:text=The%20Code%20of%20Chivalry%20was,and%20great%20gallantry%20toward%20women.&text=The%20Code%20of%20Chivalry%20was%20the%20honor%20code%20of%20the%20knight).", "[left\\|thumb\\|Giovanni Corsi in 1628 by [Valore and Domenico Casini](/wiki/Valore_and_Domenico_Casini \"Valore and Domenico Casini\").](/wiki/File:Retrato_de_Giovanni%2C_pelos_irm%C3%A3os_Valore_e_Domenico_Casini.png \"Retrato de Giovanni, pelos irmãos Valore e Domenico Casini.png\")", "In 1624 he inherited from his uncle [Bardo Corsi](/wiki/Bardo_Corsi \"Bardo Corsi\") the title of Marquis of Caiazzo (Marchese di Cajazzo) and his possessions, including the Tornabuoni Palace and [Villa Corsi](/wiki/Sesto_Fiorentino \"Sesto Fiorentino\"), since he died without biological heirs. STUMPO, Enrico. [CORSI, Domenico Maria](https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/domenico-maria-corsi_(Dizionario-Biografico)) Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 29\\. 1983, Enciclopédia Treccani.", "Around 1628, when he was still young, he ordered a painting from the Casini brothers. In it Giovanni is portrayed in all his youthful pride, dressed in a sumptuous elegant Turkish\\-style costume next to a dog, probably a dog that belonged to the family.", "He married Lucrezia Salviati in 1628 and from this first relationship the Count Antonio Corsi (b. 1625\\) and Cardinal [Domenico Maria Corsi](/wiki/Domenico_Maria_Corsi \"Domenico Maria Corsi\") (b. 1633\\) were born. Later, after his widowhood, he married Virginia Vitelli in 1640, having Laura Corsi (b. 1642\\) by this marriage.", "Giovanni was one of the ambassadors of the Medici Dynasty in Milan, GOUDRIAAN, Elisa [Florentine Patricians and Their Networks: Structures Behind the Cultural Success and the Political Representation of the Medici Court (1600–1660\\)](https://books.google.com/books?id=rDE9DwAAQBAJ&dq=Lorenzo+Corsi&pg=PA147) Volume 14, 408 pages, {{ISBN\\|978\\-90\\-04\\-35358\\-9\\|978\\-90\\-04\\-34652\\-9}}. 26 Oct 2017\\. being one of the most illustrious and influential representatives of the Corsi dynasty in that sense. In 1634, Giovanni was sent by [Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany](/wiki/Ferdinando_II_de%27_Medici%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany \"Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany\") as ambassador to Milan to honor the new governor.", "Three years later, in 1637, he was elected senator of Florence.", "In 1645 he was part of the [procession](/wiki/Procession \"Procession\") of [Giovan Carlo de' Medici](/wiki/Carlo_de%27_Medici_%28cardinal%29 \"Carlo de' Medici (cardinal)\") in Rome, shortly after his appointment as cardinal and in 1655 he was entrusted with another important role as ambassador and main speaker in Rome for [Pope Alexander VII](/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII \"Pope Alexander VII\"). It was on that occasion, in 1655, that Giovanni suffered an apoplectic attack ([stroke](/wiki/Stroke \"Stroke\")), which left him incapacitated until his death in 1661\\.", "After his death, a chapel was erected in his honor by his daughter Laura, who had married the Marquis of Bontieri and Boccheggiano Giovanni Vincenzo Salviati.", "" ]
Supporting characters --------------------- ### Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem {{main\|Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem}} A rock [house band](/wiki/House_band "House band") consisting of six members: [Dr. Teeth](/wiki/Dr._Teeth_and_the_Electric_Mayhem "Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem"), the gravelly\-voiced leader and [keyboard](/wiki/Keyboard_instrument "Keyboard instrument") player of the band; [Floyd Pepper](/wiki/Dr._Teeth_and_the_Electric_Mayhem "Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem"), the cynical "[hippie](/wiki/Hippie "Hippie")" [bass player](/wiki/Bassist "Bassist"); [Janice](/wiki/Dr._Teeth_and_the_Electric_Mayhem "Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem"), the [lead guitar](/wiki/Lead_guitar "Lead guitar") player with a [flower child](/wiki/Flower_child "Flower child") personality; [Zoot](/wiki/Dr._Teeth_and_the_Electric_Mayhem "Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem"), the laid\-back [saxophone](/wiki/Saxophone "Saxophone") player; [Animal](/wiki/Animal_%28Muppet%29 "Animal (Muppet)"), the crazed [drummer](/wiki/Drummer "Drummer"); and [Lips](/wiki/Dr._Teeth_and_the_Electric_Mayhem "Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem"), the mumbling [trumpet](/wiki/Trumpet "Trumpet") player. Other characters to perform with the Electric Mayhem on occasion were Rowlf the Dog on piano on many occasions, Rizzo on cymbals in the "[Paul Simon](/wiki/Paul_Simon "Paul Simon")" episode, Beaker on vocals in the "[Diana Ross](/wiki/Diana_Ross "Diana Ross")" episode, Scooter in *[The Muppet Movie](/wiki/The_Muppet_Movie "The Muppet Movie")*, Clifford in *[The Muppets at Walt Disney World](/wiki/The_Muppets_at_Walt_Disney_World "The Muppets at Walt Disney World")*, and Crazy Harry as part of the band in the first episode and later. ### Dr. Bunsen Honeydew {{main\|Bunsen Honeydew}} * Performed by [Dave Goelz](/wiki/Dave_Goelz "Dave Goelz") An inventive yet [absent\-minded scientist](/wiki/Absent-minded_professor "Absent-minded professor") who frequently performs science experiments and invention demonstrations that typically go awry and has an "affable cluelessness" whenever his assistant, [Beaker](/wiki/Beaker_%28Muppet%29 "Beaker (Muppet)"), is a victim of these presentations. Bunsen serves as a [foil](/wiki/Foil_%28literature%29 "Foil (literature)") for Beaker.{{rp\|85}} Bunsen debuted during the first season of *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show "The Muppet Show")* and was joined by Beaker during the second season.{{rp\|96–97}} ### Beaker {{main\|Beaker (Muppet)}} * Performed by [Richard Hunt](/wiki/Richard_Hunt_%28puppeteer%29 "Richard Hunt (puppeteer)") (1977–1991\), [Steve Whitmire](/wiki/Steve_Whitmire "Steve Whitmire") (1992–2016\), [David Rudman](/wiki/David_Rudman "David Rudman") (2017–present) A hapless lab assistant to Bunsen, who performs ill\-fated experiments which often result in him becoming the victim and seriously injured. He was designed by Henson and built by [Don Sahlin](/wiki/Don_Sahlin "Don Sahlin"). Beaker debuted in the second season of *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show "The Muppet Show")*.{{rp\|96–97}} ### Sam Eagle {{main\|Sam Eagle}} * Performed by [Frank Oz](/wiki/Frank_Oz "Frank Oz") (1975–2000\), [Kevin Clash](/wiki/Kevin_Clash "Kevin Clash") (2002–2003\), [Eric Jacobson](/wiki/Eric_Jacobson "Eric Jacobson") (2005–present) A patriotic [bald eagle](/wiki/Bald_eagle "Bald eagle") and the group's self\-proclaimed delegator of [disciplined manners and values](/wiki/Discipline "Discipline"). Critic Jordan Schildcrout describes Sam as "a cross between [Uncle Sam](/wiki/Uncle_Sam "Uncle Sam") and the bald eagle (which is the U.S. national bird and symbol) with a dash of [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon"), \[who] represents a [conservative](/wiki/Conservatism "Conservatism"), nationalist [Puritanism](/wiki/Puritanism "Puritanism") that makes him a snob and a prude." He was designed by Henson and built by [Don Sahlin](/wiki/Don_Sahlin "Don Sahlin"). Debuted in *[The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show:Sex_and_Violence "Sex and Violence")*.{{rp\|832}} Most recently, Sam has appeared alongside Kermit, Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, and Gonzo in *[The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History](/wiki/The_Muppets_Present...Great_Moments_in_American_History "The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History")* at the [Magic Kingdom](/wiki/Magic_Kingdom "Magic Kingdom") theme park in [Orlando, Florida](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida "Orlando, Florida"). ### Statler and Waldorf {{main\|Statler and Waldorf}} * Statler: Performed by [Richard Hunt](/wiki/Richard_Hunt_%28puppeteer%29 "Richard Hunt (puppeteer)") (1976–1991\), [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson "Jerry Nelson") (1975, 1992–2003\), [Steve Whitmire](/wiki/Steve_Whitmire "Steve Whitmire") (2002–2016\), [Peter Linz](/wiki/Peter_Linz "Peter Linz") (2017–present) * Waldorf: Performed by [Jim Henson](/wiki/Jim_Henson "Jim Henson") (1975–1990\), [Dave Goelz](/wiki/Dave_Goelz "Dave Goelz") (1992–present) Two elderly and grumpy gentlemen who constantly [heckle](/wiki/Heckler "Heckler") the Muppets from the audience, specifically from an upper balcony box on *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show "The Muppet Show")*.{{rp\|40}} [Statler and Waldorf](/wiki/Statler_and_Waldorf "Statler and Waldorf") were named after two [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") hotels: the [Statler Hilton](/wiki/Hotel_Pennsylvania "Hotel Pennsylvania") and the [Waldorf\-Astoria](/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria_New_York "Waldorf Astoria New York"). They were designed and built by Bonnie Erickson. They debuted in *[The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show:Sex_and_Violence "Sex and Violence")*.{{rp\|43–44}} ### The Swedish Chef {{main\|Swedish Chef}} * Performed by [Jim Henson](/wiki/Jim_Henson "Jim Henson") (1975–1990\), [David Rudman](/wiki/David_Rudman "David Rudman") (1992\), [Bill Barretta](/wiki/Bill_Barretta "Bill Barretta") (1996–present) A non\-sensical chef that speaks in mock [Swedish](/wiki/Swedish_language "Swedish language"). Based on the "standard finger puppet",{{rp\|77}} the Swedish Chef was originally a dual collaboration between Henson and Oz, who provided the hands. Oz would deliberately do unexpected things, like tossing chickens and juggling meat cleavers, that Henson would have to improvise with a reaction. He was designed by [Michael K. Frith](/wiki/Michael_K._Frith "Michael K. Frith") and built by Henson and Bonnie Erickson. He debuted in *[The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show:Sex_and_Violence "Sex and Violence")*.{{rp\|102}} ### Walter {{main\|Walter (Muppet)}} * Performed by [Peter Linz](/wiki/Peter_Linz "Peter Linz") A shy, soft\-voiced human\-like Muppet and obsessive [fan](/wiki/Fan_%28person%29 "Fan (person)") of the Muppets. Introduced in the film *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 "The Muppets (film)")* (2011\), Walter is the younger brother of Gary ([Jason Segel](/wiki/Jason_Segel "Jason Segel")) in the film. Along with Gary and his girlfriend, Mary ([Amy Adams](/wiki/Amy_Adams "Amy Adams")), Walter assists Kermit in reuniting the Muppets as an effort to raise enough money to regain control of the Muppet Theater from oil tycoon Tex Richman ([Chris Cooper](/wiki/Chris_Cooper "Chris Cooper")). After his successful contributions to the telethon with his lauded whistling act, Walter is accepted as a member of the Muppet ensemble. Walter returns in *[Muppets Most Wanted](/wiki/Muppets_Most_Wanted "Muppets Most Wanted")* (2014\), where he is instrumental in discovering Constantine's intentions and in rescuing Kermit. ### Camilla the Chicken * Performed by [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson "Jerry Nelson") (1978–2003\), [Alice Dinnean](/wiki/Alice_Dinnean "Alice Dinnean") (2005\), [Matt Vogel](/wiki/Matt_Vogel_%28puppeteer%29 "Matt Vogel (puppeteer)") (2008–present) **Camilla the Chicken** is the [hen](/wiki/Hen_%28chicken%29 "Hen (chicken)") that is [Gonzo](/wiki/Gonzo_%28Muppet%29 "Gonzo (Muppet)")'s longtime [love interest](/wiki/Romance_%28love%29 "Romance (love)") on *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show "The Muppet Show")*. This chicken with hay fever was performed by veteran Muppet performer, [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson "Jerry Nelson"), and is seen frequently on *The Muppet Show*, but also makes appearances on the various full\-length [Muppet](/wiki/The_Muppets "The Muppets") movies such as *[The Muppets Take Manhattan](/wiki/The_Muppets_Take_Manhattan "The Muppets Take Manhattan")* where she hyperventilates after attacking a villain and needs "mouth\-to\-beak [resuscitation](/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation")", and *[The Muppet Movie](/wiki/The_Muppet_Movie "The Muppet Movie")* as Gonzo's plumber girl and is in the back of the car for the whole movie. She also appeared in TV specials such as *[A Muppet Family Christmas](/wiki/A_Muppet_Family_Christmas "A Muppet Family Christmas")* where she is seduced by the turkey who was invited to the family gathering by the [Swedish Chef](/wiki/Swedish_Chef "Swedish Chef"). On *[Muppet Babies](/wiki/Muppet_Babies_%281984_TV_series%29 "Muppet Babies (1984 TV series)")*, Camilla was Baby Gonzo's stuffed yellow chicken doll. She was voiced by [Frank Welker](/wiki/Frank_Welker "Frank Welker"), and subsequently [Dave Coulier](/wiki/Dave_Coulier "Dave Coulier") and [Russi Taylor](/wiki/Russi_Taylor "Russi Taylor") when she came to life in Gonzo's imagination. In *[The Muppets' Wizard of Oz](/wiki/The_Muppets%27_Wizard_of_Oz "The Muppets' Wizard of Oz")*, the Tin Thing (played by Gonzo) mentions that he and Camilla are engaged, but this is never elaborated with the actual Gonzo. Camilla appears as Gonzo's business partner in the 2011 film *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 "The Muppets (film)")*, where she and her chicken companions also perform "[Forget You](/wiki/Fuck_You_%28CeeLo_Green_song%29 "Fuck You (CeeLo Green song)")" in the big Muppet reunion show. ### Bobo the Bear [thumbnail\|175px\|Bobo the Bear](/wiki/Image:Bobo_the_Bear.jpg "Bobo the Bear.jpg") {{Redirect\|Bobo the Bear\|the teddy bear belonging to \[\[Mr. Burns]] from ''\[\[The Simpsons]]''\|Rosebud (The Simpsons)}} * Performed by [Bill Barretta](/wiki/Bill_Barretta "Bill Barretta") **Bobo the Bear** is an imposing yet easily amused and befuddled [brown bear](/wiki/Brown_bear "Brown bear"), though his appearance is less [anthropomorphic](/wiki/Anthropomorphized "Anthropomorphized") than other animal characters such as [Fozzie Bear](/wiki/Fozzie_Bear "Fozzie Bear"). Bobo has been in several Muppet films as a major character and others as just a background character. One of his appearances was on *[Muppets Tonight](/wiki/Muppets_Tonight "Muppets Tonight")* as the security guard, where he was a seemingly clever and lovable character, with his tagline of "Have a good day, sir!" His character in *[Muppets from Space](/wiki/Muppets_from_Space "Muppets from Space")* was named Rentro. The character appeared in the television special *[A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa](/wiki/A_Muppets_Christmas:Letters_to_Santa "Letters to Santa")*, appearing alongside [Nathan Lane](/wiki/Nathan_Lane "Nathan Lane") as a pair of [airport security](/wiki/Airport_security "Airport security") personnel. In *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 "The Muppets (film)")*, Bobo appears as a henchman of oil tycoon Tex Richman ([Chris Cooper](/wiki/Chris_Cooper "Chris Cooper")), who wants to demolish the [Muppet Theater](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show%23Muppet_Theater "The Muppet Show#Muppet Theater") and drill for oil on the site. Along with fellow henchman Uncle Deadly, Bobo is not fully aware of the scheme that Richman is doing; at one point, he even turns to Uncle Deadly asking, "So, you think we're working for the bad guy?" He was seen partaking in the finale version of "Life's a Happy Song" where he was seen with Tex Richman's showgirls. In the television series *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28TV_series%29 "The Muppets (TV series)")*, he plays a key role as the stage manager for the talk show *Up Late with Miss Piggy*. ### Uncle Deadly * Performed by [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson "Jerry Nelson") (1976–1979\), [Matt Vogel](/wiki/Matt_Vogel_%28puppeteer%29 "Matt Vogel (puppeteer)") (2011–present) **Uncle Deadly** is a sinister\-looking, blue [dragon](/wiki/Dragon "Dragon")\-like monster who lurks around the Muppet Theater. He was originally performed by [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson "Jerry Nelson") on *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show "The Muppet Show")*. In his first full part on the show, in episode 121, he was known as "the Phantom of the Muppet Show". Although he made his first appearance alongside [Vincent Price](/wiki/Vincent_Price "Vincent Price") on episode 119 of *The Muppet Show*, Uncle Deadly did not receive his proper introduction until episode 121\. One by one, the Muppets tell [Kermit the Frog](/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog "Kermit the Frog") that they have seen a phantom, but Kermit refuses to believe them until he sees Uncle Deadly with his own eyes. Once revealed, Uncle Deadly explains that he used to perform at the Muppet Theater, where he played *Othello* until he was killed...by the critics. Uncle Deadly sang a handful of songs on the show, including singing a bar of "You're Just in Love" with [Ethel Merman](/wiki/Ethel_Merman "Ethel Merman") and "Sheik of Araby", and performed in the Muppet Melodrama sketches with [Miss Piggy](/wiki/Miss_Piggy "Miss Piggy") and Wayne in season three. Although he did not have a major role in any of the Henson\-helmed Muppet movies, Uncle Deadly did appear in the final group scenes at the end of *[The Muppet Movie](/wiki/The_Muppet_Movie "The Muppet Movie")* and *[The Muppets Take Manhattan](/wiki/The_Muppets_Take_Manhattan "The Muppets Take Manhattan")*. He also appeared on *[The Tonight Show](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show "The Tonight Show")* in 1979 when Kermit hosted. Uncle Deadly made his first appearance in over 20 years in *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 "The Muppets (film)")*, in which he was performed by [Matt Vogel](/wiki/Matt_Vogel_%28puppeteer%29 "Matt Vogel (puppeteer)"). He and Bobo the Bear are the henchmen of oil tycoon Tex Richman ([Chris Cooper](/wiki/Chris_Cooper "Chris Cooper")), who wants to demolish the Muppet Theatre and drill for oil on the site. As Richman tries repeatedly to stop the Muppets from raising the funds to buy the theater, Deadly realizes his mistake and decides he too is a Muppet. He forces Richman off the theatre roof before he can cut the wires on the transmission tower and joins the group. Uncle Deadly is seen during the finale version of "Life's a Happy Song". Uncle Deadly later appears in *[Muppets Most Wanted](/wiki/Muppets_Most_Wanted "Muppets Most Wanted")* as the organist at Miss Piggy's wedding, performed again by Vogel. In the [2015 TV series](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28TV_series%29 "The Muppets (TV series)"), Uncle Deadly is Miss Piggy's [wardrobe supervisor](/wiki/Wardrobe_supervisor "Wardrobe supervisor") and plays a featured part in the show, a role he continues in *[Muppets Now](/wiki/Muppets_Now "Muppets Now")* and the live shows the Muppets performed at the [Hollywood Bowl](/wiki/Hollywood_Bowl "Hollywood Bowl") and [the O2 Arena](/wiki/The_O2_Arena "The O2 Arena"). On the Muppets' YouTube page, Uncle Deadly is the host of its "Muppet Thought of the Week" segment where he also contributed some thoughts. He appears as the Justice of the Peace in the 2021 Halloween special *[Muppets Haunted Mansion](/wiki/Muppets_Haunted_Mansion "Muppets Haunted Mansion")*. ### Clifford * Performed by [Kevin Clash](/wiki/Kevin_Clash "Kevin Clash") **Clifford** is a cool lavender\-colored, [catfish](/wiki/Catfish "Catfish")\-faced, sunglasses\-wearing character with multicolored [dreadlocks](/wiki/Dreadlocks "Dreadlocks").{{cite news\|title\=Following in the Frog's Footsteps\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=1996\-03\-10\|url\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\=9E0DE7D61F39F933A25750C0A960958260\|access\-date\=2010\-12\-19\|first\=Lawrie\|last\=Mifflin\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220231050/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\=9E0DE7D61F39F933A25750C0A960958260\|archive\-date\=February 20, 2011\|df\=mdy\-all}} He was created to be the [bassist](/wiki/Bass_guitar "Bass guitar") for Solid Foam, the band on *[The Jim Henson Hour](/wiki/The_Jim_Henson_Hour "The Jim Henson Hour")* (1989\). When *The Jim Henson Hour* was canceled, Clifford was the only major character (beyond the classic *Muppet Show* characters) to make further appearances. In 1990, he appeared as a member of [The Electric Mayhem](/wiki/Dr._Teeth_and_the_Electric_Mayhem "Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem") in *[The Muppets at Walt Disney World](/wiki/The_Muppets_at_Walt_Disney_World "The Muppets at Walt Disney World")* television special. In that special, Clifford played [glockenspiel](/wiki/Glockenspiel "Glockenspiel"), [tambourine](/wiki/Tambourine "Tambourine"), and [cowbells](/wiki/Cowbell_%28instrument%29 "Cowbell (instrument)"). Months later, he then appeared in *[The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson](/wiki/The_Muppets_Celebrate_Jim_Henson "The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson")*, in which he read one of the fan letters about [Jim Henson](/wiki/Jim_Henson "Jim Henson")'s death. Clifford also made appearances on *[The Arsenio Hall Show](/wiki/The_Arsenio_Hall_Show "The Arsenio Hall Show")* (alongside Henson in his last television appearance) and [VH1](/wiki/VH1 "VH1"). He also co\-starred with Kermit in a sing\-along video and appeared in a music video. In 1996, Clifford became the host of *[Muppets Tonight](/wiki/Muppets_Tonight "Muppets Tonight")*. In addition to being the host, his appearance was changed as well. He had visible eyes instead of his sunglasses and wore a suit and necktie instead of a Hawaiian shirt. The puppet's head was also built slightly bigger. In 2001, at a Muppet fan convention, Kevin Clash revealed that he disliked the visible eyes and will not perform Clifford again unless he is wearing his sunglasses.{{Cite web\|url\=https://muppetcentral.com/articles/muppetfest/gallery/mf\_59\.shtml\|title\=Muppet Central \- MuppetFest Photo Gallery\|website\=muppetcentral.com\|access\-date\=July 2, 2020\|archive\-date\=July 2, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702113524/https://muppetcentral.com/articles/muppetfest/gallery/mf\_59\.shtml\|url\-status\=live}} When *Muppets Tonight* ended in 1998, Clifford was returned to his original sunglasses look for his last two appearances in *[Muppets from Space](/wiki/Muppets_from_Space "Muppets from Space")* and *[The Muppets' Wizard of Oz](/wiki/The_Muppets%27_Wizard_of_Oz "The Muppets' Wizard of Oz")*.
[ "Supporting characters\n---------------------", "### Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem", "{{main\\|Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem}}", "A rock [house band](/wiki/House_band \"House band\") consisting of six members: [Dr. Teeth](/wiki/Dr._Teeth_and_the_Electric_Mayhem \"Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem\"), the gravelly\\-voiced leader and [keyboard](/wiki/Keyboard_instrument \"Keyboard instrument\") player of the band; [Floyd Pepper](/wiki/Dr._Teeth_and_the_Electric_Mayhem \"Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem\"), the cynical \"[hippie](/wiki/Hippie \"Hippie\")\" [bass player](/wiki/Bassist \"Bassist\"); [Janice](/wiki/Dr._Teeth_and_the_Electric_Mayhem \"Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem\"), the [lead guitar](/wiki/Lead_guitar \"Lead guitar\") player with a [flower child](/wiki/Flower_child \"Flower child\") personality; [Zoot](/wiki/Dr._Teeth_and_the_Electric_Mayhem \"Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem\"), the laid\\-back [saxophone](/wiki/Saxophone \"Saxophone\") player; [Animal](/wiki/Animal_%28Muppet%29 \"Animal (Muppet)\"), the crazed [drummer](/wiki/Drummer \"Drummer\"); and [Lips](/wiki/Dr._Teeth_and_the_Electric_Mayhem \"Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem\"), the mumbling [trumpet](/wiki/Trumpet \"Trumpet\") player. Other characters to perform with the Electric Mayhem on occasion were Rowlf the Dog on piano on many occasions, Rizzo on cymbals in the \"[Paul Simon](/wiki/Paul_Simon \"Paul Simon\")\" episode, Beaker on vocals in the \"[Diana Ross](/wiki/Diana_Ross \"Diana Ross\")\" episode, Scooter in *[The Muppet Movie](/wiki/The_Muppet_Movie \"The Muppet Movie\")*, Clifford in *[The Muppets at Walt Disney World](/wiki/The_Muppets_at_Walt_Disney_World \"The Muppets at Walt Disney World\")*, and Crazy Harry as part of the band in the first episode and later.", "### Dr. Bunsen Honeydew", "{{main\\|Bunsen Honeydew}}\n* Performed by [Dave Goelz](/wiki/Dave_Goelz \"Dave Goelz\")", "An inventive yet [absent\\-minded scientist](/wiki/Absent-minded_professor \"Absent-minded professor\") who frequently performs science experiments and invention demonstrations that typically go awry and has an \"affable cluelessness\" whenever his assistant, [Beaker](/wiki/Beaker_%28Muppet%29 \"Beaker (Muppet)\"), is a victim of these presentations. Bunsen serves as a [foil](/wiki/Foil_%28literature%29 \"Foil (literature)\") for Beaker.{{rp\\|85}} Bunsen debuted during the first season of *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show \"The Muppet Show\")* and was joined by Beaker during the second season.{{rp\\|96–97}}", "### Beaker", "{{main\\|Beaker (Muppet)}}\n* Performed by [Richard Hunt](/wiki/Richard_Hunt_%28puppeteer%29 \"Richard Hunt (puppeteer)\") (1977–1991\\), [Steve Whitmire](/wiki/Steve_Whitmire \"Steve Whitmire\") (1992–2016\\), [David Rudman](/wiki/David_Rudman \"David Rudman\") (2017–present)", "A hapless lab assistant to Bunsen, who performs ill\\-fated experiments which often result in him becoming the victim and seriously injured. He was designed by Henson and built by [Don Sahlin](/wiki/Don_Sahlin \"Don Sahlin\"). Beaker debuted in the second season of *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show \"The Muppet Show\")*.{{rp\\|96–97}}", "### Sam Eagle", "{{main\\|Sam Eagle}}\n* Performed by [Frank Oz](/wiki/Frank_Oz \"Frank Oz\") (1975–2000\\), [Kevin Clash](/wiki/Kevin_Clash \"Kevin Clash\") (2002–2003\\), [Eric Jacobson](/wiki/Eric_Jacobson \"Eric Jacobson\") (2005–present)", "A patriotic [bald eagle](/wiki/Bald_eagle \"Bald eagle\") and the group's self\\-proclaimed delegator of [disciplined manners and values](/wiki/Discipline \"Discipline\"). Critic Jordan Schildcrout describes Sam as \"a cross between [Uncle Sam](/wiki/Uncle_Sam \"Uncle Sam\") and the bald eagle (which is the U.S. national bird and symbol) with a dash of [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon \"Richard Nixon\"), \\[who] represents a [conservative](/wiki/Conservatism \"Conservatism\"), nationalist [Puritanism](/wiki/Puritanism \"Puritanism\") that makes him a snob and a prude.\" He was designed by Henson and built by [Don Sahlin](/wiki/Don_Sahlin \"Don Sahlin\"). Debuted in *[The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show:Sex_and_Violence \"Sex and Violence\")*.{{rp\\|832}} Most recently, Sam has appeared alongside Kermit, Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, and Gonzo in *[The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History](/wiki/The_Muppets_Present...Great_Moments_in_American_History \"The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History\")* at the [Magic Kingdom](/wiki/Magic_Kingdom \"Magic Kingdom\") theme park in [Orlando, Florida](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida \"Orlando, Florida\").", "### Statler and Waldorf", "{{main\\|Statler and Waldorf}}\n* Statler: Performed by [Richard Hunt](/wiki/Richard_Hunt_%28puppeteer%29 \"Richard Hunt (puppeteer)\") (1976–1991\\), [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson \"Jerry Nelson\") (1975, 1992–2003\\), [Steve Whitmire](/wiki/Steve_Whitmire \"Steve Whitmire\") (2002–2016\\), [Peter Linz](/wiki/Peter_Linz \"Peter Linz\") (2017–present)\n* Waldorf: Performed by [Jim Henson](/wiki/Jim_Henson \"Jim Henson\") (1975–1990\\), [Dave Goelz](/wiki/Dave_Goelz \"Dave Goelz\") (1992–present)", "Two elderly and grumpy gentlemen who constantly [heckle](/wiki/Heckler \"Heckler\") the Muppets from the audience, specifically from an upper balcony box on *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show \"The Muppet Show\")*.{{rp\\|40}} [Statler and Waldorf](/wiki/Statler_and_Waldorf \"Statler and Waldorf\") were named after two [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") hotels: the [Statler Hilton](/wiki/Hotel_Pennsylvania \"Hotel Pennsylvania\") and the [Waldorf\\-Astoria](/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria_New_York \"Waldorf Astoria New York\"). They were designed and built by Bonnie Erickson. They debuted in *[The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show:Sex_and_Violence \"Sex and Violence\")*.{{rp\\|43–44}}", "### The Swedish Chef", "{{main\\|Swedish Chef}}\n* Performed by [Jim Henson](/wiki/Jim_Henson \"Jim Henson\") (1975–1990\\), [David Rudman](/wiki/David_Rudman \"David Rudman\") (1992\\), [Bill Barretta](/wiki/Bill_Barretta \"Bill Barretta\") (1996–present)", "A non\\-sensical chef that speaks in mock [Swedish](/wiki/Swedish_language \"Swedish language\"). Based on the \"standard finger puppet\",{{rp\\|77}} the Swedish Chef was originally a dual collaboration between Henson and Oz, who provided the hands. Oz would deliberately do unexpected things, like tossing chickens and juggling meat cleavers, that Henson would have to improvise with a reaction. He was designed by [Michael K. Frith](/wiki/Michael_K._Frith \"Michael K. Frith\") and built by Henson and Bonnie Erickson. He debuted in *[The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show:Sex_and_Violence \"Sex and Violence\")*.{{rp\\|102}}", "### Walter", "{{main\\|Walter (Muppet)}}\n* Performed by [Peter Linz](/wiki/Peter_Linz \"Peter Linz\")", "A shy, soft\\-voiced human\\-like Muppet and obsessive [fan](/wiki/Fan_%28person%29 \"Fan (person)\") of the Muppets. Introduced in the film *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 \"The Muppets (film)\")* (2011\\), Walter is the younger brother of Gary ([Jason Segel](/wiki/Jason_Segel \"Jason Segel\")) in the film. Along with Gary and his girlfriend, Mary ([Amy Adams](/wiki/Amy_Adams \"Amy Adams\")), Walter assists Kermit in reuniting the Muppets as an effort to raise enough money to regain control of the Muppet Theater from oil tycoon Tex Richman ([Chris Cooper](/wiki/Chris_Cooper \"Chris Cooper\")). After his successful contributions to the telethon with his lauded whistling act, Walter is accepted as a member of the Muppet ensemble. Walter returns in *[Muppets Most Wanted](/wiki/Muppets_Most_Wanted \"Muppets Most Wanted\")* (2014\\), where he is instrumental in discovering Constantine's intentions and in rescuing Kermit.", "### Camilla the Chicken", "* Performed by [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson \"Jerry Nelson\") (1978–2003\\), [Alice Dinnean](/wiki/Alice_Dinnean \"Alice Dinnean\") (2005\\), [Matt Vogel](/wiki/Matt_Vogel_%28puppeteer%29 \"Matt Vogel (puppeteer)\") (2008–present)", "**Camilla the Chicken** is the [hen](/wiki/Hen_%28chicken%29 \"Hen (chicken)\") that is [Gonzo](/wiki/Gonzo_%28Muppet%29 \"Gonzo (Muppet)\")'s longtime [love interest](/wiki/Romance_%28love%29 \"Romance (love)\") on *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show \"The Muppet Show\")*. This chicken with hay fever was performed by veteran Muppet performer, [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson \"Jerry Nelson\"), and is seen frequently on *The Muppet Show*, but also makes appearances on the various full\\-length [Muppet](/wiki/The_Muppets \"The Muppets\") movies such as *[The Muppets Take Manhattan](/wiki/The_Muppets_Take_Manhattan \"The Muppets Take Manhattan\")* where she hyperventilates after attacking a villain and needs \"mouth\\-to\\-beak [resuscitation](/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation \"Cardiopulmonary resuscitation\")\", and *[The Muppet Movie](/wiki/The_Muppet_Movie \"The Muppet Movie\")* as Gonzo's plumber girl and is in the back of the car for the whole movie. She also appeared in TV specials such as *[A Muppet Family Christmas](/wiki/A_Muppet_Family_Christmas \"A Muppet Family Christmas\")* where she is seduced by the turkey who was invited to the family gathering by the [Swedish Chef](/wiki/Swedish_Chef \"Swedish Chef\").", "On *[Muppet Babies](/wiki/Muppet_Babies_%281984_TV_series%29 \"Muppet Babies (1984 TV series)\")*, Camilla was Baby Gonzo's stuffed yellow chicken doll. She was voiced by [Frank Welker](/wiki/Frank_Welker \"Frank Welker\"), and subsequently [Dave Coulier](/wiki/Dave_Coulier \"Dave Coulier\") and [Russi Taylor](/wiki/Russi_Taylor \"Russi Taylor\") when she came to life in Gonzo's imagination.", "In *[The Muppets' Wizard of Oz](/wiki/The_Muppets%27_Wizard_of_Oz \"The Muppets' Wizard of Oz\")*, the Tin Thing (played by Gonzo) mentions that he and Camilla are engaged, but this is never elaborated with the actual Gonzo. Camilla appears as Gonzo's business partner in the 2011 film *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 \"The Muppets (film)\")*, where she and her chicken companions also perform \"[Forget You](/wiki/Fuck_You_%28CeeLo_Green_song%29 \"Fuck You (CeeLo Green song)\")\" in the big Muppet reunion show.", "### Bobo the Bear", "[thumbnail\\|175px\\|Bobo the Bear](/wiki/Image:Bobo_the_Bear.jpg \"Bobo the Bear.jpg\")\n{{Redirect\\|Bobo the Bear\\|the teddy bear belonging to \\[\\[Mr. Burns]] from ''\\[\\[The Simpsons]]''\\|Rosebud (The Simpsons)}}\n* Performed by [Bill Barretta](/wiki/Bill_Barretta \"Bill Barretta\")", "**Bobo the Bear** is an imposing yet easily amused and befuddled [brown bear](/wiki/Brown_bear \"Brown bear\"), though his appearance is less [anthropomorphic](/wiki/Anthropomorphized \"Anthropomorphized\") than other animal characters such as [Fozzie Bear](/wiki/Fozzie_Bear \"Fozzie Bear\"). Bobo has been in several Muppet films as a major character and others as just a background character. One of his appearances was on *[Muppets Tonight](/wiki/Muppets_Tonight \"Muppets Tonight\")* as the security guard, where he was a seemingly clever and lovable character, with his tagline of \"Have a good day, sir!\" His character in *[Muppets from Space](/wiki/Muppets_from_Space \"Muppets from Space\")* was named Rentro. The character appeared in the television special *[A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa](/wiki/A_Muppets_Christmas:Letters_to_Santa \"Letters to Santa\")*, appearing alongside [Nathan Lane](/wiki/Nathan_Lane \"Nathan Lane\") as a pair of [airport security](/wiki/Airport_security \"Airport security\") personnel.", "In *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 \"The Muppets (film)\")*, Bobo appears as a henchman of oil tycoon Tex Richman ([Chris Cooper](/wiki/Chris_Cooper \"Chris Cooper\")), who wants to demolish the [Muppet Theater](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show%23Muppet_Theater \"The Muppet Show#Muppet Theater\") and drill for oil on the site. Along with fellow henchman Uncle Deadly, Bobo is not fully aware of the scheme that Richman is doing; at one point, he even turns to Uncle Deadly asking, \"So, you think we're working for the bad guy?\" He was seen partaking in the finale version of \"Life's a Happy Song\" where he was seen with Tex Richman's showgirls.", "In the television series *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28TV_series%29 \"The Muppets (TV series)\")*, he plays a key role as the stage manager for the talk show *Up Late with Miss Piggy*.", "### Uncle Deadly", "* Performed by [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson \"Jerry Nelson\") (1976–1979\\), [Matt Vogel](/wiki/Matt_Vogel_%28puppeteer%29 \"Matt Vogel (puppeteer)\") (2011–present)", "**Uncle Deadly** is a sinister\\-looking, blue [dragon](/wiki/Dragon \"Dragon\")\\-like monster who lurks around the Muppet Theater. He was originally performed by [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson \"Jerry Nelson\") on *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show \"The Muppet Show\")*. In his first full part on the show, in episode 121, he was known as \"the Phantom of the Muppet Show\". Although he made his first appearance alongside [Vincent Price](/wiki/Vincent_Price \"Vincent Price\") on episode 119 of *The Muppet Show*, Uncle Deadly did not receive his proper introduction until episode 121\\. One by one, the Muppets tell [Kermit the Frog](/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog \"Kermit the Frog\") that they have seen a phantom, but Kermit refuses to believe them until he sees Uncle Deadly with his own eyes. Once revealed, Uncle Deadly explains that he used to perform at the Muppet Theater, where he played *Othello* until he was killed...by the critics. Uncle Deadly sang a handful of songs on the show, including singing a bar of \"You're Just in Love\" with [Ethel Merman](/wiki/Ethel_Merman \"Ethel Merman\") and \"Sheik of Araby\", and performed in the Muppet Melodrama sketches with [Miss Piggy](/wiki/Miss_Piggy \"Miss Piggy\") and Wayne in season three. Although he did not have a major role in any of the Henson\\-helmed Muppet movies, Uncle Deadly did appear in the final group scenes at the end of *[The Muppet Movie](/wiki/The_Muppet_Movie \"The Muppet Movie\")* and *[The Muppets Take Manhattan](/wiki/The_Muppets_Take_Manhattan \"The Muppets Take Manhattan\")*. He also appeared on *[The Tonight Show](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show \"The Tonight Show\")* in 1979 when Kermit hosted.", "Uncle Deadly made his first appearance in over 20 years in *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 \"The Muppets (film)\")*, in which he was performed by [Matt Vogel](/wiki/Matt_Vogel_%28puppeteer%29 \"Matt Vogel (puppeteer)\"). He and Bobo the Bear are the henchmen of oil tycoon Tex Richman ([Chris Cooper](/wiki/Chris_Cooper \"Chris Cooper\")), who wants to demolish the Muppet Theatre and drill for oil on the site. As Richman tries repeatedly to stop the Muppets from raising the funds to buy the theater, Deadly realizes his mistake and decides he too is a Muppet. He forces Richman off the theatre roof before he can cut the wires on the transmission tower and joins the group. Uncle Deadly is seen during the finale version of \"Life's a Happy Song\". Uncle Deadly later appears in *[Muppets Most Wanted](/wiki/Muppets_Most_Wanted \"Muppets Most Wanted\")* as the organist at Miss Piggy's wedding, performed again by Vogel.", "In the [2015 TV series](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28TV_series%29 \"The Muppets (TV series)\"), Uncle Deadly is Miss Piggy's [wardrobe supervisor](/wiki/Wardrobe_supervisor \"Wardrobe supervisor\") and plays a featured part in the show, a role he continues in *[Muppets Now](/wiki/Muppets_Now \"Muppets Now\")* and the live shows the Muppets performed at the [Hollywood Bowl](/wiki/Hollywood_Bowl \"Hollywood Bowl\") and [the O2 Arena](/wiki/The_O2_Arena \"The O2 Arena\"). On the Muppets' YouTube page, Uncle Deadly is the host of its \"Muppet Thought of the Week\" segment where he also contributed some thoughts.", "He appears as the Justice of the Peace in the 2021 Halloween special *[Muppets Haunted Mansion](/wiki/Muppets_Haunted_Mansion \"Muppets Haunted Mansion\")*.", "### Clifford", "* Performed by [Kevin Clash](/wiki/Kevin_Clash \"Kevin Clash\")", "**Clifford** is a cool lavender\\-colored, [catfish](/wiki/Catfish \"Catfish\")\\-faced, sunglasses\\-wearing character with multicolored [dreadlocks](/wiki/Dreadlocks \"Dreadlocks\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Following in the Frog's Footsteps\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=1996\\-03\\-10\\|url\\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\\=9E0DE7D61F39F933A25750C0A960958260\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-12\\-19\\|first\\=Lawrie\\|last\\=Mifflin\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220231050/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\\=9E0DE7D61F39F933A25750C0A960958260\\|archive\\-date\\=February 20, 2011\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}} He was created to be the [bassist](/wiki/Bass_guitar \"Bass guitar\") for Solid Foam, the band on *[The Jim Henson Hour](/wiki/The_Jim_Henson_Hour \"The Jim Henson Hour\")* (1989\\).", "When *The Jim Henson Hour* was canceled, Clifford was the only major character (beyond the classic *Muppet Show* characters) to make further appearances. In 1990, he appeared as a member of [The Electric Mayhem](/wiki/Dr._Teeth_and_the_Electric_Mayhem \"Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem\") in *[The Muppets at Walt Disney World](/wiki/The_Muppets_at_Walt_Disney_World \"The Muppets at Walt Disney World\")* television special. In that special, Clifford played [glockenspiel](/wiki/Glockenspiel \"Glockenspiel\"), [tambourine](/wiki/Tambourine \"Tambourine\"), and [cowbells](/wiki/Cowbell_%28instrument%29 \"Cowbell (instrument)\"). Months later, he then appeared in *[The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson](/wiki/The_Muppets_Celebrate_Jim_Henson \"The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson\")*, in which he read one of the fan letters about [Jim Henson](/wiki/Jim_Henson \"Jim Henson\")'s death. Clifford also made appearances on *[The Arsenio Hall Show](/wiki/The_Arsenio_Hall_Show \"The Arsenio Hall Show\")* (alongside Henson in his last television appearance) and [VH1](/wiki/VH1 \"VH1\"). He also co\\-starred with Kermit in a sing\\-along video and appeared in a music video.", "In 1996, Clifford became the host of *[Muppets Tonight](/wiki/Muppets_Tonight \"Muppets Tonight\")*. In addition to being the host, his appearance was changed as well. He had visible eyes instead of his sunglasses and wore a suit and necktie instead of a Hawaiian shirt. The puppet's head was also built slightly bigger. In 2001, at a Muppet fan convention, Kevin Clash revealed that he disliked the visible eyes and will not perform Clifford again unless he is wearing his sunglasses.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://muppetcentral.com/articles/muppetfest/gallery/mf\\_59\\.shtml\\|title\\=Muppet Central \\- MuppetFest Photo Gallery\\|website\\=muppetcentral.com\\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=July 2, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702113524/https://muppetcentral.com/articles/muppetfest/gallery/mf\\_59\\.shtml\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "When *Muppets Tonight* ended in 1998, Clifford was returned to his original sunglasses look for his last two appearances in *[Muppets from Space](/wiki/Muppets_from_Space \"Muppets from Space\")* and *[The Muppets' Wizard of Oz](/wiki/The_Muppets%27_Wizard_of_Oz \"The Muppets' Wizard of Oz\")*.", "" ]
Recurring characters -------------------- {{overly detailed\|section\|date\=August 2017}} ### Beauregard * Performed by [Dave Goelz](/wiki/Dave_Goelz "Dave Goelz") **Beauregard** is the Muppets' backstage [janitor](/wiki/Janitor "Janitor") and [stagehand](/wiki/Stagehand "Stagehand") of indeterminate species. Debuting in season three of *The Muppet Show*, Beauregard originally wore a gray jacket over his plaid shirt, but in the fourth season, he stopped wearing the jacket. It is revealed in *The Muppet Show On Tour* that he calls his mop "Belleregard." [Beaker](/wiki/Beaker_%28Muppet%29 "Beaker (Muppet)") occasionally assists Beauregard with stagehand duties. He tries to be helpful, but his dimwitted efforts frequently result in disaster. His slow wit is often preyed upon by other characters who use him to their own purposes. He has a characteristic blink and often turns to the camera and says, "Right". Beauregard has [superhuman strength](/wiki/Superhuman_strength "Superhuman strength"), which is illustrated by his ability to effortlessly lift and carry around objects that are far too heavy to carry, such as an anvil, couch or piano. Beauregard appeared on the stage in various sketches and skits. Other times, Beauregard appears accidentally on stage during productions, still working on the props until he realizes that he is intruding and must either rush out of sight or attempt to blend in with the action. However, Beauregard was more comfortable backstage. Beauregard also appeared in *[The Great Muppet Caper](/wiki/The_Great_Muppet_Caper "The Great Muppet Caper")* in 1981, where he played a [taxi driver](/wiki/Taxicab_driver "Taxicab driver"). He brought Kermit, Fozzie, and Gonzo to the Happiness Hotel, and right through the front door, into the lobby. Beauregard's other major role was in the 1990 special *[The Muppets at Walt Disney World](/wiki/The_Muppets_at_Walt_Disney_World "The Muppets at Walt Disney World")*, where he dragged Miss Piggy onto a series of thrill rides. He has also had minor roles in later projects, including *[The Muppets Take Manhattan](/wiki/The_Muppets_Take_Manhattan "The Muppets Take Manhattan")*, *[Muppets Tonight](/wiki/Muppets_Tonight "Muppets Tonight")* and *[The Muppets: A Celebration of 30 Years](/wiki/The_Muppets:A_Celebration_of_30_Years "A Celebration of 30 Years")*, and a cameo appearance in *[It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie](/wiki/It%27s_a_Very_Merry_Muppet_Christmas_Movie "It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie")*. In the book *Of Muppets and Men*, Goelz explains that Beauregard was based on the clumsy Wendell Porcupine from *[Emmet Otter's Jug Band Christmas](/wiki/Emmet_Otter%27s_Jug_Band_Christmas "Emmet Otter's Jug Band Christmas")*. The main reason why Beauregard never became a star was because the writers thought he was too passive; he did not desire anything. This made Beauregard difficult to write for. In *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 "The Muppets (film)")*, Beauregard is found by [Scooter](/wiki/Scooter_%28Muppet%29 "Scooter (Muppet)") living in the janitor's closet of the old Muppet Theatre, seemingly unaware that *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show "The Muppet Show")* is no longer on the air. In *[Muppets Most Wanted](/wiki/Muppets_Most_Wanted "Muppets Most Wanted")*, Beauregard is the engineer of the train that is used for the Muppets' world tour. ### Crazy Harry * Performed by [John Lovelady](/wiki/John_Lovelady "John Lovelady") (1974, 1976–1977\), [Richard Hunt](/wiki/Richard_Hunt_%28puppeteer%29 "Richard Hunt (puppeteer)") (1975; 1981\) [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson "Jerry Nelson") (1976–2003\), Rickey Boyd (2005\), [Matt Vogel](/wiki/Matt_Vogel_%28puppeteer%29 "Matt Vogel (puppeteer)") (2008–present) **Crazy Harry** is a [pyrotechnician](/wiki/Pyrotechnician "Pyrotechnician") obsessed with explosives, who first appeared in *[The Muppets Valentine Show](/wiki/The_Muppets_Valentine_Show "The Muppets Valentine Show")* and later, *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show "The Muppet Show")*. Crazy Harry has black scruffy hair, an uncombed [chin curtain](/wiki/Chin_curtain "Chin curtain") beard and huge, egg\-shaped baggy eyes. Early in season one, he played [triangle](/wiki/Triangle_%28musical_instrument%29 "Triangle (musical instrument)") with the pit band. He usually carried a [plunger box](/wiki/Blasting_machine "Blasting machine") which would activate a hidden charge, often to his victim's chagrin. Once he assisted [Gonzo the Great](/wiki/Gonzo_%28Muppet%29 "Gonzo (Muppet)") in a cannonball\-catching act but perhaps overdid it on the powder, which resulted in an absurdly stretched right arm for Gonzo. In episode 28 he provided the "Ra\-ta\-ta\-ta\-ta!" chorus of "[Chanson d'Amour](/wiki/Chanson_d%27Amour "Chanson d'Amour")", happily blowing the stage and performers to smithereens with his little plunger and cackling. Harry also played solo backup for [Jean Stapleton](/wiki/Jean_Stapleton "Jean Stapleton")'s performance of "[I'm Just Wild About Harry](/wiki/I%27m_Just_Wild_About_Harry "I'm Just Wild About Harry")", with a collection of plunger boxes forming an "explodaphone", providing explosions at the end of every verse of the song. In the show's first couple of seasons, Harry's appearances were a regular [running gag](/wiki/Running_gag "Running gag"). After those first seasons, the gag was shelved along with Crazy Harry for the remainder of the show's run. Crazy Harry also appeared in *[The Muppet Movie](/wiki/The_Muppet_Movie "The Muppet Movie")*, complete with his explosive equipment, as one of the many Muppets in the audience to whom [Kermit the Frog](/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog "Kermit the Frog") screened the film. He appeared in *[The Muppets Take Manhattan](/wiki/The_Muppets_Take_Manhattan "The Muppets Take Manhattan")* as a wedding guest. In 2009, he appeared in the Muppets' music video "[Bohemian Rhapsody](/wiki/Bohemian_Rhapsody_%28The_Muppets%29 "Bohemian Rhapsody (The Muppets)")". In 2011, he appeared in *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 "The Muppets (film)")*, blasting his likeness onto [Mount Rushmore](/wiki/Mount_Rushmore "Mount Rushmore")—destroying [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln")'s face in the process—during the film's montage. In 2014, he appeared in a [Toyota Highlander](/wiki/Toyota_Highlander "Toyota Highlander") commercial, blasting Gonzo from a cannon, like a human cannonball, through the sunroof. In 2014, he appeared in *[Muppets Most Wanted](/wiki/Muppets_Most_Wanted "Muppets Most Wanted")*, in which a criminal uses the noise of Harry's explosions to cover the sounds of a break\-in. For the commercials for the then\-new [TNT](/wiki/TNT_%28U.S._TV_network%29 "TNT (U.S. TV network)") cable channel, Crazy Harry would be featured at the end of the commercials, prefixing his use of his plunger with the question "Did someone say TNT?"—followed by a maniacal laugh after the explosion. In the *[Dresden Files](/wiki/Dresden_Files "Dresden Files")* novel *[Blood Rites](/wiki/Blood_Rites_%28The_Dresden_Files%29 "Blood Rites (The Dresden Files)")*, several references are made to the "Bolshevik Muppet with all the dynamite". The phrase "Bolshevik Muppet" was then used as a warning by [Harry Dresden](/wiki/Harry_Dresden "Harry Dresden") to his allies just prior to setting off a large explosion. ### Lew Zealand * Performed by [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson "Jerry Nelson") (1978–2003\), [Bill Barretta](/wiki/Bill_Barretta "Bill Barretta") (2002–2005\), [Matt Vogel](/wiki/Matt_Vogel_%28puppeteer%29 "Matt Vogel (puppeteer)") (2008–present) **Lew Zealand** is a tan humanoid Muppet with dark hair, a mustache, a red knobby nose, a [ruff](/wiki/Ruff_%28clothing%29 "Ruff (clothing)") and a red ringmaster's suit. His name is a [portmanteau](/wiki/Portmanteau "Portmanteau") of [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") and [Lew Grade](/wiki/Lew_Grade "Lew Grade"), the distributor of *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show "The Muppet Show")*. Lew started out as a [Whatnot](/wiki/%23Whatnots "#Whatnots") before a permanent puppet was made of him. Lew has an obsession for throwing fish, which are unique in that they return to him once thrown—hence the term "[boomerang](/wiki/Boomerang "Boomerang") fish". His catchphrase is: "I throw the fish away, and it comes *back* to me!" Lew appears on *The Muppet Show* from season three onward trying to promote his Boomerang Fish act. He is also able to play a fish [organ](/wiki/Organ_%28music%29 "Organ (music)") (a line of fish that, when squeezed, each gargle a different note). The sketches he appears in usually end with the entire stage in an uproar. In the "[Marisa Berenson](/wiki/Marisa_Berenson "Marisa Berenson")" episode, he played a major part in that episode by using his timely boomerang fish to prevent [Kermit the Frog](/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog "Kermit the Frog") from being tricked into a real marriage during Miss Piggy's "wedding sketch". In the "[Leslie Uggams](/wiki/Leslie_Uggams "Leslie Uggams")" episode, Lew Zealand told Leslie how to be a great boomerang fish thrower by saying that "Well, you've got to have [sole](/wiki/Sole_%28fish%29 "Sole (fish)"). And if you can't get sole, get [halibut](/wiki/Halibut "Halibut")." In the "[Lynn Redgrave](/wiki/Lynn_Redgrave "Lynn Redgrave")" episode, he played a member of the [Merry Men](/wiki/Merry_Men "Merry Men") in the [Robin Hood](/wiki/Robin_Hood "Robin Hood") sketch. Lew Zealand has had supporting roles in *[The Great Muppet Caper](/wiki/The_Great_Muppet_Caper "The Great Muppet Caper")*, *[The Muppets Take Manhattan](/wiki/The_Muppets_Take_Manhattan "The Muppets Take Manhattan")*, *[Muppet Treasure Island](/wiki/Muppet_Treasure_Island "Muppet Treasure Island")*, and *[Muppets Haunted Mansion](/wiki/Muppets_Haunted_Mansion "Muppets Haunted Mansion")*. Lew Zealand has had cameo appearances in *[The Muppet Christmas Carol](/wiki/The_Muppet_Christmas_Carol "The Muppet Christmas Carol")* and *[Muppets From Space](/wiki/Muppets_From_Space "Muppets From Space")*. Lew Zealand has a supporting role in *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 "The Muppets (film)")*, where after rejoining the group to help save the Muppet Theatre from Tex Richman, Lew assists in kidnapping [Jack Black](/wiki/Jack_Black "Jack Black") to be the telethon's celebrity host. He later encourages Kermit not to give up on the Muppet Theatre. Lew reappears in *[Muppets Most Wanted](/wiki/Muppets_Most_Wanted "Muppets Most Wanted")*, joining the rest of the Muppets on their world tour. The Whatnot head construction for Lew Zealand was done by [Dave Goelz](/wiki/Dave_Goelz "Dave Goelz") and Lew Zealand's character finishing was done by Amy van Gilder. Jerry Nelson considered Lew Zealand to be a tribute to [Frankie Fontaine](/wiki/Frank_Fontaine "Frank Fontaine"). Nelson stated in an interview, "He had that dopey voice, but he could sing beautifully. We never did that part of it on the show, but just the idea of this guy who had a boomerang fish act. There were some really ridiculous acts on the show, and that was one of the all\-time dopey ones."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.toughpigs.com/a\-chat\-with\-jerry\-nelson\-part\-2/ \|title\=A Chat with Jerry Nelson, part 2 "Muppet Fans Who Grew Up \|publisher\=ToughPigs \|date\=2009\-12\-10 \|access\-date\=2014\-04\-23 \|archive\-date\=November 27, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127161707/http://www.toughpigs.com/a\-chat\-with\-jerry\-nelson\-part\-2/ \|url\-status\=live }} ### Link Hogthrob * Performed by [Jim Henson](/wiki/Jim_Henson "Jim Henson") (1977–1990\), [Steve Whitmire](/wiki/Steve_Whitmire "Steve Whitmire") (2000–2016\), [Peter Linz](/wiki/Peter_Linz "Peter Linz") (2017–present) **Link Hogthrob** is a dim\-witted pig possessing traits of a stereotypical [leading man](/wiki/Leading_man "Leading man"), with wavy blond hair, a manly [cleft](/wiki/Chin%23Cleft_chin "Chin#Cleft chin") [chin](/wiki/Chin "Chin"), and a high opinion of himself. In *The Muppet Show*, Link is best known as the captain of the *Swinetrek* on the recurring sketch *[Pigs in Space](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show%23Recurring_sketches "The Muppet Show#Recurring sketches")* where his unbridled machismo is often a source of conflict with his co\-star, [First Mate Piggy](/wiki/Miss_Piggy "Miss Piggy"). Unlike Dr. Julius Strangepork, whose role on *The Muppet Show* would primarily be on *Pigs in Space*, sketches including "Wonder Pig", Link would feature regularly both in the show's onstage acts and backstage mayhem. Link's singing talents featured a number of times in solos (such as "[Sonny Boy](/wiki/Sonny_Boy_%28song%29 "Sonny Boy (song)")"), duets ("[Là ci darem la mano](/wiki/L%C3%A0_ci_darem_la_mano "Là ci darem la mano")"), and group numbers. Starting in the show's third season, Link was also featured as the police chief in the recurring *Bear on Patrol* sketches, where his [dimwittedness](/wiki/Dimwit "Dimwit") was often the source of physical trauma to [patrol officer](/wiki/Patrol_officer "Patrol officer") Fozzie Bear. Henson's son, [Brian Henson](/wiki/Brian_Henson "Brian Henson"), recalled that his father often used Link's deep\-throated, [pompous](/wiki/Pompous "Pompous") voice when performing some stereotypically masculine chore, such as carving the [Thanksgiving](/wiki/Thanksgiving_%28United_States%29 "Thanksgiving (United States)") turkey. Link was later one of the few classic *Muppet Show* characters to be used regularly in the Muppet Central [control room](/wiki/Control_room "Control room") on *[The Jim Henson Hour](/wiki/The_Jim_Henson_Hour "The Jim Henson Hour")*. Since Henson's death, Link has mostly remained a non\-speaking Muppet, although he has since appeared occasionally in silent [cameos](/wiki/Cameo_appearance "Cameo appearance") in such productions as *[The Muppet Christmas Carol](/wiki/The_Muppet_Christmas_Carol "The Muppet Christmas Carol")*, *[Muppet Treasure Island](/wiki/Muppet_Treasure_Island "Muppet Treasure Island")*, *[Muppets Tonight](/wiki/Muppets_Tonight "Muppets Tonight")* and *[Muppets from Space](/wiki/Muppets_from_Space "Muppets from Space")*. His only speaking roles from 1990 to 2011 were in the video games *[Muppet RaceMania](/wiki/Muppet_RaceMania "Muppet RaceMania")* and *[Muppets Party Cruise](/wiki/Muppets_Party_Cruise "Muppets Party Cruise")*, as voiced by [Steve Whitmire](/wiki/Steve_Whitmire "Steve Whitmire"). Whitmire performed Link for the 2011 movie *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%282011_film%29 "The Muppets (2011 film)")*. The appearance featured the first speaking appearance of the puppet ever since Henson's death. Link appears in several scenes in the background and gets a moment in the spotlight as part of a [barbershop quartet](/wiki/Barbershop_music "Barbershop music"), singing "[Smells Like Teen Spirit](/wiki/Smells_Like_Teen_Spirit "Smells Like Teen Spirit")". In *[Muppets Most Wanted](/wiki/Muppets_Most_Wanted "Muppets Most Wanted")*, Link returned to prominence for the first time in decades, having several lines of dialogue and his own scene with [Usher](/wiki/Usher_%28musician%29 "Usher (musician)"). An animated version of Link was seen in *Pigs in Space* segments in *[Little Muppet Monsters](/wiki/Little_Muppet_Monsters "Little Muppet Monsters")* (voiced by [Bob Bergen](/wiki/Bob_Bergen "Bob Bergen")) and an episode of *[Muppet Babies](/wiki/Muppet_Babies_%281984_TV_series%29 "Muppet Babies (1984 TV series)")*. A walk\-around version of Link was created for *The Muppet Show on Tour*. An [action figure](/wiki/Action_figure "Action figure") of Link was produced in 2003 as part of Series 4 of [Palisades Toys](/wiki/Palisades_Toys "Palisades Toys")' line of Muppet action figures. ### Marvin Suggs * Performed by [Frank Oz](/wiki/Frank_Oz "Frank Oz") (1976–1981\), [Eric Jacobson](/wiki/Eric_Jacobson "Eric Jacobson") (2011–present) **Marvin Suggs** is a flamboyant musician that wears a frilly, multicolored shirt. He is best known for playing an instrument known as a Muppaphone,{{Cite book\|title\=Puppetry and Puppets\|last\=Blumenthal\|first\=Eileen\|year\=2005\|isbn\=0\-500\-51226\-4\|publisher\=Thames \& Hudson\|page\=155}} a group of small, round, furry pink and orange Muppets that emit a tonal "[ow](/wiki/wikt:Ow "Ow")" (voiced by Henson and Jerry Nelson) when Marvin strikes them on the head with his [mallet](/wiki/Mallet "Mallet"). During season three of *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show "The Muppet Show")*, Suggs and the Muppaphone were part of an "explicit criticism of violence" with Suggs being explicitly punished for his violence in an episode where a [witchdoctor](/wiki/Witchdoctor "Witchdoctor") turns Suggs' head into a Muppaphone.{{cite book\|last1\=Garlen\|first1\=Jennifer C.\|last2\=Graham\|first2\=Anissa M.\|title\=Kermit Culture: Critical Perspectives on Jim Henson's Muppets\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Rac9xis0BIgC\&pg\=PA151\|access\-date\=21 October 2014\|date\=2009\-01\-01\|publisher\=McFarland\|isbn\=9780786453757\|pages\=151–\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705062001/http://books.google.com/books?id\=Rac9xis0BIgC\&pg\=PA151\|archive\-date\=July 5, 2014\|df\=mdy\-all}} The act has been compared to the sketch from *[Monty Python's Flying Circus](/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus "Monty Python's Flying Circus")* called "Arthur Ewing and His Musical Mice".{{cite book\|last\=Childs\|first\=T. Mike\|title\=The Rocklopedia Fakebandica\|url\=https://archive.org/details/rocklopediafakeb00chil\|url\-access\=registration\|access\-date\=21 April 2013\|date\=2004\-11\-06\|publisher\=St. Martin's Press\|isbn\=9780312329440\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/rocklopediafakeb00chil/page/3 3]–\|df\=mdy\-all}} He was designed by [Rollie Krewson](/wiki/Rollie_Krewson "Rollie Krewson"). He appears in 2011's *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 "The Muppets (film)")*. ### The Newsman * Performed by [Jim Henson](/wiki/Jim_Henson "Jim Henson") (1976–1990\), [Richard Hunt](/wiki/Richard_Hunt_%28puppeteer%29 "Richard Hunt (puppeteer)") (1981\), [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson "Jerry Nelson") (1996\), [Brian Henson](/wiki/Brian_Henson "Brian Henson") (2001–2003\), [Steve Whitmire](/wiki/Steve_Whitmire "Steve Whitmire") (2008–2016\), [Eric Jacobson](/wiki/Eric_Jacobson "Eric Jacobson") (2017–present) **The Newsman** is the bespectacled [newsman](/wiki/News_presenter "News presenter") for *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show "The Muppet Show")*, who tries to deliver the news with accuracy, but is visibly flummoxed on camera by the day's latest bizarre story or interview. Interviews were a more common part of the *Muppet News Flash* segments in its first season, where the interviewees were portrayed by the show's guest star. From the second season onward, he would almost invariably suffer some calamity related to the story, such as having items dropped on his head or the newsroom destroyed. ### Pops * Performed by [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson "Jerry Nelson") (1980–2002\), [Matt Vogel](/wiki/Matt_Vogel_%28puppeteer%29 "Matt Vogel (puppeteer)") (2011–present) **Pops** is an elderly doorman at the Muppet Theatre in *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show "The Muppet Show")*. He greeted the week's guest star in every episode of the fifth season. He also had a major part as the innkeeper of the Happiness Hotel in *[The Great Muppet Caper](/wiki/The_Great_Muppet_Caper "The Great Muppet Caper")*. Since then, he has only had a couple of supporting roles, minor roles and cameo appearances. ### Robin the Frog [thumbnail\|175px\|Robin the Frog](/wiki/File:RobinTheFrog.jpg "RobinTheFrog.jpg") * Performed by [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson "Jerry Nelson") (1971–2003\), [Matt Vogel](/wiki/Matt_Vogel_%28puppeteer%29 "Matt Vogel (puppeteer)") (2008–2017\), [Peter Linz](/wiki/Peter_Linz "Peter Linz") (2017–present) **Robin the Frog** is Kermit's young, sweet\-voiced [nephew](/wiki/Niece_and_nephew "Niece and nephew"). He has appeared in most Muppet productions since *The Muppet Show*. He loves to spend time with his Uncle Kermit, his best friend [Sweetums](/wiki/%23Sweetums "#Sweetums"), and his boys' club, the Frog Scouts. Robin first appeared in *[The Frog Prince](/wiki/The_Frog_Prince_%28Muppets%29 "The Frog Prince (Muppets)")* as Sir Robin the Brave. One of his most famous moments was singing "[Halfway Down the Stairs](/wiki/Halfway_Down_%28poem%29 "Halfway Down (poem)")", a song based on a poem by [Winnie the Pooh](/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh "Winnie-the-Pooh") creator [A. A. Milne](/wiki/A._A._Milne "A. A. Milne"). He also has an important role in episode 212 of *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show "The Muppet Show")*, when he was feeling sad for being so small until the guest star [Bernadette Peters](/wiki/Bernadette_Peters "Bernadette Peters") and all Robin's Muppet friends sing the song "Just One Person" to cheer him up. In the animated *[Muppet Babies](/wiki/Muppet_Babies_%281984_TV_series%29 "Muppet Babies (1984 TV series)")* series, Robin appeared as a [tadpole](/wiki/Tadpole "Tadpole") in a [fish bowl](/wiki/Fish_bowl "Fish bowl"), as all the characters were younger versions of their live\-action selves, and was said to be the son of Kermit's (unnamed and unseen) big sister. Robin's roles in the Muppet movies varied from supporting roles, minor roles and cameos to large roles, though he has not appeared in many Muppet movies. In *[The Muppet Movie](/wiki/The_Muppet_Movie "The Muppet Movie")* (1979\), he had a minor role at the beginning of the movie at the [film screening](/wiki/Film_screening "Film screening") where he asks Kermit if the movie is about how the Muppets got started. He also had a few other scenes and is with the other Muppets in the finale. In the TV special *[John Denver and the Muppets: A Christmas Together](/wiki/John_Denver_and_the_Muppets:A_Christmas_Together "A Christmas Together")* (1979\) Robin helps sing many of the Christmas Carols with the other Muppets and [John Denver](/wiki/John_Denver "John Denver"). In the TV movie *[Rocky Mountain Holiday](/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Holiday "Rocky Mountain Holiday")* (1982\) Robin plays a more major role as he tries to help out as a Frog Scout and bonds with John Denver through the process. In *[The Muppets Take Manhattan](/wiki/The_Muppets_Take_Manhattan "The Muppets Take Manhattan")* (1984\), he only appeared in the audience at the wedding. In *[A Muppet Family Christmas](/wiki/A_Muppet_Family_Christmas "A Muppet Family Christmas")*, Robin discovered the Fraggle hole in the basement, taking Kermit with him and meeting the five main Fraggles. Robin played the role of [Tiny Tim](/wiki/Tiny_Tim_%28A_Christmas_Carol%29 "Tiny Tim (A Christmas Carol)") in *[The Muppet Christmas Carol](/wiki/The_Muppet_Christmas_Carol "The Muppet Christmas Carol")* (1992\), his largest role to date. His next appearance was in the [direct\-to\-video](/wiki/Direct-to-video "Direct-to-video") *[Muppet Classic Theater](/wiki/Muppet_Classic_Theater "Muppet Classic Theater")* (1994\) where he appeared in "[The Emperor's New Clothes](/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes "The Emperor's New Clothes")" sketch in a minimal role, realizing [Fozzie](/wiki/Fozzie_Bear "Fozzie Bear") (the emperor) was not wearing clothes. He also appeared alongside Kermit in [The Elves and the Shoemaker](/wiki/The_Elves_and_the_Shoemaker "The Elves and the Shoemaker") sketch where he took on the role of the shoemaker's nephew. He had a minor role (with dialogue) in *[Muppets From Space](/wiki/Muppets_From_Space "Muppets From Space")* (1999\) in the boarding house. His final role with Jerry Nelson as his performer was in 2002's *[It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie](/wiki/It%27s_a_Very_Merry_Muppet_Christmas_Movie "It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie")*, which was arguably his second\-largest role to date; he appears in the [Muppet Theatre](/wiki/Muppet_Theatre "Muppet Theatre") in a few scenes and in the Moulin Scrooge scene as the green fairy. After a five\-year absence, Robin returned in *[A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa](/wiki/A_Muppets_Christmas:Letters_to_Santa "Letters to Santa")*, performed by [Matt Vogel](/wiki/Matt_Vogel_%28puppeteer%29 "Matt Vogel (puppeteer)"). He wore his Tiny Tim attire in a 2009 appearance on *[Late Night with Jimmy Fallon](/wiki/Late_Night_with_Jimmy_Fallon "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon")* and made a non\-speaking [cameo appearance](/wiki/Cameo_appearance "Cameo appearance") in the film *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 "The Muppets (film)")*. Robin, along with his Uncle Kermit, appeared again on *Late Night with Jimmy Fallon* to sing "[When the River Meets the Sea](/wiki/When_the_River_Meets_the_Sea "When the River Meets the Sea")" on December 23, 2011, once again, performed by Matt Vogel. He also made a minor role in 2014's *[Muppets Most Wanted](/wiki/Muppets_Most_Wanted "Muppets Most Wanted")*, again performed by Vogel. Robin (voiced by Vogel) is the "guest star" of the February 23, 2016 episode of *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28TV_series%29 "The Muppets (TV series)")* titled "[Little Green Lie](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28TV_series%29%23Episodes "The Muppets (TV series)#Episodes")". In the episode, Kermit and Miss Piggy pretend to still be in a relationship so as not to upset Robin, whose parents are divorcing. ### Sweetums * Performed by [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson "Jerry Nelson") (1971, in\-suit performer, 2000\), [Carl Banas](/wiki/Carl_Banas "Carl Banas") (1971, voice only), [Richard Hunt](/wiki/Richard_Hunt_%28puppeteer%29 "Richard Hunt (puppeteer)") (1976–1991\), [John Henson](/wiki/John_Henson_%28puppeteer%29 "John Henson (puppeteer)") (1991, 1996–2005\), [Victor Yerrid](/wiki/Victor_Yerrid "Victor Yerrid") (2005\), [Noel MacNeal](/wiki/Noel_MacNeal "Noel MacNeal") (2006–2009\), [Matt Vogel](/wiki/Matt_Vogel_%28puppeteer%29 "Matt Vogel (puppeteer)") (2009–present) **Sweetums** is a very large, imposing and hairy [ogre](/wiki/Ogre "Ogre") about nine feet tall. Despite appearing physically intimidating, he is often depicted as friendly and harmless. Sweetums has very thick blondish\-brown hair all over his body. He has a very large lower jaw, similar to a bulldog, which juts out, revealing two pointy tusk\-like teeth. He has thick, brown eyebrows over his large yellow eyes and large nose. He often wears a shabby, burlap\-like brown shirt. Many are fooled by his intimidating appearance, but he is very nice and humble, hence his name, "Sweetums". Sweetums first appeared on the television special *[The Frog Prince](/wiki/The_Frog_Prince_%28Muppets%29 "The Frog Prince (Muppets)")* (based on the [story of the same name](/wiki/The_Frog_Prince "The Frog Prince")) in 1971 as the henchman of a full\-bodied Taminella Ginderfall (who was previously seen in the pilots to *Tales of the Tinkerdee* and *The Land of Tinkerdee*). There he tried to eat the hero, played by [Kermit](/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog "Kermit the Frog")'s nephew [Robin](/wiki/%23Robin_the_Frog "#Robin the Frog"). He later performed a [duet](/wiki/Duet "Duet") with Robin and the two appeared together on [merchandise](/wiki/Product_%28business%29 "Product (business)") as best friends. During his first appearance, Sweetums was performed by Muppeteer [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson "Jerry Nelson") and voiced by voice veteran [Carl Banas](/wiki/Carl_Banas "Carl Banas"), but soon after, [Richard Hunt](/wiki/Richard_Hunt_%28puppeteer%29 "Richard Hunt (puppeteer)") made the character his own. Hunt gave life to Sweetums throughout the run of *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show "The Muppet Show")* and the first two Muppet movies. During the making of [Muppet\*Vision 3D](/wiki/Muppet%2AVision_3D "Muppet*Vision 3D") when Hunt's health deteriorated, Muppet creator [Jim Henson](/wiki/Jim_Henson "Jim Henson")'s son, [John Henson](/wiki/John_Henson_%28puppeteer%29 "John Henson (puppeteer)"), did the puppetry, while Hunt did the voice. After Richard Hunt died, John Henson eventually took over both the voice and puppetry. Sweetums also played a car [jack](/wiki/Jack_%28device%29 "Jack (device)") in a used\-car lot in *[The Muppet Movie](/wiki/The_Muppet_Movie "The Muppet Movie")* where a salesman introduced him as his Jack. When called "Jack" by Kermit, he replied, "Jack not name; jack job!". After Kermit and his friends ask him if he wants to go to [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_Los_Angeles "Hollywood, Los Angeles") with them, he shouts "Hollywood!" repeatedly and runs away, only to come back with his suitcase shortly after the group has left. He pursues the group for the duration of the movie, finally making it to Hollywood, bursting through the movie screen, shouting "I made it!!" During the montage of the Muppets getting back together again in *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 "The Muppets (film)")*, Sweetums is shown working at the same lot and is again forced to chase after the group's car. He also has supporting roles and minor roles in *[The Great Muppet Caper](/wiki/The_Great_Muppet_Caper "The Great Muppet Caper")*, *[Muppet Treasure Island](/wiki/Muppet_Treasure_Island "Muppet Treasure Island")*, *[Muppets from Space](/wiki/Muppets_from_Space "Muppets from Space")*, *[The Muppets' Wizard of Oz](/wiki/The_Muppets%27_Wizard_of_Oz "The Muppets' Wizard of Oz")*, and various other Muppet specials. Sweetums was performed by [Matt Vogel](/wiki/Matt_Vogel_%28puppeteer%29 "Matt Vogel (puppeteer)") in 2011's *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 "The Muppets (film)")* and *[Muppets Most Wanted](/wiki/Muppets_Most_Wanted "Muppets Most Wanted")*. The character also appears at [Walt Disney World](/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Resort "Walt Disney World Resort")'s [Disney's Hollywood Studios](/wiki/Disney%27s_Hollywood_Studios "Disney's Hollywood Studios") and [Disneyland](/wiki/Disneyland_Resort "Disneyland Resort")'s [Disney California Adventure](/wiki/Disney_California_Adventure "Disney California Adventure") in *[Muppet\*Vision 3D](/wiki/Muppet%2AVision_3D "Muppet*Vision 3D")*. He is the only Muppet to appear "live" in the show. All other Muppets that appear in the theater are [audio\-animatronics](/wiki/Audio-Animatronics "Audio-Animatronics"). The character was seen in an episode of *[Statler and Waldorf: From the Balcony](/wiki/Statler_and_Waldorf:From_the_Balcony "From the Balcony")*. In the [2015 TV series](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28TV_series%29 "The Muppets (TV series)"), Sweetums is in charge of the cue cards for the show.
[ "Recurring characters\n--------------------", "{{overly detailed\\|section\\|date\\=August 2017}}", "### Beauregard", "* Performed by [Dave Goelz](/wiki/Dave_Goelz \"Dave Goelz\")", "**Beauregard** is the Muppets' backstage [janitor](/wiki/Janitor \"Janitor\") and [stagehand](/wiki/Stagehand \"Stagehand\") of indeterminate species. Debuting in season three of *The Muppet Show*, Beauregard originally wore a gray jacket over his plaid shirt, but in the fourth season, he stopped wearing the jacket. It is revealed in *The Muppet Show On Tour* that he calls his mop \"Belleregard.\" [Beaker](/wiki/Beaker_%28Muppet%29 \"Beaker (Muppet)\") occasionally assists Beauregard with stagehand duties. He tries to be helpful, but his dimwitted efforts frequently result in disaster. His slow wit is often preyed upon by other characters who use him to their own purposes. He has a characteristic blink and often turns to the camera and says, \"Right\". Beauregard has [superhuman strength](/wiki/Superhuman_strength \"Superhuman strength\"), which is illustrated by his ability to effortlessly lift and carry around objects that are far too heavy to carry, such as an anvil, couch or piano.", "Beauregard appeared on the stage in various sketches and skits. Other times, Beauregard appears accidentally on stage during productions, still working on the props until he realizes that he is intruding and must either rush out of sight or attempt to blend in with the action. However, Beauregard was more comfortable backstage.", "Beauregard also appeared in *[The Great Muppet Caper](/wiki/The_Great_Muppet_Caper \"The Great Muppet Caper\")* in 1981, where he played a [taxi driver](/wiki/Taxicab_driver \"Taxicab driver\"). He brought Kermit, Fozzie, and Gonzo to the Happiness Hotel, and right through the front door, into the lobby. Beauregard's other major role was in the 1990 special *[The Muppets at Walt Disney World](/wiki/The_Muppets_at_Walt_Disney_World \"The Muppets at Walt Disney World\")*, where he dragged Miss Piggy onto a series of thrill rides.", "He has also had minor roles in later projects, including *[The Muppets Take Manhattan](/wiki/The_Muppets_Take_Manhattan \"The Muppets Take Manhattan\")*, *[Muppets Tonight](/wiki/Muppets_Tonight \"Muppets Tonight\")* and *[The Muppets: A Celebration of 30 Years](/wiki/The_Muppets:A_Celebration_of_30_Years \"A Celebration of 30 Years\")*, and a cameo appearance in *[It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie](/wiki/It%27s_a_Very_Merry_Muppet_Christmas_Movie \"It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie\")*. In the book *Of Muppets and Men*, Goelz explains that Beauregard was based on the clumsy Wendell Porcupine from *[Emmet Otter's Jug Band Christmas](/wiki/Emmet_Otter%27s_Jug_Band_Christmas \"Emmet Otter's Jug Band Christmas\")*. The main reason why Beauregard never became a star was because the writers thought he was too passive; he did not desire anything. This made Beauregard difficult to write for. In *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 \"The Muppets (film)\")*, Beauregard is found by [Scooter](/wiki/Scooter_%28Muppet%29 \"Scooter (Muppet)\") living in the janitor's closet of the old Muppet Theatre, seemingly unaware that *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show \"The Muppet Show\")* is no longer on the air. In *[Muppets Most Wanted](/wiki/Muppets_Most_Wanted \"Muppets Most Wanted\")*, Beauregard is the engineer of the train that is used for the Muppets' world tour.", "### Crazy Harry", "* Performed by [John Lovelady](/wiki/John_Lovelady \"John Lovelady\") (1974, 1976–1977\\), [Richard Hunt](/wiki/Richard_Hunt_%28puppeteer%29 \"Richard Hunt (puppeteer)\") (1975; 1981\\) [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson \"Jerry Nelson\") (1976–2003\\), Rickey Boyd (2005\\), [Matt Vogel](/wiki/Matt_Vogel_%28puppeteer%29 \"Matt Vogel (puppeteer)\") (2008–present)", "**Crazy Harry** is a [pyrotechnician](/wiki/Pyrotechnician \"Pyrotechnician\") obsessed with explosives, who first appeared in *[The Muppets Valentine Show](/wiki/The_Muppets_Valentine_Show \"The Muppets Valentine Show\")* and later, *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show \"The Muppet Show\")*. Crazy Harry has black scruffy hair, an uncombed [chin curtain](/wiki/Chin_curtain \"Chin curtain\") beard and huge, egg\\-shaped baggy eyes. Early in season one, he played [triangle](/wiki/Triangle_%28musical_instrument%29 \"Triangle (musical instrument)\") with the pit band. He usually carried a [plunger box](/wiki/Blasting_machine \"Blasting machine\") which would activate a hidden charge, often to his victim's chagrin. Once he assisted [Gonzo the Great](/wiki/Gonzo_%28Muppet%29 \"Gonzo (Muppet)\") in a cannonball\\-catching act but perhaps overdid it on the powder, which resulted in an absurdly stretched right arm for Gonzo. In episode 28 he provided the \"Ra\\-ta\\-ta\\-ta\\-ta!\" chorus of \"[Chanson d'Amour](/wiki/Chanson_d%27Amour \"Chanson d'Amour\")\", happily blowing the stage and performers to smithereens with his little plunger and cackling. Harry also played solo backup for [Jean Stapleton](/wiki/Jean_Stapleton \"Jean Stapleton\")'s performance of \"[I'm Just Wild About Harry](/wiki/I%27m_Just_Wild_About_Harry \"I'm Just Wild About Harry\")\", with a collection of plunger boxes forming an \"explodaphone\", providing explosions at the end of every verse of the song. In the show's first couple of seasons, Harry's appearances were a regular [running gag](/wiki/Running_gag \"Running gag\"). After those first seasons, the gag was shelved along with Crazy Harry for the remainder of the show's run.", "Crazy Harry also appeared in *[The Muppet Movie](/wiki/The_Muppet_Movie \"The Muppet Movie\")*, complete with his explosive equipment, as one of the many Muppets in the audience to whom [Kermit the Frog](/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog \"Kermit the Frog\") screened the film. He appeared in *[The Muppets Take Manhattan](/wiki/The_Muppets_Take_Manhattan \"The Muppets Take Manhattan\")* as a wedding guest. In 2009, he appeared in the Muppets' music video \"[Bohemian Rhapsody](/wiki/Bohemian_Rhapsody_%28The_Muppets%29 \"Bohemian Rhapsody (The Muppets)\")\". In 2011, he appeared in *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 \"The Muppets (film)\")*, blasting his likeness onto [Mount Rushmore](/wiki/Mount_Rushmore \"Mount Rushmore\")—destroying [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln \"Abraham Lincoln\")'s face in the process—during the film's montage. In 2014, he appeared in a [Toyota Highlander](/wiki/Toyota_Highlander \"Toyota Highlander\") commercial, blasting Gonzo from a cannon, like a human cannonball, through the sunroof. In 2014, he appeared in *[Muppets Most Wanted](/wiki/Muppets_Most_Wanted \"Muppets Most Wanted\")*, in which a criminal uses the noise of Harry's explosions to cover the sounds of a break\\-in.", "For the commercials for the then\\-new [TNT](/wiki/TNT_%28U.S._TV_network%29 \"TNT (U.S. TV network)\") cable channel, Crazy Harry would be featured at the end of the commercials, prefixing his use of his plunger with the question \"Did someone say TNT?\"—followed by a maniacal laugh after the explosion. In the *[Dresden Files](/wiki/Dresden_Files \"Dresden Files\")* novel *[Blood Rites](/wiki/Blood_Rites_%28The_Dresden_Files%29 \"Blood Rites (The Dresden Files)\")*, several references are made to the \"Bolshevik Muppet with all the dynamite\". The phrase \"Bolshevik Muppet\" was then used as a warning by [Harry Dresden](/wiki/Harry_Dresden \"Harry Dresden\") to his allies just prior to setting off a large explosion.", "### Lew Zealand", "* Performed by [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson \"Jerry Nelson\") (1978–2003\\), [Bill Barretta](/wiki/Bill_Barretta \"Bill Barretta\") (2002–2005\\), [Matt Vogel](/wiki/Matt_Vogel_%28puppeteer%29 \"Matt Vogel (puppeteer)\") (2008–present)", "**Lew Zealand** is a tan humanoid Muppet with dark hair, a mustache, a red knobby nose, a [ruff](/wiki/Ruff_%28clothing%29 \"Ruff (clothing)\") and a red ringmaster's suit. His name is a [portmanteau](/wiki/Portmanteau \"Portmanteau\") of [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\") and [Lew Grade](/wiki/Lew_Grade \"Lew Grade\"), the distributor of *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show \"The Muppet Show\")*. Lew started out as a [Whatnot](/wiki/%23Whatnots \"#Whatnots\") before a permanent puppet was made of him. Lew has an obsession for throwing fish, which are unique in that they return to him once thrown—hence the term \"[boomerang](/wiki/Boomerang \"Boomerang\") fish\". His catchphrase is: \"I throw the fish away, and it comes *back* to me!\" Lew appears on *The Muppet Show* from season three onward trying to promote his Boomerang Fish act. He is also able to play a fish [organ](/wiki/Organ_%28music%29 \"Organ (music)\") (a line of fish that, when squeezed, each gargle a different note). The sketches he appears in usually end with the entire stage in an uproar. In the \"[Marisa Berenson](/wiki/Marisa_Berenson \"Marisa Berenson\")\" episode, he played a major part in that episode by using his timely boomerang fish to prevent [Kermit the Frog](/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog \"Kermit the Frog\") from being tricked into a real marriage during Miss Piggy's \"wedding sketch\". In the \"[Leslie Uggams](/wiki/Leslie_Uggams \"Leslie Uggams\")\" episode, Lew Zealand told Leslie how to be a great boomerang fish thrower by saying that \"Well, you've got to have [sole](/wiki/Sole_%28fish%29 \"Sole (fish)\"). And if you can't get sole, get [halibut](/wiki/Halibut \"Halibut\").\" In the \"[Lynn Redgrave](/wiki/Lynn_Redgrave \"Lynn Redgrave\")\" episode, he played a member of the [Merry Men](/wiki/Merry_Men \"Merry Men\") in the [Robin Hood](/wiki/Robin_Hood \"Robin Hood\") sketch.", "Lew Zealand has had supporting roles in *[The Great Muppet Caper](/wiki/The_Great_Muppet_Caper \"The Great Muppet Caper\")*, *[The Muppets Take Manhattan](/wiki/The_Muppets_Take_Manhattan \"The Muppets Take Manhattan\")*, *[Muppet Treasure Island](/wiki/Muppet_Treasure_Island \"Muppet Treasure Island\")*, and *[Muppets Haunted Mansion](/wiki/Muppets_Haunted_Mansion \"Muppets Haunted Mansion\")*. Lew Zealand has had cameo appearances in *[The Muppet Christmas Carol](/wiki/The_Muppet_Christmas_Carol \"The Muppet Christmas Carol\")* and *[Muppets From Space](/wiki/Muppets_From_Space \"Muppets From Space\")*. Lew Zealand has a supporting role in *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 \"The Muppets (film)\")*, where after rejoining the group to help save the Muppet Theatre from Tex Richman, Lew assists in kidnapping [Jack Black](/wiki/Jack_Black \"Jack Black\") to be the telethon's celebrity host. He later encourages Kermit not to give up on the Muppet Theatre. Lew reappears in *[Muppets Most Wanted](/wiki/Muppets_Most_Wanted \"Muppets Most Wanted\")*, joining the rest of the Muppets on their world tour.", "The Whatnot head construction for Lew Zealand was done by [Dave Goelz](/wiki/Dave_Goelz \"Dave Goelz\") and Lew Zealand's character finishing was done by Amy van Gilder. Jerry Nelson considered Lew Zealand to be a tribute to [Frankie Fontaine](/wiki/Frank_Fontaine \"Frank Fontaine\"). Nelson stated in an interview, \"He had that dopey voice, but he could sing beautifully. We never did that part of it on the show, but just the idea of this guy who had a boomerang fish act. There were some really ridiculous acts on the show, and that was one of the all\\-time dopey ones.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.toughpigs.com/a\\-chat\\-with\\-jerry\\-nelson\\-part\\-2/ \\|title\\=A Chat with Jerry Nelson, part 2 \"Muppet Fans Who Grew Up \\|publisher\\=ToughPigs \\|date\\=2009\\-12\\-10 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-04\\-23 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 27, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127161707/http://www.toughpigs.com/a\\-chat\\-with\\-jerry\\-nelson\\-part\\-2/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### Link Hogthrob", "* Performed by [Jim Henson](/wiki/Jim_Henson \"Jim Henson\") (1977–1990\\), [Steve Whitmire](/wiki/Steve_Whitmire \"Steve Whitmire\") (2000–2016\\), [Peter Linz](/wiki/Peter_Linz \"Peter Linz\") (2017–present)", "**Link Hogthrob** is a dim\\-witted pig possessing traits of a stereotypical [leading man](/wiki/Leading_man \"Leading man\"), with wavy blond hair, a manly [cleft](/wiki/Chin%23Cleft_chin \"Chin#Cleft chin\") [chin](/wiki/Chin \"Chin\"), and a high opinion of himself. In *The Muppet Show*, Link is best known as the captain of the *Swinetrek* on the recurring sketch *[Pigs in Space](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show%23Recurring_sketches \"The Muppet Show#Recurring sketches\")* where his unbridled machismo is often a source of conflict with his co\\-star, [First Mate Piggy](/wiki/Miss_Piggy \"Miss Piggy\"). Unlike Dr. Julius Strangepork, whose role on *The Muppet Show* would primarily be on *Pigs in Space*, sketches including \"Wonder Pig\", Link would feature regularly both in the show's onstage acts and backstage mayhem. Link's singing talents featured a number of times in solos (such as \"[Sonny Boy](/wiki/Sonny_Boy_%28song%29 \"Sonny Boy (song)\")\"), duets (\"[Là ci darem la mano](/wiki/L%C3%A0_ci_darem_la_mano \"Là ci darem la mano\")\"), and group numbers. Starting in the show's third season, Link was also featured as the police chief in the recurring *Bear on Patrol* sketches, where his [dimwittedness](/wiki/Dimwit \"Dimwit\") was often the source of physical trauma to [patrol officer](/wiki/Patrol_officer \"Patrol officer\") Fozzie Bear. Henson's son, [Brian Henson](/wiki/Brian_Henson \"Brian Henson\"), recalled that his father often used Link's deep\\-throated, [pompous](/wiki/Pompous \"Pompous\") voice when performing some stereotypically masculine chore, such as carving the [Thanksgiving](/wiki/Thanksgiving_%28United_States%29 \"Thanksgiving (United States)\") turkey.", "Link was later one of the few classic *Muppet Show* characters to be used regularly in the Muppet Central [control room](/wiki/Control_room \"Control room\") on *[The Jim Henson Hour](/wiki/The_Jim_Henson_Hour \"The Jim Henson Hour\")*.", "Since Henson's death, Link has mostly remained a non\\-speaking Muppet, although he has since appeared occasionally in silent [cameos](/wiki/Cameo_appearance \"Cameo appearance\") in such productions as *[The Muppet Christmas Carol](/wiki/The_Muppet_Christmas_Carol \"The Muppet Christmas Carol\")*, *[Muppet Treasure Island](/wiki/Muppet_Treasure_Island \"Muppet Treasure Island\")*, *[Muppets Tonight](/wiki/Muppets_Tonight \"Muppets Tonight\")* and *[Muppets from Space](/wiki/Muppets_from_Space \"Muppets from Space\")*. His only speaking roles from 1990 to 2011 were in the video games *[Muppet RaceMania](/wiki/Muppet_RaceMania \"Muppet RaceMania\")* and *[Muppets Party Cruise](/wiki/Muppets_Party_Cruise \"Muppets Party Cruise\")*, as voiced by [Steve Whitmire](/wiki/Steve_Whitmire \"Steve Whitmire\"). Whitmire performed Link for the 2011 movie *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%282011_film%29 \"The Muppets (2011 film)\")*. The appearance featured the first speaking appearance of the puppet ever since Henson's death. Link appears in several scenes in the background and gets a moment in the spotlight as part of a [barbershop quartet](/wiki/Barbershop_music \"Barbershop music\"), singing \"[Smells Like Teen Spirit](/wiki/Smells_Like_Teen_Spirit \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\")\". In *[Muppets Most Wanted](/wiki/Muppets_Most_Wanted \"Muppets Most Wanted\")*, Link returned to prominence for the first time in decades, having several lines of dialogue and his own scene with [Usher](/wiki/Usher_%28musician%29 \"Usher (musician)\").", "An animated version of Link was seen in *Pigs in Space* segments in *[Little Muppet Monsters](/wiki/Little_Muppet_Monsters \"Little Muppet Monsters\")* (voiced by [Bob Bergen](/wiki/Bob_Bergen \"Bob Bergen\")) and an episode of *[Muppet Babies](/wiki/Muppet_Babies_%281984_TV_series%29 \"Muppet Babies (1984 TV series)\")*. A walk\\-around version of Link was created for *The Muppet Show on Tour*. An [action figure](/wiki/Action_figure \"Action figure\") of Link was produced in 2003 as part of Series 4 of [Palisades Toys](/wiki/Palisades_Toys \"Palisades Toys\")' line of Muppet action figures.", "### Marvin Suggs", "* Performed by [Frank Oz](/wiki/Frank_Oz \"Frank Oz\") (1976–1981\\), [Eric Jacobson](/wiki/Eric_Jacobson \"Eric Jacobson\") (2011–present)", "**Marvin Suggs** is a flamboyant musician that wears a frilly, multicolored shirt. He is best known for playing an instrument known as a Muppaphone,{{Cite book\\|title\\=Puppetry and Puppets\\|last\\=Blumenthal\\|first\\=Eileen\\|year\\=2005\\|isbn\\=0\\-500\\-51226\\-4\\|publisher\\=Thames \\& Hudson\\|page\\=155}} a group of small, round, furry pink and orange Muppets that emit a tonal \"[ow](/wiki/wikt:Ow \"Ow\")\" (voiced by Henson and Jerry Nelson) when Marvin strikes them on the head with his [mallet](/wiki/Mallet \"Mallet\"). During season three of *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show \"The Muppet Show\")*, Suggs and the Muppaphone were part of an \"explicit criticism of violence\" with Suggs being explicitly punished for his violence in an episode where a [witchdoctor](/wiki/Witchdoctor \"Witchdoctor\") turns Suggs' head into a Muppaphone.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Garlen\\|first1\\=Jennifer C.\\|last2\\=Graham\\|first2\\=Anissa M.\\|title\\=Kermit Culture: Critical Perspectives on Jim Henson's Muppets\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Rac9xis0BIgC\\&pg\\=PA151\\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2014\\|date\\=2009\\-01\\-01\\|publisher\\=McFarland\\|isbn\\=9780786453757\\|pages\\=151–\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705062001/http://books.google.com/books?id\\=Rac9xis0BIgC\\&pg\\=PA151\\|archive\\-date\\=July 5, 2014\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}} The act has been compared to the sketch from *[Monty Python's Flying Circus](/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\")* called \"Arthur Ewing and His Musical Mice\".{{cite book\\|last\\=Childs\\|first\\=T. Mike\\|title\\=The Rocklopedia Fakebandica\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/rocklopediafakeb00chil\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|access\\-date\\=21 April 2013\\|date\\=2004\\-11\\-06\\|publisher\\=St. Martin's Press\\|isbn\\=9780312329440\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/rocklopediafakeb00chil/page/3 3]–\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}} He was designed by [Rollie Krewson](/wiki/Rollie_Krewson \"Rollie Krewson\"). He appears in 2011's *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 \"The Muppets (film)\")*.", "### The Newsman", "* Performed by [Jim Henson](/wiki/Jim_Henson \"Jim Henson\") (1976–1990\\), [Richard Hunt](/wiki/Richard_Hunt_%28puppeteer%29 \"Richard Hunt (puppeteer)\") (1981\\), [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson \"Jerry Nelson\") (1996\\), [Brian Henson](/wiki/Brian_Henson \"Brian Henson\") (2001–2003\\), [Steve Whitmire](/wiki/Steve_Whitmire \"Steve Whitmire\") (2008–2016\\), [Eric Jacobson](/wiki/Eric_Jacobson \"Eric Jacobson\") (2017–present)", "**The Newsman** is the bespectacled [newsman](/wiki/News_presenter \"News presenter\") for *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show \"The Muppet Show\")*, who tries to deliver the news with accuracy, but is visibly flummoxed on camera by the day's latest bizarre story or interview. Interviews were a more common part of the *Muppet News Flash* segments in its first season, where the interviewees were portrayed by the show's guest star. From the second season onward, he would almost invariably suffer some calamity related to the story, such as having items dropped on his head or the newsroom destroyed.", "### Pops", "* Performed by [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson \"Jerry Nelson\") (1980–2002\\), [Matt Vogel](/wiki/Matt_Vogel_%28puppeteer%29 \"Matt Vogel (puppeteer)\") (2011–present)", "**Pops** is an elderly doorman at the Muppet Theatre in *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show \"The Muppet Show\")*. He greeted the week's guest star in every episode of the fifth season. He also had a major part as the innkeeper of the Happiness Hotel in *[The Great Muppet Caper](/wiki/The_Great_Muppet_Caper \"The Great Muppet Caper\")*. Since then, he has only had a couple of supporting roles, minor roles and cameo appearances.", "### Robin the Frog", "[thumbnail\\|175px\\|Robin the Frog](/wiki/File:RobinTheFrog.jpg \"RobinTheFrog.jpg\")\n* Performed by [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson \"Jerry Nelson\") (1971–2003\\), [Matt Vogel](/wiki/Matt_Vogel_%28puppeteer%29 \"Matt Vogel (puppeteer)\") (2008–2017\\), [Peter Linz](/wiki/Peter_Linz \"Peter Linz\") (2017–present)", "**Robin the Frog** is Kermit's young, sweet\\-voiced [nephew](/wiki/Niece_and_nephew \"Niece and nephew\"). He has appeared in most Muppet productions since *The Muppet Show*. He loves to spend time with his Uncle Kermit, his best friend [Sweetums](/wiki/%23Sweetums \"#Sweetums\"), and his boys' club, the Frog Scouts. Robin first appeared in *[The Frog Prince](/wiki/The_Frog_Prince_%28Muppets%29 \"The Frog Prince (Muppets)\")* as Sir Robin the Brave. One of his most famous moments was singing \"[Halfway Down the Stairs](/wiki/Halfway_Down_%28poem%29 \"Halfway Down (poem)\")\", a song based on a poem by [Winnie the Pooh](/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh \"Winnie-the-Pooh\") creator [A. A. Milne](/wiki/A._A._Milne \"A. A. Milne\"). He also has an important role in episode 212 of *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show \"The Muppet Show\")*, when he was feeling sad for being so small until the guest star [Bernadette Peters](/wiki/Bernadette_Peters \"Bernadette Peters\") and all Robin's Muppet friends sing the song \"Just One Person\" to cheer him up. In the animated *[Muppet Babies](/wiki/Muppet_Babies_%281984_TV_series%29 \"Muppet Babies (1984 TV series)\")* series, Robin appeared as a [tadpole](/wiki/Tadpole \"Tadpole\") in a [fish bowl](/wiki/Fish_bowl \"Fish bowl\"), as all the characters were younger versions of their live\\-action selves, and was said to be the son of Kermit's (unnamed and unseen) big sister.", "Robin's roles in the Muppet movies varied from supporting roles, minor roles and cameos to large roles, though he has not appeared in many Muppet movies. In *[The Muppet Movie](/wiki/The_Muppet_Movie \"The Muppet Movie\")* (1979\\), he had a minor role at the beginning of the movie at the [film screening](/wiki/Film_screening \"Film screening\") where he asks Kermit if the movie is about how the Muppets got started. He also had a few other scenes and is with the other Muppets in the finale. In the TV special *[John Denver and the Muppets: A Christmas Together](/wiki/John_Denver_and_the_Muppets:A_Christmas_Together \"A Christmas Together\")* (1979\\) Robin helps sing many of the Christmas Carols with the other Muppets and [John Denver](/wiki/John_Denver \"John Denver\"). In the TV movie *[Rocky Mountain Holiday](/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Holiday \"Rocky Mountain Holiday\")* (1982\\) Robin plays a more major role as he tries to help out as a Frog Scout and bonds with John Denver through the process. In *[The Muppets Take Manhattan](/wiki/The_Muppets_Take_Manhattan \"The Muppets Take Manhattan\")* (1984\\), he only appeared in the audience at the wedding. In *[A Muppet Family Christmas](/wiki/A_Muppet_Family_Christmas \"A Muppet Family Christmas\")*, Robin discovered the Fraggle hole in the basement, taking Kermit with him and meeting the five main Fraggles.", "Robin played the role of [Tiny Tim](/wiki/Tiny_Tim_%28A_Christmas_Carol%29 \"Tiny Tim (A Christmas Carol)\") in *[The Muppet Christmas Carol](/wiki/The_Muppet_Christmas_Carol \"The Muppet Christmas Carol\")* (1992\\), his largest role to date. His next appearance was in the [direct\\-to\\-video](/wiki/Direct-to-video \"Direct-to-video\") *[Muppet Classic Theater](/wiki/Muppet_Classic_Theater \"Muppet Classic Theater\")* (1994\\) where he appeared in \"[The Emperor's New Clothes](/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes \"The Emperor's New Clothes\")\" sketch in a minimal role, realizing [Fozzie](/wiki/Fozzie_Bear \"Fozzie Bear\") (the emperor) was not wearing clothes. He also appeared alongside Kermit in [The Elves and the Shoemaker](/wiki/The_Elves_and_the_Shoemaker \"The Elves and the Shoemaker\") sketch where he took on the role of the shoemaker's nephew. He had a minor role (with dialogue) in *[Muppets From Space](/wiki/Muppets_From_Space \"Muppets From Space\")* (1999\\) in the boarding house. His final role with Jerry Nelson as his performer was in 2002's *[It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie](/wiki/It%27s_a_Very_Merry_Muppet_Christmas_Movie \"It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie\")*, which was arguably his second\\-largest role to date; he appears in the [Muppet Theatre](/wiki/Muppet_Theatre \"Muppet Theatre\") in a few scenes and in the Moulin Scrooge scene as the green fairy. After a five\\-year absence, Robin returned in *[A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa](/wiki/A_Muppets_Christmas:Letters_to_Santa \"Letters to Santa\")*, performed by [Matt Vogel](/wiki/Matt_Vogel_%28puppeteer%29 \"Matt Vogel (puppeteer)\"). He wore his Tiny Tim attire in a 2009 appearance on *[Late Night with Jimmy Fallon](/wiki/Late_Night_with_Jimmy_Fallon \"Late Night with Jimmy Fallon\")* and made a non\\-speaking [cameo appearance](/wiki/Cameo_appearance \"Cameo appearance\") in the film *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 \"The Muppets (film)\")*. Robin, along with his Uncle Kermit, appeared again on *Late Night with Jimmy Fallon* to sing \"[When the River Meets the Sea](/wiki/When_the_River_Meets_the_Sea \"When the River Meets the Sea\")\" on December 23, 2011, once again, performed by Matt Vogel. He also made a minor role in 2014's *[Muppets Most Wanted](/wiki/Muppets_Most_Wanted \"Muppets Most Wanted\")*, again performed by Vogel. Robin (voiced by Vogel) is the \"guest star\" of the February 23, 2016 episode of *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28TV_series%29 \"The Muppets (TV series)\")* titled \"[Little Green Lie](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28TV_series%29%23Episodes \"The Muppets (TV series)#Episodes\")\". In the episode, Kermit and Miss Piggy pretend to still be in a relationship so as not to upset Robin, whose parents are divorcing.", "### Sweetums", "* Performed by [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson \"Jerry Nelson\") (1971, in\\-suit performer, 2000\\), [Carl Banas](/wiki/Carl_Banas \"Carl Banas\") (1971, voice only), [Richard Hunt](/wiki/Richard_Hunt_%28puppeteer%29 \"Richard Hunt (puppeteer)\") (1976–1991\\), [John Henson](/wiki/John_Henson_%28puppeteer%29 \"John Henson (puppeteer)\") (1991, 1996–2005\\), [Victor Yerrid](/wiki/Victor_Yerrid \"Victor Yerrid\") (2005\\), [Noel MacNeal](/wiki/Noel_MacNeal \"Noel MacNeal\") (2006–2009\\), [Matt Vogel](/wiki/Matt_Vogel_%28puppeteer%29 \"Matt Vogel (puppeteer)\") (2009–present)", "**Sweetums** is a very large, imposing and hairy [ogre](/wiki/Ogre \"Ogre\") about nine feet tall. Despite appearing physically intimidating, he is often depicted as friendly and harmless. Sweetums has very thick blondish\\-brown hair all over his body. He has a very large lower jaw, similar to a bulldog, which juts out, revealing two pointy tusk\\-like teeth. He has thick, brown eyebrows over his large yellow eyes and large nose. He often wears a shabby, burlap\\-like brown shirt. Many are fooled by his intimidating appearance, but he is very nice and humble, hence his name, \"Sweetums\".", "Sweetums first appeared on the television special *[The Frog Prince](/wiki/The_Frog_Prince_%28Muppets%29 \"The Frog Prince (Muppets)\")* (based on the [story of the same name](/wiki/The_Frog_Prince \"The Frog Prince\")) in 1971 as the henchman of a full\\-bodied Taminella Ginderfall (who was previously seen in the pilots to *Tales of the Tinkerdee* and *The Land of Tinkerdee*). There he tried to eat the hero, played by [Kermit](/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog \"Kermit the Frog\")'s nephew [Robin](/wiki/%23Robin_the_Frog \"#Robin the Frog\"). He later performed a [duet](/wiki/Duet \"Duet\") with Robin and the two appeared together on [merchandise](/wiki/Product_%28business%29 \"Product (business)\") as best friends. During his first appearance, Sweetums was performed by Muppeteer [Jerry Nelson](/wiki/Jerry_Nelson \"Jerry Nelson\") and voiced by voice veteran [Carl Banas](/wiki/Carl_Banas \"Carl Banas\"), but soon after, [Richard Hunt](/wiki/Richard_Hunt_%28puppeteer%29 \"Richard Hunt (puppeteer)\") made the character his own. Hunt gave life to Sweetums throughout the run of *[The Muppet Show](/wiki/The_Muppet_Show \"The Muppet Show\")* and the first two Muppet movies. During the making of [Muppet\\*Vision 3D](/wiki/Muppet%2AVision_3D \"Muppet*Vision 3D\") when Hunt's health deteriorated, Muppet creator [Jim Henson](/wiki/Jim_Henson \"Jim Henson\")'s son, [John Henson](/wiki/John_Henson_%28puppeteer%29 \"John Henson (puppeteer)\"), did the puppetry, while Hunt did the voice. After Richard Hunt died, John Henson eventually took over both the voice and puppetry.", "Sweetums also played a car [jack](/wiki/Jack_%28device%29 \"Jack (device)\") in a used\\-car lot in *[The Muppet Movie](/wiki/The_Muppet_Movie \"The Muppet Movie\")* where a salesman introduced him as his Jack. When called \"Jack\" by Kermit, he replied, \"Jack not name; jack job!\". After Kermit and his friends ask him if he wants to go to [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_Los_Angeles \"Hollywood, Los Angeles\") with them, he shouts \"Hollywood!\" repeatedly and runs away, only to come back with his suitcase shortly after the group has left. He pursues the group for the duration of the movie, finally making it to Hollywood, bursting through the movie screen, shouting \"I made it!!\" During the montage of the Muppets getting back together again in *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 \"The Muppets (film)\")*, Sweetums is shown working at the same lot and is again forced to chase after the group's car. He also has supporting roles and minor roles in *[The Great Muppet Caper](/wiki/The_Great_Muppet_Caper \"The Great Muppet Caper\")*, *[Muppet Treasure Island](/wiki/Muppet_Treasure_Island \"Muppet Treasure Island\")*, *[Muppets from Space](/wiki/Muppets_from_Space \"Muppets from Space\")*, *[The Muppets' Wizard of Oz](/wiki/The_Muppets%27_Wizard_of_Oz \"The Muppets' Wizard of Oz\")*, and various other Muppet specials. Sweetums was performed by [Matt Vogel](/wiki/Matt_Vogel_%28puppeteer%29 \"Matt Vogel (puppeteer)\") in 2011's *[The Muppets](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28film%29 \"The Muppets (film)\")* and *[Muppets Most Wanted](/wiki/Muppets_Most_Wanted \"Muppets Most Wanted\")*. The character also appears at [Walt Disney World](/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Resort \"Walt Disney World Resort\")'s [Disney's Hollywood Studios](/wiki/Disney%27s_Hollywood_Studios \"Disney's Hollywood Studios\") and [Disneyland](/wiki/Disneyland_Resort \"Disneyland Resort\")'s [Disney California Adventure](/wiki/Disney_California_Adventure \"Disney California Adventure\") in *[Muppet\\*Vision 3D](/wiki/Muppet%2AVision_3D \"Muppet*Vision 3D\")*. He is the only Muppet to appear \"live\" in the show. All other Muppets that appear in the theater are [audio\\-animatronics](/wiki/Audio-Animatronics \"Audio-Animatronics\"). The character was seen in an episode of *[Statler and Waldorf: From the Balcony](/wiki/Statler_and_Waldorf:From_the_Balcony \"From the Balcony\")*. In the [2015 TV series](/wiki/The_Muppets_%28TV_series%29 \"The Muppets (TV series)\"), Sweetums is in charge of the cue cards for the show.", "" ]
Economy ------- {{Unsourced\|section\|date\=August 2022}} Covasna County's industry's main sectors are food industry (33\.79%), ready\-made garment and textile (21\.93%), wood and wooden products (14\.98%), metals, machines and automotive suppliers (10\.31%), building materials (9\.68%). Other sectors of industry are chemicals (4\.67%), toys (2\.02%), water (1\.09%), printing (0\.45%), energy (0\.13%), jewelry (0\.05%), and other industrial activities (0\.83%). Industry represents 42\.53% of Covasna County's economy. The other main sectors are trade with 30\.98%, services 11\.38%, agriculture 9\.71%, construction 5\.78%, and [R\&D](/wiki/Research_and_development "Research and development") and high\-tech 2\.63%. Companies from Covasna County's industry produced in 2014 almost half a billion [euros](/wiki/Euro "Euro") (477,199,849 EUR) turnover, with a staggering 10\.78% increase in volume compared to the preceding year's income. One of Covasna County's main industrial sectors is the ready\-made garment industry, where processing companies are owned by German investors, who started to establish first brown\-field investments in 1992, and since then they operate nine factories producing yearly 5 million trousers for brands like [Bosch](/wiki/Bosch_%28company%29 "Bosch (company)"), Meyer, and Wegener. Other privately owned companies in the field of textiles, producing different articles; some of them have their own brand, while the others work in lohn systems. In 2015 the Schweighoffer Holzindustrie started, after investing 150 million [EUR](/wiki/Euro "Euro") in a new plant for primary [wood processing](/wiki/Wood_processing "Wood processing"). With the rich forested areas, Covasna has a long tradition of sawn timber export and production of furniture and other finished wooden products. Recently created the ProWood Cluster in the interest of the industry. A few years ago automotive industry suppliers were established, with two new plants producing steering wheels and electric circuits for vehicles. The automotive industry suppliers from Covasna and neighboring Braşov are offers a vast pallet of competitive products, from boards for Mercedes cars to Airbus helicopters, while having a good potential for growth. Nevertheless, is important to mention Poliprod, the French owned family business of Champrenaut Group involved in steel work, locksmithery, welding, machining or the major producer of electric ceramic heaters in Eastern Europe, member of the Canadian Delta Group. This industry can build up its workforce with new students from the large technical university in Brasov. Covalact is a well\-known national dairy product brand, now owned by Dutch investors. Another milk processing plant is under brand Olympus, with Greek investors, establishing its headquarters in the county. Meat processing companies are the Bertis and Toro Impex, who are regionally active players, while the Norvegian Orkla food producing network has a meat canning plant in Covasna. Dunapack, a member of the Austrian Prizhorn, supplies corrugated cardboard boxes to almost all industry branches, from [FMCG](/wiki/Fast-moving_consumer_goods "Fast-moving consumer goods") to fruit, vegetables, and electronics. While IT\&C as an industry sector is in emerging state, Covasna County's strategy for development plans to use this field of activity as one pillar for development. Many new start\-ups are in the area successful deploying large projects for sound international companies. Many young technicians arrive from universities. Agriculture represents 4\.83% of Covasna County's economy, mainly producing varieties of potatoes, several companies being able to supply selected and packaged crops for hyper\-markets. Other agricultural products are rapeseed, grains, and cabbage. Covasna County, with many mineral water springs, has developed during history a network of spas for treating different health problems, mainly cardio\-vascular. There is a good potential for development of this field of health and spa tourism.
[ "Economy\n-------", "{{Unsourced\\|section\\|date\\=August 2022}}\nCovasna County's industry's main sectors are food industry (33\\.79%), ready\\-made garment and textile (21\\.93%), wood and wooden products (14\\.98%), metals, machines and automotive suppliers (10\\.31%), building materials (9\\.68%). Other sectors of industry are chemicals (4\\.67%), toys (2\\.02%), water (1\\.09%), printing (0\\.45%), energy (0\\.13%), jewelry (0\\.05%), and other industrial activities (0\\.83%).", "Industry represents 42\\.53% of Covasna County's economy. The other main sectors are trade with 30\\.98%, services 11\\.38%, agriculture 9\\.71%, construction 5\\.78%, and [R\\&D](/wiki/Research_and_development \"Research and development\") and high\\-tech 2\\.63%.", "Companies from Covasna County's industry produced in 2014 almost half a billion [euros](/wiki/Euro \"Euro\") \n(477,199,849 EUR) turnover, with a staggering 10\\.78% increase in volume compared to the preceding year's income.", "One of Covasna County's main industrial sectors is the ready\\-made garment industry, where processing companies are owned by German investors, who started to establish first brown\\-field investments in 1992, and since then they operate nine factories producing yearly 5 million trousers for brands like [Bosch](/wiki/Bosch_%28company%29 \"Bosch (company)\"), Meyer, and Wegener. Other privately owned companies in the field of textiles, producing different articles; some of them have their own brand, while the others work in lohn systems.", "In 2015 the Schweighoffer Holzindustrie started, after investing 150 million [EUR](/wiki/Euro \"Euro\") in a new plant for primary [wood processing](/wiki/Wood_processing \"Wood processing\"). With the rich forested areas, Covasna has a long tradition of sawn timber export and production of furniture and other finished wooden products. Recently created the ProWood Cluster in the interest of the industry.", "A few years ago automotive industry suppliers were established, with two new plants producing steering wheels and electric circuits for vehicles. The automotive industry suppliers from Covasna and neighboring Braşov are offers a vast pallet of competitive products, from boards for Mercedes cars to Airbus helicopters, while having a good potential for growth. Nevertheless, is important to mention Poliprod, the French owned family business of Champrenaut Group involved in steel work, locksmithery, welding, machining or the major producer of electric ceramic heaters in Eastern Europe, member of the Canadian Delta Group. This industry can build up its workforce with new students from the large technical university in Brasov.", "Covalact is a well\\-known national dairy product brand, now owned by Dutch investors. Another milk processing plant is under brand Olympus, with Greek investors, establishing its headquarters in the county.", "Meat processing companies are the Bertis and Toro Impex, who are regionally active players, while the Norvegian Orkla food producing network has a meat canning plant in Covasna.", "Dunapack, a member of the Austrian Prizhorn, supplies corrugated cardboard boxes to almost all industry branches, from [FMCG](/wiki/Fast-moving_consumer_goods \"Fast-moving consumer goods\") to fruit, vegetables, and electronics.", "While IT\\&C as an industry sector is in emerging state, Covasna County's strategy for development plans to use this field of activity as one pillar for development. Many new start\\-ups are in the area successful deploying large projects for sound international companies. Many young technicians arrive from universities.", "Agriculture represents 4\\.83% of Covasna County's economy, mainly producing varieties of potatoes, several companies being able to supply selected and packaged crops for hyper\\-markets. Other agricultural products are rapeseed, grains, and cabbage.", "Covasna County, with many mineral water springs, has developed during history a network of spas for treating different health problems, mainly cardio\\-vascular. There is a good potential for development of this field of health and spa tourism.", "" ]
Career ------ ### 2005–2009: Early work Wasikowska landed her first acting role in 2004 with a two\-episode stint on the Australian soap *[All Saints](/wiki/All_Saints_%28TV_series%29 "All Saints (TV series)")*. She had just turned 15 when she was cast in her Australian film debut, *[Suburban Mayhem](/wiki/Suburban_Mayhem "Suburban Mayhem")* (2006\), for which she was nominated for a Young Actor's [AFI](/wiki/Australian_Film_Institute "Australian Film Institute") Award. That year she also appeared in her first short film, *Lens Love Story*, in which she had no dialogue. In 2007, Wasikowska appeared in the crocodile horror film *[Rogue](/wiki/Rogue_%282007_film%29 "Rogue (2007 film)"),* alongside [Radha Mitchell](/wiki/Radha_Mitchell "Radha Mitchell") and [Sam Worthington](/wiki/Sam_Worthington "Sam Worthington"). She observed quietly on the set; fellow actor [Stephen Curry](/wiki/Stephen_Curry_%28comedian%29 "Stephen Curry (comedian)") noted, "We didn't hear a peep out of her for three weeks, which earned her the nickname of 'Rowdy'". She beat nearly 200 other actresses for a part in the drama *[September](/wiki/September_%282007_film%29 "September (2007 film)")* (2007\) when she was cast on the spot by director Peter Carstairs following her audition. She starred in [Spencer Susser](/wiki/Spencer_Susser "Spencer Susser")'s acclaimed short film *[I Love Sarah Jane](/wiki/I_Love_Sarah_Jane "I Love Sarah Jane"),* which premiered at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival. At the age of seventeen, Wasikowska received her first big break role in the United States when she was cast as Sophie, a suicidal gymnast, in HBO's acclaimed weekly drama *[In Treatment](/wiki/In_Treatment_%28U.S._TV_series%29 "In Treatment (U.S. TV series)")*; she auditioned for the role by videotape. The part required her to leave school in Canberra and move to Los Angeles for three months, while enrolling in [correspondence courses](/wiki/Distance_education "Distance education"). She earned critical acclaim for her performance as the troubled teenager treated by psychotherapist Paul Weston ([Gabriel Byrne](/wiki/Gabriel_Byrne "Gabriel Byrne")), which included praise for her American accent. She revealed in an October 2008 interview with *[Variety](/wiki/Variety_%28magazine%29 "Variety (magazine)")* that she was something of a mimic as a child, and that the widely available American films and TV shows in Australia made it easier for Australians to learn to speak like Americans. This show enabled Wasikowska to gain roles in American films. She played Chaya, the young wife of [Asael Bielski](/wiki/Asael_Bielski "Asael Bielski") ([Jamie Bell](/wiki/Jamie_Bell "Jamie Bell")) in *[Defiance](/wiki/Defiance_%282008_film%29 "Defiance (2008 film)")* (2008\). Director [Edward Zwick](/wiki/Edward_Zwick "Edward Zwick") cast her, explaining to the Australian edition of *[Vogue](/wiki/Vogue_%28magazine%29 "Vogue (magazine)")*, "Her inner life is so vivid that it comes across even when she's being still." Her next role was as aviation pioneer [Elinor Smith](/wiki/Elinor_Smith "Elinor Smith") in [Mira Nair](/wiki/Mira_Nair "Mira Nair")'s 2009 biopic *[Amelia](/wiki/Amelia_%28film%29 "Amelia (film)")*. In June 2008, for her work on *In Treatment*, she received an Australians in Film Breakthrough Award. Wasikowska played the supporting role of Pamela Choat in the 2009 [Southern Gothic](/wiki/Southern_Gothic "Southern Gothic") independent film *[That Evening Sun](/wiki/That_Evening_Sun_%28film%29 "That Evening Sun (film)")* opposite [Hal Holbrook](/wiki/Hal_Holbrook "Hal Holbrook"). Director [Scott Teems](/wiki/Scott_Teems "Scott Teems"), seeking a young actress who bore a resemblance to [Sissy Spacek](/wiki/Sissy_Spacek "Sissy Spacek"), initially balked at the casting director's suggestion of Wasikowska for the role. He wanted to cast all native [Southerners](/wiki/Southern_United_States "Southern United States") for the sake of authenticity. However, after auditions with other actresses were unsuccessful, Teems relented and summoned Wasikowska for as audition. During the two hours she had to prepare, she watched *[Coal Miner's Daughter](/wiki/Coal_Miner%27s_Daughter_%28film%29 "Coal Miner's Daughter (film)")* online to quickly learn a Southern accent, and impressed Teems enough to be the only non\-American actor in the film. She was nominated for a 2009 [Independent Spirit Award](/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Award "Independent Spirit Award") for Best Supporting Female, and the film received a South by Southwest award for Best Ensemble Cast. ### 2010–2016: Breakthrough and critical acclaim In July 2008, Wasikowska was cast as the eponymous heroine in [Tim Burton](/wiki/Tim_Burton "Tim Burton")'s version of *[Alice in Wonderland](/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_%282010_film%29 "Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)")*, alongside [Johnny Depp](/wiki/Johnny_Depp "Johnny Depp"), [Anne Hathaway](/wiki/Anne_Hathaway "Anne Hathaway") and [Helena Bonham Carter](/wiki/Helena_Bonham_Carter "Helena Bonham Carter"). She sent a videotaped audition to casting directors in London, and her first live reading in Los Angeles occurred on the same day as her *Evening Sun* audition. After three more auditions in London, she was given the role. Burton cited her "old\-soul quality" as a catalyst in casting her: "Because you're witnessing this whole thing through her eyes, it needed somebody who can subtly portray that." [thumb\|upright\|left\|Wasikowska at the [Independent Spirit Awards](/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Awards "Independent Spirit Awards") on 5 March 2010](/wiki/File:Mia_Wasikowska_2010.jpg "Mia Wasikowska 2010.jpg") Wasikowska portrayed a nineteen\-year\-old Alice returning to Wonderland for the first time in over a decade after falling down a rabbit hole from an unwanted marriage proposal. Her affinity for the character played a part in her desire for the role, as she had read the [Lewis Carroll](/wiki/Lewis_Carroll "Lewis Carroll") books as a child and was a fan of [Jan Švankmajer](/wiki/Jan_%C5%A0vankmajer "Jan Švankmajer")'s 1988 stop\-motion film *[Alice](/wiki/Alice_%281988_film%29 "Alice (1988 film)")*. She considered Burton's film as a chance to explore a deeper characterisation of Alice, to whom she felt young women her age could relate, saying: "Alice has a certain discomfort within herself, within society and among her peers; I \[...] have definitely felt similarly about all of those things, so I could really understand her not fitting in. Alice also \[is] an observer who is thinking a lot, and that's similar to how I am." For [Lisa Cholodenko](/wiki/Lisa_Cholodenko "Lisa Cholodenko")'s indie comedy *[The Kids Are All Right](/wiki/The_Kids_Are_All_Right_%28film%29 "The Kids Are All Right (film)")*, Wasikowska was cast as Joni, the bookish daughter of a lesbian couple ([Annette Bening](/wiki/Annette_Bening "Annette Bening") and [Julianne Moore](/wiki/Julianne_Moore "Julianne Moore")) who was conceived via [artificial insemination](/wiki/Artificial_insemination "Artificial insemination"). At her younger brother's ([Josh Hutcherson](/wiki/Josh_Hutcherson "Josh Hutcherson")) request, she seeks out their [biological father](/wiki/Sperm_donation "Sperm donation") ([Mark Ruffalo](/wiki/Mark_Ruffalo "Mark Ruffalo")). During shooting, she successfully campaigned to have Joni wear [pajamas](/wiki/Pajamas "Pajamas") in several home scenes. She explained to *[Orlando Sentinel](/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel "Orlando Sentinel")* film critic Roger Moore, "\[Joni's] very comfortable in her place, with who she is. So I pushed to have her, whenever she was at home, in her pajamas. That's comfortable! And that's something I do." On 25 October, Wasikowska was honored with the [Hollywood Awards](/wiki/Hollywood_Film_Festival "Hollywood Film Festival")' Breakthrough Actress Award, which was presented to her by [Bryce Dallas Howard](/wiki/Bryce_Dallas_Howard "Bryce Dallas Howard"), and she won the Australian Film Institute International Award for Best Actress on 12 December for her performance in *Alice in Wonderland*. According to *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*, *Alice in Wonderland* was amongst the highest\-grossing films of 2010 with $1\.025 billion. As of May 2022, it is the [44th\-highest\-grossing film of all time](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films "List of highest-grossing films"). From March to May 2010, Wasikowska filmed [Cary Fukunaga](/wiki/Cary_Fukunaga "Cary Fukunaga")'s adaptation of *[Jane Eyre](/wiki/Jane_Eyre_%282011_film%29 "Jane Eyre (2011 film)")*, in which she starred as the [title character](/wiki/Jane_Eyre_%28character%29 "Jane Eyre (character)") opposite [Michael Fassbender](/wiki/Michael_Fassbender "Michael Fassbender") as [Mr. Rochester](/wiki/Mr._Rochester "Mr. Rochester"). She began reading the novel after completion of *Alice in Wonderland*, during which she asked her agent if a script existed. Two months later, she received a script and was asked to meet with Fukunaga{{Cite news \|last\=Paul \|first\=Lauren B. \|date\=29 March 2011 \|title\=For Fukunaga and Wasikowska, 'Eyre' is About Equality \|work\=\[\[The Harvard Crimson]] \|url\=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/3/29/jane\-eyre\-feature/ \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=26 April 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303161531/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/3/29/jane\-eyre\-feature/ \|archive\-date\=3 March 2021}} Fukunaga was unfamiliar with her work and was undecided about casting her, so he sought the opinion of director [Gus Van Sant](/wiki/Gus_Van_Sant "Gus Van Sant"), who had worked with Wasikowska on his 2011 film *[Restless](/wiki/Restless_%282011_film%29 "Restless (2011 film)").* Fukunga told *BlackBook* magazine in February 2011, "Gus wrote back: 'Cast her.'" Due to a scheduling conflict, she had to withdraw from the lead in [Julia Leigh](/wiki/Julia_Leigh "Julia Leigh")'s 2011 Australian independent film *[Sleeping Beauty](/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_%282011_film%29 "Sleeping Beauty (2011 film)")*, and she was replaced by [Emily Browning](/wiki/Emily_Browning "Emily Browning"). Wasikowska appeared in *[Restless](/wiki/Restless_%282011_film%29 "Restless (2011 film)")* (2011\), which was filmed from November to December 2009\. The portrayal of her character, a terminally ill sixteen\-year\-old, required her to crop her long hair. From December 2010 to February 2011, Wasikowska filmed [Rodrigo García](/wiki/Rodrigo_Garc%C3%ADa_%28director%29 "Rodrigo García (director)")'s *[Albert Nobbs](/wiki/Albert_Nobbs "Albert Nobbs")*, for which she was a last\-minute replacement for [Amanda Seyfried](/wiki/Amanda_Seyfried "Amanda Seyfried"). On 21 April 2011, Wasikowska was named in the [*Time* 100](/wiki/Time_100 "Time 100"), a listing of the world's most influential people, which featured a brief essay written by *Albert Nobbs* co\-star [Glenn Close](/wiki/Glenn_Close "Glenn Close"). In June, Wasikowska was invited to join the [Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences"). In December, she was among a group of actors who filmed a series of shorts from *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* titled *Touch of Evil*, which honored the art of cinematic villainy. [thumb\|Wasikowska at the 2015 [San Diego Comic\-Con](/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con "San Diego Comic-Con")\|right\|200px](/wiki/File:Mia_Wasikowska_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg "Mia Wasikowska by Gage Skidmore.jpg") In 2011, Wasikowska played the small supporting role of [Shia LaBeouf](/wiki/Shia_LaBeouf "Shia LaBeouf")'s character's love interest in [John Hillcoat](/wiki/John_Hillcoat "John Hillcoat")'s *[Lawless](/wiki/Lawless_%282012_film%29 "Lawless (2012 film)")*. Later in the year, she filmed the lead in [Park Chan\-wook](/wiki/Park_Chan-wook "Park Chan-wook")'s English\-language debut, *[Stoker](/wiki/Stoker_%28film%29 "Stoker (film)")*. *Lawless* premiered at Cannes in May 2012, while *Stoker* debuted at Sundance in January 2013\. Wasikowska also appeared in [Miu Miu](/wiki/Miu_Miu "Miu Miu")'s spring 2012 fashion campaign. In 2012, she made her second appearance in a *[Vanity Fair](/wiki/Vanity_Fair_%28magazine%29 "Vanity Fair (magazine)")* Hollywood Issue, this time being featured on the cover panel. Filming of her next project, [Richard Ayoade](/wiki/Richard_Ayoade "Richard Ayoade")'s *[The Double](/wiki/The_Double_%282013_film%29 "The Double (2013 film)")*, began in the UK in May 2012\. In July, she shot [Jim Jarmusch](/wiki/Jim_Jarmusch "Jim Jarmusch")'s vampire drama *[Only Lovers Left Alive](/wiki/Only_Lovers_Left_Alive "Only Lovers Left Alive")*, in which she plays the younger sister of [Tilda Swinton](/wiki/Tilda_Swinton "Tilda Swinton")'s character. Filming of *[Tracks](/wiki/Tracks_%282013_film%29 "Tracks (2013 film)")*, director [John Curran](/wiki/John_Curran_%28director%29 "John Curran (director)")'s adaptation of the [Robyn Davidson](/wiki/Robyn_Davidson "Robyn Davidson") memoir of the same name, began in October 2012 in Australia, with Wasikowska in the lead role. The film was screened in competition at the 2013 [Venice Film Festival](/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival "Venice Film Festival"). Wasikowska made her directorial debut on a segment of *[The Turning](/wiki/The_Turning_%282013_film%29 "The Turning (2013 film)")*, a collection of short stories by Australian author [Tim Winton](/wiki/Tim_Winton "Tim Winton"). It premiered in August 2013 at the Melbourne International Film Festival. In July 2013, she began filming [David Cronenberg](/wiki/David_Cronenberg "David Cronenberg")'s *[Maps to the Stars](/wiki/Maps_to_the_Stars "Maps to the Stars")* in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"). The film was released in 2014\.{{Cite web \|title\=Mia Wasikowska \& More Join David Cronenberg's 'Maps To The Stars,' Some Story Details Revealed \|url\=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/mia\-wasikowska\-more\-join\-david\-cronenbergs\-maps\-to\-the\-stars\-some\-story\-details\-revealed\-20130508 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603025727/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/mia\-wasikowska\-more\-join\-david\-cronenbergs\-maps\-to\-the\-stars\-some\-story\-details\-revealed\-20130508 \|archive\-date\=3 June 2013 \|access\-date\=17 March 2013}} She next played the title role in [Sophie Barthes](/wiki/Sophie_Barthes "Sophie Barthes")' film adaptation of *[Madame Bovary](/wiki/Madame_Bovary_%282014_film%29 "Madame Bovary (2014 film)")*, which began shooting on 30 September 2014 in [Normandy](/wiki/Normandy "Normandy"), France. Wasikowska replaced [Emma Stone](/wiki/Emma_Stone "Emma Stone") in [Guillermo del Toro](/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro "Guillermo del Toro")'s [gothic romance](/wiki/Gothic_fiction "Gothic fiction") *[Crimson Peak](/wiki/Crimson_Peak "Crimson Peak")* (2015\), where she starred alongside [Tom Hiddleston](/wiki/Tom_Hiddleston "Tom Hiddleston") and [Jessica Chastain](/wiki/Jessica_Chastain "Jessica Chastain"). Production commenced in February 2014\. The film premiered at [Fantastic Fest](/wiki/Fantastic_Fest "Fantastic Fest") on 25 September 2015, and was later released in the United States in October. The film received generally positive reviews from critics, with many praising the production values, performances and direction.{{Cite web \|last\=Shaw\-Williams \|first\=Hannah \|date\=1 July 2013 \|title\=Guillermo Del Toro Says 'Crimson Peak' is Shocking, Kinky, Gothic \& Scary \|url\=https://screenrant.com/guillermo\-del\-toro\-crimson\-peak\-movie\-details/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112222246/http://screenrant.com/guillermo\-del\-toro\-crimson\-peak\-movie\-details/ \|archive\-date\=12 November 2013 \|access\-date\=12 November 2013 \|website\=Screen Rant}}{{Cite web \|last\=Delhauer \|first\=Matt \|title\=Guillermo del Toro's "Peak" finds release date \|date\=31 October 2013 \|url\=http://diaboliquemagazine.com/guillermo\-del\-toros\-peak\-finds\-release\-date/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910132010/http://diaboliquemagazine.com/guillermo\-del\-toros\-peak\-finds\-release\-date/ \|archive\-date\=10 September 2015 \|access\-date\=12 November 2013 \|publisher\=Diabolique Magazine}} In 2016, Wasikowska reprised the role of Alice in *[Alice Through the Looking Glass](/wiki/Alice_Through_the_Looking_Glass_%282016_film%29 "Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)")*.{{Cite news \|last\=Bahr \|first\=Lindsay \|date\=22 November 2013 \|title\='Alice in Wonderland 2' and 'The Jungle Book' snag release dates \|publisher\=Entertainment Weekly \|url\=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/11/22/alice\-in\-wonderland\-2\-and\-the\-jungle\-book\-snag\-release\-dates/ \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=23 November 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123134232/http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/11/22/alice\-in\-wonderland\-2\-and\-the\-jungle\-book\-snag\-release\-dates/ \|archive\-date\=23 November 2013}} Despite receiving generally negative reviews and faring badly at the box office, critics praised its performances and visual effects. This was Wasikowska's last [major film studio](/wiki/Major_film_studios "Major film studios") release before moving on to appear in more independent films. ### 2017–present: Independent films In May 2015, Wasikowska joined the cast of [Cédric Jimenez](/wiki/C%C3%A9dric_Jimenez "Cédric Jimenez")'s historical thriller *[The Man with the Iron Heart](/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Iron_Heart_%28film%29 "The Man with the Iron Heart (film)")*, based on the novel *[HHhH](/wiki/HHhH "HHhH")*. She starred alongside [Jason Clarke](/wiki/Jason_Clarke_%28actor%29 "Jason Clarke (actor)"), [Rosamund Pike](/wiki/Rosamund_Pike "Rosamund Pike"), [Jack O'Connell](/wiki/Jack_O%27Connell_%28actor%29 "Jack O'Connell (actor)") and [Jack Reynor](/wiki/Jack_Reynor "Jack Reynor").{{Cite web \|date\=7 May 2015 \|title\=Cannes: Jason Clarke, Rosamund Pike, Jack O'Connell Join WWII\-Set Drama 'HHHH' (EXCLUSIVE) \|url\=https://variety.com/2015/film/festivals/cannes\-jason\-clarke\-rosamund\-pike\-jack\-oconnell\-join\-wwii\-set\-drama\-hhhh\-exclusive\-1201488787/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412121458/https://variety.com/2015/film/festivals/cannes\-jason\-clarke\-rosamund\-pike\-jack\-oconnell\-join\-wwii\-set\-drama\-hhhh\-exclusive\-1201488787/ \|archive\-date\=12 April 2019 \|access\-date\=7 December 2017 \|website\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]}} [Principal photography](/wiki/Principal_photography "Principal photography") began 14 September 2015 in [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague") and [Budapest](/wiki/Budapest "Budapest"), and ended on 1 February 2016\.{{Cite news \|last\=Kay \|first\=Jeremy \|date\=28 October 2015 \|title\=TWC acquires US rights to 'HHhH' \|publisher\=\[\[Screendaily]] \|url\=http://www.screendaily.com/news/distribution/twc\-acquires\-us\-rights\-to\-hhhh/5096062\.article \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=21 November 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122121943/http://www.screendaily.com/news/distribution/twc\-acquires\-us\-rights\-to\-hhhh/5096062\.article \|archive\-date\=22 November 2015}}{{Cite news \|date\=18 September 2015 \|title\=On the Set for 9/18/15: Rian Johnson Calls Action on Star Wars: Episode 8, Ghostbusters \& The Magnificent Seven Wrap \|work\=SSN Insider \|url\=http://www.ssninsider.com/on\-the\-set\-for\-91815\-rian\-johnson\-calls\-action\-on\-star\-wars\-episode\-8\-ghostbusters\-the\-magnificent\-seven\-wrap/ \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=25 February 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221163209/http://www.ssninsider.com/on\-the\-set\-for\-91815\-rian\-johnson\-calls\-action\-on\-star\-wars\-episode\-8\-ghostbusters\-the\-magnificent\-seven\-wrap/ \|archive\-date\=21 February 2016}}{{Cite news \|date\=5 February 2016 \|title\=On the Set for 2/5/16: Vin Diesel \& Nina Dobrev Start Shooting 'xXx' Sequel, Ben Affleck Wraps Production on 'Live by Night' \|work\=SSN Insider \|url\=http://www.ssninsider.com/on\-the\-set\-for\-2516\-vin\-diesel\-nina\-dobrev\-start\-shooting\-xxx\-sequel\-ben\-affleck\-wraps\-production\-on\-live\-by\-night/ \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=25 February 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221163107/http://www.ssninsider.com/on\-the\-set\-for\-2516\-vin\-diesel\-nina\-dobrev\-start\-shooting\-xxx\-sequel\-ben\-affleck\-wraps\-production\-on\-live\-by\-night/ \|archive\-date\=21 February 2016}} The film was released in 2017\. The same year, she starred in [Spike Jonze](/wiki/Spike_Jonze "Spike Jonze")'s stage show *Changers: A Dance Story*, alongside [Lakeith Stanfield](/wiki/Lakeith_Stanfield "Lakeith Stanfield"). Featuring dance choreography by Ryan Heffington, the show premiered at an [Opening Ceremony](/wiki/Opening_Ceremony_%28brand%29 "Opening Ceremony (brand)") fashion week presentation in September 2017 before opening to the public for a four\-night run at the [La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club](/wiki/La_MaMa_Experimental_Theatre_Club "La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club").{{Cite news \|last\=Ryzik \|first\=Melana \|date\=8 September 2017 \|title\=Twirly Legs and All: Spike Jonze Spreads His Dance Wings \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/08/arts/dance/twirly\-legs\-and\-all\-spike\-jonze\-spreads\-his\-dance\-wings.html \|access\-date\=16 March 2018}} In 2018, she appeared in [David and Nathan Zellner](/wiki/David_Zellner "David Zellner")'s black comedy western *[Damsel](/wiki/Damsel_%282018_film%29 "Damsel (2018 film)")*, reuniting with her *Maps to the Stars* co\-star Robert Pattinson, and in [Nicolas Pesce](/wiki/Nicolas_Pesce "Nicolas Pesce")'s psychosexual thriller *[Piercing](/wiki/Piercing_%28film%29 "Piercing (film)")*, based on [Ryū Murakami](/wiki/Ry%C5%AB_Murakami "Ryū Murakami")'s [1994 novel of the same name](/wiki/Piercing_%28novel%29 "Piercing (novel)").{{Cite web \|last\=Acevedo \|first\=Yoselin \|date\=8 February 2017 \|title\=Mia Wasikowska and Christopher Abbott Starring in Nicolas Pesce's Upcoming Thriller 'Piercing' \|url\=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/02/mia\-wasikowska\-christopher\-abbott\-piercing\-nicolas\-pesce\-thriller\-1201779711/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421032157/https://www.indiewire.com/2017/02/mia\-wasikowska\-christopher\-abbott\-piercing\-nicolas\-pesce\-thriller\-1201779711/ \|archive\-date\=21 April 2021 \|access\-date\=11 February 2017 \|website\=\[\[IndieWire]]}}{{Cite web \|last\=McNary \|first\=Dave \|date\=7 February 2017 \|title\=Mia Wasikowska, Christopher Abbott Starring in Thriller 'Piercing' \|url\=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/mia\-wasikowska\-christopher\-abbot\-thriller\-piercing\-1201980808/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610172642/https://variety.com/2017/film/news/mia\-wasikowska\-christopher\-abbot\-thriller\-piercing\-1201980808/ \|archive\-date\=10 June 2022 \|access\-date\=11 February 2017 \|website\=\[\[Variety.com]]}} The following year, she starred in [Mirrah Foulkes](/wiki/Mirrah_Foulkes "Mirrah Foulkes")' feature directorial debut *[Judy and Punch](/wiki/Judy_and_Punch "Judy and Punch")*. The film had its world premiere at the [Sundance Film Festival](/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival "Sundance Film Festival") on 27 January 2019\. From July to August of 2019, Wasikowska made her theatre debut as Ralph in the [Sydney Theatre Company](/wiki/Sydney_Theatre_Company "Sydney Theatre Company") production of [Nigel Williams](/wiki/Nigel_Williams_%28author%29 "Nigel Williams (author)")' stage adaptation of [William Golding's](/wiki/William_Golding "William Golding") *[Lord of the Flies](/wiki/Lord_of_the_Flies "Lord of the Flies")*.{{Cite web \|title\=Lord of the Flies – Sydney Theatre Company \|url\=https://www.sydneytheatre.com.au/whats\-on/productions/2019/lord\-of\-the\-flies \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228131225/https://www.sydneytheatre.com.au/whats\-on/productions/2019/lord\-of\-the\-flies \|archive\-date\=28 February 2020 \|access\-date\=14 January 2020}} She next appeared in [Roger Michell](/wiki/Roger_Michell "Roger Michell")'s drama *[Blackbird](/wiki/Blackbird_%282019_film%29 "Blackbird (2019 film)")*, alongside [Susan Sarandon](/wiki/Susan_Sarandon "Susan Sarandon") and [Kate Winslet](/wiki/Kate_Winslet "Kate Winslet"). It had its world premiere at the [Toronto International Film Festival](/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival "Toronto International Film Festival") on 6 September 2019\. Wasikowska's sole release of 2020 was [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix "Netflix")'s *[The Devil All the Time](/wiki/The_Devil_All_the_Time_%28film%29 "The Devil All the Time (film)")*, an adaptation of the novel of the same name by [Donald Ray Pollock](/wiki/Donald_Ray_Pollock "Donald Ray Pollock") directed by [Antonio Campos](/wiki/Antonio_Campos_%28director%29 "Antonio Campos (director)"). She was part of an [ensemble cast](/wiki/Ensemble_cast "Ensemble cast") formed by [Tom Holland](/wiki/Tom_Holland "Tom Holland"), [Bill Skarsgård](/wiki/Bill_Skarsg%C3%A5rd "Bill Skarsgård"), [Riley Keough](/wiki/Riley_Keough "Riley Keough"), [Sebastian Stan](/wiki/Sebastian_Stan "Sebastian Stan") and previous collaborators Clarke and Pattinson, among others names. In 2021, she starred in [Mia Hansen\-Løve](/wiki/Mia_Hansen-L%C3%B8ve "Mia Hansen-Løve")'s *[Bergman Island](/wiki/Bergman_Island_%282021_film%29 "Bergman Island (2021 film)")*, alongside [Vicky Krieps](/wiki/Vicky_Krieps "Vicky Krieps"), [Tim Roth](/wiki/Tim_Roth "Tim Roth") and [Anders Danielsen Lie](/wiki/Anders_Danielsen_Lie "Anders Danielsen Lie"). The film had its world premiere at the [Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival "Cannes Film Festival") on 11 July 2021\. As of 2021, Wasikowska had moved to focus more on directing and filmmaking with a feature film script written and was seeking financiers.{{Cite AV media \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=pqWe4VvH\-hI/ \|title\=Panel: Ian McPherson Memorial Lecture – SFF 21 \|date\=2 November 2021 \|publisher\=Sydney Film Festival \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020113725/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\=desktop\&v\=pqWe4VvH\-hI%2F%7Ctitle%3DPanel \|archive\-date\=20 October 2023 \|via\=\[\[YouTube]]}} She starred in [Robert Connolly](/wiki/Robert_Connolly "Robert Connolly")'s family drama *[Blueback](/wiki/Blueback_%28film%29 "Blueback (film)")*, alongside [Eric Bana](/wiki/Eric_Bana "Eric Bana"), which had its world premiere at the [2022 Toronto International Film Festival](/wiki/2022_Toronto_International_Film_Festival "2022 Toronto International Film Festival").{{Cite web \|title\=Blueback \|url\=https://tiff.net/events/blueback \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121114627/https://tiff.net/events/blueback \|archive\-date\=21 January 2023 \|access\-date\=24 August 2022 \|website\=TIFF}} In February 2022, it was announced that Wasikowska would portray an unusual schoolteacher in [Jessica Hausner](/wiki/Jessica_Hausner "Jessica Hausner")'s second English\-language film *Club Zero*. Filming began in the United Kingdom and Austria in July.{{Cite magazine \|last\=Ravindran \|first\=Manori \|date\=12 February 2012 \|title\=Mia Wasikowska to Lead Teen Cult Thriller 'Club Zero' From 'Little Joe' Director Jessica Hausner \|url\=https://variety.com/2022/film/global/mia\-wasikowska\-club\-zero\-jessica\-hausner\-1235179784/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404185040/https://variety.com/2022/film/global/mia\-wasikowska\-club\-zero\-jessica\-hausner\-1235179784/ \|archive\-date\=4 April 2023 \|access\-date\=12 February 2022 \|magazine\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]}}
[ "Career\n------", "### 2005–2009: Early work", "Wasikowska landed her first acting role in 2004 with a two\\-episode stint on the Australian soap *[All Saints](/wiki/All_Saints_%28TV_series%29 \"All Saints (TV series)\")*. She had just turned 15 when she was cast in her Australian film debut, *[Suburban Mayhem](/wiki/Suburban_Mayhem \"Suburban Mayhem\")* (2006\\), for which she was nominated for a Young Actor's [AFI](/wiki/Australian_Film_Institute \"Australian Film Institute\") Award. That year she also appeared in her first short film, *Lens Love Story*, in which she had no dialogue.", "In 2007, Wasikowska appeared in the crocodile horror film *[Rogue](/wiki/Rogue_%282007_film%29 \"Rogue (2007 film)\"),* alongside [Radha Mitchell](/wiki/Radha_Mitchell \"Radha Mitchell\") and [Sam Worthington](/wiki/Sam_Worthington \"Sam Worthington\"). She observed quietly on the set; fellow actor [Stephen Curry](/wiki/Stephen_Curry_%28comedian%29 \"Stephen Curry (comedian)\") noted, \"We didn't hear a peep out of her for three weeks, which earned her the nickname of 'Rowdy'\". She beat nearly 200 other actresses for a part in the drama *[September](/wiki/September_%282007_film%29 \"September (2007 film)\")* (2007\\) when she was cast on the spot by director Peter Carstairs following her audition. She starred in [Spencer Susser](/wiki/Spencer_Susser \"Spencer Susser\")'s acclaimed short film *[I Love Sarah Jane](/wiki/I_Love_Sarah_Jane \"I Love Sarah Jane\"),* which premiered at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival.", "At the age of seventeen, Wasikowska received her first big break role in the United States when she was cast as Sophie, a suicidal gymnast, in HBO's acclaimed weekly drama *[In Treatment](/wiki/In_Treatment_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"In Treatment (U.S. TV series)\")*; she auditioned for the role by videotape. The part required her to leave school in Canberra and move to Los Angeles for three months, while enrolling in [correspondence courses](/wiki/Distance_education \"Distance education\"). She earned critical acclaim for her performance as the troubled teenager treated by psychotherapist Paul Weston ([Gabriel Byrne](/wiki/Gabriel_Byrne \"Gabriel Byrne\")), which included praise for her American accent. She revealed in an October 2008 interview with *[Variety](/wiki/Variety_%28magazine%29 \"Variety (magazine)\")* that she was something of a mimic as a child, and that the widely available American films and TV shows in Australia made it easier for Australians to learn to speak like Americans.", "This show enabled Wasikowska to gain roles in American films. She played Chaya, the young wife of [Asael Bielski](/wiki/Asael_Bielski \"Asael Bielski\") ([Jamie Bell](/wiki/Jamie_Bell \"Jamie Bell\")) in *[Defiance](/wiki/Defiance_%282008_film%29 \"Defiance (2008 film)\")* (2008\\). Director [Edward Zwick](/wiki/Edward_Zwick \"Edward Zwick\") cast her, explaining to the Australian edition of *[Vogue](/wiki/Vogue_%28magazine%29 \"Vogue (magazine)\")*, \"Her inner life is so vivid that it comes across even when she's being still.\" Her next role was as aviation pioneer [Elinor Smith](/wiki/Elinor_Smith \"Elinor Smith\") in [Mira Nair](/wiki/Mira_Nair \"Mira Nair\")'s 2009 biopic *[Amelia](/wiki/Amelia_%28film%29 \"Amelia (film)\")*. In June 2008, for her work on *In Treatment*, she received an Australians in Film Breakthrough Award.", "Wasikowska played the supporting role of Pamela Choat in the 2009 [Southern Gothic](/wiki/Southern_Gothic \"Southern Gothic\") independent film *[That Evening Sun](/wiki/That_Evening_Sun_%28film%29 \"That Evening Sun (film)\")* opposite [Hal Holbrook](/wiki/Hal_Holbrook \"Hal Holbrook\"). Director [Scott Teems](/wiki/Scott_Teems \"Scott Teems\"), seeking a young actress who bore a resemblance to [Sissy Spacek](/wiki/Sissy_Spacek \"Sissy Spacek\"), initially balked at the casting director's suggestion of Wasikowska for the role. He wanted to cast all native [Southerners](/wiki/Southern_United_States \"Southern United States\") for the sake of authenticity. However, after auditions with other actresses were unsuccessful, Teems relented and summoned Wasikowska for as audition. During the two hours she had to prepare, she watched *[Coal Miner's Daughter](/wiki/Coal_Miner%27s_Daughter_%28film%29 \"Coal Miner's Daughter (film)\")* online to quickly learn a Southern accent, and impressed Teems enough to be the only non\\-American actor in the film. She was nominated for a 2009 [Independent Spirit Award](/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Award \"Independent Spirit Award\") for Best Supporting Female, and the film received a South by Southwest award for Best Ensemble Cast.", "### 2010–2016: Breakthrough and critical acclaim", "In July 2008, Wasikowska was cast as the eponymous heroine in [Tim Burton](/wiki/Tim_Burton \"Tim Burton\")'s version of *[Alice in Wonderland](/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_%282010_film%29 \"Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)\")*, alongside [Johnny Depp](/wiki/Johnny_Depp \"Johnny Depp\"), [Anne Hathaway](/wiki/Anne_Hathaway \"Anne Hathaway\") and [Helena Bonham Carter](/wiki/Helena_Bonham_Carter \"Helena Bonham Carter\"). She sent a videotaped audition to casting directors in London, and her first live reading in Los Angeles occurred on the same day as her *Evening Sun* audition. After three more auditions in London, she was given the role. Burton cited her \"old\\-soul quality\" as a catalyst in casting her: \"Because you're witnessing this whole thing through her eyes, it needed somebody who can subtly portray that.\"\n[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|Wasikowska at the [Independent Spirit Awards](/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Awards \"Independent Spirit Awards\") on 5 March 2010](/wiki/File:Mia_Wasikowska_2010.jpg \"Mia Wasikowska 2010.jpg\")", "Wasikowska portrayed a nineteen\\-year\\-old Alice returning to Wonderland for the first time in over a decade after falling down a rabbit hole from an unwanted marriage proposal. Her affinity for the character played a part in her desire for the role, as she had read the [Lewis Carroll](/wiki/Lewis_Carroll \"Lewis Carroll\") books as a child and was a fan of [Jan Švankmajer](/wiki/Jan_%C5%A0vankmajer \"Jan Švankmajer\")'s 1988 stop\\-motion film *[Alice](/wiki/Alice_%281988_film%29 \"Alice (1988 film)\")*. She considered Burton's film as a chance to explore a deeper characterisation of Alice, to whom she felt young women her age could relate, saying: \"Alice has a certain discomfort within herself, within society and among her peers; I \\[...] have definitely felt similarly about all of those things, so I could really understand her not fitting in. Alice also \\[is] an observer who is thinking a lot, and that's similar to how I am.\"", "For [Lisa Cholodenko](/wiki/Lisa_Cholodenko \"Lisa Cholodenko\")'s indie comedy *[The Kids Are All Right](/wiki/The_Kids_Are_All_Right_%28film%29 \"The Kids Are All Right (film)\")*, Wasikowska was cast as Joni, the bookish daughter of a lesbian couple ([Annette Bening](/wiki/Annette_Bening \"Annette Bening\") and [Julianne Moore](/wiki/Julianne_Moore \"Julianne Moore\")) who was conceived via [artificial insemination](/wiki/Artificial_insemination \"Artificial insemination\"). At her younger brother's ([Josh Hutcherson](/wiki/Josh_Hutcherson \"Josh Hutcherson\")) request, she seeks out their [biological father](/wiki/Sperm_donation \"Sperm donation\") ([Mark Ruffalo](/wiki/Mark_Ruffalo \"Mark Ruffalo\")). During shooting, she successfully campaigned to have Joni wear [pajamas](/wiki/Pajamas \"Pajamas\") in several home scenes. She explained to *[Orlando Sentinel](/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel \"Orlando Sentinel\")* film critic Roger Moore, \"\\[Joni's] very comfortable in her place, with who she is. So I pushed to have her, whenever she was at home, in her pajamas. That's comfortable! And that's something I do.\"", "On 25 October, Wasikowska was honored with the [Hollywood Awards](/wiki/Hollywood_Film_Festival \"Hollywood Film Festival\")' Breakthrough Actress Award, which was presented to her by [Bryce Dallas Howard](/wiki/Bryce_Dallas_Howard \"Bryce Dallas Howard\"), and she won the Australian Film Institute International Award for Best Actress on 12 December for her performance in *Alice in Wonderland*. According to *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")*, *Alice in Wonderland* was amongst the highest\\-grossing films of 2010 with $1\\.025 billion. As of May 2022, it is the [44th\\-highest\\-grossing film of all time](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films \"List of highest-grossing films\").", "From March to May 2010, Wasikowska filmed [Cary Fukunaga](/wiki/Cary_Fukunaga \"Cary Fukunaga\")'s adaptation of *[Jane Eyre](/wiki/Jane_Eyre_%282011_film%29 \"Jane Eyre (2011 film)\")*, in which she starred as the [title character](/wiki/Jane_Eyre_%28character%29 \"Jane Eyre (character)\") opposite [Michael Fassbender](/wiki/Michael_Fassbender \"Michael Fassbender\") as [Mr. Rochester](/wiki/Mr._Rochester \"Mr. Rochester\"). She began reading the novel after completion of *Alice in Wonderland*, during which she asked her agent if a script existed. Two months later, she received a script and was asked to meet with Fukunaga{{Cite news \\|last\\=Paul \\|first\\=Lauren B. \\|date\\=29 March 2011 \\|title\\=For Fukunaga and Wasikowska, 'Eyre' is About Equality \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Harvard Crimson]] \\|url\\=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/3/29/jane\\-eyre\\-feature/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=26 April 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303161531/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/3/29/jane\\-eyre\\-feature/ \\|archive\\-date\\=3 March 2021}} Fukunaga was unfamiliar with her work and was undecided about casting her, so he sought the opinion of director [Gus Van Sant](/wiki/Gus_Van_Sant \"Gus Van Sant\"), who had worked with Wasikowska on his 2011 film *[Restless](/wiki/Restless_%282011_film%29 \"Restless (2011 film)\").* Fukunga told *BlackBook* magazine in February 2011, \"Gus wrote back: 'Cast her.'\" Due to a scheduling conflict, she had to withdraw from the lead in [Julia Leigh](/wiki/Julia_Leigh \"Julia Leigh\")'s 2011 Australian independent film *[Sleeping Beauty](/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_%282011_film%29 \"Sleeping Beauty (2011 film)\")*, and she was replaced by [Emily Browning](/wiki/Emily_Browning \"Emily Browning\").", "Wasikowska appeared in *[Restless](/wiki/Restless_%282011_film%29 \"Restless (2011 film)\")* (2011\\), which was filmed from November to December 2009\\. The portrayal of her character, a terminally ill sixteen\\-year\\-old, required her to crop her long hair. From December 2010 to February 2011, Wasikowska filmed [Rodrigo García](/wiki/Rodrigo_Garc%C3%ADa_%28director%29 \"Rodrigo García (director)\")'s *[Albert Nobbs](/wiki/Albert_Nobbs \"Albert Nobbs\")*, for which she was a last\\-minute replacement for [Amanda Seyfried](/wiki/Amanda_Seyfried \"Amanda Seyfried\").", "On 21 April 2011, Wasikowska was named in the [*Time* 100](/wiki/Time_100 \"Time 100\"), a listing of the world's most influential people, which featured a brief essay written by *Albert Nobbs* co\\-star [Glenn Close](/wiki/Glenn_Close \"Glenn Close\"). In June, Wasikowska was invited to join the [Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences \"Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences\"). In December, she was among a group of actors who filmed a series of shorts from *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* titled *Touch of Evil*, which honored the art of cinematic villainy.", "[thumb\\|Wasikowska at the 2015 [San Diego Comic\\-Con](/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con \"San Diego Comic-Con\")\\|right\\|200px](/wiki/File:Mia_Wasikowska_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg \"Mia Wasikowska by Gage Skidmore.jpg\")\nIn 2011, Wasikowska played the small supporting role of [Shia LaBeouf](/wiki/Shia_LaBeouf \"Shia LaBeouf\")'s character's love interest in [John Hillcoat](/wiki/John_Hillcoat \"John Hillcoat\")'s *[Lawless](/wiki/Lawless_%282012_film%29 \"Lawless (2012 film)\")*. Later in the year, she filmed the lead in [Park Chan\\-wook](/wiki/Park_Chan-wook \"Park Chan-wook\")'s English\\-language debut, *[Stoker](/wiki/Stoker_%28film%29 \"Stoker (film)\")*. *Lawless* premiered at Cannes in May 2012, while *Stoker* debuted at Sundance in January 2013\\. Wasikowska also appeared in [Miu Miu](/wiki/Miu_Miu \"Miu Miu\")'s spring 2012 fashion campaign. In 2012, she made her second appearance in a *[Vanity Fair](/wiki/Vanity_Fair_%28magazine%29 \"Vanity Fair (magazine)\")* Hollywood Issue, this time being featured on the cover panel.", "Filming of her next project, [Richard Ayoade](/wiki/Richard_Ayoade \"Richard Ayoade\")'s *[The Double](/wiki/The_Double_%282013_film%29 \"The Double (2013 film)\")*, began in the UK in May 2012\\. In July, she shot [Jim Jarmusch](/wiki/Jim_Jarmusch \"Jim Jarmusch\")'s vampire drama *[Only Lovers Left Alive](/wiki/Only_Lovers_Left_Alive \"Only Lovers Left Alive\")*, in which she plays the younger sister of [Tilda Swinton](/wiki/Tilda_Swinton \"Tilda Swinton\")'s character. Filming of *[Tracks](/wiki/Tracks_%282013_film%29 \"Tracks (2013 film)\")*, director [John Curran](/wiki/John_Curran_%28director%29 \"John Curran (director)\")'s adaptation of the [Robyn Davidson](/wiki/Robyn_Davidson \"Robyn Davidson\") memoir of the same name, began in October 2012 in Australia, with Wasikowska in the lead role. The film was screened in competition at the 2013 [Venice Film Festival](/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival \"Venice Film Festival\").", "Wasikowska made her directorial debut on a segment of *[The Turning](/wiki/The_Turning_%282013_film%29 \"The Turning (2013 film)\")*, a collection of short stories by Australian author [Tim Winton](/wiki/Tim_Winton \"Tim Winton\"). It premiered in August 2013 at the Melbourne International Film Festival. In July 2013, she began filming [David Cronenberg](/wiki/David_Cronenberg \"David Cronenberg\")'s *[Maps to the Stars](/wiki/Maps_to_the_Stars \"Maps to the Stars\")* in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"). The film was released in 2014\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Mia Wasikowska \\& More Join David Cronenberg's 'Maps To The Stars,' Some Story Details Revealed \\|url\\=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/mia\\-wasikowska\\-more\\-join\\-david\\-cronenbergs\\-maps\\-to\\-the\\-stars\\-some\\-story\\-details\\-revealed\\-20130508 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603025727/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/mia\\-wasikowska\\-more\\-join\\-david\\-cronenbergs\\-maps\\-to\\-the\\-stars\\-some\\-story\\-details\\-revealed\\-20130508 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 June 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=17 March 2013}} She next played the title role in [Sophie Barthes](/wiki/Sophie_Barthes \"Sophie Barthes\")' film adaptation of *[Madame Bovary](/wiki/Madame_Bovary_%282014_film%29 \"Madame Bovary (2014 film)\")*, which began shooting on 30 September 2014 in [Normandy](/wiki/Normandy \"Normandy\"), France.", "Wasikowska replaced [Emma Stone](/wiki/Emma_Stone \"Emma Stone\") in [Guillermo del Toro](/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro \"Guillermo del Toro\")'s [gothic romance](/wiki/Gothic_fiction \"Gothic fiction\") *[Crimson Peak](/wiki/Crimson_Peak \"Crimson Peak\")* (2015\\), where she starred alongside [Tom Hiddleston](/wiki/Tom_Hiddleston \"Tom Hiddleston\") and [Jessica Chastain](/wiki/Jessica_Chastain \"Jessica Chastain\"). Production commenced in February 2014\\. The film premiered at [Fantastic Fest](/wiki/Fantastic_Fest \"Fantastic Fest\") on 25 September 2015, and was later released in the United States in October. The film received generally positive reviews from critics, with many praising the production values, performances and direction.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Shaw\\-Williams \\|first\\=Hannah \\|date\\=1 July 2013 \\|title\\=Guillermo Del Toro Says 'Crimson Peak' is Shocking, Kinky, Gothic \\& Scary \\|url\\=https://screenrant.com/guillermo\\-del\\-toro\\-crimson\\-peak\\-movie\\-details/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112222246/http://screenrant.com/guillermo\\-del\\-toro\\-crimson\\-peak\\-movie\\-details/ \\|archive\\-date\\=12 November 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2013 \\|website\\=Screen Rant}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Delhauer \\|first\\=Matt \\|title\\=Guillermo del Toro's \"Peak\" finds release date \\|date\\=31 October 2013 \\|url\\=http://diaboliquemagazine.com/guillermo\\-del\\-toros\\-peak\\-finds\\-release\\-date/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910132010/http://diaboliquemagazine.com/guillermo\\-del\\-toros\\-peak\\-finds\\-release\\-date/ \\|archive\\-date\\=10 September 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2013 \\|publisher\\=Diabolique Magazine}}", "In 2016, Wasikowska reprised the role of Alice in *[Alice Through the Looking Glass](/wiki/Alice_Through_the_Looking_Glass_%282016_film%29 \"Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)\")*.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Bahr \\|first\\=Lindsay \\|date\\=22 November 2013 \\|title\\='Alice in Wonderland 2' and 'The Jungle Book' snag release dates \\|publisher\\=Entertainment Weekly \\|url\\=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/11/22/alice\\-in\\-wonderland\\-2\\-and\\-the\\-jungle\\-book\\-snag\\-release\\-dates/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=23 November 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123134232/http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/11/22/alice\\-in\\-wonderland\\-2\\-and\\-the\\-jungle\\-book\\-snag\\-release\\-dates/ \\|archive\\-date\\=23 November 2013}} Despite receiving generally negative reviews and faring badly at the box office, critics praised its performances and visual effects. This was Wasikowska's last [major film studio](/wiki/Major_film_studios \"Major film studios\") release before moving on to appear in more independent films.", "### 2017–present: Independent films", "In May 2015, Wasikowska joined the cast of [Cédric Jimenez](/wiki/C%C3%A9dric_Jimenez \"Cédric Jimenez\")'s historical thriller *[The Man with the Iron Heart](/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Iron_Heart_%28film%29 \"The Man with the Iron Heart (film)\")*, based on the novel *[HHhH](/wiki/HHhH \"HHhH\")*. She starred alongside [Jason Clarke](/wiki/Jason_Clarke_%28actor%29 \"Jason Clarke (actor)\"), [Rosamund Pike](/wiki/Rosamund_Pike \"Rosamund Pike\"), [Jack O'Connell](/wiki/Jack_O%27Connell_%28actor%29 \"Jack O'Connell (actor)\") and [Jack Reynor](/wiki/Jack_Reynor \"Jack Reynor\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=7 May 2015 \\|title\\=Cannes: Jason Clarke, Rosamund Pike, Jack O'Connell Join WWII\\-Set Drama 'HHHH' (EXCLUSIVE) \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2015/film/festivals/cannes\\-jason\\-clarke\\-rosamund\\-pike\\-jack\\-oconnell\\-join\\-wwii\\-set\\-drama\\-hhhh\\-exclusive\\-1201488787/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412121458/https://variety.com/2015/film/festivals/cannes\\-jason\\-clarke\\-rosamund\\-pike\\-jack\\-oconnell\\-join\\-wwii\\-set\\-drama\\-hhhh\\-exclusive\\-1201488787/ \\|archive\\-date\\=12 April 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2017 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]}} [Principal photography](/wiki/Principal_photography \"Principal photography\") began 14 September 2015 in [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\") and [Budapest](/wiki/Budapest \"Budapest\"), and ended on 1 February 2016\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Kay \\|first\\=Jeremy \\|date\\=28 October 2015 \\|title\\=TWC acquires US rights to 'HHhH' \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Screendaily]] \\|url\\=http://www.screendaily.com/news/distribution/twc\\-acquires\\-us\\-rights\\-to\\-hhhh/5096062\\.article \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122121943/http://www.screendaily.com/news/distribution/twc\\-acquires\\-us\\-rights\\-to\\-hhhh/5096062\\.article \\|archive\\-date\\=22 November 2015}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=18 September 2015 \\|title\\=On the Set for 9/18/15: Rian Johnson Calls Action on Star Wars: Episode 8, Ghostbusters \\& The Magnificent Seven Wrap \\|work\\=SSN Insider \\|url\\=http://www.ssninsider.com/on\\-the\\-set\\-for\\-91815\\-rian\\-johnson\\-calls\\-action\\-on\\-star\\-wars\\-episode\\-8\\-ghostbusters\\-the\\-magnificent\\-seven\\-wrap/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=25 February 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221163209/http://www.ssninsider.com/on\\-the\\-set\\-for\\-91815\\-rian\\-johnson\\-calls\\-action\\-on\\-star\\-wars\\-episode\\-8\\-ghostbusters\\-the\\-magnificent\\-seven\\-wrap/ \\|archive\\-date\\=21 February 2016}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=5 February 2016 \\|title\\=On the Set for 2/5/16: Vin Diesel \\& Nina Dobrev Start Shooting 'xXx' Sequel, Ben Affleck Wraps Production on 'Live by Night' \\|work\\=SSN Insider \\|url\\=http://www.ssninsider.com/on\\-the\\-set\\-for\\-2516\\-vin\\-diesel\\-nina\\-dobrev\\-start\\-shooting\\-xxx\\-sequel\\-ben\\-affleck\\-wraps\\-production\\-on\\-live\\-by\\-night/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=25 February 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221163107/http://www.ssninsider.com/on\\-the\\-set\\-for\\-2516\\-vin\\-diesel\\-nina\\-dobrev\\-start\\-shooting\\-xxx\\-sequel\\-ben\\-affleck\\-wraps\\-production\\-on\\-live\\-by\\-night/ \\|archive\\-date\\=21 February 2016}} The film was released in 2017\\. The same year, she starred in [Spike Jonze](/wiki/Spike_Jonze \"Spike Jonze\")'s stage show *Changers: A Dance Story*, alongside [Lakeith Stanfield](/wiki/Lakeith_Stanfield \"Lakeith Stanfield\"). Featuring dance choreography by Ryan Heffington, the show premiered at an [Opening Ceremony](/wiki/Opening_Ceremony_%28brand%29 \"Opening Ceremony (brand)\") fashion week presentation in September 2017 before opening to the public for a four\\-night run at the [La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club](/wiki/La_MaMa_Experimental_Theatre_Club \"La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=Ryzik \\|first\\=Melana \\|date\\=8 September 2017 \\|title\\=Twirly Legs and All: Spike Jonze Spreads His Dance Wings \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/08/arts/dance/twirly\\-legs\\-and\\-all\\-spike\\-jonze\\-spreads\\-his\\-dance\\-wings.html \\|access\\-date\\=16 March 2018}}", "In 2018, she appeared in [David and Nathan Zellner](/wiki/David_Zellner \"David Zellner\")'s black comedy western *[Damsel](/wiki/Damsel_%282018_film%29 \"Damsel (2018 film)\")*, reuniting with her *Maps to the Stars* co\\-star Robert Pattinson, and in [Nicolas Pesce](/wiki/Nicolas_Pesce \"Nicolas Pesce\")'s psychosexual thriller *[Piercing](/wiki/Piercing_%28film%29 \"Piercing (film)\")*, based on [Ryū Murakami](/wiki/Ry%C5%AB_Murakami \"Ryū Murakami\")'s [1994 novel of the same name](/wiki/Piercing_%28novel%29 \"Piercing (novel)\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Acevedo \\|first\\=Yoselin \\|date\\=8 February 2017 \\|title\\=Mia Wasikowska and Christopher Abbott Starring in Nicolas Pesce's Upcoming Thriller 'Piercing' \\|url\\=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/02/mia\\-wasikowska\\-christopher\\-abbott\\-piercing\\-nicolas\\-pesce\\-thriller\\-1201779711/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421032157/https://www.indiewire.com/2017/02/mia\\-wasikowska\\-christopher\\-abbott\\-piercing\\-nicolas\\-pesce\\-thriller\\-1201779711/ \\|archive\\-date\\=21 April 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=11 February 2017 \\|website\\=\\[\\[IndieWire]]}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=McNary \\|first\\=Dave \\|date\\=7 February 2017 \\|title\\=Mia Wasikowska, Christopher Abbott Starring in Thriller 'Piercing' \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/mia\\-wasikowska\\-christopher\\-abbot\\-thriller\\-piercing\\-1201980808/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610172642/https://variety.com/2017/film/news/mia\\-wasikowska\\-christopher\\-abbot\\-thriller\\-piercing\\-1201980808/ \\|archive\\-date\\=10 June 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=11 February 2017 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Variety.com]]}} The following year, she starred in [Mirrah Foulkes](/wiki/Mirrah_Foulkes \"Mirrah Foulkes\")' feature directorial debut *[Judy and Punch](/wiki/Judy_and_Punch \"Judy and Punch\")*. The film had its world premiere at the [Sundance Film Festival](/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival \"Sundance Film Festival\") on 27 January 2019\\. From July to August of 2019, Wasikowska made her theatre debut as Ralph in the [Sydney Theatre Company](/wiki/Sydney_Theatre_Company \"Sydney Theatre Company\") production of [Nigel Williams](/wiki/Nigel_Williams_%28author%29 \"Nigel Williams (author)\")' stage adaptation of [William Golding's](/wiki/William_Golding \"William Golding\") *[Lord of the Flies](/wiki/Lord_of_the_Flies \"Lord of the Flies\")*.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Lord of the Flies – Sydney Theatre Company \\|url\\=https://www.sydneytheatre.com.au/whats\\-on/productions/2019/lord\\-of\\-the\\-flies \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228131225/https://www.sydneytheatre.com.au/whats\\-on/productions/2019/lord\\-of\\-the\\-flies \\|archive\\-date\\=28 February 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2020}} She next appeared in [Roger Michell](/wiki/Roger_Michell \"Roger Michell\")'s drama *[Blackbird](/wiki/Blackbird_%282019_film%29 \"Blackbird (2019 film)\")*, alongside [Susan Sarandon](/wiki/Susan_Sarandon \"Susan Sarandon\") and [Kate Winslet](/wiki/Kate_Winslet \"Kate Winslet\"). It had its world premiere at the [Toronto International Film Festival](/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival \"Toronto International Film Festival\") on 6 September 2019\\.", "Wasikowska's sole release of 2020 was [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix \"Netflix\")'s *[The Devil All the Time](/wiki/The_Devil_All_the_Time_%28film%29 \"The Devil All the Time (film)\")*, an adaptation of the novel of the same name by [Donald Ray Pollock](/wiki/Donald_Ray_Pollock \"Donald Ray Pollock\") directed by [Antonio Campos](/wiki/Antonio_Campos_%28director%29 \"Antonio Campos (director)\"). She was part of an [ensemble cast](/wiki/Ensemble_cast \"Ensemble cast\") formed by [Tom Holland](/wiki/Tom_Holland \"Tom Holland\"), [Bill Skarsgård](/wiki/Bill_Skarsg%C3%A5rd \"Bill Skarsgård\"), [Riley Keough](/wiki/Riley_Keough \"Riley Keough\"), [Sebastian Stan](/wiki/Sebastian_Stan \"Sebastian Stan\") and previous collaborators Clarke and Pattinson, among others names. In 2021, she starred in [Mia Hansen\\-Løve](/wiki/Mia_Hansen-L%C3%B8ve \"Mia Hansen-Løve\")'s *[Bergman Island](/wiki/Bergman_Island_%282021_film%29 \"Bergman Island (2021 film)\")*, alongside [Vicky Krieps](/wiki/Vicky_Krieps \"Vicky Krieps\"), [Tim Roth](/wiki/Tim_Roth \"Tim Roth\") and [Anders Danielsen Lie](/wiki/Anders_Danielsen_Lie \"Anders Danielsen Lie\"). The film had its world premiere at the [Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival \"Cannes Film Festival\") on 11 July 2021\\. As of 2021, Wasikowska had moved to focus more on directing and filmmaking with a feature film script written and was seeking financiers.{{Cite AV media \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=pqWe4VvH\\-hI/ \\|title\\=Panel: Ian McPherson Memorial Lecture – SFF 21 \\|date\\=2 November 2021 \\|publisher\\=Sydney Film Festival \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020113725/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\\=desktop\\&v\\=pqWe4VvH\\-hI%2F%7Ctitle%3DPanel \\|archive\\-date\\=20 October 2023 \\|via\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]}} She starred in [Robert Connolly](/wiki/Robert_Connolly \"Robert Connolly\")'s family drama *[Blueback](/wiki/Blueback_%28film%29 \"Blueback (film)\")*, alongside [Eric Bana](/wiki/Eric_Bana \"Eric Bana\"), which had its world premiere at the [2022 Toronto International Film Festival](/wiki/2022_Toronto_International_Film_Festival \"2022 Toronto International Film Festival\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Blueback \\|url\\=https://tiff.net/events/blueback \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121114627/https://tiff.net/events/blueback \\|archive\\-date\\=21 January 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=24 August 2022 \\|website\\=TIFF}} In February 2022, it was announced that Wasikowska would portray an unusual schoolteacher in [Jessica Hausner](/wiki/Jessica_Hausner \"Jessica Hausner\")'s second English\\-language film *Club Zero*. Filming began in the United Kingdom and Austria in July.{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=Ravindran \\|first\\=Manori \\|date\\=12 February 2012 \\|title\\=Mia Wasikowska to Lead Teen Cult Thriller 'Club Zero' From 'Little Joe' Director Jessica Hausner \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2022/film/global/mia\\-wasikowska\\-club\\-zero\\-jessica\\-hausner\\-1235179784/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404185040/https://variety.com/2022/film/global/mia\\-wasikowska\\-club\\-zero\\-jessica\\-hausner\\-1235179784/ \\|archive\\-date\\=4 April 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2022 \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]}}", "" ]
### 2005–2009: Early work Wasikowska landed her first acting role in 2004 with a two\-episode stint on the Australian soap *[All Saints](/wiki/All_Saints_%28TV_series%29 "All Saints (TV series)")*. She had just turned 15 when she was cast in her Australian film debut, *[Suburban Mayhem](/wiki/Suburban_Mayhem "Suburban Mayhem")* (2006\), for which she was nominated for a Young Actor's [AFI](/wiki/Australian_Film_Institute "Australian Film Institute") Award. That year she also appeared in her first short film, *Lens Love Story*, in which she had no dialogue. In 2007, Wasikowska appeared in the crocodile horror film *[Rogue](/wiki/Rogue_%282007_film%29 "Rogue (2007 film)"),* alongside [Radha Mitchell](/wiki/Radha_Mitchell "Radha Mitchell") and [Sam Worthington](/wiki/Sam_Worthington "Sam Worthington"). She observed quietly on the set; fellow actor [Stephen Curry](/wiki/Stephen_Curry_%28comedian%29 "Stephen Curry (comedian)") noted, "We didn't hear a peep out of her for three weeks, which earned her the nickname of 'Rowdy'". She beat nearly 200 other actresses for a part in the drama *[September](/wiki/September_%282007_film%29 "September (2007 film)")* (2007\) when she was cast on the spot by director Peter Carstairs following her audition. She starred in [Spencer Susser](/wiki/Spencer_Susser "Spencer Susser")'s acclaimed short film *[I Love Sarah Jane](/wiki/I_Love_Sarah_Jane "I Love Sarah Jane"),* which premiered at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival. At the age of seventeen, Wasikowska received her first big break role in the United States when she was cast as Sophie, a suicidal gymnast, in HBO's acclaimed weekly drama *[In Treatment](/wiki/In_Treatment_%28U.S._TV_series%29 "In Treatment (U.S. TV series)")*; she auditioned for the role by videotape. The part required her to leave school in Canberra and move to Los Angeles for three months, while enrolling in [correspondence courses](/wiki/Distance_education "Distance education"). She earned critical acclaim for her performance as the troubled teenager treated by psychotherapist Paul Weston ([Gabriel Byrne](/wiki/Gabriel_Byrne "Gabriel Byrne")), which included praise for her American accent. She revealed in an October 2008 interview with *[Variety](/wiki/Variety_%28magazine%29 "Variety (magazine)")* that she was something of a mimic as a child, and that the widely available American films and TV shows in Australia made it easier for Australians to learn to speak like Americans. This show enabled Wasikowska to gain roles in American films. She played Chaya, the young wife of [Asael Bielski](/wiki/Asael_Bielski "Asael Bielski") ([Jamie Bell](/wiki/Jamie_Bell "Jamie Bell")) in *[Defiance](/wiki/Defiance_%282008_film%29 "Defiance (2008 film)")* (2008\). Director [Edward Zwick](/wiki/Edward_Zwick "Edward Zwick") cast her, explaining to the Australian edition of *[Vogue](/wiki/Vogue_%28magazine%29 "Vogue (magazine)")*, "Her inner life is so vivid that it comes across even when she's being still." Her next role was as aviation pioneer [Elinor Smith](/wiki/Elinor_Smith "Elinor Smith") in [Mira Nair](/wiki/Mira_Nair "Mira Nair")'s 2009 biopic *[Amelia](/wiki/Amelia_%28film%29 "Amelia (film)")*. In June 2008, for her work on *In Treatment*, she received an Australians in Film Breakthrough Award. Wasikowska played the supporting role of Pamela Choat in the 2009 [Southern Gothic](/wiki/Southern_Gothic "Southern Gothic") independent film *[That Evening Sun](/wiki/That_Evening_Sun_%28film%29 "That Evening Sun (film)")* opposite [Hal Holbrook](/wiki/Hal_Holbrook "Hal Holbrook"). Director [Scott Teems](/wiki/Scott_Teems "Scott Teems"), seeking a young actress who bore a resemblance to [Sissy Spacek](/wiki/Sissy_Spacek "Sissy Spacek"), initially balked at the casting director's suggestion of Wasikowska for the role. He wanted to cast all native [Southerners](/wiki/Southern_United_States "Southern United States") for the sake of authenticity. However, after auditions with other actresses were unsuccessful, Teems relented and summoned Wasikowska for as audition. During the two hours she had to prepare, she watched *[Coal Miner's Daughter](/wiki/Coal_Miner%27s_Daughter_%28film%29 "Coal Miner's Daughter (film)")* online to quickly learn a Southern accent, and impressed Teems enough to be the only non\-American actor in the film. She was nominated for a 2009 [Independent Spirit Award](/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Award "Independent Spirit Award") for Best Supporting Female, and the film received a South by Southwest award for Best Ensemble Cast.
[ "### 2005–2009: Early work", "Wasikowska landed her first acting role in 2004 with a two\\-episode stint on the Australian soap *[All Saints](/wiki/All_Saints_%28TV_series%29 \"All Saints (TV series)\")*. She had just turned 15 when she was cast in her Australian film debut, *[Suburban Mayhem](/wiki/Suburban_Mayhem \"Suburban Mayhem\")* (2006\\), for which she was nominated for a Young Actor's [AFI](/wiki/Australian_Film_Institute \"Australian Film Institute\") Award. That year she also appeared in her first short film, *Lens Love Story*, in which she had no dialogue.", "In 2007, Wasikowska appeared in the crocodile horror film *[Rogue](/wiki/Rogue_%282007_film%29 \"Rogue (2007 film)\"),* alongside [Radha Mitchell](/wiki/Radha_Mitchell \"Radha Mitchell\") and [Sam Worthington](/wiki/Sam_Worthington \"Sam Worthington\"). She observed quietly on the set; fellow actor [Stephen Curry](/wiki/Stephen_Curry_%28comedian%29 \"Stephen Curry (comedian)\") noted, \"We didn't hear a peep out of her for three weeks, which earned her the nickname of 'Rowdy'\". She beat nearly 200 other actresses for a part in the drama *[September](/wiki/September_%282007_film%29 \"September (2007 film)\")* (2007\\) when she was cast on the spot by director Peter Carstairs following her audition. She starred in [Spencer Susser](/wiki/Spencer_Susser \"Spencer Susser\")'s acclaimed short film *[I Love Sarah Jane](/wiki/I_Love_Sarah_Jane \"I Love Sarah Jane\"),* which premiered at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival.", "At the age of seventeen, Wasikowska received her first big break role in the United States when she was cast as Sophie, a suicidal gymnast, in HBO's acclaimed weekly drama *[In Treatment](/wiki/In_Treatment_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"In Treatment (U.S. TV series)\")*; she auditioned for the role by videotape. The part required her to leave school in Canberra and move to Los Angeles for three months, while enrolling in [correspondence courses](/wiki/Distance_education \"Distance education\"). She earned critical acclaim for her performance as the troubled teenager treated by psychotherapist Paul Weston ([Gabriel Byrne](/wiki/Gabriel_Byrne \"Gabriel Byrne\")), which included praise for her American accent. She revealed in an October 2008 interview with *[Variety](/wiki/Variety_%28magazine%29 \"Variety (magazine)\")* that she was something of a mimic as a child, and that the widely available American films and TV shows in Australia made it easier for Australians to learn to speak like Americans.", "This show enabled Wasikowska to gain roles in American films. She played Chaya, the young wife of [Asael Bielski](/wiki/Asael_Bielski \"Asael Bielski\") ([Jamie Bell](/wiki/Jamie_Bell \"Jamie Bell\")) in *[Defiance](/wiki/Defiance_%282008_film%29 \"Defiance (2008 film)\")* (2008\\). Director [Edward Zwick](/wiki/Edward_Zwick \"Edward Zwick\") cast her, explaining to the Australian edition of *[Vogue](/wiki/Vogue_%28magazine%29 \"Vogue (magazine)\")*, \"Her inner life is so vivid that it comes across even when she's being still.\" Her next role was as aviation pioneer [Elinor Smith](/wiki/Elinor_Smith \"Elinor Smith\") in [Mira Nair](/wiki/Mira_Nair \"Mira Nair\")'s 2009 biopic *[Amelia](/wiki/Amelia_%28film%29 \"Amelia (film)\")*. In June 2008, for her work on *In Treatment*, she received an Australians in Film Breakthrough Award.", "Wasikowska played the supporting role of Pamela Choat in the 2009 [Southern Gothic](/wiki/Southern_Gothic \"Southern Gothic\") independent film *[That Evening Sun](/wiki/That_Evening_Sun_%28film%29 \"That Evening Sun (film)\")* opposite [Hal Holbrook](/wiki/Hal_Holbrook \"Hal Holbrook\"). Director [Scott Teems](/wiki/Scott_Teems \"Scott Teems\"), seeking a young actress who bore a resemblance to [Sissy Spacek](/wiki/Sissy_Spacek \"Sissy Spacek\"), initially balked at the casting director's suggestion of Wasikowska for the role. He wanted to cast all native [Southerners](/wiki/Southern_United_States \"Southern United States\") for the sake of authenticity. However, after auditions with other actresses were unsuccessful, Teems relented and summoned Wasikowska for as audition. During the two hours she had to prepare, she watched *[Coal Miner's Daughter](/wiki/Coal_Miner%27s_Daughter_%28film%29 \"Coal Miner's Daughter (film)\")* online to quickly learn a Southern accent, and impressed Teems enough to be the only non\\-American actor in the film. She was nominated for a 2009 [Independent Spirit Award](/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Award \"Independent Spirit Award\") for Best Supporting Female, and the film received a South by Southwest award for Best Ensemble Cast.", "" ]
### 2010–2016: Breakthrough and critical acclaim In July 2008, Wasikowska was cast as the eponymous heroine in [Tim Burton](/wiki/Tim_Burton "Tim Burton")'s version of *[Alice in Wonderland](/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_%282010_film%29 "Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)")*, alongside [Johnny Depp](/wiki/Johnny_Depp "Johnny Depp"), [Anne Hathaway](/wiki/Anne_Hathaway "Anne Hathaway") and [Helena Bonham Carter](/wiki/Helena_Bonham_Carter "Helena Bonham Carter"). She sent a videotaped audition to casting directors in London, and her first live reading in Los Angeles occurred on the same day as her *Evening Sun* audition. After three more auditions in London, she was given the role. Burton cited her "old\-soul quality" as a catalyst in casting her: "Because you're witnessing this whole thing through her eyes, it needed somebody who can subtly portray that." [thumb\|upright\|left\|Wasikowska at the [Independent Spirit Awards](/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Awards "Independent Spirit Awards") on 5 March 2010](/wiki/File:Mia_Wasikowska_2010.jpg "Mia Wasikowska 2010.jpg") Wasikowska portrayed a nineteen\-year\-old Alice returning to Wonderland for the first time in over a decade after falling down a rabbit hole from an unwanted marriage proposal. Her affinity for the character played a part in her desire for the role, as she had read the [Lewis Carroll](/wiki/Lewis_Carroll "Lewis Carroll") books as a child and was a fan of [Jan Švankmajer](/wiki/Jan_%C5%A0vankmajer "Jan Švankmajer")'s 1988 stop\-motion film *[Alice](/wiki/Alice_%281988_film%29 "Alice (1988 film)")*. She considered Burton's film as a chance to explore a deeper characterisation of Alice, to whom she felt young women her age could relate, saying: "Alice has a certain discomfort within herself, within society and among her peers; I \[...] have definitely felt similarly about all of those things, so I could really understand her not fitting in. Alice also \[is] an observer who is thinking a lot, and that's similar to how I am." For [Lisa Cholodenko](/wiki/Lisa_Cholodenko "Lisa Cholodenko")'s indie comedy *[The Kids Are All Right](/wiki/The_Kids_Are_All_Right_%28film%29 "The Kids Are All Right (film)")*, Wasikowska was cast as Joni, the bookish daughter of a lesbian couple ([Annette Bening](/wiki/Annette_Bening "Annette Bening") and [Julianne Moore](/wiki/Julianne_Moore "Julianne Moore")) who was conceived via [artificial insemination](/wiki/Artificial_insemination "Artificial insemination"). At her younger brother's ([Josh Hutcherson](/wiki/Josh_Hutcherson "Josh Hutcherson")) request, she seeks out their [biological father](/wiki/Sperm_donation "Sperm donation") ([Mark Ruffalo](/wiki/Mark_Ruffalo "Mark Ruffalo")). During shooting, she successfully campaigned to have Joni wear [pajamas](/wiki/Pajamas "Pajamas") in several home scenes. She explained to *[Orlando Sentinel](/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel "Orlando Sentinel")* film critic Roger Moore, "\[Joni's] very comfortable in her place, with who she is. So I pushed to have her, whenever she was at home, in her pajamas. That's comfortable! And that's something I do." On 25 October, Wasikowska was honored with the [Hollywood Awards](/wiki/Hollywood_Film_Festival "Hollywood Film Festival")' Breakthrough Actress Award, which was presented to her by [Bryce Dallas Howard](/wiki/Bryce_Dallas_Howard "Bryce Dallas Howard"), and she won the Australian Film Institute International Award for Best Actress on 12 December for her performance in *Alice in Wonderland*. According to *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*, *Alice in Wonderland* was amongst the highest\-grossing films of 2010 with $1\.025 billion. As of May 2022, it is the [44th\-highest\-grossing film of all time](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films "List of highest-grossing films"). From March to May 2010, Wasikowska filmed [Cary Fukunaga](/wiki/Cary_Fukunaga "Cary Fukunaga")'s adaptation of *[Jane Eyre](/wiki/Jane_Eyre_%282011_film%29 "Jane Eyre (2011 film)")*, in which she starred as the [title character](/wiki/Jane_Eyre_%28character%29 "Jane Eyre (character)") opposite [Michael Fassbender](/wiki/Michael_Fassbender "Michael Fassbender") as [Mr. Rochester](/wiki/Mr._Rochester "Mr. Rochester"). She began reading the novel after completion of *Alice in Wonderland*, during which she asked her agent if a script existed. Two months later, she received a script and was asked to meet with Fukunaga{{Cite news \|last\=Paul \|first\=Lauren B. \|date\=29 March 2011 \|title\=For Fukunaga and Wasikowska, 'Eyre' is About Equality \|work\=\[\[The Harvard Crimson]] \|url\=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/3/29/jane\-eyre\-feature/ \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=26 April 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303161531/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/3/29/jane\-eyre\-feature/ \|archive\-date\=3 March 2021}} Fukunaga was unfamiliar with her work and was undecided about casting her, so he sought the opinion of director [Gus Van Sant](/wiki/Gus_Van_Sant "Gus Van Sant"), who had worked with Wasikowska on his 2011 film *[Restless](/wiki/Restless_%282011_film%29 "Restless (2011 film)").* Fukunga told *BlackBook* magazine in February 2011, "Gus wrote back: 'Cast her.'" Due to a scheduling conflict, she had to withdraw from the lead in [Julia Leigh](/wiki/Julia_Leigh "Julia Leigh")'s 2011 Australian independent film *[Sleeping Beauty](/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_%282011_film%29 "Sleeping Beauty (2011 film)")*, and she was replaced by [Emily Browning](/wiki/Emily_Browning "Emily Browning"). Wasikowska appeared in *[Restless](/wiki/Restless_%282011_film%29 "Restless (2011 film)")* (2011\), which was filmed from November to December 2009\. The portrayal of her character, a terminally ill sixteen\-year\-old, required her to crop her long hair. From December 2010 to February 2011, Wasikowska filmed [Rodrigo García](/wiki/Rodrigo_Garc%C3%ADa_%28director%29 "Rodrigo García (director)")'s *[Albert Nobbs](/wiki/Albert_Nobbs "Albert Nobbs")*, for which she was a last\-minute replacement for [Amanda Seyfried](/wiki/Amanda_Seyfried "Amanda Seyfried"). On 21 April 2011, Wasikowska was named in the [*Time* 100](/wiki/Time_100 "Time 100"), a listing of the world's most influential people, which featured a brief essay written by *Albert Nobbs* co\-star [Glenn Close](/wiki/Glenn_Close "Glenn Close"). In June, Wasikowska was invited to join the [Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences"). In December, she was among a group of actors who filmed a series of shorts from *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* titled *Touch of Evil*, which honored the art of cinematic villainy. [thumb\|Wasikowska at the 2015 [San Diego Comic\-Con](/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con "San Diego Comic-Con")\|right\|200px](/wiki/File:Mia_Wasikowska_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg "Mia Wasikowska by Gage Skidmore.jpg") In 2011, Wasikowska played the small supporting role of [Shia LaBeouf](/wiki/Shia_LaBeouf "Shia LaBeouf")'s character's love interest in [John Hillcoat](/wiki/John_Hillcoat "John Hillcoat")'s *[Lawless](/wiki/Lawless_%282012_film%29 "Lawless (2012 film)")*. Later in the year, she filmed the lead in [Park Chan\-wook](/wiki/Park_Chan-wook "Park Chan-wook")'s English\-language debut, *[Stoker](/wiki/Stoker_%28film%29 "Stoker (film)")*. *Lawless* premiered at Cannes in May 2012, while *Stoker* debuted at Sundance in January 2013\. Wasikowska also appeared in [Miu Miu](/wiki/Miu_Miu "Miu Miu")'s spring 2012 fashion campaign. In 2012, she made her second appearance in a *[Vanity Fair](/wiki/Vanity_Fair_%28magazine%29 "Vanity Fair (magazine)")* Hollywood Issue, this time being featured on the cover panel. Filming of her next project, [Richard Ayoade](/wiki/Richard_Ayoade "Richard Ayoade")'s *[The Double](/wiki/The_Double_%282013_film%29 "The Double (2013 film)")*, began in the UK in May 2012\. In July, she shot [Jim Jarmusch](/wiki/Jim_Jarmusch "Jim Jarmusch")'s vampire drama *[Only Lovers Left Alive](/wiki/Only_Lovers_Left_Alive "Only Lovers Left Alive")*, in which she plays the younger sister of [Tilda Swinton](/wiki/Tilda_Swinton "Tilda Swinton")'s character. Filming of *[Tracks](/wiki/Tracks_%282013_film%29 "Tracks (2013 film)")*, director [John Curran](/wiki/John_Curran_%28director%29 "John Curran (director)")'s adaptation of the [Robyn Davidson](/wiki/Robyn_Davidson "Robyn Davidson") memoir of the same name, began in October 2012 in Australia, with Wasikowska in the lead role. The film was screened in competition at the 2013 [Venice Film Festival](/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival "Venice Film Festival"). Wasikowska made her directorial debut on a segment of *[The Turning](/wiki/The_Turning_%282013_film%29 "The Turning (2013 film)")*, a collection of short stories by Australian author [Tim Winton](/wiki/Tim_Winton "Tim Winton"). It premiered in August 2013 at the Melbourne International Film Festival. In July 2013, she began filming [David Cronenberg](/wiki/David_Cronenberg "David Cronenberg")'s *[Maps to the Stars](/wiki/Maps_to_the_Stars "Maps to the Stars")* in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"). The film was released in 2014\.{{Cite web \|title\=Mia Wasikowska \& More Join David Cronenberg's 'Maps To The Stars,' Some Story Details Revealed \|url\=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/mia\-wasikowska\-more\-join\-david\-cronenbergs\-maps\-to\-the\-stars\-some\-story\-details\-revealed\-20130508 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603025727/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/mia\-wasikowska\-more\-join\-david\-cronenbergs\-maps\-to\-the\-stars\-some\-story\-details\-revealed\-20130508 \|archive\-date\=3 June 2013 \|access\-date\=17 March 2013}} She next played the title role in [Sophie Barthes](/wiki/Sophie_Barthes "Sophie Barthes")' film adaptation of *[Madame Bovary](/wiki/Madame_Bovary_%282014_film%29 "Madame Bovary (2014 film)")*, which began shooting on 30 September 2014 in [Normandy](/wiki/Normandy "Normandy"), France. Wasikowska replaced [Emma Stone](/wiki/Emma_Stone "Emma Stone") in [Guillermo del Toro](/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro "Guillermo del Toro")'s [gothic romance](/wiki/Gothic_fiction "Gothic fiction") *[Crimson Peak](/wiki/Crimson_Peak "Crimson Peak")* (2015\), where she starred alongside [Tom Hiddleston](/wiki/Tom_Hiddleston "Tom Hiddleston") and [Jessica Chastain](/wiki/Jessica_Chastain "Jessica Chastain"). Production commenced in February 2014\. The film premiered at [Fantastic Fest](/wiki/Fantastic_Fest "Fantastic Fest") on 25 September 2015, and was later released in the United States in October. The film received generally positive reviews from critics, with many praising the production values, performances and direction.{{Cite web \|last\=Shaw\-Williams \|first\=Hannah \|date\=1 July 2013 \|title\=Guillermo Del Toro Says 'Crimson Peak' is Shocking, Kinky, Gothic \& Scary \|url\=https://screenrant.com/guillermo\-del\-toro\-crimson\-peak\-movie\-details/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112222246/http://screenrant.com/guillermo\-del\-toro\-crimson\-peak\-movie\-details/ \|archive\-date\=12 November 2013 \|access\-date\=12 November 2013 \|website\=Screen Rant}}{{Cite web \|last\=Delhauer \|first\=Matt \|title\=Guillermo del Toro's "Peak" finds release date \|date\=31 October 2013 \|url\=http://diaboliquemagazine.com/guillermo\-del\-toros\-peak\-finds\-release\-date/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910132010/http://diaboliquemagazine.com/guillermo\-del\-toros\-peak\-finds\-release\-date/ \|archive\-date\=10 September 2015 \|access\-date\=12 November 2013 \|publisher\=Diabolique Magazine}} In 2016, Wasikowska reprised the role of Alice in *[Alice Through the Looking Glass](/wiki/Alice_Through_the_Looking_Glass_%282016_film%29 "Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)")*.{{Cite news \|last\=Bahr \|first\=Lindsay \|date\=22 November 2013 \|title\='Alice in Wonderland 2' and 'The Jungle Book' snag release dates \|publisher\=Entertainment Weekly \|url\=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/11/22/alice\-in\-wonderland\-2\-and\-the\-jungle\-book\-snag\-release\-dates/ \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=23 November 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123134232/http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/11/22/alice\-in\-wonderland\-2\-and\-the\-jungle\-book\-snag\-release\-dates/ \|archive\-date\=23 November 2013}} Despite receiving generally negative reviews and faring badly at the box office, critics praised its performances and visual effects. This was Wasikowska's last [major film studio](/wiki/Major_film_studios "Major film studios") release before moving on to appear in more independent films.
[ "### 2010–2016: Breakthrough and critical acclaim", "In July 2008, Wasikowska was cast as the eponymous heroine in [Tim Burton](/wiki/Tim_Burton \"Tim Burton\")'s version of *[Alice in Wonderland](/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_%282010_film%29 \"Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)\")*, alongside [Johnny Depp](/wiki/Johnny_Depp \"Johnny Depp\"), [Anne Hathaway](/wiki/Anne_Hathaway \"Anne Hathaway\") and [Helena Bonham Carter](/wiki/Helena_Bonham_Carter \"Helena Bonham Carter\"). She sent a videotaped audition to casting directors in London, and her first live reading in Los Angeles occurred on the same day as her *Evening Sun* audition. After three more auditions in London, she was given the role. Burton cited her \"old\\-soul quality\" as a catalyst in casting her: \"Because you're witnessing this whole thing through her eyes, it needed somebody who can subtly portray that.\"\n[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|Wasikowska at the [Independent Spirit Awards](/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Awards \"Independent Spirit Awards\") on 5 March 2010](/wiki/File:Mia_Wasikowska_2010.jpg \"Mia Wasikowska 2010.jpg\")", "Wasikowska portrayed a nineteen\\-year\\-old Alice returning to Wonderland for the first time in over a decade after falling down a rabbit hole from an unwanted marriage proposal. Her affinity for the character played a part in her desire for the role, as she had read the [Lewis Carroll](/wiki/Lewis_Carroll \"Lewis Carroll\") books as a child and was a fan of [Jan Švankmajer](/wiki/Jan_%C5%A0vankmajer \"Jan Švankmajer\")'s 1988 stop\\-motion film *[Alice](/wiki/Alice_%281988_film%29 \"Alice (1988 film)\")*. She considered Burton's film as a chance to explore a deeper characterisation of Alice, to whom she felt young women her age could relate, saying: \"Alice has a certain discomfort within herself, within society and among her peers; I \\[...] have definitely felt similarly about all of those things, so I could really understand her not fitting in. Alice also \\[is] an observer who is thinking a lot, and that's similar to how I am.\"", "For [Lisa Cholodenko](/wiki/Lisa_Cholodenko \"Lisa Cholodenko\")'s indie comedy *[The Kids Are All Right](/wiki/The_Kids_Are_All_Right_%28film%29 \"The Kids Are All Right (film)\")*, Wasikowska was cast as Joni, the bookish daughter of a lesbian couple ([Annette Bening](/wiki/Annette_Bening \"Annette Bening\") and [Julianne Moore](/wiki/Julianne_Moore \"Julianne Moore\")) who was conceived via [artificial insemination](/wiki/Artificial_insemination \"Artificial insemination\"). At her younger brother's ([Josh Hutcherson](/wiki/Josh_Hutcherson \"Josh Hutcherson\")) request, she seeks out their [biological father](/wiki/Sperm_donation \"Sperm donation\") ([Mark Ruffalo](/wiki/Mark_Ruffalo \"Mark Ruffalo\")). During shooting, she successfully campaigned to have Joni wear [pajamas](/wiki/Pajamas \"Pajamas\") in several home scenes. She explained to *[Orlando Sentinel](/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel \"Orlando Sentinel\")* film critic Roger Moore, \"\\[Joni's] very comfortable in her place, with who she is. So I pushed to have her, whenever she was at home, in her pajamas. That's comfortable! And that's something I do.\"", "On 25 October, Wasikowska was honored with the [Hollywood Awards](/wiki/Hollywood_Film_Festival \"Hollywood Film Festival\")' Breakthrough Actress Award, which was presented to her by [Bryce Dallas Howard](/wiki/Bryce_Dallas_Howard \"Bryce Dallas Howard\"), and she won the Australian Film Institute International Award for Best Actress on 12 December for her performance in *Alice in Wonderland*. According to *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")*, *Alice in Wonderland* was amongst the highest\\-grossing films of 2010 with $1\\.025 billion. As of May 2022, it is the [44th\\-highest\\-grossing film of all time](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films \"List of highest-grossing films\").", "From March to May 2010, Wasikowska filmed [Cary Fukunaga](/wiki/Cary_Fukunaga \"Cary Fukunaga\")'s adaptation of *[Jane Eyre](/wiki/Jane_Eyre_%282011_film%29 \"Jane Eyre (2011 film)\")*, in which she starred as the [title character](/wiki/Jane_Eyre_%28character%29 \"Jane Eyre (character)\") opposite [Michael Fassbender](/wiki/Michael_Fassbender \"Michael Fassbender\") as [Mr. Rochester](/wiki/Mr._Rochester \"Mr. Rochester\"). She began reading the novel after completion of *Alice in Wonderland*, during which she asked her agent if a script existed. Two months later, she received a script and was asked to meet with Fukunaga{{Cite news \\|last\\=Paul \\|first\\=Lauren B. \\|date\\=29 March 2011 \\|title\\=For Fukunaga and Wasikowska, 'Eyre' is About Equality \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Harvard Crimson]] \\|url\\=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/3/29/jane\\-eyre\\-feature/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=26 April 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303161531/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/3/29/jane\\-eyre\\-feature/ \\|archive\\-date\\=3 March 2021}} Fukunaga was unfamiliar with her work and was undecided about casting her, so he sought the opinion of director [Gus Van Sant](/wiki/Gus_Van_Sant \"Gus Van Sant\"), who had worked with Wasikowska on his 2011 film *[Restless](/wiki/Restless_%282011_film%29 \"Restless (2011 film)\").* Fukunga told *BlackBook* magazine in February 2011, \"Gus wrote back: 'Cast her.'\" Due to a scheduling conflict, she had to withdraw from the lead in [Julia Leigh](/wiki/Julia_Leigh \"Julia Leigh\")'s 2011 Australian independent film *[Sleeping Beauty](/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_%282011_film%29 \"Sleeping Beauty (2011 film)\")*, and she was replaced by [Emily Browning](/wiki/Emily_Browning \"Emily Browning\").", "Wasikowska appeared in *[Restless](/wiki/Restless_%282011_film%29 \"Restless (2011 film)\")* (2011\\), which was filmed from November to December 2009\\. The portrayal of her character, a terminally ill sixteen\\-year\\-old, required her to crop her long hair. From December 2010 to February 2011, Wasikowska filmed [Rodrigo García](/wiki/Rodrigo_Garc%C3%ADa_%28director%29 \"Rodrigo García (director)\")'s *[Albert Nobbs](/wiki/Albert_Nobbs \"Albert Nobbs\")*, for which she was a last\\-minute replacement for [Amanda Seyfried](/wiki/Amanda_Seyfried \"Amanda Seyfried\").", "On 21 April 2011, Wasikowska was named in the [*Time* 100](/wiki/Time_100 \"Time 100\"), a listing of the world's most influential people, which featured a brief essay written by *Albert Nobbs* co\\-star [Glenn Close](/wiki/Glenn_Close \"Glenn Close\"). In June, Wasikowska was invited to join the [Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences \"Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences\"). In December, she was among a group of actors who filmed a series of shorts from *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* titled *Touch of Evil*, which honored the art of cinematic villainy.", "[thumb\\|Wasikowska at the 2015 [San Diego Comic\\-Con](/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con \"San Diego Comic-Con\")\\|right\\|200px](/wiki/File:Mia_Wasikowska_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg \"Mia Wasikowska by Gage Skidmore.jpg\")\nIn 2011, Wasikowska played the small supporting role of [Shia LaBeouf](/wiki/Shia_LaBeouf \"Shia LaBeouf\")'s character's love interest in [John Hillcoat](/wiki/John_Hillcoat \"John Hillcoat\")'s *[Lawless](/wiki/Lawless_%282012_film%29 \"Lawless (2012 film)\")*. Later in the year, she filmed the lead in [Park Chan\\-wook](/wiki/Park_Chan-wook \"Park Chan-wook\")'s English\\-language debut, *[Stoker](/wiki/Stoker_%28film%29 \"Stoker (film)\")*. *Lawless* premiered at Cannes in May 2012, while *Stoker* debuted at Sundance in January 2013\\. Wasikowska also appeared in [Miu Miu](/wiki/Miu_Miu \"Miu Miu\")'s spring 2012 fashion campaign. In 2012, she made her second appearance in a *[Vanity Fair](/wiki/Vanity_Fair_%28magazine%29 \"Vanity Fair (magazine)\")* Hollywood Issue, this time being featured on the cover panel.", "Filming of her next project, [Richard Ayoade](/wiki/Richard_Ayoade \"Richard Ayoade\")'s *[The Double](/wiki/The_Double_%282013_film%29 \"The Double (2013 film)\")*, began in the UK in May 2012\\. In July, she shot [Jim Jarmusch](/wiki/Jim_Jarmusch \"Jim Jarmusch\")'s vampire drama *[Only Lovers Left Alive](/wiki/Only_Lovers_Left_Alive \"Only Lovers Left Alive\")*, in which she plays the younger sister of [Tilda Swinton](/wiki/Tilda_Swinton \"Tilda Swinton\")'s character. Filming of *[Tracks](/wiki/Tracks_%282013_film%29 \"Tracks (2013 film)\")*, director [John Curran](/wiki/John_Curran_%28director%29 \"John Curran (director)\")'s adaptation of the [Robyn Davidson](/wiki/Robyn_Davidson \"Robyn Davidson\") memoir of the same name, began in October 2012 in Australia, with Wasikowska in the lead role. The film was screened in competition at the 2013 [Venice Film Festival](/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival \"Venice Film Festival\").", "Wasikowska made her directorial debut on a segment of *[The Turning](/wiki/The_Turning_%282013_film%29 \"The Turning (2013 film)\")*, a collection of short stories by Australian author [Tim Winton](/wiki/Tim_Winton \"Tim Winton\"). It premiered in August 2013 at the Melbourne International Film Festival. In July 2013, she began filming [David Cronenberg](/wiki/David_Cronenberg \"David Cronenberg\")'s *[Maps to the Stars](/wiki/Maps_to_the_Stars \"Maps to the Stars\")* in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"). The film was released in 2014\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Mia Wasikowska \\& More Join David Cronenberg's 'Maps To The Stars,' Some Story Details Revealed \\|url\\=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/mia\\-wasikowska\\-more\\-join\\-david\\-cronenbergs\\-maps\\-to\\-the\\-stars\\-some\\-story\\-details\\-revealed\\-20130508 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603025727/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/mia\\-wasikowska\\-more\\-join\\-david\\-cronenbergs\\-maps\\-to\\-the\\-stars\\-some\\-story\\-details\\-revealed\\-20130508 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 June 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=17 March 2013}} She next played the title role in [Sophie Barthes](/wiki/Sophie_Barthes \"Sophie Barthes\")' film adaptation of *[Madame Bovary](/wiki/Madame_Bovary_%282014_film%29 \"Madame Bovary (2014 film)\")*, which began shooting on 30 September 2014 in [Normandy](/wiki/Normandy \"Normandy\"), France.", "Wasikowska replaced [Emma Stone](/wiki/Emma_Stone \"Emma Stone\") in [Guillermo del Toro](/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro \"Guillermo del Toro\")'s [gothic romance](/wiki/Gothic_fiction \"Gothic fiction\") *[Crimson Peak](/wiki/Crimson_Peak \"Crimson Peak\")* (2015\\), where she starred alongside [Tom Hiddleston](/wiki/Tom_Hiddleston \"Tom Hiddleston\") and [Jessica Chastain](/wiki/Jessica_Chastain \"Jessica Chastain\"). Production commenced in February 2014\\. The film premiered at [Fantastic Fest](/wiki/Fantastic_Fest \"Fantastic Fest\") on 25 September 2015, and was later released in the United States in October. The film received generally positive reviews from critics, with many praising the production values, performances and direction.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Shaw\\-Williams \\|first\\=Hannah \\|date\\=1 July 2013 \\|title\\=Guillermo Del Toro Says 'Crimson Peak' is Shocking, Kinky, Gothic \\& Scary \\|url\\=https://screenrant.com/guillermo\\-del\\-toro\\-crimson\\-peak\\-movie\\-details/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112222246/http://screenrant.com/guillermo\\-del\\-toro\\-crimson\\-peak\\-movie\\-details/ \\|archive\\-date\\=12 November 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2013 \\|website\\=Screen Rant}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Delhauer \\|first\\=Matt \\|title\\=Guillermo del Toro's \"Peak\" finds release date \\|date\\=31 October 2013 \\|url\\=http://diaboliquemagazine.com/guillermo\\-del\\-toros\\-peak\\-finds\\-release\\-date/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910132010/http://diaboliquemagazine.com/guillermo\\-del\\-toros\\-peak\\-finds\\-release\\-date/ \\|archive\\-date\\=10 September 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2013 \\|publisher\\=Diabolique Magazine}}", "In 2016, Wasikowska reprised the role of Alice in *[Alice Through the Looking Glass](/wiki/Alice_Through_the_Looking_Glass_%282016_film%29 \"Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)\")*.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Bahr \\|first\\=Lindsay \\|date\\=22 November 2013 \\|title\\='Alice in Wonderland 2' and 'The Jungle Book' snag release dates \\|publisher\\=Entertainment Weekly \\|url\\=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/11/22/alice\\-in\\-wonderland\\-2\\-and\\-the\\-jungle\\-book\\-snag\\-release\\-dates/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=23 November 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123134232/http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/11/22/alice\\-in\\-wonderland\\-2\\-and\\-the\\-jungle\\-book\\-snag\\-release\\-dates/ \\|archive\\-date\\=23 November 2013}} Despite receiving generally negative reviews and faring badly at the box office, critics praised its performances and visual effects. This was Wasikowska's last [major film studio](/wiki/Major_film_studios \"Major film studios\") release before moving on to appear in more independent films.", "" ]
Educational programing ---------------------- [thumb\|Mechanics' Hall, 1803](/wiki/File:Mechanics_Hall%2C_NYC%2C_1803.jpg "Mechanics Hall, NYC, 1803.jpg") [thumb\|Apprentices' Library, 1870](/wiki/File:General_Society_of_Mechanics_and_Tradesmen_of_the_City_of_New_York%2C_Valentine%27s_Manual_%28cropped%29.jpg "General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of New York, Valentine's Manual (cropped).jpg") In 1820, The General Society opened one of the city's first free schools. During the early 1800s, New York had no public school system and only two free schools were to be found in the whole city – one in the almshouse, and the other open only to the children of formerly enslaved Black Americans. The new school opened with 70 students. Children of members were admitted free of charge, and a small fee was required from all others. Later that same year the Society added a separate school for girls. The first school, which became the **Mechanics Institute** in 1858 following the [Mechanics' Institute](/wiki/Mechanics%27_Institute "Mechanics' Institute") worldwide tradition, continues to provide tuition\-free evening instruction in trades\-related education. It is the oldest privately endowed tuition\-free technical school in the city of New York, with more than 180,000 alumni. ### Library Also founded in 1820, the General Society Library is the second oldest in New York City.For context, see: [List of libraries in 19th\-century New York City](/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_19th-century_New_York_City "List of libraries in 19th-century New York City") The Library's main reading room—which houses [The Crouse Library for Publishing Arts](/wiki/The_Crouse_Library_for_Publishing_Arts "The Crouse Library for Publishing Arts")—soars to a height of three stories topped by a magnificent skylight. The establishment of the Apprentices' Library put the Society well in the forefront of social reform. Later in the century there would be a great boom in libraries, and much thought would be directed toward public education, but in 1820 such ideas were still new, and the Apprentices' Library was one of the first public libraries in the city of New York. Its aim was to provide good and instructive reading for apprentice boys who worked all day, and had no other access to books and the library therefore kept evening hours. In 1833, by amendment to its charter, the Society was authorized to increase its usefulness by reserving a portion of its income for the purposes of "promoting and disseminating literary and scientific knowledge," which was determined could be best done by means of lectures, and more recently, through the cultural and educational activities of the [New York Center for Independent Publishing](/wiki/New_York_Center_for_Independent_Publishing "New York Center for Independent Publishing"). The lecture series, which began in 1837—and continues today—featured such illuminaries as [Ralph Waldo Emerson](/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson "Ralph Waldo Emerson"), [Henry Ward Beecher](/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher "Henry Ward Beecher"), [Horace Greeley](/wiki/Horace_Greeley "Horace Greeley"), [Wendell Phillips](/wiki/Wendell_Phillips "Wendell Phillips"), and Rear – Admiral [Robert E. Peary](/wiki/Robert_E._Peary "Robert E. Peary"). Known today as the Labor, Landmarks and Literature Lecture Series, the series continues the Society's long tradition of public lectures. Individual Society members must have been prospering during these years, too. It was during the 1830s that the French observer Chevalier made this comment about the American mechanic and tradesmen: "He dresses like a member of Congress, and his women\-folk dress the same as those of a wealthy New York merchant. His house is warm, neat, and comfortable; his table almost as plentifully provided as that of the wealthiest fellow\-citizen." In 1878, the General Society opened the new Apprentices' Library at its headquarters at No. 18 East 16th Street ("on Sixteenth\-street, near [Union\-square](/wiki/Union_Square_%28New_York_City%29 "Union Square (New York City)")") to house its collection of 60,000 books, mostly "practical works in serviceable bindings" of use to its 8,000 members. These members of the Apprentices' Library included about 4,000 apprentices and 3,000 "girls in shops", along with members of the general public, who paid $2 per year, and General Society members. The building had room for up to 100,000 books and featured an on\-site residence for the librarian and janitor.{{Cite news\|date\=January 21, 1878\|title\=A New Library Building; Its Opening This Morning. The Apprentices' Library on Sixteenth\-street\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1878/01/21/archives/a\-new\-library\-building\-its\-opening\-this\-morning\-the\-apprentices.html\|access\-date\=March 13, 2024\|work\=The New York Times\|language\=en\-US\|issn\=0362\-4331}} ### College scholarships During the 1840s the Society also provided college scholarships. It was decided that each year two students from Mechanics Institute would attend the [University of the City of New York](/wiki/University_of_the_City_of_New_York "University of the City of New York"), free of charge. In addition, the society paid to send certain students to other schools. The library continued to be well patronized during these years, and in 1845, Benjamin DeMilt, a watchmaker and former president of the Society, bequeathed his entire personal library to the Society, adding 1,800 volumes to the collection. ### Social reform The Society continued in its role as a pioneer in social reform by maintaining separate courses for women. In 1887, these classes for young women included stenography and typewriting – a very innovative idea at a time when few women were integrated into the office work force. In 1861, when the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") broke out, the Society placed itself firmly behind the government of [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln"). About $8,000 in government bonds were purchased and many Society members enlisted in the [New York Volunteer Corps of Engineers](/wiki/New_York_Volunteer_Corps_of_Engineers "New York Volunteer Corps of Engineers").
[ "Educational programing\n----------------------", "[thumb\\|Mechanics' Hall, 1803](/wiki/File:Mechanics_Hall%2C_NYC%2C_1803.jpg \"Mechanics Hall, NYC, 1803.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Apprentices' Library, 1870](/wiki/File:General_Society_of_Mechanics_and_Tradesmen_of_the_City_of_New_York%2C_Valentine%27s_Manual_%28cropped%29.jpg \"General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of New York, Valentine's Manual (cropped).jpg\")", "In 1820, The General Society opened one of the city's first free schools. During the early 1800s, New York had no public school system and only two free schools were to be found in the whole city – one in the almshouse, and the other open only to the children of formerly enslaved Black Americans. The new school opened with 70 students. Children of members were admitted free of charge, and a small fee was required from all others. Later that same year the Society added a separate school for girls. The first school, which became the **Mechanics Institute** in 1858 following the [Mechanics' Institute](/wiki/Mechanics%27_Institute \"Mechanics' Institute\") worldwide tradition, continues to provide tuition\\-free evening instruction in trades\\-related education. It is the oldest privately endowed tuition\\-free technical school in the city of New York, with more than 180,000 alumni.", "### Library", "Also founded in 1820, the General Society Library is the second oldest in New York City.For context, see: [List of libraries in 19th\\-century New York City](/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_19th-century_New_York_City \"List of libraries in 19th-century New York City\") The Library's main reading room—which houses [The Crouse Library for Publishing Arts](/wiki/The_Crouse_Library_for_Publishing_Arts \"The Crouse Library for Publishing Arts\")—soars to a height of three stories topped by a magnificent skylight. The establishment of the Apprentices' Library put the Society well in the forefront of social reform. Later in the century there would be a great boom in libraries, and much thought would be directed toward public education, but in 1820 such ideas were still new, and the Apprentices' Library was one of the first public libraries in the city of New York. Its aim was to provide good and instructive reading for apprentice boys who worked all day, and had no other access to books and the library therefore kept evening hours.", "In 1833, by amendment to its charter, the Society was authorized to increase its usefulness by reserving a portion of its income for the purposes of \"promoting and disseminating literary and scientific knowledge,\" which was determined could be best done by means of lectures, and more recently, through the cultural and educational activities of the [New York Center for Independent Publishing](/wiki/New_York_Center_for_Independent_Publishing \"New York Center for Independent Publishing\"). The lecture series, which began in 1837—and continues today—featured such illuminaries as [Ralph Waldo Emerson](/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson \"Ralph Waldo Emerson\"), [Henry Ward Beecher](/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher \"Henry Ward Beecher\"), [Horace Greeley](/wiki/Horace_Greeley \"Horace Greeley\"), [Wendell Phillips](/wiki/Wendell_Phillips \"Wendell Phillips\"), and Rear – Admiral [Robert E. Peary](/wiki/Robert_E._Peary \"Robert E. Peary\"). Known today as the Labor, Landmarks and Literature Lecture Series, the series continues the Society's long tradition of public lectures.", "Individual Society members must have been prospering during these years, too. It was during the 1830s that the French observer Chevalier made this comment about the American mechanic and tradesmen: \"He dresses like a member of Congress, and his women\\-folk dress the same as those of a wealthy New York merchant. His house is warm, neat, and comfortable; his table almost as plentifully provided as that of the wealthiest fellow\\-citizen.\"", "In 1878, the General Society opened the new Apprentices' Library at its headquarters at No. 18 East 16th Street (\"on Sixteenth\\-street, near [Union\\-square](/wiki/Union_Square_%28New_York_City%29 \"Union Square (New York City)\")\") to house its collection of 60,000 books, mostly \"practical works in serviceable bindings\" of use to its 8,000 members. These members of the Apprentices' Library included about 4,000 apprentices and 3,000 \"girls in shops\", along with members of the general public, who paid $2 per year, and General Society members. The building had room for up to 100,000 books and featured an on\\-site residence for the librarian and janitor.{{Cite news\\|date\\=January 21, 1878\\|title\\=A New Library Building; Its Opening This Morning. The Apprentices' Library on Sixteenth\\-street\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1878/01/21/archives/a\\-new\\-library\\-building\\-its\\-opening\\-this\\-morning\\-the\\-apprentices.html\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2024\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}", "### College scholarships", "During the 1840s the Society also provided college scholarships. It was decided that each year two students from Mechanics Institute would attend the [University of the City of New York](/wiki/University_of_the_City_of_New_York \"University of the City of New York\"), free of charge. In addition, the society paid to send certain students to other schools.", "The library continued to be well patronized during these years, and in 1845, Benjamin DeMilt, a watchmaker and former president of the Society, bequeathed his entire personal library to the Society, adding 1,800 volumes to the collection.", "### Social reform", "The Society continued in its role as a pioneer in social reform by maintaining separate courses for women. In 1887, these classes for young women included stenography and typewriting – a very innovative idea at a time when few women were integrated into the office work force.", "In 1861, when the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") broke out, the Society placed itself firmly behind the government of [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln \"Abraham Lincoln\"). About $8,000 in government bonds were purchased and many Society members enlisted in the [New York Volunteer Corps of Engineers](/wiki/New_York_Volunteer_Corps_of_Engineers \"New York Volunteer Corps of Engineers\").", "" ]
Science fiction style --------------------- According to [Frederik Pohl](/wiki/Frederik_Pohl "Frederik Pohl"): {{blockquote\|In his stories, which were a wonderful and inimitable blend of a strange, raucous poetry and a detailed technological scene, we begin to read of human beings in worlds so far from our own in space in time that they were no longer quite Earth (even when they were the third planet out from Sol), and the people were no longer quite human, but something perhaps better, certainly different.{{r\|pohl196612}}}} Linebarger's identity as "Cordwainer Smith" was secret until his death.{{Cite magazine \|last\=Pohl \|first\=Frederik \|date\=December 1966 \|title\=Cordwainer Smith \|department\=Editorial \|url\=https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy\_v25n02\_1966\-12\_modified\#page/n5/mode/2up \|magazine\=Galaxy Science Fiction \|page\=6 }} ("Cordwainer" is an archaic word for "a worker in cordwain or [cordovan](/wiki/Shell_cordovan "Shell cordovan") leather; a [shoemaker](/wiki/Shoemaker "Shoemaker")",[Oxford English Dictionary](/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary "Oxford English Dictionary") and a "smith" is "one who works in [iron](/wiki/Iron "Iron") or other metals; esp. a [blacksmith](/wiki/Blacksmith "Blacksmith") or [farrier](/wiki/Farrier "Farrier")": two kinds of skilled workers with traditional materials.) Linebarger also employed the literary pseudonyms "Carmichael Smith" (for his political thriller *[Atomsk](/wiki/Atomsk_%28novel%29 "Atomsk (novel)")*), "Anthony Bearden" (for his poetry) and "Felix C. Forrest" (for the novels *Ria* and *Carola*). Some of Smith's stories are written in narrative styles closer to traditional [Chinese stories](/wiki/Chinese_literature "Chinese literature") than to most English\-language fiction, as well as reminiscent of the [Genji](/wiki/Hikaru_Genji "Hikaru Genji") tales of [Lady Murasaki](/wiki/Lady_Murasaki "Lady Murasaki"). The total volume of his science fiction output is relatively small, because of his time\-consuming profession and his early death. Smith's works consist of one novel, originally published in two volumes in edited form as *The Planet Buyer*, also known as *The Boy Who Bought Old Earth* (1964\), and *The Underpeople* (1968\), and later restored to its original form as *[Norstrilia](/wiki/Norstrilia "Norstrilia")* (1975\); and 32 short stories (collected in *[The Rediscovery of Man](/wiki/The_Rediscovery_of_Man "The Rediscovery of Man")* (1993\), including two versions of the short story "War No. 81\-Q"). Linebarger's cultural links to China are partially expressed in the pseudonym "Felix C. Forrest", which he used in addition to "Cordwainer Smith". His godfather [Sun Yat\-Sen](/wiki/Sun_Yat-Sen "Sun Yat-Sen") suggested to Linebarger that he adopt the Chinese name "Lin Bai\-lo" ({{zh\|t\=林白樂\|s\=林白乐\|p\=Lín Báilè}}), which may be roughly translated as "Forest of Incandescent Bliss"; "Felix" is Latin for "happy". In his later years, Linebarger proudly wore a tie with the Chinese characters for this name embroidered on it. As an expert in psychological warfare, Linebarger was very interested in the newly developing fields of [psychology](/wiki/Psychology "Psychology") and [psychiatry](/wiki/Psychiatry "Psychiatry"). He used many of their concepts in his fiction. His fiction often has religious overtones or motifs, particularly evident in characters who have no control over their actions. James B. Jordan argued for the importance of [Anglicanism](/wiki/Anglicanism "Anglicanism") to Smith's works back to 1949\.{{Cite web\|title\=日韩精品香蕉久久夜夜嗨蜜臀,亚洲老熟女乱女一区二区,五月伊人网,熟妇人妻系列AV无码一区二区\|url\=http://www.sunpopblue.com/Music\-Art\-Books/Cordwainer\-Smith.html\|access\-date\=2023\-02\-03\|website\=sunpopblue.com}} But Linebarger's daughter Rosana Hart has indicated that he did not become an Anglican until 1950, and was not strongly interested in religion until later still.{{Cite web\|title\=A Daughter's Memories\|url\=http://www.cordwainer\-smith.com/remember.htm\|access\-date\=2023\-02\-03\|website\=cordwainer\-smith.com}} The introduction to the collection *Rediscovery of Man* notes that from around 1960 Linebarger became more devout and expressed this in his writing. Linebarger's works are sometimes included in analyses of Christianity in fiction, along with the works of authors such as [C. S. Lewis](/wiki/C._S._Lewis "C. S. Lewis") and [J.R.R. Tolkien](/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien "J.R.R. Tolkien"). Most of Smith's stories are set in the far future, between 4,000 and 14,000 years from now.{{cite book\| title\=The Best of Cordwainer Smith\| url\=https://archive.org/details/bestofcordwainer0000smit\| url\-access\=registration\| last\=Smith\| first\=Cordwainer\| editor1\-last\=Pierce\| editor1\-first\=J.J.\| publisher\=Nelson Doubleday, Inc.\| date\=1975}} After the Ancient Wars devastate Earth, humans, ruled by the [Instrumentality of Mankind](/wiki/Instrumentality_of_Mankind "Instrumentality of Mankind"), rebuild and expand to the stars in the Second Age of Space around 6000 AD. Over the next few thousand years, mankind spreads to thousands of worlds and human life becomes safe but sterile, as robots and the animal\-derived Underpeople take over many human jobs and humans themselves are genetically programmed as embryos for specified duties. Towards the end of this period, the Instrumentality attempts to revive old cultures and languages in a process known as the Rediscovery of Man, where humans emerge from their mundane utopia and Underpeople are freed from slavery. For years, Linebarger had a pocket notebook which he had filled with ideas about The Instrumentality and additional stories in the series. But while in a small boat in a lake or bay in the mid 60s, he leaned over the side, and his notebook fell out of his breast pocket into the water, where it was lost forever. Another story claims that he accidentally left the notebook in a restaurant in [Rhodes](/wiki/Rhodes "Rhodes") in 1965\. With the book gone, he felt empty of ideas, and decided to start a new series which was an allegory of Mid\-Eastern politics.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.thewaythefutureblogs.com/2010/12/cordwainer\-smith\-the\-ballad\-of\-lost\-linebarger\-part\-2/ \|title\=Cordwainer Smith: The Ballad of Lost Linebarger, Part 2 \|access\-date\=June 13, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617114317/http://www.thewaythefutureblogs.com/2010/12/cordwainer\-smith\-the\-ballad\-of\-lost\-linebarger\-part\-2/ \|archive\-date\=June 17, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }}{{Cite web \|url\=http://worldtracker.org/media/library/English%20Literature/S/Smith,%20Cordwainer/Smith,%20Cordwainer%20\-%20The%20Rediscovery%20of%20Man.html \|title\=Cordwainer Smith \- The Rediscovery of Man \|access\-date\=October 6, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006220227/http://worldtracker.org/media/library/English%20Literature/S/Smith,%20Cordwainer/Smith,%20Cordwainer%20\-%20The%20Rediscovery%20of%20Man.html \|archive\-date\=October 6, 2014 \|url\-status\=dead }} Smith's stories describe a long [future history](/wiki/Future_history "Future history") of Earth. The settings range from a [postapocalyptic](/wiki/Postapocalyptic "Postapocalyptic") landscape with [walled cities](/wiki/Walled_cities "Walled cities"), defended by agents of the Instrumentality, to a state of sterile utopia, in which freedom can be found only deep below the surface, in long\-forgotten and buried [anthropogenic](/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment "Human impact on the environment") strata. These features may place Smith's works within the [Dying Earth subgenre](/wiki/Dying_Earth_subgenre "Dying Earth subgenre") of science fiction, but they are ultimately more optimistic and distinctive. Smith's most celebrated short story is his first\-published, "[Scanners Live in Vain](/wiki/Scanners_Live_in_Vain "Scanners Live in Vain")", which led many of its earliest readers to assume that "Cordwainer Smith" was a new pen name for one of the established giants of the genre. It was selected as one of the best science fiction short stories of the pre\-[Nebula Award](/wiki/Nebula_Award "Nebula Award") period by the [Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America](/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Writers_of_America "Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America"), appearing in *[The Science Fiction Hall of Fame Volume One, 1929\-1964](/wiki/The_Science_Fiction_Hall_of_Fame_Volume_One%2C_1929-1964 "The Science Fiction Hall of Fame Volume One, 1929-1964")*. "[The Ballad of Lost C'Mell](/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Lost_C%27Mell "The Ballad of Lost C'Mell")" was similarly honored, appearing in *[The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume Two](/wiki/The_Science_Fiction_Hall_of_Fame%2C_Volume_Two "The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume Two")*. After "Scanners Live in Vain", Smith's next story did not appear for several years, but from 1955 until his death in 1966 his stories appeared regularly, for the most part in *[Galaxy Science Fiction](/wiki/Galaxy_Science_Fiction "Galaxy Science Fiction")*.{{r\|pohl196612}} His universe featured creations such as: * The planet Norstrilia (Old North Australia), a semi\-arid planet where an immortality drug called *{{Not a typo\|stroon}}* is harvested from gigantic, virus\-infected sheep each weighing more than 100 tons. Norstrilians are nominally the richest people in the galaxy and defend their immensely valuable {{Not a typo\|stroon}} with sophisticated weapons (as shown in the story "[Mother Hitton's Littul Kittons](/wiki/Mother_Hitton%27s_Littul_Kittons "Mother Hitton's Littul Kittons")"). However, extremely high taxes ensure that everyone on the planet lives a frugal, rural life, like the farmers of old Australia, to keep the Norstrilians tough. * The punishment world Shayol (cf. [Sheol](/wiki/Sheol "Sheol")), where criminals are punished by the regrowth and harvesting of their organs for transplanting * *Planoforming* [spacecraft](/wiki/Spacecraft "Spacecraft"), which are crewed by humans telepathically linked with cats to defend against the attacks of malevolent entities in space, which are perceived by the humans as dragons, and by the cats as gigantic rats, in "[The Game of Rat and Dragon](/wiki/The_Game_of_Rat_and_Dragon "The Game of Rat and Dragon")". * The *Underpeople*, animals modified into human form and intelligence to fulfill servile roles, and treated as property. Several stories feature clandestine efforts to liberate the Underpeople and grant them [civil rights](/wiki/Civil_rights "Civil rights"). They are seen everywhere throughout regions controlled by the Instrumentality. Names of Underpeople have a single\-letter prefix based on their animal species. Thus C'Mell ("The Ballad of Lost C'Mell") is cat\-derived; D'Joan ("[The Dead Lady of Clown Town](/wiki/The_Dead_Lady_of_Clown_Town "The Dead Lady of Clown Town")"), a [Joan of Arc](/wiki/Joan_of_Arc "Joan of Arc") figure, is descended from dogs; and B'dikkat ("[A Planet Named Shayol](/wiki/A_Planet_Named_Shayol "A Planet Named Shayol")") has bovine ancestors. * *Habermans* and their supervisors, *Scanners*, who are essential for space travel, but at the cost of having their sensory [nerves](/wiki/Nerve "Nerve") cut to block the "pain of space", and who perceive only by vision and various life\-support implants. A technological breakthrough removes the need for the treatment, but resistance among the Scanners to their perceived loss of status ensues, forming the basis of the story "Scanners Live in Vain". * Early works in the timeline include [neologisms](/wiki/Neologism "Neologism") which are not explained to any great extent, but serve to produce an atmosphere of strangeness. These words are usually derived from non\-English words. For instance, *manshonyagger* derives from the German words "menschen" meaning, in some senses, "men" or "mankind", and "jäger", meaning a hunter, and refers to war machines that roam the wild lands between the walled cities and prey on men, except for those they can identify as Germans. Another example is "Meeya Meefla", the only city to have preserved its name from the pre\-atomic era: evidently Miami, Florida, from its abbreviated form (as on road signs) "MIAMI FLA". * Character names in the stories often derive from words in languages other than English. Smith seemed particularly fond of using numbers for this purpose. For instance, the name "Lord Sto Odin" in the story "Under Old Earth" is derived from the Russian words for "One hundred and one", сто один; it also suggests the name of the Norse god [Odin](/wiki/Odin "Odin"). Quite a few of the names mean "five\-six" in different languages, including both the robot Fisi (fi\[ve]\-si\[x]), the dead Lady Panc Ashash (in Sanskrit "pañcha" \[पञ्च] is "five" and "ṣaṣ" \[षष्] is "six"), Limaono ([lima](/wiki/wikt:Lima%23Hawaiian "Lima#Hawaiian")\-[ono](/wiki/wikt:Ono%23Hawaiian "Ono#Hawaiian"), Hawaiian and/or Fijian), Englok (ng5\-luk6 \[[五](/wiki/wikt:%E4%BA%94%23Cantonese "五#Cantonese")\-[六](/wiki/wikt:%E5%85%AD%23Cantonese "六#Cantonese")], in Cantonese), Goroke (go\-roku \[[五](/wiki/wikt:%E4%BA%94%23Japanese "五#Japanese")\-[六](/wiki/wikt:%E5%85%AD%23Japanese "六#Japanese")], Japanese) and Femtiosex ("[fifty](/wiki/wikt:Femtio "Femtio")\-[six](/wiki/wikt:Sex%23Swedish "Sex#Swedish")" in Swedish) in "The Dead Lady of Clown Town" as well as the main character in "[Think Blue, Count Two](/wiki/Think_Blue%2C_Count_Two "Think Blue, Count Two")", Veesey\-koosey, which is an English transcription of the Finnish words "[viisi](/wiki/wikt:Viisi "Viisi")" (five) and "[kuusi](/wiki/wikt:Kuusi "Kuusi")" (six). Four of the characters in "Think Blue, Count Two" are called "Thirteen" in different languages: Tiga\-belas (both in [Indonesian](/wiki/13_%28angka%29 "13 (angka)") and [Malay](/wiki/13_%28nombor%29 "13 (nombor)")), Trece ([Spanish](/wiki/wikt:Trece "Trece")), Talatashar (based on an Arabic dialect form ثلاث عشر, *thalāth ʿashar*) and Sh'san (based on Mandarin 十三, *shísān*, where the "í" is never pronounced). Other names, notably that of Lord Jestocost (Russian Жестокость, Cruelty), are non\-English but not numbers. * Remnants of modern culture accordingly appear as valued antiquities or sometimes just as unrecognized survivals, lending a rare feeling of nostalgia for the present to the stories.
[ "Science fiction style\n---------------------", "According to [Frederik Pohl](/wiki/Frederik_Pohl \"Frederik Pohl\"):\n{{blockquote\\|In his stories, which were a wonderful and inimitable blend of a strange, raucous poetry and a detailed technological scene, we begin to read of human beings in worlds so far from our own in space in time that they were no longer quite Earth (even when they were the third planet out from Sol), and the people were no longer quite human, but something perhaps better, certainly different.{{r\\|pohl196612}}}}", "Linebarger's identity as \"Cordwainer Smith\" was secret until his death.{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=Pohl \\|first\\=Frederik \\|date\\=December 1966 \\|title\\=Cordwainer Smith \\|department\\=Editorial \\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy\\_v25n02\\_1966\\-12\\_modified\\#page/n5/mode/2up \\|magazine\\=Galaxy Science Fiction \\|page\\=6 }} (\"Cordwainer\" is an archaic word for \"a worker in cordwain or [cordovan](/wiki/Shell_cordovan \"Shell cordovan\") leather; a [shoemaker](/wiki/Shoemaker \"Shoemaker\")\",[Oxford English Dictionary](/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary \"Oxford English Dictionary\") and a \"smith\" is \"one who works in [iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\") or other metals; esp. a [blacksmith](/wiki/Blacksmith \"Blacksmith\") or [farrier](/wiki/Farrier \"Farrier\")\": two kinds of skilled workers with traditional materials.)\nLinebarger also employed the literary pseudonyms \"Carmichael Smith\" (for his political thriller *[Atomsk](/wiki/Atomsk_%28novel%29 \"Atomsk (novel)\")*), \"Anthony Bearden\" (for his poetry) and \"Felix C. Forrest\" (for the novels *Ria* and *Carola*).", "Some of Smith's stories are written in narrative styles closer to traditional [Chinese stories](/wiki/Chinese_literature \"Chinese literature\") than to most English\\-language fiction, as well as reminiscent of the [Genji](/wiki/Hikaru_Genji \"Hikaru Genji\") tales of [Lady Murasaki](/wiki/Lady_Murasaki \"Lady Murasaki\"). The total volume of his science fiction output is relatively small, because of his time\\-consuming profession and his early death.", "Smith's works consist of one novel, originally published in two volumes in edited form as *The Planet Buyer*, also known as *The Boy Who Bought Old Earth* (1964\\), and *The Underpeople* (1968\\), and later restored to its original form as *[Norstrilia](/wiki/Norstrilia \"Norstrilia\")* (1975\\); and 32 short stories (collected in *[The Rediscovery of Man](/wiki/The_Rediscovery_of_Man \"The Rediscovery of Man\")* (1993\\), including two versions of the short story \"War No. 81\\-Q\").", "Linebarger's cultural links to China are partially expressed in the pseudonym \"Felix C. Forrest\", which he used in addition to \"Cordwainer Smith\". His godfather [Sun Yat\\-Sen](/wiki/Sun_Yat-Sen \"Sun Yat-Sen\") suggested to Linebarger that he adopt the Chinese name \"Lin Bai\\-lo\" ({{zh\\|t\\=林白樂\\|s\\=林白乐\\|p\\=Lín Báilè}}), which may be roughly translated as \"Forest of Incandescent Bliss\"; \"Felix\" is Latin for \"happy\". In his later years, Linebarger proudly wore a tie with the Chinese characters for this name embroidered on it.", "As an expert in psychological warfare, Linebarger was very interested in the newly developing fields of [psychology](/wiki/Psychology \"Psychology\") and [psychiatry](/wiki/Psychiatry \"Psychiatry\"). He used many of their concepts in his fiction. His fiction often has religious overtones or motifs, particularly evident in characters who have no control over their actions. James B. Jordan argued for the importance of [Anglicanism](/wiki/Anglicanism \"Anglicanism\") to Smith's works back to 1949\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=日韩精品香蕉久久夜夜嗨蜜臀,亚洲老熟女乱女一区二区,五月伊人网,熟妇人妻系列AV无码一区二区\\|url\\=http://www.sunpopblue.com/Music\\-Art\\-Books/Cordwainer\\-Smith.html\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-03\\|website\\=sunpopblue.com}} But Linebarger's daughter Rosana Hart has indicated that he did not become an Anglican until 1950, and was not strongly interested in religion until later still.{{Cite web\\|title\\=A Daughter's Memories\\|url\\=http://www.cordwainer\\-smith.com/remember.htm\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-03\\|website\\=cordwainer\\-smith.com}} The introduction to the collection *Rediscovery of Man* notes that from around 1960 Linebarger became more devout and expressed this in his writing. Linebarger's works are sometimes included in analyses of Christianity in fiction, along with the works of authors such as [C. S. Lewis](/wiki/C._S._Lewis \"C. S. Lewis\") and [J.R.R. Tolkien](/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien \"J.R.R. Tolkien\").", "Most of Smith's stories are set in the far future, between 4,000 and 14,000 years from now.{{cite book\\| title\\=The Best of Cordwainer Smith\\| url\\=https://archive.org/details/bestofcordwainer0000smit\\| url\\-access\\=registration\\| last\\=Smith\\| first\\=Cordwainer\\| editor1\\-last\\=Pierce\\| editor1\\-first\\=J.J.\\| publisher\\=Nelson Doubleday, Inc.\\| date\\=1975}} After the Ancient Wars devastate Earth, humans, ruled by the [Instrumentality of Mankind](/wiki/Instrumentality_of_Mankind \"Instrumentality of Mankind\"), rebuild and expand to the stars in the Second Age of Space around 6000 AD. Over the next few thousand years, mankind spreads to thousands of worlds and human life becomes safe but sterile, as robots and the animal\\-derived Underpeople take over many human jobs and humans themselves are genetically programmed as embryos for specified duties. Towards the end of this period, the Instrumentality attempts to revive old cultures and languages in a process known as the Rediscovery of Man, where humans emerge from their mundane utopia and Underpeople are freed from slavery.", "For years, Linebarger had a pocket notebook which he had filled with ideas about The Instrumentality and additional stories in the series. But while in a small boat in a lake or bay in the mid 60s, he leaned over the side, and his notebook fell out of his breast pocket into the water, where it was lost forever. Another story claims that he accidentally left the notebook in a restaurant in [Rhodes](/wiki/Rhodes \"Rhodes\") in 1965\\. With the book gone, he felt empty of ideas, and decided to start a new series which was an allegory of Mid\\-Eastern politics.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.thewaythefutureblogs.com/2010/12/cordwainer\\-smith\\-the\\-ballad\\-of\\-lost\\-linebarger\\-part\\-2/ \\|title\\=Cordwainer Smith: The Ballad of Lost Linebarger, Part 2 \\|access\\-date\\=June 13, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617114317/http://www.thewaythefutureblogs.com/2010/12/cordwainer\\-smith\\-the\\-ballad\\-of\\-lost\\-linebarger\\-part\\-2/ \\|archive\\-date\\=June 17, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://worldtracker.org/media/library/English%20Literature/S/Smith,%20Cordwainer/Smith,%20Cordwainer%20\\-%20The%20Rediscovery%20of%20Man.html \\|title\\=Cordwainer Smith \\- The Rediscovery of Man \\|access\\-date\\=October 6, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006220227/http://worldtracker.org/media/library/English%20Literature/S/Smith,%20Cordwainer/Smith,%20Cordwainer%20\\-%20The%20Rediscovery%20of%20Man.html \\|archive\\-date\\=October 6, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Smith's stories describe a long [future history](/wiki/Future_history \"Future history\") of Earth. The settings range from a [postapocalyptic](/wiki/Postapocalyptic \"Postapocalyptic\") landscape with [walled cities](/wiki/Walled_cities \"Walled cities\"), defended by agents of the Instrumentality, to a state of sterile utopia, in which freedom can be found only deep below the surface, in long\\-forgotten and buried [anthropogenic](/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment \"Human impact on the environment\") strata. These features may place Smith's works within the [Dying Earth subgenre](/wiki/Dying_Earth_subgenre \"Dying Earth subgenre\") of science fiction, but they are ultimately more optimistic and distinctive.", "Smith's most celebrated short story is his first\\-published, \"[Scanners Live in Vain](/wiki/Scanners_Live_in_Vain \"Scanners Live in Vain\")\", which led many of its earliest readers to assume that \"Cordwainer Smith\" was a new pen name for one of the established giants of the genre. It was selected as one of the best science fiction short stories of the pre\\-[Nebula Award](/wiki/Nebula_Award \"Nebula Award\") period by the [Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America](/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Writers_of_America \"Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America\"), appearing in *[The Science Fiction Hall of Fame Volume One, 1929\\-1964](/wiki/The_Science_Fiction_Hall_of_Fame_Volume_One%2C_1929-1964 \"The Science Fiction Hall of Fame Volume One, 1929-1964\")*. \"[The Ballad of Lost C'Mell](/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Lost_C%27Mell \"The Ballad of Lost C'Mell\")\" was similarly honored, appearing in *[The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume Two](/wiki/The_Science_Fiction_Hall_of_Fame%2C_Volume_Two \"The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume Two\")*.", "After \"Scanners Live in Vain\", Smith's next story did not appear for several years, but from 1955 until his death in 1966 his stories appeared regularly, for the most part in *[Galaxy Science Fiction](/wiki/Galaxy_Science_Fiction \"Galaxy Science Fiction\")*.{{r\\|pohl196612}} His universe featured creations such as:\n* The planet Norstrilia (Old North Australia), a semi\\-arid planet where an immortality drug called *{{Not a typo\\|stroon}}* is harvested from gigantic, virus\\-infected sheep each weighing more than 100 tons. Norstrilians are nominally the richest people in the galaxy and defend their immensely valuable {{Not a typo\\|stroon}} with sophisticated weapons (as shown in the story \"[Mother Hitton's Littul Kittons](/wiki/Mother_Hitton%27s_Littul_Kittons \"Mother Hitton's Littul Kittons\")\"). However, extremely high taxes ensure that everyone on the planet lives a frugal, rural life, like the farmers of old Australia, to keep the Norstrilians tough.\n* The punishment world Shayol (cf. [Sheol](/wiki/Sheol \"Sheol\")), where criminals are punished by the regrowth and harvesting of their organs for transplanting\n* *Planoforming* [spacecraft](/wiki/Spacecraft \"Spacecraft\"), which are crewed by humans telepathically linked with cats to defend against the attacks of malevolent entities in space, which are perceived by the humans as dragons, and by the cats as gigantic rats, in \"[The Game of Rat and Dragon](/wiki/The_Game_of_Rat_and_Dragon \"The Game of Rat and Dragon\")\".\n* The *Underpeople*, animals modified into human form and intelligence to fulfill servile roles, and treated as property. Several stories feature clandestine efforts to liberate the Underpeople and grant them [civil rights](/wiki/Civil_rights \"Civil rights\"). They are seen everywhere throughout regions controlled by the Instrumentality. Names of Underpeople have a single\\-letter prefix based on their animal species. Thus C'Mell (\"The Ballad of Lost C'Mell\") is cat\\-derived; D'Joan (\"[The Dead Lady of Clown Town](/wiki/The_Dead_Lady_of_Clown_Town \"The Dead Lady of Clown Town\")\"), a [Joan of Arc](/wiki/Joan_of_Arc \"Joan of Arc\") figure, is descended from dogs; and B'dikkat (\"[A Planet Named Shayol](/wiki/A_Planet_Named_Shayol \"A Planet Named Shayol\")\") has bovine ancestors.\n* *Habermans* and their supervisors, *Scanners*, who are essential for space travel, but at the cost of having their sensory [nerves](/wiki/Nerve \"Nerve\") cut to block the \"pain of space\", and who perceive only by vision and various life\\-support implants. A technological breakthrough removes the need for the treatment, but resistance among the Scanners to their perceived loss of status ensues, forming the basis of the story \"Scanners Live in Vain\".\n* Early works in the timeline include [neologisms](/wiki/Neologism \"Neologism\") which are not explained to any great extent, but serve to produce an atmosphere of strangeness. These words are usually derived from non\\-English words. For instance, *manshonyagger* derives from the German words \"menschen\" meaning, in some senses, \"men\" or \"mankind\", and \"jäger\", meaning a hunter, and refers to war machines that roam the wild lands between the walled cities and prey on men, except for those they can identify as Germans. Another example is \"Meeya Meefla\", the only city to have preserved its name from the pre\\-atomic era: evidently Miami, Florida, from its abbreviated form (as on road signs) \"MIAMI FLA\".\n* Character names in the stories often derive from words in languages other than English. Smith seemed particularly fond of using numbers for this purpose. For instance, the name \"Lord Sto Odin\" in the story \"Under Old Earth\" is derived from the Russian words for \"One hundred and one\", сто один; it also suggests the name of the Norse god [Odin](/wiki/Odin \"Odin\"). Quite a few of the names mean \"five\\-six\" in different languages, including both the robot Fisi (fi\\[ve]\\-si\\[x]), the dead Lady Panc Ashash (in Sanskrit \"pañcha\" \\[पञ्च] is \"five\" and \"ṣaṣ\" \\[षष्] is \"six\"), Limaono ([lima](/wiki/wikt:Lima%23Hawaiian \"Lima#Hawaiian\")\\-[ono](/wiki/wikt:Ono%23Hawaiian \"Ono#Hawaiian\"), Hawaiian and/or Fijian), Englok (ng5\\-luk6 \\[[五](/wiki/wikt:%E4%BA%94%23Cantonese \"五#Cantonese\")\\-[六](/wiki/wikt:%E5%85%AD%23Cantonese \"六#Cantonese\")], in Cantonese), Goroke (go\\-roku \\[[五](/wiki/wikt:%E4%BA%94%23Japanese \"五#Japanese\")\\-[六](/wiki/wikt:%E5%85%AD%23Japanese \"六#Japanese\")], Japanese) and Femtiosex (\"[fifty](/wiki/wikt:Femtio \"Femtio\")\\-[six](/wiki/wikt:Sex%23Swedish \"Sex#Swedish\")\" in Swedish) in \"The Dead Lady of Clown Town\" as well as the main character in \"[Think Blue, Count Two](/wiki/Think_Blue%2C_Count_Two \"Think Blue, Count Two\")\", Veesey\\-koosey, which is an English transcription of the Finnish words \"[viisi](/wiki/wikt:Viisi \"Viisi\")\" (five) and \"[kuusi](/wiki/wikt:Kuusi \"Kuusi\")\" (six). Four of the characters in \"Think Blue, Count Two\" are called \"Thirteen\" in different languages: Tiga\\-belas (both in [Indonesian](/wiki/13_%28angka%29 \"13 (angka)\") and [Malay](/wiki/13_%28nombor%29 \"13 (nombor)\")), Trece ([Spanish](/wiki/wikt:Trece \"Trece\")), Talatashar (based on an Arabic dialect form ثلاث عشر, *thalāth ʿashar*) and Sh'san (based on Mandarin 十三, *shísān*, where the \"í\" is never pronounced). Other names, notably that of Lord Jestocost (Russian Жестокость, Cruelty), are non\\-English but not numbers.\n* Remnants of modern culture accordingly appear as valued antiquities or sometimes just as unrecognized survivals, lending a rare feeling of nostalgia for the present to the stories.", "" ]
Medical work ------------ In 1929, Adolph left the United States for China with the [China Inland Mission](/wiki/OMF_International "OMF International") for the first time. When he arrived in [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing "Beijing"), then Peking, he was able to visit his brother who was a professor of biochemistry there. [thumb\|Shanxi, a province in northern China](/wiki/File:Shanxi_CN.png "Shanxi CN.png") After his arrival, he spent six months at a language school in the [Anhui](/wiki/Anhui "Anhui") province studying the Chinese language. He then proceeded to his residency at a hospital in [Linfen](/wiki/Linfen "Linfen") in the province of Shanxi. Following a year of residency, he was directed to open a 100\-bed hospital in [Luan](/wiki/Changzhi "Changzhi"), now Changzhi, in southeastern Shanxi. The missionaries that had previously worked in this region were no longer there as they had fled during the [Boxer Rebellion](/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion "Boxer Rebellion"). At the hospital in Changzhi, Adolph was the only doctor and carried out mostly surgical procedures. Initially, he was received apprehensively and often called "foreign devil" by children. He and his team made efforts to integrate, such as wearing traditional Chinese clothing instead of American clothes. Patients at the hospital came from as far as 50 miles carried, walking, by wheelbarrow, or by cart. In his book *Surgery Speaks to China*, Adolph recounts having to treat many cases of [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis "Tuberculosis") due to unsanitary living conditions. Many patients' illnesses had progressed beyond treatment and amputations were necessary. He also operated to correct deformities such as [cleft lips and cleft palates](/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_cleft_palate "Cleft lip and cleft palate"). Adolph sought to improve sanitation through his practice. He encouraged midwives to use methods such as burning the umbilical chord to sever it, instead of using an unsanitary tool. He also provided bathtubs at the hospital for patients and the public to use. He supported poor patients by charging low, fixed costs and providing them with housing while they recovered. He also toured rural areas to provide treatment, setting up clinics and operating theatres for surgeries. In spring of 1936, after the birth of his second son, Adolph returned to the United States, where he took a year of graduate courses at the [University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine](/wiki/Perelman_School_of_Medicine_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania "Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania"). After this and a course in general surgery, he stayed to participate in research on [sulfanilamide](/wiki/Sulfanilamide "Sulfanilamide"). [left\|thumb\|Hebei, a province in northern China](/wiki/File:Hebei_CN.png "Hebei CN.png") In November 1937, he returned to China and worked in [Shunteh](/wiki/Xingtai "Xingtai") (Xingtai), Hebei because his return to Changzhi was delayed by the fighting of the Sino\-Japanese war. There, he practiced mostly war medicine. He extensively used the delimiting [tourniquet](/wiki/Tourniquet "Tourniquet"), later publishing a paper on its use in wartime China. In September 1938, he was able to return to Changzhi but without his family. That winter, he traveled to Liaochao to partner with the [Red Cross](/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement") in opening a hospital that needed a doctor. In 1939, a reoccurrence of tuberculosis caused Adolph to return to his family in [Chefoo](/wiki/Yantai "Yantai") (Yantai) for a five\-month rest period. Afterwards, he intended to return to Changzhi, but the city had been overtaken by Japanese forces so he went to work at a hospital in Kaifeng instead. Here, he was free to practice as long as he cooperated with both Japanese and Chinese troops. He continued to practice there until he returned to the United States in 1941\. When in the United States, Adolph practiced in industrial surgery in [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit "Detroit") and as an associate to another surgeon in private practice, before being commissioned to the [Army Medical Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Medical_Corps "United States Army Medical Corps"). Major Adolph served in Scotland, France, and England as an army surgeon before being stationed at [Fort Sheridan](/wiki/Fort_Sheridan%2C_Illinois "Fort Sheridan, Illinois") as Chief of Surgery in 1943\. He was stationed in England again, where he served as a Chief of Surgical Service at a general hospital, and subsequently in France as a supervisor to eight German prisoner of war hospitals. In August 1946, Adolph and his family returned to Shanghai to continue working with the China Inland Mission. He became the school physician for the [Shanghai American School](/wiki/Shanghai_American_School "Shanghai American School"), a professor of surgery at the [St. Johns Medical Schoo](/wiki/St._John%27s_University%2C_Shanghai "St. John's University, Shanghai")l, the director of the China Inland Mission's medical work in China, and the operator of a hospital in Shanghai. He also worked in a clinic for the poor operated in front of his own compound. Upon returning to the United States, he practiced in [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky "Kentucky") before being debilitated by a stroke and a third occurrence of tuberculosis in 1950\. For twenty years he continued his involvement in the medical mission community in Chicago, preparing missionaries for working overseas and treating them after they contracted diseases abroad. After retirement, he practiced at his son Harold's mission hospital in Ethiopia and his son Robert's mission hospital in Bangladesh.
[ "Medical work\n------------", "In 1929, Adolph left the United States for China with the [China Inland Mission](/wiki/OMF_International \"OMF International\") for the first time. When he arrived in [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\"), then Peking, he was able to visit his brother who was a professor of biochemistry there.\n[thumb\\|Shanxi, a province in northern China](/wiki/File:Shanxi_CN.png \"Shanxi CN.png\")\nAfter his arrival, he spent six months at a language school in the [Anhui](/wiki/Anhui \"Anhui\") province studying the Chinese language. He then proceeded to his residency at a hospital in [Linfen](/wiki/Linfen \"Linfen\") in the province of Shanxi. Following a year of residency, he was directed to open a 100\\-bed hospital in [Luan](/wiki/Changzhi \"Changzhi\"), now Changzhi, in southeastern Shanxi. The missionaries that had previously worked in this region were no longer there as they had fled during the [Boxer Rebellion](/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion \"Boxer Rebellion\").", "At the hospital in Changzhi, Adolph was the only doctor and carried out mostly surgical procedures. Initially, he was received apprehensively and often called \"foreign devil\" by children. He and his team made efforts to integrate, such as wearing traditional Chinese clothing instead of American clothes. Patients at the hospital came from as far as 50 miles carried, walking, by wheelbarrow, or by cart. In his book *Surgery Speaks to China*, Adolph recounts having to treat many cases of [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\") due to unsanitary living conditions. Many patients' illnesses had progressed beyond treatment and amputations were necessary. He also operated to correct deformities such as [cleft lips and cleft palates](/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_cleft_palate \"Cleft lip and cleft palate\").", "Adolph sought to improve sanitation through his practice. He encouraged midwives to use methods such as burning the umbilical chord to sever it, instead of using an unsanitary tool. He also provided bathtubs at the hospital for patients and the public to use.", "He supported poor patients by charging low, fixed costs and providing them with housing while they recovered. He also toured rural areas to provide treatment, setting up clinics and operating theatres for surgeries.", "In spring of 1936, after the birth of his second son, Adolph returned to the United States, where he took a year of graduate courses at the [University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine](/wiki/Perelman_School_of_Medicine_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania \"Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania\"). After this and a course in general surgery, he stayed to participate in research on [sulfanilamide](/wiki/Sulfanilamide \"Sulfanilamide\").\n[left\\|thumb\\|Hebei, a province in northern China](/wiki/File:Hebei_CN.png \"Hebei CN.png\")\nIn November 1937, he returned to China and worked in [Shunteh](/wiki/Xingtai \"Xingtai\") (Xingtai), Hebei because his return to Changzhi was delayed by the fighting of the Sino\\-Japanese war. There, he practiced mostly war medicine. He extensively used the delimiting [tourniquet](/wiki/Tourniquet \"Tourniquet\"), later publishing a paper on its use in wartime China. In September 1938, he was able to return to Changzhi but without his family. That winter, he traveled to Liaochao to partner with the [Red Cross](/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement \"International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement\") in opening a hospital that needed a doctor.", "In 1939, a reoccurrence of tuberculosis caused Adolph to return to his family in [Chefoo](/wiki/Yantai \"Yantai\") (Yantai) for a five\\-month rest period. Afterwards, he intended to return to Changzhi, but the city had been overtaken by Japanese forces so he went to work at a hospital in Kaifeng instead. Here, he was free to practice as long as he cooperated with both Japanese and Chinese troops. He continued to practice there until he returned to the United States in 1941\\.", "When in the United States, Adolph practiced in industrial surgery in [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit \"Detroit\") and as an associate to another surgeon in private practice, before being commissioned to the [Army Medical Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Medical_Corps \"United States Army Medical Corps\"). Major Adolph served in Scotland, France, and England as an army surgeon before being stationed at [Fort Sheridan](/wiki/Fort_Sheridan%2C_Illinois \"Fort Sheridan, Illinois\") as Chief of Surgery in 1943\\. He was stationed in England again, where he served as a Chief of Surgical Service at a general hospital, and subsequently in France as a supervisor to eight German prisoner of war hospitals.", "In August 1946, Adolph and his family returned to Shanghai to continue working with the China Inland Mission. He became the school physician for the [Shanghai American School](/wiki/Shanghai_American_School \"Shanghai American School\"), a professor of surgery at the [St. Johns Medical Schoo](/wiki/St._John%27s_University%2C_Shanghai \"St. John's University, Shanghai\")l, the director of the China Inland Mission's medical work in China, and the operator of a hospital in Shanghai. He also worked in a clinic for the poor operated in front of his own compound.", "Upon returning to the United States, he practiced in [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky \"Kentucky\") before being debilitated by a stroke and a third occurrence of tuberculosis in 1950\\. For twenty years he continued his involvement in the medical mission community in Chicago, preparing missionaries for working overseas and treating them after they contracted diseases abroad. After retirement, he practiced at his son Harold's mission hospital in Ethiopia and his son Robert's mission hospital in Bangladesh.", "" ]
Taxonomy and history -------------------- [thumb\|upright\|[German](/wiki/Germany "Germany") [zoologist](/wiki/Zoologist "Zoologist") [Eduard von Martens](/wiki/Eduard_von_Martens "Eduard von Martens") (1831–1904\) published the first comprehensive monograph on the genus *Amphidromus* in 1867, and many of his concepts are still in use.](/wiki/File:Carl_Eduard_von_Martens_%281831-1904%29.jpg "Carl Eduard von Martens (1831-1904).jpg") The [generic name](/wiki/Generic_name_%28biology%29 "Generic name (biology)") is derived from the [ancient Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greek "Ancient Greek") words *{{lang\|el\|amphí}}* ({{lang\|el\|ἀμφί}}), meaning "on both sides", and *{{lang\|el\|drómos}}* ({{lang\|el\|δρόμος}}), meaning "running", alluding to the different [chiralities](/wiki/Chirality "Chirality") of the shells.{{cite book\|last\=Brown\|first\=R. W.\|title\=Composition of Scientific Words\|year\=1954\|publisher\=Published by the author\|location\=Baltimore, Maryland, USA\|url\=https://archive.org/download/compositionofsci00brow/compositionofsci00brow.pdf}} The shells of *Amphidromus* are relatively large, and quite colorful; considerable numbers of them were among the first [Indonesian](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") land snail shells brought back to Europe by [travelers and explorers during the 18th century](/wiki/History_of_Indonesia%23Colonial_era "History of Indonesia#Colonial era"). Comparatively speaking, malacologists have gathered a much smaller number of specimens. Several species and [forms](/wiki/Form_%28zoology%29 "Form (zoology)") were described before 1800, most of them with inadequate locality data. At least two names — *[Amphidromus laevus](/wiki/Amphidromus_laevus "Amphidromus laevus")* (Müller, 1774\) and the form *[A. perversus](/wiki/Amphidromus_perversus "Amphidromus perversus")* f. *aureus* Martyn, 1784 – still (as of 2017\) have not yet been reported from a precise locality. During the first half of the nineteenth century, many species and varieties were named, again usually with poor locality data. Not until Eduard von Martens (1867\) published his [monograph](/wiki/Monograph "Monograph")[15px](/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg "PD-icon.svg") [Martens E. von](/wiki/Eduard_von_Martens "Eduard von Martens") (1867\). *Die Preussische Expedition nach Ost\-Asien*. Zoologischer Theil. **2**: xii, 447 pp., 22 plates. was there an attempt to cover the entire complex of species within this genus. The 1867 monograph contained considerable information both on the variation within the genus, and on the problems of the [geographic distribution](/wiki/Zoogeography "Zoogeography") of the species. Many concepts that originated with von Martens are still (as of 2017\) in use. In 1896, [Hugh Fulton](/wiki/Hugh_Fulton "Hugh Fulton")[Fulton H.](/wiki/Hugh_Fulton "Hugh Fulton") (1896\). "A list of the species of *Amphidromus*, Albers, with critical notes and descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species and varieties". *[Annals and Magazine of Natural History](/wiki/Annals_and_Magazine_of_Natural_History "Annals and Magazine of Natural History")* (6\)**17**: 66–94, plates 5–7\. organized 142 specific and varietal names into eighteen species groups containing a total of 64 species. When [Henry Augustus Pilsbry](/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Pilsbry "Henry Augustus Pilsbry")'s 1900 monograph *[Manual of Conchology](/wiki/Manual_of_Conchology "Manual of Conchology")*[15px](/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg "PD-icon.svg") [Pilsbry H. A.](/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Pilsbry "Henry Augustus Pilsbry") (1900\). *[Manual of Conchology](/wiki/Manual_of_Conchology "Manual of Conchology"), structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species. Second series: Pulmonata*. [Volume 13](https://archive.org/details/manualofconcholo13tryorich). Australasian Bulimulidae: *[Bothriembryon](/wiki/Bothriembryon "Bothriembryon")*, *[Placostylus](/wiki/Placostylus "Placostylus")*. Helicidae: *Amphidromus*. 253 pp., 72 plates, [page 184](https://archive.org/stream/manualofconcholo13tryo#page/184/mode/2up). appeared, the number of species in the genus *Amphidromus* had increased to 81, and these were placed in nineteen groups. Pilsbry's study has remained the only illustrated monograph of the genus, and it is still considered indispensable for any serious study of the genus. Since 1900, the major [taxonomic](/wiki/Taxonomy_%28biology%29 "Taxonomy (biology)") studies on *Amphidromus* have been [faunistic](/wiki/Faunistics "Faunistics") (a study of the fauna of some territory or area) in scope. The papers of American malacologist [Paul Bartsch](/wiki/Paul_Bartsch "Paul Bartsch") (1917, 1918, 1919\)[15px](/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg "PD-icon.svg") [Bartsch P.](/wiki/Paul_Bartsch "Paul Bartsch") (1917\). "The Philippine land snails of the genus *Amphidromus*". *U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.* **100**(1\), part 1: 1–47, 22 plates.[15px](/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg "PD-icon.svg") [Bartsch P.](/wiki/Paul_Bartsch "Paul Bartsch") (1918\). "The land snails of the genus *Amphidromus* from the islands of the [Palawan Passage](/wiki/Palawan_Passage "Palawan Passage")". *Jour. Washington Acad. Sci.* **8**(11\): 361–367\.[15px](/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg "PD-icon.svg") [Bartsch P.](/wiki/Paul_Bartsch "Paul Bartsch") (1919\). "Critical remarks on Philippine Island land shells". *Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington* **32**: 177–184\. on the Philippine species, [Bernhard Rensch](/wiki/Bernhard_Rensch "Bernhard Rensch") (1932\){{in lang\|de}} [Rensch B.](/wiki/Bernhard_Rensch "Bernhard Rensch") (1932\). "Die Mollusken Fauna der Kleinen Sunda\-Inseln, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores und Sumba". *Zool. Jahrb., Syst.* **63**: 1–130, 3 plates. on the [Lesser Sunda Islands](/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands "Lesser Sunda Islands") forms, and [Tera van Benthem Jutting](/wiki/Tera_van_Benthem_Jutting "Tera van Benthem Jutting") (1950, 1959\)[van Benthem Jutting T.](/wiki/Tera_van_Benthem_Jutting "Tera van Benthem Jutting") (1950\). "Critical studies of the Javanese pulmonate land\-shells of the families Helicarionidae, Pleurodontidae, Fruticicolidae and Streptaxidae". *Treubia* **20**(3\): 381–505, 107 figs.[van Benthem Jutting T.](/wiki/Tera_van_Benthem_Jutting "Tera van Benthem Jutting") (1959\). "Catalogue of the non\-marine Mollusca of Sumatra and of its satellite islands". *Beaufortia* **7**(83\): 41–191, 1 plate, 11 figs. on Javan and Sumatran populations are especially comprehensive. Potentially the most valuable contribution is that of [Curt Haniel](/wiki/Curt_Haniel "Curt Haniel") (1921\),{{in lang\|de}} [Haniel C.](/wiki/Curt_Haniel "Curt Haniel") (1921\). "Variationsstudie an Timoresischen *Amphidromus* Arten". *Zeits. Induct. Abstamm. und Vererbungsl.* **25**(1–2\): 88 pp., 5 plates. who discussed the variation within *[A. contrarius](/wiki/Amphidromus_contrarius "Amphidromus contrarius")* and *[A. reflexilabris](/wiki/Amphidromus_reflexilabris "Amphidromus reflexilabris")* on [Timor](/wiki/Timor "Timor"); the variations in color and form were well illustrated in a series of color plates. Literature published after 1900 contains many scattered descriptions of new color forms and subspecies. Of the 309 names in the nomenclatural list, 111 (35\.9%) were published after Pilsbry (1900\). [Adolf Michael Zilch](/wiki/Adolf_Michael_Zilch "Adolf Michael Zilch") (1953\){{in lang\|de}} [Zilch A. M.](/wiki/Adolf_Michael_Zilch "Adolf Michael Zilch") (1953\). "Die Typen und Typoide des Natur\-Museums Senckenberg. 10: Mollusca, Pleurodontidae (1\)". *[Archiv für Molluskenkunde](/wiki/Archiv_f%C3%BCr_Molluskenkunde "Archiv für Molluskenkunde")* **82**(4–6\): 131–140, plates 22–25\. listed type specimens in the [Senckenberg Museum](/wiki/Senckenberg_Museum "Senckenberg Museum"), and illustrated many previously unfigured species. [Frank Fortescue Laidlaw](/wiki/Frank_Fortescue_Laidlaw "Frank Fortescue Laidlaw") \& [Alan Solem](/wiki/Alan_Solem "Alan Solem") (1961\) recognized 74 species by name, and considered that material from the [Banda Islands](/wiki/Banda_Islands "Banda Islands") probably represented an undescribed species. Eleven of the species recognized by Laidlaw \& Solem were described after the appearance of Pilsbry's monograph. However, several species recognized by Pilsbry have subsequently been subordinated to subspecific or varietal status, and a few names have been transferred to [incertae sedis](/wiki/Incertae_sedis "Incertae sedis"), since they are based on hundred\-year\-old references that have not been substantiated by more recent collectors. In fact, the study by Laidlaw \& Solem (1961\) forms a supplement to Pilsbry's monograph with his extensive plates, and many of Laidlaw \& Solem's conclusions concerning the relationships of color forms described as species were taken not so much from new samples, but from the extent of variation that was outlined by Haniel (1921\) in his pioneer study. ### Characterization Species in the genus *Amphidromus* usually have smooth, glossy, brightly colored, elongate or conic, dextrally or sinistrally coiled [shells](/wiki/Gastropod_shell "Gastropod shell"). The shells are moderately large, ranging from {{convert\|25\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} to {{convert\|70\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} in maximum dimension, having from 6 to 8 convex [whorls](/wiki/Whorl_%28mollusc%29 "Whorl (mollusc)"). Their color pattern is usually [monochromatic](/wiki/Monochromatic "Monochromatic") yellowish or greenish, but can be variegated. The [aperture](/wiki/Aperture_%28mollusc%29 "Aperture (mollusc)") is oblique or ovate in shape, without any teeth or folds, and with the aperture height ranging from two\-fifths to one\-third of total shell height. The peristome is expanded and/or reflected, and is sometimes thickened. The [columella](/wiki/Columella "Columella") may be straight or recurved, and the [parietal callus](/wiki/Parietal_callus "Parietal callus") is weak to well\-developed, and the [umbilicus](/wiki/Umbilicus_%28mollusc%29 "Umbilicus (mollusc)") may be open or closed. The [radula](/wiki/Radula "Radula") is spatulate, has cusped teeth arranged in rows, usually with a monocuspid central tooth and bicuspid or tricuspid lateral teeth. The [jaw](/wiki/Digestive_system_of_gastropods%23Jaw "Digestive system of gastropods#Jaw") is thin and weak, with low flat ribs. The pallial region is [sigmurethrous](/wiki/Sigmurethra "Sigmurethra"), with a very long, narrow kidney. The [genitalia](/wiki/Reproductive_system_of_gastropods "Reproductive system of gastropods") are that of typical camaenids, with a long seminal receptacle, a short penis with low insertion of the retractor muscle, and a short or long epiphallic caecum (flagellum and appendix). The [spermatophores](/wiki/Spermatophores "Spermatophores") have a pentagonal outline in [cross\-section](/wiki/Cross_section_%28geometry%29 "Cross section (geometry)"). *Amphidromus* are typically [arboreal](/wiki/Arboreal "Arboreal") animals.
[ "Taxonomy and history\n--------------------", "[thumb\\|upright\\|[German](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") [zoologist](/wiki/Zoologist \"Zoologist\") [Eduard von Martens](/wiki/Eduard_von_Martens \"Eduard von Martens\") (1831–1904\\) published the first comprehensive monograph on the genus *Amphidromus* in 1867, and many of his concepts are still in use.](/wiki/File:Carl_Eduard_von_Martens_%281831-1904%29.jpg \"Carl Eduard von Martens (1831-1904).jpg\")", "The [generic name](/wiki/Generic_name_%28biology%29 \"Generic name (biology)\") is derived from the [ancient Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greek \"Ancient Greek\") words *{{lang\\|el\\|amphí}}* ({{lang\\|el\\|ἀμφί}}), meaning \"on both sides\", and *{{lang\\|el\\|drómos}}* ({{lang\\|el\\|δρόμος}}), meaning \"running\", alluding to the different [chiralities](/wiki/Chirality \"Chirality\") of the shells.{{cite book\\|last\\=Brown\\|first\\=R. W.\\|title\\=Composition of Scientific Words\\|year\\=1954\\|publisher\\=Published by the author\\|location\\=Baltimore, Maryland, USA\\|url\\=https://archive.org/download/compositionofsci00brow/compositionofsci00brow.pdf}} The shells of *Amphidromus* are relatively large, and quite colorful; considerable numbers of them were among the first [Indonesian](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\") land snail shells brought back to Europe by [travelers and explorers during the 18th century](/wiki/History_of_Indonesia%23Colonial_era \"History of Indonesia#Colonial era\"). Comparatively speaking, malacologists have gathered a much smaller number of specimens.", "Several species and [forms](/wiki/Form_%28zoology%29 \"Form (zoology)\") were described before 1800, most of them with inadequate locality data. At least two names — *[Amphidromus laevus](/wiki/Amphidromus_laevus \"Amphidromus laevus\")* (Müller, 1774\\) and the form *[A. perversus](/wiki/Amphidromus_perversus \"Amphidromus perversus\")* f. *aureus* Martyn, 1784 – still (as of 2017\\) have not yet been reported from a precise locality. During the first half of the nineteenth century, many species and varieties were named, again usually with poor locality data. Not until Eduard von Martens (1867\\) published his [monograph](/wiki/Monograph \"Monograph\")[15px](/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg \"PD-icon.svg\") [Martens E. von](/wiki/Eduard_von_Martens \"Eduard von Martens\") (1867\\). *Die Preussische Expedition nach Ost\\-Asien*. Zoologischer Theil. **2**: xii, 447 pp., 22 plates. was there an attempt to cover the entire complex of species within this genus. The 1867 monograph contained considerable information both on the variation within the genus, and on the problems of the [geographic distribution](/wiki/Zoogeography \"Zoogeography\") of the species. Many concepts that originated with von Martens are still (as of 2017\\) in use.", "In 1896, [Hugh Fulton](/wiki/Hugh_Fulton \"Hugh Fulton\")[Fulton H.](/wiki/Hugh_Fulton \"Hugh Fulton\") (1896\\). \"A list of the species of *Amphidromus*, Albers, with critical notes and descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species and varieties\". *[Annals and Magazine of Natural History](/wiki/Annals_and_Magazine_of_Natural_History \"Annals and Magazine of Natural History\")* (6\\)**17**: 66–94, plates 5–7\\. organized 142 specific and varietal names into eighteen species groups containing a total of 64 species. When [Henry Augustus Pilsbry](/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Pilsbry \"Henry Augustus Pilsbry\")'s 1900 monograph *[Manual of Conchology](/wiki/Manual_of_Conchology \"Manual of Conchology\")*[15px](/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg \"PD-icon.svg\") [Pilsbry H. A.](/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Pilsbry \"Henry Augustus Pilsbry\") (1900\\). *[Manual of Conchology](/wiki/Manual_of_Conchology \"Manual of Conchology\"), structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species. Second series: Pulmonata*. [Volume 13](https://archive.org/details/manualofconcholo13tryorich). Australasian Bulimulidae: *[Bothriembryon](/wiki/Bothriembryon \"Bothriembryon\")*, *[Placostylus](/wiki/Placostylus \"Placostylus\")*. Helicidae: *Amphidromus*. 253 pp., 72 plates, [page 184](https://archive.org/stream/manualofconcholo13tryo#page/184/mode/2up). appeared, the number of species in the genus *Amphidromus* had increased to 81, and these were placed in nineteen groups. Pilsbry's study has remained the only illustrated monograph of the genus, and it is still considered indispensable for any serious study of the genus.", "Since 1900, the major [taxonomic](/wiki/Taxonomy_%28biology%29 \"Taxonomy (biology)\") studies on *Amphidromus* have been [faunistic](/wiki/Faunistics \"Faunistics\") (a study of the fauna of some territory or area) in scope. The papers of American malacologist [Paul Bartsch](/wiki/Paul_Bartsch \"Paul Bartsch\") (1917, 1918, 1919\\)[15px](/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg \"PD-icon.svg\") [Bartsch P.](/wiki/Paul_Bartsch \"Paul Bartsch\") (1917\\). \"The Philippine land snails of the genus *Amphidromus*\". *U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.* **100**(1\\), part 1: 1–47, 22 plates.[15px](/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg \"PD-icon.svg\") [Bartsch P.](/wiki/Paul_Bartsch \"Paul Bartsch\") (1918\\). \"The land snails of the genus *Amphidromus* from the islands of the [Palawan Passage](/wiki/Palawan_Passage \"Palawan Passage\")\". *Jour. Washington Acad. Sci.* **8**(11\\): 361–367\\.[15px](/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg \"PD-icon.svg\") [Bartsch P.](/wiki/Paul_Bartsch \"Paul Bartsch\") (1919\\). \"Critical remarks on Philippine Island land shells\". *Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington* **32**: 177–184\\. on the Philippine species, [Bernhard Rensch](/wiki/Bernhard_Rensch \"Bernhard Rensch\") (1932\\){{in lang\\|de}} [Rensch B.](/wiki/Bernhard_Rensch \"Bernhard Rensch\") (1932\\). \"Die Mollusken Fauna der Kleinen Sunda\\-Inseln, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores und Sumba\". *Zool. Jahrb., Syst.* **63**: 1–130, 3 plates. on the [Lesser Sunda Islands](/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands \"Lesser Sunda Islands\") forms, and [Tera van Benthem Jutting](/wiki/Tera_van_Benthem_Jutting \"Tera van Benthem Jutting\") (1950, 1959\\)[van Benthem Jutting T.](/wiki/Tera_van_Benthem_Jutting \"Tera van Benthem Jutting\") (1950\\). \"Critical studies of the Javanese pulmonate land\\-shells of the families Helicarionidae, Pleurodontidae, Fruticicolidae and Streptaxidae\". *Treubia* **20**(3\\): 381–505, 107 figs.[van Benthem Jutting T.](/wiki/Tera_van_Benthem_Jutting \"Tera van Benthem Jutting\") (1959\\). \"Catalogue of the non\\-marine Mollusca of Sumatra and of its satellite islands\". *Beaufortia* **7**(83\\): 41–191, 1 plate, 11 figs. on Javan and Sumatran populations are especially comprehensive. Potentially the most valuable contribution is that of [Curt Haniel](/wiki/Curt_Haniel \"Curt Haniel\") (1921\\),{{in lang\\|de}} [Haniel C.](/wiki/Curt_Haniel \"Curt Haniel\") (1921\\). \"Variationsstudie an Timoresischen *Amphidromus* Arten\". *Zeits. Induct. Abstamm. und Vererbungsl.* **25**(1–2\\): 88 pp., 5 plates. who discussed the variation within *[A. contrarius](/wiki/Amphidromus_contrarius \"Amphidromus contrarius\")* and *[A. reflexilabris](/wiki/Amphidromus_reflexilabris \"Amphidromus reflexilabris\")* on [Timor](/wiki/Timor \"Timor\"); the variations in color and form were well illustrated in a series of color plates.", "Literature published after 1900 contains many scattered descriptions of new color forms and subspecies. Of the 309 names in the nomenclatural list, 111 (35\\.9%) were published after Pilsbry (1900\\). [Adolf Michael Zilch](/wiki/Adolf_Michael_Zilch \"Adolf Michael Zilch\") (1953\\){{in lang\\|de}} [Zilch A. M.](/wiki/Adolf_Michael_Zilch \"Adolf Michael Zilch\") (1953\\). \"Die Typen und Typoide des Natur\\-Museums Senckenberg. 10: Mollusca, Pleurodontidae (1\\)\". *[Archiv für Molluskenkunde](/wiki/Archiv_f%C3%BCr_Molluskenkunde \"Archiv für Molluskenkunde\")* **82**(4–6\\): 131–140, plates 22–25\\. listed type specimens in the [Senckenberg Museum](/wiki/Senckenberg_Museum \"Senckenberg Museum\"), and illustrated many previously unfigured species. [Frank Fortescue Laidlaw](/wiki/Frank_Fortescue_Laidlaw \"Frank Fortescue Laidlaw\") \\& [Alan Solem](/wiki/Alan_Solem \"Alan Solem\") (1961\\) recognized 74 species by name, and considered that material from the [Banda Islands](/wiki/Banda_Islands \"Banda Islands\") probably represented an undescribed species. Eleven of the species recognized by Laidlaw \\& Solem were described after the appearance of Pilsbry's monograph. However, several species recognized by Pilsbry have subsequently been subordinated to subspecific or varietal status, and a few names have been transferred to [incertae sedis](/wiki/Incertae_sedis \"Incertae sedis\"), since they are based on hundred\\-year\\-old references that have not been substantiated by more recent collectors. In fact, the study by Laidlaw \\& Solem (1961\\) forms a supplement to Pilsbry's monograph with his extensive plates, and many of Laidlaw \\& Solem's conclusions concerning the relationships of color forms described as species were taken not so much from new samples, but from the extent of variation that was outlined by Haniel (1921\\) in his pioneer study.", "### Characterization", "Species in the genus *Amphidromus* usually have smooth, glossy, brightly colored, elongate or conic, dextrally or sinistrally coiled [shells](/wiki/Gastropod_shell \"Gastropod shell\"). The shells are moderately large, ranging from {{convert\\|25\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} to {{convert\\|70\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} in maximum dimension, having from 6 to 8 convex [whorls](/wiki/Whorl_%28mollusc%29 \"Whorl (mollusc)\"). Their color pattern is usually [monochromatic](/wiki/Monochromatic \"Monochromatic\") yellowish or greenish, but can be variegated. The [aperture](/wiki/Aperture_%28mollusc%29 \"Aperture (mollusc)\") is oblique or ovate in shape, without any teeth or folds, and with the aperture height ranging from two\\-fifths to one\\-third of total shell height. The peristome is expanded and/or reflected, and is sometimes thickened. The [columella](/wiki/Columella \"Columella\") may be straight or recurved, and the [parietal callus](/wiki/Parietal_callus \"Parietal callus\") is weak to well\\-developed, and the [umbilicus](/wiki/Umbilicus_%28mollusc%29 \"Umbilicus (mollusc)\") may be open or closed. The [radula](/wiki/Radula \"Radula\") is spatulate, has cusped teeth arranged in rows, usually with a monocuspid central tooth and bicuspid or tricuspid lateral teeth. The [jaw](/wiki/Digestive_system_of_gastropods%23Jaw \"Digestive system of gastropods#Jaw\") is thin and weak, with low flat ribs. The pallial region is [sigmurethrous](/wiki/Sigmurethra \"Sigmurethra\"), with a very long, narrow kidney. The [genitalia](/wiki/Reproductive_system_of_gastropods \"Reproductive system of gastropods\") are that of typical camaenids, with a long seminal receptacle, a short penis with low insertion of the retractor muscle, and a short or long epiphallic caecum (flagellum and appendix). The [spermatophores](/wiki/Spermatophores \"Spermatophores\") have a pentagonal outline in [cross\\-section](/wiki/Cross_section_%28geometry%29 \"Cross section (geometry)\"). *Amphidromus* are typically [arboreal](/wiki/Arboreal \"Arboreal\") animals.", "" ]
Shell description ----------------- The [shells](/wiki/Gastropod_shell "Gastropod shell") of *Amphidromus* are relatively large, from one to three inches high, and colorful. *Amphidromus* has an elongate\-conic or ovate\-conic helicoid shell of 5 to 8 [whorls](/wiki/Whorl_%28mollusc%29 "Whorl (mollusc)"). The shell may be thin and fragile, or very heavy and solid, with no known correlation of shell structure with distribution or habitats. ### Shell coiling {{Main\|Gastropod shell\#Chirality in gastropods}} In some species within this genus, the [shell coils](/wiki/Gastropod_shell%23Chirality_in_gastropods "Gastropod shell#Chirality in gastropods") invariably to the right, and in many others just as invariably to the left. However, a significant number of species in this genus are "[amphidromine](/wiki/wikt:Amphidromine "Amphidromine")"; this term means that both left\- and right\-handed shell coiling are found within the same population. One could say they are "[polymorphic](/wiki/Polymorphism_%28biology%29 "Polymorphism (biology)")" for the direction of shell coiling, but because there are only two possible types of shell coiling, they are described as "[dimorphic](/wiki/Polymorphism_%28biology%29 "Polymorphism (biology)")" in coiling. The two types of shell coiling occur in some species in approximately equal numbers, other species have a distinct predominance of one phase. There is as yet no information on the heredity of this character in *Amphidromus*. Because almost all other species of amphidromine gastropods, such as ones within the genera *[Partula](/wiki/Partula_%28gastropod%29 "Partula (gastropod)")* and *[Achatinella](/wiki/Achatinella "Achatinella")*, have already become extinct, the genus *Amphidromus*, containing over 110 species, is uniquely useful for the study of the [evolution](/wiki/Evolution "Evolution") of [asymmetry](/wiki/Asymmetry "Asymmetry") in animals, and this is why the [conservation](/wiki/Conservation_biology "Conservation biology") of this genus is of essential importance to biologists. File:Amphidromus floresianus shell 2\.png\|In ''\[\[Amphidromus floresianus\|A. floresianus]]'', subgenus ''Syndromus'', shell coiling is normally sinistral. Scale bar 10 mm. File:Amphidromus perversus natunensis shell 2\.png\|Shells in the amphidromine species ''\[\[Amphidromus perversus\|A. perversus]]'' can be dextral, as shown here. File:Amphidromus perversus natunensis shell 3\.png\|But shell coiling in ''A. perversus'' can also be sinistral, as shown here. File:Amphidromus perversus shell.jpg\|Abapertural view of a sinistral shell (left), and apertural view of a dextral shell (right) of ''A. perversus'' ### Shell shape and sculpture [thumb\|*[Amphidromus atricallosus](/wiki/Amphidromus_atricallosus "Amphidromus atricallosus") leucoxanthus* has a shell form that is typical for the genus *Amphidromus*: it is moderately convex and smooth.](/wiki/File:Amphidromus_atricallosus_leucoxanthus_01.JPG "Amphidromus atricallosus leucoxanthus 01.JPG") The whorls of the shell of species of *Amphidromus* are moderately convex and, with only a few exceptions, are smooth or have a faint [sculpture](/wiki/Sculpture_%28mollusc%29 "Sculpture (mollusc)") of growth lines. However, a sculpture of moderately heavy oblique radial ribs has appeared at least four separate times in the genus, and can be seen in the following species: *[Amphidromus costifer](/wiki/Amphidromus_costifer "Amphidromus costifer")* Smith from [Binh Dinh Province](/wiki/Binh_Dinh_Province "Binh Dinh Province") in Vietnam; *[A. begini](/wiki/A._begini "A. begini")* Morlet from Cambodia; *[A. heccarii](/wiki/A._heccarii "A. heccarii")* Tapparone\-Canefri from Celebes; and the *[A. palaceus](/wiki/A._palaceus "A. palaceus")*\-*[A. winteri](/wiki/A._winteri "A. winteri")* complex from Java and Sumatra. Correlated with the ribbing is a light, monochrome coloration, and a thin shell with a large [aperture](/wiki/Aperture_%28mollusc%29 "Aperture (mollusc)") and a flaring lip. Many solid shells in other species do show a slight roughening of the surface, but this is very different from the ribbed sculpture mentioned above. The aperture is generally large, varying from about two\-fifths to one\-third the height of the shell, often within the same population. Usually the lip is at least somewhat expanded, and in forms such as *[A. reflexilabris](/wiki/Amphidromus_reflexilabris "Amphidromus reflexilabris")* Schepman and *[A. winteri](/wiki/A._winteri "A. winteri")* (Pfeiffer) var. *inauris* Fulton, the lip can only be called flaring. In *[A. perversus](/wiki/A._perversus "A. perversus")* (Linnaeus) and most other thick\-shelled species, the lip is internally thickened, forming a "roll" in its expansion, and has a very heavy [parietal callus](/wiki/Parietal_callus "Parietal callus"). In thin\-shelled species, the lip is usually a simple reflected edge. The [umbilical](/wiki/Umbilicus_%28mollusc%29 "Umbilicus (mollusc)") area can be partially open, nearly closed, or sealed. This feature sometimes provides a useful criterion for specific identification. The angle of the parietal wall varies, but no precise information on this has been compiled. Generally the whorls of the shell increase rather regularly in size, however, species which are probably closely related, such as *[A. sinistralis](/wiki/A._sinistralis "A. sinistralis")* (Reeve) and *[A. heccarii](/wiki/A._heccarii "A. heccarii")* Tapparone\-Canefri, can have quite different degrees of whorl increment. No attempt has been made to express these differences meristically, since most of the available material was inadequate for statistical treatment. Actual dimensions of the shell vary greatly both within and between species. The minimum adult size is about 21 mm high, the observed maximum about 75 mm. There is not much variation in adult size within species: only a few species, notably *[A. maculiferus](/wiki/A._maculiferus "A. maculiferus")*, *[A. sinensis](/wiki/Amphidromus_sinensis "Amphidromus sinensis")* and *[A. entobaptus](/wiki/Amphidromus_entobaptus "Amphidromus entobaptus")*, have a variation in adult size that is greater than seven or eight millimeters in total. ### Shell coloration [thumb\|*[Amphidromus everetti](/wiki/Amphidromus_everetti "Amphidromus everetti")* shell is brightly colored, a feature which is typical of arboreal snails in general.](/wiki/File:Amphidromus_everetti_01.JPG "Amphidromus everetti 01.JPG") [thumb\|90px\|right\|The dark varix on this *[Amphidromus perversus](/wiki/Amphidromus_perversus "Amphidromus perversus")* shell marks a resting stage.](/wiki/File:Amphidromus_perversus_butoti_infraviridis_shell.png "Amphidromus perversus butoti infraviridis shell.png") The single most major aspect of shell variation within the genus is the color patterning. In general, many arboreal snails are brightly colored, obvious examples being the bulimulid genera *[Drymaeus](/wiki/Drymaeus "Drymaeus")* and *[Liguus](/wiki/Liguus "Liguus")*, the cepolid *[Polymita](/wiki/Polymita "Polymita")*, and the camaenid *[Papuina](/wiki/Papuina "Papuina")*. However, *[Polymita](/wiki/Polymita "Polymita")*, *[Liguus](/wiki/Liguus "Liguus")* and *Amphidromus* are particularly noted for their color variations. The basic ground color of *Amphidromus* appears to be yellow, and this color is usually (except for *[Amphidromus entobaptus](/wiki/Amphidromus_entobaptus "Amphidromus entobaptus")*) confined to the surface layers of the shell, since worn specimens appear to be nearly devoid of color. In some species the background color is whitish, and a few have dark background colors. The [apical](/wiki/Apex_%28mollusc%29 "Apex (mollusc)") whorls are pale, purple, brown, or black, and this sometimes varies within a population (as in *[A. quadrasi](/wiki/A._quadrasi "A. quadrasi")*). A few species, for example *[A. schomburgki](/wiki/Amphidromus_schomburgki "Amphidromus schomburgki")*, have a deciduous green [periostracum](/wiki/Periostracum "Periostracum"). Continuous zonal patterns can take the form of whitish sub[sutural](/wiki/Suture_%28gastropod%29 "Suture (gastropod)") bands (*[A. similis](/wiki/A._similis "A. similis")*), heavy subperipheral pigmentation (*[A. perversus](/wiki/Amphidromus_perversus "Amphidromus perversus")* var. *infraviridis*), subsutural color lines (*[A. columellaris](/wiki/A._columellaris "A. columellaris")*), broad spiral color bands (*[A. metabletus](/wiki/A._metabletus "A. metabletus")*, *[A. webbi](/wiki/A._webbi "A. webbi")*), or narrow spiral bands (*[A. laevus](/wiki/Amphidromus_laevus "Amphidromus laevus")*). Interrupted zonation can consist of the interruption of bands into spots in (*[A. maculatus](/wiki/A._maculatus "A. maculatus")*); highly irregular splitting of zones (*[A. perversus](/wiki/A._perversus "A. perversus")* vars. *sultanus* and *interruptus*); formation of oblique radial streaks which run parallel to (in *[A. inversus](/wiki/Amphidromus_inversus "Amphidromus inversus")*) or cross (in *[A. latestrigatus](/wiki/A._latestrigatus "A. latestrigatus")*) the incremental growth lines; or almost every conceivable combination and variation of these factors. Often the pattern will change radically from the [apex](/wiki/Apex_%28mollusc%29 "Apex (mollusc)") to the [body whorl](/wiki/Body_whorl "Body whorl") (in *[A. quadrasi](/wiki/A._quadrasi "A. quadrasi")* vars.). The aperture, [parietal callus](/wiki/Parietal_callus "Parietal callus"), [columella](/wiki/Columella_%28gastropod%29 "Columella (gastropod)"), lip, and umbilical region are variously marked with pink, brown, purple, white, or black. Haniel (1921\) includes several color plates which clearly demonstrate the extent of color variation within two species of the *Syndromus* type. *[A. perversus](/wiki/A._perversus "A. perversus")* and *[A. maculiferus](/wiki/Amphidromus_maculiferus "Amphidromus maculiferus")* of the subgenus *Amphidromus* are equally variable, whereas species such as *A. inversus* and *[A. similis](/wiki/A._similis "A. similis")* are almost uniform in coloration. In shells of most of the species in the subgenus *Amphidromus*, resting stages are marked by the deposition of a brown or black radial band called a [varix](/wiki/Varix_%28mollusc%29 "Varix (mollusc)"). This appears to be rare in the subgenus *Syndromus*, although the shell of *A. laevus* does show evidence of interruption of the spiral banding after a resting phase. ### Species recognition Species recognition is based on combinations of minor structural variations in the shape, aperture, whorl contour, umbilical region, and color pattern. It appears to be the case that many species have a stable color pattern, while other species seem to vary tremendously. Adequate unselected field samples will enable a better understanding of the relative stability or variability of particular species in single localities.
[ "Shell description\n-----------------", "The [shells](/wiki/Gastropod_shell \"Gastropod shell\") of *Amphidromus* are relatively large, from one to three inches high, and colorful. *Amphidromus* has an elongate\\-conic or ovate\\-conic helicoid shell of 5 to 8 [whorls](/wiki/Whorl_%28mollusc%29 \"Whorl (mollusc)\"). The shell may be thin and fragile, or very heavy and solid, with no known correlation of shell structure with distribution or habitats.", "### Shell coiling", "{{Main\\|Gastropod shell\\#Chirality in gastropods}}\nIn some species within this genus, the [shell coils](/wiki/Gastropod_shell%23Chirality_in_gastropods \"Gastropod shell#Chirality in gastropods\") invariably to the right, and in many others just as invariably to the left. However, a significant number of species in this genus are \"[amphidromine](/wiki/wikt:Amphidromine \"Amphidromine\")\"; this term means that both left\\- and right\\-handed shell coiling are found within the same population. One could say they are \"[polymorphic](/wiki/Polymorphism_%28biology%29 \"Polymorphism (biology)\")\" for the direction of shell coiling, but because there are only two possible types of shell coiling, they are described as \"[dimorphic](/wiki/Polymorphism_%28biology%29 \"Polymorphism (biology)\")\" in coiling. The two types of shell coiling occur in some species in approximately equal numbers, other species have a distinct predominance of one phase. There is as yet no information on the heredity of this character in *Amphidromus*.", "Because almost all other species of amphidromine gastropods, such as ones within the genera *[Partula](/wiki/Partula_%28gastropod%29 \"Partula (gastropod)\")* and *[Achatinella](/wiki/Achatinella \"Achatinella\")*, have already become extinct, the genus *Amphidromus*, containing over 110 species, is uniquely useful for the study of the [evolution](/wiki/Evolution \"Evolution\") of [asymmetry](/wiki/Asymmetry \"Asymmetry\") in animals, and this is why the [conservation](/wiki/Conservation_biology \"Conservation biology\") of this genus is of essential importance to biologists.", "File:Amphidromus floresianus shell 2\\.png\\|In ''\\[\\[Amphidromus floresianus\\|A. floresianus]]'', subgenus ''Syndromus'', shell coiling is normally sinistral. Scale bar 10 mm.\nFile:Amphidromus perversus natunensis shell 2\\.png\\|Shells in the amphidromine species ''\\[\\[Amphidromus perversus\\|A. perversus]]'' can be dextral, as shown here.\nFile:Amphidromus perversus natunensis shell 3\\.png\\|But shell coiling in ''A. perversus'' can also be sinistral, as shown here.\nFile:Amphidromus perversus shell.jpg\\|Abapertural view of a sinistral shell (left), and apertural view of a dextral shell (right) of ''A. perversus''", "", "### Shell shape and sculpture", "[thumb\\|*[Amphidromus atricallosus](/wiki/Amphidromus_atricallosus \"Amphidromus atricallosus\") leucoxanthus* has a shell form that is typical for the genus *Amphidromus*: it is moderately convex and smooth.](/wiki/File:Amphidromus_atricallosus_leucoxanthus_01.JPG \"Amphidromus atricallosus leucoxanthus 01.JPG\")\nThe whorls of the shell of species of *Amphidromus* are moderately convex and, with only a few exceptions, are smooth or have a faint [sculpture](/wiki/Sculpture_%28mollusc%29 \"Sculpture (mollusc)\") of growth lines. However, a sculpture of moderately heavy oblique radial ribs has appeared at least four separate times in the genus, and can be seen in the following species: *[Amphidromus costifer](/wiki/Amphidromus_costifer \"Amphidromus costifer\")* Smith from [Binh Dinh Province](/wiki/Binh_Dinh_Province \"Binh Dinh Province\") in Vietnam; *[A. begini](/wiki/A._begini \"A. begini\")* Morlet from Cambodia; *[A. heccarii](/wiki/A._heccarii \"A. heccarii\")* Tapparone\\-Canefri from Celebes; and the *[A. palaceus](/wiki/A._palaceus \"A. palaceus\")*\\-*[A. winteri](/wiki/A._winteri \"A. winteri\")* complex from Java and Sumatra. Correlated with the ribbing is a light, monochrome coloration, and a thin shell with a large [aperture](/wiki/Aperture_%28mollusc%29 \"Aperture (mollusc)\") and a flaring lip. Many solid shells in other species do show a slight roughening of the surface, but this is very different from the ribbed sculpture mentioned above.", "The aperture is generally large, varying from about two\\-fifths to one\\-third the height of the shell, often within the same population. Usually the lip is at least somewhat expanded, and in forms such as *[A. reflexilabris](/wiki/Amphidromus_reflexilabris \"Amphidromus reflexilabris\")* Schepman and *[A. winteri](/wiki/A._winteri \"A. winteri\")* (Pfeiffer) var. *inauris* Fulton, the lip can only be called flaring. In *[A. perversus](/wiki/A._perversus \"A. perversus\")* (Linnaeus) and most other thick\\-shelled species, the lip is internally thickened, forming a \"roll\" in its expansion, and has a very heavy [parietal callus](/wiki/Parietal_callus \"Parietal callus\"). In thin\\-shelled species, the lip is usually a simple reflected edge. The [umbilical](/wiki/Umbilicus_%28mollusc%29 \"Umbilicus (mollusc)\") area can be partially open, nearly closed, or sealed. This feature sometimes provides a useful criterion for specific identification. The angle of the parietal wall varies, but no precise information on this has been compiled.", "Generally the whorls of the shell increase rather regularly in size, however, species which are probably closely related, such as *[A. sinistralis](/wiki/A._sinistralis \"A. sinistralis\")* (Reeve) and *[A. heccarii](/wiki/A._heccarii \"A. heccarii\")* Tapparone\\-Canefri, can have quite different degrees of whorl increment. No attempt has been made to express these differences meristically, since most of the available material was inadequate for statistical treatment. Actual dimensions of the shell vary greatly both within and between species. The minimum adult size is about 21 mm high, the observed maximum about 75 mm. There is not much variation in adult size within species: only a few species, notably *[A. maculiferus](/wiki/A._maculiferus \"A. maculiferus\")*, *[A. sinensis](/wiki/Amphidromus_sinensis \"Amphidromus sinensis\")* and *[A. entobaptus](/wiki/Amphidromus_entobaptus \"Amphidromus entobaptus\")*, have a variation in adult size that is greater than seven or eight millimeters in total.", "### Shell coloration", "[thumb\\|*[Amphidromus everetti](/wiki/Amphidromus_everetti \"Amphidromus everetti\")* shell is brightly colored, a feature which is typical of arboreal snails in general.](/wiki/File:Amphidromus_everetti_01.JPG \"Amphidromus everetti 01.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|90px\\|right\\|The dark varix on this *[Amphidromus perversus](/wiki/Amphidromus_perversus \"Amphidromus perversus\")* shell marks a resting stage.](/wiki/File:Amphidromus_perversus_butoti_infraviridis_shell.png \"Amphidromus perversus butoti infraviridis shell.png\") \nThe single most major aspect of shell variation within the genus is the color patterning. In general, many arboreal snails are brightly colored, obvious examples being the bulimulid genera *[Drymaeus](/wiki/Drymaeus \"Drymaeus\")* and *[Liguus](/wiki/Liguus \"Liguus\")*, the cepolid *[Polymita](/wiki/Polymita \"Polymita\")*, and the camaenid *[Papuina](/wiki/Papuina \"Papuina\")*. However, *[Polymita](/wiki/Polymita \"Polymita\")*, *[Liguus](/wiki/Liguus \"Liguus\")* and *Amphidromus* are particularly noted for their color variations. The basic ground color of *Amphidromus* appears to be yellow, and this color is usually (except for *[Amphidromus entobaptus](/wiki/Amphidromus_entobaptus \"Amphidromus entobaptus\")*) confined to the surface layers of the shell, since worn specimens appear to be nearly devoid of color. In some species the background color is whitish, and a few have dark background colors. The [apical](/wiki/Apex_%28mollusc%29 \"Apex (mollusc)\") whorls are pale, purple, brown, or black, and this sometimes varies within a population (as in *[A. quadrasi](/wiki/A._quadrasi \"A. quadrasi\")*). A few species, for example *[A. schomburgki](/wiki/Amphidromus_schomburgki \"Amphidromus schomburgki\")*, have a deciduous green [periostracum](/wiki/Periostracum \"Periostracum\").", "Continuous zonal patterns can take the form of whitish sub[sutural](/wiki/Suture_%28gastropod%29 \"Suture (gastropod)\") bands (*[A. similis](/wiki/A._similis \"A. similis\")*), heavy subperipheral pigmentation (*[A. perversus](/wiki/Amphidromus_perversus \"Amphidromus perversus\")* var. *infraviridis*), subsutural color lines (*[A. columellaris](/wiki/A._columellaris \"A. columellaris\")*), broad spiral color bands (*[A. metabletus](/wiki/A._metabletus \"A. metabletus\")*, *[A. webbi](/wiki/A._webbi \"A. webbi\")*), or narrow spiral bands (*[A. laevus](/wiki/Amphidromus_laevus \"Amphidromus laevus\")*). Interrupted zonation can consist of the interruption of bands into spots in (*[A. maculatus](/wiki/A._maculatus \"A. maculatus\")*); highly irregular splitting of zones (*[A. perversus](/wiki/A._perversus \"A. perversus\")* vars. *sultanus* and *interruptus*); formation of oblique radial streaks which run parallel to (in *[A. inversus](/wiki/Amphidromus_inversus \"Amphidromus inversus\")*) or cross (in *[A. latestrigatus](/wiki/A._latestrigatus \"A. latestrigatus\")*) the incremental growth lines; or almost every conceivable combination and variation of these factors. Often the pattern will change radically from the [apex](/wiki/Apex_%28mollusc%29 \"Apex (mollusc)\") to the [body whorl](/wiki/Body_whorl \"Body whorl\") (in *[A. quadrasi](/wiki/A._quadrasi \"A. quadrasi\")* vars.). The aperture, [parietal callus](/wiki/Parietal_callus \"Parietal callus\"), [columella](/wiki/Columella_%28gastropod%29 \"Columella (gastropod)\"), lip, and umbilical region are variously marked with pink, brown, purple, white, or black. Haniel (1921\\) includes several color plates which clearly demonstrate the extent of color variation within two species of the *Syndromus* type. *[A. perversus](/wiki/A._perversus \"A. perversus\")* and *[A. maculiferus](/wiki/Amphidromus_maculiferus \"Amphidromus maculiferus\")* of the subgenus *Amphidromus* are equally variable, whereas species such as *A. inversus* and *[A. similis](/wiki/A._similis \"A. similis\")* are almost uniform in coloration.", "In shells of most of the species in the subgenus *Amphidromus*, resting stages are marked by the deposition of a brown or black radial band called a [varix](/wiki/Varix_%28mollusc%29 \"Varix (mollusc)\"). This appears to be rare in the subgenus *Syndromus*, although the shell of *A. laevus* does show evidence of interruption of the spiral banding after a resting phase.", "### Species recognition", "Species recognition is based on combinations of minor structural variations in the shape, aperture, whorl contour, umbilical region, and color pattern. It appears to be the case that many species have a stable color pattern, while other species seem to vary tremendously. Adequate unselected field samples will enable a better understanding of the relative stability or variability of particular species in single localities.", "" ]
Morphology ---------- Mishnaic Hebrew displays various changes from Biblical Hebrew, some appearing already in the Hebrew of the [Dead Sea Scrolls](/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls "Dead Sea Scrolls"). Some, but not all, are retained in [Modern Hebrew](/wiki/Modern_Hebrew "Modern Hebrew"). For the expression of possession, Mishnaic Hebrew mostly replaces the [construct state](/wiki/Construct_state "Construct state") with analytic constructions involving {{lang\|he\|של}} 'of'. Mishnaic Hebrew lacks the [waw\-consecutive](/wiki/Waw-consecutive "Waw-consecutive"). The past is expressed by using the same form as in Modern Hebrew. For example, *[Pirqe Avoth](/wiki/Pirkei_Avot "Pirkei Avot")* 1:1: {{lang\|he\|משה קיבל תורה מסיני}} "Moses received the Torah from Sinai". Continuous past is expressed using the past tense of "to be" \+ participle, unlike Biblical Hebrew. For example, *Pirqe Avoth* 1:2: {{lang\|he\|הוא היה אומר}} "He often said". Present is expressed using the same form as in Modern Hebrew, by using the participle ({{lang\|he\|בינוני}}). For example, *Pirqe Avoth* 1:2 {{lang\|he\|על שלושה דברים העולם עומד}} "The world is sustained by three things", lit. "On three things the world stands". Future can be expressed using {{lang\|he\|עתיד}} \+ infinitive. For example, *Pirqe Avoth* 3:1: {{lang\|he\|ולפני מי אתה עתיד ליתן דין וחשבון}}. However, unlike Modern Hebrew but like contemporary Aramaic, the present active participle can also express the future. It mostly replaces the imperfect (prefixed) form in that function. The imperfect (prefixed) form, which is used for the future in modern Hebrew, expresses an imperative (order), volition or similar meanings in Mishnaic Hebrew (the prefixed form is also used to express an imperative in Modern Hebrew). For example, *Pirqe Avot* 1:3: {{lang\|he\|הוא היה אומר, אל תהיו כעבדים המשמשין את הרב}} "He would say, don't be like slaves serving the master...", lit. "...you will not be...". In a sense, one could say that the form pertains to the future in Mishnaic Hebrew as well, but it invariably has a modal (imperative, volitional, etc.) aspect in the main clause.
[ "Morphology\n----------", "Mishnaic Hebrew displays various changes from Biblical Hebrew, some appearing already in the Hebrew of the [Dead Sea Scrolls](/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls \"Dead Sea Scrolls\"). Some, but not all, are retained in [Modern Hebrew](/wiki/Modern_Hebrew \"Modern Hebrew\").", "For the expression of possession, Mishnaic Hebrew mostly replaces the [construct state](/wiki/Construct_state \"Construct state\") with analytic constructions involving {{lang\\|he\\|של}} 'of'.", "Mishnaic Hebrew lacks the [waw\\-consecutive](/wiki/Waw-consecutive \"Waw-consecutive\").", "The past is expressed by using the same form as in Modern Hebrew. For example, *[Pirqe Avoth](/wiki/Pirkei_Avot \"Pirkei Avot\")* 1:1: {{lang\\|he\\|משה קיבל תורה מסיני}} \"Moses received the Torah from Sinai\".", "Continuous past is expressed using the past tense of \"to be\" \\+ participle, unlike Biblical Hebrew. For example, *Pirqe Avoth* 1:2: {{lang\\|he\\|הוא היה אומר}} \"He often said\".", "Present is expressed using the same form as in Modern Hebrew, by using the participle ({{lang\\|he\\|בינוני}}). For example, *Pirqe Avoth* 1:2 {{lang\\|he\\|על שלושה דברים העולם עומד}} \"The world is sustained by three things\", lit. \"On three things the world stands\".", "Future can be expressed using {{lang\\|he\\|עתיד}} \\+ infinitive. For example, *Pirqe Avoth* 3:1: {{lang\\|he\\|ולפני מי אתה עתיד ליתן דין וחשבון}}. However, unlike Modern Hebrew but like contemporary Aramaic, the present active participle can also express the future. It mostly replaces the imperfect (prefixed) form in that function.", "The imperfect (prefixed) form, which is used for the future in modern Hebrew, expresses an imperative (order), volition or similar meanings in Mishnaic Hebrew (the prefixed form is also used to express an imperative in Modern Hebrew). For example, *Pirqe Avot* 1:3: {{lang\\|he\\|הוא היה אומר, אל תהיו כעבדים המשמשין את הרב}} \"He would say, don't be like slaves serving the master...\", lit. \"...you will not be...\". In a sense, one could say that the form pertains to the future in Mishnaic Hebrew as well, but it invariably has a modal (imperative, volitional, etc.) aspect in the main clause.", "" ]
Plot ---- Prostitute Cabiria and her lover Giorgio playfully chase each other through a field and up to the bank of a river. Oblivious to Giorgio's criminal intentions, Cabiria stands close to the edge of the water, before being pushed in to the river, and having her purse and money stolen. She is quickly saved by a group of onlooking bystanders who prevent her from drowning. Cabiria returns to her small home, but Giorgio has disappeared. She is bitter, and when her best friend and neighbor, Wanda, tries to help her get over him, Cabiria shoos her away and remains disgruntled. One night, she is outside an upscale nightclub and witnesses a fight between famous movie star Alberto Lazzari and his girlfriend. The irritated Lazzari takes the starstruck Cabiria to another club where they dance the [mambo](/wiki/Mambo_%28dance%29 "Mambo (dance)"), before returning to the movie star's house, where Cabiria is astounded by its opulence. The two share an intimate moment in Lazzari's bedroom, but are quickly interrupted by the intrusion of Lazzari's previous girlfriend. Cabiria is told to wait out the night in the bathroom, and ends up watching Lazzari and his girlfriend reconcile their relationship through the keyhole of the bathroom door. The following day, a church procession passes by the street where Cabiria and her friends hang out. As her associates mock the Church, Cabiria is drawn to the procession. Just as she is about to join the procession, a man driving a truck pulls up and offers her a ride home. As she heads home later that night, she sees a man giving food to the poor people living in caves near her house. She has never seen this man before, but she is both impressed and confused by his charity toward others. The following day, Cabiria and some of her friends attend a church mass, where she pleads the Virgin Mary for a better life. After the procession ends, Cabiria expresses sadness at the fact that her friends seemed to have not changed anything about their lives. Cabiria goes to a magic show, and the magician drags her up on stage and hypnotizes her. As the audience laughs, she acts out her desires to be married and live a happy life. Furious at having been taken advantage of for the audience's amusement, she leaves in a huff. Outside the theatre, a man named Oscar is waiting to talk to her. He was in the audience, and he says he agrees with her that it was not right for everyone to laugh, but believes that fate has brought them together. They go for a drink, and at first she is cautious and suspicious, but after several meetings she falls passionately in love with him; they are to be married after only a few weeks. Cabiria is delighted and sells her home and takes out all her money from the bank. The sum of more than 700,000 lire in cash represents her dowry, and when she shows it to Oscar in a restaurant, he advises her to keep it in the purse. However, during a walk in a wooded area, on a cliff overlooking a lake,{{efn\|Scenes were shot on location at \[\[Lake Bracciano]] near Rome.{{sfn\|Kezich\|2006\|p\=183}}}} Oscar becomes distant and starts acting nervous. Cabiria realizes that just like her earlier lover, Oscar intends to push her over the cliff and steal her money. She throws her purse at his feet, sobbing in convulsions on the ground and begging for him to kill her as he takes the money and abandons her. She later picks herself up and stumbles out of the wood in tears. In the film's last sequence, Cabiria walks the long road back to town when she is met by a group of young people riding scooters, playing music, and dancing. They happily form an impromptu parade around her until she begins to smile, as a single black tear falls down her face.
[ "Plot\n----", "Prostitute Cabiria and her lover Giorgio playfully chase each other through a field and up to the bank of a river. Oblivious to Giorgio's criminal intentions, Cabiria stands close to the edge of the water, before being pushed in to the river, and having her purse and money stolen. She is quickly saved by a group of onlooking bystanders who prevent her from drowning.", "Cabiria returns to her small home, but Giorgio has disappeared. She is bitter, and when her best friend and neighbor, Wanda, tries to help her get over him, Cabiria shoos her away and remains disgruntled. One night, she is outside an upscale nightclub and witnesses a fight between famous movie star Alberto Lazzari and his girlfriend. The irritated Lazzari takes the starstruck Cabiria to another club where they dance the [mambo](/wiki/Mambo_%28dance%29 \"Mambo (dance)\"), before returning to the movie star's house, where Cabiria is astounded by its opulence. The two share an intimate moment in Lazzari's bedroom, but are quickly interrupted by the intrusion of Lazzari's previous girlfriend. Cabiria is told to wait out the night in the bathroom, and ends up watching Lazzari and his girlfriend reconcile their relationship through the keyhole of the bathroom door.", "The following day, a church procession passes by the street where Cabiria and her friends hang out. As her associates mock the Church, Cabiria is drawn to the procession. Just as she is about to join the procession, a man driving a truck pulls up and offers her a ride home. As she heads home later that night, she sees a man giving food to the poor people living in caves near her house. She has never seen this man before, but she is both impressed and confused by his charity toward others.", "The following day, Cabiria and some of her friends attend a church mass, where she pleads the Virgin Mary for a better life. After the procession ends, Cabiria expresses sadness at the fact that her friends seemed to have not changed anything about their lives.", "Cabiria goes to a magic show, and the magician drags her up on stage and hypnotizes her. As the audience laughs, she acts out her desires to be married and live a happy life. Furious at having been taken advantage of for the audience's amusement, she leaves in a huff. Outside the theatre, a man named Oscar is waiting to talk to her. He was in the audience, and he says he agrees with her that it was not right for everyone to laugh, but believes that fate has brought them together. They go for a drink, and at first she is cautious and suspicious, but after several meetings she falls passionately in love with him; they are to be married after only a few weeks. Cabiria is delighted and sells her home and takes out all her money from the bank. The sum of more than 700,000 lire in cash represents her dowry, and when she shows it to Oscar in a restaurant, he advises her to keep it in the purse. However, during a walk in a wooded area, on a cliff overlooking a lake,{{efn\\|Scenes were shot on location at \\[\\[Lake Bracciano]] near Rome.{{sfn\\|Kezich\\|2006\\|p\\=183}}}} Oscar becomes distant and starts acting nervous. Cabiria realizes that just like her earlier lover, Oscar intends to push her over the cliff and steal her money. She throws her purse at his feet, sobbing in convulsions on the ground and begging for him to kill her as he takes the money and abandons her.", "She later picks herself up and stumbles out of the wood in tears. In the film's last sequence, Cabiria walks the long road back to town when she is met by a group of young people riding scooters, playing music, and dancing. They happily form an impromptu parade around her until she begins to smile, as a single black tear falls down her face.", "" ]
Arizona State Sun Devils ------------------------ Burkhart began her freshman year with a top\-5 season [strikeouts](/wiki/Strikeouts "Strikeouts") record and throwing a [no\-hitter](/wiki/No-hitter "No-hitter") on March 4, 2005, vs. the [San Diego State Aztecs](/wiki/San_Diego_State_Aztecs "San Diego State Aztecs").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=30300\&ATCLID\=207855375\|title\=Katie Burkhart Throws No\-Hitter Against San Diego State as Sun Devils Win Two More Games}} She debuted on February 5 throwing two shutout innings with two strikeouts to earn her first save against the [UTSA Roadrunners](/wiki/UTSA_Roadrunners "UTSA Roadrunners").{{cite web \|url\=https://thesundevils.com/news/2005/2/5/207830592\.aspx \|title\=Softball Tops Texas\-San Antonio, 4\-2 \|location\=Thesundevils.com \|date\=2005\-02\-05 \|accessdate\=2020\-03\-26}} For her sophomore campaign, Burkhart was named to the [Pac\-10](/wiki/Pac-10 "Pac-10") Second Team.{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=30300\&ATCLID\=207839674 \| title\=Eight Sun Devils Named to the Pac\-10 All\-Conference and All\-Academic Teams}} She threw a no\-hitter and set new school records in strikeouts, [shutouts](/wiki/Shutouts "Shutouts") (tied), [innings pitched](/wiki/Innings_pitched "Innings pitched") and strikeout ratio. Her [wins](/wiki/Victory "Victory") were good for second all\-time; all of her marks remain top\-10 for the Sun Devils. Beginning on March 2 in a win over the [Southern Utah Thunderbirds](/wiki/Southern_Utah_Thunderbirds "Southern Utah Thunderbirds"), Burkhart went on a career best 41\.2 consecutive scoreless inning streak that was snapped in a 10\-inning loss to the [FSU Seminoles](/wiki/FSU_Seminoles "FSU Seminoles") on March 16\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=30300\&ATCLID\=207843968 \|title\=\#12 Softball Beats Southern Utah Twice in Doubleheader \- Arizona State Sun Devils \|access\-date\=2014\-07\-24 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025527/http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=30300\&ATCLID\=207843968 \|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-05 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=30300\&ATCLID\=207846485 \| title\=\#10 Softball Drops Game to Florida State in Extra Innings, 1\-0}} For the streak, Burkhart went 6–1 over 9 games (4 complete) fanning 69 and giving up 17 hits and 4 walks for a 0\.51 WHIP. On April 8, Burkhart set a school and career record by recording 23 strikeouts in a loss to the [Washington Huskies](/wiki/Washington_Huskies "Washington Huskies"). The single game total tied her for 5th all\-time in the [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA "NCAA").{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=30300\&ATCLID\=207839560 \| title\=\#8 Softball Falls to \#14 Washington 3\-1 in 11 Innings}} Combined with pitchers Caitlin Noble and [Danielle Lawrie](/wiki/Danielle_Lawrie "Danielle Lawrie"), the game featured the then most strikeouts combined ever in a game at 42\. Later on April 14, Burkhart won a 10\-inning duel with [Alicia Hollowell](/wiki/Alicia_Hollowell "Alicia Hollowell") and the [Arizona Wildcats](/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats "Arizona Wildcats") to combine for an [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA "NCAA") record 37 strikeouts.{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=30300\&ATCLID\=207828725 \| title\=No. 9 Softball Rallies Back to Defeat No. 4 Arizona in Extra Innings}} On May 11, Burkhart tossed a 15 strikeout, one\-hit shutout over Washington; the game featured the most combined strikeouts ever in a regulation game at 34, which she also holds with Lawrie.{{cite web \|url\=https://thesundevils.com/news/2006/5/11/207832302\.aspx \|title\=Burkhart Pitches ASU Past Washington \|location\=Thesundevils.com \|date\=2006\-05\-11 \|accessdate\=2020\-03\-26}} The Sun Devils made it to that year's [Women's College World Series](/wiki/Women%27s_College_World_Series "Women's College World Series") and had a win over the [Oregon State Beavers](/wiki/Oregon_State_Beavers "Oregon State Beavers") but eventually were eliminated by the [Tennessee Vols](/wiki/Tennessee_Vols "Tennessee Vols") in extra innings on June 3, 2006\.{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=30300\&ATCLID\=207855776 \| title\=Tennessee Ends Softball's Title Run in Extra Innings}} In her junior year, Burkhart earned her first 2007 NFCA First Team [All\-American](/wiki/All-American "All-American") citation to accompany First Team [Pac\-10](/wiki/Pac-10 "Pac-10") and [Pitcher of the Year](/wiki/Pac-12_Conference_Softball_Pitcher_of_the_Year "Pac-12 Conference Softball Pitcher of the Year") honors.{{Cite web \| url\=https://nfca.org/index.php/awards/awards\-history/3463\-2007\-di\-aa\-teams \|title \= NFCA \| National Fastpitch Coaches Association}}{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=30300\&ATCLID\=207813877 \| title\=Katie Burkhart and Kaitlin Cochran Named NFCA First\-Team All\-Americans}}{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=30300\&ATCLID\=207842161 \| title\=Burkhart and Cochran Named Pac\-10 Pitcher and Player of the Year}} She set the season strikeouts and innings record with career bests, while also breaking her own wins and strikeout ratio marks and tying the shutout record again. Burkhart fired her first career [perfect game](/wiki/Perfect_game_%28baseball%29 "Perfect game (baseball)") against the [Notre Dame Fighting Irish](/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish "Notre Dame Fighting Irish") on March 15\.{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=30300\&ATCLID\=207841178 \| title\=Nothing Less Than Perfect; Burkhart Pitches Perfect Game Against Notre Dame}} Later on April 24, Burkhart reached 1,000 strikeouts in relief vs. the [UNLV Rebels](/wiki/UNLV_Rebels "UNLV Rebels").{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=30300\&ATCLID\=207856958 \| title\=Burkhart Sets History as No. 7 Softball Goes Full Throttle Against UNLV}} She joined an exclusive list of [NCAA Division I](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I "NCAA Division I") pitchers to accomplish the feat in three season or less. For her senior year, she was awarded First Team [All\-American](/wiki/All-American "All-American"), All\-[Pac\-10](/wiki/Pacific-10_Conference "Pacific-10 Conference") and Pitcher of the Year for a second year in a row.{{Cite web \| url\=https://nfca.org/index.php/awards/awards\-history/3495\-2008\-di\-aa\-teams \|title \= NFCA \| National Fastpitch Coaches Association}}{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=30300\&ATCLID\=207812903 \| title\=Unstoppable! Softball Sweeps Pac\-10 Conference Awards for First Time Since 1998}} Burkhart achieved the conference pitching Triple Crown for her strikeouts, wins and [ERA](/wiki/Earned_run_average "Earned run average") (the two latter both career best). Her shutouts, [WHIP](/wiki/Walks_plus_hits_per_innings_pitched "Walks plus hits per innings pitched") and strikeout ratio (11\.3\) were also career highs and together with her wins set new school records; in addition, her ERA was ranked in the top\-10 also for a season. She threw two perfect games. On February 15, Burkhart struck out 18 [Western Michigan Broncos](/wiki/Western_Michigan_Broncos "Western Michigan Broncos") in 7\-innings for a career high in regulation.{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=30300\&ATCLID\=207852324 \| title\=No.4 Softball Battles Thru Rain to Top Western Michigan 6\-0}} That same game also started a career best 15 consecutive game win streak that was snapped on March 20 in a one\-run loss to the [FSU Seminoles](/wiki/FSU_Seminoles "FSU Seminoles").{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=30300\&ATCLID\=207825666 \| title\=No. 1 Softball Splits Doubleheader in Day Two of Judi Garmen Classic}} Defeating the [Arizona Wildcats](/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats "Arizona Wildcats") on April 9, Burkhart won her 100th career game.{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=30300\&ATCLID\=207856032 \| title\=No. 1 Softball Takes Monumental 8\-1 Win over No. 7 Arizona}} Arizona State won the [2008 Women's College World Series](/wiki/2008_Women%27s_College_World_Series "2008 Women's College World Series"), and Burkhart was named the Most Outstanding Player on June 3 vs. the [Texas A\&M Aggies](/wiki/Texas_A%26M_Aggies "Texas A&M Aggies").{{cite news\| url\=http://www.sanluisobispo.com/sports/story/766510\.html \| title\=Softball's Future: Burkhart's most important pitch: Return softball to the Olympics \| work\=\[\[The Tribune (San Luis Obispo)\|The Tribune]] \| last\=Aird \| first\=Donovan \| date\=2009\-06\-27 \| accessdate\=2009\-07\-20}} {{Dead link\|date\=October 2010\|bot\=H3llBot}} She pitched back\-to\-back shutouts against Aggies with 13 strikeouts in the final game to clinch the title.{{cite news\| url\=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi\-bin/article.cgi?f\=/n/a/2008/06/03/sports/s192928D41\.DTL \| title\=Arizona State wins NCAA softball title in rout \| publisher\=\[\[Associated Press]] \| last\=Latzke \| first\=Jeff \| date\=2008\-06\-03 \| accessdate\=2009\-07\-20}} {{Dead link\|date\=October 2010\|bot\=H3llBot}} This was Arizona State's first WCWS championship under the current format. She also matched the finale game record for strikeouts with the 13 in the game. To get there the Sun Devil went undefeated and ended her career on an 11\-game win streak. In her career overall, Burkhart set and owns the [Arizona State](/wiki/Arizona_State "Arizona State") records for wins, strikeouts, shutouts, strikeout ratio and innings pitched.{{cite web \|url\=https://thesundevils.com/documents/2020/2/5/2020\_SB\_Record\_Book.pdf \|title\=2020 Sun Devil Softball Record Book \|location\=Thesundevils.com \|date\= \|accessdate\=2020\-03\-26}} She is top\-10 in the newly named [Pac\-12](/wiki/Pac-12_Conference "Pac-12 Conference") for the same records.{{cite web \|url\=https://catalog.e\-digitaleditions.com/i/1208184\-2020\-softball\-media\-guide \|title\=2020 Pac\-12 Softball Media Guide \|date\= \|accessdate\=2020\-11\-05}} In the [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA "NCAA"), Burkhart ranks 7th in strikeouts and is tied 5th for perfect games (3\) for her career.{{cite web \|url\=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/SB\_Records/2020/D1\.pdf \|title\=Division I Softball Record Book \|location\=Ncaa.org \|date\= \|accessdate\=2020\-03\-26}} During the summer of 2007, Burkhart also competed in the [Amateur Softball Association](/wiki/Amateur_Softball_Association "Amateur Softball Association") with other college players on the [Stratford Brakettes](/wiki/Connecticut_Brakettes "Connecticut Brakettes").{{cite news\| url\=http://asunews.asu.edu/20080218\_Softball\_Burkhart\_No1\_Draft \| title\=Katie Burkhart goes No. 1 in the 2008 National Pro Fastpitch Draft \| publisher\=ASU News \| date\=2008\-02\-18 \| accessdate\=2009\-07\-20}}
[ "Arizona State Sun Devils\n------------------------", "Burkhart began her freshman year with a top\\-5 season [strikeouts](/wiki/Strikeouts \"Strikeouts\") record and throwing a [no\\-hitter](/wiki/No-hitter \"No-hitter\") on March 4, 2005, vs. the [San Diego State Aztecs](/wiki/San_Diego_State_Aztecs \"San Diego State Aztecs\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=30300\\&ATCLID\\=207855375\\|title\\=Katie Burkhart Throws No\\-Hitter Against San Diego State as Sun Devils Win Two More Games}} She debuted on February 5 throwing two shutout innings with two strikeouts to earn her first save against the [UTSA Roadrunners](/wiki/UTSA_Roadrunners \"UTSA Roadrunners\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://thesundevils.com/news/2005/2/5/207830592\\.aspx \\|title\\=Softball Tops Texas\\-San Antonio, 4\\-2 \\|location\\=Thesundevils.com \\|date\\=2005\\-02\\-05 \\|accessdate\\=2020\\-03\\-26}}", "For her sophomore campaign, Burkhart was named to the [Pac\\-10](/wiki/Pac-10 \"Pac-10\") Second Team.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=30300\\&ATCLID\\=207839674 \\| title\\=Eight Sun Devils Named to the Pac\\-10 All\\-Conference and All\\-Academic Teams}} She threw a no\\-hitter and set new school records in strikeouts, [shutouts](/wiki/Shutouts \"Shutouts\") (tied), [innings pitched](/wiki/Innings_pitched \"Innings pitched\") and strikeout ratio. Her [wins](/wiki/Victory \"Victory\") were good for second all\\-time; all of her marks remain top\\-10 for the Sun Devils.", "Beginning on March 2 in a win over the [Southern Utah Thunderbirds](/wiki/Southern_Utah_Thunderbirds \"Southern Utah Thunderbirds\"), Burkhart went on a career best 41\\.2 consecutive scoreless inning streak that was snapped in a 10\\-inning loss to the [FSU Seminoles](/wiki/FSU_Seminoles \"FSU Seminoles\") on March 16\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=30300\\&ATCLID\\=207843968 \\|title\\=\\#12 Softball Beats Southern Utah Twice in Doubleheader \\- Arizona State Sun Devils \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-24 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025527/http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=30300\\&ATCLID\\=207843968 \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=30300\\&ATCLID\\=207846485 \\| title\\=\\#10 Softball Drops Game to Florida State in Extra Innings, 1\\-0}} For the streak, Burkhart went 6–1 over 9 games (4 complete) fanning 69 and giving up 17 hits and 4 walks for a 0\\.51 WHIP. On April 8, Burkhart set a school and career record by recording 23 strikeouts in a loss to the [Washington Huskies](/wiki/Washington_Huskies \"Washington Huskies\"). The single game total tied her for 5th all\\-time in the [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA \"NCAA\").{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=30300\\&ATCLID\\=207839560 \\| title\\=\\#8 Softball Falls to \\#14 Washington 3\\-1 in 11 Innings}} Combined with pitchers Caitlin Noble and [Danielle Lawrie](/wiki/Danielle_Lawrie \"Danielle Lawrie\"), the game featured the then most strikeouts combined ever in a game at 42\\. Later on April 14, Burkhart won a 10\\-inning duel with [Alicia Hollowell](/wiki/Alicia_Hollowell \"Alicia Hollowell\") and the [Arizona Wildcats](/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats \"Arizona Wildcats\") to combine for an [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA \"NCAA\") record 37 strikeouts.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=30300\\&ATCLID\\=207828725 \\| title\\=No. 9 Softball Rallies Back to Defeat No. 4 Arizona in Extra Innings}} On May 11, Burkhart tossed a 15 strikeout, one\\-hit shutout over Washington; the game featured the most combined strikeouts ever in a regulation game at 34, which she also holds with Lawrie.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://thesundevils.com/news/2006/5/11/207832302\\.aspx \\|title\\=Burkhart Pitches ASU Past Washington \\|location\\=Thesundevils.com \\|date\\=2006\\-05\\-11 \\|accessdate\\=2020\\-03\\-26}} The Sun Devils made it to that year's [Women's College World Series](/wiki/Women%27s_College_World_Series \"Women's College World Series\") and had a win over the [Oregon State Beavers](/wiki/Oregon_State_Beavers \"Oregon State Beavers\") but eventually were eliminated by the [Tennessee Vols](/wiki/Tennessee_Vols \"Tennessee Vols\") in extra innings on June 3, 2006\\.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=30300\\&ATCLID\\=207855776 \\| title\\=Tennessee Ends Softball's Title Run in Extra Innings}}", "In her junior year, Burkhart earned her first 2007 NFCA First Team [All\\-American](/wiki/All-American \"All-American\") citation to accompany First Team [Pac\\-10](/wiki/Pac-10 \"Pac-10\") and [Pitcher of the Year](/wiki/Pac-12_Conference_Softball_Pitcher_of_the_Year \"Pac-12 Conference Softball Pitcher of the Year\") honors.{{Cite web \\| url\\=https://nfca.org/index.php/awards/awards\\-history/3463\\-2007\\-di\\-aa\\-teams \\|title \\= NFCA \\| National Fastpitch Coaches Association}}{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=30300\\&ATCLID\\=207813877 \\| title\\=Katie Burkhart and Kaitlin Cochran Named NFCA First\\-Team All\\-Americans}}{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=30300\\&ATCLID\\=207842161 \\| title\\=Burkhart and Cochran Named Pac\\-10 Pitcher and Player of the Year}} She set the season strikeouts and innings record with career bests, while also breaking her own wins and strikeout ratio marks and tying the shutout record again.", "Burkhart fired her first career [perfect game](/wiki/Perfect_game_%28baseball%29 \"Perfect game (baseball)\") against the [Notre Dame Fighting Irish](/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish \"Notre Dame Fighting Irish\") on March 15\\.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=30300\\&ATCLID\\=207841178 \\| title\\=Nothing Less Than Perfect; Burkhart Pitches Perfect Game Against Notre Dame}} Later on April 24, Burkhart reached 1,000 strikeouts in relief vs. the [UNLV Rebels](/wiki/UNLV_Rebels \"UNLV Rebels\").{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=30300\\&ATCLID\\=207856958 \\| title\\=Burkhart Sets History as No. 7 Softball Goes Full Throttle Against UNLV}} She joined an exclusive list of [NCAA Division I](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I \"NCAA Division I\") pitchers to accomplish the feat in three season or less.", "For her senior year, she was awarded First Team [All\\-American](/wiki/All-American \"All-American\"), All\\-[Pac\\-10](/wiki/Pacific-10_Conference \"Pacific-10 Conference\") and Pitcher of the Year for a second year in a row.{{Cite web \\| url\\=https://nfca.org/index.php/awards/awards\\-history/3495\\-2008\\-di\\-aa\\-teams \\|title \\= NFCA \\| National Fastpitch Coaches Association}}{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=30300\\&ATCLID\\=207812903 \\| title\\=Unstoppable! Softball Sweeps Pac\\-10 Conference Awards for First Time Since 1998}} Burkhart achieved the conference pitching Triple Crown for her strikeouts, wins and [ERA](/wiki/Earned_run_average \"Earned run average\") (the two latter both career best). Her shutouts, [WHIP](/wiki/Walks_plus_hits_per_innings_pitched \"Walks plus hits per innings pitched\") and strikeout ratio (11\\.3\\) were also career highs and together with her wins set new school records; in addition, her ERA was ranked in the top\\-10 also for a season. She threw two perfect games.", "On February 15, Burkhart struck out 18 [Western Michigan Broncos](/wiki/Western_Michigan_Broncos \"Western Michigan Broncos\") in 7\\-innings for a career high in regulation.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=30300\\&ATCLID\\=207852324 \\| title\\=No.4 Softball Battles Thru Rain to Top Western Michigan 6\\-0}} That same game also started a career best 15 consecutive game win streak that was snapped on March 20 in a one\\-run loss to the [FSU Seminoles](/wiki/FSU_Seminoles \"FSU Seminoles\").{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=30300\\&ATCLID\\=207825666 \\| title\\=No. 1 Softball Splits Doubleheader in Day Two of Judi Garmen Classic}} Defeating the [Arizona Wildcats](/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats \"Arizona Wildcats\") on April 9, Burkhart won her 100th career game.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=30300\\&ATCLID\\=207856032 \\| title\\=No. 1 Softball Takes Monumental 8\\-1 Win over No. 7 Arizona}}", "Arizona State won the [2008 Women's College World Series](/wiki/2008_Women%27s_College_World_Series \"2008 Women's College World Series\"), and Burkhart was named the Most Outstanding Player on June 3 vs. the [Texas A\\&M Aggies](/wiki/Texas_A%26M_Aggies \"Texas A&M Aggies\").{{cite news\\| url\\=http://www.sanluisobispo.com/sports/story/766510\\.html \\| title\\=Softball's Future: Burkhart's most important pitch: Return softball to the Olympics \\| work\\=\\[\\[The Tribune (San Luis Obispo)\\|The Tribune]] \\| last\\=Aird \\| first\\=Donovan \\| date\\=2009\\-06\\-27 \\| accessdate\\=2009\\-07\\-20}} {{Dead link\\|date\\=October 2010\\|bot\\=H3llBot}} She pitched back\\-to\\-back shutouts against Aggies with 13 strikeouts in the final game to clinch the title.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi\\-bin/article.cgi?f\\=/n/a/2008/06/03/sports/s192928D41\\.DTL \\| title\\=Arizona State wins NCAA softball title in rout \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\| last\\=Latzke \\| first\\=Jeff \\| date\\=2008\\-06\\-03 \\| accessdate\\=2009\\-07\\-20}} {{Dead link\\|date\\=October 2010\\|bot\\=H3llBot}} This was Arizona State's first WCWS championship under the current format. She also matched the finale game record for strikeouts with the 13 in the game. To get there the Sun Devil went undefeated and ended her career on an 11\\-game win streak.", "In her career overall, Burkhart set and owns the [Arizona State](/wiki/Arizona_State \"Arizona State\") records for wins, strikeouts, shutouts, strikeout ratio and innings pitched.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://thesundevils.com/documents/2020/2/5/2020\\_SB\\_Record\\_Book.pdf \\|title\\=2020 Sun Devil Softball Record Book \\|location\\=Thesundevils.com \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2020\\-03\\-26}} She is top\\-10 in the newly named [Pac\\-12](/wiki/Pac-12_Conference \"Pac-12 Conference\") for the same records.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://catalog.e\\-digitaleditions.com/i/1208184\\-2020\\-softball\\-media\\-guide \\|title\\=2020 Pac\\-12 Softball Media Guide \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2020\\-11\\-05}} In the [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA \"NCAA\"), Burkhart ranks 7th in strikeouts and is tied 5th for perfect games (3\\) for her career.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/SB\\_Records/2020/D1\\.pdf \\|title\\=Division I Softball Record Book \\|location\\=Ncaa.org \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2020\\-03\\-26}}", "During the summer of 2007, Burkhart also competed in the [Amateur Softball Association](/wiki/Amateur_Softball_Association \"Amateur Softball Association\") with other college players on the [Stratford Brakettes](/wiki/Connecticut_Brakettes \"Connecticut Brakettes\").{{cite news\\| url\\=http://asunews.asu.edu/20080218\\_Softball\\_Burkhart\\_No1\\_Draft \\| title\\=Katie Burkhart goes No. 1 in the 2008 National Pro Fastpitch Draft \\| publisher\\=ASU News \\| date\\=2008\\-02\\-18 \\| accessdate\\=2009\\-07\\-20}}", "" ]
History ------- ### Cistercians [thumb\|left\|A charter dated 17 June 1241, in which Duke [Casimir I of Kuyavia](/wiki/Casimir_I_of_Kuyavia "Casimir I of Kuyavia") gives to abbot Jan and the Cistercian monastery of Ląd the villages of Głowiew and [Wrąbczyn](/wiki/Wr%C4%85bczyn "Wrąbczyn") and confirms upon both villages the same immunities that he had given to other villages belonging to the monastery](/wiki/File:Kazimierz_daje_klasztorowi_cystersow_wsie_Glogiew_i_Wrabczyn.jpg "Kazimierz daje klasztorowi cystersow wsie Glogiew i Wrabczyn.jpg") According to tradition, the Cistercian monastery of Ląd was founded around 1145 and was one of the seven daughter houses of [Altenberg Abbey](/wiki/Altenberg_Abbey "Altenberg Abbey") near [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne "Cologne").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.lad.pl/lad\_deutsch.pdf \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2015\-04\-20 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233129/http://www.lad.pl/lad\_deutsch.pdf \|archive\-date\=2013\-12\-02 \|url\-status\=dead }} Monks continued to be recruited from the [Rhineland](/wiki/Rhineland "Rhineland") into the sixteenth century. Around 1300, the monastery possessed 30 villages. In 1331 the monastery was sacked by the [Teutonic Knights](/wiki/Teutonic_Knights "Teutonic Knights"), perhaps in retaliation for the abbey's support of Poland in the conflict between them and the Order. The monastery grew through the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and by 1500 possessed 52 villages and 3 towns, including [Zagórów](/wiki/Zag%C3%B3r%C3%B3w "Zagórów"). [thumb\|Charter dated 10 December 1261, in which Duke [Bolesław V the Chaste](/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_V_the_Chaste "Bolesław V the Chaste") confirms the earlier privileges given to the monastery by [Mieszko III the Old](/wiki/Mieszko_III_the_Old "Mieszko III the Old") in 1145](/wiki/File:AGAD_Boles%C5%82aw_potwierdza_nadanie_Mieszka_Starego_z_1145_r._dla_klasztoru_cysters%C3%B3w_w_L%C4%85dzie.jpg "AGAD Bolesław potwierdza nadanie Mieszka Starego z 1145 r. dla klasztoru cystersów w Lądzie.jpg") In 1511 a ruling in the [Sejm](/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland "Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland") allowed Polish monks to enter the abbey. By 1538, the rules required the [abbot](/wiki/Abbot "Abbot") to come from a [Polish noble family](/wiki/Szlachta "Szlachta"). After the election of the Polish monk [Jan Wysocki](/wiki/Jan_Wysocki "Jan Wysocki") to the abbacy, the German Cistercians left the abbey for [Henryków Abbey](/wiki/Henryk%C3%B3w_Abbey "Henryków Abbey") in [Silesia](/wiki/Silesia "Silesia"). In 1651, Abbot [Jan Zapolski](/wiki/Jan_Zapolski "Jan Zapolski") initiated a [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque_in_Poland "Baroque in Poland") rebuilding of the church, which is the structure that remains to this day. The abbey flourished in 1697–1750 under the abbacy of [Antoni Mikołaj Łukomski](/wiki/Antoni_Miko%C5%82aj_%C5%81ukomski "Antoni Mikołaj Łukomski"), a philosopher and patron of art and learning. However, the abbey began to decline at the turn of the eighteenth century. Many possessions were sold off, and in 1796, the abbey saw most of its land holdings confiscated for an annual cash payment by the government of the [Prussia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia "Kingdom of Prussia"), which annexed the village in the [Second Partition of Poland](/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland "Second Partition of Poland") in 1793\. Shifting borders saw Ląd return to Polish rule under the short\-lived [Duchy of Warsaw](/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw "Duchy of Warsaw") in 1807, and then in 1815 pass under the [Russian Partition](/wiki/Russian_Partition "Russian Partition"), which dissolved the monastery in 1819\. The last monks remained at the abbey until 1848\. ### Capuchins In 1822 the monastery was acquired by Count [Wacław Gutakowski](/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Gutakowski "Wacław Gutakowski"), who arranged for the abbey to pass to [Capuchins](/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin "Order of Friars Minor Capuchin") from [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") and for the restoration and furnishing of both the church and cloister. The Capuchin cloister was closed by the Tsar in 1864 as part of the retribution after the [January Uprising](/wiki/January_Uprising "January Uprising"). ### Salesians Following [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), in 1918, Poland regained independence and control of the village. Since 1921 Ląd Abbey has been operated and maintained by the Salesian order and houses a [seminary](/wiki/Seminary "Seminary") of that order. During the [occupation of Poland](/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_%281939%E2%80%931945%29 "Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)") in World War II, the Salesians were forced to evacuate the cloister and the church was shuttered. From 1939 to 1941, the abbey was used as a transitional prison for priests, primarily from the [Diocese of Włocławek](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek "Roman Catholic Diocese of Włocławek") (see: *[Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland](/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Poland "Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland")*). After the prison was closed, the cloister served for a time as a camp for the [Hitlerjugend](/wiki/Hitlerjugend "Hitlerjugend"). The Salesians returned after the war and reopened the seminary. In 1952, the [Communist government](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic "Polish People's Republic") forced the closing of the lower seminary, and Ląd became the home of a high seminary, the [Wyższego Seminarium Duchownego Towarzystwa Salezjańskiego](/wiki/Wy%C5%BCsze_Seminarium_Duchowne_Towarzystwa_Salezja%C5%84skiego_w_L%C4%85dzie_n._Wart%C4%85 "Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Towarzystwa Salezjańskiego w Lądzie n. Wartą"). In 1972, a major program of renovation and reconstruction was begun. In 2009, the former Cistercian monastery was added to the List of Historical Monuments in Poland.
[ "History\n-------", "### Cistercians", "[thumb\\|left\\|A charter dated 17 June 1241, in which Duke [Casimir I of Kuyavia](/wiki/Casimir_I_of_Kuyavia \"Casimir I of Kuyavia\") gives to abbot Jan and the Cistercian monastery of Ląd the villages of Głowiew and [Wrąbczyn](/wiki/Wr%C4%85bczyn \"Wrąbczyn\") and confirms upon both villages the same immunities that he had given to other villages belonging to the monastery](/wiki/File:Kazimierz_daje_klasztorowi_cystersow_wsie_Glogiew_i_Wrabczyn.jpg \"Kazimierz daje klasztorowi cystersow wsie Glogiew i Wrabczyn.jpg\")\nAccording to tradition, the Cistercian monastery of Ląd was founded around 1145 and was one of the seven daughter houses of [Altenberg Abbey](/wiki/Altenberg_Abbey \"Altenberg Abbey\") near [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne \"Cologne\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.lad.pl/lad\\_deutsch.pdf \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-04\\-20 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233129/http://www.lad.pl/lad\\_deutsch.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-02 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Monks continued to be recruited from the [Rhineland](/wiki/Rhineland \"Rhineland\") into the sixteenth century.", "Around 1300, the monastery possessed 30 villages. In 1331 the monastery was sacked by the [Teutonic Knights](/wiki/Teutonic_Knights \"Teutonic Knights\"), perhaps in retaliation for the abbey's support of Poland in the conflict between them and the Order. The monastery grew through the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and by 1500 possessed 52 villages and 3 towns, including [Zagórów](/wiki/Zag%C3%B3r%C3%B3w \"Zagórów\").\n[thumb\\|Charter dated 10 December 1261, in which Duke [Bolesław V the Chaste](/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_V_the_Chaste \"Bolesław V the Chaste\") confirms the earlier privileges given to the monastery by [Mieszko III the Old](/wiki/Mieszko_III_the_Old \"Mieszko III the Old\") in 1145](/wiki/File:AGAD_Boles%C5%82aw_potwierdza_nadanie_Mieszka_Starego_z_1145_r._dla_klasztoru_cysters%C3%B3w_w_L%C4%85dzie.jpg \"AGAD Bolesław potwierdza nadanie Mieszka Starego z 1145 r. dla klasztoru cystersów w Lądzie.jpg\")\nIn 1511 a ruling in the [Sejm](/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland \"Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland\") allowed Polish monks to enter the abbey. By 1538, the rules required the [abbot](/wiki/Abbot \"Abbot\") to come from a [Polish noble family](/wiki/Szlachta \"Szlachta\"). After the election of the Polish monk [Jan Wysocki](/wiki/Jan_Wysocki \"Jan Wysocki\") to the abbacy, the German Cistercians left the abbey for [Henryków Abbey](/wiki/Henryk%C3%B3w_Abbey \"Henryków Abbey\") in [Silesia](/wiki/Silesia \"Silesia\").", "In 1651, Abbot [Jan Zapolski](/wiki/Jan_Zapolski \"Jan Zapolski\") initiated a [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque_in_Poland \"Baroque in Poland\") rebuilding of the church, which is the structure that remains to this day. The abbey flourished in 1697–1750 under the abbacy of [Antoni Mikołaj Łukomski](/wiki/Antoni_Miko%C5%82aj_%C5%81ukomski \"Antoni Mikołaj Łukomski\"), a philosopher and patron of art and learning. However, the abbey began to decline at the turn of the eighteenth century. Many possessions were sold off, and in 1796, the abbey saw most of its land holdings confiscated for an annual cash payment by the government of the [Prussia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia \"Kingdom of Prussia\"), which annexed the village in the [Second Partition of Poland](/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland \"Second Partition of Poland\") in 1793\\. Shifting borders saw Ląd return to Polish rule under the short\\-lived [Duchy of Warsaw](/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw \"Duchy of Warsaw\") in 1807, and then in 1815 pass under the [Russian Partition](/wiki/Russian_Partition \"Russian Partition\"), which dissolved the monastery in 1819\\. The last monks remained at the abbey until 1848\\.", "### Capuchins", "In 1822 the monastery was acquired by Count [Wacław Gutakowski](/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Gutakowski \"Wacław Gutakowski\"), who arranged for the abbey to pass to [Capuchins](/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin \"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin\") from [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") and for the restoration and furnishing of both the church and cloister. The Capuchin cloister was closed by the Tsar in 1864 as part of the retribution after the [January Uprising](/wiki/January_Uprising \"January Uprising\").", "### Salesians", "Following [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), in 1918, Poland regained independence and control of the village. Since 1921 Ląd Abbey has been operated and maintained by the Salesian order and houses a [seminary](/wiki/Seminary \"Seminary\") of that order. During the [occupation of Poland](/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_%281939%E2%80%931945%29 \"Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)\") in World War II, the Salesians were forced to evacuate the cloister and the church was shuttered. From 1939 to 1941, the abbey was used as a transitional prison for priests, primarily from the [Diocese of Włocławek](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Włocławek\") (see: *[Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland](/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Poland \"Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland\")*). After the prison was closed, the cloister served for a time as a camp for the [Hitlerjugend](/wiki/Hitlerjugend \"Hitlerjugend\").", "The Salesians returned after the war and reopened the seminary. In 1952, the [Communist government](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic \"Polish People's Republic\") forced the closing of the lower seminary, and Ląd became the home of a high seminary, the [Wyższego Seminarium Duchownego Towarzystwa Salezjańskiego](/wiki/Wy%C5%BCsze_Seminarium_Duchowne_Towarzystwa_Salezja%C5%84skiego_w_L%C4%85dzie_n._Wart%C4%85 \"Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Towarzystwa Salezjańskiego w Lądzie n. Wartą\").", "In 1972, a major program of renovation and reconstruction was begun. In 2009, the former Cistercian monastery was added to the List of Historical Monuments in Poland.", "" ]
Mechanism --------- ### FtsZ Localization The [FtsZ](/wiki/FtsZ "FtsZ") protein, a homologue of eukaryotic [tubulin](/wiki/Tubulin "Tubulin"), is found in many [bacteria](/wiki/Bacteria "Bacteria") and some [archaea](/wiki/Archaea "Archaea") and plays a crucial role in mitochondrial fission. The [Min system](/wiki/Min_system "Min system") helps localize and assemble FtsZ proteins into a ring, known as the Z ring, around the center of the mitochondrion. Additionally, some proteins tethered to the inner mitochondrial membrane aid in anchoring the Z ring at the site of constriction where division will occur. The Z ring acts as a scaffold for the deposition of the septum during fission, with the assistance of proteins such as FtsW, FtsI, and FtsN. The translocase FtsK helps to move the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) away from the constriction site to ensure proper division. ### Drp1 The [Drp1](/wiki/DNM1L "DNM1L") protein, a member of the [dynamin](/wiki/Dynamin "Dynamin") family of large [GTPases](/wiki/GTPases "GTPases"), is transcribed from the *DNM1L* gene. Alternative splicing produces at least ten isoforms of Drp1, which regulate tissue\-specific mitochondrial fission.Kraus, Felix, et al. "Function and regulation of the divisome for mitochondrial fission." Nature 590\.7844 (2021\): 57\-66\. Drp1 plays a crucial role in the fission of both mitochondria and peroxisomes. The folded Drp1 monomer consists of four regions: a head, neck, stalk, and tail. The head domain contains the GTPase (G) domain, while the neck is composed of three bundle signaling elements (BSEs). The stalk consists of two units that participate in three interface interactions. These interactions allow the assembly of Drp1 into higher\-order oligomers: first, two monomers associate into dimers through hydrophobic patches on the stalk, then two dimers associate into tetramers, and finally, tetramers assemble into larger oligomeric structures. Although Drp1 is not localized to the mitochondrial membrane, it associates with the mitochondrial membrane via interactions with several [adaptor proteins](/wiki/Signal_transducing_adaptor_protein "Signal transducing adaptor protein"). In [yeast](/wiki/Yeast "Yeast") cells (a common model for studying mitochondrial fission), the outer membrane protein Fis1 associates with Mdv1 and Caf4, which in turn recruit Drp1\. In mammals, FIS1 does not participate in fission but instead plays a role in [mitophagy](/wiki/Mitophagy "Mitophagy").Huang, Pinwei, Chad A. Galloway, and Yisang Yoon. "Control of mitochondrial morphology through differential interactions of mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins." PLOS ONE 6\.5 (2011\): e20655\. In human cells, four adaptor proteins help recruit Drp1 to the mitochondria: FIS1, MiD49, MiD51, and [MFF](/wiki/Mitochondrial_fission_factor "Mitochondrial fission factor").Dikov, Daniel, and Andreas S. Reichert. "How to split up: lessons from mitochondria." The EMBO journal 30\.14 (2011\): 2751\-2753\.Otera, Hidenori, et al. "Mff is an essential factor for mitochondrial recruitment of Drp1 during mitochondrial fission in mammalian cells." Journal of Cell Biology 191\.6 (2010\): 1141\-1158\. On the other hand, MIEF1 can inhibit Drp1's function, favoring mitochondrial fusion instead of fission.Zhao, Jian, et al. "Human MIEF1 recruits Drp1 to mitochondrial outer membranes and promotes mitochondrial fusion rather than fission." The EMBO journal 30\.14 (2011\): 2762\-2778\. Regulation of Drp1 is modulated by the phosphorylation of its Ser616 and Ser637 residues. Phosphorylation at Ser616 promotes Drp1 activity and thus mitochondrial fission, while phosphorylation at Ser637 inhibits Drp1\. [Calcineurin](/wiki/Calcineurin "Calcineurin"), activated by increased calcium ion levels, can dephosphorylate the Ser637 site, thus promoting fission. Mitochondria form contact sites with the [endoplasmic reticulum](/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum "Endoplasmic reticulum") (ER), where preconstriction sites are created, setting the stage for mitochondrial fission. However, these contact sites are necessary but not sufficient for fission. Inverted formin 2 (INF2\), an ER\-localized protein, with the help of SPIRE1C on the mitochondria,Manor, U., et al. "A mitochondria\-anchored isoform of the actin\-nucleating spire protein regulates mitochondrial division." Elife, 2015\. DOI: 10\.7554/eLife.08828 promotes actin polymerization. Bundles of actin cross diagonally at these sites, recruiting myosin II, which assists in localizing Drp1 to the mitochondria.{{cite journal\|last\=Korobova\|first\=F.\|author2\=Ramabhadran, V. \|author3\=Higgs, H. N. \|title\=An Actin\-Dependent Step in Mitochondrial Fission Mediated by the ER\-Associated Formin INF2\|journal\=Science\|date\=24 January 2013\|volume\=339\|issue\=6118\|pages\=464–467\|doi\=10\.1126/science.1228360\|pmid\=23349293\|pmc\=3843506}} Actin bundles serve as reservoirs of Drp1 proteins, providing a pool for assembly onto the mitochondrial surface. Actin polymerization also triggers calcium ion influx from the ER into the mitochondria, resulting in the dephosphorylation of Ser637 on Drp1, leading to mitochondrial fission. Drp1 typically assembles into rings composed of 16 monomers that encircle the mitochondrial membrane and constrict it. Several Drp1 rings can form helical structures that further tubulate the membrane.Basu, Kaustuv, et al. "Molecular mechanism of DRP1 assembly studied in vitro by cryo\-electron microscopy." PLOS ONE 12\.6 (2017\): e0179397\. The G domains of adjacent Drp1 monomers interact (G\-G interactions), repositioning catalytic sites to induce GTP hydrolysis, which drives conformational changes. These changes assist in the final membrane scission, producing two separate mitochondria. The exact mechanism of final membrane separation is still not fully understood. ### Role of other organelles Phosphatidylinositol 4\-phosphate (PI(4\)P) must be delivered to the mitochondrial membrane for fission to proceed. One method of PI(4\)P delivery to mitochondria\-ER contact sites is via the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi contains ARF1 proteins localized on its membranes, which recruit kinases that promote the synthesis of PI(4\)P. PI(4\)P is then delivered to the mitochondria\-ER contact sites via vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus.Nagashima, S., et al. "Golgi\-derived PI(4\)P\-containing vesicles drive late steps of mitochondrial division." *Science* 367\.6484 (2020\): 1366\-1371\. [https://doi.org/10\.1126/science.aax6089](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax6089) Lysosomes are also frequently involved in mitochondrial fission, though they are not essential for the process. Contact between mitochondria and lysosomes is mediated by the Rab7 protein, which associates with lysosomes and a mitochondrial outer membrane protein called TBC1D15\. Before fission proceeds, Rab7 dissociates from lysosomes by hydrolyzing GTP. Additionally, contacts between the ER and lysosomes occur, which also depend on Rab7\. A subset of these contacts is mediated by oxysterol\-binding protein\-related protein 1L (ORP1L). ORP1L interacts with lysosomes via Rab7 and with the ER via VAMP\-associated proteins (VAPs). This forms three\-way contact sites between the mitochondria, ER, and lysosomes. Lysosomes are recruited by the ER only after Drp1 has been recruited to the mitochondrial membrane (Drp1 recruitment occurs after preconstriction). ORP1L is also necessary for transferring PI(4\)P from lysosomes to mitochondria. Therefore, PI(4\)P is delivered to the mitochondria from both the Golgi and lysosomes. It remains unclear whether the two organelles supply PI(4\)P for different purposes during mitochondrial fission, at different steps in the process, or if they contribute to distinct forms of mitochondrial fission altogether.Boutry, Maxime, and Peter K. Kim. "ORP1L mediated PI (4\) P signaling at ER\-lysosome\-mitochondrion three\-way contact contributes to mitochondrial division." *Nature Communications* 12\.1 (2021\): 1\-18\. ### Peripheral and Midzone Division Recent findings suggest that mitochondria undergo two distinct mechanisms of fission. In an elongated mitochondrial network, fission can occur either near the center (at the midzone) or towards one of the two ends (the periphery). Midzone and peripheral divisions appear to be associated with different cellular processes. Midzone division is linked to mitochondrial biogenesis, which occurs when the cell is proliferating and requires an increased number of mitochondria. In contrast, peripheral division is associated with the removal of damaged mitochondrial units from the network, with these mitochondria being targeted for autophagy or mitophagy, leading to their degradation. Peripheral division is often preceded by elevated concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as reduced membrane potential and pH. These two types of fission are regulated by distinct molecular mechanisms. During peripheral division, the adaptor protein FIS1 is primarily responsible for recruiting Drp1, while during midzone division, the adaptor protein MFF plays a key role in Drp1 recruitment. Interestingly, MiD49 and MiD51 are involved in both forms of division. Additionally, lysosomal contact sites with mitochondria are only observed during peripheral division.Kleele, T., et al. "Distinct fission signatures predict mitochondrial degradation or biogenesis." *Nature* 593\.7859 (2021\): 435\-439\.
[ "Mechanism\n---------", "### FtsZ Localization", "The [FtsZ](/wiki/FtsZ \"FtsZ\") protein, a homologue of eukaryotic [tubulin](/wiki/Tubulin \"Tubulin\"), is found in many [bacteria](/wiki/Bacteria \"Bacteria\") and some [archaea](/wiki/Archaea \"Archaea\") and plays a crucial role in mitochondrial fission. The [Min system](/wiki/Min_system \"Min system\") helps localize and assemble FtsZ proteins into a ring, known as the Z ring, around the center of the mitochondrion. Additionally, some proteins tethered to the inner mitochondrial membrane aid in anchoring the Z ring at the site of constriction where division will occur. The Z ring acts as a scaffold for the deposition of the septum during fission, with the assistance of proteins such as FtsW, FtsI, and FtsN. The translocase FtsK helps to move the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) away from the constriction site to ensure proper division.", "### Drp1", "The [Drp1](/wiki/DNM1L \"DNM1L\") protein, a member of the [dynamin](/wiki/Dynamin \"Dynamin\") family of large [GTPases](/wiki/GTPases \"GTPases\"), is transcribed from the *DNM1L* gene. Alternative splicing produces at least ten isoforms of Drp1, which regulate tissue\\-specific mitochondrial fission.Kraus, Felix, et al. \"Function and regulation of the divisome for mitochondrial fission.\" Nature 590\\.7844 (2021\\): 57\\-66\\. Drp1 plays a crucial role in the fission of both mitochondria and peroxisomes. The folded Drp1 monomer consists of four regions: a head, neck, stalk, and tail. The head domain contains the GTPase (G) domain, while the neck is composed of three bundle signaling elements (BSEs). The stalk consists of two units that participate in three interface interactions. These interactions allow the assembly of Drp1 into higher\\-order oligomers: first, two monomers associate into dimers through hydrophobic patches on the stalk, then two dimers associate into tetramers, and finally, tetramers assemble into larger oligomeric structures.", "Although Drp1 is not localized to the mitochondrial membrane, it associates with the mitochondrial membrane via interactions with several [adaptor proteins](/wiki/Signal_transducing_adaptor_protein \"Signal transducing adaptor protein\"). In [yeast](/wiki/Yeast \"Yeast\") cells (a common model for studying mitochondrial fission), the outer membrane protein Fis1 associates with Mdv1 and Caf4, which in turn recruit Drp1\\. In mammals, FIS1 does not participate in fission but instead plays a role in [mitophagy](/wiki/Mitophagy \"Mitophagy\").Huang, Pinwei, Chad A. Galloway, and Yisang Yoon. \"Control of mitochondrial morphology through differential interactions of mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins.\" PLOS ONE 6\\.5 (2011\\): e20655\\. In human cells, four adaptor proteins help recruit Drp1 to the mitochondria: FIS1, MiD49, MiD51, and [MFF](/wiki/Mitochondrial_fission_factor \"Mitochondrial fission factor\").Dikov, Daniel, and Andreas S. Reichert. \"How to split up: lessons from mitochondria.\" The EMBO journal 30\\.14 (2011\\): 2751\\-2753\\.Otera, Hidenori, et al. \"Mff is an essential factor for mitochondrial recruitment of Drp1 during mitochondrial fission in mammalian cells.\" Journal of Cell Biology 191\\.6 (2010\\): 1141\\-1158\\. On the other hand, MIEF1 can inhibit Drp1's function, favoring mitochondrial fusion instead of fission.Zhao, Jian, et al. \"Human MIEF1 recruits Drp1 to mitochondrial outer membranes and promotes mitochondrial fusion rather than fission.\" The EMBO journal 30\\.14 (2011\\): 2762\\-2778\\.", "Regulation of Drp1 is modulated by the phosphorylation of its Ser616 and Ser637 residues. Phosphorylation at Ser616 promotes Drp1 activity and thus mitochondrial fission, while phosphorylation at Ser637 inhibits Drp1\\. [Calcineurin](/wiki/Calcineurin \"Calcineurin\"), activated by increased calcium ion levels, can dephosphorylate the Ser637 site, thus promoting fission.", "Mitochondria form contact sites with the [endoplasmic reticulum](/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum \"Endoplasmic reticulum\") (ER), where preconstriction sites are created, setting the stage for mitochondrial fission. However, these contact sites are necessary but not sufficient for fission. Inverted formin 2 (INF2\\), an ER\\-localized protein, with the help of SPIRE1C on the mitochondria,Manor, U., et al. \"A mitochondria\\-anchored isoform of the actin\\-nucleating spire protein regulates mitochondrial division.\" Elife, 2015\\. DOI: 10\\.7554/eLife.08828 promotes actin polymerization. Bundles of actin cross diagonally at these sites, recruiting myosin II, which assists in localizing Drp1 to the mitochondria.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Korobova\\|first\\=F.\\|author2\\=Ramabhadran, V. \\|author3\\=Higgs, H. N. \\|title\\=An Actin\\-Dependent Step in Mitochondrial Fission Mediated by the ER\\-Associated Formin INF2\\|journal\\=Science\\|date\\=24 January 2013\\|volume\\=339\\|issue\\=6118\\|pages\\=464–467\\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.1228360\\|pmid\\=23349293\\|pmc\\=3843506}} Actin bundles serve as reservoirs of Drp1 proteins, providing a pool for assembly onto the mitochondrial surface. Actin polymerization also triggers calcium ion influx from the ER into the mitochondria, resulting in the dephosphorylation of Ser637 on Drp1, leading to mitochondrial fission.", "Drp1 typically assembles into rings composed of 16 monomers that encircle the mitochondrial membrane and constrict it. Several Drp1 rings can form helical structures that further tubulate the membrane.Basu, Kaustuv, et al. \"Molecular mechanism of DRP1 assembly studied in vitro by cryo\\-electron microscopy.\" PLOS ONE 12\\.6 (2017\\): e0179397\\. The G domains of adjacent Drp1 monomers interact (G\\-G interactions), repositioning catalytic sites to induce GTP hydrolysis, which drives conformational changes. These changes assist in the final membrane scission, producing two separate mitochondria. The exact mechanism of final membrane separation is still not fully understood.", "### Role of other organelles", "Phosphatidylinositol 4\\-phosphate (PI(4\\)P) must be delivered to the mitochondrial membrane for fission to proceed. One method of PI(4\\)P delivery to mitochondria\\-ER contact sites is via the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi contains ARF1 proteins localized on its membranes, which recruit kinases that promote the synthesis of PI(4\\)P. PI(4\\)P is then delivered to the mitochondria\\-ER contact sites via vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus.Nagashima, S., et al. \"Golgi\\-derived PI(4\\)P\\-containing vesicles drive late steps of mitochondrial division.\" *Science* 367\\.6484 (2020\\): 1366\\-1371\\. [https://doi.org/10\\.1126/science.aax6089](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax6089)", "Lysosomes are also frequently involved in mitochondrial fission, though they are not essential for the process. Contact between mitochondria and lysosomes is mediated by the Rab7 protein, which associates with lysosomes and a mitochondrial outer membrane protein called TBC1D15\\. Before fission proceeds, Rab7 dissociates from lysosomes by hydrolyzing GTP. Additionally, contacts between the ER and lysosomes occur, which also depend on Rab7\\. A subset of these contacts is mediated by oxysterol\\-binding protein\\-related protein 1L (ORP1L). ORP1L interacts with lysosomes via Rab7 and with the ER via VAMP\\-associated proteins (VAPs). This forms three\\-way contact sites between the mitochondria, ER, and lysosomes.", "Lysosomes are recruited by the ER only after Drp1 has been recruited to the mitochondrial membrane (Drp1 recruitment occurs after preconstriction). ORP1L is also necessary for transferring PI(4\\)P from lysosomes to mitochondria. Therefore, PI(4\\)P is delivered to the mitochondria from both the Golgi and lysosomes. It remains unclear whether the two organelles supply PI(4\\)P for different purposes during mitochondrial fission, at different steps in the process, or if they contribute to distinct forms of mitochondrial fission altogether.Boutry, Maxime, and Peter K. Kim. \"ORP1L mediated PI (4\\) P signaling at ER\\-lysosome\\-mitochondrion three\\-way contact contributes to mitochondrial division.\" *Nature Communications* 12\\.1 (2021\\): 1\\-18\\.", "### Peripheral and Midzone Division", "Recent findings suggest that mitochondria undergo two distinct mechanisms of fission. In an elongated mitochondrial network, fission can occur either near the center (at the midzone) or towards one of the two ends (the periphery). Midzone and peripheral divisions appear to be associated with different cellular processes. Midzone division is linked to mitochondrial biogenesis, which occurs when the cell is proliferating and requires an increased number of mitochondria. In contrast, peripheral division is associated with the removal of damaged mitochondrial units from the network, with these mitochondria being targeted for autophagy or mitophagy, leading to their degradation.", "Peripheral division is often preceded by elevated concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as reduced membrane potential and pH. These two types of fission are regulated by distinct molecular mechanisms. During peripheral division, the adaptor protein FIS1 is primarily responsible for recruiting Drp1, while during midzone division, the adaptor protein MFF plays a key role in Drp1 recruitment. Interestingly, MiD49 and MiD51 are involved in both forms of division. Additionally, lysosomal contact sites with mitochondria are only observed during peripheral division.Kleele, T., et al. \"Distinct fission signatures predict mitochondrial degradation or biogenesis.\" *Nature* 593\\.7859 (2021\\): 435\\-439\\.", "" ]
### Drp1 The [Drp1](/wiki/DNM1L "DNM1L") protein, a member of the [dynamin](/wiki/Dynamin "Dynamin") family of large [GTPases](/wiki/GTPases "GTPases"), is transcribed from the *DNM1L* gene. Alternative splicing produces at least ten isoforms of Drp1, which regulate tissue\-specific mitochondrial fission.Kraus, Felix, et al. "Function and regulation of the divisome for mitochondrial fission." Nature 590\.7844 (2021\): 57\-66\. Drp1 plays a crucial role in the fission of both mitochondria and peroxisomes. The folded Drp1 monomer consists of four regions: a head, neck, stalk, and tail. The head domain contains the GTPase (G) domain, while the neck is composed of three bundle signaling elements (BSEs). The stalk consists of two units that participate in three interface interactions. These interactions allow the assembly of Drp1 into higher\-order oligomers: first, two monomers associate into dimers through hydrophobic patches on the stalk, then two dimers associate into tetramers, and finally, tetramers assemble into larger oligomeric structures. Although Drp1 is not localized to the mitochondrial membrane, it associates with the mitochondrial membrane via interactions with several [adaptor proteins](/wiki/Signal_transducing_adaptor_protein "Signal transducing adaptor protein"). In [yeast](/wiki/Yeast "Yeast") cells (a common model for studying mitochondrial fission), the outer membrane protein Fis1 associates with Mdv1 and Caf4, which in turn recruit Drp1\. In mammals, FIS1 does not participate in fission but instead plays a role in [mitophagy](/wiki/Mitophagy "Mitophagy").Huang, Pinwei, Chad A. Galloway, and Yisang Yoon. "Control of mitochondrial morphology through differential interactions of mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins." PLOS ONE 6\.5 (2011\): e20655\. In human cells, four adaptor proteins help recruit Drp1 to the mitochondria: FIS1, MiD49, MiD51, and [MFF](/wiki/Mitochondrial_fission_factor "Mitochondrial fission factor").Dikov, Daniel, and Andreas S. Reichert. "How to split up: lessons from mitochondria." The EMBO journal 30\.14 (2011\): 2751\-2753\.Otera, Hidenori, et al. "Mff is an essential factor for mitochondrial recruitment of Drp1 during mitochondrial fission in mammalian cells." Journal of Cell Biology 191\.6 (2010\): 1141\-1158\. On the other hand, MIEF1 can inhibit Drp1's function, favoring mitochondrial fusion instead of fission.Zhao, Jian, et al. "Human MIEF1 recruits Drp1 to mitochondrial outer membranes and promotes mitochondrial fusion rather than fission." The EMBO journal 30\.14 (2011\): 2762\-2778\. Regulation of Drp1 is modulated by the phosphorylation of its Ser616 and Ser637 residues. Phosphorylation at Ser616 promotes Drp1 activity and thus mitochondrial fission, while phosphorylation at Ser637 inhibits Drp1\. [Calcineurin](/wiki/Calcineurin "Calcineurin"), activated by increased calcium ion levels, can dephosphorylate the Ser637 site, thus promoting fission. Mitochondria form contact sites with the [endoplasmic reticulum](/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum "Endoplasmic reticulum") (ER), where preconstriction sites are created, setting the stage for mitochondrial fission. However, these contact sites are necessary but not sufficient for fission. Inverted formin 2 (INF2\), an ER\-localized protein, with the help of SPIRE1C on the mitochondria,Manor, U., et al. "A mitochondria\-anchored isoform of the actin\-nucleating spire protein regulates mitochondrial division." Elife, 2015\. DOI: 10\.7554/eLife.08828 promotes actin polymerization. Bundles of actin cross diagonally at these sites, recruiting myosin II, which assists in localizing Drp1 to the mitochondria.{{cite journal\|last\=Korobova\|first\=F.\|author2\=Ramabhadran, V. \|author3\=Higgs, H. N. \|title\=An Actin\-Dependent Step in Mitochondrial Fission Mediated by the ER\-Associated Formin INF2\|journal\=Science\|date\=24 January 2013\|volume\=339\|issue\=6118\|pages\=464–467\|doi\=10\.1126/science.1228360\|pmid\=23349293\|pmc\=3843506}} Actin bundles serve as reservoirs of Drp1 proteins, providing a pool for assembly onto the mitochondrial surface. Actin polymerization also triggers calcium ion influx from the ER into the mitochondria, resulting in the dephosphorylation of Ser637 on Drp1, leading to mitochondrial fission. Drp1 typically assembles into rings composed of 16 monomers that encircle the mitochondrial membrane and constrict it. Several Drp1 rings can form helical structures that further tubulate the membrane.Basu, Kaustuv, et al. "Molecular mechanism of DRP1 assembly studied in vitro by cryo\-electron microscopy." PLOS ONE 12\.6 (2017\): e0179397\. The G domains of adjacent Drp1 monomers interact (G\-G interactions), repositioning catalytic sites to induce GTP hydrolysis, which drives conformational changes. These changes assist in the final membrane scission, producing two separate mitochondria. The exact mechanism of final membrane separation is still not fully understood.
[ "### Drp1", "The [Drp1](/wiki/DNM1L \"DNM1L\") protein, a member of the [dynamin](/wiki/Dynamin \"Dynamin\") family of large [GTPases](/wiki/GTPases \"GTPases\"), is transcribed from the *DNM1L* gene. Alternative splicing produces at least ten isoforms of Drp1, which regulate tissue\\-specific mitochondrial fission.Kraus, Felix, et al. \"Function and regulation of the divisome for mitochondrial fission.\" Nature 590\\.7844 (2021\\): 57\\-66\\. Drp1 plays a crucial role in the fission of both mitochondria and peroxisomes. The folded Drp1 monomer consists of four regions: a head, neck, stalk, and tail. The head domain contains the GTPase (G) domain, while the neck is composed of three bundle signaling elements (BSEs). The stalk consists of two units that participate in three interface interactions. These interactions allow the assembly of Drp1 into higher\\-order oligomers: first, two monomers associate into dimers through hydrophobic patches on the stalk, then two dimers associate into tetramers, and finally, tetramers assemble into larger oligomeric structures.", "Although Drp1 is not localized to the mitochondrial membrane, it associates with the mitochondrial membrane via interactions with several [adaptor proteins](/wiki/Signal_transducing_adaptor_protein \"Signal transducing adaptor protein\"). In [yeast](/wiki/Yeast \"Yeast\") cells (a common model for studying mitochondrial fission), the outer membrane protein Fis1 associates with Mdv1 and Caf4, which in turn recruit Drp1\\. In mammals, FIS1 does not participate in fission but instead plays a role in [mitophagy](/wiki/Mitophagy \"Mitophagy\").Huang, Pinwei, Chad A. Galloway, and Yisang Yoon. \"Control of mitochondrial morphology through differential interactions of mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins.\" PLOS ONE 6\\.5 (2011\\): e20655\\. In human cells, four adaptor proteins help recruit Drp1 to the mitochondria: FIS1, MiD49, MiD51, and [MFF](/wiki/Mitochondrial_fission_factor \"Mitochondrial fission factor\").Dikov, Daniel, and Andreas S. Reichert. \"How to split up: lessons from mitochondria.\" The EMBO journal 30\\.14 (2011\\): 2751\\-2753\\.Otera, Hidenori, et al. \"Mff is an essential factor for mitochondrial recruitment of Drp1 during mitochondrial fission in mammalian cells.\" Journal of Cell Biology 191\\.6 (2010\\): 1141\\-1158\\. On the other hand, MIEF1 can inhibit Drp1's function, favoring mitochondrial fusion instead of fission.Zhao, Jian, et al. \"Human MIEF1 recruits Drp1 to mitochondrial outer membranes and promotes mitochondrial fusion rather than fission.\" The EMBO journal 30\\.14 (2011\\): 2762\\-2778\\.", "Regulation of Drp1 is modulated by the phosphorylation of its Ser616 and Ser637 residues. Phosphorylation at Ser616 promotes Drp1 activity and thus mitochondrial fission, while phosphorylation at Ser637 inhibits Drp1\\. [Calcineurin](/wiki/Calcineurin \"Calcineurin\"), activated by increased calcium ion levels, can dephosphorylate the Ser637 site, thus promoting fission.", "Mitochondria form contact sites with the [endoplasmic reticulum](/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum \"Endoplasmic reticulum\") (ER), where preconstriction sites are created, setting the stage for mitochondrial fission. However, these contact sites are necessary but not sufficient for fission. Inverted formin 2 (INF2\\), an ER\\-localized protein, with the help of SPIRE1C on the mitochondria,Manor, U., et al. \"A mitochondria\\-anchored isoform of the actin\\-nucleating spire protein regulates mitochondrial division.\" Elife, 2015\\. DOI: 10\\.7554/eLife.08828 promotes actin polymerization. Bundles of actin cross diagonally at these sites, recruiting myosin II, which assists in localizing Drp1 to the mitochondria.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Korobova\\|first\\=F.\\|author2\\=Ramabhadran, V. \\|author3\\=Higgs, H. N. \\|title\\=An Actin\\-Dependent Step in Mitochondrial Fission Mediated by the ER\\-Associated Formin INF2\\|journal\\=Science\\|date\\=24 January 2013\\|volume\\=339\\|issue\\=6118\\|pages\\=464–467\\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.1228360\\|pmid\\=23349293\\|pmc\\=3843506}} Actin bundles serve as reservoirs of Drp1 proteins, providing a pool for assembly onto the mitochondrial surface. Actin polymerization also triggers calcium ion influx from the ER into the mitochondria, resulting in the dephosphorylation of Ser637 on Drp1, leading to mitochondrial fission.", "Drp1 typically assembles into rings composed of 16 monomers that encircle the mitochondrial membrane and constrict it. Several Drp1 rings can form helical structures that further tubulate the membrane.Basu, Kaustuv, et al. \"Molecular mechanism of DRP1 assembly studied in vitro by cryo\\-electron microscopy.\" PLOS ONE 12\\.6 (2017\\): e0179397\\. The G domains of adjacent Drp1 monomers interact (G\\-G interactions), repositioning catalytic sites to induce GTP hydrolysis, which drives conformational changes. These changes assist in the final membrane scission, producing two separate mitochondria. The exact mechanism of final membrane separation is still not fully understood.", "" ]
History ------- The [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas") and [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis "St. Louis") Railroad gave rise to Rison. The county seat of Dorsey County (present day Cleveland County) was originally [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Arkansas "Toledo, Arkansas"). When the railroad was routed through the county in 1882, Rison did not exist. [Samuel Fordyce](/wiki/Samuel_W._Fordyce "Samuel W. Fordyce") of [Huntsville, Alabama](/wiki/Huntsville%2C_Alabama "Huntsville, Alabama"), a former [Union army](/wiki/Union_Army "Union Army") officer, was authorized to determine the route of the railroad from [Texarkana](/wiki/Texarkana_metropolitan_area "Texarkana metropolitan area") to [Birds Point, Missouri](/wiki/Bird%27s_Point%2C_Missouri "Bird's Point, Missouri"). According to unsubstantiated legend, when the leading citizens of [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Arkansas "Toledo, Arkansas") snubbed his plans to route the railroad through that community, Fordyce planned a route three miles north and built a [station](/wiki/Train_station "Train station") through land that would later become Rison. Fordyce named the new station for William Rison, his former business partner in a banking venture in [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama "Alabama"), who had fought on the opposite side of the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"). The first home erected in the community the small settlement that grew up around the new station was built in 1880 by lawyer and farmer James McMurtrey. In 1883, the Southwest Improvement Association, a subsidiary of the railroad company, presented a parcel of land for use by the inhabitants of the area that became Rison. The settlement was [incorporated](/wiki/Municipal_corporation "Municipal corporation") on August 26, 1890, with J. T. Renfrow as mayor. The name of the county was changed from Dorsey to Cleveland in 1885; the popularity of U.S. Senator [Stephen Dorsey](/wiki/Stephen_Wallace_Dorsey "Stephen Wallace Dorsey") had waned, and President [Grover Cleveland](/wiki/Grover_Cleveland "Grover Cleveland")'s name was substituted. The [Arkansas Supreme Court](/wiki/Arkansas_Supreme_Court "Arkansas Supreme Court") relocated the county seat from [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Arkansas "Toledo, Arkansas") to Rison in 1891 after a spirited battle among the leading contenders, [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Arkansas "Toledo, Arkansas"), [Kingsland](/wiki/Kingsland%2C_Arkansas "Kingsland, Arkansas"), and Rison. The railroad remained Rison's point of reference for decades. “Rison on the Cotton Belt” was the affectionate way residents referred to their community. The commercial value of the railroad was felt from the beginning. The economy depended on the production of cotton, lumber, and, ultimately, a wide variety of wood products, including pulpwood, piling, pallets, broom handle squares, ammunition boxes, and [Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army") pup tent poles. The financial make\-up of the community was divided for several decades into owners and [sharecroppers](/wiki/Sharecropping "Sharecropping"). The emergence of the timber\-related wood products business ultimately skewed that economic picture, with the corresponding rise of the merchant entrepreneurs also affecting it somewhat. Nevertheless, family fortunes were built on the owner/sharecropper system, and they influenced the financial and social structure of the town. [Sharecropping](/wiki/Sharecropping "Sharecropping") was the prevailing structure of the primary business enterprise in the county until the land became depleted by failure to rotate crops adequately. The [Cleveland County Courthouse](/wiki/Cleveland_County_Courthouse_%28Arkansas%29 "Cleveland County Courthouse (Arkansas)") was built in 1911 after two contested elections. Two years later, the [Phoenix Hotel](/wiki/Phoenix_Hotel_%28Rison%2C_Arkansas%29 "Phoenix Hotel (Rison, Arkansas)") was built and served as a popular gathering spot for the local community. Three [cotton gins](/wiki/Cotton_gin "Cotton gin") operated in and around Rison. The largest and most efficient gin was owned by Ira E. Moore. That gin was built in 1933 to replace one owned by Moore that was built in 1926 and burned in 1933\. The more modern and efficient all\-electric gin built in 1933 was the first of its kind in the area. Residents of Rison owned and operated a dozen or more [sawmills](/wiki/Sawmill "Sawmill"). The largest lumber mills were the J. I. Porter Lumber Company and the Clio Lumber Company. The Clio mill was built in 1887 five miles north of Rison. According to a 1909 issue of *Lumberman's Magazine*, the Clio mill owned several thousand acres of timberland and had 432 employees in the sawmill, 130 on the woods crew, and eighty operating the tramlines that transported the logs to the mill. Other mills that added significantly to the economy were the J. L. Sadler Lumber Company, the C. L. Garner \& Sons Lumber Company, and the Elrod Lumber Company. In the 1950s, Elrod employed about one\-third of Rison's population, more than 300\. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), many Rison residents secured war\-related jobs in nearby towns. These included the [Pine Bluff Arsenal](/wiki/Pine_Bluff_Arsenal "Pine Bluff Arsenal") ([Jefferson County](/wiki/Jefferson_County%2C_Arkansas "Jefferson County, Arkansas")) and the Naval Ammunition Depot at [Camden](/wiki/Camden%2C_Arkansas "Camden, Arkansas") ([Ouachita County](/wiki/Ouachita_County%2C_Arkansas "Ouachita County, Arkansas")). Others went to [California](/wiki/California "California") to work in the shipbuilding industry. The [Rison high school's](/wiki/Rison_High_School "Rison High School") football program was suspended until the end of the war due to a lack of players and coaches, as well as financial constraints. One of Rison's citizens, Airman Roy Martin, was shot down over occupied [France](/wiki/France "France") and classified as missing in action. The [French underground](/wiki/French_Resistance "French Resistance") secured his freedom by hiding him in attics, barns, and other places not known to the [German occupying forces](/wiki/German_occupation_of_France "German occupation of France"). When the news of Martin's survival reached Rison, a wild celebration broke out in streets and homes.
[ "History\n-------", "The [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\") and [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis \"St. Louis\") Railroad gave rise to Rison. The county seat of Dorsey County (present day Cleveland County) was originally [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Arkansas \"Toledo, Arkansas\"). When the railroad was routed through the county in 1882, Rison did not exist. [Samuel Fordyce](/wiki/Samuel_W._Fordyce \"Samuel W. Fordyce\") of [Huntsville, Alabama](/wiki/Huntsville%2C_Alabama \"Huntsville, Alabama\"), a former [Union army](/wiki/Union_Army \"Union Army\") officer, was authorized to determine the route of the railroad from [Texarkana](/wiki/Texarkana_metropolitan_area \"Texarkana metropolitan area\") to [Birds Point, Missouri](/wiki/Bird%27s_Point%2C_Missouri \"Bird's Point, Missouri\"). According to unsubstantiated legend, when the leading citizens of [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Arkansas \"Toledo, Arkansas\") snubbed his plans to route the railroad through that community, Fordyce planned a route three miles north and built a [station](/wiki/Train_station \"Train station\") through land that would later become Rison.", "Fordyce named the new station for William Rison, his former business partner in a banking venture in [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama \"Alabama\"), who had fought on the opposite side of the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"). The first home erected in the community the small settlement that grew up around the new station was built in 1880 by lawyer and farmer James McMurtrey. In 1883, the Southwest Improvement Association, a subsidiary of the railroad company, presented a parcel of land for use by the inhabitants of the area that became Rison. The settlement was [incorporated](/wiki/Municipal_corporation \"Municipal corporation\") on August 26, 1890, with J. T. Renfrow as mayor. The name of the county was changed from Dorsey to Cleveland in 1885; the popularity of U.S. Senator [Stephen Dorsey](/wiki/Stephen_Wallace_Dorsey \"Stephen Wallace Dorsey\") had waned, and President [Grover Cleveland](/wiki/Grover_Cleveland \"Grover Cleveland\")'s name was substituted. The [Arkansas Supreme Court](/wiki/Arkansas_Supreme_Court \"Arkansas Supreme Court\") relocated the county seat from [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Arkansas \"Toledo, Arkansas\") to Rison in 1891 after a spirited battle among the leading contenders, [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Arkansas \"Toledo, Arkansas\"), [Kingsland](/wiki/Kingsland%2C_Arkansas \"Kingsland, Arkansas\"), and Rison.", "The railroad remained Rison's point of reference for decades. “Rison on the Cotton Belt” was the affectionate way residents referred to their community. The commercial value of the railroad was felt from the beginning. The economy depended on the production of cotton, lumber, and, ultimately, a wide variety of wood products, including pulpwood, piling, pallets, broom handle squares, ammunition boxes, and [Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\") pup tent poles.", "The financial make\\-up of the community was divided for several decades into owners and [sharecroppers](/wiki/Sharecropping \"Sharecropping\"). The emergence of the timber\\-related wood products business ultimately skewed that economic picture, with the corresponding rise of the merchant entrepreneurs also affecting it somewhat. Nevertheless, family fortunes were built on the owner/sharecropper system, and they influenced the financial and social structure of the town. [Sharecropping](/wiki/Sharecropping \"Sharecropping\") was the prevailing structure of the primary business enterprise in the county until the land became depleted by failure to rotate crops adequately.", "The [Cleveland County Courthouse](/wiki/Cleveland_County_Courthouse_%28Arkansas%29 \"Cleveland County Courthouse (Arkansas)\") was built in 1911 after two contested elections. Two years later, the [Phoenix Hotel](/wiki/Phoenix_Hotel_%28Rison%2C_Arkansas%29 \"Phoenix Hotel (Rison, Arkansas)\") was built and served as a popular gathering spot for the local community.", "Three [cotton gins](/wiki/Cotton_gin \"Cotton gin\") operated in and around Rison. The largest and most efficient gin was owned by Ira E. Moore. That gin was built in 1933 to replace one owned by Moore that was built in 1926 and burned in 1933\\. The more modern and efficient all\\-electric gin built in 1933 was the first of its kind in the area.", "Residents of Rison owned and operated a dozen or more [sawmills](/wiki/Sawmill \"Sawmill\"). The largest lumber mills were the J. I. Porter Lumber Company and the Clio Lumber Company. The Clio mill was built in 1887 five miles north of Rison. According to a 1909 issue of *Lumberman's Magazine*, the Clio mill owned several thousand acres of timberland and had 432 employees in the sawmill, 130 on the woods crew, and eighty operating the tramlines that transported the logs to the mill. Other mills that added significantly to the economy were the J. L. Sadler Lumber Company, the C. L. Garner \\& Sons Lumber Company, and the Elrod Lumber Company. In the 1950s, Elrod employed about one\\-third of Rison's population, more than 300\\.", "During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), many Rison residents secured war\\-related jobs in nearby towns. These included the [Pine Bluff Arsenal](/wiki/Pine_Bluff_Arsenal \"Pine Bluff Arsenal\") ([Jefferson County](/wiki/Jefferson_County%2C_Arkansas \"Jefferson County, Arkansas\")) and the Naval Ammunition Depot at [Camden](/wiki/Camden%2C_Arkansas \"Camden, Arkansas\") ([Ouachita County](/wiki/Ouachita_County%2C_Arkansas \"Ouachita County, Arkansas\")). Others went to [California](/wiki/California \"California\") to work in the shipbuilding industry. The [Rison high school's](/wiki/Rison_High_School \"Rison High School\") football program was suspended until the end of the war due to a lack of players and coaches, as well as financial constraints. One of Rison's citizens, Airman Roy Martin, was shot down over occupied [France](/wiki/France \"France\") and classified as missing in action. The [French underground](/wiki/French_Resistance \"French Resistance\") secured his freedom by hiding him in attics, barns, and other places not known to the [German occupying forces](/wiki/German_occupation_of_France \"German occupation of France\"). When the news of Martin's survival reached Rison, a wild celebration broke out in streets and homes.", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \|1900\= 453 \|1910\= 725 \|1920\= 685 \|1930\= 876 \|1940\= 1005 \|1950\= 953 \|1960\= 889 \|1970\= 1214 \|1980\= 1325 \|1990\= 1258 \|2000\= 1271 \|2010\= 1344 \|2020\= 967 \|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 4, 2015}} }} ### 2020 census | \+Rison racial composition{{Cite web\|title\=Explore Census Data\|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\=1600000US0559480\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2\|access\-date\=December 30, 2021\|website\=data.census.gov}} | Race Number Percentage | --- | | [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)") (non\-Hispanic) 540 | 55\.84% | | [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)") (non\-Hispanic) 332 | 34\.33% | | [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)") 4 | 0\.41% | | [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") 42 | 4\.34% | | [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") 49 | 5\.07% | As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census "2020 United States census"), there were 967 people, 498 households, and 297 families residing in the city. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=January 31, 2008\|title\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 1,271 people, 471 households, and 324 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\|475\.1\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 532 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|198\.9\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 62\.23% [White](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 33\.36% [Black](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") or [African American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 0\.31% [Native American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 0\.24% [Asian](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 1\.73% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 2\.12% from two or more races. 2\.20% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") of any race. There were 471 households, out of which 36\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 19\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31\.2% were non\-families. 30\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.55 and the average family size was 3\.16\. In the city, the population was spread out, with 29\.3% under the age of 18, 6\.8% from 18 to 24, 25\.3% from 25 to 44, 19\.6% from 45 to 64, and 19\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 79\.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75\.2 males. The median income for a household in the city was $20,865, and the median income for a family was $30,833\. Males had a median income of $26,500 versus $18,229 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $13,106\. About 25\.6% of families and 32\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 46\.0% of those under age 18 and 30\.5% of those age 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\|1900\\= 453\n\\|1910\\= 725\n\\|1920\\= 685\n\\|1930\\= 876\n\\|1940\\= 1005\n\\|1950\\= 953\n\\|1960\\= 889\n\\|1970\\= 1214\n\\|1980\\= 1325\n\\|1990\\= 1258\n\\|2000\\= 1271\n\\|2010\\= 1344\n\\|2020\\= 967\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}", "### 2020 census", "", "| \\+Rison racial composition{{Cite web\\|title\\=Explore Census Data\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\\=1600000US0559480\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2\\|access\\-date\\=December 30, 2021\\|website\\=data.census.gov}} | Race", "Number", "Percentage", "| --- |\n| [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic)", "540 |\n 55\\.84% |\n| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic)", "332 |\n 34\\.33% |\n| [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\")", "4 |\n 0\\.41% |\n| [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\")", "42 |\n 4\\.34% |\n| [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\")", "49 |\n 5\\.07% |", "As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), there were 967 people, 498 households, and 297 families residing in the city.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=January 31, 2008\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 1,271 people, 471 households, and 324 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|475\\.1\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 532 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|198\\.9\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 62\\.23% [White](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 33\\.36% [Black](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") or [African American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 0\\.31% [Native American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 0\\.24% [Asian](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 1\\.73% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 2\\.12% from two or more races. 2\\.20% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") of any race.", "There were 471 households, out of which 36\\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 19\\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31\\.2% were non\\-families. 30\\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15\\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.55 and the average family size was 3\\.16\\.", "In the city, the population was spread out, with 29\\.3% under the age of 18, 6\\.8% from 18 to 24, 25\\.3% from 25 to 44, 19\\.6% from 45 to 64, and 19\\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 79\\.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75\\.2 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $20,865, and the median income for a family was $30,833\\. Males had a median income of $26,500 versus $18,229 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $13,106\\. About 25\\.6% of families and 32\\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 46\\.0% of those under age 18 and 30\\.5% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
Summary ------- *In a [foreword](/wiki/Foreword "Foreword"), writing in [1939](/wiki/1939 "1939"), the elderly [Dr. Watson](/wiki/Dr._Watson "Dr. Watson") decides to leave his manuscript account of the Ripper killings to his estate for publication after his death. The account was confidential until then, but Watson feels its important that the facts be known, since the deceased [Sherlock Holmes](/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes "Sherlock Holmes"), for once in his life, was wrong when he predicted that "the world has already forgotten \[the Ripper]."* Holmes and Watson are called to the countryside by [Inspector Gregson](/wiki/Inspector_Gregson "Inspector Gregson") to look into the disappearance of a valuable ring from the home of a Baron's family. The "solution" is unsatisfactory: Holmes deduces the Baron himself stole the ring, having already pawned several items of value to pay for his brother's gambling debts, and even being forced to rob the grave of his prematurely deceased wife. When confronted, the Baron surrenders the ring, then kills himself in shame. Holmes claims to Gregson that the case is unsolvable while planning to return the ring anonymously in the mail, but is nonplussed when one of Gregson's young constables points out clues that Holmes himself took pains to conceal from Gregson. Returning to [Baker Street](/wiki/Baker_Street "Baker Street"), Holmes receives an anonymous threatening note. A few months later, Watson is horrified by the news of [Mary Ann Nichols](/wiki/Mary_Ann_Nichols "Mary Ann Nichols")'s murder and mutilation, but Holmes dismisses it as an isolated incident. However, when [Annie Chapman](/wiki/Annie_Chapman "Annie Chapman") is murdered in a similar manner, and [Inspector Lestrade](/wiki/Inspector_Lestrade "Inspector Lestrade") asks for help, Holmes is forced to notice the similarities between the two killings and predicts that more will follow if the killer is not stopped. Investigating the murder scenes in [Whitechapel](/wiki/Whitechapel "Whitechapel"), Holmes and Watson meet Mary Ann Monk, a casual friend of Mary Nichols, who agrees to spy on their behalf. After a few nights, she excitedly claims to have identified the killer from tavern gossip as a soldier named Johnny Blackstone, on leave from his regiment. Despite their efforts, Holmes, Watson, and the police, are unable to prevent the murders of [Elizabeth Stride](/wiki/Elizabeth_Stride "Elizabeth Stride") and [Catherine Eddowes](/wiki/Catherine_Eddowes "Catherine Eddowes"). Holmes interrupts the killer in the process of murdering Stride and suffers a near\-fatal stab wound without being able to catch the man. Worse, newspaper stories suggest that Holmes himself is the killer, based on his proximity to each of the murder scenes. Holmes also receives another anonymous note from the killer, identifying himself as "Jack the Ripper." Patient investigation leads Holmes to an elementary solution that horrifies Watson, Monk, and Lestrade: the Ripper is a policeman, Constable Edward Bennett, able to escape the scenes of his crimes by re\-donning his uniform and able to anonymously supply the newspapers with credible tips about Holmes's whereabouts and activities that make him look guilty. The Ripper decided that it was vitally important to neutralize Holmes as a threat to him, but by going to such lengths to do so, he has inadvertently revealed his own identity. Despite this breakthrough, Holmes and Watson's [stakeout](/wiki/Stakeout "Stakeout") only leads them to the site of [Mary Jane Kelly](/wiki/Mary_Jane_Kelly "Mary Jane Kelly")'s murder, with no clues as to Bennett's current whereabouts. They return home demoralized but receive a lucky break when Bennett's newspaper contact arrives on their doorstep in a panic, admitting that he followed Bennett to his current hideout, seeing gruesome relics that confirm he is the Ripper. Holmes and Watson lie in wait at the hideout, actually the run\-down home of Bennett's mother, who is blind and semi\-deranged (from her ramblings, Holmes and Watson guess that Edward's madness resulted from his abusive father and that Edward turned on his father and killed him when Edward was still a child). Realizing Bennett has left a kerosene fire burning in the basement, Holmes and Watson hustle Mrs. Bennett out of the house just before it explodes into flames. Realizing from Mrs. Bennett that Edward's latest victim is being held upstairs, Holmes re\-enters the home and rescues Mrs. Monk, drugged into a stupor but still alive. Injured and disoriented, they are confronted by Bennett, who charges at them. Watson draws his revolver and shoots Bennett dead, before passing out. The [Home Secretary](/wiki/Home_Secretary "Home Secretary") and Sherlock's brother [Mycroft](/wiki/Mycroft_Holmes "Mycroft Holmes"), fearing a total breakdown of public order if the truth becomes known, order Lestrade to cover up the Ripper's identity and keep the official investigation open, indefinitely. However, Lestrade privately confirms to the rest of [Scotland Yard](/wiki/Scotland_Yard "Scotland Yard") that the case is solved. Knowing that they can never publicly acknowledge Holmes's role in stopping the killings, Lestrade and the detective force privately gift him with a commemorative cigarette case to replace the one the Ripper took as a trophy. Holmes is warmed by this heartfelt praise from law enforcement professionals more than he ever could be by any official accolades.
[ "Summary\n-------", "*In a [foreword](/wiki/Foreword \"Foreword\"), writing in [1939](/wiki/1939 \"1939\"), the elderly [Dr. Watson](/wiki/Dr._Watson \"Dr. Watson\") decides to leave his manuscript account of the Ripper killings to his estate for publication after his death. The account was confidential until then, but Watson feels its important that the facts be known, since the deceased [Sherlock Holmes](/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes \"Sherlock Holmes\"), for once in his life, was wrong when he predicted that \"the world has already forgotten \\[the Ripper].\"*", "Holmes and Watson are called to the countryside by [Inspector Gregson](/wiki/Inspector_Gregson \"Inspector Gregson\") to look into the disappearance of a valuable ring from the home of a Baron's family. The \"solution\" is unsatisfactory: Holmes deduces the Baron himself stole the ring, having already pawned several items of value to pay for his brother's gambling debts, and even being forced to rob the grave of his prematurely deceased wife. When confronted, the Baron surrenders the ring, then kills himself in shame. Holmes claims to Gregson that the case is unsolvable while planning to return the ring anonymously in the mail, but is nonplussed when one of Gregson's young constables points out clues that Holmes himself took pains to conceal from Gregson. Returning to [Baker Street](/wiki/Baker_Street \"Baker Street\"), Holmes receives an anonymous threatening note.", "A few months later, Watson is horrified by the news of [Mary Ann Nichols](/wiki/Mary_Ann_Nichols \"Mary Ann Nichols\")'s murder and mutilation, but Holmes dismisses it as an isolated incident. However, when [Annie Chapman](/wiki/Annie_Chapman \"Annie Chapman\") is murdered in a similar manner, and [Inspector Lestrade](/wiki/Inspector_Lestrade \"Inspector Lestrade\") asks for help, Holmes is forced to notice the similarities between the two killings and predicts that more will follow if the killer is not stopped. Investigating the murder scenes in [Whitechapel](/wiki/Whitechapel \"Whitechapel\"), Holmes and Watson meet Mary Ann Monk, a casual friend of Mary Nichols, who agrees to spy on their behalf. After a few nights, she excitedly claims to have identified the killer from tavern gossip as a soldier named Johnny Blackstone, on leave from his regiment.", "Despite their efforts, Holmes, Watson, and the police, are unable to prevent the murders of [Elizabeth Stride](/wiki/Elizabeth_Stride \"Elizabeth Stride\") and [Catherine Eddowes](/wiki/Catherine_Eddowes \"Catherine Eddowes\"). Holmes interrupts the killer in the process of murdering Stride and suffers a near\\-fatal stab wound without being able to catch the man. Worse, newspaper stories suggest that Holmes himself is the killer, based on his proximity to each of the murder scenes. Holmes also receives another anonymous note from the killer, identifying himself as \"Jack the Ripper.\"", "Patient investigation leads Holmes to an elementary solution that horrifies Watson, Monk, and Lestrade: the Ripper is a policeman, Constable Edward Bennett, able to escape the scenes of his crimes by re\\-donning his uniform and able to anonymously supply the newspapers with credible tips about Holmes's whereabouts and activities that make him look guilty. The Ripper decided that it was vitally important to neutralize Holmes as a threat to him, but by going to such lengths to do so, he has inadvertently revealed his own identity.", "Despite this breakthrough, Holmes and Watson's [stakeout](/wiki/Stakeout \"Stakeout\") only leads them to the site of [Mary Jane Kelly](/wiki/Mary_Jane_Kelly \"Mary Jane Kelly\")'s murder, with no clues as to Bennett's current whereabouts. They return home demoralized but receive a lucky break when Bennett's newspaper contact arrives on their doorstep in a panic, admitting that he followed Bennett to his current hideout, seeing gruesome relics that confirm he is the Ripper.", "Holmes and Watson lie in wait at the hideout, actually the run\\-down home of Bennett's mother, who is blind and semi\\-deranged (from her ramblings, Holmes and Watson guess that Edward's madness resulted from his abusive father and that Edward turned on his father and killed him when Edward was still a child). Realizing Bennett has left a kerosene fire burning in the basement, Holmes and Watson hustle Mrs. Bennett out of the house just before it explodes into flames. Realizing from Mrs. Bennett that Edward's latest victim is being held upstairs, Holmes re\\-enters the home and rescues Mrs. Monk, drugged into a stupor but still alive. Injured and disoriented, they are confronted by Bennett, who charges at them. Watson draws his revolver and shoots Bennett dead, before passing out.", "The [Home Secretary](/wiki/Home_Secretary \"Home Secretary\") and Sherlock's brother [Mycroft](/wiki/Mycroft_Holmes \"Mycroft Holmes\"), fearing a total breakdown of public order if the truth becomes known, order Lestrade to cover up the Ripper's identity and keep the official investigation open, indefinitely. However, Lestrade privately confirms to the rest of [Scotland Yard](/wiki/Scotland_Yard \"Scotland Yard\") that the case is solved. Knowing that they can never publicly acknowledge Holmes's role in stopping the killings, Lestrade and the detective force privately gift him with a commemorative cigarette case to replace the one the Ripper took as a trophy. Holmes is warmed by this heartfelt praise from law enforcement professionals more than he ever could be by any official accolades.", "" ]
Career ------ Blommaert began learning to skate in 1998\. He competed for Belgium in [single skating](/wiki/Single_skating "Single skating") until 2010, appearing at the [European Championships](/wiki/European_Figure_Skating_Championships "European Figure Skating Championships") (finishing twenty\-fifth in [2008](/wiki/2008_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "2008 European Figure Skating Championships") and [2009](/wiki/2009_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "2009 European Figure Skating Championships")) and the [Junior World Championships](/wiki/World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships "World Junior Figure Skating Championships") (finishing thirty\-eighth in [2008](/wiki/2008_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships "2008 World Junior Figure Skating Championships") and twenty\-eighth in [2009](/wiki/2009_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships "2009 World Junior Figure Skating Championships")). ### Partnership with Prölß Blommaert teamed up with [Annabelle Prölß](/wiki/Annabelle_Pr%C3%B6l%C3%9F "Annabelle Prölß") in October 2011\. They won the junior pairs title at the [2012 German Junior Championships](/wiki/2012_German_Figure_Skating_Championships "2012 German Figure Skating Championships"). In 2012–13, Prölß/Blommaert made their [Junior Grand Prix](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix "2012–13 ISU Junior Grand Prix") debut in Lake Placid, finishing 6th, and then placed 4th in Germany. They won gold medals in the junior events at the [2013 Ice Challenge](/wiki/Ice_Challenge "Ice Challenge") and [2013 Bavarian Open](/wiki/Bavarian_Open "Bavarian Open"). Prölß/Blommaert won gold in their senior national debut at the [2013 German Championships](/wiki/2013_German_Figure_Skating_Championships "2013 German Figure Skating Championships"). They finished 7th at the [2013 World Junior Championships](/wiki/2013_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships "2013 World Junior Figure Skating Championships"). In 2013–14, Prölß/Blommaert debuted on the senior international level. After finishing 4th at their first two events, they took gold at the [International Cup of Nice](/wiki/International_Cup_of_Nice "International Cup of Nice"). They received their first senior Grand Prix assignment, the [2013 Trophée Éric Bompard](/wiki/2013_Troph%C3%A9e_%C3%89ric_Bompard "2013 Trophée Éric Bompard"), after France's [Daria Popova](/wiki/Daria_Popova "Daria Popova") / [Bruno Massot](/wiki/Bruno_Massot "Bruno Massot") withdrew, finishing seveneth. They then closed their season with a silver medal at the [2014 International Challenge Cup](/wiki/2014_International_Challenge_Cup "2014 International Challenge Cup"). In 2014–15, Prölß/Blommaert placed seventh at [2014 Skate America](/wiki/2014_Skate_America "2014 Skate America") and sixth at the [2014 Rostelecom Cup](/wiki/2014_Rostelecom_Cup "2014 Rostelecom Cup"). The pair soon parted ways after that. ### Partnership with Vartmann In the 2015–16 season, Blommaert started skating with [Mari Vartmann](/wiki/Mari_Vartmann "Mari Vartmann"). They won the [2015 Cup of Nice](/wiki/2015_International_Cup_of_Nice "2015 International Cup of Nice"). At the [2016 Europeans](/wiki/2016_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "2016 European Figure Skating Championships"), they placed 4th in the short program, 8th in the free program and 8th overall. Vartmann and Blommaert started the 2016–17 season on the [Challenger Series](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_ISU_Challenger_Series "2016–17 ISU Challenger Series"), winning bronze at both [Nebelhorn Trophy](/wiki/2016_CS_Nebelhorn_Trophy "2016 CS Nebelhorn Trophy") and [Finlandia Trophy](/wiki/2016_CS_Finlandia_Trophy "2016 CS Finlandia Trophy"). On 10 January 2017, the [Deutsche Eislauf\-Union](/wiki/Deutsche_Eislauf-Union "Deutsche Eislauf-Union") announced that the two had parted ways. ### Partnership with Hocke Blommaert and [Annika Hocke](/wiki/Annika_Hocke "Annika Hocke") announced their partnership on 9 February 2017\. They competed at the [2018 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics "2018 Winter Olympics") in [Pyeongchang](/wiki/Pyeongchang "Pyeongchang"), [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea"), as well as at the [2018](/wiki/2018_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "2018 World Figure Skating Championships") and [2019 World Championships](/wiki/2019_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "2019 World Figure Skating Championships"), before dissolving their partnership. ### Partnership with Pavlova Blommaert announced in July 2019 that he had formed a new partnership with Russian pair skater [Elena Pavlova](/wiki/Elena_Pavlova_%28figure_skater%29 "Elena Pavlova (figure skater)"). Due to Pavlova's visa issues, they indicated they would initially have to split time training between Russia and Germany. The pair split after one season. ### Partnership with Efimova Blommaert formed a new partnership with [Alisa Efimova](/wiki/Alisa_Efimova "Alisa Efimova"), who had previously competed with [Alexander Korovin](/wiki/Alexander_Korovin "Alexander Korovin") for Russia. They placed 2nd at the [2022 German Championships](/wiki/2022_German_Figure_Skating_Championships "2022 German Figure Skating Championships") but were not allowed compete internationally until Efimova had been released by the Russian federation. They had their international debut at the [2022 Nebelhorn Trophy](/wiki/2022_CS_Nebelhorn_Trophy "2022 CS Nebelhorn Trophy"), where they placed second.{{cite web\|access\-date\=2023\-01\-08\|date\=21 September 2022\|title\=Nebelhorn Trophy 2022 Oberstdorf: Neues Paar Alisa Efimova und Ruben Blommaert vor internationalem Debüt\|url\=https://www.eislauf\-union.de/de/media1/news/844\-nebelhorn\-trophy\-2022\-oberstdorf\-neues\-paar\-alisa\-efimova\-und\-ruben\-blommaert\-vor\-internationalem\-deb%C3%BCt\|website\=Deutsche Eislauf\-Union}} Competing on the [Grand Prix](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating "2022–23 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating") series, Efimova/Bloomaert competed at [2022 Skate Canada International](/wiki/2022_Skate_Canada_International "2022 Skate Canada International"), however, after a hard fall on a throw in the short program, Efimova bruised her thigh and the pair withdrew from the event before the free skate. Going on to compete at the [2022 Grand Prix of Espoo](/wiki/2022_Grand_Prix_of_Espoo "2022 Grand Prix of Espoo"), Efimova/Bloomaert won the silver medal behind [Rebecca Ghilardi](/wiki/Rebecca_Ghilardi "Rebecca Ghilardi") / [Filippo Ambrosini](/wiki/Filippo_Ambrosini "Filippo Ambrosini") of [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"). At the [2022 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb](/wiki/2022_CS_Golden_Spin_of_Zagreb "2022 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb"), Efimova/Bloomaert finished fifth. The pair didn't compete at the [2023 German Championships](/wiki/2023_German_Figure_Skating_Championships "2023 German Figure Skating Championships") due to Bloomaert coming down with a high fever a couple of days before the event. Regardless, they were still selected to compete at the [2023 European Championships](/wiki/2023_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "2023 European Figure Skating Championships") in [Espoo](/wiki/Espoo "Espoo"), [Finland](/wiki/Finland "Finland"), Efimova/Bloomaert placed third in the short program but fifth in the free skate and dropped to fifth place overall. Going on to compete at the [2023 World Championships](/wiki/2023_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "2023 World Figure Skating Championships") in [Saitama](/wiki/Saitama_%28city%29 "Saitama (city)"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"), Efimova/Bloomaert placed seventh in the short program and tenth in the free skate, finishing in tenth place overall. Bloomaert retired from competitive figure skating following the season, citing a lack of funding from the German Skating Union as one of the main reasons.
[ "Career\n------", "Blommaert began learning to skate in 1998\\. He competed for Belgium in [single skating](/wiki/Single_skating \"Single skating\") until 2010, appearing at the [European Championships](/wiki/European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"European Figure Skating Championships\") (finishing twenty\\-fifth in [2008](/wiki/2008_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2008 European Figure Skating Championships\") and [2009](/wiki/2009_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2009 European Figure Skating Championships\")) and the [Junior World Championships](/wiki/World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships \"World Junior Figure Skating Championships\") (finishing thirty\\-eighth in [2008](/wiki/2008_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2008 World Junior Figure Skating Championships\") and twenty\\-eighth in [2009](/wiki/2009_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2009 World Junior Figure Skating Championships\")).", "### Partnership with Prölß", "Blommaert teamed up with [Annabelle Prölß](/wiki/Annabelle_Pr%C3%B6l%C3%9F \"Annabelle Prölß\") in October 2011\\. They won the junior pairs title at the [2012 German Junior Championships](/wiki/2012_German_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2012 German Figure Skating Championships\").", "In 2012–13, Prölß/Blommaert made their [Junior Grand Prix](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix \"2012–13 ISU Junior Grand Prix\") debut in Lake Placid, finishing 6th, and then placed 4th in Germany. They won gold medals in the junior events at the [2013 Ice Challenge](/wiki/Ice_Challenge \"Ice Challenge\") and [2013 Bavarian Open](/wiki/Bavarian_Open \"Bavarian Open\"). Prölß/Blommaert won gold in their senior national debut at the [2013 German Championships](/wiki/2013_German_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2013 German Figure Skating Championships\"). They finished 7th at the [2013 World Junior Championships](/wiki/2013_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2013 World Junior Figure Skating Championships\").", "In 2013–14, Prölß/Blommaert debuted on the senior international level. After finishing 4th at their first two events, they took gold at the [International Cup of Nice](/wiki/International_Cup_of_Nice \"International Cup of Nice\"). They received their first senior Grand Prix assignment, the [2013 Trophée Éric Bompard](/wiki/2013_Troph%C3%A9e_%C3%89ric_Bompard \"2013 Trophée Éric Bompard\"), after France's [Daria Popova](/wiki/Daria_Popova \"Daria Popova\") / [Bruno Massot](/wiki/Bruno_Massot \"Bruno Massot\") withdrew, finishing seveneth. They then closed their season with a silver medal at the [2014 International Challenge Cup](/wiki/2014_International_Challenge_Cup \"2014 International Challenge Cup\").", "In 2014–15, Prölß/Blommaert placed seventh at [2014 Skate America](/wiki/2014_Skate_America \"2014 Skate America\") and sixth at the [2014 Rostelecom Cup](/wiki/2014_Rostelecom_Cup \"2014 Rostelecom Cup\"). The pair soon parted ways after that.", "### Partnership with Vartmann", "In the 2015–16 season, Blommaert started skating with [Mari Vartmann](/wiki/Mari_Vartmann \"Mari Vartmann\"). They won the [2015 Cup of Nice](/wiki/2015_International_Cup_of_Nice \"2015 International Cup of Nice\"). At the [2016 Europeans](/wiki/2016_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2016 European Figure Skating Championships\"), they placed 4th in the short program, 8th in the free program and 8th overall.", "Vartmann and Blommaert started the 2016–17 season on the [Challenger Series](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_ISU_Challenger_Series \"2016–17 ISU Challenger Series\"), winning bronze at both [Nebelhorn Trophy](/wiki/2016_CS_Nebelhorn_Trophy \"2016 CS Nebelhorn Trophy\") and [Finlandia Trophy](/wiki/2016_CS_Finlandia_Trophy \"2016 CS Finlandia Trophy\"). On 10 January 2017, the [Deutsche Eislauf\\-Union](/wiki/Deutsche_Eislauf-Union \"Deutsche Eislauf-Union\") announced that the two had parted ways.", "### Partnership with Hocke", "Blommaert and [Annika Hocke](/wiki/Annika_Hocke \"Annika Hocke\") announced their partnership on 9 February 2017\\. They competed at the [2018 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics \"2018 Winter Olympics\") in [Pyeongchang](/wiki/Pyeongchang \"Pyeongchang\"), [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\"), as well as at the [2018](/wiki/2018_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2018 World Figure Skating Championships\") and [2019 World Championships](/wiki/2019_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2019 World Figure Skating Championships\"), before dissolving their partnership.", "### Partnership with Pavlova", "Blommaert announced in July 2019 that he had formed a new partnership with Russian pair skater [Elena Pavlova](/wiki/Elena_Pavlova_%28figure_skater%29 \"Elena Pavlova (figure skater)\"). Due to Pavlova's visa issues, they indicated they would initially have to split time training between Russia and Germany. The pair split after one season.", "### Partnership with Efimova", "Blommaert formed a new partnership with [Alisa Efimova](/wiki/Alisa_Efimova \"Alisa Efimova\"), who had previously competed with [Alexander Korovin](/wiki/Alexander_Korovin \"Alexander Korovin\") for Russia. They placed 2nd at the [2022 German Championships](/wiki/2022_German_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2022 German Figure Skating Championships\") but were not allowed compete internationally until Efimova had been released by the Russian federation. They had their international debut at the [2022 Nebelhorn Trophy](/wiki/2022_CS_Nebelhorn_Trophy \"2022 CS Nebelhorn Trophy\"), where they placed second.{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-08\\|date\\=21 September 2022\\|title\\=Nebelhorn Trophy 2022 Oberstdorf: Neues Paar Alisa Efimova und Ruben Blommaert vor internationalem Debüt\\|url\\=https://www.eislauf\\-union.de/de/media1/news/844\\-nebelhorn\\-trophy\\-2022\\-oberstdorf\\-neues\\-paar\\-alisa\\-efimova\\-und\\-ruben\\-blommaert\\-vor\\-internationalem\\-deb%C3%BCt\\|website\\=Deutsche Eislauf\\-Union}}", "Competing on the [Grand Prix](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating \"2022–23 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating\") series, Efimova/Bloomaert competed at [2022 Skate Canada International](/wiki/2022_Skate_Canada_International \"2022 Skate Canada International\"), however, after a hard fall on a throw in the short program, Efimova bruised her thigh and the pair withdrew from the event before the free skate. Going on to compete at the [2022 Grand Prix of Espoo](/wiki/2022_Grand_Prix_of_Espoo \"2022 Grand Prix of Espoo\"), Efimova/Bloomaert won the silver medal behind [Rebecca Ghilardi](/wiki/Rebecca_Ghilardi \"Rebecca Ghilardi\") / [Filippo Ambrosini](/wiki/Filippo_Ambrosini \"Filippo Ambrosini\") of [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"). At the [2022 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb](/wiki/2022_CS_Golden_Spin_of_Zagreb \"2022 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb\"), Efimova/Bloomaert finished fifth.", "The pair didn't compete at the [2023 German Championships](/wiki/2023_German_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2023 German Figure Skating Championships\") due to Bloomaert coming down with a high fever a couple of days before the event.", "Regardless, they were still selected to compete at the [2023 European Championships](/wiki/2023_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2023 European Figure Skating Championships\") in [Espoo](/wiki/Espoo \"Espoo\"), [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\"), Efimova/Bloomaert placed third in the short program but fifth in the free skate and dropped to fifth place overall.", "Going on to compete at the [2023 World Championships](/wiki/2023_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2023 World Figure Skating Championships\") in [Saitama](/wiki/Saitama_%28city%29 \"Saitama (city)\"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"), Efimova/Bloomaert placed seventh in the short program and tenth in the free skate, finishing in tenth place overall.", "Bloomaert retired from competitive figure skating following the season, citing a lack of funding from the German Skating Union as one of the main reasons.", "" ]
### Partnership with Efimova Blommaert formed a new partnership with [Alisa Efimova](/wiki/Alisa_Efimova "Alisa Efimova"), who had previously competed with [Alexander Korovin](/wiki/Alexander_Korovin "Alexander Korovin") for Russia. They placed 2nd at the [2022 German Championships](/wiki/2022_German_Figure_Skating_Championships "2022 German Figure Skating Championships") but were not allowed compete internationally until Efimova had been released by the Russian federation. They had their international debut at the [2022 Nebelhorn Trophy](/wiki/2022_CS_Nebelhorn_Trophy "2022 CS Nebelhorn Trophy"), where they placed second.{{cite web\|access\-date\=2023\-01\-08\|date\=21 September 2022\|title\=Nebelhorn Trophy 2022 Oberstdorf: Neues Paar Alisa Efimova und Ruben Blommaert vor internationalem Debüt\|url\=https://www.eislauf\-union.de/de/media1/news/844\-nebelhorn\-trophy\-2022\-oberstdorf\-neues\-paar\-alisa\-efimova\-und\-ruben\-blommaert\-vor\-internationalem\-deb%C3%BCt\|website\=Deutsche Eislauf\-Union}} Competing on the [Grand Prix](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating "2022–23 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating") series, Efimova/Bloomaert competed at [2022 Skate Canada International](/wiki/2022_Skate_Canada_International "2022 Skate Canada International"), however, after a hard fall on a throw in the short program, Efimova bruised her thigh and the pair withdrew from the event before the free skate. Going on to compete at the [2022 Grand Prix of Espoo](/wiki/2022_Grand_Prix_of_Espoo "2022 Grand Prix of Espoo"), Efimova/Bloomaert won the silver medal behind [Rebecca Ghilardi](/wiki/Rebecca_Ghilardi "Rebecca Ghilardi") / [Filippo Ambrosini](/wiki/Filippo_Ambrosini "Filippo Ambrosini") of [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"). At the [2022 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb](/wiki/2022_CS_Golden_Spin_of_Zagreb "2022 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb"), Efimova/Bloomaert finished fifth. The pair didn't compete at the [2023 German Championships](/wiki/2023_German_Figure_Skating_Championships "2023 German Figure Skating Championships") due to Bloomaert coming down with a high fever a couple of days before the event. Regardless, they were still selected to compete at the [2023 European Championships](/wiki/2023_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "2023 European Figure Skating Championships") in [Espoo](/wiki/Espoo "Espoo"), [Finland](/wiki/Finland "Finland"), Efimova/Bloomaert placed third in the short program but fifth in the free skate and dropped to fifth place overall. Going on to compete at the [2023 World Championships](/wiki/2023_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "2023 World Figure Skating Championships") in [Saitama](/wiki/Saitama_%28city%29 "Saitama (city)"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"), Efimova/Bloomaert placed seventh in the short program and tenth in the free skate, finishing in tenth place overall. Bloomaert retired from competitive figure skating following the season, citing a lack of funding from the German Skating Union as one of the main reasons.
[ "### Partnership with Efimova", "Blommaert formed a new partnership with [Alisa Efimova](/wiki/Alisa_Efimova \"Alisa Efimova\"), who had previously competed with [Alexander Korovin](/wiki/Alexander_Korovin \"Alexander Korovin\") for Russia. They placed 2nd at the [2022 German Championships](/wiki/2022_German_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2022 German Figure Skating Championships\") but were not allowed compete internationally until Efimova had been released by the Russian federation. They had their international debut at the [2022 Nebelhorn Trophy](/wiki/2022_CS_Nebelhorn_Trophy \"2022 CS Nebelhorn Trophy\"), where they placed second.{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-08\\|date\\=21 September 2022\\|title\\=Nebelhorn Trophy 2022 Oberstdorf: Neues Paar Alisa Efimova und Ruben Blommaert vor internationalem Debüt\\|url\\=https://www.eislauf\\-union.de/de/media1/news/844\\-nebelhorn\\-trophy\\-2022\\-oberstdorf\\-neues\\-paar\\-alisa\\-efimova\\-und\\-ruben\\-blommaert\\-vor\\-internationalem\\-deb%C3%BCt\\|website\\=Deutsche Eislauf\\-Union}}", "Competing on the [Grand Prix](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating \"2022–23 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating\") series, Efimova/Bloomaert competed at [2022 Skate Canada International](/wiki/2022_Skate_Canada_International \"2022 Skate Canada International\"), however, after a hard fall on a throw in the short program, Efimova bruised her thigh and the pair withdrew from the event before the free skate. Going on to compete at the [2022 Grand Prix of Espoo](/wiki/2022_Grand_Prix_of_Espoo \"2022 Grand Prix of Espoo\"), Efimova/Bloomaert won the silver medal behind [Rebecca Ghilardi](/wiki/Rebecca_Ghilardi \"Rebecca Ghilardi\") / [Filippo Ambrosini](/wiki/Filippo_Ambrosini \"Filippo Ambrosini\") of [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"). At the [2022 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb](/wiki/2022_CS_Golden_Spin_of_Zagreb \"2022 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb\"), Efimova/Bloomaert finished fifth.", "The pair didn't compete at the [2023 German Championships](/wiki/2023_German_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2023 German Figure Skating Championships\") due to Bloomaert coming down with a high fever a couple of days before the event.", "Regardless, they were still selected to compete at the [2023 European Championships](/wiki/2023_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2023 European Figure Skating Championships\") in [Espoo](/wiki/Espoo \"Espoo\"), [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\"), Efimova/Bloomaert placed third in the short program but fifth in the free skate and dropped to fifth place overall.", "Going on to compete at the [2023 World Championships](/wiki/2023_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2023 World Figure Skating Championships\") in [Saitama](/wiki/Saitama_%28city%29 \"Saitama (city)\"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"), Efimova/Bloomaert placed seventh in the short program and tenth in the free skate, finishing in tenth place overall.", "Bloomaert retired from competitive figure skating following the season, citing a lack of funding from the German Skating Union as one of the main reasons.", "" ]
History ------- ### Saniel Bonder In early 1974 Saniel Bonder joined the community of the American spiritual teacher [Bubba Free John](/wiki/Bubba_Free_John "Bubba Free John") (later known as [Adi Da](/wiki/Adi_Da "Adi Da")) where he quickly became a principal writer, editor, and educator. In 1990, he published a full\-length biography of Adi Da, and went on tour promoting the book and his teacher’s spiritual work.Bonder, Saniel (1998\), Waking Down p. 7 In 1992, after 18 years of study and leadership in that community, Bonder found himself in personal crisis. He struggled with a loss of integrity that he experienced as the mouthpiece of a spiritual community that he increasingly perceived as dictatorial. In December, shortly after leaving Adi Da's work, he described himself as experiencing a new state of spiritual awakening.Jones, Constance and Ryan, James D. (2007\) Encyclopedia of Hinduism p.88 He called this shift "the second birth," because his experience of the deep unity of spirit and matter was (as he saw it) a profound rebirth and renewal of his entire being. Bonder later stated that the overly controlling guru\-centric path of his former teacher had become an expression of dysfunction.Bonder Saniel (2002\), Sure Fire pp. 140\-141 The use of formulas or strategies that are imposed despite how one feels about them is described as part of the "Hypermasculine" tendency and is considered counterproductive in the spiritual life.Ridley, Charles (2006\) Stillness: Biodynamic Cranial Practice and the Evolution of Consciousness p.21 ### Ma Tam Temple of Being In 1995 Saniel Bonder established a nonprofit organization: "Ma\-Tam [Temple](/wiki/Temple "Temple") of [Being](/wiki/Being "Being")."Bonder, Saniel (1998\), The White Hot Yoga of the Heart p. x The following year Bonder began holding open sittings in his small apartment in Marin County, California.Bonder, Saniel (2000\), The Incarnation of Mutuality p. 26 He advocated the notion of "mutuality": a perspective that recognizes the need for the functional hierarchy between student and teacher but endeavors to simultaneously keep sight of the equality between them in their interactions.Khalsa, Sat Puran Singh (2008\) Journey into Spiritual Maturity: A Thematic Analysis of Transpersonal Development p. 63 Students that attended these sittings spoke about their lives and their own sense of their "awakening process." In turn, Bonder offered counseling and what he termed "spiritual transmission": the communication of what he and his students considered his awakened state through gazing [meditation](/wiki/Meditation "Meditation"), open conversation, and simply being together.["History of Waking Down in Mutuality"](http://awakenedmutuality.org/wakingdown_history/) Bonder then began naming advanced students as fellow teachers and taught with them alongside his partner (and present wife) Linda Groves. He explicitly recognized fellow Waking Down teachers as colleagues rather than subordinates, stating that this was a further distinction between himself and his former teacher.Bonder Saniel (2002\), Sure Fire pp. 170\-171 In 1997 WDM teacher Ted Strauss organized a Waking Down Weekend workshop in collaboration with Bonder and other teachers. Thereafter, weekend workshops became an ongoing activity and staple of WDM work. With a new influx of students, Bonder and other Waking Down teachers developed the first teacher certification\-training program in April 2001\. ### The Waking Down Teachers Association and The Institute of Awakened Mutuality Ma Tam Temple of Being had been organized as a vehicle for Saniel Bonder's work. As more teachers were trained and the movement grew, the limits of an organization structured around a single teacher became apparent to both Bonder and the teachers involved. Many Waking Down teachers wanted to operate autonomously. It was stated by Bonder that the contradiction inherent in an organization of teachers of "mutuality" that was not owned and run by the teachers themselves was also uncomfortable for him. Starting in 2004 there were a number of attempts, mainly initiated by Bonder himself, to come up with a new way of organizing which distributed power more equitably. At the same time there was a consensus among WDM teachers that the training of new teachers in a standardized fashion was useful and that there was a need for organization to safeguard standards.Awakened Mutuality website In February 2005, teachers CC Leigh, Krishna Gauci, and Ron Ambes formed "the Interim Advisors" and began working together to redesign the organizational structures of Waking Down in Mutuality. This was done at the instigation of Bonder and the other Waking Down teachers. In spring of 2005 all involved unanimously approved the restructuring plans and the Waking Down Teachers Association was incorporated.Trillium Awakening \- In Depth History All teachers of Waking Down, including founder Saniel Bonder, were equal members of the Waking Down Teachers Association (WDTA). The WDTA was a 501(c)(6\) professional association created for the support of its members in their own work as autonomous teachers. All members agreed to abide by the ethics policies and to maintain a relationship with a peer supervision group through mandatory monthly mutuality support groups of 5 or 6 members. In 2005 those members of WDTA who wished to train new Waking Down teachers (and educate through teaching seminars) formed The Institute of Awakened Mutuality (IAM), a 501(c)(3\) educational non\-profit corporation. This was done with the full and explicit ongoing support of the WDTA. IAM founding members were Hillary Davis, Deborah Boyar, Krishna Gauci, and Ron Ambes.["Institute of Awakened Mutuality website"](http://awakenedmutuality.org/about-2/) Despite the surface functionality in the relationship between Saniel and the WDTA for many years, undercurrents simmered and erupted from time to time, reflecting the inherent “genetic” differences of a founder in relationship with a collective of teachers. These longstanding tensions called for resolution in January 2014, when the WDTA used its established grievance process to address Saniel’s conduct in light of its longstanding ethics policies regulating teachers’ expression of anger and power. In March 2014, Saniel declared his intention to relinquish his WDTA membership. In May 2014, he \& Linda Groves\-Bonder applied privately to register the terms “Waking Down®” and “Waking Down in Mutuality®”, for which they were granted trademarks several months later. For over a year, the WDTA and Saniel \& Linda engaged in confidential negotiations to craft an agreement designating the WDTA as Saniel \& Linda’s sole licensee authorized to use the terms “Waking Down” and “Waking Down in Mutuality” to brand its teachers’ work and course offerings. On June 6, 2015, Saniel, Linda, and their attorney terminated negotiations and indicated that the WDTA should rename itself and its work within a reasonable transition period. ### The Trillium Awakening Teachers Circle (TATC) On June 16, 2015, a vote was taken, and 33 teachers unanimously chose to rename the organization. The name Trillium Awakening™ was selected to describe the organization’s educational offerings and coaching services on December 10, 2015, and the Waking Down Teachers Association was renamed as the Trillium Awakening Teachers Circle (TATC) on January 10, 2016\. It continues as a professional association of awakened, self\-actualizing, autonomous teachers, chartered to help raise awareness of Trillium Awakening offerings and provide mutual support for its members. The Trillium Awakening Teachers Circle (TATC) and Institute of Awakened Mutuality (IAM) are non\-profit organizations that provide Trillium Awakening™ courses and services, which are based on the teachings of Waking Down in Mutuality. All Trillium Awakening teachers are free and independent agents and are officially encouraged to offer the work in their own unique ways.\[6]
[ "History\n-------", "### Saniel Bonder", "In early 1974 Saniel Bonder joined the community of the American spiritual teacher [Bubba Free John](/wiki/Bubba_Free_John \"Bubba Free John\") (later known as [Adi Da](/wiki/Adi_Da \"Adi Da\")) where he quickly became a principal writer,\neditor, and educator. In 1990, he published a full\\-length biography of Adi Da, and went on tour promoting the book and his teacher’s spiritual work.Bonder, Saniel (1998\\), Waking Down p. 7 In 1992, after 18 years of study and leadership in that community, Bonder found himself in personal crisis. He struggled with a loss of integrity that he experienced as the mouthpiece of a spiritual community that he increasingly perceived as dictatorial. In December, shortly after leaving Adi Da's work, he described himself as experiencing a new state of spiritual awakening.Jones, Constance and Ryan, James D. (2007\\) Encyclopedia of Hinduism p.88 He called this shift \"the second birth,\" because his experience of the deep unity of spirit and matter was (as he saw it) a profound rebirth and renewal of his entire being. Bonder later stated that the overly controlling guru\\-centric path of his former teacher had become an expression of dysfunction.Bonder Saniel (2002\\), Sure Fire pp. 140\\-141 The use of formulas or strategies that are imposed despite how one feels about them is described as part of the \"Hypermasculine\" tendency and is considered counterproductive in the spiritual life.Ridley, Charles (2006\\) Stillness: Biodynamic Cranial Practice and the Evolution of Consciousness p.21", "### Ma Tam Temple of Being", "In 1995 Saniel Bonder established a nonprofit organization: \"Ma\\-Tam [Temple](/wiki/Temple \"Temple\") of [Being](/wiki/Being \"Being\").\"Bonder, Saniel (1998\\), The White Hot Yoga of the Heart p. x\nThe following year Bonder began holding open sittings in his small apartment in Marin County, California.Bonder, Saniel (2000\\), The Incarnation of Mutuality p. 26 He advocated the notion of \"mutuality\": a perspective that recognizes the need for the functional hierarchy between student and teacher but endeavors to simultaneously keep sight of the equality between them in their interactions.Khalsa, Sat Puran Singh (2008\\) Journey into Spiritual Maturity: A Thematic Analysis of Transpersonal Development p. 63 Students that attended these sittings spoke about their lives and their own sense of their \"awakening process.\" In turn, Bonder offered counseling and what he termed \"spiritual transmission\": the communication of what he and his students considered his awakened state through gazing [meditation](/wiki/Meditation \"Meditation\"), open conversation, and simply being together.[\"History of Waking Down in Mutuality\"](http://awakenedmutuality.org/wakingdown_history/) \nBonder then began naming advanced students as fellow teachers and taught with them alongside his partner (and present wife) Linda Groves. He explicitly recognized fellow Waking Down teachers as colleagues rather than subordinates, stating that this was a further distinction between himself and his former teacher.Bonder Saniel (2002\\), Sure Fire pp. 170\\-171", "In 1997 WDM teacher Ted Strauss organized a Waking Down Weekend workshop in collaboration with Bonder and other teachers. Thereafter, weekend workshops became an ongoing activity and staple of WDM work. With a new influx of students, Bonder and other Waking Down teachers developed the first teacher certification\\-training program in April 2001\\.", "### The Waking Down Teachers Association and The Institute of Awakened Mutuality", "Ma Tam Temple of Being had been organized as a vehicle for Saniel Bonder's work. As more teachers were trained and the movement grew, the limits of an organization structured around a single teacher became apparent to both Bonder and the teachers involved. Many Waking Down teachers wanted to operate autonomously. It was stated by Bonder that the contradiction inherent in an organization of teachers of \"mutuality\" that was not owned and run by the teachers themselves was also uncomfortable for him. Starting in 2004 there were a number of attempts, mainly initiated by Bonder himself, to come up with a new way of organizing which distributed power more equitably. At the same time there was a consensus among WDM teachers that the training of new teachers in a standardized fashion was useful and that there was a need for organization to safeguard standards.Awakened Mutuality website", "In February 2005, teachers CC Leigh, Krishna Gauci, and Ron Ambes formed \"the Interim Advisors\" and began working together to redesign the organizational structures of Waking Down in Mutuality. This was done at the instigation of Bonder and the other Waking Down teachers. In spring of 2005 all involved unanimously approved the restructuring plans and the Waking Down Teachers Association was incorporated.Trillium Awakening \\- In Depth History", "All teachers of Waking Down, including founder Saniel Bonder, were equal members of the Waking Down Teachers Association (WDTA). The WDTA was a 501(c)(6\\) professional association created for the support of its members in their own work as autonomous teachers. All members agreed to abide by the ethics policies and to maintain a relationship with a peer supervision group through mandatory monthly mutuality support groups of 5 or 6 members.", "In 2005 those members of WDTA who wished to train new Waking Down teachers (and educate through teaching seminars) formed The Institute of Awakened Mutuality (IAM), a 501(c)(3\\) educational non\\-profit corporation. This was done with the full and explicit ongoing support of the WDTA. IAM founding members were Hillary Davis, Deborah Boyar, Krishna Gauci, and Ron Ambes.[\"Institute of Awakened Mutuality website\"](http://awakenedmutuality.org/about-2/)", "Despite the surface functionality in the relationship between Saniel and the WDTA for many years, undercurrents simmered and erupted from time to time, reflecting the inherent “genetic” differences of a founder in relationship with a collective of teachers. These longstanding tensions called for resolution in January 2014, when the WDTA used its established grievance process to address Saniel’s conduct in light of its longstanding ethics policies regulating teachers’ expression of anger and power. In March 2014, Saniel declared his intention to relinquish his WDTA membership. In May 2014, he \\& Linda Groves\\-Bonder applied privately to register the terms “Waking Down®” and “Waking Down in Mutuality®”, for which they were granted trademarks several months later.", "For over a year, the WDTA and Saniel \\& Linda engaged in confidential negotiations to craft an agreement designating the WDTA as Saniel \\& Linda’s sole licensee authorized to use the terms “Waking Down” and “Waking Down in Mutuality” to brand its teachers’ work and course offerings. On June 6, 2015, Saniel, Linda, and their attorney terminated negotiations and indicated that the WDTA should rename itself and its work within a reasonable transition period.", "### The Trillium Awakening Teachers Circle (TATC)", "On June 16, 2015, a vote was taken, and 33 teachers unanimously chose to rename the organization. The name Trillium Awakening™ was selected to describe the organization’s educational offerings and coaching services on December 10, 2015, and the Waking Down Teachers Association was renamed as the Trillium Awakening Teachers Circle (TATC) on January 10, 2016\\. It continues as a professional association of awakened, self\\-actualizing, autonomous teachers, chartered to help raise awareness of Trillium Awakening offerings and provide mutual support for its members.", "The Trillium Awakening Teachers Circle (TATC) and Institute of Awakened Mutuality (IAM) are non\\-profit organizations that provide Trillium Awakening™ courses and services, which are based on the teachings of Waking Down in Mutuality. All Trillium Awakening teachers are free and independent agents and are officially encouraged to offer the work in their own unique ways.\\[6]", "" ]
Biography --------- In the early 20th century, she published without co\-authors,.{{Cite journal\|last\=Stearns\|first\=Norah\|date\=1935\|title\=Annotated Bibliography and Index of Geology and Water Supply of the Island of Oahu, Hawaii (Bulletin 3\)\|hdl\=10524/36304}} Her work continued to be cited in the later 20th century.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=8I88kpa8zOAC\&q\=norah%20dowell%20stearns%20arizona\&pg\=PA256\|title\=Thermal Springs of the United States and Other Countries: A Summary\|last1\=Waring\|first1\=Gerald Ashley\|last2\=Blankenship\|first2\=Reginald R.\|date\=1965\|publisher\=U.S. Government Printing Office}}{{Cite journal\|last\=Vincent\|first\=Aude\|date\=2020\-08\-04\|title\=Reclaiming the memory of pioneer female geologists 1800–1929\|url\=https://adgeo.copernicus.org/articles/53/129/2020/\|journal\=Advances in Geosciences\|language\=en\|publisher\=Copernicus GmbH\|volume\=53\|pages\=129–154\|doi\=10\.5194/adgeo\-53\-129\-2020\|bibcode\=2020AdG....53\..129V\|doi\-access\=free}} She frequently collaborated with her husband, Harold Thornton Stearns, who was also a [geologist](/wiki/Geologist "Geologist").{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=C9wLAAAAYAAJ\|title\=Geology and Ground\-water Resources of the Island of Oahu, Hawaii\-\-Supplement to the Geology and Ground\-water Resources of the Island of Oahu, Hawaii\|last1\=Stearns\|first1\=Harold Thornton\|last2\=Vaksvik\|first2\=Knute N.\|last3\=Swartz\|first3\=Joel Howard\|last4\=Macdonald\|first4\=Gordon Andrew\|date\=1935\|publisher\=Maui Publishing Company, prepared}}{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=v15FwQEACAAJ\&q\=norah\+dowell\+stearns\|title\=Thermal Springs in the United States\|last1\=Stearns\|first1\=Norah D.\|last2\=Stearns\|first2\=Harold Thornton\|last3\=Waring\|first3\=Gerald Ashley\|date\=1937\|publisher\=U.S. Government Printing Office}} Although there are few records about her education, she is referred to as Dr. Norah D. Stearns, suggesting that she received a PhD. She was an American hydrogeologist and one of the first women to contribute to the field of hydrogeology. Norah Stearns was born on June 14, 1891, in the city of Providence of Rhode Island. She got her undergraduate degree in 1913 from Browns University.{{Cite web \|date\=2020\-10\-26 \|title\=Norah Dowell Stearns \|last\=Vincent\|first\=Aude\|website\=Trowelblazers \|url\=https://trowelblazers.com/2020/10/26/norah\-dowell\-stearns/ \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-16 \|language\=en\-GB}} Later in 1916, she would obtain a pHD in geography from the same university. Starting in 1924, Norah Stearns would work for the United States Geological Survey (specifically the Groundwater Division which was directed by [Oscar Edward Meinzer](/wiki/Oscar_Edward_Meinzer "Oscar Edward Meinzer")). Norah Stearns married Harold Thornton Stearns, a geoscientist, in 1925\. It is speculated that they met while working at the Groundwater Division Project Together they would have two children. The oldest being Stanley Stearns (1926\-2013\) and a younger daughter, Dorothy E. Stearns (1927\-?). Together, they would travel through the United States for work. After Norah and Harold divorced in 1938, she moved to Seattle with her children. Vincent believes that she then started working for the [Office of Strategic Services](/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services "Office of Strategic Services"), a precursor to the [CIA](/wiki/CIA "CIA"), and worked there until 1962\.{{Better source needed\|date\=July 2023}} Although little is known about her later life, it is evident that she was an overlooked but accomplished geologist. In the early 20th century, she published without co\-authors. Her work continued to be cited in the later 20th century. She frequently collaborated with her husband, Harold Thornton Stearns who was also a geologist Her sister Dorothy was one of the [Hopevale Martyrs](/wiki/Hopevale_Martyrs "Hopevale Martyrs").USA census 1900 and 1910 and established them as siblings ([https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ\-GRKD\-VHD?i\=9\&cc\=1727033\&personaUrl\=%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3AMPX3\-8K1](https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GRKD-VHD?i=9&cc=1727033&personaUrl=%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3AMPX3-8K1)) Norah Stearn worked on papers with Harold. T Stearns but the credit was only given to her husband, it is suggested that she could have contributed to other pieces of work but did not receive credit for them.
[ "Biography\n---------", "In the early 20th century, she published without co\\-authors,.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Stearns\\|first\\=Norah\\|date\\=1935\\|title\\=Annotated Bibliography and Index of Geology and Water Supply of the Island of Oahu, Hawaii (Bulletin 3\\)\\|hdl\\=10524/36304}} Her work continued to be cited in the later 20th century.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8I88kpa8zOAC\\&q\\=norah%20dowell%20stearns%20arizona\\&pg\\=PA256\\|title\\=Thermal Springs of the United States and Other Countries: A Summary\\|last1\\=Waring\\|first1\\=Gerald Ashley\\|last2\\=Blankenship\\|first2\\=Reginald R.\\|date\\=1965\\|publisher\\=U.S. Government Printing Office}}{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Vincent\\|first\\=Aude\\|date\\=2020\\-08\\-04\\|title\\=Reclaiming the memory of pioneer female geologists 1800–1929\\|url\\=https://adgeo.copernicus.org/articles/53/129/2020/\\|journal\\=Advances in Geosciences\\|language\\=en\\|publisher\\=Copernicus GmbH\\|volume\\=53\\|pages\\=129–154\\|doi\\=10\\.5194/adgeo\\-53\\-129\\-2020\\|bibcode\\=2020AdG....53\\..129V\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}", "She frequently collaborated with her husband, Harold Thornton Stearns, who was also a [geologist](/wiki/Geologist \"Geologist\").{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=C9wLAAAAYAAJ\\|title\\=Geology and Ground\\-water Resources of the Island of Oahu, Hawaii\\-\\-Supplement to the Geology and Ground\\-water Resources of the Island of Oahu, Hawaii\\|last1\\=Stearns\\|first1\\=Harold Thornton\\|last2\\=Vaksvik\\|first2\\=Knute N.\\|last3\\=Swartz\\|first3\\=Joel Howard\\|last4\\=Macdonald\\|first4\\=Gordon Andrew\\|date\\=1935\\|publisher\\=Maui Publishing Company, prepared}}{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=v15FwQEACAAJ\\&q\\=norah\\+dowell\\+stearns\\|title\\=Thermal Springs in the United States\\|last1\\=Stearns\\|first1\\=Norah D.\\|last2\\=Stearns\\|first2\\=Harold Thornton\\|last3\\=Waring\\|first3\\=Gerald Ashley\\|date\\=1937\\|publisher\\=U.S. Government Printing Office}} Although there are few records about her education, she is referred to as Dr. Norah D. Stearns, suggesting that she received a PhD.", "She was an American hydrogeologist and one of the first women to contribute to the field of hydrogeology. Norah Stearns was born on June 14, 1891, in the city of Providence of Rhode Island. She got her undergraduate degree in 1913 from Browns University.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2020\\-10\\-26 \\|title\\=Norah Dowell Stearns \\|last\\=Vincent\\|first\\=Aude\\|website\\=Trowelblazers \\|url\\=https://trowelblazers.com/2020/10/26/norah\\-dowell\\-stearns/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-16 \\|language\\=en\\-GB}} Later in 1916, she would obtain a pHD in geography from the same university. Starting in 1924, Norah Stearns would work for the United States Geological Survey (specifically the Groundwater Division which was directed by [Oscar Edward Meinzer](/wiki/Oscar_Edward_Meinzer \"Oscar Edward Meinzer\")).", "Norah Stearns married Harold Thornton Stearns, a geoscientist, in 1925\\. It is speculated that they met while working at the Groundwater Division Project Together they would have two children. The oldest being Stanley Stearns (1926\\-2013\\) and a younger daughter, Dorothy E. Stearns (1927\\-?). Together, they would travel through the United States for work.", "After Norah and Harold divorced in 1938, she moved to Seattle with her children. Vincent believes that she then started working for the [Office of Strategic Services](/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services \"Office of Strategic Services\"), a precursor to the [CIA](/wiki/CIA \"CIA\"), and worked there until 1962\\.{{Better source needed\\|date\\=July 2023}} Although little is known about her later life, it is evident that she was an overlooked but accomplished geologist.", "In the early 20th century, she published without co\\-authors. Her work continued to be cited in the later 20th century.", "She frequently collaborated with her husband, Harold Thornton Stearns who was also a geologist", "Her sister Dorothy was one of the [Hopevale Martyrs](/wiki/Hopevale_Martyrs \"Hopevale Martyrs\").USA census 1900 and 1910 and established them as siblings ([https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ\\-GRKD\\-VHD?i\\=9\\&cc\\=1727033\\&personaUrl\\=%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3AMPX3\\-8K1](https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GRKD-VHD?i=9&cc=1727033&personaUrl=%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3AMPX3-8K1))", "Norah Stearn worked on papers with Harold. T Stearns but the credit was only given to her husband, it is suggested that she could have contributed to other pieces of work but did not receive credit for them.", "" ]
Renovations ----------- {{update\|section\|date\=April 2016}} Renovations to Doug Kingsmore Stadium began in the summer of 2002\. The design was done by HOK Sport (now [Populous](/wiki/Populous_%28architects%29 "Populous (architects)")) and construction by Yeargin Potter Shackelford Construction. The stadium has a brick facade that surrounds every entrance. A green roof that covers much more of the stands and a press box that is twice as large adds to the comfort of fans attending the game and the media covering it. The [press box](/wiki/Press_box "Press box"), which is accessible by elevator, includes four large booths for broadcasting and a separate media center that accommodates 13 writers. There is also a patio area outside the press box that is above the existing stands along the first and third\-base lines. It is used for receptions and other events throughout the year. Two ticket booths, concession stands with an adjoining picnic area, and enlarged restrooms make the facility easily accessible and fan\-friendly. Reserved seats were also added to the grandstand. A grand stairway leading from the McFadden parking lot to the main entrance is an added feature from a convenience and aesthetic aspect. The players also realize improvements, as four batting cages have been constructed beyond the right\-field fence. The dugouts have been almost doubled in length and width. And the players have a newly renovated locker room and lounge. Prior to 2005, PawVision, the giant replay screen that was used in the [football stadium](/wiki/Memorial_Stadium_%28Clemson%29 "Memorial Stadium (Clemson)") (1997–2004\), was moved to Doug Kingsmore Stadium. The facility is also equipped with a [Super Sopper](/wiki/Super_Sopper "Super Sopper"), which cuts down on rainouts. Clemson is one of a few schools with this machine that removes water from the field.{{cite web \|url\=http://clemsontigers.cstv.com/school\-bio/facilities\-baseball.html \|title\=Doug Kingsmore Stadium \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708212517/http://clemsontigers.cstv.com/school\-bio/facilities\-baseball.html \|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-08 \|access\-date\=March 14, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }} New Stadium Features: * Ornamental metal fence * Plaza area * Brick façade * Overhanging roof * Enlarged \& temperature\-controlled press box * Patio areas above the stands * Ticket booths * Enlarged concession stands * Enlarged restrooms * Chair\-back seats * Left\-field grandstand * Grand stairway entrance with Hall of Fame area * Indoor batting cages * Enlarged dugouts * V.I.P. parking lot and drop\-off * "PawVision" giant replay screen The diamond has an unorthodox southerly alignment (home plate to center field); the recommended orientation is {{nowrap\|east\-northeast.{{cite web\|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/documents/0/8/0/268272080/2018\_Official\_Baseball\_Rules.pdf \|publisher\=Major League Baseball \|title\=Official Baseball Rules: 2\.01 Layout of the Field \|date\=2018 \|page\=2}}}} The [elevation](/wiki/Elevation "Elevation") of the field is approximately {{convert\|600\|ft\|round\=5}} above [sea level](/wiki/Sea_level "Sea level").
[ "Renovations\n-----------", "{{update\\|section\\|date\\=April 2016}}\nRenovations to Doug Kingsmore Stadium began in the summer of 2002\\. The design was done by HOK Sport (now [Populous](/wiki/Populous_%28architects%29 \"Populous (architects)\")) and construction by Yeargin Potter Shackelford Construction. The stadium has a brick facade that surrounds every entrance. A green roof that covers much more of the stands and a press box that is twice as large adds to the comfort of fans attending the game and the media covering it. The [press box](/wiki/Press_box \"Press box\"), which is accessible by elevator, includes four large booths for broadcasting and a separate media center that accommodates 13 writers.", "There is also a patio area outside the press box that is above the existing stands along the first and third\\-base lines. It is used for receptions and other events throughout the year.", "Two ticket booths, concession stands with an adjoining picnic area, and enlarged restrooms make the facility easily accessible and fan\\-friendly. Reserved seats were also added to the grandstand. A grand stairway leading from the McFadden parking lot to the main entrance is an added feature from a convenience and aesthetic aspect.", "The players also realize improvements, as four batting cages have been constructed beyond the right\\-field fence. The dugouts have been almost doubled in length and width. And the players have a newly renovated locker room and lounge.", "Prior to 2005, PawVision, the giant replay screen that was used in the [football stadium](/wiki/Memorial_Stadium_%28Clemson%29 \"Memorial Stadium (Clemson)\") (1997–2004\\), was moved to Doug Kingsmore Stadium.", "The facility is also equipped with a [Super Sopper](/wiki/Super_Sopper \"Super Sopper\"), which cuts down on rainouts. Clemson is one of a few schools with this machine that removes water from the field.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://clemsontigers.cstv.com/school\\-bio/facilities\\-baseball.html \\|title\\=Doug Kingsmore Stadium \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708212517/http://clemsontigers.cstv.com/school\\-bio/facilities\\-baseball.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-08 \\|access\\-date\\=March 14, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "New Stadium Features:\n* Ornamental metal fence\n* Plaza area\n* Brick façade\n* Overhanging roof\n* Enlarged \\& temperature\\-controlled press box\n* Patio areas above the stands\n* Ticket booths\n* Enlarged concession stands\n* Enlarged restrooms\n* Chair\\-back seats\n* Left\\-field grandstand\n* Grand stairway entrance with Hall of Fame area\n* Indoor batting cages\n* Enlarged dugouts\n* V.I.P. parking lot and drop\\-off\n* \"PawVision\" giant replay screen\nThe diamond has an unorthodox southerly alignment (home plate to center field); the recommended orientation is {{nowrap\\|east\\-northeast.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/documents/0/8/0/268272080/2018\\_Official\\_Baseball\\_Rules.pdf \\|publisher\\=Major League Baseball \\|title\\=Official Baseball Rules: 2\\.01 Layout of the Field \\|date\\=2018 \\|page\\=2}}}} The [elevation](/wiki/Elevation \"Elevation\") of the field is approximately {{convert\\|600\\|ft\\|round\\=5}} above [sea level](/wiki/Sea_level \"Sea level\").", "" ]
Geography --------- [thumb\|left\|180px\|View of the [Valleys of Coma Pedrosa](/wiki/Parc_Natural_Comunal_de_les_Valls_del_Comapedrosa "Parc Natural Comunal de les Valls del Comapedrosa").](/wiki/File:Valls_del_Comapedrosa_%28la_Massana%29_-_73.jpg "Valls del Comapedrosa (la Massana) - 73.jpg") ### Physical geography The parish has an area of {{convert\|65\|km2}}, and adjoins the neighbouring parishes of [Ordino](/wiki/Ordino "Ordino"), [Encamp](/wiki/Encamp "Encamp"), [Escaldes\-Engordany](/wiki/Escaldes-Engordany "Escaldes-Engordany"), and [Andorra la Vella](/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella "Andorra la Vella"), and also France ([Occitanie](/wiki/Occitania_%28administrative_region%29 "Occitania (administrative region)")) and Spain ([Catalonia](/wiki/Catalonia "Catalonia")). There is {{convert\|262\|ha}} of [agricultural](/wiki/Agricultural "Agricultural") land, 14% of the total agricultural land in Andorra. The main villages are *La Massana* (the capital city itself), [Pal](/wiki/Pal%2C_Andorra "Pal, Andorra"), [Arinsal](/wiki/Arinsal "Arinsal"), [Anyós](/wiki/Any%C3%B3s "Anyós"), [Erts](/wiki/Erts "Erts"), [Sispony](/wiki/Sispony "Sispony"), [L'Aldosa](/wiki/L%27Aldosa%2C_La_Massana "L'Aldosa, La Massana"), and [Escàs](/wiki/Esc%C3%A0s "Escàs"). Other settlements are [Xixerella](/wiki/Xixerella "Xixerella"), Mas de Ribafeta, El Pui, and Puiol del Piu. [Coma Pedrosa](/wiki/Coma_Pedrosa "Coma Pedrosa") in the north\-west of the parish is the highest point in the Principality of Andorra at {{convert\|2942\|m\|ft}}, and has panoramic views of the Pyrenees. The mountain is also the site of the [Coma Pedrosa Nature Reserve](/wiki/Parc_Natural_Comunal_de_les_Valls_del_Comapedrosa "Parc Natural Comunal de les Valls del Comapedrosa"). It is covered by heavy snowfalls in winter, and usually retains some snow cover in summer. The four next\-highest peaks are [Medacorba](/wiki/Medecourbe "Medecourbe") (2914 m), [Sanfonts](/wiki/Pic_de_Sanfonts "Pic de Sanfonts") (2888 m), [Pla de l'Estany](/wiki/Pla_de_l%27Estany%2C_Andorra "Pla de l'Estany, Andorra") (2859 m), and [Racofred](/wiki/Racofred "Racofred") (2837 m). The town of La Massana has an average elevation of {{convert\|1240\|m\|ft\|\-1}} above sea\-level. There are four lakes: [Forcats](/wiki/Roca_Entravessada "Roca Entravessada"), [Montmantell](/wiki/Montmantell "Montmantell"), [Estany Negre](/wiki/Pic_de_Sanfonts "Pic de Sanfonts"), and [Les Truites Lake](/wiki/Pic_dels_Aspres "Pic dels Aspres"). The parish has three main rivers. The Valira del Nord, which begins at the Llac de Tristaina, is a {{convert\|14\|km\|adj\=on}} long tributary of the [Gran Valira](/wiki/Gran_Valira "Gran Valira"). There are also the Pal and the Montaner. The mountains have rough pastures with numerous native species of Pyrenean [wildflowers](/wiki/Wildflowers "Wildflowers"), and extensive forests of pines, firs, birches, wild cherries, and oaks. ### Climate The average annual temperature of La Massana town is {{convert\|8\|C\|F}}. Across the whole parish, the climate varies greatly with elevation. Regions above the [Alpine tree line](/wiki/Tree_line%23Alpine_tree_lines "Tree line#Alpine tree lines") at about 2100–2400 m have an [alpine climate](/wiki/Alpine_climate "Alpine climate") and [alpine tundra](/wiki/Alpine_tundra "Alpine tundra"). The valleys have a milder climate that is essentially [temperate](/wiki/Temperate "Temperate").
[ "Geography\n---------", "[thumb\\|left\\|180px\\|View of the [Valleys of Coma Pedrosa](/wiki/Parc_Natural_Comunal_de_les_Valls_del_Comapedrosa \"Parc Natural Comunal de les Valls del Comapedrosa\").](/wiki/File:Valls_del_Comapedrosa_%28la_Massana%29_-_73.jpg \"Valls del Comapedrosa (la Massana) - 73.jpg\")", "### Physical geography", "The parish has an area of {{convert\\|65\\|km2}}, and adjoins the neighbouring parishes of [Ordino](/wiki/Ordino \"Ordino\"), [Encamp](/wiki/Encamp \"Encamp\"), [Escaldes\\-Engordany](/wiki/Escaldes-Engordany \"Escaldes-Engordany\"), and [Andorra la Vella](/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella \"Andorra la Vella\"), and also France ([Occitanie](/wiki/Occitania_%28administrative_region%29 \"Occitania (administrative region)\")) and Spain ([Catalonia](/wiki/Catalonia \"Catalonia\")). There is {{convert\\|262\\|ha}} of [agricultural](/wiki/Agricultural \"Agricultural\") land, 14% of the total agricultural land in Andorra.", "The main villages are *La Massana* (the capital city itself), [Pal](/wiki/Pal%2C_Andorra \"Pal, Andorra\"), [Arinsal](/wiki/Arinsal \"Arinsal\"), [Anyós](/wiki/Any%C3%B3s \"Anyós\"), [Erts](/wiki/Erts \"Erts\"), [Sispony](/wiki/Sispony \"Sispony\"), [L'Aldosa](/wiki/L%27Aldosa%2C_La_Massana \"L'Aldosa, La Massana\"), and [Escàs](/wiki/Esc%C3%A0s \"Escàs\"). Other settlements are [Xixerella](/wiki/Xixerella \"Xixerella\"), Mas de Ribafeta, El Pui, and Puiol del Piu.", "[Coma Pedrosa](/wiki/Coma_Pedrosa \"Coma Pedrosa\") in the north\\-west of the parish is the highest point in the Principality of Andorra at {{convert\\|2942\\|m\\|ft}}, and has panoramic views of the Pyrenees. The mountain is also the site of the [Coma Pedrosa Nature Reserve](/wiki/Parc_Natural_Comunal_de_les_Valls_del_Comapedrosa \"Parc Natural Comunal de les Valls del Comapedrosa\"). It is covered by heavy snowfalls in winter, and usually retains some snow cover in summer. The four next\\-highest peaks are [Medacorba](/wiki/Medecourbe \"Medecourbe\") (2914 m), [Sanfonts](/wiki/Pic_de_Sanfonts \"Pic de Sanfonts\") (2888 m), [Pla de l'Estany](/wiki/Pla_de_l%27Estany%2C_Andorra \"Pla de l'Estany, Andorra\") (2859 m), and [Racofred](/wiki/Racofred \"Racofred\") (2837 m). The town of La Massana has an average elevation of {{convert\\|1240\\|m\\|ft\\|\\-1}} above sea\\-level. There are four lakes: [Forcats](/wiki/Roca_Entravessada \"Roca Entravessada\"), [Montmantell](/wiki/Montmantell \"Montmantell\"), [Estany Negre](/wiki/Pic_de_Sanfonts \"Pic de Sanfonts\"), and [Les Truites Lake](/wiki/Pic_dels_Aspres \"Pic dels Aspres\").", "The parish has three main rivers. The Valira del Nord, which begins at the Llac de Tristaina, is a {{convert\\|14\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} long tributary of the [Gran Valira](/wiki/Gran_Valira \"Gran Valira\"). There are also the Pal and the Montaner.", "The mountains have rough pastures with numerous native species of Pyrenean [wildflowers](/wiki/Wildflowers \"Wildflowers\"), and extensive forests of pines, firs, birches, wild cherries, and oaks.", "### Climate", "The average annual temperature of La Massana town is {{convert\\|8\\|C\\|F}}. Across the whole parish, the climate varies greatly with elevation. Regions above the [Alpine tree line](/wiki/Tree_line%23Alpine_tree_lines \"Tree line#Alpine tree lines\") at about 2100–2400 m have an [alpine climate](/wiki/Alpine_climate \"Alpine climate\") and [alpine tundra](/wiki/Alpine_tundra \"Alpine tundra\"). The valleys have a milder climate that is essentially [temperate](/wiki/Temperate \"Temperate\").", "" ]
Transport --------- The transport infrastructure consists of roads, road tunnels, [gondola lifts](/wiki/Gondola_lift "Gondola lift"), and two heliports. There are no railways, ports, airports, or navigable waterways. ### Buses There are regular bus services throughout the rural and metropolitan areas of the parish. There are services to most destinations inside Andorra and several long\-distance services to destinations outside Andorra such as Barcelona and Toulouse. ### Road infrastructure The parish is linked to the neighbouring parish of [Ordino](/wiki/Ordino "Ordino") by the CG\-3 main road, and to the capital, [Andorra La Vella](/wiki/Andorra_La_Vella "Andorra La Vella"), by the CG\-3/CG\-4 main road. There are two road tunnels along the route of the CG\-3/CG\-4: the [Pont Pla Tunnel](/wiki/Pont_Pla_Tunnel "Pont Pla Tunnel"), a {{convert\|1\.3\|km\|mi\|1\|adj\=on}} long tunnel built in 2006, and the [Sant Antoni Tunnel](/wiki/Sant_Antoni_Tunnel "Sant Antoni Tunnel"), a {{convert\|280\|m\|yd\|0\|adj\=on}} long tunnel built in 2003\. The Pont Pla Tunnel has been designated the best and safest tunnel in Europe by the European Tunnels Assessment Programme (EuroTAP). The parish's road network is being upgraded in a multimillion\-euro programme involving new tunnel construction, road widening, improved sign\-posting, new bicycle lanes, and additional safety measures such as crash barriers and signal\-controlled pedestrian crossings. The [Dos Valires Tunnel](/wiki/Dos_Valires_Tunnel "Dos Valires Tunnel"), a [road tunnel](/wiki/Road_tunnel "Road tunnel") between Anyós and [Encamp](/wiki/Encamp "Encamp"), was completed in 2012, cutting the expected journey times from the current 30–45 minutes to 5 minutes.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.diariandorra.ad/index.php?option\=com\_k2\&view\=item\&id\=21650\|title\=Diari d'Andorra}} ### Heliports There are two heliports in the area — one in La Massana town (the Heliport Terra Guindaldes) and one in [Arinsal](/wiki/Arinsal "Arinsal"), both providing commercial helicopter services.[Heliand](http://www.heliand.com/) Serveis (2009\). {{in lang\|ca}} In addition, there is a heliport in the capital, [Andorra la Vella Heliport](/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella_Heliport "Andorra la Vella Heliport"). There are no scheduled passenger flights to these heliports, but it is possible to book taxi flights from [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona%E2%80%93El_Prat_Airport "Barcelona–El Prat Airport"), [Lleida](/wiki/Lleida%E2%80%93Alguaire_Airport "Lleida–Alguaire Airport"), [Perpignan](/wiki/Perpignan%E2%80%93Rivesaltes_Airport "Perpignan–Rivesaltes Airport"), or [Toulouse](/wiki/Toulouse%E2%80%93Blagnac_Airport "Toulouse–Blagnac Airport") airports for fixed prices.[Rent a helicopter in Andorra](http://all-andorra.com/rent-a-helicopter-in-andorra/) There is no airport in Andorra. The nearest one is [Andorra–La Seu d'Urgell Airport](/wiki/Andorra%E2%80%93La_Seu_d%27Urgell_Airport "Andorra–La Seu d'Urgell Airport") in Spain around 12 km from the border. ### Gondola lifts There is a [gondola lift](/wiki/Gondola_lift "Gondola lift") linking the town of La Massana to [Vallnord (Pal\-Arinsal sector ski station)](/wiki/Vallnord "Vallnord"); it runs throughout the year. There are further gondola lifts within the ski resorts themselves.
[ "Transport\n---------", "The transport infrastructure consists of roads, road tunnels, [gondola lifts](/wiki/Gondola_lift \"Gondola lift\"), and two heliports. There are no railways, ports, airports, or navigable waterways.", "### Buses", "There are regular bus services throughout the rural and metropolitan areas of the parish. There are services to most destinations inside Andorra and several long\\-distance services to destinations outside Andorra such as Barcelona and Toulouse.", "### Road infrastructure", "The parish is linked to the neighbouring parish of [Ordino](/wiki/Ordino \"Ordino\") by the CG\\-3 main road, and to the capital, [Andorra La Vella](/wiki/Andorra_La_Vella \"Andorra La Vella\"), by the CG\\-3/CG\\-4 main road.", "There are two road tunnels along the route of the CG\\-3/CG\\-4: the [Pont Pla Tunnel](/wiki/Pont_Pla_Tunnel \"Pont Pla Tunnel\"), a {{convert\\|1\\.3\\|km\\|mi\\|1\\|adj\\=on}} long tunnel built in 2006, and the [Sant Antoni Tunnel](/wiki/Sant_Antoni_Tunnel \"Sant Antoni Tunnel\"), a {{convert\\|280\\|m\\|yd\\|0\\|adj\\=on}} long tunnel built in 2003\\. The Pont Pla Tunnel has been designated the best and safest tunnel in Europe by the European Tunnels Assessment Programme (EuroTAP).", "The parish's road network is being upgraded in a multimillion\\-euro programme involving new tunnel construction, road widening, improved sign\\-posting, new bicycle lanes, and additional safety measures such as crash barriers and signal\\-controlled pedestrian crossings.", "The [Dos Valires Tunnel](/wiki/Dos_Valires_Tunnel \"Dos Valires Tunnel\"), a [road tunnel](/wiki/Road_tunnel \"Road tunnel\") between Anyós and [Encamp](/wiki/Encamp \"Encamp\"), was completed in 2012, cutting the expected journey times from the current 30–45 minutes to 5 minutes.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.diariandorra.ad/index.php?option\\=com\\_k2\\&view\\=item\\&id\\=21650\\|title\\=Diari d'Andorra}}", "### Heliports", "There are two heliports in the area — one in La Massana town (the Heliport Terra Guindaldes) and one in [Arinsal](/wiki/Arinsal \"Arinsal\"), both providing commercial helicopter services.[Heliand](http://www.heliand.com/) Serveis (2009\\). {{in lang\\|ca}} In addition, there is a heliport in the capital, [Andorra la Vella Heliport](/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella_Heliport \"Andorra la Vella Heliport\"). There are no scheduled passenger flights to these heliports, but it is possible to book taxi flights from [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona%E2%80%93El_Prat_Airport \"Barcelona–El Prat Airport\"), [Lleida](/wiki/Lleida%E2%80%93Alguaire_Airport \"Lleida–Alguaire Airport\"), [Perpignan](/wiki/Perpignan%E2%80%93Rivesaltes_Airport \"Perpignan–Rivesaltes Airport\"), or [Toulouse](/wiki/Toulouse%E2%80%93Blagnac_Airport \"Toulouse–Blagnac Airport\") airports for fixed prices.[Rent a helicopter in Andorra](http://all-andorra.com/rent-a-helicopter-in-andorra/) There is no airport in Andorra. The nearest one is [Andorra–La Seu d'Urgell Airport](/wiki/Andorra%E2%80%93La_Seu_d%27Urgell_Airport \"Andorra–La Seu d'Urgell Airport\") in Spain around 12 km from the border.", "### Gondola lifts", "There is a [gondola lift](/wiki/Gondola_lift \"Gondola lift\") linking the town of La Massana to [Vallnord (Pal\\-Arinsal sector ski station)](/wiki/Vallnord \"Vallnord\"); it runs throughout the year. There are further gondola lifts within the ski resorts themselves.", "" ]
Career ------ From 1980 to 1992 Mitterlehner worked at the Upper Austrian economic chamber, where he assumed various posts, including the head of the marketing department.{{cite web\|title\=The Minister\|url\=http://www.en.bmwfj.gv.at/Ministry/Minister/Seiten/default.aspx\|publisher\=Federal Minister of Economy, Family and Youth\|access\-date\=15 July 2013}} From 1992 to 2000 he served as the secretary general of the Austrian Economic League (ÖWB) in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna"). In addition, he was a local politician in [Ahorn](/wiki/Ahorn%2C_Austria "Ahorn, Austria") from 1991 to 1997\.{{citation needed\|date\=November 2023}} He was appointed party chairman for [Rohrbach District](/wiki/Rohrbach_District "Rohrbach District") in May 2002\. ### Member of the Austrian Parliament, 2000–2008 A member of the [Austrian People's Party](/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party "Austrian People's Party") (ÖVP), Mitterlehner was elected to the [Austrian Parliament](/wiki/Austrian_Parliament "Austrian Parliament") on 8 February 2000, where he served on the Committee on Labour and Social Affairs (2000–2008\); the Committee on Economic Affairs (2000–2008\); and the finance committee (2003–2008\), among others. Meanwhile, also in 2000, Mitterlehner was named deputy secretary general of the Austrian federal economic chamber (WKO), holding that post until 2008\. ### Federal Minister of Economic Affairs, 2008–2017 Following the [2008 national elections](/wiki/2008_Austrian_legislative_election "2008 Austrian legislative election"), on 2 December 2008, Mitterlehner was appointed as Federal Minister of Economy, Family and Youth as part of the coalition government led by Chancellor [Werner Faymann](/wiki/Werner_Faymann "Werner Faymann").{{cite journal\|author\=Kurt Richard Luther\|title\=The Revival of the Radical Right: The Austrian Parliamentary Election of 2008\|journal\=Keele European Parties Research Unit\|year\=2009\|series\=Working papers\|issue\=29\|url\=http://www.keele.ac.uk/media/keeleuniversity/group/kepru/KEPRU%20WP%2029\.pdf\|access\-date\=15 July 2013}}{{cite web\|title\=Austrian ministries\|url\=http://rulers.org/autgovt.html\|work\=Rulers\|access\-date\=13 September 2013}} In 2008, he was also named vice president of the Austrian Energy Agency. Mitterlehner was one of the leading candidates to succeed [Josef Pröll](/wiki/Josef_Pr%C3%B6ll "Josef Pröll"), who left the leadership of the party in April 2011\.{{cite news\|author\=Chris Bryant\|title\=Austria's finance minister quits politics\|url\=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/dc6e1fbc\-65a5\-11e0\-baee\-00144feab49a.html\#axzz2Z7TMYL5Y\|access\-date\=15 July 2013\|newspaper\=Financial Times\|date\=13 April 2011\|location\=Vienna}} Instead, from 2011 to 2014 he was deputy federal chairman of the People's Party and only became the successor of [Michael Spindelegger](/wiki/Michael_Spindelegger "Michael Spindelegger") as party chairman in September 2014 from whom he also took the position of Vice Chancellor of Austria. At the time, Mitterlehner said he would prefer not to serve as finance minister as well, a dual role that Spindelegger had performed.Michael Shields (August 31, 2014\), [Austrian conservatives pick Schelling as finance minister](https://web.archive.org/web/20160306154601/http://uk.reuters.com/article/austria-government-idUKL5N0R10UD20140831) *[Reuters](/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*. After the ÖVP lost votes in provincial elections to the right\-wing, anti\-immigration [Freedom Party](/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria "Freedom Party of Austria") (FPÖ) in 2015, Mitterlehner publicly threatened to quit the coalition government if Faymann's Social Democrat partners did not toughen their policies on migrants and shrink the welfare state.Shadia Nasralla (September 30, 2015\), [Austrian vice chancellor threatens to quit coalition government](https://web.archive.org/web/20160306163654/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-austria-politics-idUKKCN0RU2KB20150930) *[Reuters](/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*.
[ "Career\n------", "From 1980 to 1992 Mitterlehner worked at the Upper Austrian economic chamber, where he assumed various posts, including the head of the marketing department.{{cite web\\|title\\=The Minister\\|url\\=http://www.en.bmwfj.gv.at/Ministry/Minister/Seiten/default.aspx\\|publisher\\=Federal Minister of Economy, Family and Youth\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2013}} From 1992 to 2000 he served as the secretary general of the Austrian Economic League (ÖWB) in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\"). In addition, he was a local politician in [Ahorn](/wiki/Ahorn%2C_Austria \"Ahorn, Austria\") from 1991 to 1997\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2023}} He was appointed party chairman for [Rohrbach District](/wiki/Rohrbach_District \"Rohrbach District\") in May 2002\\.", "### Member of the Austrian Parliament, 2000–2008", "A member of the [Austrian People's Party](/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party \"Austrian People's Party\") (ÖVP), Mitterlehner was elected to the [Austrian Parliament](/wiki/Austrian_Parliament \"Austrian Parliament\") on 8 February 2000, where he served on the Committee on Labour and Social Affairs (2000–2008\\); the Committee on Economic Affairs (2000–2008\\); and the finance committee (2003–2008\\), among others.", "Meanwhile, also in 2000, Mitterlehner was named deputy secretary general of the Austrian federal economic chamber (WKO), holding that post until 2008\\.", "### Federal Minister of Economic Affairs, 2008–2017", "Following the [2008 national elections](/wiki/2008_Austrian_legislative_election \"2008 Austrian legislative election\"), on 2 December 2008, Mitterlehner was appointed as Federal Minister of Economy, Family and Youth as part of the coalition government led by Chancellor [Werner Faymann](/wiki/Werner_Faymann \"Werner Faymann\").{{cite journal\\|author\\=Kurt Richard Luther\\|title\\=The Revival of the Radical Right: The Austrian Parliamentary Election of 2008\\|journal\\=Keele European Parties Research Unit\\|year\\=2009\\|series\\=Working papers\\|issue\\=29\\|url\\=http://www.keele.ac.uk/media/keeleuniversity/group/kepru/KEPRU%20WP%2029\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2013}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Austrian ministries\\|url\\=http://rulers.org/autgovt.html\\|work\\=Rulers\\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2013}} In 2008, he was also named vice president of the Austrian Energy Agency.", "Mitterlehner was one of the leading candidates to succeed [Josef Pröll](/wiki/Josef_Pr%C3%B6ll \"Josef Pröll\"), who left the leadership of the party in April 2011\\.{{cite news\\|author\\=Chris Bryant\\|title\\=Austria's finance minister quits politics\\|url\\=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/dc6e1fbc\\-65a5\\-11e0\\-baee\\-00144feab49a.html\\#axzz2Z7TMYL5Y\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2013\\|newspaper\\=Financial Times\\|date\\=13 April 2011\\|location\\=Vienna}} Instead, from 2011 to 2014 he was deputy federal chairman of the People's Party and only became the successor of [Michael Spindelegger](/wiki/Michael_Spindelegger \"Michael Spindelegger\") as party chairman in September 2014 from whom he also took the position of Vice Chancellor of Austria. At the time, Mitterlehner said he would prefer not to serve as finance minister as well, a dual role that Spindelegger had performed.Michael Shields (August 31, 2014\\), [Austrian conservatives pick Schelling as finance minister](https://web.archive.org/web/20160306154601/http://uk.reuters.com/article/austria-government-idUKL5N0R10UD20140831) *[Reuters](/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")*.", "After the ÖVP lost votes in provincial elections to the right\\-wing, anti\\-immigration [Freedom Party](/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria \"Freedom Party of Austria\") (FPÖ) in 2015, Mitterlehner publicly threatened to quit the coalition government if Faymann's Social Democrat partners did not toughen their policies on migrants and shrink the welfare state.Shadia Nasralla (September 30, 2015\\), [Austrian vice chancellor threatens to quit coalition government](https://web.archive.org/web/20160306163654/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-austria-politics-idUKKCN0RU2KB20150930) *[Reuters](/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")*.", "" ]
Impact ------ According to the “Report on Primary One Admission 2012”{{cite web\|title\=REPORT ON PRIMARY ONE ADMISSION 2012\|url\=http://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/edu\-system/primary\-secondary/spa\-systems/primary\-1\-admission/12rept\_en.pdf\|publisher\=SCHOOL PLACES ALLOCATION SECTION EDUCATION BUREAU\|accessdate\=6 April 2013}} around 20% of the Northern District students were sent to the 11th or onward primary school places.{{cite news\|title\=上水小一校網派位全港最差 兩成學生獲第11志願以下\|url\=http://news.hk.msn.com/local/%e4%b8%8a%e6%b0%b4%e5%b0%8f%e4%b8%80%e6%a0%a1%e7%b6%b2%e6%b4%be%e4%bd%8d%e5%85%a8%e6%b8%af%e6%9c%80%e5%b7%ae\-%e5%85%a9%e6%88%90%e5%ad%b8%e7%94%9f%e7%8d%b2%e7%ac%ac11%e5%bf%97%e9%a1%98%e4%bb%a5%e4%b8%8b\-1\|accessdate\=6 April 2013\|newspaper\=ming pao\|date\=28 March 2013}}{{Dead link\|date\=November 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} The growth of the cross\-border students who are "neither\-is" and "either\-is" children. Thus, there are insufficient places for primary one in Northern district. ### Impact on Schools Hong Kong government suggested small group education to provide better education standards a few years ago. The growth of CBS in Northern District would lead to the increase of classes and the class size of primary one, from 27 to around 39\-42 in 2013\.{{cite news\|title\=北區小一學額加班加派\|url\=http://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E5%8C%97%E5%8D%80%E5%B0%8F\-%E5%AD%B8%E9%A1%8D%E5%8A%A0%E7%8F%AD%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%BE\-220227337\.html\|accessdate\=6 April 2013\|newspaper\=Sing Tao\|date\=23 March 2013}} Heavier workloads and more pressure are thus given to the teachers.{{cite news\|title\=教師壓力增\|url\=http://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B%E5%A2%9E\-220237226\.html\|accessdate\=6 April 2013\|newspaper\=Sing Tao\|date\=23 March 2013}} The difference between "neither\-is" or "either\-is" children and local children in culture and abilities, placed stress on teachers as it was, and is, impossible for the schools to separate those "neither\-is" and "either\-is" students apart from locals. More resources are also needed for the schools to provide support to students who have special needs. This is because there is no special education in China, and parents in mainland prefer main line schools in Hong Kong rather than special schools for their children with special needs. Resulting in added pressure on the teachers in the Northern district to provide extra care for those children. ### Impact on Local Parents Local children are unable to secure places in [Northern district](/wiki/North_District%2C_Hong_Kong "North District, Hong Kong") primary schools. It is inconvenient for them to study in other districts. The increase of class size may affect the quality of education. The unnecessary transportation of CBS worsened the problems of transportation system in the Northern District.{{fact\|date\=June 2020}} ### Impact on Shenzhen Parents In 2012, the Shenzhen government did not allow those "neither\-is" or "either\-is" children who are classified as Hong Kong residents to study in Shenzhen government schools.{{cite web\|last\=梁家裕\|title\=跨境學童問題是誰的錯？政府還能裝睡嗎？\|url\=http://www.inmediahk.net/node/1015828\|accessdate\=8 April 2013}} Thus, Shenzhen parents let their children to study in Hong Kong where there is also better education quality. They allow their children to live in Hong Kong due to the long travel time to Hong Kong. This can ultimately lead to unhealthy growth both mentally and physically of CBS due to the separation of family.{{cite news\|title\=私宅辦雙非童寄宿 同時劏房租遊客 託管安全成疑\|url\=http://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E7%A7%81%E5%AE%85%E8%BE%A6%E9%9B%99%E9%9D%9E%E7%AB%A5%E5%AF%84%E5%AE%BF\-%E5%90%8C%E6%99%82%E5%8A%8F%E6%88%BF%E7%A7%9F%E9%81%8A%E5%AE%A2\-%E8%A8%97%E7%AE%A1%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E6%88%90%E7%96%91\-211428440\.html\|accessdate\=6 April 2013\|newspaper\=Ming Pao\|date\=28 May 2012}} ### Impact on Cross\-boundary Students #### Safety Issues Cross\-boundary students (CBS) have to attend school and return home every day, usually without the company of their parents. Ways for CBS to come to Hong Kong include Cross Boundary School Coaches (CBSC), nanny buses and public transport.{{cite web\|title\=Cross\-Boundary School Coaches\|url\=http://www.edb.gov.hk/en/student\-parents/events\-services/services/cbsc.html\|publisher\=Education Bureau\|accessdate\=7 April 2013}}{{Dead link\|date\=April 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Since the pick\-up/drop\-off points at the current boundary control points are limited,{{cite web\|title\=LCQ10: Cross\-boundary students\|url\=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201106/15/P201106150116\.htm\|publisher\=News.gov.hk\|accessdate\=7 April 2013}} students may need to get on or off the coaches and nanny buses in crowded areas and are exposed to dangers of traffic accidents and kidnapping. Growing concerns are also raised regarding the insufficient issues of [Closed Road Permits](/wiki/Closed_Road_Permits "Closed Road Permits") necessary for CBCS and [Closed Area Permits](/wiki/Frontier_Closed_Area%23Closed_Area_Permit "Frontier Closed Area#Closed Area Permit") for students who take the nanny bus service. Though the government figure reveals a rise of issues per year,{{cite web\|title\=Annex 3: The number of CAPs issued in the past three school years\|url\=http://gia.info.gov.hk/general/201106/15/P201106150120\_0120\_80247\.pdf\|accessdate\=7 April 2013\|newspaper\=News.gov.hk}} parents and schools are demanding for more quotas due to the increasing rates of cross\-boundary students. #### Regional Identity Crisis The difference between Hong Kong and Mainland China’s culture has led to difficulties for CBS to adjust their identity. With a lack of understanding in Hong Kong’s culture, systems and values, failure to naturalize and adapt in Hong Kong is common among CBS. Language differences result in communication difficulty since many of the CBS are more fluent in Mandarin than Cantonese. Further enhancing the difficulty of connecting with local students. Little participation of after\-school extra–curriculum activities due to their shuffling across boundaries, are also common reasons for the lack of development socially.{{cite news\|title\=跨境學童文化差異大\|url\=http://www.hkdailynews.com.hk/news.php?id\=227795\|accessdate\=7 April 2013\|newspaper\=Hong Kong Daily News}}
[ "Impact\n------", "According to the “Report on Primary One Admission 2012”{{cite web\\|title\\=REPORT ON PRIMARY ONE ADMISSION 2012\\|url\\=http://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/edu\\-system/primary\\-secondary/spa\\-systems/primary\\-1\\-admission/12rept\\_en.pdf\\|publisher\\=SCHOOL PLACES ALLOCATION SECTION EDUCATION BUREAU\\|accessdate\\=6 April 2013}} around 20% of the Northern District students were sent to the 11th or onward primary school places.{{cite news\\|title\\=上水小一校網派位全港最差 兩成學生獲第11志願以下\\|url\\=http://news.hk.msn.com/local/%e4%b8%8a%e6%b0%b4%e5%b0%8f%e4%b8%80%e6%a0%a1%e7%b6%b2%e6%b4%be%e4%bd%8d%e5%85%a8%e6%b8%af%e6%9c%80%e5%b7%ae\\-%e5%85%a9%e6%88%90%e5%ad%b8%e7%94%9f%e7%8d%b2%e7%ac%ac11%e5%bf%97%e9%a1%98%e4%bb%a5%e4%b8%8b\\-1\\|accessdate\\=6 April 2013\\|newspaper\\=ming pao\\|date\\=28 March 2013}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=November 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} The growth of the cross\\-border students who are \"neither\\-is\" and \"either\\-is\" children. Thus, there are insufficient places for primary one in Northern district.", "### Impact on Schools", "Hong Kong government suggested small group education to provide better education standards a few years ago. The growth of CBS in Northern District would lead to the increase of classes and the class size of primary one, from 27 to around 39\\-42 in 2013\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=北區小一學額加班加派\\|url\\=http://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E5%8C%97%E5%8D%80%E5%B0%8F\\-%E5%AD%B8%E9%A1%8D%E5%8A%A0%E7%8F%AD%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%BE\\-220227337\\.html\\|accessdate\\=6 April 2013\\|newspaper\\=Sing Tao\\|date\\=23 March 2013}} Heavier workloads and more pressure are thus given to the teachers.{{cite news\\|title\\=教師壓力增\\|url\\=http://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B%E5%A2%9E\\-220237226\\.html\\|accessdate\\=6 April 2013\\|newspaper\\=Sing Tao\\|date\\=23 March 2013}} The difference between \"neither\\-is\" or \"either\\-is\" children and local children in culture and abilities, placed stress on teachers as it was, and is, impossible for the schools to separate those \"neither\\-is\" and \"either\\-is\" students apart from locals. More resources are also needed for the schools to provide support to students who have special needs. This is because there is no special education in China, and parents in mainland prefer main line schools in Hong Kong rather than special schools for their children with special needs. Resulting in added pressure on the teachers in the Northern district to provide extra care for those children.", "### Impact on Local Parents", "Local children are unable to secure places in [Northern district](/wiki/North_District%2C_Hong_Kong \"North District, Hong Kong\") primary schools. It is inconvenient for them to study in other districts. The increase of class size may affect the quality of education. The unnecessary transportation of CBS worsened the problems of transportation system in the Northern District.{{fact\\|date\\=June 2020}}", "### Impact on Shenzhen Parents", "In 2012, the Shenzhen government did not allow those \"neither\\-is\" or \"either\\-is\" children who are classified as Hong Kong residents to study in Shenzhen government schools.{{cite web\\|last\\=梁家裕\\|title\\=跨境學童問題是誰的錯？政府還能裝睡嗎？\\|url\\=http://www.inmediahk.net/node/1015828\\|accessdate\\=8 April 2013}} Thus, Shenzhen parents let their children to study in Hong Kong where there is also better education quality. They allow their children to live in Hong Kong due to the long travel time to Hong Kong. This can ultimately lead to unhealthy growth both mentally and physically of CBS due to the separation of family.{{cite news\\|title\\=私宅辦雙非童寄宿 同時劏房租遊客 託管安全成疑\\|url\\=http://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E7%A7%81%E5%AE%85%E8%BE%A6%E9%9B%99%E9%9D%9E%E7%AB%A5%E5%AF%84%E5%AE%BF\\-%E5%90%8C%E6%99%82%E5%8A%8F%E6%88%BF%E7%A7%9F%E9%81%8A%E5%AE%A2\\-%E8%A8%97%E7%AE%A1%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E6%88%90%E7%96%91\\-211428440\\.html\\|accessdate\\=6 April 2013\\|newspaper\\=Ming Pao\\|date\\=28 May 2012}}", "### Impact on Cross\\-boundary Students", "#### Safety Issues", "Cross\\-boundary students (CBS) have to attend school and return home every day, usually without the company of their parents. Ways for CBS to come to Hong Kong include Cross Boundary School Coaches (CBSC), nanny buses and public transport.{{cite web\\|title\\=Cross\\-Boundary School Coaches\\|url\\=http://www.edb.gov.hk/en/student\\-parents/events\\-services/services/cbsc.html\\|publisher\\=Education Bureau\\|accessdate\\=7 April 2013}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} Since the pick\\-up/drop\\-off points at the current boundary control points are limited,{{cite web\\|title\\=LCQ10: Cross\\-boundary students\\|url\\=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201106/15/P201106150116\\.htm\\|publisher\\=News.gov.hk\\|accessdate\\=7 April 2013}} students may need to get on or off the coaches and nanny buses in crowded areas and are exposed to dangers of traffic accidents and kidnapping.", "Growing concerns are also raised regarding the insufficient issues of [Closed Road Permits](/wiki/Closed_Road_Permits \"Closed Road Permits\") necessary for CBCS and [Closed Area Permits](/wiki/Frontier_Closed_Area%23Closed_Area_Permit \"Frontier Closed Area#Closed Area Permit\") for students who take the nanny bus service. Though the government figure reveals a rise of issues per year,{{cite web\\|title\\=Annex 3: The number of CAPs issued in the past three school years\\|url\\=http://gia.info.gov.hk/general/201106/15/P201106150120\\_0120\\_80247\\.pdf\\|accessdate\\=7 April 2013\\|newspaper\\=News.gov.hk}} parents and schools are demanding for more quotas due to the increasing rates of cross\\-boundary students.", "#### Regional Identity Crisis", "The difference between Hong Kong and Mainland China’s culture has led to difficulties for CBS to adjust their identity. With a lack of understanding in Hong Kong’s culture, systems and values, failure to naturalize and adapt in Hong Kong is common among CBS.", "Language differences result in communication difficulty since many of the CBS are more fluent in Mandarin than Cantonese. Further enhancing the difficulty of connecting with local students. Little participation of after\\-school extra–curriculum activities due to their shuffling across boundaries, are also common reasons for the lack of development socially.{{cite news\\|title\\=跨境學童文化差異大\\|url\\=http://www.hkdailynews.com.hk/news.php?id\\=227795\\|accessdate\\=7 April 2013\\|newspaper\\=Hong Kong Daily News}}", "" ]
Reported incidents ------------------ Reported incidents of sudden unintended acceleration include: * 1987: The 1982–1987 [Audi 5000](/wiki/Audi_5000 "Audi 5000")'s sales in the United States fell after recalls linked to sudden unintended acceleration. There were 700 accidents and 6 deaths. * 1988: 1986 [Honda Accords](/wiki/Honda_Accord "Honda Accord") were documented to have had sudden acceleration incidents due to the Vehicle Speed Control component, as reported to the NHTSA.{{cite web\|url\=http://www\-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/problems/defect/results.cfm?action\_number\=DP88008\&SearchType\=QuickSearch\&summary\=true \|title\=NHTSA Action Number: DP88008 \|publisher\=Odi.nhtsa.dot.gov \|accessdate\=2011\-11\-13}} * 1997: Sudden acceleration in [Cherokees](/wiki/Jeep_Cherokee_%28XJ%29 "Jeep Cherokee (XJ)") and [Grand Cherokees](/wiki/Jeep_Grand_Cherokee "Jeep Grand Cherokee") was reported by [Diane Sawyer](/wiki/Diane_Sawyer "Diane Sawyer") in a March 1997 ABC News *[Primetime](/wiki/Primetime_%28American_TV_program%29 "Primetime (American TV program)")* segment.{{cite web \|url\=http://sites.google.com/site/jeepgrandcherokeesua/ \|title\=Jeep Grand Cherokee SUA Incidents \|accessdate\=2011\-11\-13 \|archive\-date\=October 23, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023021131/https://sites.google.com/site/jeepgrandcherokeesua/ \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.safetyforum.com/sua/ \|title\=Jeep Cherokee SUA at \|publisher\=Safetyforum.com \|accessdate\=2011\-11\-13 \|archive\-date\=July 15, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715224545/http://www.safetyforum.com/sua/ \|url\-status\=dead }} * 2000: Several [Ford Explorers](/wiki/Ford_Explorer "Ford Explorer") were reported about in the [UK](/wiki/UK "UK") by a [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 "Channel 4") news program where the vehicle was already moving at speed and experienced sudden acceleration.{{cite web \|author\=Antony Anderson \|url\=http://www.antony\-anderson.com/cruise/5\-sa.htm \|title\=Automobile Cruise Control Faults and Sudden Acceleration \|publisher\=Antony\-anderson.com \|accessdate\=2011\-11\-13 \|archive\-date\=June 23, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623050304/http://www.antony\-anderson.com/cruise/5\-sa.htm \|url\-status\=dead }} * 2004: The NHTSA sent Toyota a chart showing that [Toyota Camry](/wiki/Toyota_Camry "Toyota Camry") models with electronic throttle controls had over 400% more "vehicle speed" complaints than those with manual controls.{{citation needed\|date\=October 2013}} * 2005: Incident observed in a Toyota Camry. The cause was initially suggested to be a [tin whisker](/wiki/Tin_whisker "Tin whisker"),{{cite web \|url\=http://www.safetyresearch.net/Library/NHTSA\-NASA\_Response\_Final\_052311\.pdf \|title\=An Examination of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Engineering Safety Center Assessment and Technical Evaluation of Toyota Electronic Throttle Control (ETC) Systems and Unintended Acceleration \|work\=safetyresearch.net \|accessdate\=2012\-11\-20}} however this was later proven not to be the case.{{Cite web\|url\=http://toyotanews.pressroom.toyota.com/releases/tin\+whiskers\+other\+discredited\+unintended\+acceleration\+theories.htm\|title\='Tin Whiskers' and Other Discredited Unintended Acceleration Theories – Toyota}} * 2005: Ida Starr St John involved in sudden and unintended acceleration accident with her Toyota Camry. The Camry immediately accelerated without her pressing the accelerator pedal and pressing the brake pedal did nothing to stop the vehicle.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.leagle.com/decision/inadvfdco140805000089 \|title\=In re Toyota Motor Corp, unintended acceleration – case No. 8:10ML 02151 JVS \|website\=Leagle \|location\=US \|date\=7 October 2013 \|access\-date\=25 December 2022}} * 2006: The 2004 model year Ford Mustang Cobra was recalled by Ford for accelerator pedals that failed to return to idle after being fully pressed.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.automotive.com/2004/49/ford/mustang/recalls/68344\.html \|title\=2004 Ford Mustang Recalls \|work\=automotive.com \|accessdate\=2012\-06\-16 \|archive\-date\=July 7, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707192427/http://www.automotive.com/2004/49/ford/mustang/recalls/68344\.html \|url\-status\=dead }} * 2008: Incidents involving the 2005 [Kia Amanti](/wiki/Kia_Amanti "Kia Amanti") and [Kia Sephia](/wiki/Kia_Sephia "Kia Sephia") had been reported that were preceded by a racing or highly revving engine.{{cite web\|author\=cindyjo \|url\=http://www.my3cents.com/showReview.cgi?id\=33302 \|title\=Kia Motors Informative: Sudden acceleration – Amanti \|publisher\=My3cents.com \|date\=2008\-02\-10 \|accessdate\=2011\-11\-13}}{{cite web\|url\=http://consumeraffairs.com/automotive/kia\_accel.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209000427/http://www.consumeraffairs.com/automotive/kia\_accel.html \|title\=Kia Sudden Acceleration \|publisher\=Consumer Affairs \|accessdate\=2011\-11\-13 \|archive\-date\=2005\-02\-09 \|url\-status\=dead}} * 2009: Toyota Avalon displays unintended acceleration without floor mat; observed by dealer.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.leftlanenews.com/toyota\-avalon\-displays\-unintended\-acceleration\-without\-floor\-mat.html \|title\=Toyota Avalon displays unintended acceleration without floor mat \|first\=Mark \|last\=Kleis \|date\=2010\-01\-15 \|accessdate\=2012\-06\-16 \|work\=Left Lane News \|archive\-date\=January 18, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118073322/http://www.leftlanenews.com/toyota\-avalon\-displays\-unintended\-acceleration\-without\-floor\-mat.html \|url\-status\=dead }} * 2009: Chase Weir's experience with sudden acceleration in his Ford Explorer while driving on a freeway was reported by a number of news organisations, along with the released 000 emergency recordings of the incident.{{cite web \|first1\=Mex \|last1\=Cooper \|first2\=Thomas \|last2\=Hunter \|first3\=Peter \|last3\=Gregory \|first4\=Paul \|last4\=Millar \|date\=2009\-12\-16 \|work\=Drive \|url\=http://news.drive.com.au/drive/motor\-news/cruise\-control\-terror\-dramatic\-triple0\-tape\-released\-20091215\-kuk8\.html \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20121230110647/http://news.drive.com.au/drive/motor\-news/cruise\-control\-terror\-dramatic\-triple0\-tape\-released\-20091215\-kuk8\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=2012\-12\-30 \|title\=Cruise control terror: dramatic Triple\-0 tape released \|accessdate\=2012\-06\-28 }} * 2009–2011: Several vehicle models were recalled in the [2009–2011 Toyota vehicle recalls](/wiki/2009%E2%80%932011_Toyota_vehicle_recalls "2009–2011 Toyota vehicle recalls"), which resulted in suspension of production and sales of many of Toyota's most popular models, including the [Toyota Prius](/wiki/Toyota_Prius "Toyota Prius"), [Toyota Corolla](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla "Toyota Corolla"), Toyota Camry, [Toyota Tacoma](/wiki/Toyota_Tacoma "Toyota Tacoma") pickups, [Toyota Avalon](/wiki/Toyota_Avalon "Toyota Avalon"), [Toyota Matrix](/wiki/Toyota_Matrix "Toyota Matrix"), [Pontiac Vibe](/wiki/Pontiac_Vibe "Pontiac Vibe"), and more.{{cite web \|url\=http://pressroom.toyota.com/pr/tms/toyota/toyota\-temporarily\-suspends\-sales\-153126\.aspx \|title\=Toyota USA Newsroom \| Safety/Recall \|publisher\=Pressroom.toyota.com \|date\=2011\-11\-09 \|accessdate\=2011\-11\-13 \|archive\-date\=February 11, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211103422/http://pressroom.toyota.com/pr/tms/toyota/toyota\-temporarily\-suspends\-sales\-153126\.aspx \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|work\=BusinessWeek \|date\=2010\-03\-01 \|pages\=14–16 \|title\=Did Toyota's Traffic Cops Sway the Regulators?\|page\= }} * 2016: A complaint was made against the [Tesla Model X](/wiki/Tesla_Model_X "Tesla Model X"){{cite news \|url\=http://electrek.co/2016/06/06/tesla\-model\-x\-crashes\-into\-building\-autonomously\-accelerated/ \|title\=Tesla Model X crashes into building at high speed, owner claims it accelerated on its own \|first\=Fred \|last\=Lambert \|work\=Electrek \|date\=2016\-06\-06 \|access\-date\=2016\-06\-07}} although the vehicle logs showed that only the accelerator pedal had been pressed by the driver.{{cite news \|url\=http://electrek.co/2016/06/06/tesla\-model\-x\-crash\-not\-at\-fault/ \|title\=Tesla logs show that Model X driver hit the accelerator, Autopilot didn't crash into building on its own \|first\=Fred \|last\=Lambert \|work\=Electrek \|date\=2016\-06\-06 \|access\-date\=2016\-06\-07}} ### Audi 5000 During model years 1982–1987, Audi issued a series of [recalls](/wiki/Product_recall "Product recall") of [Audi 5000](/wiki/Audi_5000 "Audi 5000") (the North American name of the Audi 100 at the time) models associated with reported incidents of *sudden unintended acceleration* linked to six deaths and 700 accidents.{{cite news \|title\=Audi 1980s Scare May Mean Lost Generation for Toyota \|work\=Business Week \|date\=2010\-02\-04 \|first1\=Andreas \|last1\=Cremer \|first2\=Tom \|last2\=Lavell \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\=newsarchive\&sid\=aFAbB4LZ3h6A}} At the time, NHTSA was investigating 50 car models from 20 manufacturers for sudden surges of power.{{cite news \|title\=A Hard Sell for Audi \|work\=The New York Times \|first\=John \|last\=Holusha \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/24/business/a\-hard\-sell\-for\-audi.html?scp\=14\&sq\=audi%20sudden%20acceleration\&st\=cse \|date\=1988\-07\-24 \|access\-date\=2010\-05\-24}} *[60 Minutes](/wiki/60_Minutes "60 Minutes")* aired a report titled "Out of Control" on November 23, 1986,{{cite web \|title \= The Audi 5000 Intended Unintended Acceleration Debacle \|work\=The Truth About Cars \|first\=Paul \|last\=Niedermeyer \|date\=2010\-02\-07 \|url\=http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/the\-best\-of\-ttac\-the\-audi\-5000\-intended\-unintended\-acceleration\-debacle/}} featuring interviews with six people who had sued Audi after reporting unintended acceleration, including footage of an Audi 5000 ostensibly displaying a surge of acceleration while the brake pedal was depressed.{{cite web\|title \= Manufacturing the Audi Scare\|publisher \= The Wall Street Journal\|first\=Peter\|last\=Huber\|date\=1989\-12\-18\|accessdate\=2012\-06\-16\|url \= http://www.manhattan\-institute.org/html/cjm\_18\.htm}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.aim.org/media\-monitor/the\-cbs\-cold\-case\-files/ \|title\=The CBS "Cold Case" Files \|work\=Accuracy in Media \|first\=Sherrie \|last\=Gossett \|date\=2005\-05\-13 \|accessdate\=2012\-06\-16 \|archive\-date\=November 3, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103082732/http://www.aim.org/media\-monitor/the\-cbs\-cold\-case\-files/ \|url\-status\=dead }} Subsequent investigation revealed that *60 Minutes* had not disclosed they had engineered the vehicle's behavior — fitting a canister of compressed air on the passenger\-side floor, linked via a hose to a hole drilled into the transmission — the arrangement executed by one of the experts who had testified on behalf of a plaintiff in a then pending lawsuit against Audi's parent company.{{cite web\|title \= Nine Worst Business Stories(of the Last 50 Years) \#4\. Accelerating Audis\|publisher \= Business and Media Institute\|url \= http://www.businessandmedia.org/specialreports/2008/MediaMyth/NineWorst/NineWorstStoriesFull4\.asp \|url\-status \= dead\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20091005020311/http://www.businessandmedia.org/specialreports/2008/MediaMyth/NineWorst/NineWorstStoriesFull4\.asp \|archive\-date \= 2009\-10\-05}} Audi contended, prior to findings by outside investigators that the problems were caused by driver error, specifically pedal misapplication. Subsequently, the NHTSA concluded that the majority of unintended acceleration cases, including all the ones that prompted the *60 Minutes* report, were caused by driver error such as confusion of pedals.{{cite web \|publisher\=HighBeam Research, Inc. \|url\=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2\-1185635\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102221624/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2\-1185635\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=2012\-11\-02 \|title\=Unfair at Any Speed \|first\=Brock \|last\=Yates \|date\=1989\-04\-16 \|accessdate\=2012\-06\-16}} CBS did not acknowledge the test results of involved government agencies, but did acknowledge the similar results of another study. With the series of recall campaigns, Audi made several modifications; the first adjusted the distance between the brake and accelerator pedal on automatic\-transmission models. Later repairs, of 250,000 cars dating back to 1978, added a device requiring the driver to press the brake pedal before shifting out of park. As a byproduct of sudden unintended acceleration, vehicles now include [gear stick](/wiki/Gear_stick "Gear stick") patterns and brake [interlock](/wiki/Interlock "Interlock") mechanisms to prevent inadvertent gear selection. Audi's U.S. sales, which had reached 74,061 in 1985, dropped to 12,283 in 1991 and remained level for three years. — with resale values falling dramatically.{{cite news \|title\=Audi Increases Warranty Plan \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/27/business/company\-news\-audi\-increases\-warranty\-plan.html?scp\=12\&sq\=audi%20sudden%20acceleration\&st\=cse \|date\=1988\-07\-27 \|access\-date\=2010\-05\-24}} Audi subsequently offered increased warranty protection and renamed the affected models — with the *5000* becoming the *100* and *200* in 1989\. The company only reached the same level of U.S. sales again by model year 2000\. As of early 2010, a class\-action lawsuit filed in 1987 by about 7,500 Audi 5000 owners remains unsettled and is currently contested in county court in Chicago after appeals at the Illinois state and U.S. federal levels. The plaintiffs in this lawsuit charge that on account of the sudden acceleration controversy, Audis had lost resale value. ### Sudden acceleration in Toyota vehicles From 2002 to 2009 there were many defect petitions made to the NHTSA regarding unintended acceleration in [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota "Toyota") and [Lexus](/wiki/Lexus "Lexus") vehicles, but many{{Weasel inline\|date\=October 2023\|text\=Many? How "many"?}} of them were determined to be caused by pedal misapplication,{{Citation needed\|date\=October 2023}} and the NHTSA noted that there was no statistical significance showing that Toyota vehicles had more SUA incidents than other manufacturers.{{Citation needed\|date\=October 2023}} Other investigations were closed because the NHTSA found no evidence that a defect existed. The first major cause of unintended acceleration was found in March 2007, when an engineering analysis showed that unsecured all\-weather mats had led to pedal entrapment and drivers accelerating up to {{cvt\|90\|mph\|km/h}} with decreased braking power. Early on, Toyota suggested that driver error was to blame, saying that some people may have hit the gas when they meant to hit the brake. This led to Toyota sending a letter to the owners of the affected car, a 2007 [Lexus ES 350](/wiki/Lexus_ES "Lexus ES"), asking that they bring their cars in to switch out the all\-weather mats.{{cite web\|url\= http://www\-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/problems/defect/results.cfm?action\_number\=EA07010\&SearchType\=QuickSearch\&summary\=true \|title\=Keeping You Safe – Safercar – National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)\|website\=odi.nhtsa.dot.gov}} After this recall, Toyota decided to revise the internal design of their cars to ensure that there was "{{convert\|10\|mm}} between a fully depressed gas pedal and the floor," but decided to only implement the new designs upon the next "full model redesign", which wouldn't take place until 2010\. In an attempt to hide these defects from investigators, Toyota switched to verbal communication on the defect rather than traceable forms of communication. As a result, many new cars were knowingly produced with the same floor mat issues that had been identified as being having the potential to cause SUA problems in association with the defective pedal design.{{cite web\|url\= http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice\-department\-announces\-criminal\-charge\-against\-toyota\-motor\-corporation\-and\-deferred \|title\=Justice Department Announces Criminal Charge Against Toyota Motor Corporation and Deferred Prosecution Agreement with $1\.2 Billion Financial Penalty\|website\=www.justice.gov\|date\=March 19, 2014 }} One of those vehicles, a 2009 [ES 350](/wiki/Lexus_ES "Lexus ES"), was given as a loaner car to California Highway Patrol officer Mark Saylor on August 28, 2009\. Saylor and his wife, daughter, and brother\-in\-law were driving on [State Route 125](/wiki/California_State_Route_125 "California State Route 125") in San Diego, California, when their car accelerated out of control and [crashed into an embankment](/wiki/Traffic_collision "Traffic collision"), killing everyone in the car. This crash gained nationwide news coverage due to a recorded 911 call from Chris Lastrella, Saylor's brother\-in\-law. In the moments before the crash, Lastrella could be heard telling the operator that the accelerator was stuck and that the brakes wouldn't work.{{cite AV media \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=KHGSWs4uJzY \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/KHGSWs4uJzY \|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-15 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Family Killed in Santee Car Crash 911 Call \|first\=Marie \|last\=Boolovesu \|date\=2009\-09\-12 \|via\=YouTube}}{{cbignore}} That exact car had experienced the same problem when Frank Bernard had driven it as a loaner car a few days earlier. Bernard told investigators that he was accelerating to get past a merging truck when the accelerator pedal jammed into the floor mat and remained there when he took his foot off the pedal. Bernard was able to slow the car down to {{cvt\|50\|–\|60\|mph\|km/h}} with the brakes, but was only able to bring the car to a complete stop after putting the car in neutral.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/12/10/toyota\-tragedy\-saylor\-family/ \|title\=Lexus Crash: An Avoidable Tragedy\|first\=Reilly\|last\=Brennan \|website\=Autoblog}} After this incident, Toyota conducted seven recalls related to unintended acceleration from September 2009 to March 2010\. These recalls amounted to approximately 10 million vehicles and mostly switched out all\-weather mats and carpet covers that had the potential to cause pedal entrapment. At this point there was little evidence that there was ever any defect in the Electronic Throttle Control System (ETCS) that was installed in Toyota cars after 2002, despite requests to the NHTSA to investigate it, and Toyota announced that the root cause of sudden acceleration had been addressed.{{cite web\|url\=http://www\-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/problems/defect/results.cfm?action\_number\=DP08001\&SearchType\=QuickSearch\&summary\=true \|title\=Keeping You Safe – Safercar – National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)\|website\=www\-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov}} The Department of Transportation reported in 2011 that the only causes for SUA were pedal misapplication and wrong mats. Most complaints came after the Toyota recall. The cars' [event data recorders](/wiki/Event_data_recorder "Event data recorder") showed application of accelerator pedal and no application of brake pedal.{{Citation needed\|date\=October 2023}} [NASA](/wiki/NASA "NASA") was unable to replicate engine control failure.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.caranddriver.com/features/its\-all\-your\-fault\-the\-dot\-renders\-its\-verdict\-on\-toyotas\-unintended\-acceleration\-scare\-feature \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20161229031236/http://www.caranddriver.com/features/its\-all\-your\-fault\-the\-dot\-renders\-its\-verdict\-on\-toyotas\-unintended\-acceleration\-scare\-feature \|title\=It's All Your Fault: The DOT Renders Its Verdict on Toyota's Unintended\-Acceleration Scare \|date\=2011\-06\-09 \|publisher\=\[\[Car and Driver]] \|archive\-date\=2016\-12\-29 \|access\-date\=2017\-01\-10 \|url\-status\=live \|quote\=A field examination of 58 vehicles said to be involved in unintended\-acceleration crashes revealed no evidence of  brake failure or throttle malfunction. Moreover, these Toyotas were equipped with simple event data recorders (EDRs, or "black boxes"), as about 85 percent of new cars are. Of the 39 vehicles that fit the unintended\-acceleration pattern and had usable EDR data, none showed sustained, pre\-crash braking taking place and 35 revealed high or increasing accelerator position. NASA scientists ..  were unable to cause a single instance of sudden acceleration.}}{{cite web\|url\= http://media.caranddriver.com/images/media/51/its\-all\-your\-fault\-toyota\-dot\-unintended\-acceleration\-graph\-alternate\-photo\-404624\-s\-original\-photo\-462506\-s\-original.jpg \|title\=Recall curve}} A subsequent investigation{{Cite web\|url\= http://www.safetyresearch.net/Library/NHTSA\-NASA\_Response\_Final\_052311\.pdf \|title\=An Examination of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Engineering Safety Center Assessment and Technical Evaluation of Toyota Electronic Throttle Control (ETC) Systems and Unintended Acceleration \|author\=Safety Research\|website\=Safety Research}} by Safety Research{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.safetyresearch.net/blog/articles/toyota\-unintended\-acceleration\-and\-big\-bowl\-%E2%80%9Cspaghetti%E2%80%9D\-code\|title\=Toyota Unintended Acceleration and the Big Bowl of "Spaghetti" Code {{!}} Safety Research \& Strategies, Inc.\|website\=www.safetyresearch.net\|date\=November 8, 2013\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-11\|archive\-date\=April 11, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411175932/http://www.safetyresearch.net/blog/articles/toyota\-unintended\-acceleration\-and\-big\-bowl\-%E2%80%9Cspaghetti%E2%80%9D\-code\|url\-status\=dead}} of the NTHSA/NASA report along with information from Barrs report{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.safetyresearch.net/Library/BarrSlides\_FINAL\_SCRUBBED.pdf \|title\=BOOKOUT V. TOYOTA\|last\=Barr\|first\=Michael}} and Koopmans report{{Cite web\|url\=https://users.ece.cmu.edu/\~koopman/pubs/koopman14\_toyota\_ua\_slides.pdf \|title\=A Case Study of Toyota Unintended Acceleration and Software Safety\|last\=Koopman\|first\=Phil}} stated that bad software design, antiquated [ECU](/wiki/Engine_control_unit "Engine control unit") hardware fueled by a poor company culture were the likely cause of the SUA in the Toyota Camry incidents. In April 2013, Betsy Benjaminson, a freelance translator working for Toyota to translate internal documents, released a personal statement about Toyota covering up facts about the sudden unintended acceleration problem. Benjaminson stated she "read many descriptions by executives and managers of how they had hoodwinked regulators, courts, and even congress, by withholding, omitting, or misstating facts."{{cite web \|url\=http://jessiepowell.blogspot.com/2013/10/personal\-statement\-of\-toyota.html \|title\=Route 44 Toyota Sold Me A LEMON: Personal Statement of Toyota Whistleblower \|first\=Betsy \|last\=Benjaminson \|via\=Jessie Powell's blog \|date\=2013\-10\-30 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190111092443/http://jessiepowell.blogspot.com/2013/10/personal\-statement\-of\-toyota.html \|archive\-date\=2019\-01\-11 \|url\-status\=live}} Benjaminson also compared Toyota's press releases and mentioned that they were obviously meant to "maintain public belief in the safety of Toyota's cars—despite providing no evidence to support those reassurances." This public statement was released when Benjaminson decided to name herself as a whistleblower after she had been providing evidence to Iowa Senator Charles Grassley. This leak of internal documents fueled a criminal investigation by the FBI and the Justice Department that had been ongoing since 2010,{{cite news \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/toyota\-nears\-1\-billion\-deal\-to\-end\-probe\-1391818951 \|title\=Toyota Nears $1 Billion Deal to End Probe \|first1\=Charles \|last1\=Levinson \|first2\=Christopher M. \|last2\=Matthews \|date\=2014\-02\-08 \|work\=Wall Street Journal}} and on March 19, 2014, the DOJ issued a deferred prosecution agreement with a $1\.2 billion criminal penalty for issuing misleading and deceptive statements to its consumers and federal regulators, as well as hiding another cause of unintended acceleration, the sticky pedal, from the NHTSA. This fine was separate from the $1\.2 billion settlement of a class action suit paid to the drivers of Toyota cars who claimed that their cars had lost value as a result of the SUA problems gaining publicity in 2012, and was at the time the largest criminal fine against an automaker in US history.{{cite news\|url\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/toyota\-reaches\-12\-billion\-settlement\-to\-end\-criminal\-probe/2014/03/19/5738a3c4\-af69\-11e3\-9627\-c65021d6d572\_story.html \|title\=Toyota reaches $1\.2 billion settlement to end probe of accelerator problems\|newspaper\=Washington Post}} Toyota was also forced to pay a total of $66\.2 million in fines to the Department of Transportation for failing to handle recalls properly and $25\.5 million to Toyota shareholders whose stock lost value due to recalls. Nearly 400 wrongful\-death and personal injury cases were also privately settled by Toyota as a result of unintended acceleration. ### Mitsubishi Montero Sport {{main\|Mitsubishi Montero Sport crash incidents}} In the Philippines, a number of incidents involving automatic transmission variants of the [Mitsubishi Challenger](/wiki/Mitsubishi_Challenger "Mitsubishi Challenger") (sold as the Mitsubishi Montero Sport) were reported since 2015\.{{cite news \|title\=Montero Sport 'victims' share their stories; UK expert weighs in \|url\=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2015/12/04/Montero\-Sport\-sudden\-acceleration\-victims\-stories.html \|first\=Eimor P. \|last\=Santos \|work\=CNN \|location\=Philippines \|access\-date\=2017\-11\-18 \|date\=2015\-12\-05 \|archive\-date\=November 5, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105001337/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2015/12/04/Montero\-Sport\-sudden\-acceleration\-victims\-stories.html \|url\-status\=dead }} In spite of an ongoing investigation on the cause of the incidents, Mitsubishi has asserted that the vehicles in question are free of any defects or design flaws.{{cite news \|title\=DTI creates panel to probe accidents involving Mitsubishi Montero Sport \|url\=http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/dti\-creates\-panel\-to\-probe\-accidents\-involving\-mitsubishi\-montero\-sport \|first1\=Jovee Marie N. \|last1\=dela Cruz \|first2\=Catherine N. \|last2\=Pillas \|work\=Business Mirror \|location\=Philippines \|access\-date\=2017\-11\-18 \|date\=2015\-11\-25}} The company however offered a free inspection for Montero owners affected by the incident.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/business/2016/01/04/have\-montero\-sport\-checked\-free\-dti\-449940 \|title\=Have Montero Sport checked for free: DTI \|last\=Perez \|first\=Ace June Rell \|work\=SunStar \|location\=Philippines \|date\=2016\-01\-04 \|access\-date\=2017\-11\-18 \|archive\-date\=September 1, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901111229/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/business/2016/01/04/have\-montero\-sport\-checked\-free\-dti\-449940 \|url\-status\=dead }} {{As of\|2019\|April}}, over 100 complaints against [Mitsubishi Motors Philippines](/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors_Philippines "Mitsubishi Motors Philippines") were filed by Montero Sport owners. The incident has since been the subject of an investigation by the [Department of Trade and Industry](/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_%28Philippines%29 "Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines)") (DTI). There are also several sudden unintended acceleration incidents involving 2009 to 2011 Montero that date way back in the year 2010 to 2012\. However, no such incidences have surfaced in other countries. At least 23 SUA incidents involving Montero Sports were recorded by the Philippine National Police Highway Patrol Group, from motorists in [Metro Manila](/wiki/Metro_Manila "Metro Manila"), [Cavite](/wiki/Cavite "Cavite"), [Batangas](/wiki/Batangas "Batangas"), [Iloilo City](/wiki/Iloilo_City "Iloilo City"), [Laguna](/wiki/Laguna_%28province%29 "Laguna (province)") and [Tacloban](/wiki/Tacloban "Tacloban").{{cite news \|title\=Montero driver in QC mishap blames 'sudden acceleration' \|url\=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/745158/montero\-driver\-in\-qc\-mishap\-blames\-sudden\-acceleration \|work\=Inquirer.net \|location\=The Philippines \|date\=2015\-12\-06 \|access\-date\=2019\-04\-26}} ### Tesla's Model X, S, 3, and Cybertruck {{As of\|2019\|September}}, the [Tesla](/wiki/Tesla%2C_Inc. "Tesla, Inc.") [Model X](/wiki/Tesla_Model_X "Tesla Model X"), [Model S](/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S") and [Model 3](/wiki/Tesla_Model_3 "Tesla Model 3") have had more than 108 sudden unintended acceleration reports, as per NHTSA's Early Warning Page. A petition was issued for further investigation from the NHTSA, claiming Tesla's vehicles may have a structural flaw that can endanger public safety and that the number of sudden unintended acceleration reports filed for the Tesla models was as much as 6000% higher than other brands' cars on similar class or otherwise (pages 63 through 66 on the petition report).{{cn\|date\=April 2023}} The company issued an article in its corporate website blog, claiming "in every case we reviewed them \[the customer complaints], the data proved the vehicle functioned properly".{{cite press release \|url\=https://www.tesla.com/blog/no\-unintended\-acceleration\-tesla\-vehicles \|title\=There is no "unintended acceleration" in Tesla vehicles \|publisher\=Tesla \|location\=US \|date\=January 20, 2020 \|access\-date\=January 25, 2020}} In one such case, the company issued a written statement to the effect that the sudden acceleration (up to 112 km/h) was due to the accelerator being pressed with no pressing of the brake detected.{{cite tweet\|number\=1276092683312750592\|user\=DKurac\|title\=Speed at impact was 112 km/h. A few minutes prior to the accident, there were no signals of pressing the brake, only signals of pressing the accelerator, according to the online Tesla doc on the Nanchang M3 crash/fire. The driver says the car suddenly accelerated to 127 km/h, brakes unresponsive.\|date\=2020\-06\-25}} In January 2021, NHTSA released a statement that it determined the petition's cases were due to driver error and not anything wrong with the designs, software, etc. of the vehicles.{{Cite web \|title\=NHTSA determines sudden acceleration complaints in Tesla vehicles were due to driver error \|url\=https://techcrunch.com/2021/01/08/nhtsa\-tesla\-sudden\-unintended\-acceleration\-driver\-error/ \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-29 \|website\=TechCrunch \|date\=January 8, 2021 \|language\=en\-US}} In May 2023, State Administration for Market Regulation in China ordered all imported and Chinese\-made Tesla to be recalled to include new features that allow switching off regenerative braking and limit the risks associated with one\-pedal driving.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/china\-says\-tesla\-to\-fix\-software\-for\-1\-1\-million\-cars\-on\-braking\-issue\-idUSNIKBN2X30DO/ \|title\=China says Tesla to fix software for 1\.1 million cars on braking issue \|website\=Reuters \|date\=12 May 2023 }} Following several high\-profile crashes of Tesla vehicles in China, Europe, and the United States, the One\-Pedal Driving mode was blamed as one of the factors increasing the risk of sudden unintended acceleration (SUA) crashes, according to Greek crash investigator Costas Lakafossis. In One\-pedal driving mode, the driver can accelerate and reverse the car without applying the brakes. The local regulator in China suggested Tesla change the one\-pedal driving mode logic and use creep mode as the default behavior. In creep mode, the car would move slowly when not pressing any pedal, forcing the driver to press the brake pedal for any intentional stop. A faulty inverter design could also lead to SUA, according to NHTSA.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/breaking\-nhtsa\-petition\-shows\-tesla\-s\-sudden\-unintended\-acceleration\-is\-real\-and\-curable\-217525\.html \|title\=Breaking: NHTSA Petition Claims Tesla Sudden Unintended Acceleration Is Real (but Fixable) \|website\=Auto Evolution \|date\=4 July 2023 \|first\=Cristian \|last\=Agatie }} All Tesla in China were updated to use creep mode as default in May 2023\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/tesla\-2023129\-update\-offers\-an\-important\-safety\-feature\-basic\-support\-for\-hw4\-cars\-215192\.html \|title\=Tesla 2023\.12\.9 Update Offers an Important Safety Feature, Basic Support for HW4 Cars \|website\=Auto Evolution \|date\=18 May 2023 \|first\=Cristian \|last\=Agatie }} On April 17, 2024, the [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration") (NHTSA) announced that Tesla had recalled all 3,878 Cybertrucks sold as of that date to fix an accelerator pedal pad that could come loose and get lodged in the interior trim, causing the car to unintentionally accelerate.{{Cite news \|date\=2024\-04\-19 \|title\=Tesla Recalls Almost 3,900 Cybertrucks to Repair Faulty Pedals \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024\-04\-19/tesla\-recalls\-almost\-3\-900\-cybertrucks\-to\-repair\-faulty\-pedals \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-19 \|work\=Bloomberg.com \|language\=en}}
[ "Reported incidents\n------------------", "Reported incidents of sudden unintended acceleration include:\n* 1987: The 1982–1987 [Audi 5000](/wiki/Audi_5000 \"Audi 5000\")'s sales in the United States fell after recalls linked to sudden unintended acceleration. There were 700 accidents and 6 deaths.\n* 1988: 1986 [Honda Accords](/wiki/Honda_Accord \"Honda Accord\") were documented to have had sudden acceleration incidents due to the Vehicle Speed Control component, as reported to the NHTSA.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www\\-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/problems/defect/results.cfm?action\\_number\\=DP88008\\&SearchType\\=QuickSearch\\&summary\\=true \\|title\\=NHTSA Action Number: DP88008 \\|publisher\\=Odi.nhtsa.dot.gov \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-11\\-13}}\n* 1997: Sudden acceleration in [Cherokees](/wiki/Jeep_Cherokee_%28XJ%29 \"Jeep Cherokee (XJ)\") and [Grand Cherokees](/wiki/Jeep_Grand_Cherokee \"Jeep Grand Cherokee\") was reported by [Diane Sawyer](/wiki/Diane_Sawyer \"Diane Sawyer\") in a March 1997 ABC News *[Primetime](/wiki/Primetime_%28American_TV_program%29 \"Primetime (American TV program)\")* segment.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://sites.google.com/site/jeepgrandcherokeesua/ \\|title\\=Jeep Grand Cherokee SUA Incidents \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-11\\-13 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 23, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023021131/https://sites.google.com/site/jeepgrandcherokeesua/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.safetyforum.com/sua/ \\|title\\=Jeep Cherokee SUA at \\|publisher\\=Safetyforum.com \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-11\\-13 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715224545/http://www.safetyforum.com/sua/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\n* 2000: Several [Ford Explorers](/wiki/Ford_Explorer \"Ford Explorer\") were reported about in the [UK](/wiki/UK \"UK\") by a [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 \"Channel 4\") news program where the vehicle was already moving at speed and experienced sudden acceleration.{{cite web \\|author\\=Antony Anderson \\|url\\=http://www.antony\\-anderson.com/cruise/5\\-sa.htm \\|title\\=Automobile Cruise Control Faults and Sudden Acceleration \\|publisher\\=Antony\\-anderson.com \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-11\\-13 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 23, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623050304/http://www.antony\\-anderson.com/cruise/5\\-sa.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\n* 2004: The NHTSA sent Toyota a chart showing that [Toyota Camry](/wiki/Toyota_Camry \"Toyota Camry\") models with electronic throttle controls had over 400% more \"vehicle speed\" complaints than those with manual controls.{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2013}}\n* 2005: Incident observed in a Toyota Camry. The cause was initially suggested to be a [tin whisker](/wiki/Tin_whisker \"Tin whisker\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.safetyresearch.net/Library/NHTSA\\-NASA\\_Response\\_Final\\_052311\\.pdf \\|title\\=An Examination of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Engineering Safety Center Assessment and Technical Evaluation of Toyota Electronic Throttle Control (ETC) Systems and Unintended Acceleration \\|work\\=safetyresearch.net \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-11\\-20}} however this was later proven not to be the case.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://toyotanews.pressroom.toyota.com/releases/tin\\+whiskers\\+other\\+discredited\\+unintended\\+acceleration\\+theories.htm\\|title\\='Tin Whiskers' and Other Discredited Unintended Acceleration Theories – Toyota}}\n* 2005: Ida Starr St John involved in sudden and unintended acceleration accident with her Toyota Camry. The Camry immediately accelerated without her pressing the accelerator pedal and pressing the brake pedal did nothing to stop the vehicle.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.leagle.com/decision/inadvfdco140805000089 \\|title\\=In re Toyota Motor Corp, unintended acceleration – case No. 8:10ML 02151 JVS \\|website\\=Leagle \\|location\\=US \\|date\\=7 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=25 December 2022}}\n* 2006: The 2004 model year Ford Mustang Cobra was recalled by Ford for accelerator pedals that failed to return to idle after being fully pressed.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.automotive.com/2004/49/ford/mustang/recalls/68344\\.html \\|title\\=2004 Ford Mustang Recalls \\|work\\=automotive.com \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-06\\-16 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 7, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707192427/http://www.automotive.com/2004/49/ford/mustang/recalls/68344\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\n* 2008: Incidents involving the 2005 [Kia Amanti](/wiki/Kia_Amanti \"Kia Amanti\") and [Kia Sephia](/wiki/Kia_Sephia \"Kia Sephia\") had been reported that were preceded by a racing or highly revving engine.{{cite web\\|author\\=cindyjo \\|url\\=http://www.my3cents.com/showReview.cgi?id\\=33302 \\|title\\=Kia Motors Informative: Sudden acceleration – Amanti \\|publisher\\=My3cents.com \\|date\\=2008\\-02\\-10 \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-11\\-13}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://consumeraffairs.com/automotive/kia\\_accel.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209000427/http://www.consumeraffairs.com/automotive/kia\\_accel.html \\|title\\=Kia Sudden Acceleration \\|publisher\\=Consumer Affairs \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-11\\-13 \\|archive\\-date\\=2005\\-02\\-09 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* 2009: Toyota Avalon displays unintended acceleration without floor mat; observed by dealer.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.leftlanenews.com/toyota\\-avalon\\-displays\\-unintended\\-acceleration\\-without\\-floor\\-mat.html \\|title\\=Toyota Avalon displays unintended acceleration without floor mat \\|first\\=Mark \\|last\\=Kleis \\|date\\=2010\\-01\\-15 \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-06\\-16 \\|work\\=Left Lane News \\|archive\\-date\\=January 18, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118073322/http://www.leftlanenews.com/toyota\\-avalon\\-displays\\-unintended\\-acceleration\\-without\\-floor\\-mat.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\n* 2009: Chase Weir's experience with sudden acceleration in his Ford Explorer while driving on a freeway was reported by a number of news organisations, along with the released 000 emergency recordings of the incident.{{cite web \\|first1\\=Mex \\|last1\\=Cooper \\|first2\\=Thomas \\|last2\\=Hunter \\|first3\\=Peter \\|last3\\=Gregory \\|first4\\=Paul \\|last4\\=Millar \\|date\\=2009\\-12\\-16 \\|work\\=Drive \\|url\\=http://news.drive.com.au/drive/motor\\-news/cruise\\-control\\-terror\\-dramatic\\-triple0\\-tape\\-released\\-20091215\\-kuk8\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20121230110647/http://news.drive.com.au/drive/motor\\-news/cruise\\-control\\-terror\\-dramatic\\-triple0\\-tape\\-released\\-20091215\\-kuk8\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-30 \\|title\\=Cruise control terror: dramatic Triple\\-0 tape released \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-06\\-28 }}\n* 2009–2011: Several vehicle models were recalled in the [2009–2011 Toyota vehicle recalls](/wiki/2009%E2%80%932011_Toyota_vehicle_recalls \"2009–2011 Toyota vehicle recalls\"), which resulted in suspension of production and sales of many of Toyota's most popular models, including the [Toyota Prius](/wiki/Toyota_Prius \"Toyota Prius\"), [Toyota Corolla](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla \"Toyota Corolla\"), Toyota Camry, [Toyota Tacoma](/wiki/Toyota_Tacoma \"Toyota Tacoma\") pickups, [Toyota Avalon](/wiki/Toyota_Avalon \"Toyota Avalon\"), [Toyota Matrix](/wiki/Toyota_Matrix \"Toyota Matrix\"), [Pontiac Vibe](/wiki/Pontiac_Vibe \"Pontiac Vibe\"), and more.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://pressroom.toyota.com/pr/tms/toyota/toyota\\-temporarily\\-suspends\\-sales\\-153126\\.aspx \\|title\\=Toyota USA Newsroom \\| Safety/Recall \\|publisher\\=Pressroom.toyota.com \\|date\\=2011\\-11\\-09 \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-11\\-13 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211103422/http://pressroom.toyota.com/pr/tms/toyota/toyota\\-temporarily\\-suspends\\-sales\\-153126\\.aspx \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|work\\=BusinessWeek \\|date\\=2010\\-03\\-01 \\|pages\\=14–16 \\|title\\=Did Toyota's Traffic Cops Sway the Regulators?\\|page\\= }}\n* 2016: A complaint was made against the [Tesla Model X](/wiki/Tesla_Model_X \"Tesla Model X\"){{cite news \\|url\\=http://electrek.co/2016/06/06/tesla\\-model\\-x\\-crashes\\-into\\-building\\-autonomously\\-accelerated/ \\|title\\=Tesla Model X crashes into building at high speed, owner claims it accelerated on its own \\|first\\=Fred \\|last\\=Lambert \\|work\\=Electrek \\|date\\=2016\\-06\\-06 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-07}} although the vehicle logs showed that only the accelerator pedal had been pressed by the driver.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://electrek.co/2016/06/06/tesla\\-model\\-x\\-crash\\-not\\-at\\-fault/ \\|title\\=Tesla logs show that Model X driver hit the accelerator, Autopilot didn't crash into building on its own \\|first\\=Fred \\|last\\=Lambert \\|work\\=Electrek \\|date\\=2016\\-06\\-06 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-07}}", "### Audi 5000", "During model years 1982–1987, Audi issued a series of [recalls](/wiki/Product_recall \"Product recall\") of [Audi 5000](/wiki/Audi_5000 \"Audi 5000\") (the North American name of the Audi 100 at the time) models associated with reported incidents of *sudden unintended acceleration* linked to six deaths and 700 accidents.{{cite news \\|title\\=Audi 1980s Scare May Mean Lost Generation for Toyota \\|work\\=Business Week \\|date\\=2010\\-02\\-04 \\|first1\\=Andreas \\|last1\\=Cremer \\|first2\\=Tom \\|last2\\=Lavell \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\\=newsarchive\\&sid\\=aFAbB4LZ3h6A}} At the time, NHTSA was investigating 50 car models from 20 manufacturers for sudden surges of power.{{cite news \\|title\\=A Hard Sell for Audi \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|first\\=John \\|last\\=Holusha \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/24/business/a\\-hard\\-sell\\-for\\-audi.html?scp\\=14\\&sq\\=audi%20sudden%20acceleration\\&st\\=cse \\|date\\=1988\\-07\\-24 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-05\\-24}}", "*[60 Minutes](/wiki/60_Minutes \"60 Minutes\")* aired a report titled \"Out of Control\" on November 23, 1986,{{cite web \\|title \\= The Audi 5000 Intended Unintended Acceleration Debacle \\|work\\=The Truth About Cars \\|first\\=Paul \\|last\\=Niedermeyer \\|date\\=2010\\-02\\-07 \\|url\\=http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/the\\-best\\-of\\-ttac\\-the\\-audi\\-5000\\-intended\\-unintended\\-acceleration\\-debacle/}} featuring interviews with six people who had sued Audi after reporting unintended acceleration, including footage of an Audi 5000 ostensibly displaying a surge of acceleration while the brake pedal was depressed.{{cite web\\|title \\= Manufacturing the Audi Scare\\|publisher \\= The Wall Street Journal\\|first\\=Peter\\|last\\=Huber\\|date\\=1989\\-12\\-18\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-06\\-16\\|url \\= http://www.manhattan\\-institute.org/html/cjm\\_18\\.htm}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.aim.org/media\\-monitor/the\\-cbs\\-cold\\-case\\-files/ \\|title\\=The CBS \"Cold Case\" Files \\|work\\=Accuracy in Media \\|first\\=Sherrie \\|last\\=Gossett \\|date\\=2005\\-05\\-13 \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-06\\-16 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 3, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103082732/http://www.aim.org/media\\-monitor/the\\-cbs\\-cold\\-case\\-files/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Subsequent investigation revealed that *60 Minutes* had not disclosed they had engineered the vehicle's behavior — fitting a canister of compressed air on the passenger\\-side floor, linked via a hose to a hole drilled into the transmission — the arrangement executed by one of the experts who had testified on behalf of a plaintiff in a then pending lawsuit against Audi's parent company.{{cite web\\|title \\= Nine Worst Business Stories(of the Last 50 Years) \\#4\\. Accelerating Audis\\|publisher \\= Business and Media Institute\\|url \\= http://www.businessandmedia.org/specialreports/2008/MediaMyth/NineWorst/NineWorstStoriesFull4\\.asp \\|url\\-status \\= dead\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091005020311/http://www.businessandmedia.org/specialreports/2008/MediaMyth/NineWorst/NineWorstStoriesFull4\\.asp \\|archive\\-date \\= 2009\\-10\\-05}}", "Audi contended, prior to findings by outside investigators that the problems were caused by driver error, specifically pedal misapplication. Subsequently, the NHTSA concluded that the majority of unintended acceleration cases, including all the ones that prompted the *60 Minutes* report, were caused by driver error such as confusion of pedals.{{cite web \\|publisher\\=HighBeam Research, Inc. \\|url\\=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2\\-1185635\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102221624/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2\\-1185635\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-02 \\|title\\=Unfair at Any Speed \\|first\\=Brock \\|last\\=Yates \\|date\\=1989\\-04\\-16 \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-06\\-16}} CBS did not acknowledge the test results of involved government agencies, but did acknowledge the similar results of another study.", "With the series of recall campaigns, Audi made several modifications; the first adjusted the distance between the brake and accelerator pedal on automatic\\-transmission models. Later repairs, of 250,000 cars dating back to 1978, added a device requiring the driver to press the brake pedal before shifting out of park. As a byproduct of sudden unintended acceleration, vehicles now include [gear stick](/wiki/Gear_stick \"Gear stick\") patterns and brake [interlock](/wiki/Interlock \"Interlock\") mechanisms to prevent inadvertent gear selection.", "Audi's U.S. sales, which had reached 74,061 in 1985, dropped to 12,283 in 1991 and remained level for three years. — with resale values falling dramatically.{{cite news \\|title\\=Audi Increases Warranty Plan \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/27/business/company\\-news\\-audi\\-increases\\-warranty\\-plan.html?scp\\=12\\&sq\\=audi%20sudden%20acceleration\\&st\\=cse \\|date\\=1988\\-07\\-27 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-05\\-24}} Audi subsequently offered increased warranty protection and renamed the affected models — with the *5000* becoming the *100* and *200* in 1989\\. The company only reached the same level of U.S. sales again by model year 2000\\.", "As of early 2010, a class\\-action lawsuit filed in 1987 by about 7,500 Audi 5000 owners remains unsettled and is currently contested in county court in Chicago after appeals at the Illinois state and U.S. federal levels. The plaintiffs in this lawsuit charge that on account of the sudden acceleration controversy, Audis had lost resale value.", "### Sudden acceleration in Toyota vehicles", "From 2002 to 2009 there were many defect petitions made to the NHTSA regarding unintended acceleration in [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") and [Lexus](/wiki/Lexus \"Lexus\") vehicles, but many{{Weasel inline\\|date\\=October 2023\\|text\\=Many? How \"many\"?}} of them were determined to be caused by pedal misapplication,{{Citation needed\\|date\\=October 2023}} and the NHTSA noted that there was no statistical significance showing that Toyota vehicles had more SUA incidents than other manufacturers.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=October 2023}} Other investigations were closed because the NHTSA found no evidence that a defect existed.", "The first major cause of unintended acceleration was found in March 2007, when an engineering analysis showed that unsecured all\\-weather mats had led to pedal entrapment and drivers accelerating up to {{cvt\\|90\\|mph\\|km/h}} with decreased braking power. Early on, Toyota suggested that driver error was to blame, saying that some people may have hit the gas when they meant to hit the brake. This led to Toyota sending a letter to the owners of the affected car, a 2007 [Lexus ES 350](/wiki/Lexus_ES \"Lexus ES\"), asking that they bring their cars in to switch out the all\\-weather mats.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www\\-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/problems/defect/results.cfm?action\\_number\\=EA07010\\&SearchType\\=QuickSearch\\&summary\\=true \\|title\\=Keeping You Safe – Safercar – National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)\\|website\\=odi.nhtsa.dot.gov}} After this recall, Toyota decided to revise the internal design of their cars to ensure that there was \"{{convert\\|10\\|mm}} between a fully depressed gas pedal and the floor,\" but decided to only implement the new designs upon the next \"full model redesign\", which wouldn't take place until 2010\\. In an attempt to hide these defects from investigators, Toyota switched to verbal communication on the defect rather than traceable forms of communication. As a result, many new cars were knowingly produced with the same floor mat issues that had been identified as being having the potential to cause SUA problems in association with the defective pedal design.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice\\-department\\-announces\\-criminal\\-charge\\-against\\-toyota\\-motor\\-corporation\\-and\\-deferred \\|title\\=Justice Department Announces Criminal Charge Against Toyota Motor Corporation and Deferred Prosecution Agreement with $1\\.2 Billion Financial Penalty\\|website\\=www.justice.gov\\|date\\=March 19, 2014 }}", "One of those vehicles, a 2009 [ES 350](/wiki/Lexus_ES \"Lexus ES\"), was given as a loaner car to California Highway Patrol officer Mark Saylor on August 28, 2009\\. Saylor and his wife, daughter, and brother\\-in\\-law were driving on [State Route 125](/wiki/California_State_Route_125 \"California State Route 125\") in San Diego, California, when their car accelerated out of control and [crashed into an embankment](/wiki/Traffic_collision \"Traffic collision\"), killing everyone in the car. This crash gained nationwide news coverage due to a recorded 911 call from Chris Lastrella, Saylor's brother\\-in\\-law. In the moments before the crash, Lastrella could be heard telling the operator that the accelerator was stuck and that the brakes wouldn't work.{{cite AV media \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=KHGSWs4uJzY \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/KHGSWs4uJzY \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-15 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Family Killed in Santee Car Crash 911 Call \\|first\\=Marie \\|last\\=Boolovesu \\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-12 \\|via\\=YouTube}}{{cbignore}} \nThat exact car had experienced the same problem when Frank Bernard had driven it as a loaner car a few days earlier. Bernard told investigators that he was accelerating to get past a merging truck when the accelerator pedal jammed into the floor mat and remained there when he took his foot off the pedal. Bernard was able to slow the car down to {{cvt\\|50\\|–\\|60\\|mph\\|km/h}} with the brakes, but was only able to bring the car to a complete stop after putting the car in neutral.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/12/10/toyota\\-tragedy\\-saylor\\-family/ \\|title\\=Lexus Crash: An Avoidable Tragedy\\|first\\=Reilly\\|last\\=Brennan \\|website\\=Autoblog}}\nAfter this incident, Toyota conducted seven recalls related to unintended acceleration from September 2009 to March 2010\\. These recalls amounted to approximately 10 million vehicles and mostly switched out all\\-weather mats and carpet covers that had the potential to cause pedal entrapment. At this point there was little evidence that there was ever any defect in the Electronic Throttle Control System (ETCS) that was installed in Toyota cars after 2002, despite requests to the NHTSA to investigate it, and Toyota announced that the root cause of sudden acceleration had been addressed.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www\\-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/problems/defect/results.cfm?action\\_number\\=DP08001\\&SearchType\\=QuickSearch\\&summary\\=true \\|title\\=Keeping You Safe – Safercar – National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)\\|website\\=www\\-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov}}", "The Department of Transportation reported in 2011 that the only causes for SUA were pedal misapplication and wrong mats. Most complaints came after the Toyota recall. The cars' [event data recorders](/wiki/Event_data_recorder \"Event data recorder\") showed application of accelerator pedal and no application of brake pedal.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=October 2023}} [NASA](/wiki/NASA \"NASA\") was unable to replicate engine control failure.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.caranddriver.com/features/its\\-all\\-your\\-fault\\-the\\-dot\\-renders\\-its\\-verdict\\-on\\-toyotas\\-unintended\\-acceleration\\-scare\\-feature \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20161229031236/http://www.caranddriver.com/features/its\\-all\\-your\\-fault\\-the\\-dot\\-renders\\-its\\-verdict\\-on\\-toyotas\\-unintended\\-acceleration\\-scare\\-feature \\|title\\=It's All Your Fault: The DOT Renders Its Verdict on Toyota's Unintended\\-Acceleration Scare \\|date\\=2011\\-06\\-09 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Car and Driver]] \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-12\\-29 \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-01\\-10 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|quote\\=A field examination of 58 vehicles said to be involved in unintended\\-acceleration crashes revealed no evidence of  brake failure or throttle malfunction. Moreover, these Toyotas were equipped with simple event data recorders (EDRs, or \"black boxes\"), as about 85 percent of new cars are. Of the 39 vehicles that fit the unintended\\-acceleration pattern and had usable EDR data, none showed sustained, pre\\-crash braking taking place and 35 revealed high or increasing accelerator position. NASA scientists ..  were unable to cause a single instance of sudden acceleration.}}{{cite web\\|url\\= http://media.caranddriver.com/images/media/51/its\\-all\\-your\\-fault\\-toyota\\-dot\\-unintended\\-acceleration\\-graph\\-alternate\\-photo\\-404624\\-s\\-original\\-photo\\-462506\\-s\\-original.jpg \\|title\\=Recall curve}}", "A subsequent investigation{{Cite web\\|url\\= http://www.safetyresearch.net/Library/NHTSA\\-NASA\\_Response\\_Final\\_052311\\.pdf \\|title\\=An Examination of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Engineering Safety Center Assessment and Technical Evaluation of Toyota Electronic Throttle Control (ETC) Systems and Unintended Acceleration \\|author\\=Safety Research\\|website\\=Safety Research}} by Safety Research{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.safetyresearch.net/blog/articles/toyota\\-unintended\\-acceleration\\-and\\-big\\-bowl\\-%E2%80%9Cspaghetti%E2%80%9D\\-code\\|title\\=Toyota Unintended Acceleration and the Big Bowl of \"Spaghetti\" Code {{!}} Safety Research \\& Strategies, Inc.\\|website\\=www.safetyresearch.net\\|date\\=November 8, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-11\\|archive\\-date\\=April 11, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411175932/http://www.safetyresearch.net/blog/articles/toyota\\-unintended\\-acceleration\\-and\\-big\\-bowl\\-%E2%80%9Cspaghetti%E2%80%9D\\-code\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} of the NTHSA/NASA report along with information from Barrs report{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.safetyresearch.net/Library/BarrSlides\\_FINAL\\_SCRUBBED.pdf \\|title\\=BOOKOUT V. TOYOTA\\|last\\=Barr\\|first\\=Michael}} and Koopmans report{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://users.ece.cmu.edu/\\~koopman/pubs/koopman14\\_toyota\\_ua\\_slides.pdf \\|title\\=A Case Study of Toyota Unintended Acceleration and Software Safety\\|last\\=Koopman\\|first\\=Phil}} stated that bad software design, antiquated [ECU](/wiki/Engine_control_unit \"Engine control unit\") hardware fueled by a poor company culture were the likely cause of the SUA in the Toyota Camry incidents.", "In April 2013, Betsy Benjaminson, a freelance translator working for Toyota to translate internal documents, released a personal statement about Toyota covering up facts about the sudden unintended acceleration problem. Benjaminson stated she \"read many descriptions by executives and managers of how they had hoodwinked regulators, courts, and even congress, by withholding, omitting, or misstating facts.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://jessiepowell.blogspot.com/2013/10/personal\\-statement\\-of\\-toyota.html \\|title\\=Route 44 Toyota Sold Me A LEMON: Personal Statement of Toyota Whistleblower \\|first\\=Betsy \\|last\\=Benjaminson \\|via\\=Jessie Powell's blog \\|date\\=2013\\-10\\-30 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190111092443/http://jessiepowell.blogspot.com/2013/10/personal\\-statement\\-of\\-toyota.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-11 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Benjaminson also compared Toyota's press releases and mentioned that they were obviously meant to \"maintain public belief in the safety of Toyota's cars—despite providing no evidence to support those reassurances.\" This public statement was released when Benjaminson decided to name herself as a whistleblower after she had been providing evidence to Iowa Senator Charles Grassley.", "This leak of internal documents fueled a criminal investigation by the FBI and the Justice Department that had been ongoing since 2010,{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/toyota\\-nears\\-1\\-billion\\-deal\\-to\\-end\\-probe\\-1391818951 \\|title\\=Toyota Nears $1 Billion Deal to End Probe \\|first1\\=Charles \\|last1\\=Levinson \\|first2\\=Christopher M. \\|last2\\=Matthews \\|date\\=2014\\-02\\-08 \\|work\\=Wall Street Journal}} and on March 19, 2014, the DOJ issued a deferred prosecution agreement with a $1\\.2 billion criminal penalty for issuing misleading and deceptive statements to its consumers and federal regulators, as well as hiding another cause of unintended acceleration, the sticky pedal, from the NHTSA. This fine was separate from the $1\\.2 billion settlement of a class action suit paid to the drivers of Toyota cars who claimed that their cars had lost value as a result of the SUA problems gaining publicity in 2012, and was at the time the largest criminal fine against an automaker in US history.{{cite news\\|url\\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/toyota\\-reaches\\-12\\-billion\\-settlement\\-to\\-end\\-criminal\\-probe/2014/03/19/5738a3c4\\-af69\\-11e3\\-9627\\-c65021d6d572\\_story.html \\|title\\=Toyota reaches $1\\.2 billion settlement to end probe of accelerator problems\\|newspaper\\=Washington Post}} Toyota was also forced to pay a total of $66\\.2 million in fines to the Department of Transportation for failing to handle recalls properly and $25\\.5 million to Toyota shareholders whose stock lost value due to recalls. Nearly 400 wrongful\\-death and personal injury cases were also privately settled by Toyota as a result of unintended acceleration.", "### Mitsubishi Montero Sport", "{{main\\|Mitsubishi Montero Sport crash incidents}}", "In the Philippines, a number of incidents involving automatic transmission variants of the [Mitsubishi Challenger](/wiki/Mitsubishi_Challenger \"Mitsubishi Challenger\") (sold as the Mitsubishi Montero Sport) were reported since 2015\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Montero Sport 'victims' share their stories; UK expert weighs in \\|url\\=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2015/12/04/Montero\\-Sport\\-sudden\\-acceleration\\-victims\\-stories.html \\|first\\=Eimor P. \\|last\\=Santos \\|work\\=CNN \\|location\\=Philippines \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-18 \\|date\\=2015\\-12\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 5, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105001337/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2015/12/04/Montero\\-Sport\\-sudden\\-acceleration\\-victims\\-stories.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In spite of an ongoing investigation on the cause of the incidents, Mitsubishi has asserted that the vehicles in question are free of any defects or design flaws.{{cite news \\|title\\=DTI creates panel to probe accidents involving Mitsubishi Montero Sport \\|url\\=http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/dti\\-creates\\-panel\\-to\\-probe\\-accidents\\-involving\\-mitsubishi\\-montero\\-sport \\|first1\\=Jovee Marie N. \\|last1\\=dela Cruz \\|first2\\=Catherine N. \\|last2\\=Pillas \\|work\\=Business Mirror \\|location\\=Philippines \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-18 \\|date\\=2015\\-11\\-25}} The company however offered a free inspection for Montero owners affected by the incident.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/business/2016/01/04/have\\-montero\\-sport\\-checked\\-free\\-dti\\-449940 \\|title\\=Have Montero Sport checked for free: DTI \\|last\\=Perez \\|first\\=Ace June Rell \\|work\\=SunStar \\|location\\=Philippines \\|date\\=2016\\-01\\-04 \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-18 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 1, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901111229/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/business/2016/01/04/have\\-montero\\-sport\\-checked\\-free\\-dti\\-449940 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "{{As of\\|2019\\|April}}, over 100 complaints against [Mitsubishi Motors Philippines](/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors_Philippines \"Mitsubishi Motors Philippines\") were filed by Montero Sport owners. The incident has since been the subject of an investigation by the [Department of Trade and Industry](/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_%28Philippines%29 \"Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines)\") (DTI). There are also several sudden unintended acceleration incidents involving 2009 to 2011 Montero that date way back in the year 2010 to 2012\\. However, no such incidences have surfaced in other countries.", "At least 23 SUA incidents involving Montero Sports were recorded by the Philippine National Police Highway Patrol Group, from motorists in [Metro Manila](/wiki/Metro_Manila \"Metro Manila\"), [Cavite](/wiki/Cavite \"Cavite\"), [Batangas](/wiki/Batangas \"Batangas\"), [Iloilo City](/wiki/Iloilo_City \"Iloilo City\"), [Laguna](/wiki/Laguna_%28province%29 \"Laguna (province)\") and [Tacloban](/wiki/Tacloban \"Tacloban\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Montero driver in QC mishap blames 'sudden acceleration' \\|url\\=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/745158/montero\\-driver\\-in\\-qc\\-mishap\\-blames\\-sudden\\-acceleration \\|work\\=Inquirer.net \\|location\\=The Philippines \\|date\\=2015\\-12\\-06 \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-26}}", "### Tesla's Model X, S, 3, and Cybertruck", "{{As of\\|2019\\|September}}, the [Tesla](/wiki/Tesla%2C_Inc. \"Tesla, Inc.\") [Model X](/wiki/Tesla_Model_X \"Tesla Model X\"), [Model S](/wiki/Tesla_Model_S \"Tesla Model S\") and [Model 3](/wiki/Tesla_Model_3 \"Tesla Model 3\") have had more than 108 sudden unintended acceleration reports, as per NHTSA's Early Warning Page. A petition was issued for further investigation from the NHTSA, claiming Tesla's vehicles may have a structural flaw that can endanger public safety and that the number of sudden unintended acceleration reports filed for the Tesla models was as much as 6000% higher than other brands' cars on similar class or otherwise (pages 63 through 66 on the petition report).{{cn\\|date\\=April 2023}} The company issued an article in its corporate website blog, claiming \"in every case we reviewed them \\[the customer complaints], the data proved the vehicle functioned properly\".{{cite press release \\|url\\=https://www.tesla.com/blog/no\\-unintended\\-acceleration\\-tesla\\-vehicles \\|title\\=There is no \"unintended acceleration\" in Tesla vehicles \\|publisher\\=Tesla \\|location\\=US \\|date\\=January 20, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=January 25, 2020}} In one such case, the company issued a written statement to the effect that the sudden acceleration (up to 112 km/h) was due to the accelerator being pressed with no pressing of the brake detected.{{cite tweet\\|number\\=1276092683312750592\\|user\\=DKurac\\|title\\=Speed at impact was 112 km/h. A few minutes prior to the accident, there were no signals of pressing the brake, only signals of pressing the accelerator, according to the online Tesla doc on the Nanchang M3 crash/fire. The driver says the car suddenly accelerated to 127 km/h, brakes unresponsive.\\|date\\=2020\\-06\\-25}} In January 2021, NHTSA released a statement that it determined the petition's cases were due to driver error and not anything wrong with the designs, software, etc. of the vehicles.{{Cite web \\|title\\=NHTSA determines sudden acceleration complaints in Tesla vehicles were due to driver error \\|url\\=https://techcrunch.com/2021/01/08/nhtsa\\-tesla\\-sudden\\-unintended\\-acceleration\\-driver\\-error/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-29 \\|website\\=TechCrunch \\|date\\=January 8, 2021 \\|language\\=en\\-US}} In May 2023, State Administration for Market Regulation in China ordered all imported and Chinese\\-made Tesla to be recalled to include new features that allow switching off regenerative braking and limit the risks associated with one\\-pedal driving.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/china\\-says\\-tesla\\-to\\-fix\\-software\\-for\\-1\\-1\\-million\\-cars\\-on\\-braking\\-issue\\-idUSNIKBN2X30DO/ \\|title\\=China says Tesla to fix software for 1\\.1 million cars on braking issue \\|website\\=Reuters \\|date\\=12 May 2023 }}", "Following several high\\-profile crashes of Tesla vehicles in China, Europe, and the United States, the One\\-Pedal Driving mode was blamed as one of the factors increasing the risk of sudden unintended acceleration (SUA) crashes, according to Greek crash investigator Costas Lakafossis. In One\\-pedal driving mode, the driver can accelerate and reverse the car without applying the brakes. The local regulator in China suggested Tesla change the one\\-pedal driving mode logic and use creep mode as the default behavior. In creep mode, the car would move slowly when not pressing any pedal, forcing the driver to press the brake pedal for any intentional stop. A faulty inverter design could also lead to SUA, according to NHTSA.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/breaking\\-nhtsa\\-petition\\-shows\\-tesla\\-s\\-sudden\\-unintended\\-acceleration\\-is\\-real\\-and\\-curable\\-217525\\.html \\|title\\=Breaking: NHTSA Petition Claims Tesla Sudden Unintended Acceleration Is Real (but Fixable) \\|website\\=Auto Evolution \\|date\\=4 July 2023 \\|first\\=Cristian \\|last\\=Agatie }} All Tesla in China were updated to use creep mode as default in May 2023\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/tesla\\-2023129\\-update\\-offers\\-an\\-important\\-safety\\-feature\\-basic\\-support\\-for\\-hw4\\-cars\\-215192\\.html \\|title\\=Tesla 2023\\.12\\.9 Update Offers an Important Safety Feature, Basic Support for HW4 Cars \\|website\\=Auto Evolution \\|date\\=18 May 2023 \\|first\\=Cristian \\|last\\=Agatie }}", "On April 17, 2024, the [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration \"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration\") (NHTSA) announced that Tesla had recalled all 3,878 Cybertrucks sold as of that date to fix an accelerator pedal pad that could come loose and get lodged in the interior trim, causing the car to unintentionally accelerate.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-19 \\|title\\=Tesla Recalls Almost 3,900 Cybertrucks to Repair Faulty Pedals \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024\\-04\\-19/tesla\\-recalls\\-almost\\-3\\-900\\-cybertrucks\\-to\\-repair\\-faulty\\-pedals \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-19 \\|work\\=Bloomberg.com \\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
Career ------ From 1986 to 1996, he was the CFO of Metódo Engenharia. He left the company to join [GP Investimentos](/wiki/GP_Investimentos "GP Investimentos") with the role of CFO at [Playcenter](/wiki/Playcenter "Playcenter").{{cite web\|url\=http://epocanegocios.globo.com/Revista/Common/0,,ERT186312\-16380,00\.html\|title\=MARCELO CARDOSO Natura\|publisher\=\[\[Epoca Negocios]]\|accessdate\=17 February 2014}} In 1997, when he was 31, he was invited to start up and operate the theme park [Hopi Hari](/wiki/Hopi_Hari "Hopi Hari"), which is one of the largest of its kind of Latin America. After five years, his departure from [Hopi Hari](/wiki/Hopi_Hari "Hopi Hari")’s presidency was announced in 2002\. In 2003, he prepared the start\-up of the real estate asset Hedging\-Griffo. From 2004 to 2008, he was the executive director and Latin America regional president of DBM, a consulting firm that specializes in people management. From 2008 to 2013, he had the position of senior vice\-president of organizational development and sustainability of [Natura](http://www.natura.com.br/), a Brazilian cosmetic giant. He was responsible for the implementation of the Natura management system, which comprises the company’s strategy, general management, people management and leadership development projects. In 2010 he was appointed as executive of the year by human resources magazine Você RH for his role as [Natura](http://www.natura.com.br)’s organizational development and sustainability vice\-president.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.reschrh.com.br/pdf/2010/mais\_rh\_091110\.pdf\|title\=Marcelo Cardoso, da Natura, é o vencedor do Prêmio Você RH 2010\|publisher\=Mais RH\|accessdate\=17 February 2014}}{{cite magazine\|url\=http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/noticias/os\-100\-executivos\-com\-a\-melhor\-reputacao\-no\-brasil?p\=51\|title\=Os 100 líderes com a melhor reputação no Brasil\|magazine\=Exame\|accessdate\=17 February 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304094537/http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/noticias/os\-100\-executivos\-com\-a\-melhor\-reputacao\-no\-brasil?p\=51\|archive\-date\=4 March 2014\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www2\.uol.com.br/canalexecutivo/notas13/2406201311\.htm\|title\=Marcelo Lopes Cardoso passa a integrar direção do Grupo Fleury\|publisher\=UOL\|accessdate\=17 February 2014}}{{cite web\|url\=http://epocanegocios.globo.com/Revista/Common/0,,EMI189879\-16349,00\-NAO\+PRECISAMOS\+DE\+POLITICAS\+VOLTADAS\+ESPECIFICAMENTE\+A\+GERACAO\+Y.html\|title\=Não precisamos de políticas voltadas especificamente à geração Y\|publisher\=Epoca Negocios\|accessdate\=17 February 2014}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.valor.com.br/carreira/1143352/como\-natura\-esta\-formando\-um\-exercito\-de\-futuros\-lideres\|title\=Como a Natura está formando um exército de futuros líderes\|date\=19 December 2011 \|publisher\=Valor\|accessdate\=17 February 2014}}{{cite web\|url\=http://epocanegocios.globo.com/Inspiracao/Empresa/noticia/2012/04/phd\-em\-formacao\-de\-lideres.html\|title\=PH.DS EM FORMAÇÃO DE LÍDERES\|publisher\=Época Negócios\|accessdate\=17 February 2014}}{{cite web\|url\=http://epocanegocios.globo.com/Inspiracao/Empresa/noticia/2012/09/como\-atrair\-o\-talento\-certo\-para\-sua\-empresa.html\|title\=COMO ATRAIR O TALENTO CERTO PARA A SUA EMPRESA\|publisher\=Epoca Negocios\|accessdate\=17 February 2014}}{{cite web\|url\=http://epocanegocios.globo.com/Revista/Common/0,,EMI188748\-16349,00\-INSIGHTS\+COM\+EPOCA\+NEGOCIOS\+DISCUTE\+AS\+EMPRESAS\+E\+A\+GERACAO\+Y.html\|title\=Insights com Época NEGÓCIOS discute as empresas e a geração Y\|publisher\=Epoca Negocios\|accessdate\=17 February 2014}}{{cite web\|url\=http://epocanegocios.globo.com/Revista/Common/0,,EMI189890\-16349,00\-CLASSE\+C\+MUDARA\+PERFIL\+DA\+GERACAO\+Y.html\|title\=Classe C mudará perfil da geração Y\|publisher\=Epoca Negocios\|accessdate\=17 February 2014}} In 2013, he joined [Grupo Fleruy](http://www.fleury.com.br), a Brazilian firm working within the fields of medicine and health. He was SVP of people, strategy, innovation, and sustainability. Cardoso is also the president of Instituto Integral Brasil, a non\-governmental organization. The entity works under the mission of presenting and sustaining emerging and permeable networks in the segments of business, health \& well\-being, education, and sustainability. Instituto Integral Brazil is linked to Integral Institute, which was established in the United States. During 2013, Cardoso was a member of the Creation Committee of CONARH 2013 – 39º Congresso Nacional de Gestão de Pessoas (39th National Congress of People Management). The event was promoted by ABRH\-Nacional (Brazilian Association of Human Resources). In 2014, Marcelo was elected as one of the 100 leaders with the best reputation in Brazil by Merco, a European consultancy and one of the most admired Human Resource professionals of Brazil by Gestão \& RH Magazine.{{cite news \|title\=Os 100 líderes de melhor reputação no Brasil em 2014 \|url\=http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/noticias/os\-100\-lideres\-de\-melhor\-reputacao\-no\-brasil\-em\-2014?p\=75\#75 \|accessdate\=August 27, 2014 \|publisher\=\[\[Exame Abril]]}}{{cite news \|title\=RH mais admirados \|url\=http://www.gestaoerh.com.br/rhsmaisadmirados/site/rh\-mais\-admirados/?id\=11 \|accessdate\=August 27, 2014 \|publisher\=\[\[Gestão e RH]]}} Since 2014, Marcelo has been called upon as a consultant by both Brazilian and Multinational firms to support complex strategic and human resources problems. Some of his current clients are [Eileen Fisher](http://www.eileenfisher.com/EileenFisher/collection.jsp?ploc=1001773&gclid=Cj0KEQiAq920BRC8-efn57XrotYBEiQAlVlMQ1ma5XSWegtGvPls96NCUybxNIRJVny1XobYtKKlsGoaAgF38P8HAQ), [IBM](http://www.ibm.com), [Fazenda Toca](http://fazendadatoca.com), [Sequoia](http://www.sequoialog.com.br) and [iFractal](http://www.ifractal.com.br). Cardoso is also a speaker, coach and facilitator. He provides support and contributes to programs of [Instituto Evoluir](http://www.institutoevoluir.com.br), an organization that develops short term courses within the fields of psychology, health, education, and organizational practices. Marcelo has taken part in dozens of live web casts in Brazil where he re\-interprets current news through the lens of Integral Theory and practice.
[ "Career\n------", "From 1986 to 1996, he was the CFO of Metódo Engenharia. He left the company to join [GP Investimentos](/wiki/GP_Investimentos \"GP Investimentos\") with the role of CFO at [Playcenter](/wiki/Playcenter \"Playcenter\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://epocanegocios.globo.com/Revista/Common/0,,ERT186312\\-16380,00\\.html\\|title\\=MARCELO CARDOSO Natura\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Epoca Negocios]]\\|accessdate\\=17 February 2014}} In 1997, when he was 31, he was invited to start up and operate the theme park [Hopi Hari](/wiki/Hopi_Hari \"Hopi Hari\"), which is one of the largest of its kind of Latin America. After five years, his departure from [Hopi Hari](/wiki/Hopi_Hari \"Hopi Hari\")’s presidency was announced in 2002\\.", "In 2003, he prepared the start\\-up of the real estate asset Hedging\\-Griffo.", "From 2004 to 2008, he was the executive director and Latin America regional president of DBM, a consulting firm that specializes in people management.", "From 2008 to 2013, he had the position of senior vice\\-president of organizational development and sustainability of [Natura](http://www.natura.com.br/), a Brazilian cosmetic giant. He was responsible for the implementation of the Natura management system, which comprises the company’s strategy, general management, people management and leadership development projects. In 2010 he was appointed as executive of the year by human resources magazine Você RH for his role as [Natura](http://www.natura.com.br)’s organizational development and sustainability vice\\-president.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.reschrh.com.br/pdf/2010/mais\\_rh\\_091110\\.pdf\\|title\\=Marcelo Cardoso, da Natura, é o vencedor do Prêmio Você RH 2010\\|publisher\\=Mais RH\\|accessdate\\=17 February 2014}}{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/noticias/os\\-100\\-executivos\\-com\\-a\\-melhor\\-reputacao\\-no\\-brasil?p\\=51\\|title\\=Os 100 líderes com a melhor reputação no Brasil\\|magazine\\=Exame\\|accessdate\\=17 February 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304094537/http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/noticias/os\\-100\\-executivos\\-com\\-a\\-melhor\\-reputacao\\-no\\-brasil?p\\=51\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www2\\.uol.com.br/canalexecutivo/notas13/2406201311\\.htm\\|title\\=Marcelo Lopes Cardoso passa a integrar direção do Grupo Fleury\\|publisher\\=UOL\\|accessdate\\=17 February 2014}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://epocanegocios.globo.com/Revista/Common/0,,EMI189879\\-16349,00\\-NAO\\+PRECISAMOS\\+DE\\+POLITICAS\\+VOLTADAS\\+ESPECIFICAMENTE\\+A\\+GERACAO\\+Y.html\\|title\\=Não precisamos de políticas voltadas especificamente à geração Y\\|publisher\\=Epoca Negocios\\|accessdate\\=17 February 2014}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.valor.com.br/carreira/1143352/como\\-natura\\-esta\\-formando\\-um\\-exercito\\-de\\-futuros\\-lideres\\|title\\=Como a Natura está formando um exército de futuros líderes\\|date\\=19 December 2011 \\|publisher\\=Valor\\|accessdate\\=17 February 2014}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://epocanegocios.globo.com/Inspiracao/Empresa/noticia/2012/04/phd\\-em\\-formacao\\-de\\-lideres.html\\|title\\=PH.DS EM FORMAÇÃO DE LÍDERES\\|publisher\\=Época Negócios\\|accessdate\\=17 February 2014}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://epocanegocios.globo.com/Inspiracao/Empresa/noticia/2012/09/como\\-atrair\\-o\\-talento\\-certo\\-para\\-sua\\-empresa.html\\|title\\=COMO ATRAIR O TALENTO CERTO PARA A SUA EMPRESA\\|publisher\\=Epoca Negocios\\|accessdate\\=17 February 2014}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://epocanegocios.globo.com/Revista/Common/0,,EMI188748\\-16349,00\\-INSIGHTS\\+COM\\+EPOCA\\+NEGOCIOS\\+DISCUTE\\+AS\\+EMPRESAS\\+E\\+A\\+GERACAO\\+Y.html\\|title\\=Insights com Época NEGÓCIOS discute as empresas e a geração Y\\|publisher\\=Epoca Negocios\\|accessdate\\=17 February 2014}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://epocanegocios.globo.com/Revista/Common/0,,EMI189890\\-16349,00\\-CLASSE\\+C\\+MUDARA\\+PERFIL\\+DA\\+GERACAO\\+Y.html\\|title\\=Classe C mudará perfil da geração Y\\|publisher\\=Epoca Negocios\\|accessdate\\=17 February 2014}}", "In 2013, he joined [Grupo Fleruy](http://www.fleury.com.br), a Brazilian firm working within the fields of medicine and health. He was SVP of people, strategy, innovation, and sustainability.", "Cardoso is also the president of Instituto Integral Brasil, a non\\-governmental organization. The entity works under the mission of presenting and sustaining emerging and permeable networks in the segments of business, health \\& well\\-being, education, and sustainability. Instituto Integral Brazil is linked to Integral Institute, which was established in the United States.", "During 2013, Cardoso was a member of the Creation Committee of CONARH 2013 – 39º Congresso Nacional de Gestão de Pessoas (39th National Congress of People Management). The event was promoted by ABRH\\-Nacional (Brazilian Association of Human Resources). In 2014, Marcelo was elected as one of the 100 leaders with the best reputation in Brazil by Merco, a European consultancy and one of the most admired Human Resource professionals of Brazil by Gestão \\& RH Magazine.{{cite news \\|title\\=Os 100 líderes de melhor reputação no Brasil em 2014 \\|url\\=http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/noticias/os\\-100\\-lideres\\-de\\-melhor\\-reputacao\\-no\\-brasil\\-em\\-2014?p\\=75\\#75 \\|accessdate\\=August 27, 2014 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Exame Abril]]}}{{cite news \\|title\\=RH mais admirados \\|url\\=http://www.gestaoerh.com.br/rhsmaisadmirados/site/rh\\-mais\\-admirados/?id\\=11 \\|accessdate\\=August 27, 2014 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Gestão e RH]]}}", "Since 2014, Marcelo has been called upon as a consultant by both Brazilian and Multinational firms to support complex strategic and human resources problems. Some of his current clients are [Eileen Fisher](http://www.eileenfisher.com/EileenFisher/collection.jsp?ploc=1001773&gclid=Cj0KEQiAq920BRC8-efn57XrotYBEiQAlVlMQ1ma5XSWegtGvPls96NCUybxNIRJVny1XobYtKKlsGoaAgF38P8HAQ), [IBM](http://www.ibm.com), [Fazenda Toca](http://fazendadatoca.com), [Sequoia](http://www.sequoialog.com.br) and [iFractal](http://www.ifractal.com.br).", "Cardoso is also a speaker, coach and facilitator. He provides support and contributes to programs of [Instituto Evoluir](http://www.institutoevoluir.com.br), an organization that develops short term courses within the fields of psychology, health, education, and organizational practices. Marcelo has taken part in dozens of live web casts in Brazil where he re\\-interprets current news through the lens of Integral Theory and practice.", "" ]
Models ------ ### Affect theory [Edwin A. Locke](/wiki/Edwin_A._Locke "Edwin A. Locke")'s Range of Affect Theory (1976\) is arguably the most famous job satisfaction model. The main premise of this theory is that satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and what one has in a job. Further, the theory states that how much one values a given facet of work (e.g. the degree of autonomy in a position) moderates how satisfied/dissatisfied one becomes when expectations are/are not met. When a person values a particular facet of a job, their satisfaction is more greatly impacted both positively (when expectations are met) and negatively (when expectations are not met), compared to one who does not value that facet. To illustrate, if Employee A values autonomy in the workplace and Employee B is indifferent about autonomy, then Employee A would be more satisfied in a position that offers a high degree of autonomy and less satisfied in a position with little or no autonomy compared to Employee B. This theory also states that too much of a particular facet will produce stronger feelings of dissatisfaction the more a worker values that facet. ### Dispositional approach The dispositional approach suggests that individuals vary in their tendency to be satisfied with their jobs, in other words, job satisfaction is to some extent an individual trait.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Staw \| first1 \= B. M. \| last2 \= Bell \| first2 \= N. E. \| last3 \= Clausen \| first3 \= J. A. \| year \= 1986 \| title \= The dispositional approach to job attitudes: A lifetime longitudinal test \| journal \= Administrative Science Quarterly \| volume \= 31 \| issue \= 1\| pages \= 56–77 \| doi\=10\.2307/2392766\| jstor \= 2392766 }} This approach became a notable explanation of job satisfaction in light of evidence that job satisfaction tends to be stable over time and across careers and jobs.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Staw \| first1 \= B. M. \| last2 \= Cohen\-Charash \| first2 \= Y. \| year \= 2005 \| title \= The dispositional approach to job satisfaction: More than a mirage, but not yet an oasis: Comment \| journal \= Journal of Organizational Behavior \| volume \= 26 \| issue \= 1\| pages \= 59–78 \| doi\=10\.1002/job.299}} Research also indicates that identical twins raised apart have similar levels of job satisfaction.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Arvey \| first1 \= R. D. \| last2 \= Bouchard \| first2 \= T. J. \| last3 \= Segal \| first3 \= N. L. \| last4 \= Abraham \| first4 \= L. M. \| year \= 1989 \| title \= Job satisfaction: Environmental and genetic components \| journal \= Journal of Applied Psychology \| volume \= 74 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 187–192 \| doi\=10\.1037/0021\-9010\.74\.2\.187}} A significant model that narrowed the scope of the dispositional approach was the [Core Self\-evaluations Model](/wiki/Core_self-evaluations "Core self-evaluations"), proposed by Timothy A. Judge, Edwin A. Locke, and Cathy C. Durham in 1997\.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Judge \| first1 \= T. A. \| last2 \= Locke \| first2 \= E. A. \| last3 \= Durham \| first3 \= C. C. \| year \= 1997 \| title \= The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach \| journal \= Research in Organizational Behavior \| volume \= 19 \| pages \= 151–188 }} Judge et al. argued that there are four core self\-evaluations that determine one's disposition towards job satisfaction: [self\-esteem](/wiki/Self-esteem "Self-esteem"), general [self\-efficacy](/wiki/Self-efficacy "Self-efficacy"), [locus of control](/wiki/Locus_of_control "Locus of control"), and [neuroticism](/wiki/Neuroticism "Neuroticism"). This model states that higher levels of self\-esteem (the value one places on oneself) and general self\-efficacy (the belief in one's own competence) lead to higher work satisfaction. Having an internal locus of control (believing one has control over one's own life, as opposed to outside forces having control) leads to higher job satisfaction. Finally, lower levels of neuroticism lead to higher job satisfaction.["dailyscrawl", job satisfaction, October 19, 2019](https://dailyscrawl.com/self-work-satisfaction/) ### Equity theory Equity Theory shows how a person views fairness in regard to social relationships such as with an employer. A person identifies the amount of input (things gained) from a relationship compared to the output (things given) to produce an input/output ratio. They then compare this ratio to the ratio of other people in deciding whether they have an equitable relationship.Adams, J. S. (1965\). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 276\-299\). New York: Academic Press.Walster, E. E. Berscheid and G. W. Walster. (1973\). "New Directions in Equity Research." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. pp. 151\-176\. Equity Theory suggests that if an individual thinks there is an inequality between two social groups or individuals, the person is likely to be distressed because the ratio between the input and the output are not equal.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Huseman \| first1 \= R. \| last2 \= Hatfield \| first2 \= J. \| last3 \= Miles \| first3 \= E. \| year \= 1987 \| title \= A New Perspective on Equity Theory: The Equity Sensitivity Construct \| journal \= Academy of Management Review \| volume \= 12 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 232–234 \| doi\=10\.5465/amr.1987\.4307799\| s2cid \= 44052138 }} For example, consider two employees who work the same job and receive the same pay and benefits. If one individual gets a pay raise for doing the same work as the other, then the less benefited individual will become distressed in the workplace. If, on the other hand, both individuals get pay raises and new responsibilities, then the feeling of equity will be maintained. Other psychologists have extended the equity theory, suggesting three behavioral response patterns to situations of perceived equity or inequity.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Huseman \|first1\=Richard C. \|last2\=Hatfield \|first2\=John D. \|last3\=Miles \|first3\=Edward W. \|date\=April 1987 \|title\=A New Perspective on Equity Theory: The Equity Sensitivity Construct \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.2307/258531 \|journal\=The Academy of Management Review \|volume\=12 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=222 \|doi\=10\.2307/258531 \|jstor\=258531 \|issn\=0363\-7425}}{{Cite journal \|last1\=O'Neill \|first1\=Bonnie S. \|last2\=Mone \|first2\=Mark A. \|date\=1998 \|title\=Investigating equity sensitivity as a moderator of relations between self\-efficacy and workplace attitudes. \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1037/0021\-9010\.83\.5\.805 \|journal\=Journal of Applied Psychology \|volume\=83 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=805–816 \|doi\=10\.1037/0021\-9010\.83\.5\.805 \|issn\=0021\-9010}} These three types are benevolent, equity sensitive, and entitled. The level by each type affects [motivation](/wiki/Motivation "Motivation"), job satisfaction, and job performance. 1. Benevolent\-Satisfied when they are under\-rewarded compared with co\-workers 2. Equity sensitive\-Believe everyone should be fairly rewarded 3. Entitled\-People believe that everything they receive is their just due{{cite book\|last\=Schultz\|first\=Duane P. Schultz, Sydney Ellen\|title\=Psychology and work today : an introduction to industrial and organizational psychology\|year\=2010\|publisher\=Prentice Hall\|location\=Upper Saddle River, N.J.\|isbn\=978\-0205683581\|page\=71\|edition\=10th}} ### Discrepancy theory The concept of discrepancy theory is to explain the ultimate source of anxiety and dejection.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Higgins \| first1 \= E. T. \| year \= 1999b \| title \= When do self\-discrepancies have specific relations to emotions? The second\-generation question of Tangney, Niedenthal, Covert, and Barlow (1998\) \| journal \= Journal of Personality and Social Psychology \| volume \= 77 \| issue \= 6\| pages \= 1313–1317 \| pmid \= 10626372 \| doi\=10\.1037/0022\-3514\.77\.6\.1313}} An individual who has not fulfilled their responsibilities may feel a sense of anxiety and regret for not performing well. They may also feel dejection due to not being able to achieve their hopes and aspirations. According to this theory, all individuals will learn what their obligations and responsibilities are for a particular function, and if they fail to fulfill those obligations then they are punished. Over time, these duties and obligations consolidate to form an abstracted set of principles, designated as a self\-guide.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Higgins \| first1 \= E. T. \| year \= 1987 \| title \= Self\-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect \| journal \= Psychological Review \| volume \= 94 \| issue \= 3\| pages \= 319–340 \| doi\=10\.1037/0033\-295x.94\.3\.319\| pmid \= 3615707 \| citeseerx \= 10\.1\.1\.586\.1458 }} Agitation and anxiety are the main responses when an individual fails to achieve the obligation or responsibility.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Strauman \| first1 \= T. J. \| year \= 1989 \| title \= Self\-discrepancies in clinical depression and social phobia: Cognitive structures that underlie emotional disorders? \| journal \= Journal of Abnormal Psychology \| volume \= 98 \| issue \= 1\| pages \= 14–22 \| doi\=10\.1037/0021\-843x.98\.1\.14\| pmid \= 2708634 }} This theory also explains that if achievement of the obligations is obtained then the reward can be praise, approval, or love. These achievements and aspirations also form an abstracted set of principles, referred to as the ideal self guide. When the individual fails to obtain these rewards, they begin to have feelings of dejection, disappointment, or even depression. ### Two\-factor theory (motivator\-hygiene theory) {{Main\|Two\-factor theory}} [Frederick Herzberg](/wiki/Frederick_Herzberg "Frederick Herzberg")'s two\-factor theory (also known as motivator\-hygiene theory) attempts to explain satisfaction and motivation in the workplace.{{cite journal \|last1\=Hackman \|first1\=J. Richard \|last2\=Oldham \|first2\=Greg R.\|author2\-link\=Greg Oldham \|title\=Motivation through the design of work: test of a theory \|journal\=Organizational Behavior and Human Performance \|date\=1 August 1976 \|volume\=16 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=250–279 \|doi\=10\.1016/0030\-5073(76\)90016\-7 \|s2cid\=8618462 }} This theory states that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are driven by different factors – motivation and hygiene factors, respectively. An employee's motivation to work is continually related to job satisfaction of a subordinate. Motivation can be seen as an inner force that drives individuals to attain personal and organizational goals.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Porter \|first1\=Heidi \|last2\=Wrench \|first2\=Jason S. \|last3\=Hoskinson \|first3\=Crissy \|date\=2007\-02\-27 \|title\=The Influence of Supervisor Temperament on Subordinate Job Satisfaction and Perceptions of Supervisor Sociocommunicative Orientation and Approachability \|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1080/01463370600998517 \|journal\=Communication Quarterly \|volume\=55 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=129–153 \|doi\=10\.1080/01463370600998517 \|s2cid\=9606328 \|issn\=0146\-3373}} Motivating factors are those aspects of the job that make people want to perform, and provide people with satisfaction, for example achievement in work, recognition, promotion opportunities.{{cite journal \|last1\=Aristovnik \|first1\=Aleksander \|last2\=Jaklič \|first2\=Ksenja \|title\=Job Satisfaction of Older Workers as a Factor of Promoting Labour Market Participation in the EU: The Case of Slovenia \|journal\=Revija za socijalnu politiku \|date\=31 July 2013 \|volume\=20 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=123–148 \|doi\=10\.3935/rsp.v20i2\.1126 \|s2cid\=147128260 \|doi\-access\=free }} These motivating factors are considered to be intrinsic to the job, or the work carried out. Hygiene factors include aspects of the working environment such as pay, company policies, supervisory practices, and other working conditions. Herzberg's model has stimulated much research. In the 1970s, researchers were unable to reliably empirically prove the model however, with Hackman \& Oldham suggesting that Herzberg's original formulation of the model may have been a methodological artifact. The theory has been criticized because it does not consider individual differences, conversely predicting all employees will react in an identical manner to changes in motivating/hygiene factors. The model has also been criticised in that it does not specify how motivating/hygiene factors are to be measured. Most studies use a quantitative approach by for example using validated instruments such as the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire.[Weiss, D. J.](/wiki/David_J._Weiss "David J. Weiss"), Dawis, R. V., \& England, G. W. (1967\). "Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire." Minnesota Studies in Vocational Rehabilitation, 22, 120\. There are also studies that have utilized a qualitative methodology such as by means of individual interviews.Holmberg, C., et al. (2017\) "Job satisfaction among Swedish mental health nursing personnel: Revisiting the two\-factor theory." International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. {{DOI:\|10\.1111/inm.12339}}. ### Job characteristics model {{Main\|Job characteristic theory}} Hackman \& Oldham proposed the job characteristics model, which is widely used as a framework to study how particular job characteristics impact job outcomes, including job satisfaction. The five core job characteristics can be combined to form a motivating potential score (MPS) for a job, which can be used as an index of how likely a job is to affect an employee's attitudes and behaviors. Not everyone is equally affected by the MPS of a job. People who are high in growth need strength (the desire for autonomy, challenge and development of new skills on the job) are particularly affected by job characteristics.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Hackman \| first1 \= J. R. \| last2 \= Oldham \| first2 \= G. R. \| year \= 1976 \| title \= Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory \| journal \= Organizational Behavior and Human Performance \| volume \= 16 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 250–279 \| doi\=10\.1016/0030\-5073(76\)90016\-7\| s2cid \= 8618462 }} A [meta\-analysis](/wiki/Meta-analysis "Meta-analysis") of studies that assess the framework of the model provides some support for the validity of the JCM.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Fried \| first1 \= Y. \| last2 \= Ferris \| first2 \= G. R. \| year \= 1987 \| title \= The validity of the Job Characteristics Model: A review and meta\-analysis \| journal \= Personnel Psychology \| volume \= 40 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 287–322 \| doi\=10\.1111/j.1744\-6570\.1987\.tb00605\.x}}
[ "Models\n------", "### Affect theory", "[Edwin A. Locke](/wiki/Edwin_A._Locke \"Edwin A. Locke\")'s Range of Affect Theory (1976\\) is arguably the most famous job satisfaction model. The main premise of this theory is that satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and what one has in a job. Further, the theory states that how much one values a given facet of work (e.g. the degree of autonomy in a position) moderates how satisfied/dissatisfied one becomes when expectations are/are not met. When a person values a particular facet of a job, their satisfaction is more greatly impacted both positively (when expectations are met) and negatively (when expectations are not met), compared to one who does not value that facet.", "To illustrate, if Employee A values autonomy in the workplace and Employee B is indifferent about autonomy, then Employee A would be more satisfied in a position that offers a high degree of autonomy and less satisfied in a position with little or no autonomy compared to Employee B. This theory also states that too much of a particular facet will produce stronger feelings of dissatisfaction the more a worker values that facet.", "### Dispositional approach", "The dispositional approach suggests that individuals vary in their tendency to be satisfied with their jobs, in other words, job satisfaction is to some extent an individual trait.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Staw \\| first1 \\= B. M. \\| last2 \\= Bell \\| first2 \\= N. E. \\| last3 \\= Clausen \\| first3 \\= J. A. \\| year \\= 1986 \\| title \\= The dispositional approach to job attitudes: A lifetime longitudinal test \\| journal \\= Administrative Science Quarterly \\| volume \\= 31 \\| issue \\= 1\\| pages \\= 56–77 \\| doi\\=10\\.2307/2392766\\| jstor \\= 2392766 }} This approach became a notable explanation of job satisfaction in light of evidence that job satisfaction tends to be stable over time and across careers and jobs.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Staw \\| first1 \\= B. M. \\| last2 \\= Cohen\\-Charash \\| first2 \\= Y. \\| year \\= 2005 \\| title \\= The dispositional approach to job satisfaction: More than a mirage, but not yet an oasis: Comment \\| journal \\= Journal of Organizational Behavior \\| volume \\= 26 \\| issue \\= 1\\| pages \\= 59–78 \\| doi\\=10\\.1002/job.299}} Research also indicates that identical twins raised apart have similar levels of job satisfaction.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Arvey \\| first1 \\= R. D. \\| last2 \\= Bouchard \\| first2 \\= T. J. \\| last3 \\= Segal \\| first3 \\= N. L. \\| last4 \\= Abraham \\| first4 \\= L. M. \\| year \\= 1989 \\| title \\= Job satisfaction: Environmental and genetic components \\| journal \\= Journal of Applied Psychology \\| volume \\= 74 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 187–192 \\| doi\\=10\\.1037/0021\\-9010\\.74\\.2\\.187}}", "A significant model that narrowed the scope of the dispositional approach was the [Core Self\\-evaluations Model](/wiki/Core_self-evaluations \"Core self-evaluations\"), proposed by Timothy A. Judge, Edwin A. Locke, and Cathy C. Durham in 1997\\.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Judge \\| first1 \\= T. A. \\| last2 \\= Locke \\| first2 \\= E. A. \\| last3 \\= Durham \\| first3 \\= C. C. \\| year \\= 1997 \\| title \\= The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach \\| journal \\= Research in Organizational Behavior \\| volume \\= 19 \\| pages \\= 151–188 }} Judge et al. argued that there are four core self\\-evaluations that determine one's disposition towards job satisfaction: [self\\-esteem](/wiki/Self-esteem \"Self-esteem\"), general [self\\-efficacy](/wiki/Self-efficacy \"Self-efficacy\"), [locus of control](/wiki/Locus_of_control \"Locus of control\"), and [neuroticism](/wiki/Neuroticism \"Neuroticism\"). This model states that higher levels of self\\-esteem (the value one places on oneself) and general self\\-efficacy (the belief in one's own competence) lead to higher work satisfaction. Having an internal locus of control (believing one has control over one's own life, as opposed to outside forces having control) leads to higher job satisfaction. Finally, lower levels of neuroticism lead to higher job satisfaction.[\"dailyscrawl\", job satisfaction, October 19, 2019](https://dailyscrawl.com/self-work-satisfaction/)", "### Equity theory", "Equity Theory shows how a person views fairness in regard to social relationships such as with an employer. A person identifies the amount of input (things gained) from a relationship compared to the output (things given) to produce an input/output ratio. They then compare this ratio to the ratio of other people in deciding whether they have an equitable relationship.Adams, J. S. (1965\\). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 276\\-299\\). New York: Academic Press.Walster, E. E. Berscheid and G. W. Walster. (1973\\). \"New Directions in Equity Research.\" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. pp. 151\\-176\\. Equity Theory suggests that if an individual thinks there is an inequality between two social groups or individuals, the person is likely to be distressed because the ratio between the input and the output are not equal.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Huseman \\| first1 \\= R. \\| last2 \\= Hatfield \\| first2 \\= J. \\| last3 \\= Miles \\| first3 \\= E. \\| year \\= 1987 \\| title \\= A New Perspective on Equity Theory: The Equity Sensitivity Construct \\| journal \\= Academy of Management Review \\| volume \\= 12 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 232–234 \\| doi\\=10\\.5465/amr.1987\\.4307799\\| s2cid \\= 44052138 }}", "For example, consider two employees who work the same job and receive the same pay and benefits. If one individual gets a pay raise for doing the same work as the other, then the less benefited individual will become distressed in the workplace. If, on the other hand, both individuals get pay raises and new responsibilities, then the feeling of equity will be maintained.", "Other psychologists have extended the equity theory, suggesting three behavioral response patterns to situations of perceived equity or inequity.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Huseman \\|first1\\=Richard C. \\|last2\\=Hatfield \\|first2\\=John D. \\|last3\\=Miles \\|first3\\=Edward W. \\|date\\=April 1987 \\|title\\=A New Perspective on Equity Theory: The Equity Sensitivity Construct \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.2307/258531 \\|journal\\=The Academy of Management Review \\|volume\\=12 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=222 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/258531 \\|jstor\\=258531 \\|issn\\=0363\\-7425}}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=O'Neill \\|first1\\=Bonnie S. \\|last2\\=Mone \\|first2\\=Mark A. \\|date\\=1998 \\|title\\=Investigating equity sensitivity as a moderator of relations between self\\-efficacy and workplace attitudes. \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1037/0021\\-9010\\.83\\.5\\.805 \\|journal\\=Journal of Applied Psychology \\|volume\\=83 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=805–816 \\|doi\\=10\\.1037/0021\\-9010\\.83\\.5\\.805 \\|issn\\=0021\\-9010}} These three types are benevolent, equity sensitive, and entitled. The level by each type affects [motivation](/wiki/Motivation \"Motivation\"), job satisfaction, and job performance.", "1. Benevolent\\-Satisfied when they are under\\-rewarded compared with co\\-workers\n2. Equity sensitive\\-Believe everyone should be fairly rewarded\n3. Entitled\\-People believe that everything they receive is their just due{{cite book\\|last\\=Schultz\\|first\\=Duane P. Schultz, Sydney Ellen\\|title\\=Psychology and work today : an introduction to industrial and organizational psychology\\|year\\=2010\\|publisher\\=Prentice Hall\\|location\\=Upper Saddle River, N.J.\\|isbn\\=978\\-0205683581\\|page\\=71\\|edition\\=10th}}", "### Discrepancy theory", "The concept of discrepancy theory is to explain the ultimate source of anxiety and dejection.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Higgins \\| first1 \\= E. T. \\| year \\= 1999b \\| title \\= When do self\\-discrepancies have specific relations to emotions? The second\\-generation question of Tangney, Niedenthal, Covert, and Barlow (1998\\) \\| journal \\= Journal of Personality and Social Psychology \\| volume \\= 77 \\| issue \\= 6\\| pages \\= 1313–1317 \\| pmid \\= 10626372 \\| doi\\=10\\.1037/0022\\-3514\\.77\\.6\\.1313}} An individual who has not fulfilled their responsibilities may feel a sense of anxiety and regret for not performing well. They may also feel dejection due to not being able to achieve their hopes and aspirations.", "According to this theory, all individuals will learn what their obligations and responsibilities are for a particular function, and if they fail to fulfill those obligations then they are punished. Over time, these duties and obligations consolidate to form an abstracted set of principles, designated as a self\\-guide.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Higgins \\| first1 \\= E. T. \\| year \\= 1987 \\| title \\= Self\\-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect \\| journal \\= Psychological Review \\| volume \\= 94 \\| issue \\= 3\\| pages \\= 319–340 \\| doi\\=10\\.1037/0033\\-295x.94\\.3\\.319\\| pmid \\= 3615707 \\| citeseerx \\= 10\\.1\\.1\\.586\\.1458 }} Agitation and anxiety are the main responses when an individual fails to achieve the obligation or responsibility.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Strauman \\| first1 \\= T. J. \\| year \\= 1989 \\| title \\= Self\\-discrepancies in clinical depression and social phobia: Cognitive structures that underlie emotional disorders? \\| journal \\= Journal of Abnormal Psychology \\| volume \\= 98 \\| issue \\= 1\\| pages \\= 14–22 \\| doi\\=10\\.1037/0021\\-843x.98\\.1\\.14\\| pmid \\= 2708634 }}\nThis theory also explains that if achievement of the obligations is obtained then the reward can be praise, approval, or love. These achievements and aspirations also form an abstracted set of principles, referred to as the ideal self guide. When the individual fails to obtain these rewards, they begin to have feelings of dejection, disappointment, or even depression.", "### Two\\-factor theory (motivator\\-hygiene theory)", "{{Main\\|Two\\-factor theory}}\n[Frederick Herzberg](/wiki/Frederick_Herzberg \"Frederick Herzberg\")'s two\\-factor theory (also known as motivator\\-hygiene theory) attempts to explain satisfaction and motivation in the workplace.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Hackman \\|first1\\=J. Richard \\|last2\\=Oldham \\|first2\\=Greg R.\\|author2\\-link\\=Greg Oldham \\|title\\=Motivation through the design of work: test of a theory \\|journal\\=Organizational Behavior and Human Performance \\|date\\=1 August 1976 \\|volume\\=16 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=250–279 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0030\\-5073(76\\)90016\\-7 \\|s2cid\\=8618462 }} This theory states that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are driven by different factors – motivation and hygiene factors, respectively. An employee's motivation to work is continually related to job satisfaction of a subordinate. Motivation can be seen as an inner force that drives individuals to attain personal and organizational goals.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Porter \\|first1\\=Heidi \\|last2\\=Wrench \\|first2\\=Jason S. \\|last3\\=Hoskinson \\|first3\\=Crissy \\|date\\=2007\\-02\\-27 \\|title\\=The Influence of Supervisor Temperament on Subordinate Job Satisfaction and Perceptions of Supervisor Sociocommunicative Orientation and Approachability \\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1080/01463370600998517 \\|journal\\=Communication Quarterly \\|volume\\=55 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=129–153 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/01463370600998517 \\|s2cid\\=9606328 \\|issn\\=0146\\-3373}} Motivating factors are those aspects of the job that make people want to perform, and provide people with satisfaction, for example achievement in work, recognition, promotion opportunities.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Aristovnik \\|first1\\=Aleksander \\|last2\\=Jaklič \\|first2\\=Ksenja \\|title\\=Job Satisfaction of Older Workers as a Factor of Promoting Labour Market Participation in the EU: The Case of Slovenia \\|journal\\=Revija za socijalnu politiku \\|date\\=31 July 2013 \\|volume\\=20 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=123–148 \\|doi\\=10\\.3935/rsp.v20i2\\.1126 \\|s2cid\\=147128260 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} These motivating factors are considered to be intrinsic to the job, or the work carried out. Hygiene factors include aspects of the working environment such as pay, company policies, supervisory practices, and other working conditions.", "Herzberg's model has stimulated much research. In the 1970s, researchers were unable to reliably empirically prove the model however, with Hackman \\& Oldham suggesting that Herzberg's original formulation of the model may have been a methodological artifact.", "The theory has been criticized because it does not consider individual differences, conversely predicting all employees will react in an identical manner to changes in motivating/hygiene factors. The model has also been criticised in that it does not specify how motivating/hygiene factors are to be measured. Most studies use a quantitative approach by for example using validated instruments such as the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire.[Weiss, D. J.](/wiki/David_J._Weiss \"David J. Weiss\"), Dawis, R. V., \\& England, G. W. (1967\\). \"Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire.\" Minnesota Studies in Vocational Rehabilitation, 22, 120\\. There are also studies that have utilized a qualitative methodology such as by means of individual interviews.Holmberg, C., et al. (2017\\) \"Job satisfaction among Swedish mental health nursing personnel: Revisiting the two\\-factor theory.\" International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. {{DOI:\\|10\\.1111/inm.12339}}.", "### Job characteristics model", "{{Main\\|Job characteristic theory}}\nHackman \\& Oldham proposed the job characteristics model, which is widely used as a framework to study how particular job characteristics impact job outcomes, including job satisfaction. The five core job characteristics can be combined to form a motivating potential score (MPS) for a job, which can be used as an index of how likely a job is to affect an employee's attitudes and behaviors. Not everyone is equally affected by the MPS of a job. People who are high in growth need strength (the desire for autonomy, challenge and development of new skills on the job) are particularly affected by job characteristics.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Hackman \\| first1 \\= J. R. \\| last2 \\= Oldham \\| first2 \\= G. R. \\| year \\= 1976 \\| title \\= Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory \\| journal \\= Organizational Behavior and Human Performance \\| volume \\= 16 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 250–279 \\| doi\\=10\\.1016/0030\\-5073(76\\)90016\\-7\\| s2cid \\= 8618462 }} A [meta\\-analysis](/wiki/Meta-analysis \"Meta-analysis\") of studies that assess the framework of the model provides some support for the validity of the JCM.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Fried \\| first1 \\= Y. \\| last2 \\= Ferris \\| first2 \\= G. R. \\| year \\= 1987 \\| title \\= The validity of the Job Characteristics Model: A review and meta\\-analysis \\| journal \\= Personnel Psychology \\| volume \\= 40 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 287–322 \\| doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1744\\-6570\\.1987\\.tb00605\\.x}}", "" ]
Influencing factors ------------------- ### Environmental factors #### Communication overload and underload One of the most important aspects of an individual's work in a modern organization concerns the management of communication demands that they encounter on the job.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Krayer \| first1 \= K.J. \| last2 \= Westbrook \| first2 \= L. \| year \= 1986 \| title \= The relationship between communication load and job satisfaction \| journal \= World Communication \| volume \= 15 \| pages \= 85–99 }} Demands can be characterized as a communication load, which refers to "the rate and complexity of communication inputs an individual must process in a particular time frame."Farace, R. V., Monge, P. R., \& Russell, H. M. (1977\). Communicating and organizing. Reading, MA: Addison\-Wesley. Individuals in an organization can experience communication over\-load and communication under\- load which can affect their level of job satisfaction. Communication overload can occur when "an individual receives too many messages in a short period of time which can result in unprocessed information or when an individual faces more complex messages that are more difficult to process." Due to this process, "given an individual's style of work and motivation to complete a task, when more inputs exist than outputs, the individual perceives a condition of overload which can be positively or negatively related to job satisfaction. In comparison, communication under load can occur when messages or inputs are sent below the individual's ability to process them." According to the ideas of communication over\-load and under\-load, if an individual does not receive enough input on the job or is unsuccessful in processing these inputs, the individual is more likely to become dissatisfied, aggravated, and unhappy with their work which leads to a low level of job satisfaction. #### Superior\-subordinate communication {{Main\|Superior\-subordinate communication}} Superior\-subordinate communication is an important influence on job satisfaction in the workplace. The way in which subordinates perceive a supervisor's behavior can positively or negatively influence job satisfaction. Communication behavior such as facial expression, eye contact, vocal expression, and body movement is crucial to the superior\-subordinate relationship (Teven, p. 156{{cite journal \| last1 \= Teven \| first1 \= J. J. \| year \= 2007 \| title \= Effects of supervisor social influence, nonverbal immediacy, and biological sex on subordinates' perceptions of job satisfaction, liking, and supervisor credibility \| journal \= Communication Quarterly \| volume \= 55 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 155–177 \| doi \= 10\.1080/01463370601036036 \| s2cid \= 143485769 }}). Nonverbal messages play a central role in interpersonal interactions with respect to impression formation, deception, attraction, social influence, and emotional.Burgoon, J.K. Buller, D.B. and Woodall, W.G. (1996\) Nonverbal Communication, New York: McGraw\-Hill Nonverbal immediacy from the supervisor helps to increase interpersonal involvement with their subordinates impacting job satisfaction. The manner in which supervisors communicate with their subordinates non\-verbally may be more important than the verbal content (Teven, p. 156). Individuals who dislike and think negatively about their supervisor are less willing to communicate or have motivation to work whereas individuals who like and think positively of their supervisor are more likely to communicate and are satisfied with their job and work environment. A supervisor who uses nonverbal immediacy, friendliness, and open communication lines is more likely to receive positive feedback and high job satisfaction from a subordinate. Conversely, a supervisor who is antisocial, unfriendly, and unwilling to communicate will naturally receive negative feedback and create low job satisfaction in their subordinates in the workplace. ### Strategic employee recognition A Watson Wyatt Worldwide study identified a positive outcome between a collegial and flexible work environment and an increase in shareholder value. Suggesting that employee satisfaction is directly related to financial gain. Over 40 percent of the companies listed in the top 100 of *Fortune* magazine's "America's Best Companies to Work For" also appear on the Fortune 500\. It is possible that successful workers enjoy working at successful companies, however, the Watson Wyatt Worldwide Human Capital Index study claims that effective human resources practices, such as [employee recognition](/wiki/Employee_value_proposition "Employee value proposition") programs, lead to positive financial outcomes more often than positive financial outcomes lead to good practices.{{cite web\|title\=KEY FINDINGS Linking Employee Satisfaction with Productivity, Performance, and Customer Satisfaction .\|url\=http://www.keepem.com/doc\_files/clc\_articl\_on\_productivity.pdf\|access\-date\=11 July 2012}} Employee recognition is not only about gifts and points. It's about changing the [corporate culture](/wiki/Corporate_culture "Corporate culture") in order to meet goals and initiatives and most importantly to connect employees to the company's core values and beliefs. Strategic employee recognition is seen as the most important program not only to improve [employee retention](/wiki/Employee_retention "Employee retention") and motivation but also to positively influence the financial situation.[How Employee Recognition Programmes Improve Retention](http://www.cfo-insight.com/human-capital-career/talent-management/how-employee-recognition-programmes-improves-retention/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116050945/http://www.cfo\-insight.com/human\-capital\-career/talent\-management/how\-employee\-recognition\-programmes\-improves\-retention/ \|date\=2013\-01\-16 }} *CFO Insight Magazine*, January 2013 The difference between the traditional approach (gifts and points) and strategic recognition is the ability to serve as a serious business influencer that can advance a company's strategic objectives in a measurable way. "The vast majority of companies want to be innovative, coming up with new products, business models and better ways of doing things. However, innovation is not so easy to achieve. A CEO cannot just order it, and so it will be. You have to carefully manage an organization so that, over time, innovations will emerge."[Five mistaken beliefs business leaders have about innovation](https://www.forbes.com/sites/freekvermeulen/2011/05/30/five-mistaken-beliefs-business-leaders-have-about-innovation/) from Freek Vermeulen in *Forbes*, May 2011 ### Individual factors #### Emotion [Mood](/wiki/Mood_%28psychology%29 "Mood (psychology)") and [emotions at work](/wiki/Emotions_in_the_workplace "Emotions in the workplace") are related to job satisfaction. Moods tend to be longer lasting but often weaker states of uncertain origin, while emotions are often more intense, short\-lived and have a clear object or cause.Weiss HM, Cropanzano R. (1996\). Affective events theory: a theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. *Research in Organizational Behavior* 8: 1±74 Some research suggests moods are related to overall job satisfaction.Brief AP, Roberson L. (1989\). Job attitude organization: an exploratory study. *Journal of Applied Social Psychology* 19: 717±727\.Weiss HM, Nicholas JP, Daus CS. (1999\). An examination of the joint effects of affective experiences and job beliefs on job satisfaction and variations in affective experiences over time. *Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes* 78: 1±24 Positive and [negative emotions](/wiki/Negative_emotion "Negative emotion") were also found to be significantly related to overall job satisfaction.Fisher D. (2000\). Mood and emotions while working: missing pieces of job satisfaction? *Journal of Organizational Behavior* 21, 185±202 Frequency of experiencing net positive emotion will be a better predictor of overall job satisfaction than will intensity of positive emotion when it is experienced. [Emotion work](/wiki/Emotion_work "Emotion work") (or emotion management) refers to various types of efforts to manage emotional states and displays. Emotion management includes all of the conscious and unconscious efforts to increase, maintain, or decrease one or more components of an emotion. Although early studies of the consequences of emotional work emphasized its harmful effects on workers, studies of workers in a variety of occupations suggest that the consequences of emotional work are not uniformly negative.Pugliesi K. (1999\). The Consequences of Emotional Labor: Effects on Work Stress, Job Satisfaction, and Weil\-BeinMotivation and Emotion, Vol. 23/2 It was found that suppression of unpleasant emotions decreases job satisfaction and the amplification of pleasant emotions increases job satisfaction.Cote S., Morgan LM (2002\). A longitudinal analysis of the association between emotion regulation, job satisfaction, and intentions to quit. Journal of Organizational Behavior vol 23, 947–962 The understanding of how emotion regulation relates to job satisfaction concerns two models: 1. [Emotional dissonance](/wiki/Emotional_dissonance "Emotional dissonance"): a state of discrepancy between public displays of emotions and internal experiences of emotions,Ashforth, B. E., \& Humphrey, R. H. (1993\). Emotional labor in service roles: the influence of identity. Academy of Management Review, 18, 88–115{{cite journal \| last1 \= Rafaeli \| first1 \= A. \| last2 \= Sutton \| first2 \= R. I. \| year \= 1989 \| title \= The expression of emotion in organizational life \| journal \= Research in Organizational Behavior \| volume \= 11 \| pages \= 1–42 }} that often follows the process of emotion regulation. Emotional dissonance is associated with high emotional exhaustion, low organizational commitment, and low job satisfaction.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Abraham \| first1 \= R \| year \= 1999 \| title \= The impact of emotional dissonance on organizational commitment and intention to turnover \| journal \= Journal of Psychology \| volume \= 133 \| issue \= 4\| pages \= 441–455 \| doi\=10\.1080/00223989909599754\| pmid \= 10412221 }}{{cite journal \| last1 \= Morris \| first1 \= J. A. \| last2 \= Feldman \| first2 \= D. C. \| year \= 1997 \| title \= Managing emotions in the workplace \| journal \= Journal of Managerial Issues \| volume \= 9 \| pages \= 257–274 }} 2. Social interaction model: taking the social interaction perspective, workers' emotion regulation might beget responses from others during interpersonal encounters that subsequently impact their own job satisfaction. For example, the accumulation of favorable responses to displays of pleasant emotions might positively affect job satisfaction. #### Genetics The influence that genetics has had on a variety of individual differences is well documented.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Rowe \| first1 \= D. C. \| year \= 1987 \| title \= Resolving the person–situation debate: Invitation to an interdisciplinary dialogue \| journal \= American Psychologist \| volume \= 42 \| issue \= 3\| pages \= 218–227 \| doi\=10\.1037/0003\-066x.42\.3\.218}} Some research suggests genetics also play a role in the intrinsic, direct experiences of job satisfaction like challenge or achievement (as opposed to extrinsic, environmental factors like working conditions).{{Cite journal \|last1\=Li \|first1\=Wen\-Dong \|last2\=Stanek \|first2\=Kevin C. \|last3\=Zhang \|first3\=Zhen \|last4\=Ones \|first4\=Deniz S. \|last5\=McGue \|first5\=Matt \|date\=November 2016 \|title\=Are genetic and environmental influences on job satisfaction stable over time? A three\-wave longitudinal twin study. \|journal\=Journal of Applied Psychology \|language\=en \|volume\=101 \|issue\=11 \|pages\=1598–1619 \|doi\=10\.1037/apl0000057 \|pmid\=27504661 \|issn\=1939\-1854\|doi\-access\=free }} Notably, Arvey et al (1989\) examined job satisfaction in 34 pairs of monozygotic twins who were reared apart to test for the existence of genetic influence on job satisfaction. After correcting for age and gender, they obtained an intra\-class correlation of .31\. This suggests that 31% of variance in job satisfaction has a genetic basis, the estimate would be slightly larger if corrected for measurement error. They also found that evidence of genetic heritability for job characteristics, such as complexity level, motor skill requirements, and physical demands. #### Personality Some research suggests an association between personality and job satisfaction.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Judge \| first1 \= T. A. \| last2 \= Heller \| first2 \= D. \| last3 \= Mount \| first3 \= M. K. \| year \= 2002 \| title \= Five\-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta\-analysis \| journal \= Journal of Applied Psychology \| volume \= 87 \| issue \= 3\| pages \= 530–541 \| doi\=10\.1037/0021\-9010\.87\.3\.530\| pmid \= 12090610 \| citeseerx \= 10\.1\.1\.461\.558 \| s2cid \= 10486565 }} Specifically, this research describes the role of [negative affectivity](/wiki/Negative_affectivity "Negative affectivity") and [positive affectivity](/wiki/Positive_affectivity "Positive affectivity"). Negative affectivity is related strongly to the personality trait of [neuroticism](/wiki/Neuroticism "Neuroticism"). Individuals high in negative affectivity are more prone to experience less job satisfaction. Positive affectivity is related strongly to the personality trait of [extraversion](/wiki/Extraversion "Extraversion"). Those high in positive affectivity are more prone to be satisfied in most dimensions of their life, including their job. Differences in affectivity likely impact how individuals will perceive objective job circumstances like pay and working conditions, thus affecting their satisfaction in that job.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Brief \| first1 \= A. P. \| last2 \= Weiss \| first2 \= H. M. \| year \= 2002 \| title \= Organizational behavior: Affect in the workplace \| journal \= Annual Review of Psychology \| volume \= 53 \| pages \= 279–307 \| doi\=10\.1146/annurev.psych.53\.100901\.135156\| pmid \= 11752487 }} There are two personality factors related to job satisfaction, [alienation](/wiki/Social_alienation "Social alienation") and [locus of control](/wiki/Locus_of_control "Locus of control"). Employees who have an internal locus of control and feel less alienated are more likely to experience job satisfaction, job involvement and organizational commitment. A meta\-analysis of 187 studies of job satisfaction concluded that high satisfaction was positively associated with internal locus of control. The study also showed characteristics like high [Machiavellianism](/wiki/Machiavellianism_%28psychology%29 "Machiavellianism (psychology)"), [narcissism](/wiki/Narcissism "Narcissism"), [trait anger](/wiki/Trait_anger "Trait anger"), [type A personality](/wiki/Type_A_personality "Type A personality") dimensions of achievement striving and impatience/irritability, are also related to job satisfaction.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Bruk\-Lee \| first1 \= V. \| last2 \= Khoury \| first2 \= H. A. \| last3 \= Nixon \| first3 \= A. E. \| last4 \= Goh \| first4 \= A. \| last5 \= Spector \| first5 \= P. E. \| year \= 2009 \| title \= Replicating and extending past personality/job satisfaction meta\-analyses \| journal \= Human Performance \| volume \= 22 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 156–189 \| doi\=10\.1080/08959280902743709\| s2cid \= 143388641 }} ### Psychological well\-being [Psychological well\-being](/wiki/Psychological_well-being "Psychological well-being") (PWB) is defined as "the overall effectiveness of an individual's psychological functioning" as related to primary facets of one's life: work, family, community, etc.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Wright \| first1 \= T. A. \| last2 \= Cropanzano \| first2 \= R. \| year \= 2000 \| title \= Psychological well\-being and job satisfaction as predictors of job performance \| journal \= Journal of Occupational Health Psychology \| volume \= 5 \| issue \= 1\| pages \= 84–94 \| doi \= 10\.1037/1076\-8998\.5\.1\.84 \| pmid \= 10658888 \| s2cid \= 19053832 }} There are three defining characteristics of PWB. First, it is a [phenomenological](/wiki/Phenomenology_%28psychology%29 "Phenomenology (psychology)") event, meaning that people are happy when they subjectively believe themselves to be so. Second, well\-being involves some emotional conditions. Particularly, psychologically well people are more prone to experience positive emotions and less prone to experience [negative emotions](/wiki/Negative_emotion "Negative emotion"). Third, well\-being refers to one's life as a whole. It is a global evaluation. PWB is primarily measured using the eight\-item Index of Psychological Well\-Being developed by Berkman (IPWB). IPWB asks respondents to reply to a series a questions on how often they felt "pleased about accomplishing something", "bored", "depressed or unhappy", etc. PWB in the workplace plays an important role in determining job satisfaction and has attracted much research attention in recent years.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Baptiste \| first1 \= N. R. \| year \= 2008 \| title \= Tightening the link between employee wellbeing at work and performance: A new dimension for HRM \| journal \= Management Decision \| volume \= 46 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 284–309 \| doi \= 10\.1108/00251740810854168 }} These studies have focused on the effects of PWB on job satisfaction as well as [job performance](/wiki/Job_performance "Job performance").{{cite journal \| last1 \= Robertson \| first1 \= I. T. \| last2 \= Birch \| first2 \= A. J. \| last3 \= Cooper \| first3 \= C. L. \| year \= 2012 \| title \= Job and work attitudes, engagement and employee performance: Where does psychological well\-being fit in? \| journal \= Leadership \& Organization Development Journal \| volume \= 33 \| issue \= 3\| pages \= 224–232 \| doi \= 10\.1108/01437731211216443 }} One study noted that because job satisfaction is specific to one's job, the research that examined job satisfaction had not taken into account aspects of one's life external to the job.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Wright \| first1 \= T. A. \| last2 \= Cropanzano \| first2 \= R. \| last3 \= Bonett \| first3 \= D. G. \| year \= 2007 \| title \= The moderating role of employee positive well being on the relation between job satisfaction and job performance \| journal \= Journal of Occupational Health Psychology \| volume \= 12 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 93–104 \| doi \= 10\.1037/1076\-8998\.12\.2\.93 \| pmid \= 17469992 \| hdl \= 10983/24771 \| hdl\-access \= free }} Prior studies had focused only on the work environment as the main determinant of job satisfaction. Ultimately, to better understand job satisfaction (and its close relative, job performance), it is important to take into account an individual's PWB. Research published in 2000 showed a significant correlation between PWB and job satisfaction (r \= .35, p \< .01\). A follow\-up study by the same authors in 2007 revealed similar results (r \= .30, p \< .01\). In addition, these studies show that PWB is a better predictor of job performance than job satisfaction alone. Job satisfaction more associate to mental health than physical health.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Faragher\|first1\=E. B.\|last2\=Cass\|first2\=M.\|last3\=Cooper\|first3\=C. L.\|date\=2005\-02\-01\|title\=The relationship between job satisfaction and health: a meta\-analysis\|url\=https://oem.bmj.com/content/62/2/105\|journal\=Occupational and Environmental Medicine\|language\=en\|volume\=62\|issue\=2\|pages\=105–112\|doi\=10\.1136/oem.2002\.006734\|issn\=1351\-0711\|pmc\=1740950\|pmid\=15657192}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Cass\|first1\=Monica H.\|last2\=Siu\|first2\=Oi Ling\|last3\=Faragher\|first3\=E. Brian\|last4\=Cooper\|first4\=Cary L.\|date\=2003\|title\=A meta\-analysis of the relationship between job satisfaction and employee health in Hong Kong\|url\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10\.1002/smi.959\|journal\=Stress and Health\|language\=en\|volume\=19\|issue\=2\|pages\=79–95\|doi\=10\.1002/smi.959\|issn\=1532\-2998}}
[ "Influencing factors\n-------------------", "### Environmental factors", "#### Communication overload and underload", "One of the most important aspects of an individual's work in a modern organization concerns the management of communication demands that they encounter on the job.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Krayer \\| first1 \\= K.J. \\| last2 \\= Westbrook \\| first2 \\= L. \\| year \\= 1986 \\| title \\= The relationship between communication load and job satisfaction \\| journal \\= World Communication \\| volume \\= 15 \\| pages \\= 85–99 }} Demands can be characterized as a communication load, which refers to \"the rate and complexity of communication inputs an individual must process in a particular time frame.\"Farace, R. V., Monge, P. R., \\& Russell, H. M. (1977\\). Communicating and organizing. Reading, MA: Addison\\-Wesley.", "Individuals in an organization can experience communication over\\-load and communication under\\- load which can affect their level of job satisfaction. Communication overload can occur when \"an individual receives too many messages in a short period of time which can result in unprocessed information or when an individual faces more complex messages that are more difficult to process.\" Due to this process, \"given an individual's style of work and motivation to complete a task, when more inputs exist than outputs, the individual perceives a condition of overload which can be positively or negatively related to job satisfaction. In comparison, communication under load can occur when messages or inputs are sent below the individual's ability to process them.\"", "According to the ideas of communication over\\-load and under\\-load, if an individual does not receive enough input on the job or is unsuccessful in processing these inputs, the individual is more likely to become dissatisfied, aggravated, and unhappy with their work which leads to a low level of job satisfaction.", "#### Superior\\-subordinate communication", "{{Main\\|Superior\\-subordinate communication}}\nSuperior\\-subordinate communication is an important influence on job satisfaction in the workplace. The way in which subordinates perceive a supervisor's behavior can positively or negatively influence job satisfaction. Communication behavior such as facial expression, eye contact, vocal expression, and body movement is crucial to the superior\\-subordinate relationship (Teven, p. 156{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Teven \\| first1 \\= J. J. \\| year \\= 2007 \\| title \\= Effects of supervisor social influence, nonverbal immediacy, and biological sex on subordinates' perceptions of job satisfaction, liking, and supervisor credibility \\| journal \\= Communication Quarterly \\| volume \\= 55 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 155–177 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1080/01463370601036036 \\| s2cid \\= 143485769 }}). Nonverbal messages play a central role in interpersonal interactions with respect to impression formation, deception, attraction, social influence, and emotional.Burgoon, J.K. Buller, D.B. and Woodall, W.G. (1996\\) Nonverbal Communication, New York: McGraw\\-Hill Nonverbal immediacy from the supervisor helps to increase interpersonal involvement with their subordinates impacting job satisfaction. The manner in which supervisors communicate with their subordinates non\\-verbally may be more important than the verbal content (Teven, p. 156). Individuals who dislike and think negatively about their supervisor are less willing to communicate or have motivation to work whereas individuals who like and think positively of their supervisor are more likely to communicate and are satisfied with their job and work environment. A supervisor who uses nonverbal immediacy, friendliness, and open communication lines is more likely to receive positive feedback and high job satisfaction from a subordinate. Conversely, a supervisor who is antisocial, unfriendly, and unwilling to communicate will naturally receive negative feedback and create low job satisfaction in their subordinates in the workplace.", "### Strategic employee recognition", "A Watson Wyatt Worldwide study identified a positive outcome between a collegial and flexible work environment and an increase in shareholder value. Suggesting that employee satisfaction is directly related to financial gain.\nOver 40 percent of the companies listed in the top 100 of *Fortune* magazine's \"America's Best Companies to Work For\" also appear on the Fortune 500\\. It is possible that successful workers enjoy working at successful companies, however, the Watson Wyatt Worldwide Human Capital Index study claims that effective human resources practices, such as [employee recognition](/wiki/Employee_value_proposition \"Employee value proposition\") programs, lead to positive financial outcomes more often than positive financial outcomes lead to good practices.{{cite web\\|title\\=KEY FINDINGS Linking Employee Satisfaction with Productivity, Performance, and Customer Satisfaction .\\|url\\=http://www.keepem.com/doc\\_files/clc\\_articl\\_on\\_productivity.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2012}}", "Employee recognition is not only about gifts and points. It's about changing the [corporate culture](/wiki/Corporate_culture \"Corporate culture\") in order to meet goals and initiatives and most importantly to connect employees to the company's core values and beliefs. Strategic employee recognition is seen as the most important program not only to improve [employee retention](/wiki/Employee_retention \"Employee retention\") and motivation but also to positively influence the financial situation.[How Employee Recognition Programmes Improve Retention](http://www.cfo-insight.com/human-capital-career/talent-management/how-employee-recognition-programmes-improves-retention/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116050945/http://www.cfo\\-insight.com/human\\-capital\\-career/talent\\-management/how\\-employee\\-recognition\\-programmes\\-improves\\-retention/ \\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-16 }} *CFO Insight Magazine*, January 2013 The difference between the traditional approach (gifts and points) and strategic recognition is the ability to serve as a serious business influencer that can advance a company's strategic objectives in a measurable way. \"The vast majority of companies want to be innovative, coming up with new products, business models and better ways of doing things. However, innovation is not so easy to achieve. A CEO cannot just order it, and so it will be. You have to carefully manage an organization so that, over time, innovations will emerge.\"[Five mistaken beliefs business leaders have about innovation](https://www.forbes.com/sites/freekvermeulen/2011/05/30/five-mistaken-beliefs-business-leaders-have-about-innovation/) from Freek Vermeulen in *Forbes*, May 2011", "### Individual factors", "#### Emotion", "[Mood](/wiki/Mood_%28psychology%29 \"Mood (psychology)\") and [emotions at work](/wiki/Emotions_in_the_workplace \"Emotions in the workplace\") are related to job satisfaction. Moods tend to be longer lasting but often weaker states of uncertain origin, while emotions are often more intense, short\\-lived and have a clear object or cause.Weiss HM, Cropanzano R. (1996\\). Affective events theory: a theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. *Research in Organizational Behavior* 8: 1±74", "Some research suggests moods are related to overall job satisfaction.Brief AP, Roberson L. (1989\\). Job attitude organization: an exploratory study. *Journal of Applied Social Psychology* 19: 717±727\\.Weiss HM, Nicholas JP, Daus CS. (1999\\). An examination of the joint effects of affective experiences and job beliefs on job satisfaction and variations in affective experiences over time. *Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes* 78: 1±24 Positive and [negative emotions](/wiki/Negative_emotion \"Negative emotion\") were also found to be significantly related to overall job satisfaction.Fisher D. (2000\\). Mood and emotions while working: missing pieces of job satisfaction? *Journal of Organizational Behavior* 21, 185±202", "Frequency of experiencing net positive emotion will be a better predictor of overall job satisfaction than will intensity of positive emotion when it is experienced.", "[Emotion work](/wiki/Emotion_work \"Emotion work\") (or emotion management) refers to various types of efforts to manage emotional states and displays. Emotion management includes all of the conscious and unconscious efforts to increase, maintain, or decrease one or more components of an emotion. Although early studies of the consequences of emotional work emphasized its harmful effects on workers, studies of workers in a variety of occupations suggest that the consequences of emotional work are not uniformly negative.Pugliesi K. (1999\\). The Consequences of Emotional Labor: Effects on Work Stress, Job Satisfaction, and Weil\\-BeinMotivation and Emotion, Vol. 23/2", "It was found that suppression of unpleasant emotions decreases job satisfaction and the amplification of pleasant emotions increases job satisfaction.Cote S., Morgan LM (2002\\). A longitudinal analysis of the association between emotion regulation, job satisfaction, and intentions to quit. Journal of Organizational Behavior\nvol 23, 947–962", "The understanding of how emotion regulation relates to job satisfaction concerns two models:\n1. [Emotional dissonance](/wiki/Emotional_dissonance \"Emotional dissonance\"): a state of discrepancy between public displays of emotions and internal experiences of emotions,Ashforth, B. E., \\& Humphrey, R. H. (1993\\). Emotional labor in service roles: the influence of identity. Academy of\nManagement Review, 18, 88–115{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Rafaeli \\| first1 \\= A. \\| last2 \\= Sutton \\| first2 \\= R. I. \\| year \\= 1989 \\| title \\= The expression of emotion in organizational life \\| journal \\= Research in Organizational Behavior \\| volume \\= 11 \\| pages \\= 1–42 }} that often follows the process of emotion regulation. Emotional dissonance is associated with high emotional exhaustion, low organizational commitment, and low job satisfaction.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Abraham \\| first1 \\= R \\| year \\= 1999 \\| title \\= The impact of emotional dissonance on organizational commitment and intention to turnover \\| journal \\= Journal of Psychology \\| volume \\= 133 \\| issue \\= 4\\| pages \\= 441–455 \\| doi\\=10\\.1080/00223989909599754\\| pmid \\= 10412221 }}{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Morris \\| first1 \\= J. A. \\| last2 \\= Feldman \\| first2 \\= D. C. \\| year \\= 1997 \\| title \\= Managing emotions in the workplace \\| journal \\= Journal of Managerial Issues \\| volume \\= 9 \\| pages \\= 257–274 }}\n2. Social interaction model: taking the social interaction perspective, workers' emotion regulation might beget responses from others during interpersonal encounters that subsequently impact their own job satisfaction. For example, the accumulation of favorable responses to displays of pleasant emotions might positively affect job satisfaction.", "#### Genetics", "The influence that genetics has had on a variety of individual differences is well documented.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Rowe \\| first1 \\= D. C. \\| year \\= 1987 \\| title \\= Resolving the person–situation debate: Invitation to an interdisciplinary dialogue \\| journal \\= American Psychologist \\| volume \\= 42 \\| issue \\= 3\\| pages \\= 218–227 \\| doi\\=10\\.1037/0003\\-066x.42\\.3\\.218}} Some research suggests genetics also play a role in the intrinsic, direct experiences of job satisfaction like challenge or achievement (as opposed to extrinsic, environmental factors like working conditions).{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Li \\|first1\\=Wen\\-Dong \\|last2\\=Stanek \\|first2\\=Kevin C. \\|last3\\=Zhang \\|first3\\=Zhen \\|last4\\=Ones \\|first4\\=Deniz S. \\|last5\\=McGue \\|first5\\=Matt \\|date\\=November 2016 \\|title\\=Are genetic and environmental influences on job satisfaction stable over time? A three\\-wave longitudinal twin study. \\|journal\\=Journal of Applied Psychology \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=101 \\|issue\\=11 \\|pages\\=1598–1619 \\|doi\\=10\\.1037/apl0000057 \\|pmid\\=27504661 \\|issn\\=1939\\-1854\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} Notably, Arvey et al (1989\\) examined job satisfaction in 34 pairs of monozygotic twins who were reared apart to test for the existence of genetic influence on job satisfaction. After correcting for age and gender, they obtained an intra\\-class correlation of .31\\. This suggests that 31% of variance in job satisfaction has a genetic basis, the estimate would be slightly larger if corrected for measurement error. They also found that evidence of genetic heritability for job characteristics, such as complexity level, motor skill requirements, and physical demands.", "#### Personality", "Some research suggests an association between personality and job satisfaction.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Judge \\| first1 \\= T. A. \\| last2 \\= Heller \\| first2 \\= D. \\| last3 \\= Mount \\| first3 \\= M. K. \\| year \\= 2002 \\| title \\= Five\\-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta\\-analysis \\| journal \\= Journal of Applied Psychology \\| volume \\= 87 \\| issue \\= 3\\| pages \\= 530–541 \\| doi\\=10\\.1037/0021\\-9010\\.87\\.3\\.530\\| pmid \\= 12090610 \\| citeseerx \\= 10\\.1\\.1\\.461\\.558 \\| s2cid \\= 10486565 }} Specifically, this research describes the role of [negative affectivity](/wiki/Negative_affectivity \"Negative affectivity\") and [positive affectivity](/wiki/Positive_affectivity \"Positive affectivity\"). Negative affectivity is related strongly to the personality trait of [neuroticism](/wiki/Neuroticism \"Neuroticism\"). Individuals high in negative affectivity are more prone to experience less job satisfaction. Positive affectivity is related strongly to the personality trait of [extraversion](/wiki/Extraversion \"Extraversion\"). Those high in positive affectivity are more prone to be satisfied in most dimensions of their life, including their job. Differences in affectivity likely impact how individuals will perceive objective job circumstances like pay and working conditions, thus affecting their satisfaction in that job.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Brief \\| first1 \\= A. P. \\| last2 \\= Weiss \\| first2 \\= H. M. \\| year \\= 2002 \\| title \\= Organizational behavior: Affect in the workplace \\| journal \\= Annual Review of Psychology \\| volume \\= 53 \\| pages \\= 279–307 \\| doi\\=10\\.1146/annurev.psych.53\\.100901\\.135156\\| pmid \\= 11752487 }}", "There are two personality factors related to job satisfaction, [alienation](/wiki/Social_alienation \"Social alienation\") and [locus of control](/wiki/Locus_of_control \"Locus of control\"). Employees who have an internal locus of control and feel less alienated are more likely to experience job satisfaction, job involvement and organizational commitment. A meta\\-analysis of 187 studies of job satisfaction concluded that high satisfaction was positively associated with internal locus of control. The study also showed characteristics like high [Machiavellianism](/wiki/Machiavellianism_%28psychology%29 \"Machiavellianism (psychology)\"), [narcissism](/wiki/Narcissism \"Narcissism\"), [trait anger](/wiki/Trait_anger \"Trait anger\"), [type A personality](/wiki/Type_A_personality \"Type A personality\") dimensions of achievement striving and impatience/irritability, are also related to job satisfaction.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Bruk\\-Lee \\| first1 \\= V. \\| last2 \\= Khoury \\| first2 \\= H. A. \\| last3 \\= Nixon \\| first3 \\= A. E. \\| last4 \\= Goh \\| first4 \\= A. \\| last5 \\= Spector \\| first5 \\= P. E. \\| year \\= 2009 \\| title \\= Replicating and extending past personality/job satisfaction meta\\-analyses \\| journal \\= Human Performance \\| volume \\= 22 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 156–189 \\| doi\\=10\\.1080/08959280902743709\\| s2cid \\= 143388641 }}", "### Psychological well\\-being", "[Psychological well\\-being](/wiki/Psychological_well-being \"Psychological well-being\") (PWB) is defined as \"the overall effectiveness of an individual's psychological functioning\" as related to primary facets of one's life: work, family, community, etc.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Wright \\| first1 \\= T. A. \\| last2 \\= Cropanzano \\| first2 \\= R. \\| year \\= 2000 \\| title \\= Psychological well\\-being and job satisfaction as predictors of job performance \\| journal \\= Journal of Occupational Health Psychology \\| volume \\= 5 \\| issue \\= 1\\| pages \\= 84–94 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1037/1076\\-8998\\.5\\.1\\.84 \\| pmid \\= 10658888 \\| s2cid \\= 19053832 }} There are three defining characteristics of PWB. First, it is a [phenomenological](/wiki/Phenomenology_%28psychology%29 \"Phenomenology (psychology)\") event, meaning that people are happy when they subjectively believe themselves to be so. Second, well\\-being involves some emotional conditions. Particularly, psychologically well people are more prone to experience positive emotions and less prone to experience [negative emotions](/wiki/Negative_emotion \"Negative emotion\"). Third, well\\-being refers to one's life as a whole. It is a global evaluation. PWB is primarily measured using the eight\\-item Index of Psychological Well\\-Being developed by Berkman (IPWB). IPWB asks respondents to reply to a series a questions on how often they felt \"pleased about accomplishing something\", \"bored\", \"depressed or unhappy\", etc.", "PWB in the workplace plays an important role in determining job satisfaction and has attracted much research attention in recent years.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Baptiste \\| first1 \\= N. R. \\| year \\= 2008 \\| title \\= Tightening the link between employee wellbeing at work and performance: A new dimension for HRM \\| journal \\= Management Decision \\| volume \\= 46 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 284–309 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1108/00251740810854168 }} These studies have focused on the effects of PWB on job satisfaction as well as [job performance](/wiki/Job_performance \"Job performance\").{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Robertson \\| first1 \\= I. T. \\| last2 \\= Birch \\| first2 \\= A. J. \\| last3 \\= Cooper \\| first3 \\= C. L. \\| year \\= 2012 \\| title \\= Job and work attitudes, engagement and employee performance: Where does psychological well\\-being fit in? \\| journal \\= Leadership \\& Organization Development Journal \\| volume \\= 33 \\| issue \\= 3\\| pages \\= 224–232 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1108/01437731211216443 }} One study noted that because job satisfaction is specific to one's job, the research that examined job satisfaction had not taken into account aspects of one's life external to the job.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Wright \\| first1 \\= T. A. \\| last2 \\= Cropanzano \\| first2 \\= R. \\| last3 \\= Bonett \\| first3 \\= D. G. \\| year \\= 2007 \\| title \\= The moderating role of employee positive well being on the relation between job satisfaction and job performance \\| journal \\= Journal of Occupational Health Psychology \\| volume \\= 12 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 93–104 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1037/1076\\-8998\\.12\\.2\\.93 \\| pmid \\= 17469992 \\| hdl \\= 10983/24771 \\| hdl\\-access \\= free }} Prior studies had focused only on the work environment as the main determinant of job satisfaction. Ultimately, to better understand job satisfaction (and its close relative, job performance), it is important to take into account an individual's PWB. Research published in 2000 showed a significant correlation between PWB and job satisfaction (r \\= .35, p \\< .01\\). A follow\\-up study by the same authors in 2007 revealed similar results (r \\= .30, p \\< .01\\). In addition, these studies show that PWB is a better predictor of job performance than job satisfaction alone. Job satisfaction more associate to mental health than physical health.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Faragher\\|first1\\=E. B.\\|last2\\=Cass\\|first2\\=M.\\|last3\\=Cooper\\|first3\\=C. L.\\|date\\=2005\\-02\\-01\\|title\\=The relationship between job satisfaction and health: a meta\\-analysis\\|url\\=https://oem.bmj.com/content/62/2/105\\|journal\\=Occupational and Environmental Medicine\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=62\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=105–112\\|doi\\=10\\.1136/oem.2002\\.006734\\|issn\\=1351\\-0711\\|pmc\\=1740950\\|pmid\\=15657192}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Cass\\|first1\\=Monica H.\\|last2\\=Siu\\|first2\\=Oi Ling\\|last3\\=Faragher\\|first3\\=E. Brian\\|last4\\=Cooper\\|first4\\=Cary L.\\|date\\=2003\\|title\\=A meta\\-analysis of the relationship between job satisfaction and employee health in Hong Kong\\|url\\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10\\.1002/smi.959\\|journal\\=Stress and Health\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=19\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=79–95\\|doi\\=10\\.1002/smi.959\\|issn\\=1532\\-2998}}", "" ]
Measuring --------- The majority of job satisfaction measures are self\-reports and based on multi\-item scales. Several measures have been developed over the years, although they vary in terms of how carefully and distinctively they are conceptualized with respect to affective or cognitive job satisfaction. They also vary in terms of the extent and rigour of their psychometric validation. The **Brief Index of Affective Job Satisfaction** (BIAJS) is a four\-item, overtly affective as opposed to cognitive, measure of overall affective job satisfaction. The BIAJS differs from other job satisfaction measures in being comprehensively validated not just for internal consistency reliability, temporal stability, convergent and criterion\-related validities, but also for cross\-population invariance by nationality, job level, and job type. Reported internal consistency reliabilities range between 0\.81 and 0\.87\. The **Job Descriptive Index** (JDI)Smith, P.C., Kendall, L.M.,\&Hulin, C.L. (1969\) The measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement. Chicago: Rand McNally. is a specifically cognitive job satisfaction measure. It measures one's satisfaction in five facets: pay, promotions and promotion opportunities, coworkers, supervision, and the work itself. The scale is simple, participants answer either yes, no, or can't decide (indicated by '?') in response to whether given statements accurately describe one's job. The **Job Satisfaction Survey** (JSS)Spector, P. E. (1985\). Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: Development of the Job Satisfaction Survey. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13(6\), 693\-713\. measures satifaction with nine facets: Pay, Promotion, Supervision, Fringe Benefits, Contingent Rewards, Operating Procedures, Coworkers, Nature of Work, and Communication. The **Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire** job satisfaction subscale is a 3\-item measure of general job satisfaction.Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, D., \& Klesh, J. (1979\). The Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. It has been very popular with researchers.Bowling, N. A., \& Hammond, G. D. (2008\). A meta\-analytic examination of the construct validity of the Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire Job Satisfaction Subscale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(1\), 63\-77\. The **Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire** (MSQ){{cite web \| url\=https://vpr.psych.umn.edu/node/26 \| title\=(MSQ) Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire \| Vocational Psychology Research }} has 20 facets plus intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction scores. There are long and short forms. The **Short Index of Job Satisfaction** (SIJS) {{Cite journal \|last1\=Sinval \|first1\=Jorge \|last2\=Marôco \|first2\=João \|date\=2020\-04\-14 \|editor\-last\=Useche \|editor\-first\=Sergio A. \|title\=Short Index of Job Satisfaction: Validity evidence from Portugal and Brazil \|journal\=PLOS ONE \|language\=en \|volume\=15 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=e0231474 \|doi\=10\.1371/journal.pone.0231474 \|issn\=1932\-6203 \|pmc\=7156096 \|pmid\=32287284 \|doi\-access\=free \|bibcode\=2020PLoSO..1531474S }} is a free five\-item measure which provides overall attitudinal job satisfaction scores. It derived from the Index of Job Satisfaction (IJS){{Cite journal \|last1\=Brayfield \|first1\=Arthur H. \|last2\=Rothe \|first2\=Harold F. \|date\=October 1951 \|title\=An index of job satisfaction. \|url\=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi\=10\.1037/h0055617 \|journal\=Journal of Applied Psychology \|language\=en \|volume\=35 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=307–311 \|doi\=10\.1037/h0055617 \|issn\=1939\-1854}} which originally had 18 items. The SIJS presented good validity evidence based on the internal structure (i.e., dimensionality, reliability of the scores, and measurement invariance among sex and countries) as also good validity evidence based on the relation to other variables (e.g., US samples,{{Cite journal \|last1\=Judge \|first1\=Timothy A. \|last2\=Bono \|first2\=Joyce E. \|last3\=Locke \|first3\=Edwin A. \|date\=2000 \|title\=Personality and job satisfaction: The mediating role of job characteristics. \|url\=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi\=10\.1037/0021\-9010\.85\.2\.237 \|journal\=Journal of Applied Psychology \|language\=en \|volume\=85 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=237–249 \|doi\=10\.1037/0021\-9010\.85\.2\.237 \|pmid\=10783540 \|issn\=1939\-1854}} Brazilian and Portuguese samples).
[ "Measuring\n---------", "The majority of job satisfaction measures are self\\-reports and based on multi\\-item scales. Several measures have been developed over the years, although they vary in terms of how carefully and distinctively they are conceptualized with respect to affective or cognitive job satisfaction. They also vary in terms of the extent and rigour of their psychometric validation.", "The **Brief Index of Affective Job Satisfaction** (BIAJS) is a four\\-item, overtly affective as opposed to cognitive, measure of overall affective job satisfaction. The BIAJS differs from other job satisfaction measures in being comprehensively validated not just for internal consistency reliability, temporal stability, convergent and criterion\\-related validities, but also for cross\\-population invariance by nationality, job level, and job type. Reported internal consistency reliabilities range between 0\\.81 and 0\\.87\\.", "The **Job Descriptive Index** (JDI)Smith, P.C., Kendall, L.M.,\\&Hulin, C.L. (1969\\) The measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement. Chicago: Rand McNally. is a specifically cognitive job satisfaction measure. It measures one's satisfaction in five facets: pay, promotions and promotion opportunities, coworkers, supervision, and the work itself. The scale is simple, participants answer either yes, no, or can't decide (indicated by '?') in response to whether given statements accurately describe one's job.", "The **Job Satisfaction Survey** (JSS)Spector, P. E. (1985\\). Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: Development of the Job Satisfaction Survey. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13(6\\), 693\\-713\\. measures satifaction with nine facets: Pay, Promotion, Supervision, Fringe Benefits, Contingent Rewards, Operating Procedures, Coworkers, Nature of Work, and Communication.", "The **Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire** job satisfaction subscale is a 3\\-item measure of general job satisfaction.Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, D., \\& Klesh, J. (1979\\). The Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. It has been very popular with researchers.Bowling, N. A., \\& Hammond, G. D. (2008\\). A meta\\-analytic examination of the construct validity of the Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire Job Satisfaction Subscale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(1\\), 63\\-77\\.", "The **Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire** (MSQ){{cite web \\| url\\=https://vpr.psych.umn.edu/node/26 \\| title\\=(MSQ) Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire \\| Vocational Psychology Research }} has 20 facets plus intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction scores. There are long and short forms.", "The **Short Index of Job Satisfaction** (SIJS) {{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Sinval \\|first1\\=Jorge \\|last2\\=Marôco \\|first2\\=João \\|date\\=2020\\-04\\-14 \\|editor\\-last\\=Useche \\|editor\\-first\\=Sergio A. \\|title\\=Short Index of Job Satisfaction: Validity evidence from Portugal and Brazil \\|journal\\=PLOS ONE \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=15 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=e0231474 \\|doi\\=10\\.1371/journal.pone.0231474 \\|issn\\=1932\\-6203 \\|pmc\\=7156096 \\|pmid\\=32287284 \\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|bibcode\\=2020PLoSO..1531474S }} is a free five\\-item measure which provides overall attitudinal job satisfaction scores. It derived from the Index of Job Satisfaction (IJS){{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Brayfield \\|first1\\=Arthur H. \\|last2\\=Rothe \\|first2\\=Harold F. \\|date\\=October 1951 \\|title\\=An index of job satisfaction. \\|url\\=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi\\=10\\.1037/h0055617 \\|journal\\=Journal of Applied Psychology \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=35 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=307–311 \\|doi\\=10\\.1037/h0055617 \\|issn\\=1939\\-1854}} which originally had 18 items. The SIJS presented good validity evidence based on the internal structure (i.e., dimensionality, reliability of the scores, and measurement invariance among sex and countries) as also good validity evidence based on the relation to other variables (e.g., US samples,{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Judge \\|first1\\=Timothy A. \\|last2\\=Bono \\|first2\\=Joyce E. \\|last3\\=Locke \\|first3\\=Edwin A. \\|date\\=2000 \\|title\\=Personality and job satisfaction: The mediating role of job characteristics. \\|url\\=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi\\=10\\.1037/0021\\-9010\\.85\\.2\\.237 \\|journal\\=Journal of Applied Psychology \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=85 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=237–249 \\|doi\\=10\\.1037/0021\\-9010\\.85\\.2\\.237 \\|pmid\\=10783540 \\|issn\\=1939\\-1854}} Brazilian and Portuguese samples).", "" ]
Preparations ------------ By the end of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), the Italians needed an Albanian government composed of pro\-Italian elements. This required, first to create the impression that Albanians demanded a government brought to life with the support of Italy, and second, an official government body established legally, which would be the best option to avoid any other representatives of Albania (claimants) which might show up and be introduced at the Peace Conference. This government would server as a domestic support, but also to avoid any territorial claims from the Balkan neighbors. [Sonnino](/wiki/Sidney_Sonnino "Sidney Sonnino") called [Turhan Pasha](/wiki/Turhan_Pasha "Turhan Pasha"), Myfid Libohova, and [Mihal Turtulli](/wiki/Mihal_Turtulli "Mihal Turtulli") for a summon in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome") on October 22, 1918\. They should make contact with the Albanian colonies, and form an interim government where the large Albanian provinces as well as all religions were represented. Turhan Pasha and Myfid Libohova resided still in Italy during early November, while the Albanian newspaper *"[The Nation](/wiki/Kombi_%28newspaper%29 "Kombi (newspaper)")"* ({{lang\-sq\|Kombi}}) was presenting them as "patriots and people with a spotless past". Mihal Turtulli had the mandate of Vatra but was still residing in [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland"). He didn't go to Italy as requested initially, evaluating the danger of Italy's colonialist intentions, but did not succeed to find any support within Albania. Italians managed to replace Turtulli with another delegate from Vatra, which was [Mehmet Konica](/wiki/Mehmet_Konica "Mehmet Konica"). Konica was called to go to Rome on November 3–4, 1918\.{{sfn\|Çami\|1976\|pp\=55}} Gathering of Albanian leaders had already started by October 1918, with the support of [Mehdi Frashëri](/wiki/Mehdi_Frash%C3%ABri "Mehdi Frashëri") and [Mustafa Kruja](/wiki/Mustafa_Kruja "Mustafa Kruja"), both pro\-Italian at that time. The same were asking Vatra on October 6, 1918 to send the representatives in Italy for discussing the ground of a common political platform, which would be represented at the Peace Conference. Mehmet Konica, according to "Kombi", arrived in Rome on November 19, warmly received by the Italian side. Meanwhile, the Italian government had given up the initial idea of assembling an Albanian government. Albanians leaders, who came from Rome to Albania, were advised to form only a "National Council" or "National Committee" rather than a government. This half\-government should not exercise independent politics, neither internally nor internationally, and would depend a lot on Italian decision making. All this was ostensibly made to avoid any diplomatic entanglement. In late November 1918, the approval of forming the Albanian National Council arrived. The council was pre\-designed by [Gaetano Manconi](/wiki/Gaetano_Manconi "Gaetano Manconi") and was supposed to be formed as soon as possible in Durrës. Regardless of the factual substantial form, either as a government or as a council, this governing body should come after a national congress. Mehmet Konica, Myfid Libohova, and Mehdi Frashëri were launched in Albania in late December 1918, accompanied by Lieutenant [Ettore Lodi](/wiki/Ettore_Lodi "Ettore Lodi"), who would perform political tasks during the congress as well as later.{{sfn\|Çami\|1976\|pp\=58}} The preparation stage for a Congress in Durrës was accompanied by an initiative to gather a congress or meeting in [Shkodra](/wiki/Shkodra "Shkodra"). The later idea came impossible due to objections of French [Colonel Bardy De Fourtou](/wiki/Colonel_Bardy_De_Fourtou "Colonel Bardy De Fourtou"), and the meeting took place in [Lezhë](/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB "Lezhë") on December 9, 1918, being organized by [Catholic clerics](/wiki/Catholicism_in_Albania "Catholicism in Albania") and tribal chieftain of Mirdita, [Prênk Bibë Doda](/wiki/Pr%C3%AAnk_Bib%C3%AB_Doda "Prênk Bibë Doda"), but this movement found no support on other Albanian regions because of its emphasized "Northern Albanian" character. ### Congress of Tirana The preparation took place with the initiative of [Rauf Fico](/wiki/Rauf_Fico "Rauf Fico") (vice\-prefect) and [Abdi Toptani](/wiki/Abdi_Toptani "Abdi Toptani") on a meeting held on December 7 at Fico's office. Other initiators were [Sotir Peçi](/wiki/Sotir_Pe%C3%A7i "Sotir Peçi"), [Abdyl Ypi](/wiki/Abdyl_Ypi "Abdyl Ypi"), Ismail Ndroqi, Mytesim Kelliçi, Sinan Hoxha, and Myslim Beshiri. An invitation was sent to representatives of central regions, with a special invitation for [Hasan Prishtina](/wiki/Hasan_Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina"), [Aqif Pashë Elbasani](/wiki/Aqif_Pash%C3%AB_Elbasani "Aqif Pashë Elbasani"), and [Ahmet Zogu](/wiki/Ahmet_Zogu "Ahmet Zogu") who were invited to come earlier.{{citation\|language\=Albanian\| accessdate\=2014\-01\-08\| author\=Shyqyri Hysi\|title\=Kongresi i Tiranes, fakte dhe dokumente te reja\| url\=http://www.lajmishqip.com/?p\=3405\| date\=2007\-12\-27\|publisher\=Lajmi Shqip\| quote\=Me 7 dhjetor te vitit 1918, atdhetaret tiranas hartuan thirrjen e pare per mbrojtjen e interesave kombetare te popullit shqiptar. Ne procesverbalin e kesaj mbledhjeje, qe u mbajt ne zyren e Reuf Ficos shkruhet: "Vendim i marrun per mbledhjen e kongresit ne Tirane. (origjinal i vetem). Ne mbledhjen qe u be ne mes t'one me 7\-12\-'18 ne Tirane u vendos qe te grishen (thirren) qarqet: Elbasan, Peqin, Kavaj, Durres, Kruje, Mat, Diber, per me ba nje bised permbi qetesine e bashkim te plote te ketyne viseve me 19\-12\-918 te enjten te behet mbledhja." Thirrja u hartua nga atdhetari Abdi Bej Toptani, i cili ishte organizatori dhe mbeshtetesi i kesaj veprimtarie. Ne nje takim te organizuar ne zyren e nenprefektit Reuf Fico me 7 dhjetor 1918, Sotir Peci, Abdyl Ypi, Ismail Ndroqi, Mytesim Kelliçi, Sinan Hoxha, Myslim Beshiri dhe nenprefekti(R.F), nenshkruan thirrjen apo nje dokument, siç e quan Ficoja, me te cilin ftoheshin te merrnin pjese ne kete mbledhje, nga dy perfaqesues te: Tiranes, Elbasanit, Gramshit, Peqinit, Durresit, Kavajes, Krujes, Matit dhe Dibres . Per kete vendim, nje njoftim te posaçem prej organizatoreve moren Hasan Prishtina, Aqif Pashe Elbasani dhe Ahmet Zogu, te cilit organizatoret i kerkuan te vinte me heret ne Tirane.}} The Congress of [Tirana](/wiki/Tirana "Tirana") was held on 19–20 December, which was attended this time only by representatives of several provinces of central Albania led by [Abdi Toptani](/wiki/Abdi_Toptani "Abdi Toptani") and [Ismail Ndroqi](/wiki/Ismail_Ndroqi "Ismail Ndroqi"),{{sfn\|Schmidt\-Neke\|1987\|pp\=321–322}} with the aim of establishing the grounds of a National Congress (initially was thought to be held in [Krujë](/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB "Krujë") in January 1919\) which would be achieved later in Durrës.{{sfn\|Pearson\|2006\|pp\=116–117}}
[ "Preparations\n------------", "By the end of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), the Italians needed an Albanian government composed of pro\\-Italian elements. This required, first to create the impression that Albanians demanded a government brought to life with the support of Italy, and second, an official government body established legally, which would be the best option to avoid any other representatives of Albania (claimants) which might show up and be introduced at the Peace Conference.", "This government would server as a domestic support, but also to avoid any territorial claims from the Balkan neighbors. [Sonnino](/wiki/Sidney_Sonnino \"Sidney Sonnino\") called [Turhan Pasha](/wiki/Turhan_Pasha \"Turhan Pasha\"), Myfid Libohova, and [Mihal Turtulli](/wiki/Mihal_Turtulli \"Mihal Turtulli\") for a summon in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") on October 22, 1918\\. They should make contact with the Albanian colonies, and form an interim government where the large Albanian provinces as well as all religions were represented. Turhan Pasha and Myfid Libohova resided still in Italy during early November, while the Albanian newspaper *\"[The Nation](/wiki/Kombi_%28newspaper%29 \"Kombi (newspaper)\")\"* ({{lang\\-sq\\|Kombi}}) was presenting them as \"patriots and people with a spotless past\".", "Mihal Turtulli had the mandate of Vatra but was still residing in [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\"). He didn't go to Italy as requested initially, evaluating the danger of Italy's colonialist intentions, but did not succeed to find any support within Albania. Italians managed to replace Turtulli with another delegate from Vatra, which was [Mehmet Konica](/wiki/Mehmet_Konica \"Mehmet Konica\"). Konica was called to go to Rome on November 3–4, 1918\\.{{sfn\\|Çami\\|1976\\|pp\\=55}}", "Gathering of Albanian leaders had already started by October 1918, with the support of [Mehdi Frashëri](/wiki/Mehdi_Frash%C3%ABri \"Mehdi Frashëri\") and [Mustafa Kruja](/wiki/Mustafa_Kruja \"Mustafa Kruja\"), both pro\\-Italian at that time. The same were asking Vatra on October 6, 1918 to send the representatives in Italy for discussing the ground of a common political platform, which would be represented at the Peace Conference. Mehmet Konica, according to \"Kombi\", arrived in Rome on November 19, warmly received by the Italian side.", "Meanwhile, the Italian government had given up the initial idea of assembling an Albanian government. Albanians leaders, who came from Rome to Albania, were advised to form only a \"National Council\" or \"National Committee\" rather than a government. This half\\-government should not exercise independent politics, neither internally nor internationally, and would depend a lot on Italian decision making. All this was ostensibly made to avoid any diplomatic entanglement.", "In late November 1918, the approval of forming the Albanian National Council arrived. The council was pre\\-designed by [Gaetano Manconi](/wiki/Gaetano_Manconi \"Gaetano Manconi\") and was supposed to be formed as soon as possible in Durrës. Regardless of the factual substantial form, either as a government or as a council, this governing body should come after a national congress. Mehmet Konica, Myfid Libohova, and Mehdi Frashëri were launched in Albania in late December 1918, accompanied by Lieutenant [Ettore Lodi](/wiki/Ettore_Lodi \"Ettore Lodi\"), who would perform political tasks during the congress as well as later.{{sfn\\|Çami\\|1976\\|pp\\=58}}", "The preparation stage for a Congress in Durrës was accompanied by an initiative to gather a congress or meeting in [Shkodra](/wiki/Shkodra \"Shkodra\"). The later idea came impossible due to objections of French [Colonel Bardy De Fourtou](/wiki/Colonel_Bardy_De_Fourtou \"Colonel Bardy De Fourtou\"), and the meeting took place in [Lezhë](/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB \"Lezhë\") on December 9, 1918, being organized by [Catholic clerics](/wiki/Catholicism_in_Albania \"Catholicism in Albania\") and tribal chieftain of Mirdita, [Prênk Bibë Doda](/wiki/Pr%C3%AAnk_Bib%C3%AB_Doda \"Prênk Bibë Doda\"), but this movement found no support on other Albanian regions because of its emphasized \"Northern Albanian\" character.", "### Congress of Tirana", "The preparation took place with the initiative of [Rauf Fico](/wiki/Rauf_Fico \"Rauf Fico\") (vice\\-prefect) and [Abdi Toptani](/wiki/Abdi_Toptani \"Abdi Toptani\") on a meeting held on December 7 at Fico's office. Other initiators were [Sotir Peçi](/wiki/Sotir_Pe%C3%A7i \"Sotir Peçi\"), [Abdyl Ypi](/wiki/Abdyl_Ypi \"Abdyl Ypi\"), Ismail Ndroqi, Mytesim Kelliçi, Sinan Hoxha, and Myslim Beshiri. An invitation was sent to representatives of central regions, with a special invitation for [Hasan Prishtina](/wiki/Hasan_Prishtina \"Hasan Prishtina\"), [Aqif Pashë Elbasani](/wiki/Aqif_Pash%C3%AB_Elbasani \"Aqif Pashë Elbasani\"), and [Ahmet Zogu](/wiki/Ahmet_Zogu \"Ahmet Zogu\") who were invited to come earlier.{{citation\\|language\\=Albanian\\| accessdate\\=2014\\-01\\-08\\| author\\=Shyqyri Hysi\\|title\\=Kongresi i Tiranes, fakte dhe dokumente te reja\\| url\\=http://www.lajmishqip.com/?p\\=3405\\| date\\=2007\\-12\\-27\\|publisher\\=Lajmi Shqip\\| quote\\=Me 7 dhjetor te vitit 1918, atdhetaret tiranas hartuan thirrjen e pare per mbrojtjen e interesave kombetare te popullit shqiptar. Ne procesverbalin e kesaj mbledhjeje, qe u mbajt ne zyren e Reuf Ficos shkruhet: \"Vendim i marrun per mbledhjen e kongresit ne Tirane. (origjinal i vetem). Ne mbledhjen qe u be ne mes t'one me 7\\-12\\-'18 ne Tirane u vendos qe te grishen (thirren) qarqet: Elbasan, Peqin, Kavaj, Durres, Kruje, Mat, Diber, per me ba nje bised permbi qetesine e bashkim te plote te ketyne viseve me 19\\-12\\-918 te enjten te behet mbledhja.\" Thirrja u hartua nga atdhetari Abdi Bej Toptani, i cili ishte organizatori dhe mbeshtetesi i kesaj veprimtarie. Ne nje takim te organizuar ne zyren e nenprefektit Reuf Fico me 7 dhjetor 1918, Sotir Peci, Abdyl Ypi, Ismail Ndroqi, Mytesim Kelliçi, Sinan Hoxha, Myslim Beshiri dhe nenprefekti(R.F), nenshkruan thirrjen apo nje dokument, siç e quan Ficoja, me te cilin ftoheshin te merrnin pjese ne kete mbledhje, nga dy perfaqesues te: Tiranes, Elbasanit, Gramshit, Peqinit, Durresit, Kavajes, Krujes, Matit dhe Dibres . Per kete vendim, nje njoftim te posaçem prej organizatoreve moren Hasan Prishtina, Aqif Pashe Elbasani dhe Ahmet Zogu, te cilit organizatoret i kerkuan te vinte me heret ne Tirane.}}", "The Congress of [Tirana](/wiki/Tirana \"Tirana\") was held on 19–20 December, which was attended this time only by representatives of several provinces of central Albania led by [Abdi Toptani](/wiki/Abdi_Toptani \"Abdi Toptani\") and [Ismail Ndroqi](/wiki/Ismail_Ndroqi \"Ismail Ndroqi\"),{{sfn\\|Schmidt\\-Neke\\|1987\\|pp\\=321–322}} with the aim of establishing the grounds of a National Congress (initially was thought to be held in [Krujë](/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB \"Krujë\") in January 1919\\) which would be achieved later in Durrës.{{sfn\\|Pearson\\|2006\\|pp\\=116–117}}", "" ]
Events ------ The congress was opened on the afternoon of 25 December 1918, with the participation of 53 delegates. They came from most Albanian regions, which were under Italian occupation. The delegates from Vlora were not allowed following strict instructions received from Rome. Congress lacked also the representatives of the provinces that were under Serb occupation, [Peshkopi](/wiki/Peshkopi "Peshkopi"), and [Has](/wiki/Has%2C_Albania "Has, Albania")\-[Luma](/wiki/Kuk%C3%ABs "Kukës"), and even those who were under French occupation, as the [Korçë area](/wiki/Autonomous_Albanian_Republic_of_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB "Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë"). Delegates by region:{{citation\|language\=Albanian\|year\=1937\|publisher\=Komisioni i Kremtimeve te 25\-vjetorit te Vete\-qeverrimit\|title\=Shqipenia me 1937\|volume\=I\|pages\=40–41\|url\=http://omnilib.com/Topics/Collections/Albania/Books/Shqipenia\-me\-1937\-Vellimi\-I.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925091710/http://omnilib.com/Topics/Collections/Albania/Books/Shqipenia\-me\-1937\-Vellimi\-I.pdf\|archivedate\=2015\-09\-25}} * [Gjirokastër](/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr "Gjirokastër") \- [Mufid Libohova](/wiki/Mufid_Libohova "Mufid Libohova"), [Polo Meksi](/wiki/Polo_Meksi "Polo Meksi"), [Petro Poga](/wiki/Petro_Poga "Petro Poga"), [Apostol Dhima](/wiki/Apostol_Dhima "Apostol Dhima"), [Vasil Dilo](/wiki/Vasil_Dilo "Vasil Dilo") * [Delvinë](/wiki/Delvin%C3%AB "Delvinë") \- [Namik Bey Delvina](/wiki/Namik_Bey_Delvina "Namik Bey Delvina"), [Hikmet Bey Delvina](/wiki/Hikmet_Bey_Delvina "Hikmet Bey Delvina") * [Tepelenë](/wiki/Tepelen%C3%AB "Tepelenë") \- [Sylejman Shehu](/wiki/Sylejman_Shehu "Sylejman Shehu"), [Koço Harito](/wiki/Ko%C3%A7o_Harito "Koço Harito") * [Përmet](/wiki/P%C3%ABrmet "Përmet") \- [Baba Xhemali](/wiki/Baba_Xhemali "Baba Xhemali"), [Dhimitër Kacimbra](/wiki/Dhimit%C3%ABr_Kacimbra "Dhimitër Kacimbra") * [Dishnicë](/wiki/Dishnic%C3%AB "Dishnicë") \& [Këlcyrë](/wiki/K%C3%ABlcyr%C3%AB "Këlcyrë") \- Baba Mustafa, Baba Hyseni * [Frashër](/wiki/Frash%C3%ABr "Frashër") \- Rexhep Selfo * [Kurvelesh](/wiki/Kurvelesh_%28region%29 "Kurvelesh (region)") \- Ali Koka * [Kolonjë](/wiki/Kolonj%C3%AB "Kolonjë") \- Abdullah Bey, Petër Prodani * [Berat](/wiki/Berat "Berat") \- [Sami Vrioni](/wiki/Sami_Vrioni "Sami Vrioni"), [Dhimitër Tutulani](/wiki/Dhimit%C3%ABr_Tutulani "Dhimitër Tutulani"), [Fejzi Alizoti](/wiki/Fejzi_Alizoti "Fejzi Alizoti") * [Mallakastër](/wiki/Mallakast%C3%ABr "Mallakastër") \- [Hajredin Çakrani](/wiki/Hajredin_%C3%87akrani "Hajredin Çakrani"), Kamber Belishova * [Lushnje](/wiki/Lushnje "Lushnje") \- Ahmet Resuli, Jakov Bozo * [Skrapar](/wiki/Skrapar "Skrapar") \- [Xhelal Koprëncka](/wiki/Xhelal_Kopr%C3%ABncka "Xhelal Koprëncka"), Servet Bey Zaloshnja * [Elbasan](/wiki/Elbasan "Elbasan") \- [Shefqet Vërlaci](/wiki/Shefqet_V%C3%ABrlaci "Shefqet Vërlaci"), [Lef Nosi](/wiki/Lef_Nosi "Lef Nosi"), [Ahmed Dakli](/wiki/Ahmed_Dakli "Ahmed Dakli") * [Peqin](/wiki/Peqin "Peqin") \- Ismail Haki Kadiu, Xhavit Metobashi * [Durrës](/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs "Durrës") \- Hafiz Aliu, Mihal Truja, [Mustafa Merlika\-Kruja](/wiki/Mustafa_Merlika-Kruja "Mustafa Merlika-Kruja") * [Kavajë](/wiki/Kavaj%C3%AB "Kavajë") \- Qazim Bey Hyti (Elbasani), Sheh Hamiti * [Krujë](/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB "Krujë") \- Muharrem Pengili, Xhemal Belegu * [Shijak](/wiki/Shijak "Shijak") \- [Ymer Bey Shijaku](/wiki/Ymer_Deliallisi "Ymer Deliallisi"), [Rexhep Jella](/wiki/Rexhep_Jella "Rexhep Jella") * [Tiranë](/wiki/Tiran%C3%AB "Tiranë") \- [Abdi Toptani](/wiki/Abdi_Toptani "Abdi Toptani") (did not attend), [Ismail Efendy Ndroqi](/wiki/Ismail_Efendy_Ndroqi "Ismail Efendy Ndroqi") * [Mat](/wiki/Mat%2C_Albania "Mat, Albania") \- Abdurrahman Bey Çela, [Hasan Bey Zogolli](/wiki/Hasan_Bey_Zogolli "Hasan Bey Zogolli") * [Shkodër](/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr "Shkodër") \- [Riza Dani](/wiki/Riza_Dani "Riza Dani"), [Ndoc Çoba](/wiki/Ndoc_%C3%87oba "Ndoc Çoba"), [Luigj Gurakuqi](/wiki/Luigj_Gurakuqi "Luigj Gurakuqi") (instead of [Prenk Bib Doda](/wiki/Prenk_Bib_Doda "Prenk Bib Doda")) In addition to the delegates' list, there were other political figures present in Durrës. The local newspaper *Agimi* ("The Dawn") would redirect to this issue in detail in Mars 1921 (vol.54, p. 155\): "During the congress, persons that lacked the delegate mandate managed to get the right of speech and proposals." Prior to discussing the agenda, the representatives of Durrës expressed concern about the lack of participation from all the provinces of Albania. The secretary of the congress on behalf of the Assembly expressed the despair of Assembly regarding the absence of representatives of [Vlora](/wiki/Vlora "Vlora"), [Himara](/wiki/Himara "Himara"), and other provinces considered as integral part of Albania. Other delegates as [Sotir Peçi](/wiki/Sotir_Pe%C3%A7i "Sotir Peçi") and [Idhomene Kosturi](/wiki/Idhomene_Kosturi "Idhomene Kosturi") declared they would not participate because the delegates were not elected legitimately, so they did not represent Korça region. According to them, the selection process was done by "shouting out load the names, and urging people". The proceedings continued with the delegates showing trust to the war\-winning powers, and a special greeting to the US President [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson") who had revealed and supported the principles of [self determination](/wiki/Self_determination "Self determination") of the nations.{{citation\| title\=Hylli i Dritës\| year\=1944\| location\=Shkoder\| oclc\=30148750\| volume\=5\| pages\=56–57\| publisher\=Franciscan Convento}} Meanwhile, [Luigj Gurakuqi](/wiki/Luigj_Gurakuqi "Luigj Gurakuqi") mentioned the declarations of the [US Senator](/wiki/US_Senator "US Senator") [Henry Lodge](/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge "Henry Cabot Lodge") published in early December right before the congress. The declaration mentioned that one of the cornerstones of future peace is the creation of Albania out of all those who speak Albanian. Therefore, Lodge's name was added to Wilson's in the special greeting list. The congress discussed regarding the Italian side, which could show interest in supporting the territorial claims of the Albanians. According to Myfid Libohova's memories, it appears that Mehmet Konica submitted an Italian proposal for the formation of an Executive Committee which will try to delegate an Albanian representative body to the Peace Conference and will operate within the country ensuring national and political life of the Albanian people.{{sfn\|Nosi\|1944\|pp\=53–55}} On the other hand, Mehmet Konica supported the proposal of Namik Delvina and Riza Dani, for the creation of a provisional government, which should be accepted by Rome authorities. He asked that before this was announced, it was necessary to obtain a response from Rome, hoping that the Italians would finally accept it. While several other delegates stated that the government was the desire of the Albanian people and it did not matter if it would be accepted by Italy or not.{{sfn\|Nosi\|1944\|pp\=53–55}} Afterwards, the congress went through the established agenda. The delegates refused the first point on the agenda, which stipulated the formation of a committee that, based on the record, had two tasks: first, send an Albanian delegation at the Peace Conference; and second, to ensure national political life of the Albanian people. The delegates decided the formation of an interim government, which was an independent decision and defiant against the diplomatic positioning of Rome so far. Regarding this issue there were two positionings, which were expressed by Mehmet Konica's words on December 26: *"When the delegates, by an absolute majority, agreed on the formation of the interim government after accepting the decisions of the yesterday's meeting, even the Italian command which was given the news, was kind enough to commit to communicating it to its own government. In two or three days the answer from Rome will come, stating that it has been accepted or not"*. Meanwhile, [Hikmet Bey Delvina](/wiki/Hikmet_Bey_Delvina "Hikmet Bey Delvina") said that Albanians honored the Italian Command allocated in Albania for the care and kindness showed towards Albanians, but he strongly pointed that it did not matter whether Rome would accept the decision of the congress, what was worth was that Albanian people wanted and declared the Provisional Government through their delegates in the national meeting. Vasil Dilo stated that the congress should not act independently. He supported this approach in several ways: first, the Albanian people were not ready and had not reached that degree of maturity as to shed blood for their country; second, it would be risky for Albania, considering this lack of readiness, to express political stands and operate independently; third, an independent movement will lead to the demolition of Albanian relations with the only friend it had, which was Italy. This attitude is reinforced by a debate he had with [Mehdi Frashëri](/wiki/Mehdi_Frash%C3%ABri "Mehdi Frashëri"), expressing the opinion "we as delegates do not have the power to form a government".{{sfn\|Nosi\|1944\|pp\=56}} But even the other side had strong arguments. Only an effective Albanian Government would serve as a center where Albanians could see real hope and the possibility of resolving the national question, while any sort of council or committee would be only a "feeble and ridiculous institution, leaving both free path to foreign intrigues". The existence of a committee will also give more freedom to Essad Toptani, because he was a strong and pragmatic opponent more than any other Albanian politician, he was one of the most powerful of the [feudal class](/wiki/Feudalism "Feudalism") as for his military strength and financial means, and he armies were present and active along the borders at the time of the congress. The platform of creating an Albanian Government prevailed and was made official.{{sfn\|Çami\|1976\|pp\=65}} On the morning of 26 December, Konica presented a memorandum to Lieutenant E. Lodi, explaining the government formation, first of all the importance that it had for devaluing any possible attempt of [France](/wiki/France "France") and the Balkan states to call Essad Toptani delegates at the Peace Conference. This further was confirmed by a letter of Gurakuqi, which dates December 26, 1918\. Among other things, he cautioned that there were only a theoretically independent Albanian state, relying morally on Italy. But the fact that was troubling Albania even more was that France and some Balkan countries already recognized Esad Pasha as head of the Albanian government in exile, proving that they would support his delegation in the Peace Conference. Lodi had already reported to Rome that despite his effort for influencing the congress to elect only and Executive Committee, the "strong fraction" would prevail.{{sfn\|Çami\|1976\|pp\=64}}
[ "Events\n------", "The congress was opened on the afternoon of 25 December 1918, with the participation of 53 delegates. They came from most Albanian regions, which were under Italian occupation. The delegates from Vlora were not allowed following strict instructions received from Rome. Congress lacked also the representatives of the provinces that were under Serb occupation, [Peshkopi](/wiki/Peshkopi \"Peshkopi\"), and [Has](/wiki/Has%2C_Albania \"Has, Albania\")\\-[Luma](/wiki/Kuk%C3%ABs \"Kukës\"), and even those who were under French occupation, as the [Korçë area](/wiki/Autonomous_Albanian_Republic_of_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB \"Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë\").", "Delegates by region:{{citation\\|language\\=Albanian\\|year\\=1937\\|publisher\\=Komisioni i Kremtimeve te 25\\-vjetorit te Vete\\-qeverrimit\\|title\\=Shqipenia me 1937\\|volume\\=I\\|pages\\=40–41\\|url\\=http://omnilib.com/Topics/Collections/Albania/Books/Shqipenia\\-me\\-1937\\-Vellimi\\-I.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925091710/http://omnilib.com/Topics/Collections/Albania/Books/Shqipenia\\-me\\-1937\\-Vellimi\\-I.pdf\\|archivedate\\=2015\\-09\\-25}}\n* [Gjirokastër](/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr \"Gjirokastër\") \\- [Mufid Libohova](/wiki/Mufid_Libohova \"Mufid Libohova\"), [Polo Meksi](/wiki/Polo_Meksi \"Polo Meksi\"), [Petro Poga](/wiki/Petro_Poga \"Petro Poga\"), [Apostol Dhima](/wiki/Apostol_Dhima \"Apostol Dhima\"), [Vasil Dilo](/wiki/Vasil_Dilo \"Vasil Dilo\")\n* [Delvinë](/wiki/Delvin%C3%AB \"Delvinë\") \\- [Namik Bey Delvina](/wiki/Namik_Bey_Delvina \"Namik Bey Delvina\"), [Hikmet Bey Delvina](/wiki/Hikmet_Bey_Delvina \"Hikmet Bey Delvina\")\n* [Tepelenë](/wiki/Tepelen%C3%AB \"Tepelenë\") \\- [Sylejman Shehu](/wiki/Sylejman_Shehu \"Sylejman Shehu\"), [Koço Harito](/wiki/Ko%C3%A7o_Harito \"Koço Harito\")\n* [Përmet](/wiki/P%C3%ABrmet \"Përmet\") \\- [Baba Xhemali](/wiki/Baba_Xhemali \"Baba Xhemali\"), [Dhimitër Kacimbra](/wiki/Dhimit%C3%ABr_Kacimbra \"Dhimitër Kacimbra\")\n* [Dishnicë](/wiki/Dishnic%C3%AB \"Dishnicë\") \\& [Këlcyrë](/wiki/K%C3%ABlcyr%C3%AB \"Këlcyrë\") \\- Baba Mustafa, Baba Hyseni\n* [Frashër](/wiki/Frash%C3%ABr \"Frashër\") \\- Rexhep Selfo\n* [Kurvelesh](/wiki/Kurvelesh_%28region%29 \"Kurvelesh (region)\") \\- Ali Koka\n* [Kolonjë](/wiki/Kolonj%C3%AB \"Kolonjë\") \\- Abdullah Bey, Petër Prodani\n* [Berat](/wiki/Berat \"Berat\") \\- [Sami Vrioni](/wiki/Sami_Vrioni \"Sami Vrioni\"), [Dhimitër Tutulani](/wiki/Dhimit%C3%ABr_Tutulani \"Dhimitër Tutulani\"), [Fejzi Alizoti](/wiki/Fejzi_Alizoti \"Fejzi Alizoti\")\n* [Mallakastër](/wiki/Mallakast%C3%ABr \"Mallakastër\") \\- [Hajredin Çakrani](/wiki/Hajredin_%C3%87akrani \"Hajredin Çakrani\"), Kamber Belishova\n* [Lushnje](/wiki/Lushnje \"Lushnje\") \\- Ahmet Resuli, Jakov Bozo\n* [Skrapar](/wiki/Skrapar \"Skrapar\") \\- [Xhelal Koprëncka](/wiki/Xhelal_Kopr%C3%ABncka \"Xhelal Koprëncka\"), Servet Bey Zaloshnja\n* [Elbasan](/wiki/Elbasan \"Elbasan\") \\- [Shefqet Vërlaci](/wiki/Shefqet_V%C3%ABrlaci \"Shefqet Vërlaci\"), [Lef Nosi](/wiki/Lef_Nosi \"Lef Nosi\"), [Ahmed Dakli](/wiki/Ahmed_Dakli \"Ahmed Dakli\")\n* [Peqin](/wiki/Peqin \"Peqin\") \\- Ismail Haki Kadiu, Xhavit Metobashi\n* [Durrës](/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs \"Durrës\") \\- Hafiz Aliu, Mihal Truja, [Mustafa Merlika\\-Kruja](/wiki/Mustafa_Merlika-Kruja \"Mustafa Merlika-Kruja\")\n* [Kavajë](/wiki/Kavaj%C3%AB \"Kavajë\") \\- Qazim Bey Hyti (Elbasani), Sheh Hamiti\n* [Krujë](/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB \"Krujë\") \\- Muharrem Pengili, Xhemal Belegu\n* [Shijak](/wiki/Shijak \"Shijak\") \\- [Ymer Bey Shijaku](/wiki/Ymer_Deliallisi \"Ymer Deliallisi\"), [Rexhep Jella](/wiki/Rexhep_Jella \"Rexhep Jella\")\n* [Tiranë](/wiki/Tiran%C3%AB \"Tiranë\") \\- [Abdi Toptani](/wiki/Abdi_Toptani \"Abdi Toptani\") (did not attend), [Ismail Efendy Ndroqi](/wiki/Ismail_Efendy_Ndroqi \"Ismail Efendy Ndroqi\")\n* [Mat](/wiki/Mat%2C_Albania \"Mat, Albania\") \\- Abdurrahman Bey Çela, [Hasan Bey Zogolli](/wiki/Hasan_Bey_Zogolli \"Hasan Bey Zogolli\")\n* [Shkodër](/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr \"Shkodër\") \\- [Riza Dani](/wiki/Riza_Dani \"Riza Dani\"), [Ndoc Çoba](/wiki/Ndoc_%C3%87oba \"Ndoc Çoba\"), [Luigj Gurakuqi](/wiki/Luigj_Gurakuqi \"Luigj Gurakuqi\") (instead of [Prenk Bib Doda](/wiki/Prenk_Bib_Doda \"Prenk Bib Doda\"))", "In addition to the delegates' list, there were other political figures present in Durrës. The local newspaper *Agimi* (\"The Dawn\") would redirect to this issue in detail in Mars 1921 (vol.54, p. 155\\): \"During the congress, persons that lacked the delegate mandate managed to get the right of speech and proposals.\" Prior to discussing the agenda, the representatives of Durrës expressed concern about the lack of participation from all the provinces of Albania. The secretary of the congress on behalf of the Assembly expressed the despair of Assembly regarding the absence of representatives of [Vlora](/wiki/Vlora \"Vlora\"), [Himara](/wiki/Himara \"Himara\"), and other provinces considered as integral part of Albania. Other delegates as [Sotir Peçi](/wiki/Sotir_Pe%C3%A7i \"Sotir Peçi\") and [Idhomene Kosturi](/wiki/Idhomene_Kosturi \"Idhomene Kosturi\") declared they would not participate because the delegates were not elected legitimately, so they did not represent Korça region. According to them, the selection process was done by \"shouting out load the names, and urging people\".", "The proceedings continued with the delegates showing trust to the war\\-winning powers, and a special greeting to the US President [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson \"Woodrow Wilson\") who had revealed and supported the principles of [self determination](/wiki/Self_determination \"Self determination\") of the nations.{{citation\\| title\\=Hylli i Dritës\\| year\\=1944\\| location\\=Shkoder\\| oclc\\=30148750\\| volume\\=5\\| pages\\=56–57\\| publisher\\=Franciscan Convento}} Meanwhile, [Luigj Gurakuqi](/wiki/Luigj_Gurakuqi \"Luigj Gurakuqi\") mentioned the declarations of the [US Senator](/wiki/US_Senator \"US Senator\") [Henry Lodge](/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge \"Henry Cabot Lodge\") published in early December right before the congress. The declaration mentioned that one of the cornerstones of future peace is the creation of Albania out of all those who speak Albanian. Therefore, Lodge's name was added to Wilson's in the special greeting list.", "The congress discussed regarding the Italian side, which could show interest in supporting the territorial claims of the Albanians. According to Myfid Libohova's memories, it appears that Mehmet Konica submitted an Italian proposal for the formation of an Executive Committee which will try to delegate an Albanian representative body to the Peace Conference and will operate within the country ensuring national and political life of the Albanian people.{{sfn\\|Nosi\\|1944\\|pp\\=53–55}} On the other hand, Mehmet Konica supported the proposal of Namik Delvina and Riza Dani, for the creation of a provisional government, which should be accepted by Rome authorities. He asked that before this was announced, it was necessary to obtain a response from Rome, hoping that the Italians would finally accept it. While several other delegates stated that the government was the desire of the Albanian people and it did not matter if it would be accepted by Italy or not.{{sfn\\|Nosi\\|1944\\|pp\\=53–55}}", "Afterwards, the congress went through the established agenda. The delegates refused the first point on the agenda, which stipulated the formation of a committee that, based on the record, had two tasks: first, send an Albanian delegation at the Peace Conference; and second, to ensure national political life of the Albanian people. The delegates decided the formation of an interim government, which was an independent decision and defiant against the diplomatic positioning of Rome so far.", "Regarding this issue there were two positionings, which were expressed by Mehmet Konica's words on December 26: *\"When the delegates, by an absolute majority, agreed on the formation of the interim government after accepting the decisions of the yesterday's meeting, even the Italian command which was given the news, was kind enough to commit to communicating it to its own government. In two or three days the answer from Rome will come, stating that it has been accepted or not\"*. Meanwhile, [Hikmet Bey Delvina](/wiki/Hikmet_Bey_Delvina \"Hikmet Bey Delvina\") said that Albanians honored the Italian Command allocated in Albania for the care and kindness showed towards Albanians, but he strongly pointed that it did not matter whether Rome would accept the decision of the congress, what was worth was that Albanian people wanted and declared the Provisional Government through their delegates in the national meeting.", "Vasil Dilo stated that the congress should not act independently. He supported this approach in several ways: first, the Albanian people were not ready and had not reached that degree of maturity as to shed blood for their country; second, it would be risky for Albania, considering this lack of readiness, to express political stands and operate independently; third, an independent movement will lead to the demolition of Albanian relations with the only friend it had, which was Italy. This attitude is reinforced by a debate he had with [Mehdi Frashëri](/wiki/Mehdi_Frash%C3%ABri \"Mehdi Frashëri\"), expressing the opinion \"we as delegates do not have the power to form a government\".{{sfn\\|Nosi\\|1944\\|pp\\=56}}", "But even the other side had strong arguments. Only an effective Albanian Government would serve as a center where Albanians could see real hope and the possibility of resolving the national question, while any sort of council or committee would be only a \"feeble and ridiculous institution, leaving both free path to foreign intrigues\". The existence of a committee will also give more freedom to Essad Toptani, because he was a strong and pragmatic opponent more than any other Albanian politician, he was one of the most powerful of the [feudal class](/wiki/Feudalism \"Feudalism\") as for his military strength and financial means, and he armies were present and active along the borders at the time of the congress. The platform of creating an Albanian Government prevailed and was made official.{{sfn\\|Çami\\|1976\\|pp\\=65}}", "On the morning of 26 December, Konica presented a memorandum to Lieutenant E. Lodi, explaining the government formation, first of all the importance that it had for devaluing any possible attempt of [France](/wiki/France \"France\") and the Balkan states to call Essad Toptani delegates at the Peace Conference. This further was confirmed by a letter of Gurakuqi, which dates December 26, 1918\\. Among other things, he cautioned that there were only a theoretically independent Albanian state, relying morally on Italy. But the fact that was troubling Albania even more was that France and some Balkan countries already recognized Esad Pasha as head of the Albanian government in exile, proving that they would support his delegation in the Peace Conference. Lodi had already reported to Rome that despite his effort for influencing the congress to elect only and Executive Committee, the \"strong fraction\" would prevail.{{sfn\\|Çami\\|1976\\|pp\\=64}}", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \|1850\= 246 \|1860\= 298 \|1870\= 306 \|1880\= 384 \|1900\= 375 \|1910\= 376 \|1920\= 369 \|1930\= 407 \|1940\= 436 \|1950\= 515 \|1960\= 569 \|1970\= 539 \|1980\= 498 \|1990\= 545 \|2000\= 510 \|2010\= 473 \|2020\= 451 \|estyear\=2023 \|estimate\=458 \|estref\= \|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 4, 2015}} }} ### 2010 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=January 6, 2013}} of 2010, there were 473 people, 175 households, and 133 families living in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|1525\.8\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 197 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|635\.5\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 97\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.2% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.6% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 2\.1% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.8% of the population. There were 175 households, of which 40\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 11\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 8\.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 24\.0% were non\-families. 20\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.70 and the average family size was 3\.06\. The median age in the village was 36 years. 27\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 8\.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26\.4% were from 25 to 44; 24\.9% were from 45 to 64; and 12\.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 51\.6% male and 48\.4% female. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 510 people, 189 households, and 144 families living in the village. The population density was {{convert\|1,651\.8\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 207 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|670\.5\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 98\.04% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.59% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.78% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), and 0\.59% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.59% of the population. There were 189 households, out of which 37\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 10\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23\.3% were non\-families. 20\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.70 and the average family size was 3\.09\. In the village, the population was spread out, with 29\.0% under the age of 18, 10\.2% from 18 to 24, 29\.4% from 25 to 44, 17\.3% from 45 to 64, and 14\.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 103\.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104\.5 males. The median income for a household in the village was $41,583, and the median income for a family was $45,179\. Males had a median income of $31,458 versus $26,125 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the village was $19,538\. About 6\.8% of families and 9\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 8\.8% of those under age 18 and 12\.5% of those age 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\|1850\\= 246\n\\|1860\\= 298\n\\|1870\\= 306\n\\|1880\\= 384\n\\|1900\\= 375\n\\|1910\\= 376\n\\|1920\\= 369\n\\|1930\\= 407\n\\|1940\\= 436\n\\|1950\\= 515\n\\|1960\\= 569\n\\|1970\\= 539\n\\|1980\\= 498\n\\|1990\\= 545\n\\|2000\\= 510\n\\|2010\\= 473\n\\|2020\\= 451\n\\|estyear\\=2023\n\\|estimate\\=458\n\\|estref\\=\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}", "### 2010 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=January 6, 2013}} of 2010, there were 473 people, 175 households, and 133 families living in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|1525\\.8\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 197 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|635\\.5\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 97\\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.2% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.6% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 2\\.1% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.8% of the population.", "There were 175 households, of which 40\\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56\\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 11\\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 8\\.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 24\\.0% were non\\-families. 20\\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8\\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.70 and the average family size was 3\\.06\\.", "The median age in the village was 36 years. 27\\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 8\\.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26\\.4% were from 25 to 44; 24\\.9% were from 45 to 64; and 12\\.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 51\\.6% male and 48\\.4% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 510 people, 189 households, and 144 families living in the village. The population density was {{convert\\|1,651\\.8\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 207 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|670\\.5\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 98\\.04% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.59% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.78% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), and 0\\.59% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.59% of the population.", "There were 189 households, out of which 37\\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61\\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 10\\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23\\.3% were non\\-families. 20\\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9\\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.70 and the average family size was 3\\.09\\.", "In the village, the population was spread out, with 29\\.0% under the age of 18, 10\\.2% from 18 to 24, 29\\.4% from 25 to 44, 17\\.3% from 45 to 64, and 14\\.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 103\\.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104\\.5 males.", "The median income for a household in the village was $41,583, and the median income for a family was $45,179\\. Males had a median income of $31,458 versus $26,125 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the village was $19,538\\. About 6\\.8% of families and 9\\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 8\\.8% of those under age 18 and 12\\.5% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
Professional baseball --------------------- ### Minor leagues (1974–1976\) Parrish was drafted at age 17 by the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers "Detroit Tigers") in the first round (16th overall pick) of the [1974 Major League Baseball Draft](/wiki/1974_Major_League_Baseball_Draft "1974 Major League Baseball Draft").{{cite news\|title\=Lance Parrish must decide on Tiger offer\|newspaper\=Progress Bulletin\|date\=June 6, 1974\|page\=27\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73082156/thurs\-661974\-tigers\-draft\-lance/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} The Tigers paid him a $67,000 bonus that persuaded him to abandon a letter of intent to play college football for UCLA.{{cite news\|title\=Potential: Promising Tiger catcher Lance Parrish has bundles of it, waiting to be refined\|newspaper\=The Tampa Times\|author\=Rick Danis\|date\=March 28, 1981\|pages\=1C, 6C\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107749718/lance\-parrish/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} Parrish began his professional career in 1974 as a [third baseman](/wiki/Third_baseman "Third baseman") for the [Bristol Tigers](/wiki/Bristol_Tigers "Bristol Tigers"), Detroit's rookie team in the [Appalachian League](/wiki/Appalachian_League "Appalachian League"). Parrish compiled a .213 [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 "Batting average (baseball)").{{cite news\|title\=Reputation grows: Parrish progress product of work\|newspaper\=Evansville Courier and Press\|author\=Pete Swanson\|date\=June 19, 1977\|page\=13C\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107730502/lance\-parrish/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}}{{cite web\|title\=Lance Parrish Minor League Statistics\|publisher\=Sports Reference LLC\|work\=Baseball\-Reference.com\|accessdate\=August 16, 2022\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\=parris001lan}} In 1975, Parrish played for the [Lakeland Tigers](/wiki/Lakeland_Tigers "Lakeland Tigers"), Detroit's [Single\-A](/wiki/Class_A_%28baseball%29 "Class A (baseball)") affiliate in the [Florida State League](/wiki/Florida_State_League "Florida State League"). Detroit's player development director, [Hoot Evers](/wiki/Hoot_Evers "Hoot Evers"), decided to take advantage of Parrish's strong throwing arm and moved him to catcher.{{cite news\|title\=Lance Parrish: 'He's gonna be a great one,' says Detroit's Ralph Houk\|newspaper\=The Evansville Press\|author\=Bill Madden\|date\=March 21, 1978\|page\=13\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107736281/lance\-parrish/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} During the 1975 season, Parrish struggled with blocking balls in the dirt. Evers also persuaded Parrish, a right\-handed batter, to try [switch\-hitting](/wiki/Switch_hitter "Switch hitter"), an experiment that did not take, as his batting average continued to suffer at .220\. Parrish became frustrated and questioned his decision to reject the football scholarship from UCLA. In 1976, Parrish joined the [Montgomery Rebels](/wiki/Montgomery_Rebels "Montgomery Rebels"), Detroit's [Double\-A](/wiki/Double-A_%28baseball%29 "Double-A (baseball)") team in the [Southern League](/wiki/Southern_League_%281964%E2%80%93present%29 "Southern League (1964–present)"). He was encouraged by Montgomery manager [Les Moss](/wiki/Les_Moss "Les Moss") to abandon the switch\-hitting experiment. He continued to struggle at the plate with a .221 batting average, but he hit for power with 14 [home runs](/wiki/Home_run "Home run") and 55 RBIs in 107 games. He also began to develop confidence calling pitches under Moss's guidance and helped the Rebels win the Southern League championship.{{cite news\|title\=Rebs Agree This One Sweeter\|newspaper\=The Montgomery Advertiser\|date\=September 9, 1976\|page\=41\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107734293/rebels\-sl\-champs/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} In addition to Parrish, the 1976 Montgomery team included future Detroit teammates [Alan Trammell](/wiki/Alan_Trammell "Alan Trammell"), [Steve Kemp](/wiki/Steve_Kemp "Steve Kemp"), [Tom Brookens](/wiki/Tom_Brookens "Tom Brookens"), [Jack Morris](/wiki/Jack_Morris "Jack Morris"), and [Dave Rozema](/wiki/Dave_Rozema "Dave Rozema").{{cite web\|title\=1976 Montgomery Rebels\|publisher\=Sports Reference LLC\|work\=Baseball\-Reference.com\|accessdate\=August 16, 2022\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id\=bde28eb4}} Parrish later recalled of his days with Montgomery: "We became a band of brothers in a baseball sense. We pushed one another. We kidded one another. We teased one another. We held each other accountable. I think that transformed us into a championship team in '84\."{{cite news\|title\=Dingler, Greene and Torkelson forming a core that feels like the 'Roar of '84'\|newspaper\=Times Herald\|author\=Jeff Seidel\|date\=June 29, 2021\|page\=B1\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107747957/dingler\-greene\-and\-torkelson\-forming\-a/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} In 1977, Moss and Parrish were both promoted to the [Evansville Triplets](/wiki/Evansville_Triplets "Evansville Triplets"), Detroit's [Triple\-A](/wiki/Triple-A_%28baseball%29 "Triple-A (baseball)") club in the [American Association](/wiki/American_Association_%281902%E2%80%931997%29 "American Association (1902–1997)"). In July 1977, Moss noted: "The guy has worked and worked, worked his tail off every morning the last two years and has never complained." Parrish earned a reputation in 1977 as the best defensive catcher in the American Association. Working with Moss and making adjustments to his batting stance, Parrish also blossomed at the plate, raising his batting average by 58 points and compiling a .366 [on\-base percentage](/wiki/On-base_percentage "On-base percentage") in 115 games. He also hit for power, totaling 25 home runs, 90 RBIs, and 216 [total bases](/wiki/Total_bases "Total bases"), and compiling a .519 [slugging percentage](/wiki/Slugging_percentage "Slugging percentage"). Before making his major\-league debut, Parrish worked briefly in 1977 as a bodyguard to singer [Tina Turner](/wiki/Tina_Turner "Tina Turner"), accompanying her to a taping of the *[Hollywood Squares](/wiki/Hollywood_Squares "Hollywood Squares")* television show in [Burbank, California](/wiki/Burbank%2C_California "Burbank, California").{{cite news\|title\=Lance Parrish: Tina Turner's hero\|newspaper\=The Miami Herald\|date\=April 30, 1995\|page\=11D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111563635/lance\-parrish/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} Parrish recalled: "It was fun for the time it lasted, but it didn't quite compare to trying to become a big league catcher."{{cite news\|title\=Lance Parrish Latest Tiger 'Find' to Emerge\|newspaper\=Petoskey News\-Review\|author\=Bill Madden\|date\=March 21, 1978\|page\=12\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111563904/lance\-parrish/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} ### Detroit Tigers (1977–1986\) #### 1977 and 1978 seasons Parrish played his last minor\-league game for Evansville in August 1977 and was called up by the Tigers, making his major\-league debut on September 5\.{{Cite web\|title\=Lance Parrish\|publisher\=Sports Reference LLC\|work\=Baseball\-Reference.com\|accessdate\=August 16, 2022\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/p/parrila02\.shtml}} Tiger stars Alan Trammell and [Lou Whitaker](/wiki/Lou_Whitaker "Lou Whitaker") also made their Detroit debuts in September 1977\.{{cite news\|title\=Tigers Add 3 from Farms – Sweet Lou, Al to Follow\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|author\=Jim Hawkins\| date\=September 2, 1977\|page\=1D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107241770/tigers\-call\-ups\-freep\-09\-02\-77/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} In Parrish's second game with the Tigers, he scored four runs, hit a home run and a bases\-loaded, three\-run [double](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 "Double (baseball)"), and collected four RBIs, leading [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") writer Larry Palladino to write that Parrish "stood out like King Kong atop a phone booth."{{cite news\|title\=Rookie Parrish Sparks Nightcap Romp: Tigers Gain Split With Orioles\|newspaper\=Ludington Daily News\|author\=Larry Palladino\|agency\=Associated Press\|date\=September 8, 1977\|page\=5\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107733358/rookie\-parrish\-sparks/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} In March 1978, Detroit manager [Ralph Houk](/wiki/Ralph_Houk "Ralph Houk") said: "I never saw a catcher with an arm like that. He's a natural – and when you see him with the bat, well, he just looks like a ballplayer. It's only a matter of time before he's gonna be a great one." Parrish was expected to spend 1978 as a backup to regular catcher [Milt May](/wiki/Milt_May "Milt May"), but Houk instead employed a [platoon system](/wiki/Platoon_system "Platoon system") that alternated between Parrish (73 starts at catcher) and May (89 starts at catcher). Parrish hit .219 with 14 home runs. #### Breakout season in 1979 In 1979, [Les Moss](/wiki/Les_Moss "Les Moss") began the season as the Tigers' manager and predicted that Parrish would be a "superstar", pointing to his "tremendous power", his [line drives](/wiki/Line_drive "Line drive") that "can take the gloves off fielders' hands", and noting that he "throws as good as anybody."{{cite news\|title\=Training Camps, A Few To Watch: ance Parrish\|newspaper\=Rutland Daily Herald\|agency\=UPI\|date\=March 11, 1979\|page\=II\-6\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107740419/lance\-parrish/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} Parrish became the Tigers' regular catcher, and Milt May was sold to the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox "Chicago White Sox") at the end of May.{{cite news\|title\=Trade with Orioles fails, Tigers sell Milt May to White Sox\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|author\=Brian Bragg\|date\=May 28, 1979\|page\=4D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64170182/1979\-05\-27\-may\-sold/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.co]]}} In the middle of June, [Sparky Anderson](/wiki/Sparky_Anderson "Sparky Anderson") took over from Moss as the Tigers' manager.{{cite news\|title\=Players sad for Les, but glad it's Sparky\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|author\=Brian Bragg\|date\=June 13, 1979\|page\=1D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111565992/players\-are\-sad\-for\-les\-but\-glad\-its/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} Parrish appeared in 143 games in 1979, and with a regular spot in the lineup, his batting average jumped by nearly 60 points from .219 to .276\. He also led the team with 26 doubles and hit 19 home runs.{{cite web\|title\=1979 Detroit Tigers Statistics\|publisher\=Sports Reference LLC\|work\=Baseball\-Reference.com\|accessdate\=August 16, 2022\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/teams/DET/1979\.shtml}} Defensively, his plate\-blocking skills were tested as he led the American League with 21 [passed balls](/wiki/Passed_ball "Passed ball") (21\), though he also ranked second among the league's catchers in [putouts](/wiki/Putout "Putout") (707\), [assists](/wiki/Assist_%28baseball%29 "Assist (baseball)") (79\), and runners [caught stealing](/wiki/Caught_stealing "Caught stealing") (57\). #### All\-Star in 1980 Parrish continued to improve in 1980 and was hitting over .300 early in the first half of the season. Although [Carlton Fisk](/wiki/Carlton_Fisk "Carlton Fisk") finished first in the fan voting, [Earl Weaver](/wiki/Earl_Weaver "Earl Weaver"), manager of the American League [All\-Star](/wiki/1980_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game "1980 Major League Baseball All-Star Game") team, selected Parrish as a backup catcher for the American League.{{cite news\|title\=Trammell and Parrish All\-Stars\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|author\=Brian Bragg\|date\=July 3, 1980\|page\=1D, 3D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64522832/1980\-07\-02\-all\-stars/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} It was the first of eight All\-Star appearances for Parrish. Parrish finished the 1980 season with a career\-high .286 batting average. He also ranked among the league leaders with 34 [doubles](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 "Double (baseball)") (seventh), 64 [extra\-base hits](/wiki/Extra-base_hit "Extra-base hit") (eighth), a .499 slugging percentage (ninth), and 24 home runs (ninth). Despite otherwise impressive batting statistics, Parrish ranked second in the league by grounding into 24 double plays and ranked fourth with 109 strikeouts. At the end of the 1980 season, he won the first of his six Silver Slugger Awards as the best hitter at the catcher position.{{cite news\|title\=Silver Bat Team Selected\|newspaper\=Maryville Journal\-Tribune\|date\=November 18, 1980\|page\=5\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107764238/silver\-bat\-team\-selected/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} Defensively, Parrish led the American League catchers in passed balls (17\) for the second consecutive season. After the 1980 season, Sparky Anderson opined that Parrish was "starting to come around," but he's "not a superstar." Anderson said that, while Parrish had a great arm and an opportunity to become a superstar, "it's going to take an awful, awful awful lot of hard work – especially in receiving." #### Contract extension In January 1981, Parrish complained publicly about his annual salary. He noted that, despite his All\-Star performance in 1980, his $90,000 salary was far lower than other major\-league catchers such as [Darrell Porter](/wiki/Darrell_Porter "Darrell Porter") ($700,000 a year) and [Jim Essian](/wiki/Jim_Essian "Jim Essian") ($1\.2 million for four years) and a fraction of the $2\.8\-million contract the Tigers gave to Alan Trammell for seven years.{{cite news\|title\=This time, Lance won't let the big dollars get past him\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|author\=Jim Hawkins\|date\=January 8, 1981\|page\=1D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107749200/this\-time\-lance\-wont\-let\-the\-big/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} General manager Jim Campbell responded angrily to Parrish's public comments, asserting that the Tigers had offered Parrish a multi\-year contract that would have paid him in excess of $375,000 per year.{{cite news\|title\=Fuming Campbell bares Parrish offer: $375,000 a year\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|author\=Brian Bragg\|date\=January 9, 1981\|pages\=1D, 6D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107750736/fuming\-campbell\-bares\-parrish\-offer/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} In April 1981, Parrish signed the richest contract in the team's history – $3\.7 million for six years.{{cite news\|title\=Parrish becomes the richest Tiger ever\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|author\=Brian Bragg\|date\=May 1, 1981\|pages\=1F, 3F\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107751096/parrish\-becomes\-the\-richest\-tiger\-ever/}} In 1981, after signing the record\-setting contract, Parrish's batting average dropped by more than 40 points to .244, and his slugging percentage dropped by more than 100 points to .394\. #### Offensive rebound in 1982 After missing most of April with stained ligaments or tendons in his catching hand, Parrish came back strong, carrying a .309 batting average by late May. He was selected to the American League All\-Star team and threw out three [National League](/wiki/National_League_%28baseball%29 "National League (baseball)") baserunners ([Steve Sax](/wiki/Steve_Sax "Steve Sax"), [Dave Concepción](/wiki/Dave_Concepci%C3%B3n "Dave Concepción"), and [Al Oliver](/wiki/Al_Oliver "Al Oliver")) to set an All\-Star Game record.{{cite news\|title\=Parrish 'can't explain' NL All\-Stars' dominance\|newspaper\=Fort Worth Star\-Telegram\|date\=July 15, 1982\|page\=7F\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107765716/parrish\-cant\-explain\-nl\-all\-stars/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} He also had a double in two at\-bats. Parrish's batting average jumped 40 points from .244 in 1981 to .284 in 1982\. He also ranked among the league leaders with 32 home runs (fifth) and a .529 slugging percentage (eight). His 32 home runs established a new [American League](/wiki/American_League "American League") record for home runs by a catcher, surpassing the previous mark shared by [Yogi Berra](/wiki/Yogi_Berra "Yogi Berra") and [Gus Triandos](/wiki/Gus_Triandos "Gus Triandos").["Here Are The Leading Home Run Hitters For Each Position"](https://books.google.com/books?id=PzQDAAAAMBAJ&dq=tigers+catcher+parrish+baseball+digest&pg=PA65), by Larry F. Rasmussen, *Baseball Digest*, April 1983, Vol. 42, No. 4, {{ISSN\|0005\-609X}} Defensively, he gave up 11 passed balls (second most in the league) but his throwing arm continued to place him among the league leaders at catcher with 76 assists (second) and eight double plays turned (third). At the end of the year, he won his second Silver Slugger Award. He also easily won the Tiger of the Year award, receiving 32 of the 42 first\-place votes cast by members of the Detroit chapter of the [Baseball Writers' Association of America](/wiki/Baseball_Writers%27_Association_of_America "Baseball Writers' Association of America").{{cite news\|title\=Parrish named Tiger of Year\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|author\=Curt Sylvester\|date\=October 30, 1982\|page\=3D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107769050/parrish\-named\-tiger\-of\-year/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} #### Weightlifting Parrish was an avid weightlifter during his playing years, giving him one of the most muscular bodies in baseball. His weightlifting created conflict with manager Sparky Anderson who believed that bulking up too much would ruin a player's flexibility and hamper his effectiveness.[How Lance Parrish Proved Sparky Anderson Wrong](http://blog.detroitathletic.com/2011/07/10/how-lance-parrish-proved-sparky-anderson-wrong/) Parrish continued to lift weights despite Anderson's concerns. After the 1982 season, Parrish credited his power production to his off\-season weightlifting regimen. He noted: "It's obvious that me and Sparky have two different opinions on weightlifting." #### Slugger and Glove Awards, 1983 Parrish combined excellent offense and defense in 1983\. At the plate, he tallied a career\-high 114 runs batted in, ranking fourth in the American League. He also ranked among the league leaders with 13 [sacrifice flies](/wiki/Sacrifice_fly "Sacrifice fly") (first), 42 doubles (third), 72 extra\-base hits (third), 292 total bases (eighth), and 27 home runs (ninth). Defensively, he led the league's catchers with 54 runners caught stealing and a 48\.6% rate of runners caught stealing. He also ranked among the league's leaders at catcher with 695 putouts (second), 73 assists (second) and eight double plays turned (second). He also ranked fourth in the league among players at all positions with a defensive [Wins Above Replacement](/wiki/Wins_Above_Replacement "Wins Above Replacement") rating of 2\.0\. Despite batting .304 at the All\-Star break, Parrish trailed Milwaukee's [Ted Simmons](/wiki/Ted_Simmons "Ted Simmons") by 100,000 in the fan voting, despite the fact that Simmons was used largely as a [designated hitter](/wiki/Designated_hitter "Designated hitter"). Asked about the controversial fan selection, Parrish replied, "I'm not disappointed at all. Ted Simmons is the player the people want to see. . . . Hopefully, I'll get a chance to play."{{cite news\|title\=Parrish\-Simmons big debate\|newspaper\=New York Daily News\|author\=Fred Kerber\|date\=July 6, 1983\|page\=42\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107774469/parrish\-simmons\-big\-debate/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} Parrish was selected to the All\-Star team as a reserve All\-Star for the second consecutive year. At the end of the season, Parrish won both the Silver Slugger and [Gold Glove Awards](/wiki/Gold_Glove_Award "Gold Glove Award"), establishing him as both the best offensive and defensive catcher in the American League. He also ranked ninth in the voting for the [American League Most Valuable Player](/wiki/American_League_Most_Valuable_Player "American League Most Valuable Player") award. #### World Series champions in 1984 Parrish appeared in 147 regular\-season games and all eight post\-season games for the [1984 Detroit Tigers team](/wiki/1984_Detroit_Tigers_season "1984 Detroit Tigers season") that led the American League from the first game to the last and won the [1984 World Series](/wiki/1984_World_Series "1984 World Series") against the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/1984_San_Diego_Padres_season "1984 San Diego Padres season"). On April 7, in the fourth game of the season, he caught [Jack Morris](/wiki/Jack_Morris "Jack Morris")'s [no\-hitter](/wiki/No-hitter "No-hitter"), giving his longtime teammate a "ferocious hug" after the final out.{{Cite news\|title\=Morris no\-hits White Sox\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=April 8, 1984\|page\=1D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22154603/morris\-no\-hits\-white\-sox\-part\-one/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} The Tigers began the season with 35 wins and 5 losses, and for the first time in his career, Parrish led the fan voting to be the starting catcher in the All\-Star Game. He received 1,524,616 votes, over 700,000 votes more than second\-place finisher [Carlton Fisk](/wiki/Carlton_Fisk "Carlton Fisk").{{cite news\|title\=AL all\-star voting\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=July 5, 1984\|page\=4D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107786270/al\-all\-star\-voting/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} Batting as the [clean\-up hitter](/wiki/Batting_order_%28baseball%29 "Batting order (baseball)"), Parrish hit a team\-leading 33 home runs, breaking his own American League record for most home runs in a season by a catcher. His 33 home runs ranked third in the league. He also led the Tigers offense with 98 RBI. Defensively, he again led the league's catchers with 11 double plays turned and ranked second with 67 assists and third with a range factor of 6\.20 per game. In the decisive fifth game of the 1984 World Series, Parrish scored two runs, stole a base, and hit a seventh\-inning home run off [Goose Gossage](/wiki/Goose_Gossage "Goose Gossage"). In all five games of the series, he compiled a .364 on\-base percentage and .500 slugging percentage and scored three runs. In the post\-game celebration, Parrish said, "I can't even describe what this town has meant to us this year. Everybody's been excited. Everybody's been looking forward for a chance to get crazy here."{{cite news\|title\=How they saw us . . . \|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=October 16, 1984\|page\=3D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107785004/how\-they\-saw\-us/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} At the end of the season, Parrish again won the Silver Slugger Award as well as a second Gold Glove Award. It was the second consecutive year in which Parrish was recognized as both the best offensive and defensive catcher in the American League. #### 1985 and 1986 seasons In 1985, Parrish had another strong season, though he was unable to play at catcher for three weeks in July due to a lower back strain. In order to rest his back, he appeared in 22 games at designated hitter. He ended the season with a .273 batting average with 28 home runs, 27 doubles, and 98 RBIs. On defense, her ranked second in the league with a range factor of 6\.23 per game at catcher. At the end of the 1985 season, Parrish received his third consecutive Gold Glove Award. In 1986, Parrish began the season strong, totaling 21 home runs and 59 RBIs at the All\-Star break. He again was chosen for the All\-Star team, but back problems sidelined him for much of the second half. He appeared in only 91 games, 82 as the team's starting catcher. He finished the season with a .257 batting average, 22 home runs and 62 RBIs. Parrish's six\-year contract expired at the end of the 1986 season. The Tigers offered him a two\-year, $2\.4 million contract (without guarantee in the second year). Parrish rejected the offer and became a free agent.{{cite news\|title\=Get used to it right now: A proud Tiger is gone\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|author\=Mitch Albom\|date\=January 9, 1987\|page\=1D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107791389/albom\-on\-parrish/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}}{{cite news\|title\=No miracle: Parrish gone\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|author\=John Lowe\|date\=January 9, 1987\|page\=1D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93344135/detroit\-free\-press/}} ### Philadelphia Phillies (1987–1988\) On March 13, 1987, Parrish signed with the Philadelphia Phillies as a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent "Free agent"). During the 1987 season, Parrish appeared in 130 games for the Phillies, 124 of them as the starting catcher. He compiled a .257 batting average and hit 17 home runs, his lowest total since the strike\-shortened 1981 season. He also grounded into 23 double plays, the second highest total in the National League. His defensive performance also suffered, as he led the league with 142 stolen bases allowed. He had never ranked among the American League leaders in that category. In 1988, Parrish's offensive output declined further. His batting average dropped to .215, and his slugging percentage of .370 was his lowest to date. He did, however, regain form defensively, leading the National League catchers with 11 double plays turned and ranking second in the league with 73 assists and 50 runners caught stealing. He was selected to the National League All\-Star team in 1988, but his back problems continued, and he became "a lightning rod for fan discontent" as the Phillies finished in last place (65–96\) in 1988\.{{cite news\|title\=Whatever happened to ... Lance Parrish\|newspaper\=Philadelphia Daily News\|date\=December 11, 2002\|page\=86\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107833893/lance\-parrish/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} ### California Angels (1989–1992\) On October 3, 1988, the Phillies traded Parrish to the [California Angels](/wiki/California_Angels "California Angels") for minor\-league pitcher [David Holdridge](/wiki/David_Holdridge "David Holdridge"). Parrish, who lived in [Yorba Linda, California](/wiki/Yorba_Linda%2C_California "Yorba Linda, California"), reportedly signed a one\-year contract providing a $1 million base salary and a potential for up to $400,000 in bonuses. At the time, Parrish said: "I'm very happy; things couldn't have worked out better. Getting back home was our top priority as a family. This is where our lives are . . . where we've rooted ourselves."{{cite news\|title\=Angels Deal for Parrish\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times\|author\=John Weyler\|date\=October 4, 1988\|pages\=III\-1, III\-5\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107797163/parrish/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} Parrish was the Angels starting catcher from 1989 to 1991, starting over 100 games at the position each year. In 1990, he regained his offensive power, hitting 24 home runs and winning his sixth and final Silver Slugger Award. Parrish played two\-and\-a\-half months for the Angels in 1992, compiling a .229 batting average with four home runs and 11 runs batted in. He was released by the Angels on June 23, 1992\. At the time, columnist Mike Downey praised Parrish as "one damn fine guy", "a presence of dignity and civility in a sometimes crass and unpleasant setting", and a player who "belongs on any list of baseball's best 10 catchers ever."{{cite news\|title\=Lucky Were Fans Who Saw No. 13 Play\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=June 23, 1992\|author\=Mike Downey\|page\=A9\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107798026/downey\-on\-parrish/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} ### Seattle Mariners (1992\) On June 28, 1992, Parrish signed with the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners "Seattle Mariners") as a free agent to become a backup to catcher [Dave Valle](/wiki/Dave_Valle "Dave Valle"). Parrish, age 36 at the time, noted: "It's not like everybody was beating down my door, but I still feel I have a lot to offer a team. I have a lot of catching experience and by no means do I feel I'm over the hill offensively."{{cite news\|title\=Mariners get what they need, and Parrish gets what he wants\|newspaper\=The Sacramento Bee\|date\=June 29, 1992\|page\=\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107798300/parrish/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} He appeared in 69 games for the Mariners, 34 as a catcher, 16 as a first baseman, and 14 as a designated hitter. Hit tallied 11 doubles and eight home runs in 192 at bats. ### Final years (1993–1996\) In January 1993, Parrish signed a minor league contract with the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers "Los Angeles Dodgers") and accepted an invitation to spring training.{{cite news\|title\=People in Sports\|newspaper\=News\-Pilot\|date\=January 9, 1993\|page\=14\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107803923/parrish/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} With rookie catcher (and future Hall of Fame inductee) [Mike Piazza](/wiki/Mike_Piazza "Mike Piazza") batting .571 during spring training, the Dodgers released Parrish in late March.{{cite news\|title\=Parrish Gets Word on Catcher Situation\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times\|author\=Maryann Hudson\|date\=March 23, 1993\|page\=C5\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107804159/parrish\-gets\-word\-on\-catcher\-situation/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} He spent part of the 1993 season playing in the Dodges farm system for the Triple\-A [Albuquerque Dukes](/wiki/Albuquerque_Dukes "Albuquerque Dukes"). On May 7, 1993, he signed as a free agent with the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Indians "Cleveland Indians"). He appeared in only 10 games, tallying four hits (including a home run) in 20 at bats. He was released by the Indians on May 30, 1993\. In February 1994, Parrish signed a free\-agent contract with the Detroit Tigers. He spent part of the 1994 season playing for the Tigers' Triple\-A team, the [Toledo Mud Hens](/wiki/Toledo_Mud_Hens "Toledo Mud Hens"). He was purchased by the Pittsburgh Pirates, appeared in 40 games for the Pirates in 1994, 34 as the club's starting catcher, and compiled a .270 batting average with three home runs and 15 runs batted in. In February 1995, Parrish signed as a free agent with the [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals "Kansas City Royals"). He was then acquired by the Toronto Blue Jays on April 22, 1995\. On May 29, Parrish hit two home runs against the Detroit Tigers.{{cite news\|title\=Parrish payback: Ex\-Tiger hits home for Jays\|newspaper\=The Windsor Star\|date\=May 30, 1995\|page\=1D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107801448/parrish\-payback/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} He appeared in 70 games for the Blue Jays, including 49 games as the team's starting catcher. He compiled a .202 batting average with Toronto and hit four home runs with 22 runs batted in. He appeared in his final major\-league game on September 23, 1995, at age 39\. Parrish signed as a free agent with the Pittsburgh Pirates in January 1996\. He was released by the Pirates in late March. Though one of the coaches typically handled player cuts, manager [Jim Leyland](/wiki/Jim_Leyland "Jim Leyland") personally delivered the news to Parrish. Leyland noted that Parrish had "earned the right to be in a different category."{{cite news\|title\=Parrish's exit opens big door for Osik\|newspaper\=Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette\|author\=Paul Meyer\|date\=March 22, 1996\|page\=1B\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107799886/parrishs\-exit\-opens\-big\-door\-for\-osik/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} ### Career statistics and honors In a 19\-year major\-league career, Parrish played in 1,988 [games](/wiki/Games_played "Games played"), accumulating 1,782 [hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 "Hit (baseball)") in 7,067 [at bats](/wiki/At_bats "At bats") for a .252 career batting average along with 324 home runs and 1,070 runs batted in. Parrish was an eight\-time [All\-Star](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game "Major League Baseball All-Star Game") (1980, 1982–86, 1988, and 1990\), and he won three [Gold Glove Awards](/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_catcher "List of Gold Glove Award winners at catcher") (1983–85\).[American League Gold Glove Award winners](https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/gold_glove_al.shtml#1985) at *Baseball\-Reference* Parrish was a six\-time winner of the [Silver Slugger Award](/wiki/Silver_Slugger_Award "Silver Slugger Award"), which is awarded annually to the best [offensive](/wiki/Batting_%28baseball%29 "Batting (baseball)") player at each [position](/wiki/Baseball_positions "Baseball positions").[*Baseball Digest*, May 2009, Vol. 68, No. 3](https://books.google.com/books?id=6mlzUGOoizwC&dq=lance+parrish+baseball+digest&pg=PA82), {{ISSN\|0005\-609X}} Parrish ranks as one of the greatest power\-hitting catchers in baseball history. By 1994, he ranked fourth in major\-league history in home runs as a catcher, trailing only Hall of Famers [Carlton Fisk](/wiki/Carlton_Fisk "Carlton Fisk"), [Johnny Bench](/wiki/Johnny_Bench "Johnny Bench"), and [Yogi Berra](/wiki/Yogi_Berra "Yogi Berra").{{cite news\|title\=Parrish and Tigers: Reunited and it feels so good\|newspaper\=The Philadelphia Inquirer\|author\=Frank Dolson\|date\=March 16, 1994\|page\=D2\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107805502/parrish/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} He now ranks sixth, having been passed by Hall of Famers [Mike Piazza](/wiki/Mike_Piazza "Mike Piazza") and [Ivan Rodriguez](/wiki/Ivan_Rodriguez "Ivan Rodriguez").[Ivan Rodriguez becomes fifth catcher to reach 300 homers](http://content.usatoday.com/communities/dailypitch/post/2010/08/ivan-rodriguez-becomes-fifth-catcher-to-reach-300-homers/1) *USA Today* Parrish also ranks as one of the most durable catchers in baseball history. At the time of his retirement, his 1,818 games at the position ranked seventh in baseball history. As of 2022, he ranks 13th.{{cite web\|title\=Career Leaders \& Records for Def. Games as C\|publisher\=Sports Reference LLC\|work\=Baseball\-Reference.com\|accessdate\=August 16, 2022\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/leaders/Gm\_c\_career.shtml}} He led American League catchers twice in baserunners [caught stealing](/wiki/Caught_stealing "Caught stealing"), once in [assists](/wiki/Assist_%28baseball%29 "Assist (baseball)"), and once in caught stealing percentage. Parrish finished second in [fielding percentage](/wiki/Fielding_percentage "Fielding percentage") four times and ended his career with a .991 fielding percentage. In 2001, Parrish received 9 [votes](/wiki/2001_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_balloting "2001 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting") (1\.7% of the ballots) for induction into the [National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum](/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum "National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum").{{cite web\|title\=2001 Hall of Fame Voting\|publisher\=Sports Reference, LLC\|accessdate\=August 19, 2022\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/awards/hof\_2001\.shtml}} Because he did not receive 5% of the vote, he was not eligible to remain on the following year's ballot. Parrish was inducted into the [Michigan Sports Hall of Fame](/wiki/Michigan_Sports_Hall_of_Fame "Michigan Sports Hall of Fame") in 2002\.{{cite web\|title\=Lance Parrish\|publisher\=Michigan Sports Hall of Fame\|accessdate\=August 17, 2022\|url\=https://michigansportshof.org/inductee/lance\-parrish/}}{{cite news\|title\=Parrish, six others enter Hall of Fame\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|author\=Mike Brudnell\|date\=April 18, 2002\|page\=2E\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107833614/parrish\-six\-others\-enter\-hall\-of\-fame/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}}
[ "Professional baseball\n---------------------", "### Minor leagues (1974–1976\\)", "Parrish was drafted at age 17 by the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers \"Detroit Tigers\") in the first round (16th overall pick) of the [1974 Major League Baseball Draft](/wiki/1974_Major_League_Baseball_Draft \"1974 Major League Baseball Draft\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Lance Parrish must decide on Tiger offer\\|newspaper\\=Progress Bulletin\\|date\\=June 6, 1974\\|page\\=27\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73082156/thurs\\-661974\\-tigers\\-draft\\-lance/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} The Tigers paid him a $67,000 bonus that persuaded him to abandon a letter of intent to play college football for UCLA.{{cite news\\|title\\=Potential: Promising Tiger catcher Lance Parrish has bundles of it, waiting to be refined\\|newspaper\\=The Tampa Times\\|author\\=Rick Danis\\|date\\=March 28, 1981\\|pages\\=1C, 6C\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107749718/lance\\-parrish/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "Parrish began his professional career in 1974 as a [third baseman](/wiki/Third_baseman \"Third baseman\") for the [Bristol Tigers](/wiki/Bristol_Tigers \"Bristol Tigers\"), Detroit's rookie team in the [Appalachian League](/wiki/Appalachian_League \"Appalachian League\"). Parrish compiled a .213 [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 \"Batting average (baseball)\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Reputation grows: Parrish progress product of work\\|newspaper\\=Evansville Courier and Press\\|author\\=Pete Swanson\\|date\\=June 19, 1977\\|page\\=13C\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107730502/lance\\-parrish/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Lance Parrish Minor League Statistics\\|publisher\\=Sports Reference LLC\\|work\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com\\|accessdate\\=August 16, 2022\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\\=parris001lan}}", "In 1975, Parrish played for the [Lakeland Tigers](/wiki/Lakeland_Tigers \"Lakeland Tigers\"), Detroit's [Single\\-A](/wiki/Class_A_%28baseball%29 \"Class A (baseball)\") affiliate in the [Florida State League](/wiki/Florida_State_League \"Florida State League\"). Detroit's player development director, [Hoot Evers](/wiki/Hoot_Evers \"Hoot Evers\"), decided to take advantage of Parrish's strong throwing arm and moved him to catcher.{{cite news\\|title\\=Lance Parrish: 'He's gonna be a great one,' says Detroit's Ralph Houk\\|newspaper\\=The Evansville Press\\|author\\=Bill Madden\\|date\\=March 21, 1978\\|page\\=13\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107736281/lance\\-parrish/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} During the 1975 season, Parrish struggled with blocking balls in the dirt. Evers also persuaded Parrish, a right\\-handed batter, to try [switch\\-hitting](/wiki/Switch_hitter \"Switch hitter\"), an experiment that did not take, as his batting average continued to suffer at .220\\. Parrish became frustrated and questioned his decision to reject the football scholarship from UCLA.", "In 1976, Parrish joined the [Montgomery Rebels](/wiki/Montgomery_Rebels \"Montgomery Rebels\"), Detroit's [Double\\-A](/wiki/Double-A_%28baseball%29 \"Double-A (baseball)\") team in the [Southern League](/wiki/Southern_League_%281964%E2%80%93present%29 \"Southern League (1964–present)\"). He was encouraged by Montgomery manager [Les Moss](/wiki/Les_Moss \"Les Moss\") to abandon the switch\\-hitting experiment. He continued to struggle at the plate with a .221 batting average, but he hit for power with 14 [home runs](/wiki/Home_run \"Home run\") and 55 RBIs in 107 games. He also began to develop confidence calling pitches under Moss's guidance and helped the Rebels win the Southern League championship.{{cite news\\|title\\=Rebs Agree This One Sweeter\\|newspaper\\=The Montgomery Advertiser\\|date\\=September 9, 1976\\|page\\=41\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107734293/rebels\\-sl\\-champs/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "In addition to Parrish, the 1976 Montgomery team included future Detroit teammates [Alan Trammell](/wiki/Alan_Trammell \"Alan Trammell\"), [Steve Kemp](/wiki/Steve_Kemp \"Steve Kemp\"), [Tom Brookens](/wiki/Tom_Brookens \"Tom Brookens\"), [Jack Morris](/wiki/Jack_Morris \"Jack Morris\"), and [Dave Rozema](/wiki/Dave_Rozema \"Dave Rozema\").{{cite web\\|title\\=1976 Montgomery Rebels\\|publisher\\=Sports Reference LLC\\|work\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com\\|accessdate\\=August 16, 2022\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id\\=bde28eb4}} Parrish later recalled of his days with Montgomery: \"We became a band of brothers in a baseball sense. We pushed one another. We kidded one another. We teased one another. We held each other accountable. I think that transformed us into a championship team in '84\\.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Dingler, Greene and Torkelson forming a core that feels like the 'Roar of '84'\\|newspaper\\=Times Herald\\|author\\=Jeff Seidel\\|date\\=June 29, 2021\\|page\\=B1\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107747957/dingler\\-greene\\-and\\-torkelson\\-forming\\-a/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "In 1977, Moss and Parrish were both promoted to the [Evansville Triplets](/wiki/Evansville_Triplets \"Evansville Triplets\"), Detroit's [Triple\\-A](/wiki/Triple-A_%28baseball%29 \"Triple-A (baseball)\") club in the [American Association](/wiki/American_Association_%281902%E2%80%931997%29 \"American Association (1902–1997)\"). In July 1977, Moss noted: \"The guy has worked and worked, worked his tail off every morning the last two years and has never complained.\" Parrish earned a reputation in 1977 as the best defensive catcher in the American Association. Working with Moss and making adjustments to his batting stance, Parrish also blossomed at the plate, raising his batting average by 58 points and compiling a .366 [on\\-base percentage](/wiki/On-base_percentage \"On-base percentage\") in 115 games. He also hit for power, totaling 25 home runs, 90 RBIs, and 216 [total bases](/wiki/Total_bases \"Total bases\"), and compiling a .519 [slugging percentage](/wiki/Slugging_percentage \"Slugging percentage\").", "Before making his major\\-league debut, Parrish worked briefly in 1977 as a bodyguard to singer [Tina Turner](/wiki/Tina_Turner \"Tina Turner\"), accompanying her to a taping of the *[Hollywood Squares](/wiki/Hollywood_Squares \"Hollywood Squares\")* television show in [Burbank, California](/wiki/Burbank%2C_California \"Burbank, California\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Lance Parrish: Tina Turner's hero\\|newspaper\\=The Miami Herald\\|date\\=April 30, 1995\\|page\\=11D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111563635/lance\\-parrish/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} Parrish recalled: \"It was fun for the time it lasted, but it didn't quite compare to trying to become a big league catcher.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Lance Parrish Latest Tiger 'Find' to Emerge\\|newspaper\\=Petoskey News\\-Review\\|author\\=Bill Madden\\|date\\=March 21, 1978\\|page\\=12\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111563904/lance\\-parrish/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "### Detroit Tigers (1977–1986\\)", "#### 1977 and 1978 seasons", "Parrish played his last minor\\-league game for Evansville in August 1977 and was called up by the Tigers, making his major\\-league debut on September 5\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Lance Parrish\\|publisher\\=Sports Reference LLC\\|work\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com\\|accessdate\\=August 16, 2022\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/p/parrila02\\.shtml}} Tiger stars Alan Trammell and [Lou Whitaker](/wiki/Lou_Whitaker \"Lou Whitaker\") also made their Detroit debuts in September 1977\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Tigers Add 3 from Farms – Sweet Lou, Al to Follow\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|author\\=Jim Hawkins\\| date\\=September 2, 1977\\|page\\=1D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107241770/tigers\\-call\\-ups\\-freep\\-09\\-02\\-77/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "In Parrish's second game with the Tigers, he scored four runs, hit a home run and a bases\\-loaded, three\\-run [double](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 \"Double (baseball)\"), and collected four RBIs, leading [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\") writer Larry Palladino to write that Parrish \"stood out like King Kong atop a phone booth.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Rookie Parrish Sparks Nightcap Romp: Tigers Gain Split With Orioles\\|newspaper\\=Ludington Daily News\\|author\\=Larry Palladino\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=September 8, 1977\\|page\\=5\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107733358/rookie\\-parrish\\-sparks/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "In March 1978, Detroit manager [Ralph Houk](/wiki/Ralph_Houk \"Ralph Houk\") said: \"I never saw a catcher with an arm like that. He's a natural – and when you see him with the bat, well, he just looks like a ballplayer. It's only a matter of time before he's gonna be a great one.\" Parrish was expected to spend 1978 as a backup to regular catcher [Milt May](/wiki/Milt_May \"Milt May\"), but Houk instead employed a [platoon system](/wiki/Platoon_system \"Platoon system\") that alternated between Parrish (73 starts at catcher) and May (89 starts at catcher). Parrish hit .219 with 14 home runs.", "#### Breakout season in 1979", "In 1979, [Les Moss](/wiki/Les_Moss \"Les Moss\") began the season as the Tigers' manager and predicted that Parrish would be a \"superstar\", pointing to his \"tremendous power\", his [line drives](/wiki/Line_drive \"Line drive\") that \"can take the gloves off fielders' hands\", and noting that he \"throws as good as anybody.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Training Camps, A Few To Watch: ance Parrish\\|newspaper\\=Rutland Daily Herald\\|agency\\=UPI\\|date\\=March 11, 1979\\|page\\=II\\-6\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107740419/lance\\-parrish/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} Parrish became the Tigers' regular catcher, and Milt May was sold to the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox \"Chicago White Sox\") at the end of May.{{cite news\\|title\\=Trade with Orioles fails, Tigers sell Milt May to White Sox\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|author\\=Brian Bragg\\|date\\=May 28, 1979\\|page\\=4D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64170182/1979\\-05\\-27\\-may\\-sold/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.co]]}} In the middle of June, [Sparky Anderson](/wiki/Sparky_Anderson \"Sparky Anderson\") took over from Moss as the Tigers' manager.{{cite news\\|title\\=Players sad for Les, but glad it's Sparky\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|author\\=Brian Bragg\\|date\\=June 13, 1979\\|page\\=1D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111565992/players\\-are\\-sad\\-for\\-les\\-but\\-glad\\-its/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "Parrish appeared in 143 games in 1979, and with a regular spot in the lineup, his batting average jumped by nearly 60 points from .219 to .276\\. He also led the team with 26 doubles and hit 19 home runs.{{cite web\\|title\\=1979 Detroit Tigers Statistics\\|publisher\\=Sports Reference LLC\\|work\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com\\|accessdate\\=August 16, 2022\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/teams/DET/1979\\.shtml}} Defensively, his plate\\-blocking skills were tested as he led the American League with 21 [passed balls](/wiki/Passed_ball \"Passed ball\") (21\\), though he also ranked second among the league's catchers in [putouts](/wiki/Putout \"Putout\") (707\\), [assists](/wiki/Assist_%28baseball%29 \"Assist (baseball)\") (79\\), and runners [caught stealing](/wiki/Caught_stealing \"Caught stealing\") (57\\).", "#### All\\-Star in 1980", "Parrish continued to improve in 1980 and was hitting over .300 early in the first half of the season. Although [Carlton Fisk](/wiki/Carlton_Fisk \"Carlton Fisk\") finished first in the fan voting, [Earl Weaver](/wiki/Earl_Weaver \"Earl Weaver\"), manager of the American League [All\\-Star](/wiki/1980_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game \"1980 Major League Baseball All-Star Game\") team, selected Parrish as a backup catcher for the American League.{{cite news\\|title\\=Trammell and Parrish All\\-Stars\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|author\\=Brian Bragg\\|date\\=July 3, 1980\\|page\\=1D, 3D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64522832/1980\\-07\\-02\\-all\\-stars/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} It was the first of eight All\\-Star appearances for Parrish.", "Parrish finished the 1980 season with a career\\-high .286 batting average. He also ranked among the league leaders with 34 [doubles](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 \"Double (baseball)\") (seventh), 64 [extra\\-base hits](/wiki/Extra-base_hit \"Extra-base hit\") (eighth), a .499 slugging percentage (ninth), and 24 home runs (ninth). Despite otherwise impressive batting statistics, Parrish ranked second in the league by grounding into 24 double plays and ranked fourth with 109 strikeouts. At the end of the 1980 season, he won the first of his six Silver Slugger Awards as the best hitter at the catcher position.{{cite news\\|title\\=Silver Bat Team Selected\\|newspaper\\=Maryville Journal\\-Tribune\\|date\\=November 18, 1980\\|page\\=5\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107764238/silver\\-bat\\-team\\-selected/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "Defensively, Parrish led the American League catchers in passed balls (17\\) for the second consecutive season. After the 1980 season, Sparky Anderson opined that Parrish was \"starting to come around,\" but he's \"not a superstar.\" Anderson said that, while Parrish had a great arm and an opportunity to become a superstar, \"it's going to take an awful, awful awful lot of hard work – especially in receiving.\"", "#### Contract extension", "In January 1981, Parrish complained publicly about his annual salary. He noted that, despite his All\\-Star performance in 1980, his $90,000 salary was far lower than other major\\-league catchers such as [Darrell Porter](/wiki/Darrell_Porter \"Darrell Porter\") ($700,000 a year) and [Jim Essian](/wiki/Jim_Essian \"Jim Essian\") ($1\\.2 million for four years) and a fraction of the $2\\.8\\-million contract the Tigers gave to Alan Trammell for seven years.{{cite news\\|title\\=This time, Lance won't let the big dollars get past him\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|author\\=Jim Hawkins\\|date\\=January 8, 1981\\|page\\=1D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107749200/this\\-time\\-lance\\-wont\\-let\\-the\\-big/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} General manager Jim Campbell responded angrily to Parrish's public comments, asserting that the Tigers had offered Parrish a multi\\-year contract that would have paid him in excess of $375,000 per year.{{cite news\\|title\\=Fuming Campbell bares Parrish offer: $375,000 a year\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|author\\=Brian Bragg\\|date\\=January 9, 1981\\|pages\\=1D, 6D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107750736/fuming\\-campbell\\-bares\\-parrish\\-offer/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} In April 1981, Parrish signed the richest contract in the team's history – $3\\.7 million for six years.{{cite news\\|title\\=Parrish becomes the richest Tiger ever\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|author\\=Brian Bragg\\|date\\=May 1, 1981\\|pages\\=1F, 3F\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107751096/parrish\\-becomes\\-the\\-richest\\-tiger\\-ever/}}", "In 1981, after signing the record\\-setting contract, Parrish's batting average dropped by more than 40 points to .244, and his slugging percentage dropped by more than 100 points to .394\\.", "#### Offensive rebound in 1982", "After missing most of April with stained ligaments or tendons in his catching hand, Parrish came back strong, carrying a .309 batting average by late May. He was selected to the American League All\\-Star team and threw out three [National League](/wiki/National_League_%28baseball%29 \"National League (baseball)\") baserunners ([Steve Sax](/wiki/Steve_Sax \"Steve Sax\"), [Dave Concepción](/wiki/Dave_Concepci%C3%B3n \"Dave Concepción\"), and [Al Oliver](/wiki/Al_Oliver \"Al Oliver\")) to set an All\\-Star Game record.{{cite news\\|title\\=Parrish 'can't explain' NL All\\-Stars' dominance\\|newspaper\\=Fort Worth Star\\-Telegram\\|date\\=July 15, 1982\\|page\\=7F\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107765716/parrish\\-cant\\-explain\\-nl\\-all\\-stars/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} He also had a double in two at\\-bats.", "Parrish's batting average jumped 40 points from .244 in 1981 to .284 in 1982\\. He also ranked among the league leaders with 32 home runs (fifth) and a .529 slugging percentage (eight). His 32 home runs established a new [American League](/wiki/American_League \"American League\") record for home runs by a catcher, surpassing the previous mark shared by [Yogi Berra](/wiki/Yogi_Berra \"Yogi Berra\") and [Gus Triandos](/wiki/Gus_Triandos \"Gus Triandos\").[\"Here Are The Leading Home Run Hitters For Each Position\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=PzQDAAAAMBAJ&dq=tigers+catcher+parrish+baseball+digest&pg=PA65), by Larry F. Rasmussen, *Baseball Digest*, April 1983, Vol. 42, No. 4, {{ISSN\\|0005\\-609X}} Defensively, he gave up 11 passed balls (second most in the league) but his throwing arm continued to place him among the league leaders at catcher with 76 assists (second) and eight double plays turned (third).", "At the end of the year, he won his second Silver Slugger Award. He also easily won the Tiger of the Year award, receiving 32 of the 42 first\\-place votes cast by members of the Detroit chapter of the [Baseball Writers' Association of America](/wiki/Baseball_Writers%27_Association_of_America \"Baseball Writers' Association of America\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Parrish named Tiger of Year\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|author\\=Curt Sylvester\\|date\\=October 30, 1982\\|page\\=3D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107769050/parrish\\-named\\-tiger\\-of\\-year/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "#### Weightlifting", "Parrish was an avid weightlifter during his playing years, giving him one of the most muscular bodies in baseball. His weightlifting created conflict with manager Sparky Anderson who believed that bulking up too much would ruin a player's flexibility and hamper his effectiveness.[How Lance Parrish Proved Sparky Anderson Wrong](http://blog.detroitathletic.com/2011/07/10/how-lance-parrish-proved-sparky-anderson-wrong/) Parrish continued to lift weights despite Anderson's concerns. After the 1982 season, Parrish credited his power production to his off\\-season weightlifting regimen. He noted: \"It's obvious that me and Sparky have two different opinions on weightlifting.\"", "#### Slugger and Glove Awards, 1983", "Parrish combined excellent offense and defense in 1983\\. At the plate, he tallied a career\\-high 114 runs batted in, ranking fourth in the American League. He also ranked among the league leaders with 13 [sacrifice flies](/wiki/Sacrifice_fly \"Sacrifice fly\") (first), 42 doubles (third), 72 extra\\-base hits (third), 292 total bases (eighth), and 27 home runs (ninth).", "Defensively, he led the league's catchers with 54 runners caught stealing and a 48\\.6% rate of runners caught stealing. He also ranked among the league's leaders at catcher with 695 putouts (second), 73 assists (second) and eight double plays turned (second). He also ranked fourth in the league among players at all positions with a defensive [Wins Above Replacement](/wiki/Wins_Above_Replacement \"Wins Above Replacement\") rating of 2\\.0\\.", "Despite batting .304 at the All\\-Star break, Parrish trailed Milwaukee's [Ted Simmons](/wiki/Ted_Simmons \"Ted Simmons\") by 100,000 in the fan voting, despite the fact that Simmons was used largely as a [designated hitter](/wiki/Designated_hitter \"Designated hitter\"). Asked about the controversial fan selection, Parrish replied, \"I'm not disappointed at all. Ted Simmons is the player the people want to see. . . . Hopefully, I'll get a chance to play.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Parrish\\-Simmons big debate\\|newspaper\\=New York Daily News\\|author\\=Fred Kerber\\|date\\=July 6, 1983\\|page\\=42\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107774469/parrish\\-simmons\\-big\\-debate/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} Parrish was selected to the All\\-Star team as a reserve All\\-Star for the second consecutive year.", "At the end of the season, Parrish won both the Silver Slugger and [Gold Glove Awards](/wiki/Gold_Glove_Award \"Gold Glove Award\"), establishing him as both the best offensive and defensive catcher in the American League. He also ranked ninth in the voting for the [American League Most Valuable Player](/wiki/American_League_Most_Valuable_Player \"American League Most Valuable Player\") award.", "#### World Series champions in 1984", "Parrish appeared in 147 regular\\-season games and all eight post\\-season games for the [1984 Detroit Tigers team](/wiki/1984_Detroit_Tigers_season \"1984 Detroit Tigers season\") that led the American League from the first game to the last and won the [1984 World Series](/wiki/1984_World_Series \"1984 World Series\") against the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/1984_San_Diego_Padres_season \"1984 San Diego Padres season\"). On April 7, in the fourth game of the season, he caught [Jack Morris](/wiki/Jack_Morris \"Jack Morris\")'s [no\\-hitter](/wiki/No-hitter \"No-hitter\"), giving his longtime teammate a \"ferocious hug\" after the final out.{{Cite news\\|title\\=Morris no\\-hits White Sox\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=April 8, 1984\\|page\\=1D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22154603/morris\\-no\\-hits\\-white\\-sox\\-part\\-one/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} The Tigers began the season with 35 wins and 5 losses, and for the first time in his career, Parrish led the fan voting to be the starting catcher in the All\\-Star Game. He received 1,524,616 votes, over 700,000 votes more than second\\-place finisher [Carlton Fisk](/wiki/Carlton_Fisk \"Carlton Fisk\").{{cite news\\|title\\=AL all\\-star voting\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=July 5, 1984\\|page\\=4D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107786270/al\\-all\\-star\\-voting/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "Batting as the [clean\\-up hitter](/wiki/Batting_order_%28baseball%29 \"Batting order (baseball)\"), Parrish hit a team\\-leading 33 home runs, breaking his own American League record for most home runs in a season by a catcher. His 33 home runs ranked third in the league. He also led the Tigers offense with 98 RBI. Defensively, he again led the league's catchers with 11 double plays turned and ranked second with 67 assists and third with a range factor of 6\\.20 per game.", "In the decisive fifth game of the 1984 World Series, Parrish scored two runs, stole a base, and hit a seventh\\-inning home run off [Goose Gossage](/wiki/Goose_Gossage \"Goose Gossage\"). In all five games of the series, he compiled a .364 on\\-base percentage and .500 slugging percentage and scored three runs. In the post\\-game celebration, Parrish said, \"I can't even describe what this town has meant to us this year. Everybody's been excited. Everybody's been looking forward for a chance to get crazy here.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=How they saw us . . . \\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=October 16, 1984\\|page\\=3D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107785004/how\\-they\\-saw\\-us/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "At the end of the season, Parrish again won the Silver Slugger Award as well as a second Gold Glove Award. It was the second consecutive year in which Parrish was recognized as both the best offensive and defensive catcher in the American League.", "#### 1985 and 1986 seasons", "In 1985, Parrish had another strong season, though he was unable to play at catcher for three weeks in July due to a lower back strain. In order to rest his back, he appeared in 22 games at designated hitter. He ended the season with a .273 batting average with 28 home runs, 27 doubles, and 98 RBIs. On defense, her ranked second in the league with a range factor of 6\\.23 per game at catcher. At the end of the 1985 season, Parrish received his third consecutive Gold Glove Award.", "In 1986, Parrish began the season strong, totaling 21 home runs and 59 RBIs at the All\\-Star break. He again was chosen for the All\\-Star team, but back problems sidelined him for much of the second half. He appeared in only 91 games, 82 as the team's starting catcher. He finished the season with a .257 batting average, 22 home runs and 62 RBIs.", "Parrish's six\\-year contract expired at the end of the 1986 season. The Tigers offered him a two\\-year, $2\\.4 million contract (without guarantee in the second year). Parrish rejected the offer and became a free agent.{{cite news\\|title\\=Get used to it right now: A proud Tiger is gone\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|author\\=Mitch Albom\\|date\\=January 9, 1987\\|page\\=1D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107791389/albom\\-on\\-parrish/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}{{cite news\\|title\\=No miracle: Parrish gone\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|author\\=John Lowe\\|date\\=January 9, 1987\\|page\\=1D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93344135/detroit\\-free\\-press/}}", "### Philadelphia Phillies (1987–1988\\)", "On March 13, 1987, Parrish signed with the Philadelphia Phillies as a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent \"Free agent\"). During the 1987 season, Parrish appeared in 130 games for the Phillies, 124 of them as the starting catcher. He compiled a .257 batting average and hit 17 home runs, his lowest total since the strike\\-shortened 1981 season. He also grounded into 23 double plays, the second highest total in the National League. His defensive performance also suffered, as he led the league with 142 stolen bases allowed. He had never ranked among the American League leaders in that category.", "In 1988, Parrish's offensive output declined further. His batting average dropped to .215, and his slugging percentage of .370 was his lowest to date. He did, however, regain form defensively, leading the National League catchers with 11 double plays turned and ranking second in the league with 73 assists and 50 runners caught stealing. He was selected to the National League All\\-Star team in 1988, but his back problems continued, and he became \"a lightning rod for fan discontent\" as the Phillies finished in last place (65–96\\) in 1988\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Whatever happened to ... Lance Parrish\\|newspaper\\=Philadelphia Daily News\\|date\\=December 11, 2002\\|page\\=86\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107833893/lance\\-parrish/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "### California Angels (1989–1992\\)", "On October 3, 1988, the Phillies traded Parrish to the [California Angels](/wiki/California_Angels \"California Angels\") for minor\\-league pitcher [David Holdridge](/wiki/David_Holdridge \"David Holdridge\"). Parrish, who lived in [Yorba Linda, California](/wiki/Yorba_Linda%2C_California \"Yorba Linda, California\"), reportedly signed a one\\-year contract providing a $1 million base salary and a potential for up to $400,000 in bonuses. At the time, Parrish said: \"I'm very happy; things couldn't have worked out better. Getting back home was our top priority as a family. This is where our lives are . . . where we've rooted ourselves.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Angels Deal for Parrish\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times\\|author\\=John Weyler\\|date\\=October 4, 1988\\|pages\\=III\\-1, III\\-5\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107797163/parrish/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "Parrish was the Angels starting catcher from 1989 to 1991, starting over 100 games at the position each year. In 1990, he regained his offensive power, hitting 24 home runs and winning his sixth and final Silver Slugger Award.", "Parrish played two\\-and\\-a\\-half months for the Angels in 1992, compiling a .229 batting average with four home runs and 11 runs batted in. He was released by the Angels on June 23, 1992\\. At the time, columnist Mike Downey praised Parrish as \"one damn fine guy\", \"a presence of dignity and civility in a sometimes crass and unpleasant setting\", and a player who \"belongs on any list of baseball's best 10 catchers ever.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Lucky Were Fans Who Saw No. 13 Play\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=June 23, 1992\\|author\\=Mike Downey\\|page\\=A9\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107798026/downey\\-on\\-parrish/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "### Seattle Mariners (1992\\)", "On June 28, 1992, Parrish signed with the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners \"Seattle Mariners\") as a free agent to become a backup to catcher [Dave Valle](/wiki/Dave_Valle \"Dave Valle\"). Parrish, age 36 at the time, noted: \"It's not like everybody was beating down my door, but I still feel I have a lot to offer a team. I have a lot of catching experience and by no means do I feel I'm over the hill offensively.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Mariners get what they need, and Parrish gets what he wants\\|newspaper\\=The Sacramento Bee\\|date\\=June 29, 1992\\|page\\=\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107798300/parrish/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} He appeared in 69 games for the Mariners, 34 as a catcher, 16 as a first baseman, and 14 as a designated hitter. Hit tallied 11 doubles and eight home runs in 192 at bats.", "### Final years (1993–1996\\)", "In January 1993, Parrish signed a minor league contract with the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers \"Los Angeles Dodgers\") and accepted an invitation to spring training.{{cite news\\|title\\=People in Sports\\|newspaper\\=News\\-Pilot\\|date\\=January 9, 1993\\|page\\=14\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107803923/parrish/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} With rookie catcher (and future Hall of Fame inductee) [Mike Piazza](/wiki/Mike_Piazza \"Mike Piazza\") batting .571 during spring training, the Dodgers released Parrish in late March.{{cite news\\|title\\=Parrish Gets Word on Catcher Situation\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times\\|author\\=Maryann Hudson\\|date\\=March 23, 1993\\|page\\=C5\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107804159/parrish\\-gets\\-word\\-on\\-catcher\\-situation/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} He spent part of the 1993 season playing in the Dodges farm system for the Triple\\-A [Albuquerque Dukes](/wiki/Albuquerque_Dukes \"Albuquerque Dukes\").", "On May 7, 1993, he signed as a free agent with the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Indians \"Cleveland Indians\"). He appeared in only 10 games, tallying four hits (including a home run) in 20 at bats. He was released by the Indians on May 30, 1993\\.", "In February 1994, Parrish signed a free\\-agent contract with the Detroit Tigers. He spent part of the 1994 season playing for the Tigers' Triple\\-A team, the [Toledo Mud Hens](/wiki/Toledo_Mud_Hens \"Toledo Mud Hens\"). He was purchased by the Pittsburgh Pirates, appeared in 40 games for the Pirates in 1994, 34 as the club's starting catcher, and compiled a .270 batting average with three home runs and 15 runs batted in.", "In February 1995, Parrish signed as a free agent with the [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals \"Kansas City Royals\"). He was then acquired by the Toronto Blue Jays on April 22, 1995\\. On May 29, Parrish hit two home runs against the Detroit Tigers.{{cite news\\|title\\=Parrish payback: Ex\\-Tiger hits home for Jays\\|newspaper\\=The Windsor Star\\|date\\=May 30, 1995\\|page\\=1D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107801448/parrish\\-payback/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} He appeared in 70 games for the Blue Jays, including 49 games as the team's starting catcher. He compiled a .202 batting average with Toronto and hit four home runs with 22 runs batted in. He appeared in his final major\\-league game on September 23, 1995, at age 39\\.", "Parrish signed as a free agent with the Pittsburgh Pirates in January 1996\\. He was released by the Pirates in late March. Though one of the coaches typically handled player cuts, manager [Jim Leyland](/wiki/Jim_Leyland \"Jim Leyland\") personally delivered the news to Parrish. Leyland noted that Parrish had \"earned the right to be in a different category.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Parrish's exit opens big door for Osik\\|newspaper\\=Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette\\|author\\=Paul Meyer\\|date\\=March 22, 1996\\|page\\=1B\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107799886/parrishs\\-exit\\-opens\\-big\\-door\\-for\\-osik/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "### Career statistics and honors", "In a 19\\-year major\\-league career, Parrish played in 1,988 [games](/wiki/Games_played \"Games played\"), accumulating 1,782 [hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 \"Hit (baseball)\") in 7,067 [at bats](/wiki/At_bats \"At bats\") for a .252 career batting average along with 324 home runs and 1,070 runs batted in. Parrish was an eight\\-time [All\\-Star](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game \"Major League Baseball All-Star Game\") (1980, 1982–86, 1988, and 1990\\), and he won three [Gold Glove Awards](/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_catcher \"List of Gold Glove Award winners at catcher\") (1983–85\\).[American League Gold Glove Award winners](https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/gold_glove_al.shtml#1985) at *Baseball\\-Reference* Parrish was a six\\-time winner of the [Silver Slugger Award](/wiki/Silver_Slugger_Award \"Silver Slugger Award\"), which is awarded annually to the best [offensive](/wiki/Batting_%28baseball%29 \"Batting (baseball)\") player at each [position](/wiki/Baseball_positions \"Baseball positions\").[*Baseball Digest*, May 2009, Vol. 68, No. 3](https://books.google.com/books?id=6mlzUGOoizwC&dq=lance+parrish+baseball+digest&pg=PA82), {{ISSN\\|0005\\-609X}}", "Parrish ranks as one of the greatest power\\-hitting catchers in baseball history. By 1994, he ranked fourth in major\\-league history in home runs as a catcher, trailing only Hall of Famers [Carlton Fisk](/wiki/Carlton_Fisk \"Carlton Fisk\"), [Johnny Bench](/wiki/Johnny_Bench \"Johnny Bench\"), and [Yogi Berra](/wiki/Yogi_Berra \"Yogi Berra\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Parrish and Tigers: Reunited and it feels so good\\|newspaper\\=The Philadelphia Inquirer\\|author\\=Frank Dolson\\|date\\=March 16, 1994\\|page\\=D2\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107805502/parrish/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} He now ranks sixth, having been passed by Hall of Famers [Mike Piazza](/wiki/Mike_Piazza \"Mike Piazza\") and [Ivan Rodriguez](/wiki/Ivan_Rodriguez \"Ivan Rodriguez\").[Ivan Rodriguez becomes fifth catcher to reach 300 homers](http://content.usatoday.com/communities/dailypitch/post/2010/08/ivan-rodriguez-becomes-fifth-catcher-to-reach-300-homers/1) *USA Today*", "Parrish also ranks as one of the most durable catchers in baseball history. At the time of his retirement, his 1,818 games at the position ranked seventh in baseball history. As of 2022, he ranks 13th.{{cite web\\|title\\=Career Leaders \\& Records for Def. Games as C\\|publisher\\=Sports Reference LLC\\|work\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com\\|accessdate\\=August 16, 2022\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/leaders/Gm\\_c\\_career.shtml}}", "He led American League catchers twice in baserunners [caught stealing](/wiki/Caught_stealing \"Caught stealing\"), once in [assists](/wiki/Assist_%28baseball%29 \"Assist (baseball)\"), and once in caught stealing percentage. Parrish finished second in [fielding percentage](/wiki/Fielding_percentage \"Fielding percentage\") four times and ended his career with a .991 fielding percentage.", "In 2001, Parrish received 9 [votes](/wiki/2001_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_balloting \"2001 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\") (1\\.7% of the ballots) for induction into the [National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum](/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\").{{cite web\\|title\\=2001 Hall of Fame Voting\\|publisher\\=Sports Reference, LLC\\|accessdate\\=August 19, 2022\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/awards/hof\\_2001\\.shtml}} Because he did not receive 5% of the vote, he was not eligible to remain on the following year's ballot. Parrish was inducted into the [Michigan Sports Hall of Fame](/wiki/Michigan_Sports_Hall_of_Fame \"Michigan Sports Hall of Fame\") in 2002\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Lance Parrish\\|publisher\\=Michigan Sports Hall of Fame\\|accessdate\\=August 17, 2022\\|url\\=https://michigansportshof.org/inductee/lance\\-parrish/}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Parrish, six others enter Hall of Fame\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|author\\=Mike Brudnell\\|date\\=April 18, 2002\\|page\\=2E\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107833614/parrish\\-six\\-others\\-enter\\-hall\\-of\\-fame/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "" ]
### Detroit Tigers (1977–1986\) #### 1977 and 1978 seasons Parrish played his last minor\-league game for Evansville in August 1977 and was called up by the Tigers, making his major\-league debut on September 5\.{{Cite web\|title\=Lance Parrish\|publisher\=Sports Reference LLC\|work\=Baseball\-Reference.com\|accessdate\=August 16, 2022\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/p/parrila02\.shtml}} Tiger stars Alan Trammell and [Lou Whitaker](/wiki/Lou_Whitaker "Lou Whitaker") also made their Detroit debuts in September 1977\.{{cite news\|title\=Tigers Add 3 from Farms – Sweet Lou, Al to Follow\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|author\=Jim Hawkins\| date\=September 2, 1977\|page\=1D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107241770/tigers\-call\-ups\-freep\-09\-02\-77/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} In Parrish's second game with the Tigers, he scored four runs, hit a home run and a bases\-loaded, three\-run [double](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 "Double (baseball)"), and collected four RBIs, leading [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") writer Larry Palladino to write that Parrish "stood out like King Kong atop a phone booth."{{cite news\|title\=Rookie Parrish Sparks Nightcap Romp: Tigers Gain Split With Orioles\|newspaper\=Ludington Daily News\|author\=Larry Palladino\|agency\=Associated Press\|date\=September 8, 1977\|page\=5\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107733358/rookie\-parrish\-sparks/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} In March 1978, Detroit manager [Ralph Houk](/wiki/Ralph_Houk "Ralph Houk") said: "I never saw a catcher with an arm like that. He's a natural – and when you see him with the bat, well, he just looks like a ballplayer. It's only a matter of time before he's gonna be a great one." Parrish was expected to spend 1978 as a backup to regular catcher [Milt May](/wiki/Milt_May "Milt May"), but Houk instead employed a [platoon system](/wiki/Platoon_system "Platoon system") that alternated between Parrish (73 starts at catcher) and May (89 starts at catcher). Parrish hit .219 with 14 home runs. #### Breakout season in 1979 In 1979, [Les Moss](/wiki/Les_Moss "Les Moss") began the season as the Tigers' manager and predicted that Parrish would be a "superstar", pointing to his "tremendous power", his [line drives](/wiki/Line_drive "Line drive") that "can take the gloves off fielders' hands", and noting that he "throws as good as anybody."{{cite news\|title\=Training Camps, A Few To Watch: ance Parrish\|newspaper\=Rutland Daily Herald\|agency\=UPI\|date\=March 11, 1979\|page\=II\-6\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107740419/lance\-parrish/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} Parrish became the Tigers' regular catcher, and Milt May was sold to the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox "Chicago White Sox") at the end of May.{{cite news\|title\=Trade with Orioles fails, Tigers sell Milt May to White Sox\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|author\=Brian Bragg\|date\=May 28, 1979\|page\=4D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64170182/1979\-05\-27\-may\-sold/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.co]]}} In the middle of June, [Sparky Anderson](/wiki/Sparky_Anderson "Sparky Anderson") took over from Moss as the Tigers' manager.{{cite news\|title\=Players sad for Les, but glad it's Sparky\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|author\=Brian Bragg\|date\=June 13, 1979\|page\=1D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111565992/players\-are\-sad\-for\-les\-but\-glad\-its/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} Parrish appeared in 143 games in 1979, and with a regular spot in the lineup, his batting average jumped by nearly 60 points from .219 to .276\. He also led the team with 26 doubles and hit 19 home runs.{{cite web\|title\=1979 Detroit Tigers Statistics\|publisher\=Sports Reference LLC\|work\=Baseball\-Reference.com\|accessdate\=August 16, 2022\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/teams/DET/1979\.shtml}} Defensively, his plate\-blocking skills were tested as he led the American League with 21 [passed balls](/wiki/Passed_ball "Passed ball") (21\), though he also ranked second among the league's catchers in [putouts](/wiki/Putout "Putout") (707\), [assists](/wiki/Assist_%28baseball%29 "Assist (baseball)") (79\), and runners [caught stealing](/wiki/Caught_stealing "Caught stealing") (57\). #### All\-Star in 1980 Parrish continued to improve in 1980 and was hitting over .300 early in the first half of the season. Although [Carlton Fisk](/wiki/Carlton_Fisk "Carlton Fisk") finished first in the fan voting, [Earl Weaver](/wiki/Earl_Weaver "Earl Weaver"), manager of the American League [All\-Star](/wiki/1980_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game "1980 Major League Baseball All-Star Game") team, selected Parrish as a backup catcher for the American League.{{cite news\|title\=Trammell and Parrish All\-Stars\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|author\=Brian Bragg\|date\=July 3, 1980\|page\=1D, 3D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64522832/1980\-07\-02\-all\-stars/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} It was the first of eight All\-Star appearances for Parrish. Parrish finished the 1980 season with a career\-high .286 batting average. He also ranked among the league leaders with 34 [doubles](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 "Double (baseball)") (seventh), 64 [extra\-base hits](/wiki/Extra-base_hit "Extra-base hit") (eighth), a .499 slugging percentage (ninth), and 24 home runs (ninth). Despite otherwise impressive batting statistics, Parrish ranked second in the league by grounding into 24 double plays and ranked fourth with 109 strikeouts. At the end of the 1980 season, he won the first of his six Silver Slugger Awards as the best hitter at the catcher position.{{cite news\|title\=Silver Bat Team Selected\|newspaper\=Maryville Journal\-Tribune\|date\=November 18, 1980\|page\=5\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107764238/silver\-bat\-team\-selected/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} Defensively, Parrish led the American League catchers in passed balls (17\) for the second consecutive season. After the 1980 season, Sparky Anderson opined that Parrish was "starting to come around," but he's "not a superstar." Anderson said that, while Parrish had a great arm and an opportunity to become a superstar, "it's going to take an awful, awful awful lot of hard work – especially in receiving." #### Contract extension In January 1981, Parrish complained publicly about his annual salary. He noted that, despite his All\-Star performance in 1980, his $90,000 salary was far lower than other major\-league catchers such as [Darrell Porter](/wiki/Darrell_Porter "Darrell Porter") ($700,000 a year) and [Jim Essian](/wiki/Jim_Essian "Jim Essian") ($1\.2 million for four years) and a fraction of the $2\.8\-million contract the Tigers gave to Alan Trammell for seven years.{{cite news\|title\=This time, Lance won't let the big dollars get past him\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|author\=Jim Hawkins\|date\=January 8, 1981\|page\=1D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107749200/this\-time\-lance\-wont\-let\-the\-big/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} General manager Jim Campbell responded angrily to Parrish's public comments, asserting that the Tigers had offered Parrish a multi\-year contract that would have paid him in excess of $375,000 per year.{{cite news\|title\=Fuming Campbell bares Parrish offer: $375,000 a year\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|author\=Brian Bragg\|date\=January 9, 1981\|pages\=1D, 6D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107750736/fuming\-campbell\-bares\-parrish\-offer/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} In April 1981, Parrish signed the richest contract in the team's history – $3\.7 million for six years.{{cite news\|title\=Parrish becomes the richest Tiger ever\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|author\=Brian Bragg\|date\=May 1, 1981\|pages\=1F, 3F\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107751096/parrish\-becomes\-the\-richest\-tiger\-ever/}} In 1981, after signing the record\-setting contract, Parrish's batting average dropped by more than 40 points to .244, and his slugging percentage dropped by more than 100 points to .394\. #### Offensive rebound in 1982 After missing most of April with stained ligaments or tendons in his catching hand, Parrish came back strong, carrying a .309 batting average by late May. He was selected to the American League All\-Star team and threw out three [National League](/wiki/National_League_%28baseball%29 "National League (baseball)") baserunners ([Steve Sax](/wiki/Steve_Sax "Steve Sax"), [Dave Concepción](/wiki/Dave_Concepci%C3%B3n "Dave Concepción"), and [Al Oliver](/wiki/Al_Oliver "Al Oliver")) to set an All\-Star Game record.{{cite news\|title\=Parrish 'can't explain' NL All\-Stars' dominance\|newspaper\=Fort Worth Star\-Telegram\|date\=July 15, 1982\|page\=7F\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107765716/parrish\-cant\-explain\-nl\-all\-stars/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} He also had a double in two at\-bats. Parrish's batting average jumped 40 points from .244 in 1981 to .284 in 1982\. He also ranked among the league leaders with 32 home runs (fifth) and a .529 slugging percentage (eight). His 32 home runs established a new [American League](/wiki/American_League "American League") record for home runs by a catcher, surpassing the previous mark shared by [Yogi Berra](/wiki/Yogi_Berra "Yogi Berra") and [Gus Triandos](/wiki/Gus_Triandos "Gus Triandos").["Here Are The Leading Home Run Hitters For Each Position"](https://books.google.com/books?id=PzQDAAAAMBAJ&dq=tigers+catcher+parrish+baseball+digest&pg=PA65), by Larry F. Rasmussen, *Baseball Digest*, April 1983, Vol. 42, No. 4, {{ISSN\|0005\-609X}} Defensively, he gave up 11 passed balls (second most in the league) but his throwing arm continued to place him among the league leaders at catcher with 76 assists (second) and eight double plays turned (third). At the end of the year, he won his second Silver Slugger Award. He also easily won the Tiger of the Year award, receiving 32 of the 42 first\-place votes cast by members of the Detroit chapter of the [Baseball Writers' Association of America](/wiki/Baseball_Writers%27_Association_of_America "Baseball Writers' Association of America").{{cite news\|title\=Parrish named Tiger of Year\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|author\=Curt Sylvester\|date\=October 30, 1982\|page\=3D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107769050/parrish\-named\-tiger\-of\-year/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} #### Weightlifting Parrish was an avid weightlifter during his playing years, giving him one of the most muscular bodies in baseball. His weightlifting created conflict with manager Sparky Anderson who believed that bulking up too much would ruin a player's flexibility and hamper his effectiveness.[How Lance Parrish Proved Sparky Anderson Wrong](http://blog.detroitathletic.com/2011/07/10/how-lance-parrish-proved-sparky-anderson-wrong/) Parrish continued to lift weights despite Anderson's concerns. After the 1982 season, Parrish credited his power production to his off\-season weightlifting regimen. He noted: "It's obvious that me and Sparky have two different opinions on weightlifting." #### Slugger and Glove Awards, 1983 Parrish combined excellent offense and defense in 1983\. At the plate, he tallied a career\-high 114 runs batted in, ranking fourth in the American League. He also ranked among the league leaders with 13 [sacrifice flies](/wiki/Sacrifice_fly "Sacrifice fly") (first), 42 doubles (third), 72 extra\-base hits (third), 292 total bases (eighth), and 27 home runs (ninth). Defensively, he led the league's catchers with 54 runners caught stealing and a 48\.6% rate of runners caught stealing. He also ranked among the league's leaders at catcher with 695 putouts (second), 73 assists (second) and eight double plays turned (second). He also ranked fourth in the league among players at all positions with a defensive [Wins Above Replacement](/wiki/Wins_Above_Replacement "Wins Above Replacement") rating of 2\.0\. Despite batting .304 at the All\-Star break, Parrish trailed Milwaukee's [Ted Simmons](/wiki/Ted_Simmons "Ted Simmons") by 100,000 in the fan voting, despite the fact that Simmons was used largely as a [designated hitter](/wiki/Designated_hitter "Designated hitter"). Asked about the controversial fan selection, Parrish replied, "I'm not disappointed at all. Ted Simmons is the player the people want to see. . . . Hopefully, I'll get a chance to play."{{cite news\|title\=Parrish\-Simmons big debate\|newspaper\=New York Daily News\|author\=Fred Kerber\|date\=July 6, 1983\|page\=42\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107774469/parrish\-simmons\-big\-debate/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} Parrish was selected to the All\-Star team as a reserve All\-Star for the second consecutive year. At the end of the season, Parrish won both the Silver Slugger and [Gold Glove Awards](/wiki/Gold_Glove_Award "Gold Glove Award"), establishing him as both the best offensive and defensive catcher in the American League. He also ranked ninth in the voting for the [American League Most Valuable Player](/wiki/American_League_Most_Valuable_Player "American League Most Valuable Player") award. #### World Series champions in 1984 Parrish appeared in 147 regular\-season games and all eight post\-season games for the [1984 Detroit Tigers team](/wiki/1984_Detroit_Tigers_season "1984 Detroit Tigers season") that led the American League from the first game to the last and won the [1984 World Series](/wiki/1984_World_Series "1984 World Series") against the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/1984_San_Diego_Padres_season "1984 San Diego Padres season"). On April 7, in the fourth game of the season, he caught [Jack Morris](/wiki/Jack_Morris "Jack Morris")'s [no\-hitter](/wiki/No-hitter "No-hitter"), giving his longtime teammate a "ferocious hug" after the final out.{{Cite news\|title\=Morris no\-hits White Sox\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=April 8, 1984\|page\=1D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22154603/morris\-no\-hits\-white\-sox\-part\-one/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} The Tigers began the season with 35 wins and 5 losses, and for the first time in his career, Parrish led the fan voting to be the starting catcher in the All\-Star Game. He received 1,524,616 votes, over 700,000 votes more than second\-place finisher [Carlton Fisk](/wiki/Carlton_Fisk "Carlton Fisk").{{cite news\|title\=AL all\-star voting\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=July 5, 1984\|page\=4D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107786270/al\-all\-star\-voting/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} Batting as the [clean\-up hitter](/wiki/Batting_order_%28baseball%29 "Batting order (baseball)"), Parrish hit a team\-leading 33 home runs, breaking his own American League record for most home runs in a season by a catcher. His 33 home runs ranked third in the league. He also led the Tigers offense with 98 RBI. Defensively, he again led the league's catchers with 11 double plays turned and ranked second with 67 assists and third with a range factor of 6\.20 per game. In the decisive fifth game of the 1984 World Series, Parrish scored two runs, stole a base, and hit a seventh\-inning home run off [Goose Gossage](/wiki/Goose_Gossage "Goose Gossage"). In all five games of the series, he compiled a .364 on\-base percentage and .500 slugging percentage and scored three runs. In the post\-game celebration, Parrish said, "I can't even describe what this town has meant to us this year. Everybody's been excited. Everybody's been looking forward for a chance to get crazy here."{{cite news\|title\=How they saw us . . . \|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=October 16, 1984\|page\=3D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107785004/how\-they\-saw\-us/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} At the end of the season, Parrish again won the Silver Slugger Award as well as a second Gold Glove Award. It was the second consecutive year in which Parrish was recognized as both the best offensive and defensive catcher in the American League. #### 1985 and 1986 seasons In 1985, Parrish had another strong season, though he was unable to play at catcher for three weeks in July due to a lower back strain. In order to rest his back, he appeared in 22 games at designated hitter. He ended the season with a .273 batting average with 28 home runs, 27 doubles, and 98 RBIs. On defense, her ranked second in the league with a range factor of 6\.23 per game at catcher. At the end of the 1985 season, Parrish received his third consecutive Gold Glove Award. In 1986, Parrish began the season strong, totaling 21 home runs and 59 RBIs at the All\-Star break. He again was chosen for the All\-Star team, but back problems sidelined him for much of the second half. He appeared in only 91 games, 82 as the team's starting catcher. He finished the season with a .257 batting average, 22 home runs and 62 RBIs. Parrish's six\-year contract expired at the end of the 1986 season. The Tigers offered him a two\-year, $2\.4 million contract (without guarantee in the second year). Parrish rejected the offer and became a free agent.{{cite news\|title\=Get used to it right now: A proud Tiger is gone\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|author\=Mitch Albom\|date\=January 9, 1987\|page\=1D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107791389/albom\-on\-parrish/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}}{{cite news\|title\=No miracle: Parrish gone\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|author\=John Lowe\|date\=January 9, 1987\|page\=1D\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93344135/detroit\-free\-press/}}
[ "### Detroit Tigers (1977–1986\\)", "#### 1977 and 1978 seasons", "Parrish played his last minor\\-league game for Evansville in August 1977 and was called up by the Tigers, making his major\\-league debut on September 5\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Lance Parrish\\|publisher\\=Sports Reference LLC\\|work\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com\\|accessdate\\=August 16, 2022\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/p/parrila02\\.shtml}} Tiger stars Alan Trammell and [Lou Whitaker](/wiki/Lou_Whitaker \"Lou Whitaker\") also made their Detroit debuts in September 1977\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Tigers Add 3 from Farms – Sweet Lou, Al to Follow\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|author\\=Jim Hawkins\\| date\\=September 2, 1977\\|page\\=1D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107241770/tigers\\-call\\-ups\\-freep\\-09\\-02\\-77/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "In Parrish's second game with the Tigers, he scored four runs, hit a home run and a bases\\-loaded, three\\-run [double](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 \"Double (baseball)\"), and collected four RBIs, leading [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\") writer Larry Palladino to write that Parrish \"stood out like King Kong atop a phone booth.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Rookie Parrish Sparks Nightcap Romp: Tigers Gain Split With Orioles\\|newspaper\\=Ludington Daily News\\|author\\=Larry Palladino\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=September 8, 1977\\|page\\=5\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107733358/rookie\\-parrish\\-sparks/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "In March 1978, Detroit manager [Ralph Houk](/wiki/Ralph_Houk \"Ralph Houk\") said: \"I never saw a catcher with an arm like that. He's a natural – and when you see him with the bat, well, he just looks like a ballplayer. It's only a matter of time before he's gonna be a great one.\" Parrish was expected to spend 1978 as a backup to regular catcher [Milt May](/wiki/Milt_May \"Milt May\"), but Houk instead employed a [platoon system](/wiki/Platoon_system \"Platoon system\") that alternated between Parrish (73 starts at catcher) and May (89 starts at catcher). Parrish hit .219 with 14 home runs.", "#### Breakout season in 1979", "In 1979, [Les Moss](/wiki/Les_Moss \"Les Moss\") began the season as the Tigers' manager and predicted that Parrish would be a \"superstar\", pointing to his \"tremendous power\", his [line drives](/wiki/Line_drive \"Line drive\") that \"can take the gloves off fielders' hands\", and noting that he \"throws as good as anybody.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Training Camps, A Few To Watch: ance Parrish\\|newspaper\\=Rutland Daily Herald\\|agency\\=UPI\\|date\\=March 11, 1979\\|page\\=II\\-6\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107740419/lance\\-parrish/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} Parrish became the Tigers' regular catcher, and Milt May was sold to the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox \"Chicago White Sox\") at the end of May.{{cite news\\|title\\=Trade with Orioles fails, Tigers sell Milt May to White Sox\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|author\\=Brian Bragg\\|date\\=May 28, 1979\\|page\\=4D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64170182/1979\\-05\\-27\\-may\\-sold/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.co]]}} In the middle of June, [Sparky Anderson](/wiki/Sparky_Anderson \"Sparky Anderson\") took over from Moss as the Tigers' manager.{{cite news\\|title\\=Players sad for Les, but glad it's Sparky\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|author\\=Brian Bragg\\|date\\=June 13, 1979\\|page\\=1D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111565992/players\\-are\\-sad\\-for\\-les\\-but\\-glad\\-its/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "Parrish appeared in 143 games in 1979, and with a regular spot in the lineup, his batting average jumped by nearly 60 points from .219 to .276\\. He also led the team with 26 doubles and hit 19 home runs.{{cite web\\|title\\=1979 Detroit Tigers Statistics\\|publisher\\=Sports Reference LLC\\|work\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com\\|accessdate\\=August 16, 2022\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/teams/DET/1979\\.shtml}} Defensively, his plate\\-blocking skills were tested as he led the American League with 21 [passed balls](/wiki/Passed_ball \"Passed ball\") (21\\), though he also ranked second among the league's catchers in [putouts](/wiki/Putout \"Putout\") (707\\), [assists](/wiki/Assist_%28baseball%29 \"Assist (baseball)\") (79\\), and runners [caught stealing](/wiki/Caught_stealing \"Caught stealing\") (57\\).", "#### All\\-Star in 1980", "Parrish continued to improve in 1980 and was hitting over .300 early in the first half of the season. Although [Carlton Fisk](/wiki/Carlton_Fisk \"Carlton Fisk\") finished first in the fan voting, [Earl Weaver](/wiki/Earl_Weaver \"Earl Weaver\"), manager of the American League [All\\-Star](/wiki/1980_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game \"1980 Major League Baseball All-Star Game\") team, selected Parrish as a backup catcher for the American League.{{cite news\\|title\\=Trammell and Parrish All\\-Stars\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|author\\=Brian Bragg\\|date\\=July 3, 1980\\|page\\=1D, 3D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64522832/1980\\-07\\-02\\-all\\-stars/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} It was the first of eight All\\-Star appearances for Parrish.", "Parrish finished the 1980 season with a career\\-high .286 batting average. He also ranked among the league leaders with 34 [doubles](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 \"Double (baseball)\") (seventh), 64 [extra\\-base hits](/wiki/Extra-base_hit \"Extra-base hit\") (eighth), a .499 slugging percentage (ninth), and 24 home runs (ninth). Despite otherwise impressive batting statistics, Parrish ranked second in the league by grounding into 24 double plays and ranked fourth with 109 strikeouts. At the end of the 1980 season, he won the first of his six Silver Slugger Awards as the best hitter at the catcher position.{{cite news\\|title\\=Silver Bat Team Selected\\|newspaper\\=Maryville Journal\\-Tribune\\|date\\=November 18, 1980\\|page\\=5\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107764238/silver\\-bat\\-team\\-selected/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "Defensively, Parrish led the American League catchers in passed balls (17\\) for the second consecutive season. After the 1980 season, Sparky Anderson opined that Parrish was \"starting to come around,\" but he's \"not a superstar.\" Anderson said that, while Parrish had a great arm and an opportunity to become a superstar, \"it's going to take an awful, awful awful lot of hard work – especially in receiving.\"", "#### Contract extension", "In January 1981, Parrish complained publicly about his annual salary. He noted that, despite his All\\-Star performance in 1980, his $90,000 salary was far lower than other major\\-league catchers such as [Darrell Porter](/wiki/Darrell_Porter \"Darrell Porter\") ($700,000 a year) and [Jim Essian](/wiki/Jim_Essian \"Jim Essian\") ($1\\.2 million for four years) and a fraction of the $2\\.8\\-million contract the Tigers gave to Alan Trammell for seven years.{{cite news\\|title\\=This time, Lance won't let the big dollars get past him\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|author\\=Jim Hawkins\\|date\\=January 8, 1981\\|page\\=1D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107749200/this\\-time\\-lance\\-wont\\-let\\-the\\-big/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} General manager Jim Campbell responded angrily to Parrish's public comments, asserting that the Tigers had offered Parrish a multi\\-year contract that would have paid him in excess of $375,000 per year.{{cite news\\|title\\=Fuming Campbell bares Parrish offer: $375,000 a year\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|author\\=Brian Bragg\\|date\\=January 9, 1981\\|pages\\=1D, 6D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107750736/fuming\\-campbell\\-bares\\-parrish\\-offer/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} In April 1981, Parrish signed the richest contract in the team's history – $3\\.7 million for six years.{{cite news\\|title\\=Parrish becomes the richest Tiger ever\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|author\\=Brian Bragg\\|date\\=May 1, 1981\\|pages\\=1F, 3F\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107751096/parrish\\-becomes\\-the\\-richest\\-tiger\\-ever/}}", "In 1981, after signing the record\\-setting contract, Parrish's batting average dropped by more than 40 points to .244, and his slugging percentage dropped by more than 100 points to .394\\.", "#### Offensive rebound in 1982", "After missing most of April with stained ligaments or tendons in his catching hand, Parrish came back strong, carrying a .309 batting average by late May. He was selected to the American League All\\-Star team and threw out three [National League](/wiki/National_League_%28baseball%29 \"National League (baseball)\") baserunners ([Steve Sax](/wiki/Steve_Sax \"Steve Sax\"), [Dave Concepción](/wiki/Dave_Concepci%C3%B3n \"Dave Concepción\"), and [Al Oliver](/wiki/Al_Oliver \"Al Oliver\")) to set an All\\-Star Game record.{{cite news\\|title\\=Parrish 'can't explain' NL All\\-Stars' dominance\\|newspaper\\=Fort Worth Star\\-Telegram\\|date\\=July 15, 1982\\|page\\=7F\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107765716/parrish\\-cant\\-explain\\-nl\\-all\\-stars/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} He also had a double in two at\\-bats.", "Parrish's batting average jumped 40 points from .244 in 1981 to .284 in 1982\\. He also ranked among the league leaders with 32 home runs (fifth) and a .529 slugging percentage (eight). His 32 home runs established a new [American League](/wiki/American_League \"American League\") record for home runs by a catcher, surpassing the previous mark shared by [Yogi Berra](/wiki/Yogi_Berra \"Yogi Berra\") and [Gus Triandos](/wiki/Gus_Triandos \"Gus Triandos\").[\"Here Are The Leading Home Run Hitters For Each Position\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=PzQDAAAAMBAJ&dq=tigers+catcher+parrish+baseball+digest&pg=PA65), by Larry F. Rasmussen, *Baseball Digest*, April 1983, Vol. 42, No. 4, {{ISSN\\|0005\\-609X}} Defensively, he gave up 11 passed balls (second most in the league) but his throwing arm continued to place him among the league leaders at catcher with 76 assists (second) and eight double plays turned (third).", "At the end of the year, he won his second Silver Slugger Award. He also easily won the Tiger of the Year award, receiving 32 of the 42 first\\-place votes cast by members of the Detroit chapter of the [Baseball Writers' Association of America](/wiki/Baseball_Writers%27_Association_of_America \"Baseball Writers' Association of America\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Parrish named Tiger of Year\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|author\\=Curt Sylvester\\|date\\=October 30, 1982\\|page\\=3D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107769050/parrish\\-named\\-tiger\\-of\\-year/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "#### Weightlifting", "Parrish was an avid weightlifter during his playing years, giving him one of the most muscular bodies in baseball. His weightlifting created conflict with manager Sparky Anderson who believed that bulking up too much would ruin a player's flexibility and hamper his effectiveness.[How Lance Parrish Proved Sparky Anderson Wrong](http://blog.detroitathletic.com/2011/07/10/how-lance-parrish-proved-sparky-anderson-wrong/) Parrish continued to lift weights despite Anderson's concerns. After the 1982 season, Parrish credited his power production to his off\\-season weightlifting regimen. He noted: \"It's obvious that me and Sparky have two different opinions on weightlifting.\"", "#### Slugger and Glove Awards, 1983", "Parrish combined excellent offense and defense in 1983\\. At the plate, he tallied a career\\-high 114 runs batted in, ranking fourth in the American League. He also ranked among the league leaders with 13 [sacrifice flies](/wiki/Sacrifice_fly \"Sacrifice fly\") (first), 42 doubles (third), 72 extra\\-base hits (third), 292 total bases (eighth), and 27 home runs (ninth).", "Defensively, he led the league's catchers with 54 runners caught stealing and a 48\\.6% rate of runners caught stealing. He also ranked among the league's leaders at catcher with 695 putouts (second), 73 assists (second) and eight double plays turned (second). He also ranked fourth in the league among players at all positions with a defensive [Wins Above Replacement](/wiki/Wins_Above_Replacement \"Wins Above Replacement\") rating of 2\\.0\\.", "Despite batting .304 at the All\\-Star break, Parrish trailed Milwaukee's [Ted Simmons](/wiki/Ted_Simmons \"Ted Simmons\") by 100,000 in the fan voting, despite the fact that Simmons was used largely as a [designated hitter](/wiki/Designated_hitter \"Designated hitter\"). Asked about the controversial fan selection, Parrish replied, \"I'm not disappointed at all. Ted Simmons is the player the people want to see. . . . Hopefully, I'll get a chance to play.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Parrish\\-Simmons big debate\\|newspaper\\=New York Daily News\\|author\\=Fred Kerber\\|date\\=July 6, 1983\\|page\\=42\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107774469/parrish\\-simmons\\-big\\-debate/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} Parrish was selected to the All\\-Star team as a reserve All\\-Star for the second consecutive year.", "At the end of the season, Parrish won both the Silver Slugger and [Gold Glove Awards](/wiki/Gold_Glove_Award \"Gold Glove Award\"), establishing him as both the best offensive and defensive catcher in the American League. He also ranked ninth in the voting for the [American League Most Valuable Player](/wiki/American_League_Most_Valuable_Player \"American League Most Valuable Player\") award.", "#### World Series champions in 1984", "Parrish appeared in 147 regular\\-season games and all eight post\\-season games for the [1984 Detroit Tigers team](/wiki/1984_Detroit_Tigers_season \"1984 Detroit Tigers season\") that led the American League from the first game to the last and won the [1984 World Series](/wiki/1984_World_Series \"1984 World Series\") against the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/1984_San_Diego_Padres_season \"1984 San Diego Padres season\"). On April 7, in the fourth game of the season, he caught [Jack Morris](/wiki/Jack_Morris \"Jack Morris\")'s [no\\-hitter](/wiki/No-hitter \"No-hitter\"), giving his longtime teammate a \"ferocious hug\" after the final out.{{Cite news\\|title\\=Morris no\\-hits White Sox\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=April 8, 1984\\|page\\=1D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22154603/morris\\-no\\-hits\\-white\\-sox\\-part\\-one/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} The Tigers began the season with 35 wins and 5 losses, and for the first time in his career, Parrish led the fan voting to be the starting catcher in the All\\-Star Game. He received 1,524,616 votes, over 700,000 votes more than second\\-place finisher [Carlton Fisk](/wiki/Carlton_Fisk \"Carlton Fisk\").{{cite news\\|title\\=AL all\\-star voting\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=July 5, 1984\\|page\\=4D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107786270/al\\-all\\-star\\-voting/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "Batting as the [clean\\-up hitter](/wiki/Batting_order_%28baseball%29 \"Batting order (baseball)\"), Parrish hit a team\\-leading 33 home runs, breaking his own American League record for most home runs in a season by a catcher. His 33 home runs ranked third in the league. He also led the Tigers offense with 98 RBI. Defensively, he again led the league's catchers with 11 double plays turned and ranked second with 67 assists and third with a range factor of 6\\.20 per game.", "In the decisive fifth game of the 1984 World Series, Parrish scored two runs, stole a base, and hit a seventh\\-inning home run off [Goose Gossage](/wiki/Goose_Gossage \"Goose Gossage\"). In all five games of the series, he compiled a .364 on\\-base percentage and .500 slugging percentage and scored three runs. In the post\\-game celebration, Parrish said, \"I can't even describe what this town has meant to us this year. Everybody's been excited. Everybody's been looking forward for a chance to get crazy here.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=How they saw us . . . \\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=October 16, 1984\\|page\\=3D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107785004/how\\-they\\-saw\\-us/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "At the end of the season, Parrish again won the Silver Slugger Award as well as a second Gold Glove Award. It was the second consecutive year in which Parrish was recognized as both the best offensive and defensive catcher in the American League.", "#### 1985 and 1986 seasons", "In 1985, Parrish had another strong season, though he was unable to play at catcher for three weeks in July due to a lower back strain. In order to rest his back, he appeared in 22 games at designated hitter. He ended the season with a .273 batting average with 28 home runs, 27 doubles, and 98 RBIs. On defense, her ranked second in the league with a range factor of 6\\.23 per game at catcher. At the end of the 1985 season, Parrish received his third consecutive Gold Glove Award.", "In 1986, Parrish began the season strong, totaling 21 home runs and 59 RBIs at the All\\-Star break. He again was chosen for the All\\-Star team, but back problems sidelined him for much of the second half. He appeared in only 91 games, 82 as the team's starting catcher. He finished the season with a .257 batting average, 22 home runs and 62 RBIs.", "Parrish's six\\-year contract expired at the end of the 1986 season. The Tigers offered him a two\\-year, $2\\.4 million contract (without guarantee in the second year). Parrish rejected the offer and became a free agent.{{cite news\\|title\\=Get used to it right now: A proud Tiger is gone\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|author\\=Mitch Albom\\|date\\=January 9, 1987\\|page\\=1D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107791389/albom\\-on\\-parrish/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}{{cite news\\|title\\=No miracle: Parrish gone\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|author\\=John Lowe\\|date\\=January 9, 1987\\|page\\=1D\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93344135/detroit\\-free\\-press/}}", "" ]
History ------- The college started in July 2000 when a number of advanced students of theology from other Bible seminaries found that they no longer had a Bible college in which to study. The students approached church ministers of Metro Manila like Nick Alfafara, Robert and Nezie Cabalteja, and Ross and Cheryl Wissmann for help with a new college where they could continue their training for the church. The first classes were held in the Wissmann’s residence then in Mapayapa Village I, Quezon City. The first professors were Bobby and Nezie Cabalteja, Tito Pel, Ferdinand Rosete, and Ross and Cheryl Wissmann. By August 2000, premises were rented in Village Plaza Building at the corner of Narra and Sampaguita streets at Mapayapa Village III that served as boys’ dorm and classrooms while the girls’ dormitory was at the nearby Bueno Sol, Ramax Subdivision, Quezon City. The same year, the Board of Trustees was created to act as a policy\-making body and to oversee the school’s operation, fund\-raising drives and promotion. Its first chair and vice\-chair were Dr. Violeta N. Arciaga and Dr. Josue S. Falla, respectively, both well\-known educators and scientists in the Philippine civil service. The school was registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission on 21 June 2001\. In 2002, when Village Plaza was repossessed by a bank, the college moved to its present location at the corner of Provincial Road and Genesis streets in [Antipolo](/wiki/Antipolo "Antipolo"), province of [Rizal](/wiki/Rizal_%28province%29 "Rizal (province)"). The site had been a resort, a private school, and then left derelict. Antipolo Church of Christ had been meeting there and is accommodated for their services each Sunday. The property is 5,000 square meters and a lease has been obtained for at least ten years. ICCM began with 11 students but this had declined to six by end of the first semester. Enrollment grew to 27 at the beginning of second term 2000/01 and to 66 for the first semester 2001/2002\. The enrollment for second semester 2003/4 was 84 and the first semester of 2006/7 it escalated to 125 students.
[ "History\n-------", "The college started in July 2000 when a number of advanced students of theology from other Bible seminaries found that they no longer had a Bible college in which to study. The students approached church ministers of Metro Manila like Nick Alfafara, Robert and Nezie Cabalteja, and Ross and Cheryl Wissmann for help with a new college where they could continue their training for the church.", "The first classes were held in the Wissmann’s residence then in Mapayapa Village I, Quezon City. The first professors were Bobby and Nezie Cabalteja, Tito Pel, Ferdinand Rosete, and Ross and Cheryl Wissmann. By August 2000, premises were rented in Village Plaza Building at the corner of Narra and Sampaguita streets at Mapayapa Village III that served as boys’ dorm and classrooms while the girls’ dormitory was at the nearby Bueno Sol, Ramax Subdivision, Quezon City.", "The same year, the Board of Trustees was created to act as a policy\\-making body and to oversee the school’s operation, fund\\-raising drives and promotion. Its first chair and vice\\-chair were Dr. Violeta N. Arciaga and Dr. Josue S. Falla, respectively, both well\\-known educators and scientists in the Philippine civil service. The school was registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission on 21 June 2001\\.", "In 2002, when Village Plaza was repossessed by a bank, the college moved to its present location at the corner of Provincial Road and Genesis streets in [Antipolo](/wiki/Antipolo \"Antipolo\"), province of [Rizal](/wiki/Rizal_%28province%29 \"Rizal (province)\"). The site had been a resort, a private school, and then left derelict. Antipolo Church of Christ had been meeting there and is accommodated for their services each Sunday. The property is 5,000 square meters and a lease has been obtained for at least ten years.", "ICCM began with 11 students but this had declined to six by end of the first semester. Enrollment grew to 27 at the beginning of second term 2000/01 and to 66 for the first semester 2001/2002\\. The enrollment for second semester 2003/4 was 84 and the first semester of 2006/7 it escalated to 125 students.", "" ]
History ------- ### NASCAR sanctioning The unofficial start of the series was in 1973 in [North Wilkesboro, North Carolina](/wiki/North_Wilkesboro%2C_North_Carolina "North Wilkesboro, North Carolina"). A group of drivers began racing on a road course owned by former NASCAR Cup owner [Bill Ellis](/wiki/Bill_Ellis_%28NASCAR%29 "Bill Ellis (NASCAR)"). Ellis decided not to continue after a few races. The drivers decided to format an association called the Baby Grand National Racing Association, Inc. (BGNRA), and appointed Charlie Triplett as president. Triplett says the name stemmed from the cars' resemblance to the Grand National (predecessor to the modern [NASCAR Cup Series](/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series "NASCAR Cup Series")) cars of the era, as paint schemes and numbers often matched those from Grand National cars.["Humble Beginnings for a Dying Series: NASCAR Touring Series"](http://www.stockcarracing.com/thehistoryof/134_0311_dash_nascar_touring_series_end/index.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305074555/http://www.stockcarracing.com/thehistoryof/134\_0311\_dash\_nascar\_touring\_series\_end/index.html \|date\=2010\-03\-05 }}; Jesse Miles, Jr.; [Stock Car Racing magazine](/wiki/Stock_Car_Racing_magazine "Stock Car Racing magazine"); 2002; Retrieved February 15, 2007 The series was originally a touring series of four\-cylinder compact sedan cars. The slogan for the series was "The Poor Man's Way to Race." The founder turned to NASCAR to begin sanctioning the series in 1975\. The series flourished with the relatively inexpensive cars and motors. It was not uncommon for forty drivers to enter an event. Five\-time champion [Dean Combs](/wiki/Dean_Combs "Dean Combs") used a [Datsun 200SX](/wiki/Datsun_200SX "Datsun 200SX") in the 1980 season and became the first NASCAR driver to 'regularly' compete in a foreign\-made car. Contrary to popular belief, foreign cars had competed in NASCAR competition in the early days of the sanctioning body; indeed, a [Jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar_Cars "Jaguar Cars") won a NASCAR\-sanctioned race in the Grand National division at a [road course](/wiki/Road_course "Road course") in [Linden, New Jersey](/wiki/Linden%2C_New_Jersey "Linden, New Jersey") in 1954, according to commentator [Mike Joy](/wiki/Mike_Joy "Mike Joy"), and the last foreign\-made car to compete in a NASCAR\-sanctioned event was an [MG](/wiki/MG_Cars "MG Cars") at one Grand National race in 1963 (before [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota "Toyota"), who had used the Dash Series to prepare their stock car endeavors as demonstrated by [Robert Huffman](/wiki/Robert_Huffman "Robert Huffman")'s championship victory in 2003, entered the [Truck Series](/wiki/NASCAR_Truck_Series "NASCAR Truck Series") in 2004 and later Cup Series at the beginning of the 2007 season). During the series' existence, the series became a place for young drivers to gain valuable experience competing against seasoned veterans like Danny Bagwell, Geoff Bodine, Johnny Chapman, Jake, and Justin Hobgood, all of which have experience at the top levels of NASCAR. 1986 Daytona 500 Champion [Geoffrey Bodine](/wiki/Geoffrey_Bodine "Geoffrey Bodine") joined the circuit in 2008 to compete in the final four events; ISCARS later used the run to highlight Bodine's involvement as part of an extensive driver development program. Bagwell is well known for a destructive accident in 1999 at Daytona when the vehicle hit the wall and tumbled repeatedly. It ended up upside down, the engine was gone, all the wheels were out, the windshield, and the sheet metal disintegrated, leaving only a pile of bent safety bars. Also in this series was the only car ever to careen into Lake Lloyd, Dave Stacey in 1994\.["Humble Beginnings for a Dying Series: NASCAR Touring Series"](http://www.stockcarracing.com/thehistoryof/134_0311_dash_nascar_touring_series_end/iron_duke.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716145337/http://www.stockcarracing.com/thehistoryof/134\_0311\_dash\_nascar\_touring\_series\_end/iron\_duke.html \|date\=2011\-07\-16 }}; Jesse Miles, Jr.; [Stock Car Racing magazine](/wiki/Stock_Car_Racing_magazine "Stock Car Racing magazine"); third page; 2002; Retrieved February 15, 2007, The series was not free from fatal accidents during NASCAR's sanctioning: Joe Young and [Joe Booher](/wiki/Joe_Booher "Joe Booher") died in Daytona Dash Series races in 1987 and 1993, respectively. NASCAR significantly changed the dynamics of the series in the early 1980s. NASCAR mandated using the [Iron Duke](/wiki/GM_Iron_Duke_engine "GM Iron Duke engine") motor (manufactured by [Pontiac](/wiki/Pontiac_%28automobile%29 "Pontiac (automobile)")), changing the cost for a motor from approximately $800 to $22,000\. Pontiac provided motors to five or six teams. The much greater expense led to only ten to twelve teams competing in events. NASCAR changed from a four\-cylinder to a V6 motor in 1998, but still allowed teams to use either four or six cylinder engines from that point on. Most teams elected to use the V6 engines. NASCAR's sanctioning for the series ended in 2003, when they transferred the sanctioning to IPOWER (International Participants Of Winning Edge Racing). ### Death of Roy Weaver and demise On February 8, 2004, the first IPOWER Dash race ended in tragedy when Roy Weaver, a safety worker at [Daytona International Speedway](/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway "Daytona International Speedway"), was killed when he was struck by a car driven by Ray Paprota. Weaver was attempting to pick up debris from a racing accident at the time. Although inconsequential to the incident, it is noteworthy that Ray Paprota is a [paraplegic](/wiki/Paraplegic "Paraplegic") and was driving with hand controls.{{cite web\|agency\=Associated Press\|url\=https://www.espn.com/racing/news/story?id\=1730556\|title\=Weaver struck by car during caution period\|publisher\=\[\[ESPN]]\|date\=February 10, 2004\|access\-date\=September 15, 2013}} For the rest of [Speedweeks](/wiki/Speedweeks "Speedweeks"), flags at Daytona flew at [half\-staff](/wiki/Half-staff "Half-staff") in Weaver's memory. In 2005, Weaver's widow and three children competed on *[The Amazing Race: Family Edition](/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_8 "The Amazing Race 8")*, a [reality television](/wiki/Reality_television "Reality television") competition show on [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS"). Two of the challenges were directly related to racing. The family finished in third place, and were largely negatively viewed in the season. After Weaver's fatal accident, the Dash Series would not appear on TV and failed to find sponsorship. After the 2005 season was initially canceled, former Dash Series Chaplain and NASCAR Media Coordinator, Randy Claypoole, revived the series under the name International Sport Compact Auto Racing Series (ISCARS). The series held over 100 events, from 2005, until its final race at Hickory Motor Speedway in October 2011\. In the series' final years, the cars featured a rear wing, but different from those used on the fifth\-generation [Car of Tomorrow](/wiki/Car_of_Tomorrow "Car of Tomorrow") used in the Cup Series between 2007 and mid\-2010\.
[ "History\n-------", "### NASCAR sanctioning", "The unofficial start of the series was in 1973 in [North Wilkesboro, North Carolina](/wiki/North_Wilkesboro%2C_North_Carolina \"North Wilkesboro, North Carolina\"). A group of drivers began racing on a road course owned by former NASCAR Cup owner [Bill Ellis](/wiki/Bill_Ellis_%28NASCAR%29 \"Bill Ellis (NASCAR)\"). Ellis decided not to continue after a few races. The drivers decided to format an association called the Baby Grand National Racing Association, Inc. (BGNRA), and appointed Charlie Triplett as president. Triplett says the name stemmed from the cars' resemblance to the Grand National (predecessor to the modern [NASCAR Cup Series](/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series \"NASCAR Cup Series\")) cars of the era, as paint schemes and numbers often matched those from Grand National cars.[\"Humble Beginnings for a Dying Series: NASCAR Touring Series\"](http://www.stockcarracing.com/thehistoryof/134_0311_dash_nascar_touring_series_end/index.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305074555/http://www.stockcarracing.com/thehistoryof/134\\_0311\\_dash\\_nascar\\_touring\\_series\\_end/index.html \\|date\\=2010\\-03\\-05 }}; Jesse Miles, Jr.; [Stock Car Racing magazine](/wiki/Stock_Car_Racing_magazine \"Stock Car Racing magazine\"); 2002; Retrieved February 15, 2007 The series was originally a touring series of four\\-cylinder compact sedan cars. The slogan for the series was \"The Poor Man's Way to Race.\" The founder turned to NASCAR to begin sanctioning the series in 1975\\. The series flourished with the relatively inexpensive cars and motors. It was not uncommon for forty drivers to enter an event.", "Five\\-time champion [Dean Combs](/wiki/Dean_Combs \"Dean Combs\") used a [Datsun 200SX](/wiki/Datsun_200SX \"Datsun 200SX\") in the 1980 season and became the first NASCAR driver to 'regularly' compete in a foreign\\-made car. Contrary to popular belief, foreign cars had competed in NASCAR competition in the early days of the sanctioning body; indeed, a [Jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar_Cars \"Jaguar Cars\") won a NASCAR\\-sanctioned race in the Grand National division at a [road course](/wiki/Road_course \"Road course\") in [Linden, New Jersey](/wiki/Linden%2C_New_Jersey \"Linden, New Jersey\") in 1954, according to commentator [Mike Joy](/wiki/Mike_Joy \"Mike Joy\"), and the last foreign\\-made car to compete in a NASCAR\\-sanctioned event was an [MG](/wiki/MG_Cars \"MG Cars\") at one Grand National race in 1963 (before [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\"), who had used the Dash Series to prepare their stock car endeavors as demonstrated by [Robert Huffman](/wiki/Robert_Huffman \"Robert Huffman\")'s championship victory in 2003, entered the [Truck Series](/wiki/NASCAR_Truck_Series \"NASCAR Truck Series\") in 2004 and later Cup Series at the beginning of the 2007 season).", "During the series' existence, the series became a place for young drivers to gain valuable experience competing against seasoned veterans like Danny Bagwell, Geoff Bodine, Johnny Chapman, Jake, and Justin Hobgood, all of which have experience at the top levels of NASCAR. 1986 Daytona 500 Champion [Geoffrey Bodine](/wiki/Geoffrey_Bodine \"Geoffrey Bodine\") joined the circuit in 2008 to compete in the final four events; ISCARS later used the run to highlight Bodine's involvement as part of an extensive driver development program. Bagwell is well known for a destructive accident in 1999 at Daytona when the vehicle hit the wall and tumbled repeatedly. It ended up upside down, the engine was gone, all the wheels were out, the windshield, and the sheet metal disintegrated, leaving only a pile of bent safety bars. Also in this series was the only car ever to careen into Lake Lloyd, Dave Stacey in 1994\\.[\"Humble Beginnings for a Dying Series: NASCAR Touring Series\"](http://www.stockcarracing.com/thehistoryof/134_0311_dash_nascar_touring_series_end/iron_duke.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716145337/http://www.stockcarracing.com/thehistoryof/134\\_0311\\_dash\\_nascar\\_touring\\_series\\_end/iron\\_duke.html \\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-16 }}; Jesse Miles, Jr.; [Stock Car Racing magazine](/wiki/Stock_Car_Racing_magazine \"Stock Car Racing magazine\"); third page; 2002; Retrieved February 15, 2007, The series was not free from fatal accidents during NASCAR's sanctioning: Joe Young and [Joe Booher](/wiki/Joe_Booher \"Joe Booher\") died in Daytona Dash Series races in 1987 and 1993, respectively.", "NASCAR significantly changed the dynamics of the series in the early 1980s. NASCAR mandated using the [Iron Duke](/wiki/GM_Iron_Duke_engine \"GM Iron Duke engine\") motor (manufactured by [Pontiac](/wiki/Pontiac_%28automobile%29 \"Pontiac (automobile)\")), changing the cost for a motor from approximately $800 to $22,000\\. Pontiac provided motors to five or six teams. The much greater expense led to only ten to twelve teams competing in events. NASCAR changed from a four\\-cylinder to a V6 motor in 1998, but still allowed teams to use either four or six cylinder engines from that point on. Most teams elected to use the V6 engines. NASCAR's sanctioning for the series ended in 2003, when they transferred the sanctioning to IPOWER (International Participants Of Winning Edge Racing).", "### Death of Roy Weaver and demise", "On February 8, 2004, the first IPOWER Dash race ended in tragedy when Roy Weaver, a safety worker at [Daytona International Speedway](/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway \"Daytona International Speedway\"), was killed when he was struck by a car driven by Ray Paprota. Weaver was attempting to pick up debris from a racing accident at the time. Although inconsequential to the incident, it is noteworthy that Ray Paprota is a [paraplegic](/wiki/Paraplegic \"Paraplegic\") and was driving with hand controls.{{cite web\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/racing/news/story?id\\=1730556\\|title\\=Weaver struck by car during caution period\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|date\\=February 10, 2004\\|access\\-date\\=September 15, 2013}} For the rest of [Speedweeks](/wiki/Speedweeks \"Speedweeks\"), flags at Daytona flew at [half\\-staff](/wiki/Half-staff \"Half-staff\") in Weaver's memory.", "In 2005, Weaver's widow and three children competed on *[The Amazing Race: Family Edition](/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_8 \"The Amazing Race 8\")*, a [reality television](/wiki/Reality_television \"Reality television\") competition show on [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\"). Two of the challenges were directly related to racing. The family finished in third place, and were largely negatively viewed in the season.", "After Weaver's fatal accident, the Dash Series would not appear on TV and failed to find sponsorship. After the 2005 season was initially canceled, former Dash Series Chaplain and NASCAR Media Coordinator, Randy Claypoole, revived the series under the name International Sport Compact Auto Racing Series (ISCARS). The series held over 100 events, from 2005, until its final race at Hickory Motor Speedway in October 2011\\. In the series' final years, the cars featured a rear wing, but different from those used on the fifth\\-generation [Car of Tomorrow](/wiki/Car_of_Tomorrow \"Car of Tomorrow\") used in the Cup Series between 2007 and mid\\-2010\\.", "" ]
Biography --------- Ray Goossens was born in [Merksem](/wiki/Merksem "Merksem"), Belgium in 1924\. Interested in animation from before [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), he founded the [AFIM](/wiki/AFIM_%28animation_studio%29 "AFIM (animation studio)") animation studios with Henri Winkeler and Edmond Roex{{cite web \| url \= https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/goossens\_ray.htm \| accessdate \= 2015\-10\-11 \| title \= Ray Goossens \| publisher \= Lambiek Comiclopedia}} in 1940\.{{citation needed\|date\=October 2015}} They had 15 employees, including later famous comics artists like [Bob de Moor](/wiki/Bob_de_Moor "Bob de Moor") and [Jef Nys](/wiki/Jef_Nys "Jef Nys"). They created a number of short animated movies, of which *[Smidje Smee](/wiki/Smidje_Smee "Smidje Smee")* was the most successful. After the war, Goossens started working as a comics creator with *[Kleine Zondagsvriend](/wiki/Kleine_Zondagsvriend "Kleine Zondagsvriend")*, a weekly youth magazine. He created a number of series, some based on existing stories like *[Tijl Uilenspiegel](/wiki/Tijl_Uilenspiegel "Tijl Uilenspiegel")* and *[Reinaert de Vos](/wiki/Reynard_cycle "Reynard cycle")*, some new like *Tsjoem* (a parrot) and *Snops en de bende*. He also worked as an illustrator for different newspapers and magazines, including *[Gazet van Antwerpen](/wiki/Gazet_van_Antwerpen "Gazet van Antwerpen")*. He worked as an animator mainly for client's publicity purposes, and in 1957 became [artistic director](/wiki/Artistic_director "Artistic director") of [Belvision](/wiki/Belvision "Belvision"), the new animation studios of [Le Lombard](/wiki/Le_Lombard "Le Lombard"), one of the major Belgian comics publishers. At first, they created series based on existing comics series like *[Oumpah\-pah](/wiki/Oumpah-pah "Oumpah-pah")*, *[Hergé's Adventures of Tintin](/wiki/Herg%C3%A9%27s_Adventures_of_Tintin "Hergé's Adventures of Tintin")* or *[Chlorophylle](/wiki/Raymond_Macherot%23Chlorophylle "Raymond Macherot#Chlorophylle")*. They also made the full\-length movie *[Pinocchio in Outer Space](/wiki/Pinocchio_in_Outer_Space "Pinocchio in Outer Space")*. From 1956 to 1969 he worked as an independent animator and director. In 1967 he directed *[Asterix the Gaul](/wiki/Asterix_the_Gaul_%28film%29 "Asterix the Gaul (film)")*, the first feature film based on this comic, and in 1968 he joined [Dupuis](/wiki/Dupuis "Dupuis"), where he created with the animation studios a number of children's series like *[Tip en Tap](/wiki/Tip_en_Tap "Tip en Tap")*, *[De Pili's](/wiki/De_Pili%27s "De Pili's")* and *[Musti](/wiki/Musti_%28TV_series%29 "Musti (TV series)")*. He also directed a series based on the adventures of *[Boule et Bill](/wiki/Boule_et_Bill "Boule et Bill")*. From 1976 onwards, Ray Goossens taught animation at the [R.I.T.C.S](/wiki/Erasmus_Brussels_University_of_Applied_Sciences_and_Arts "Erasmus Brussels University of Applied Sciences and Arts") in Brussels. His final success as a director followed in 1980, with *[Plons de gekke kikker](/wiki/Plons_de_gekke_kikker "Plons de gekke kikker")*. Goossens died aged 74 on 10 December 1998 in [Deurne](/wiki/Deurne%2C_Belgium "Deurne, Belgium").
[ "Biography\n---------", "Ray Goossens was born in [Merksem](/wiki/Merksem \"Merksem\"), Belgium in 1924\\. Interested in animation from before [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), he founded the [AFIM](/wiki/AFIM_%28animation_studio%29 \"AFIM (animation studio)\") animation studios with Henri Winkeler and Edmond Roex{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/goossens\\_ray.htm \\| accessdate \\= 2015\\-10\\-11 \\| title \\= Ray Goossens \\| publisher \\= Lambiek Comiclopedia}} in 1940\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2015}} They had 15 employees, including later famous comics artists like [Bob de Moor](/wiki/Bob_de_Moor \"Bob de Moor\") and [Jef Nys](/wiki/Jef_Nys \"Jef Nys\"). They created a number of short animated movies, of which *[Smidje Smee](/wiki/Smidje_Smee \"Smidje Smee\")* was the most successful.", "After the war, Goossens started working as a comics creator with *[Kleine Zondagsvriend](/wiki/Kleine_Zondagsvriend \"Kleine Zondagsvriend\")*, a weekly youth magazine. He created a number of series, some based on existing stories like *[Tijl Uilenspiegel](/wiki/Tijl_Uilenspiegel \"Tijl Uilenspiegel\")* and *[Reinaert de Vos](/wiki/Reynard_cycle \"Reynard cycle\")*, some new like *Tsjoem* (a parrot) and *Snops en de bende*. He also worked as an illustrator for different newspapers and magazines, including *[Gazet van Antwerpen](/wiki/Gazet_van_Antwerpen \"Gazet van Antwerpen\")*.", "He worked as an animator mainly for client's publicity purposes, and in 1957 became [artistic director](/wiki/Artistic_director \"Artistic director\") of [Belvision](/wiki/Belvision \"Belvision\"), the new animation studios of [Le Lombard](/wiki/Le_Lombard \"Le Lombard\"), one of the major Belgian comics publishers. At first, they created series based on existing comics series like *[Oumpah\\-pah](/wiki/Oumpah-pah \"Oumpah-pah\")*, *[Hergé's Adventures of Tintin](/wiki/Herg%C3%A9%27s_Adventures_of_Tintin \"Hergé's Adventures of Tintin\")* or *[Chlorophylle](/wiki/Raymond_Macherot%23Chlorophylle \"Raymond Macherot#Chlorophylle\")*. They also made the full\\-length movie *[Pinocchio in Outer Space](/wiki/Pinocchio_in_Outer_Space \"Pinocchio in Outer Space\")*.", "From 1956 to 1969 he worked as an independent animator and director. In 1967 he directed *[Asterix the Gaul](/wiki/Asterix_the_Gaul_%28film%29 \"Asterix the Gaul (film)\")*, the first feature film based on this comic, and in 1968 he joined [Dupuis](/wiki/Dupuis \"Dupuis\"), where he created with the animation studios a number of children's series like *[Tip en Tap](/wiki/Tip_en_Tap \"Tip en Tap\")*, *[De Pili's](/wiki/De_Pili%27s \"De Pili's\")* and *[Musti](/wiki/Musti_%28TV_series%29 \"Musti (TV series)\")*. He also directed a series based on the adventures of *[Boule et Bill](/wiki/Boule_et_Bill \"Boule et Bill\")*.", "From 1976 onwards, Ray Goossens taught animation at the [R.I.T.C.S](/wiki/Erasmus_Brussels_University_of_Applied_Sciences_and_Arts \"Erasmus Brussels University of Applied Sciences and Arts\") in Brussels. His final success as a director followed in 1980, with *[Plons de gekke kikker](/wiki/Plons_de_gekke_kikker \"Plons de gekke kikker\")*.", "Goossens died aged 74 on 10 December 1998 in [Deurne](/wiki/Deurne%2C_Belgium \"Deurne, Belgium\").", "" ]
Design ------ Despite having the same roles and being amphibious flying boats sharing essentially the same engine and very similar designations, the [Lioré et Olivier LeO H\-23](/wiki/Lior%C3%A9_et_Olivier_LeO_H-23 "Lioré et Olivier LeO H-23") and the LeO H\-23\-2 were very different aircraft. Most obviously, the former was a [tractor configuration](/wiki/Tractor_configuration "Tractor configuration") [monoplane](/wiki/Monoplane "Monoplane") and the latter a [pusher](/wiki/Pusher_configuration "Pusher configuration") [sesquiplane](/wiki/Sesquiplane "Sesquiplane"), but there were many other differences. In terms of span the LeO H\-23\-2 was a true sesquiplane, with a lower wing span close to half that of the upper wing. The lower wing was also narrower and the ratio of wing areas was about 3:1\. The upper wing had a centre\-section filling 63% of the span and two outer panels; all sections were essentially rectangular, though the wingtips were slightly blunted. Narrow [ailerons](/wiki/Ailerons "Ailerons") filled the [trailing edges](/wiki/Trailing_edge "Trailing edge") of the outer panels. The lower wing was mounted from the top of the [hull](/wiki/Hull_%28watercraft%29 "Hull (watercraft)"). Both upper and lower wings combined wood and metal construction, had two [spars](/wiki/Spar_%28aeronautics%29 "Spar (aeronautics)") and were [fabric covered](/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering "Aircraft fabric covering") with [plywood](/wiki/Plywood "Plywood") [leading edges](/wiki/Leading_edge "Leading edge"). They were braced together on each side with [struts](/wiki/Strut "Strut") from the lower wingtips with two parallel pairs of streamlined struts, one pair leaning outwards and the other inwards; wire cross bracing strengthened the structure. A pair of N\-form struts supported both the inner upper wing and the centrally positioned, [pusher configuration](/wiki/Pusher_configuration "Pusher configuration"), {{convert\|725\|hp\|kW\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip}} [Hispano\-Suiza 12Nbr](/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_12Nbr "Hispano-Suiza 12Nbr") liquid\-cooled [V12 engine](/wiki/V12_engine "V12 engine"). The engine sat on the wing in a flat\-sided [cowling](/wiki/Aircraft_fairing%23Engine_cowling "Aircraft fairing#Engine cowling"), with its [honeycomb](/wiki/Honeycomb "Honeycomb") [radiator](/wiki/Radiator_%28engine_cooling%29 "Radiator (engine cooling)") at the front and a three\-bladed [propeller](/wiki/Propeller_%28aeronautics%29 "Propeller (aeronautics)") working in a rectangular cut\-out in the trailing edge. The LeO H\-23\-2 had a wooden framed hull covered in [birch](/wiki/Birch "Birch") [plywood](/wiki/Plywood "Plywood"). Its planing bottom had a convex V\-section quite different from the softly curved underside of the LeO H\-23\. There were two steps, one under the wings and the other at about two\-thirds of the way back from the reinforced nose. Single\-stepped floats, each mounted on two pairs of short struts from the tips of the lower wings ensured lateral stability on water. In the nose was an open position from which a crew member could take observations or bearings, assist with mooring or, in event of attack, uses a pair of machine guns on a flexible mounting. He could also release four bombs, held under the lower wings. Immediately behind this position was the pilots' open [cockpit](/wiki/Cockpit "Cockpit"), which had [side\-by\-side](/wiki/Tandem%23Side-by-side_seating "Tandem#Side-by-side seating") seats equipped with dual controls. Their seats were well separated to allow access to the front post via a door and had their own fuselage openings, windscreens and headrests. Passage rearwards between the seats led to a large cabin with windows for observation, containing radio equipment, a mapping table and a camera mounted for vertical or oblique photographs. Behind that was a dorsal gun position with another pair of flexibly mounted machine guns. Aft of the rear step, the hull became slender and then blended into a tall [fin](/wiki/Fin_%28aeronautics%29 "Fin (aeronautics)"). Some images show the [rudder](/wiki/Rudder "Rudder") unbalanced and the same height as the fin but others show a taller [balanced rudder](/wiki/Balanced_rudder "Balanced rudder"). At some point after the rudder was balanced, small auxiliary fins were added to the tailplane tips. The [tailplane](/wiki/Tailplane "Tailplane") was mounted over halfway up the central fin, each side braced from below by a pair of parallel struts. The LeO H\-23\-2 was an amphibious aircraft with conventional tailwheel [landing gear](/wiki/Landing_gear "Landing gear"). Each wheel, fitted with low pressure tyres and brakes, was on a cranked axle with a drag strut, both hinged from the hull side, and another leg which was vertical when the gear was down; the fuselage hinge also mounted an inverse V\-strut, its vertex on the top of the vertical leg. All three joined the bottom end of an oblique [Messier](/wiki/Messier-Dowty "Messier-Dowty") retracting [shock absorber](/wiki/Shock_absorber "Shock absorber") which projected inwards above the wing. Retracted, the wheel was exposed under the wing, at about 30° to it. The castoring tailwheel was attached just aft of the rear step and had a rubber shock absorber.
[ "Design\n------", "Despite having the same roles and being amphibious flying boats sharing essentially the same engine and very similar designations, the [Lioré et Olivier LeO H\\-23](/wiki/Lior%C3%A9_et_Olivier_LeO_H-23 \"Lioré et Olivier LeO H-23\") and the LeO H\\-23\\-2 were very different aircraft. Most obviously, the former was a [tractor configuration](/wiki/Tractor_configuration \"Tractor configuration\") [monoplane](/wiki/Monoplane \"Monoplane\") and the latter a [pusher](/wiki/Pusher_configuration \"Pusher configuration\") [sesquiplane](/wiki/Sesquiplane \"Sesquiplane\"), but there were many other differences.", "In terms of span the LeO H\\-23\\-2 was a true sesquiplane, with a lower wing span close to half that of the upper wing. The lower wing was also narrower and the ratio of wing areas was about 3:1\\. The upper wing had a centre\\-section filling 63% of the span and two outer panels; all sections were essentially rectangular, though the wingtips were slightly blunted. Narrow [ailerons](/wiki/Ailerons \"Ailerons\") filled the [trailing edges](/wiki/Trailing_edge \"Trailing edge\") of the outer panels. The lower wing was mounted from the top of the [hull](/wiki/Hull_%28watercraft%29 \"Hull (watercraft)\"). Both upper and lower wings combined wood and metal construction, had two [spars](/wiki/Spar_%28aeronautics%29 \"Spar (aeronautics)\") and were [fabric covered](/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering \"Aircraft fabric covering\") with [plywood](/wiki/Plywood \"Plywood\") [leading edges](/wiki/Leading_edge \"Leading edge\"). They were braced together on each side with [struts](/wiki/Strut \"Strut\") from the lower wingtips with two parallel pairs of streamlined struts, one pair leaning outwards and the other inwards; wire cross bracing strengthened the structure. A pair of N\\-form struts supported both the inner upper wing and the centrally positioned, [pusher configuration](/wiki/Pusher_configuration \"Pusher configuration\"), {{convert\\|725\\|hp\\|kW\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip}} [Hispano\\-Suiza 12Nbr](/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_12Nbr \"Hispano-Suiza 12Nbr\") liquid\\-cooled [V12 engine](/wiki/V12_engine \"V12 engine\"). The engine sat on the wing in a flat\\-sided [cowling](/wiki/Aircraft_fairing%23Engine_cowling \"Aircraft fairing#Engine cowling\"), with its [honeycomb](/wiki/Honeycomb \"Honeycomb\") [radiator](/wiki/Radiator_%28engine_cooling%29 \"Radiator (engine cooling)\") at the front and a three\\-bladed [propeller](/wiki/Propeller_%28aeronautics%29 \"Propeller (aeronautics)\") working in a rectangular cut\\-out in the trailing edge.", "The LeO H\\-23\\-2 had a wooden framed hull covered in [birch](/wiki/Birch \"Birch\") [plywood](/wiki/Plywood \"Plywood\"). Its planing bottom had a convex V\\-section quite different from the softly curved underside of the LeO H\\-23\\. There were two steps, one under the wings and the other at about two\\-thirds of the way back from the reinforced nose. Single\\-stepped floats, each mounted on two pairs of short struts from the tips of the lower wings ensured lateral stability on water. In the nose was an open position from which a crew member could take observations or bearings, assist with mooring or, in event of attack, uses a pair of machine guns on a flexible mounting. He could also release four bombs, held under the lower wings. Immediately behind this position was the pilots' open [cockpit](/wiki/Cockpit \"Cockpit\"), which had [side\\-by\\-side](/wiki/Tandem%23Side-by-side_seating \"Tandem#Side-by-side seating\") seats equipped with dual controls. Their seats were well separated to allow access to the front post via a door and had their own fuselage openings, windscreens and headrests. Passage rearwards between the seats led to a large cabin with windows for observation, containing radio equipment, a mapping table and a camera mounted for vertical or oblique photographs. Behind that was a dorsal gun position with another pair of flexibly mounted machine guns.", "Aft of the rear step, the hull became slender and then blended into a tall [fin](/wiki/Fin_%28aeronautics%29 \"Fin (aeronautics)\"). Some images show the [rudder](/wiki/Rudder \"Rudder\") unbalanced and the same height as the fin but others show a taller [balanced rudder](/wiki/Balanced_rudder \"Balanced rudder\"). At some point after the rudder was balanced, small auxiliary fins were added to the tailplane tips. The [tailplane](/wiki/Tailplane \"Tailplane\") was mounted over halfway up the central fin, each side braced from below by a pair of parallel struts.", "The LeO H\\-23\\-2 was an amphibious aircraft with conventional tailwheel [landing gear](/wiki/Landing_gear \"Landing gear\"). Each wheel, fitted with low pressure tyres and brakes, was on a cranked axle with a drag strut, both hinged from the hull side, and another leg which was vertical when the gear was down; the fuselage hinge also mounted an inverse V\\-strut, its vertex on the top of the vertical leg. All three joined the bottom end of an oblique [Messier](/wiki/Messier-Dowty \"Messier-Dowty\") retracting [shock absorber](/wiki/Shock_absorber \"Shock absorber\") which projected inwards above the wing. Retracted, the wheel was exposed under the wing, at about 30° to it. The castoring tailwheel was attached just aft of the rear step and had a rubber shock absorber.", "" ]
Tomb ---- TT214 consists of a court which opens into a chapel. From the court a set of stairs lead to a passageway with a suite of chambers which include a burial chamber at the end. The tomb was furnished with a pyramid. ### Court The court contains a stela with a double scene depicting Khawy kneeling before [Amun](/wiki/Amun "Amun") and before [Re\-Harakhti](/wiki/Re-Harakhti "Re-Harakhti"). Khawy and his wife Taweret appear before [Osiris](/wiki/Osiris "Osiris"). ### Chapel On a lintel Khawy and Taweret are shown adoring [Osiris](/wiki/Osiris "Osiris") and [Meretseger](/wiki/Meretseger "Meretseger") on the left, and [Horus](/wiki/Horus "Horus") and [Isis](/wiki/Isis "Isis") on the right. On the thickness at the south side Khawy is shown adoring [Shu](/wiki/Shu_%28Egyptian_deity%29 "Shu (Egyptian deity)")\-[Atum](/wiki/Atum "Atum") and a solar [barque](/wiki/Barque%23Barques_and_barque_shrines_in_Ancient_Egypt "Barque#Barques and barque shrines in Ancient Egypt"). [Atum](/wiki/Atum "Atum") is called the great god residing in Manu. Khawy is also shown before [Amun](/wiki/Amun "Amun"), Lord of Opet (Luxor). In a lower register Khawy and Taweret are shown adoring [Amun\-Re](/wiki/Amun-Re "Amun-Re"). On the thickness at the north side Khawy is shown before a solar [barque](/wiki/Barque%23Barques_and_barque_shrines_in_Ancient_Egypt "Barque#Barques and barque shrines in Ancient Egypt"), which has [Isis](/wiki/Isis "Isis") at its stern. The texts are badly damaged.Kitchen, Kenneth A. *Ramesside Inscriptions, Translated and Annotated Translations: Ramesses II, His Contemporaries* (Ramesside Inscriptions Translations) (Volume III), pp. 467–469, Wiley\-Blackwell. 2001 {{ISBN\|978\-0\-631\-18428\-7}} ### Burial chamber The burial chamber is decorated with a scene showing [Anubis](/wiki/Anubis "Anubis") tending the mummy of Khawy. His son Huy is shown mourning his father. The ceiling contains an offering from the king (a [*hetep di nesu*](/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_offering_formula "Ancient Egyptian offering formula") offering) to [Ptah](/wiki/Ptah "Ptah") and [Hathor](/wiki/Hathor "Hathor"). Ptah is called the Lord of Truth, King of Both Lands, fair of face, who is mighty in his seat, while Hathor is called chief in [Thebes](/wiki/Thebes%2C_Egypt "Thebes, Egypt"), Lady of Heaven, Mistress of all the gods.
[ "Tomb\n----", "TT214 consists of a court which opens into a chapel. From the court a set of stairs lead to a passageway with a suite of chambers which include a burial chamber at the end. The tomb was furnished with a pyramid.", "### Court", "The court contains a stela with a double scene depicting Khawy kneeling before [Amun](/wiki/Amun \"Amun\") and before [Re\\-Harakhti](/wiki/Re-Harakhti \"Re-Harakhti\"). Khawy and his wife Taweret appear before [Osiris](/wiki/Osiris \"Osiris\").", "### Chapel", "On a lintel Khawy and Taweret are shown adoring [Osiris](/wiki/Osiris \"Osiris\") and [Meretseger](/wiki/Meretseger \"Meretseger\") on the left, and [Horus](/wiki/Horus \"Horus\") and [Isis](/wiki/Isis \"Isis\") on the right.", "On the thickness at the south side Khawy is shown adoring [Shu](/wiki/Shu_%28Egyptian_deity%29 \"Shu (Egyptian deity)\")\\-[Atum](/wiki/Atum \"Atum\") and a solar [barque](/wiki/Barque%23Barques_and_barque_shrines_in_Ancient_Egypt \"Barque#Barques and barque shrines in Ancient Egypt\"). [Atum](/wiki/Atum \"Atum\") is called the great god residing in Manu. Khawy is also shown before [Amun](/wiki/Amun \"Amun\"), Lord of Opet (Luxor). In a lower register Khawy and Taweret are shown adoring [Amun\\-Re](/wiki/Amun-Re \"Amun-Re\").", "On the thickness at the north side Khawy is shown before a solar [barque](/wiki/Barque%23Barques_and_barque_shrines_in_Ancient_Egypt \"Barque#Barques and barque shrines in Ancient Egypt\"), which has [Isis](/wiki/Isis \"Isis\") at its stern. The texts are badly damaged.Kitchen, Kenneth A. *Ramesside Inscriptions, Translated and Annotated Translations: Ramesses II, His Contemporaries* (Ramesside Inscriptions Translations) (Volume III), pp. 467–469, Wiley\\-Blackwell. 2001 {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-631\\-18428\\-7}}", "### Burial chamber", "The burial chamber is decorated with a scene showing [Anubis](/wiki/Anubis \"Anubis\") tending the mummy of Khawy. His son Huy is shown mourning his father. The ceiling contains an offering from the king (a [*hetep di nesu*](/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_offering_formula \"Ancient Egyptian offering formula\") offering) to [Ptah](/wiki/Ptah \"Ptah\") and [Hathor](/wiki/Hathor \"Hathor\"). Ptah is called the Lord of Truth, King of Both Lands, fair of face, who is mighty in his seat, while Hathor is called chief in [Thebes](/wiki/Thebes%2C_Egypt \"Thebes, Egypt\"), Lady of Heaven, Mistress of all the gods.", "" ]
\-ate suffix ------------ The phrase ***\-ate* ion** or **ate ion** can refer generically to many negatively charged [anions](/wiki/Anion "Anion"). ***\-ate* compound** or **ate compound** can refer to salts of the anions or esters of the functional groups. Chemical terms ending in *\-ate* (and *\-ite*) generally refer to the negatively charged [anions](/wiki/Anion "Anion"), neutral [radicals](/wiki/Radical_%28chemistry%29 "Radical (chemistry)"), and covalently bonded [functional groups](/wiki/Functional_group "Functional group") that share the same chemical formulas (with different charges). For example, the [nitrate](/wiki/Nitrate "Nitrate") anion, {{chem2\|NO3\-}}; the nitrate functional group that forms [nitrate esters](/wiki/Nitrate_ester "Nitrate ester"), {{chem2\|\\sNO3}} or {{chem2\|\\sONO2}}; and the [nitrate radical](/wiki/Nitrate_radical "Nitrate radical") or nitrogen trioxide, {{chem2\|•NO3}}. Most numerous are [oxyanions](/wiki/Oxyanion "Oxyanion") ([oxyacids](/wiki/Oxyacid "Oxyacid") that have *lost* one or more protons to [deprotonation](/wiki/Deprotonation "Deprotonation")) and the radicals and functional groups that share their names. Oxyanions derived from inorganic acids include: * Fully deprotonated oxyanions, such as [borate](/wiki/Borate "Borate"), [carbonate](/wiki/Carbonate "Carbonate"), [nitrate](/wiki/Nitrate "Nitrate"), [cyanate](/wiki/Cyanate "Cyanate"), [isocyanate](/wiki/Isocyanate "Isocyanate"), [thiocyanate](/wiki/Thiocyanate "Thiocyanate"), [fulminate](/wiki/Fulminate "Fulminate"), [aluminate](/wiki/Aluminate "Aluminate"), [zincate](/wiki/Zincate "Zincate"), [silicate](/wiki/Silicate "Silicate"), [phosphate](/wiki/Phosphate "Phosphate"), [sulfate](/wiki/Sulfate "Sulfate") and other [sulfur oxoanions](/wiki/Sulfur_oxoacid "Sulfur oxoacid"), [chlorate](/wiki/Chlorate "Chlorate"), [titanate](/wiki/Titanate "Titanate"), [vanadate](/wiki/Vanadate "Vanadate"), [chromate](/wiki/Chromate_and_dichromate "Chromate and dichromate"), [manganate](/wiki/Manganate "Manganate"), [ferrate](/wiki/Ferrate "Ferrate"), [percobaltate](/wiki/Percobaltate "Percobaltate"), [nickelate](/wiki/Oxonickelate "Oxonickelate"), [germanate](/wiki/Germanate "Germanate"), [arsenate](/wiki/Arsenate "Arsenate"), [selenate](/wiki/Selenate "Selenate"), [bromate](/wiki/Bromate "Bromate"), [molybdate](/wiki/Molybdate "Molybdate"), [pertechnate](/wiki/Pertechnate "Pertechnate"), [perruthenate](/wiki/Tetrapropylammonium_perruthenate "Tetrapropylammonium perruthenate"), [stannate](/wiki/Stannate "Stannate"), [antimonate](/wiki/Antimonate "Antimonate"), [tellurate](/wiki/Tellurate "Tellurate"), [iodate](/wiki/Iodate "Iodate"), [perxenate](/wiki/Perxenate "Perxenate"), [tungstate](/wiki/Tungstate "Tungstate"), [plumbate](/wiki/Plumbate "Plumbate"), and [bismuthate](/wiki/Bismuthate "Bismuthate"). * Partially deprotonated oxyanions, such as [hydrogensulfate](/wiki/Bisulfate "Bisulfate"), [hydrogenphosphate](/wiki/Hydrogenphosphate "Hydrogenphosphate"), and [dihydrogenphosphate](/wiki/Dihydrogenphosphate "Dihydrogenphosphate"). Oxyanions derived from organic acids include: * [Carboxylate](/wiki/Carboxylate "Carboxylate") ions such as [formate](/wiki/Formate "Formate"), [acetate](/wiki/Acetate "Acetate"), [propionate](/wiki/Propionate "Propionate"), [butyrate](/wiki/Butyrate "Butyrate"), [isobutyrate](/wiki/Isobutyrate "Isobutyrate"), and [oxalate](/wiki/Oxalate "Oxalate"), along with their sulfur analogs, the [thiocarboxylate](/wiki/Thiocarboxylate "Thiocarboxylate") ions, such as [thioacetate](/wiki/Thioacetic_acid "Thioacetic acid"). * [Phosphonate](/wiki/Phosphonate "Phosphonate") and [sulfonate](/wiki/Sulfonate "Sulfonate") ions. * Deprotonated [alcohols](/wiki/Alcohols "Alcohols") such as methanolate ([methoxide](/wiki/Methoxide "Methoxide")) and ethanolate ([ethoxide](/wiki/Ethoxide "Ethoxide")), along with their sulfur analogs, the [thiolates](/wiki/Thiolate "Thiolate"). A [lyate ion](/wiki/Lyate_ion "Lyate ion") is a generic solvent molecule that has become a negative ion by *loss* of one or more protons. The *\-ate* suffix also applies to negative [fluoroanions](/wiki/Fluoroanion "Fluoroanion"), [fluorides](/wiki/Fluoride "Fluoride") which have *gained* one or more protons and twice as many electrons. [Tetrafluoroborate](/wiki/Tetrafluoroborate "Tetrafluoroborate"), {{chem2\|BF4\-}}, is [boron trifluoride](/wiki/Boron_trifluoride "Boron trifluoride"), {{chem2\|BF3}}, which has gained one fluoride and two electrons.
[ "\\-ate suffix\n------------", "The phrase ***\\-ate* ion** or **ate ion** can refer generically to many negatively charged [anions](/wiki/Anion \"Anion\"). ***\\-ate* compound** or **ate compound** can refer to salts of the anions or esters of the functional groups.", "Chemical terms ending in *\\-ate* (and *\\-ite*) generally refer to the negatively charged [anions](/wiki/Anion \"Anion\"), neutral [radicals](/wiki/Radical_%28chemistry%29 \"Radical (chemistry)\"), and covalently bonded [functional groups](/wiki/Functional_group \"Functional group\") that share the same chemical formulas (with different charges). For example, the [nitrate](/wiki/Nitrate \"Nitrate\") anion, {{chem2\\|NO3\\-}}; the nitrate functional group that forms [nitrate esters](/wiki/Nitrate_ester \"Nitrate ester\"), {{chem2\\|\\\\sNO3}} or {{chem2\\|\\\\sONO2}}; and the [nitrate radical](/wiki/Nitrate_radical \"Nitrate radical\") or nitrogen trioxide, {{chem2\\|•NO3}}.", "Most numerous are [oxyanions](/wiki/Oxyanion \"Oxyanion\") ([oxyacids](/wiki/Oxyacid \"Oxyacid\") that have *lost* one or more protons to [deprotonation](/wiki/Deprotonation \"Deprotonation\")) and the radicals and functional groups that share their names.", "Oxyanions derived from inorganic acids include:", "* Fully deprotonated oxyanions, such as [borate](/wiki/Borate \"Borate\"), [carbonate](/wiki/Carbonate \"Carbonate\"), [nitrate](/wiki/Nitrate \"Nitrate\"), [cyanate](/wiki/Cyanate \"Cyanate\"), [isocyanate](/wiki/Isocyanate \"Isocyanate\"), [thiocyanate](/wiki/Thiocyanate \"Thiocyanate\"), [fulminate](/wiki/Fulminate \"Fulminate\"), [aluminate](/wiki/Aluminate \"Aluminate\"), [zincate](/wiki/Zincate \"Zincate\"), [silicate](/wiki/Silicate \"Silicate\"), [phosphate](/wiki/Phosphate \"Phosphate\"), [sulfate](/wiki/Sulfate \"Sulfate\") and other [sulfur oxoanions](/wiki/Sulfur_oxoacid \"Sulfur oxoacid\"), [chlorate](/wiki/Chlorate \"Chlorate\"), [titanate](/wiki/Titanate \"Titanate\"), [vanadate](/wiki/Vanadate \"Vanadate\"), [chromate](/wiki/Chromate_and_dichromate \"Chromate and dichromate\"), [manganate](/wiki/Manganate \"Manganate\"), [ferrate](/wiki/Ferrate \"Ferrate\"), [percobaltate](/wiki/Percobaltate \"Percobaltate\"), [nickelate](/wiki/Oxonickelate \"Oxonickelate\"), [germanate](/wiki/Germanate \"Germanate\"), [arsenate](/wiki/Arsenate \"Arsenate\"), [selenate](/wiki/Selenate \"Selenate\"), [bromate](/wiki/Bromate \"Bromate\"), [molybdate](/wiki/Molybdate \"Molybdate\"), [pertechnate](/wiki/Pertechnate \"Pertechnate\"), [perruthenate](/wiki/Tetrapropylammonium_perruthenate \"Tetrapropylammonium perruthenate\"), [stannate](/wiki/Stannate \"Stannate\"), [antimonate](/wiki/Antimonate \"Antimonate\"), [tellurate](/wiki/Tellurate \"Tellurate\"), [iodate](/wiki/Iodate \"Iodate\"), [perxenate](/wiki/Perxenate \"Perxenate\"), [tungstate](/wiki/Tungstate \"Tungstate\"), [plumbate](/wiki/Plumbate \"Plumbate\"), and [bismuthate](/wiki/Bismuthate \"Bismuthate\").\n* Partially deprotonated oxyanions, such as [hydrogensulfate](/wiki/Bisulfate \"Bisulfate\"), [hydrogenphosphate](/wiki/Hydrogenphosphate \"Hydrogenphosphate\"), and [dihydrogenphosphate](/wiki/Dihydrogenphosphate \"Dihydrogenphosphate\").", "Oxyanions derived from organic acids include:", "* [Carboxylate](/wiki/Carboxylate \"Carboxylate\") ions such as [formate](/wiki/Formate \"Formate\"), [acetate](/wiki/Acetate \"Acetate\"), [propionate](/wiki/Propionate \"Propionate\"), [butyrate](/wiki/Butyrate \"Butyrate\"), [isobutyrate](/wiki/Isobutyrate \"Isobutyrate\"), and [oxalate](/wiki/Oxalate \"Oxalate\"), along with their sulfur analogs, the [thiocarboxylate](/wiki/Thiocarboxylate \"Thiocarboxylate\") ions, such as [thioacetate](/wiki/Thioacetic_acid \"Thioacetic acid\").\n* [Phosphonate](/wiki/Phosphonate \"Phosphonate\") and [sulfonate](/wiki/Sulfonate \"Sulfonate\") ions.\n* Deprotonated [alcohols](/wiki/Alcohols \"Alcohols\") such as methanolate ([methoxide](/wiki/Methoxide \"Methoxide\")) and ethanolate ([ethoxide](/wiki/Ethoxide \"Ethoxide\")), along with their sulfur analogs, the [thiolates](/wiki/Thiolate \"Thiolate\").", "A [lyate ion](/wiki/Lyate_ion \"Lyate ion\") is a generic solvent molecule that has become a negative ion by *loss* of one or more protons.", "The *\\-ate* suffix also applies to negative [fluoroanions](/wiki/Fluoroanion \"Fluoroanion\"), [fluorides](/wiki/Fluoride \"Fluoride\") which have *gained* one or more protons and twice as many electrons. [Tetrafluoroborate](/wiki/Tetrafluoroborate \"Tetrafluoroborate\"), {{chem2\\|BF4\\-}}, is [boron trifluoride](/wiki/Boron_trifluoride \"Boron trifluoride\"), {{chem2\\|BF3}}, which has gained one fluoride and two electrons.", "" ]
Attractions ----------- Thirumayam is a much\-frequented picnic spot and affords much to the discerning tourist who ventures a little beyond the beaten track. The main attractions of the place are the fort, and the [Shiva](/wiki/Shiva "Shiva") and [Thirumal](/wiki/Thirumal "Thirumal") temples. ### Thirumayam fort {{Main\|Thirumayam Fort}} Miles before reaching the town, one can see a fort atop a large hill. In past centuries, the fort was much larger than what now obtains; this is affirmed by the fact that the main entrance to the old fort lies about one kilometre south of the present\-day fort. This entrance to the old fort still stands, it has a courtyard with pillared corridors and shrines of various deities. The sculptures on the pillars are truly beautiful. As one enters the town through the road which connects it with the highway, one finds a small temple dedicated to [Bhairava](/wiki/Bhairava "Bhairava") (the *[Bhairavar](/wiki/Bhairava "Bhairava")\-koil* \- பைரவர் கோயில்). This temple, which faces the main road, is a favourite with vehicle\-owners who traditionally halt and pray there for a safe journey. This temple was actually built on the outermost wall of the old fort. The Thirumayam fort, set in {{convert\|40\|acre\|m2}}, is of great historical importance. It was built by Kizhavan Sethupathi [Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi](/wiki/Vijaya_Raghunatha_Sethupathi "Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi"), ruler of [Ramanathapuram](/wiki/Ramanathapuram "Ramanathapuram") in 1687 CE. [Sethupathi](/wiki/Sethupathi "Sethupathi") is the name of the ruling dynasty of Ramanathapuram ([Ramnad](/wiki/Ramnad "Ramnad")). Another fact of historic interest is that the founder of the [princely state](/wiki/Princely_state "Princely state") of [Pudukkottai](/wiki/Pudukkottai "Pudukkottai") had served as governor of Thirumayam fort before founding his own kingdom. ### Temples There are two famous rock\-cut shrines Sathyagirisvarar and Sathyamoorthi, one for [Siva](/wiki/Shiva "Shiva") and the other for [Thirumal](/wiki/Thirumal "Thirumal"), adjacent to each other. These are located at the foot of a hillock on the south side of the town. The rock cut [Shiva](/wiki/Shiva "Shiva") temple is situated on a hill amid the relics of another ancient and ruined fort. Near this temple stands one of the largest rock inscriptions in [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu "Tamil Nadu"). The inscriptions are of particular interest since they deal with [music](/wiki/Carnatic_Music "Carnatic Music"), a rare subject for inscriptions. The [Sathyamurthi Perumal Temple](/wiki/Sathyamurthi_Perumal_Temple "Sathyamurthi Perumal Temple"), a [Vishnu](/wiki/Vishnu "Vishnu") temple is located on the foot of the hill; it is much a much\-venerated temple and is considered second in importance only to the temple at [Srirangam](/wiki/Srirangam "Srirangam") (ஸ்ரீரங்கம்). It contains one of the largest *Anantasayi* group icons in [India](/wiki/India "India"). *Anantasayi* groups have [Thirumal](/wiki/Thirumal "Thirumal") reclining on *Anantha (Seshanaaga)* as the central figure. The [Thirumal](/wiki/Thirumal "Thirumal") temple contains an octagonal sacred tank called *‘Satya\-pushkarani’* (சத்திய புஷ்கரணி). ### Jallikattu, a Bull Taming Festival Every year during the time of Tamil New year and Pongal festival, a statewide popular Jallikattu will be going on the areas around Thirumayam.{{cite news \|title\=Jallikattu Festival in Thirumayam area \|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/seven\-injured\-in\-jallikattu\-in\-pudukottai/article68193626\.ece}} Villages like Neivaasal, Edayathur, Vembanoor will have these bull taming festivals on occasions like maha sivarathri, welcoming tamil months etc.{{cite news \|title\=Jallikattu Festival \|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/18\-injured\-in\-jallikattu\-held\-in\-pudukottai/article67783032\.ece}}
[ "Attractions\n-----------", "Thirumayam is a much\\-frequented picnic spot and affords much to the discerning tourist who ventures a little beyond the beaten track. The main attractions of the place are the fort, and the [Shiva](/wiki/Shiva \"Shiva\") and [Thirumal](/wiki/Thirumal \"Thirumal\") temples.", "### Thirumayam fort", "{{Main\\|Thirumayam Fort}}\nMiles before reaching the town, one can see a fort atop a large hill. In past centuries, the fort was much larger than what now obtains; this is affirmed by the fact that the main entrance to the old fort lies about one kilometre south of the present\\-day fort. This entrance to the old fort still stands, it has a courtyard with pillared corridors and shrines of various deities. The sculptures on the pillars are truly beautiful.", "As one enters the town through the road which connects it with the highway, one finds a small temple dedicated to [Bhairava](/wiki/Bhairava \"Bhairava\") (the *[Bhairavar](/wiki/Bhairava \"Bhairava\")\\-koil* \\- பைரவர் கோயில்). This temple, which faces the main road, is a favourite with vehicle\\-owners who traditionally halt and pray there for a safe journey. This temple was actually built on the outermost wall of the old fort.", "The Thirumayam fort, set in {{convert\\|40\\|acre\\|m2}}, is of great historical importance. It was built by Kizhavan Sethupathi [Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi](/wiki/Vijaya_Raghunatha_Sethupathi \"Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi\"), ruler of [Ramanathapuram](/wiki/Ramanathapuram \"Ramanathapuram\") in 1687 CE. [Sethupathi](/wiki/Sethupathi \"Sethupathi\") is the name of the ruling dynasty of Ramanathapuram ([Ramnad](/wiki/Ramnad \"Ramnad\")). Another fact of historic interest is that the founder of the [princely state](/wiki/Princely_state \"Princely state\") of [Pudukkottai](/wiki/Pudukkottai \"Pudukkottai\") had served as governor of Thirumayam fort before founding his own kingdom.", "### Temples", "There are two famous rock\\-cut shrines Sathyagirisvarar and Sathyamoorthi, one for [Siva](/wiki/Shiva \"Shiva\") and the other for [Thirumal](/wiki/Thirumal \"Thirumal\"), adjacent to each other. These are located at the foot of a hillock on the south side of the town.", "The rock cut [Shiva](/wiki/Shiva \"Shiva\") temple is situated on a hill amid the relics of another ancient and ruined fort. Near this temple stands one of the largest rock inscriptions in [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu \"Tamil Nadu\"). The inscriptions are of particular interest since they deal with [music](/wiki/Carnatic_Music \"Carnatic Music\"), a rare subject for inscriptions.", "The [Sathyamurthi Perumal Temple](/wiki/Sathyamurthi_Perumal_Temple \"Sathyamurthi Perumal Temple\"), a [Vishnu](/wiki/Vishnu \"Vishnu\") temple is located on the foot of the hill; it is much a much\\-venerated temple and is considered second in importance only to the temple at [Srirangam](/wiki/Srirangam \"Srirangam\") (ஸ்ரீரங்கம்). It contains one of the largest *Anantasayi* group icons in [India](/wiki/India \"India\"). *Anantasayi* groups have [Thirumal](/wiki/Thirumal \"Thirumal\") reclining on *Anantha (Seshanaaga)* as the central figure. The [Thirumal](/wiki/Thirumal \"Thirumal\") temple contains an octagonal sacred tank called *‘Satya\\-pushkarani’* (சத்திய புஷ்கரணி).", "### Jallikattu, a Bull Taming Festival", "Every year during the time of Tamil New year and Pongal festival, a statewide popular Jallikattu will be going on the areas around Thirumayam.{{cite news \\|title\\=Jallikattu Festival in Thirumayam area \\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/seven\\-injured\\-in\\-jallikattu\\-in\\-pudukottai/article68193626\\.ece}} Villages like Neivaasal, Edayathur, Vembanoor will have these bull taming festivals on occasions like maha sivarathri, welcoming tamil months etc.{{cite news \\|title\\=Jallikattu Festival \\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/18\\-injured\\-in\\-jallikattu\\-held\\-in\\-pudukottai/article67783032\\.ece}}", "" ]
Performance and fire -------------------- ### The play {{seealso\|The Romany Rye (play)}} The disaster occurred on 5 September 1887, the opening night of the touring production of the [melodrama](/wiki/Melodrama "Melodrama") *[The Romany Rye](/wiki/The_Romany_Rye_%28play%29 "The Romany Rye (play)")* written by [George Robert Sims](/wiki/George_Robert_Sims "George Robert Sims"), performed by the company of Gilbert Elliott{{cite news\|work\=Exeter and Plymouth Gazette\|date\=30 August 1887\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000508/18870830/055/0001\|title\=Theatre Royal, Exeter}} and produced by [Wilson Barrett](/wiki/Wilson_Barrett "Wilson Barrett").{{cite ODNB\|title\=Sims, George Robert (1847–1922\)\|url\=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37964\|last\=Waller\|first\=Philip\|year\=2004\|doi\=10\.1093/ref:odnb/37964 }}{{Cite book\|title\=The art of the actor\-manager: Wilson Barrett and the Victorian Theatre\|year\=1984\|last\=Thomas\|first\=James Michael\|url\=https://archive.org/details/artofactormanage0000thom/page/52/mode/2up?q\=%22romany\+rye%22\+sims\|pages\=51–54\|publisher\=UMI Research Press \|isbn\=9780835714921 }} The show had previously been staged at the [Princess's Theatre](/wiki/Princess%27s_Theatre%2C_London "Princess's Theatre, London") in London. The play had up to eighteen very elaborate sets and scenes, which were all stored around the backstage area. There were 700 to 800 people in the Theatre Royal at the time of the fire, around half of its full capacity,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/em/theatre\_fire.php\|title\=The Theatre Royal Fire – 1887\|publisher\=Exeter Memories\|accessdate\=10 December 2022}} with some 300 people in the gallery alone, which had been boosted by an influx of "half\-timers" who entered after 9{{nbsp}}pm for a cheaper seat. ### Fire breaks out [thumb\|left\|An illustration in Police Illustrated of the Exeter Theatre Royal fire, showing the scene inside in the dress circle](/wiki/File:Exeter_Theatre_Royal_Dress_Circle.jpg "Exeter Theatre Royal Dress Circle.jpg") The fire broke out at approximately 10:20{{nbsp}}pm during the conclusion of the fourth act, when a gauze curtain was lowered from the gantry by a scene\-shifter named Taylor, who then observed that the gauze had caught alight on one of the gas jets used for stage lighting. Upon seeing this, Taylor then ran across the gantry and released the "[drop\-scene](/wiki/wikt:Drop-scene "Drop-scene")" (a painting of Warwick Castle by Walter Johnson) towards the front of the stage, temporarily isolating the fire from the auditorium, and before the audience had noticed anything wrong. The drop\-scene covered the stage whilst the actor playing the part of *Scragger* was in the middle of speaking a line, and people in the theatre initially laughed, thinking there was a technical 'first\-night' glitch in the performance.{{cite news\|newspaper\=\[\[The Morning Post]]\|title\=The burning of the Theatre Royal at Exeter\|date\=7 September 1887\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870907/037/0004}} The fire spread rapidly on scenery backstage, with the theatre fireman attempting to use a hose to extinguish it, but with no effect. The escape of the cast and crew meant the stage doors were opened, and this provided a draft that fanned the flames, and caused the drop scene – which had sheltered the audience to that point – to first bulge out, and then ignite. ### Panic and attempted escape [thumb\|An illustration in Police Illustrated of the Exeter Theatre Royal fire, showing the stairway where many died](/wiki/File:Exeter_Theatre_Royal_Staircase_death_trap.jpg "Exeter Theatre Royal Staircase death trap.jpg") The appearance of smoke and flame in the auditorium caused a mass panic, with patrons rushing for the exits. Those in the stalls and dress circle were easily able to escape through several easily accessed, wide exits. The higher upper circle had a wide stone staircase, as well as several secondary staircases, and whilst there were some crush injuries in the panic, most people were able to escape successfully. Less fortunate were patrons in the pit area, where heavy crushing occurred from the movement of the crowd, and multiple lives were lost. Those trying to exit the pit found that one of their exits was locked and barred, and they were only saved when the hinges of the door gave way from the crushing pressure of the crowd. Because the fire had been ignited by a gas lamp, the gas valves were shut off, but due to a further design flaw in the building, the shut\-off cut the gas to all lighting in the building, including the lighting in the auditorium, and this meant that the audience trying to escape were plunged into darkness, and with the thick smoke visibility was severely restricted. A number of deaths occurred when attendees from the Upper Circle attempted to descend the stairs they had entered by, but there was no signage or indication of which route was the exit, and they missed the opening for the exit stairs on a landing, and went straight ahead, finding themselves in the restaurant and bar, from which there was no escape. The majority of the deaths occurred in the gallery, at the top of the theatre, where the single narrow staircase provided a bottleneck, worsened by the presence of a 'check\-box' where patrons dropped their passes on the way out, directly at the top of the gallery stairway. In the darkness and smoke, the check\-box was knocked down the stairs by the first rush of people, coming to rest at the first right\-angle corner on the stairs, where it created a trip hazard, where people then fell over it, blocking the stairway, and causing a backlog of people and a crush as those behind pushed forward to reach the blocked exit. The wife of the check\-box attendant, Lucy Coombes, had come to meet her husband at the end of his shift but had arrived early. She was tripped by the falling checkbox and was trampled by the crowd. She was taken to hospital but died on the day that the inquest verdict was announced. Some people did try to climb the railing to the upper circle (which the architect suggested as a valid second exit), but no\-one is thought to have survived trying to exit in this way, all being overcome by smoke and fumes before successfully completing it. ### Response to the fire [thumb\|Area map of the Exeter Theatre Royal during the 1887 Fire, showing the theatre, the Inn and its stables, and the fire station. The approximate location of the modern John Lewis building is shown for reference.](/wiki/File:Exeter_Theatre_Royal_Area_Map.png "Exeter Theatre Royal Area Map.png") [thumb\|An illustration in Police Illustrated of the Exeter Theatre Royal fire, showing an actress dropping from a window](/wiki/File:Exeter_Theatre_Royal_Actress_dropping_from_window.jpg "Exeter Theatre Royal Actress dropping from window.jpg") The fire brigade of the West of England Insurance Co was based only {{convert\|100\|yards\|metres}} from the theatre,{{cite web\|publisher\=Exeter Memories\|title\=Exeter Fire Brigade\|url\=http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/em/\_organisations/firebrigade.php}} and Mr R Harry, who worked for the [Exeter Tramway Company](/wiki/Tramways_in_Exeter "Tramways in Exeter") had left the New North Road depot near the fire station when he saw smoke issuing from the building, and ran back to the fire station to alert them. By chance, Mr Harry had also been the person to raise the alarm when the first Theatre Royal burnt down two years previously. This rapid alert meant that they responded about five minutes after the blaze started with their "Little West" [fire engine](/wiki/Fire_engine "Fire engine"). Ladders were brought by members of the public from a local builder's yard, and several people were successfully rescued using the ladders to bring them from the gallery down to the balcony of the upper and dress circles. After around ten minutes, a rumour circulated in the crowd that everyone was out of the building. The responding firefighters, having managed to get water on the outside of the building now managed to make entry to the building, and only then saw the scale of the disaster. On approaching the gallery stairs, they saw forty to fifty people in a heap on the exit stairs, dead or dying. Other fire brigades from across the city also attended, including the Army brigade from [Higher Barracks](/wiki/Higher_Barracks%2C_Exeter "Higher Barracks, Exeter"), and the railway brigade of the [London and South Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_South_Western_Railway "London and South Western Railway"). A number of people were on the roof awaiting rescue, but the city's wheeled ladder was delayed in arriving from the [Guildhall](/wiki/Exeter_Guildhall "Exeter Guildhall") as it was chained up for security, and the keyholder could not be located for some twenty minutes. Firefighters from Topsham saw the blaze from {{Convert\|5\|mi\|0}} away, and set off to attend, but their horse had been turned out to graze, and could not be caught, and so they set off pulling their engine by hand. The horse was eventually captured, and caught up with the firefighters about halfway on their journey, then being harnessed to the appliance to continue the journey.{{cite book\|last\=Delderfield\|first\=Eric R\|title\=Cavalcade by Candlelight: History of Exeter's Theatres, 1725–1950\|year\=1950\|publisher\=ERD Books\|isbn\=9780900345128}} The Topsham brigade would later receive a commendation from the [Home Secretary](/wiki/Home_Secretary "Home Secretary") for their bravery during the response. The fire was beyond the capability of the firefighters, and they had to retreat from the flames. A group of rescuers, including soldier [Driver](/wiki/Driver_%28rank%29 "Driver (rank)") George Cooper, and sailor [Seaman](/wiki/Seaman_%28rank%29 "Seaman (rank)") William Hunt,{{cite web\|publisher\=Exeter Memories\|title\=Theatre Royal Fire Graphics\|url\=http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/em/trfiregraphics.php}}{{cite news\|work\=Graphic\|title\=The burning of the Theatre Royal, Exeter\|date\=10 September 1887}} climbed over a small roof and broke a window, pulling several people to safety. Soldier [Bombardier](/wiki/Bombardier_%28rank%29 "Bombardier (rank)") Frank Scattergood rescued a number of people from the building, including a child extra whom he found alone and terrified on the stage, before being overcome by smoke. He suffered severe burns before being pulled out of the building himself, and taken to hospital, where he died a few days later. A number of people remained trapped on the roof or on the balconies of the building, but the fire's spread overtook many of these before rescuers could reach them, some choosing to jump to the street rather than be reached by the flames. The last survivor was a woman found crouching in the saloon passage, and pulled out through a window at just after 11{{nbsp}}pm. The landlord of the nearby New London Inn, [Robert Pople](/wiki/Robert_Pople "Robert Pople"), responded at the first alarm, bringing five or six ladders which saved many people, and then opened his premises, using the pub to shelter the survivors, and laying out victims in the stables. His actions during the fire were widely reported, including by *[The Illustrated London News](/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News "The Illustrated London News")*, and he was praised. He was presented with a silver and gold bracelet by the [Earl of Portsmouth](/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Wallop%2C_5th_Earl_of_Portsmouth "Isaac Newton Wallop, 5th Earl of Portsmouth") the following month. This popularity saw him elected Sheriff of Exeter in 1890,{{cite news\|work\=Exeter and Plymouth Gazette\|title\=The Death of Mr Robert Pople\|date\=1909\-02\-08\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000511/19090208/053/0006}} followed by Alderman, and later he was elected [Mayor of Exeter](/wiki/Mayor_of_Exeter "Mayor of Exeter") three times.{{cite web\|publisher\=Exeter Memories\|title\=Robert Pople\|url\=http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/em/\_people/pople.php}} The police also attended, with a Constable Ching being noted for making a number of successful rescue efforts into the building with a handkerchief over his mouth.
[ "Performance and fire\n--------------------", "### The play", "{{seealso\\|The Romany Rye (play)}}\nThe disaster occurred on 5 September 1887, the opening night of the touring production of the [melodrama](/wiki/Melodrama \"Melodrama\") *[The Romany Rye](/wiki/The_Romany_Rye_%28play%29 \"The Romany Rye (play)\")* written by [George Robert Sims](/wiki/George_Robert_Sims \"George Robert Sims\"), performed by the company of Gilbert Elliott{{cite news\\|work\\=Exeter and Plymouth Gazette\\|date\\=30 August 1887\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000508/18870830/055/0001\\|title\\=Theatre Royal, Exeter}} and produced by [Wilson Barrett](/wiki/Wilson_Barrett \"Wilson Barrett\").{{cite ODNB\\|title\\=Sims, George Robert (1847–1922\\)\\|url\\=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37964\\|last\\=Waller\\|first\\=Philip\\|year\\=2004\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/ref:odnb/37964 }}{{Cite book\\|title\\=The art of the actor\\-manager: Wilson Barrett and the Victorian Theatre\\|year\\=1984\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=James Michael\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/artofactormanage0000thom/page/52/mode/2up?q\\=%22romany\\+rye%22\\+sims\\|pages\\=51–54\\|publisher\\=UMI Research Press \\|isbn\\=9780835714921 }} The show had previously been staged at the [Princess's Theatre](/wiki/Princess%27s_Theatre%2C_London \"Princess's Theatre, London\") in London.", "The play had up to eighteen very elaborate sets and scenes, which were all stored around the backstage area.", "There were 700 to 800 people in the Theatre Royal at the time of the fire, around half of its full capacity,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/em/theatre\\_fire.php\\|title\\=The Theatre Royal Fire – 1887\\|publisher\\=Exeter Memories\\|accessdate\\=10 December 2022}} with some 300 people in the gallery alone, which had been boosted by an influx of \"half\\-timers\" who entered after 9{{nbsp}}pm for a cheaper seat.", "### Fire breaks out", "[thumb\\|left\\|An illustration in Police Illustrated of the Exeter Theatre Royal fire, showing the scene inside in the dress circle](/wiki/File:Exeter_Theatre_Royal_Dress_Circle.jpg \"Exeter Theatre Royal Dress Circle.jpg\")\nThe fire broke out at approximately 10:20{{nbsp}}pm during the conclusion of the fourth act, when a gauze curtain was lowered from the gantry by a scene\\-shifter named Taylor, who then observed that the gauze had caught alight on one of the gas jets used for stage lighting. Upon seeing this, Taylor then ran across the gantry and released the \"[drop\\-scene](/wiki/wikt:Drop-scene \"Drop-scene\")\" (a painting of Warwick Castle by Walter Johnson) towards the front of the stage, temporarily isolating the fire from the auditorium, and before the audience had noticed anything wrong.", "The drop\\-scene covered the stage whilst the actor playing the part of *Scragger* was in the middle of speaking a line, and people in the theatre initially laughed, thinking there was a technical 'first\\-night' glitch in the performance.{{cite news\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Morning Post]]\\|title\\=The burning of the Theatre Royal at Exeter\\|date\\=7 September 1887\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870907/037/0004}}", "The fire spread rapidly on scenery backstage, with the theatre fireman attempting to use a hose to extinguish it, but with no effect. The escape of the cast and crew meant the stage doors were opened, and this provided a draft that fanned the flames, and caused the drop scene – which had sheltered the audience to that point – to first bulge out, and then ignite.", "### Panic and attempted escape", "[thumb\\|An illustration in Police Illustrated of the Exeter Theatre Royal fire, showing the stairway where many died](/wiki/File:Exeter_Theatre_Royal_Staircase_death_trap.jpg \"Exeter Theatre Royal Staircase death trap.jpg\")\nThe appearance of smoke and flame in the auditorium caused a mass panic, with patrons rushing for the exits. Those in the stalls and dress circle were easily able to escape through several easily accessed, wide exits. The higher upper circle had a wide stone staircase, as well as several secondary staircases, and whilst there were some crush injuries in the panic, most people were able to escape successfully.", "Less fortunate were patrons in the pit area, where heavy crushing occurred from the movement of the crowd, and multiple lives were lost. Those trying to exit the pit found that one of their exits was locked and barred, and they were only saved when the hinges of the door gave way from the crushing pressure of the crowd.", "Because the fire had been ignited by a gas lamp, the gas valves were shut off, but due to a further design flaw in the building, the shut\\-off cut the gas to all lighting in the building, including the lighting in the auditorium, and this meant that the audience trying to escape were plunged into darkness, and with the thick smoke visibility was severely restricted.", "A number of deaths occurred when attendees from the Upper Circle attempted to descend the stairs they had entered by, but there was no signage or indication of which route was the exit, and they missed the opening for the exit stairs on a landing, and went straight ahead, finding themselves in the restaurant and bar, from which there was no escape.", "The majority of the deaths occurred in the gallery, at the top of the theatre, where the single narrow staircase provided a bottleneck, worsened by the presence of a 'check\\-box' where patrons dropped their passes on the way out, directly at the top of the gallery stairway. In the darkness and smoke, the check\\-box was knocked down the stairs by the first rush of people, coming to rest at the first right\\-angle corner on the stairs, where it created a trip hazard, where people then fell over it, blocking the stairway, and causing a backlog of people and a crush as those behind pushed forward to reach the blocked exit.", "The wife of the check\\-box attendant, Lucy Coombes, had come to meet her husband at the end of his shift but had arrived early. She was tripped by the falling checkbox and was trampled by the crowd. She was taken to hospital but died on the day that the inquest verdict was announced.", "Some people did try to climb the railing to the upper circle (which the architect suggested as a valid second exit), but no\\-one is thought to have survived trying to exit in this way, all being overcome by smoke and fumes before successfully completing it.", "### Response to the fire", "[thumb\\|Area map of the Exeter Theatre Royal during the 1887 Fire, showing the theatre, the Inn and its stables, and the fire station. The approximate location of the modern John Lewis building is shown for reference.](/wiki/File:Exeter_Theatre_Royal_Area_Map.png \"Exeter Theatre Royal Area Map.png\")\n[thumb\\|An illustration in Police Illustrated of the Exeter Theatre Royal fire, showing an actress dropping from a window](/wiki/File:Exeter_Theatre_Royal_Actress_dropping_from_window.jpg \"Exeter Theatre Royal Actress dropping from window.jpg\")\nThe fire brigade of the West of England Insurance Co was based only {{convert\\|100\\|yards\\|metres}} from the theatre,{{cite web\\|publisher\\=Exeter Memories\\|title\\=Exeter Fire Brigade\\|url\\=http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/em/\\_organisations/firebrigade.php}} and Mr R Harry, who worked for the [Exeter Tramway Company](/wiki/Tramways_in_Exeter \"Tramways in Exeter\") had left the New North Road depot near the fire station when he saw smoke issuing from the building, and ran back to the fire station to alert them. By chance, Mr Harry had also been the person to raise the alarm when the first Theatre Royal burnt down two years previously. This rapid alert meant that they responded about five minutes after the blaze started with their \"Little West\" [fire engine](/wiki/Fire_engine \"Fire engine\").", "Ladders were brought by members of the public from a local builder's yard, and several people were successfully rescued using the ladders to bring them from the gallery down to the balcony of the upper and dress circles.", "After around ten minutes, a rumour circulated in the crowd that everyone was out of the building. The responding firefighters, having managed to get water on the outside of the building now managed to make entry to the building, and only then saw the scale of the disaster. On approaching the gallery stairs, they saw forty to fifty people in a heap on the exit stairs, dead or dying.", "Other fire brigades from across the city also attended, including the Army brigade from [Higher Barracks](/wiki/Higher_Barracks%2C_Exeter \"Higher Barracks, Exeter\"), and the railway brigade of the [London and South Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_South_Western_Railway \"London and South Western Railway\"). A number of people were on the roof awaiting rescue, but the city's wheeled ladder was delayed in arriving from the [Guildhall](/wiki/Exeter_Guildhall \"Exeter Guildhall\") as it was chained up for security, and the keyholder could not be located for some twenty minutes.", "Firefighters from Topsham saw the blaze from {{Convert\\|5\\|mi\\|0}} away, and set off to attend, but their horse had been turned out to graze, and could not be caught, and so they set off pulling their engine by hand. The horse was eventually captured, and caught up with the firefighters about halfway on their journey, then being harnessed to the appliance to continue the journey.{{cite book\\|last\\=Delderfield\\|first\\=Eric R\\|title\\=Cavalcade by Candlelight: History of Exeter's Theatres, 1725–1950\\|year\\=1950\\|publisher\\=ERD Books\\|isbn\\=9780900345128}} The Topsham brigade would later receive a commendation from the [Home Secretary](/wiki/Home_Secretary \"Home Secretary\") for their bravery during the response.", "The fire was beyond the capability of the firefighters, and they had to retreat from the flames. A group of rescuers, including soldier [Driver](/wiki/Driver_%28rank%29 \"Driver (rank)\") George Cooper, and sailor [Seaman](/wiki/Seaman_%28rank%29 \"Seaman (rank)\") William Hunt,{{cite web\\|publisher\\=Exeter Memories\\|title\\=Theatre Royal Fire Graphics\\|url\\=http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/em/trfiregraphics.php}}{{cite news\\|work\\=Graphic\\|title\\=The burning of the Theatre Royal, Exeter\\|date\\=10 September 1887}} climbed over a small roof and broke a window, pulling several people to safety.", "Soldier [Bombardier](/wiki/Bombardier_%28rank%29 \"Bombardier (rank)\") Frank Scattergood rescued a number of people from the building, including a child extra whom he found alone and terrified on the stage, before being overcome by smoke. He suffered severe burns before being pulled out of the building himself, and taken to hospital, where he died a few days later.", "A number of people remained trapped on the roof or on the balconies of the building, but the fire's spread overtook many of these before rescuers could reach them, some choosing to jump to the street rather than be reached by the flames.", "The last survivor was a woman found crouching in the saloon passage, and pulled out through a window at just after 11{{nbsp}}pm.", "The landlord of the nearby New London Inn, [Robert Pople](/wiki/Robert_Pople \"Robert Pople\"), responded at the first alarm, bringing five or six ladders which saved many people, and then opened his premises, using the pub to shelter the survivors, and laying out victims in the stables. His actions during the fire were widely reported, including by *[The Illustrated London News](/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News \"The Illustrated London News\")*, and he was praised. He was presented with a silver and gold bracelet by the [Earl of Portsmouth](/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Wallop%2C_5th_Earl_of_Portsmouth \"Isaac Newton Wallop, 5th Earl of Portsmouth\") the following month. This popularity saw him elected Sheriff of Exeter in 1890,{{cite news\\|work\\=Exeter and Plymouth Gazette\\|title\\=The Death of Mr Robert Pople\\|date\\=1909\\-02\\-08\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000511/19090208/053/0006}} followed by Alderman, and later he was elected [Mayor of Exeter](/wiki/Mayor_of_Exeter \"Mayor of Exeter\") three times.{{cite web\\|publisher\\=Exeter Memories\\|title\\=Robert Pople\\|url\\=http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/em/\\_people/pople.php}}", "The police also attended, with a Constable Ching being noted for making a number of successful rescue efforts into the building with a handkerchief over his mouth.", "" ]
### Panic and attempted escape [thumb\|An illustration in Police Illustrated of the Exeter Theatre Royal fire, showing the stairway where many died](/wiki/File:Exeter_Theatre_Royal_Staircase_death_trap.jpg "Exeter Theatre Royal Staircase death trap.jpg") The appearance of smoke and flame in the auditorium caused a mass panic, with patrons rushing for the exits. Those in the stalls and dress circle were easily able to escape through several easily accessed, wide exits. The higher upper circle had a wide stone staircase, as well as several secondary staircases, and whilst there were some crush injuries in the panic, most people were able to escape successfully. Less fortunate were patrons in the pit area, where heavy crushing occurred from the movement of the crowd, and multiple lives were lost. Those trying to exit the pit found that one of their exits was locked and barred, and they were only saved when the hinges of the door gave way from the crushing pressure of the crowd. Because the fire had been ignited by a gas lamp, the gas valves were shut off, but due to a further design flaw in the building, the shut\-off cut the gas to all lighting in the building, including the lighting in the auditorium, and this meant that the audience trying to escape were plunged into darkness, and with the thick smoke visibility was severely restricted. A number of deaths occurred when attendees from the Upper Circle attempted to descend the stairs they had entered by, but there was no signage or indication of which route was the exit, and they missed the opening for the exit stairs on a landing, and went straight ahead, finding themselves in the restaurant and bar, from which there was no escape. The majority of the deaths occurred in the gallery, at the top of the theatre, where the single narrow staircase provided a bottleneck, worsened by the presence of a 'check\-box' where patrons dropped their passes on the way out, directly at the top of the gallery stairway. In the darkness and smoke, the check\-box was knocked down the stairs by the first rush of people, coming to rest at the first right\-angle corner on the stairs, where it created a trip hazard, where people then fell over it, blocking the stairway, and causing a backlog of people and a crush as those behind pushed forward to reach the blocked exit. The wife of the check\-box attendant, Lucy Coombes, had come to meet her husband at the end of his shift but had arrived early. She was tripped by the falling checkbox and was trampled by the crowd. She was taken to hospital but died on the day that the inquest verdict was announced. Some people did try to climb the railing to the upper circle (which the architect suggested as a valid second exit), but no\-one is thought to have survived trying to exit in this way, all being overcome by smoke and fumes before successfully completing it.
[ "### Panic and attempted escape", "[thumb\\|An illustration in Police Illustrated of the Exeter Theatre Royal fire, showing the stairway where many died](/wiki/File:Exeter_Theatre_Royal_Staircase_death_trap.jpg \"Exeter Theatre Royal Staircase death trap.jpg\")\nThe appearance of smoke and flame in the auditorium caused a mass panic, with patrons rushing for the exits. Those in the stalls and dress circle were easily able to escape through several easily accessed, wide exits. The higher upper circle had a wide stone staircase, as well as several secondary staircases, and whilst there were some crush injuries in the panic, most people were able to escape successfully.", "Less fortunate were patrons in the pit area, where heavy crushing occurred from the movement of the crowd, and multiple lives were lost. Those trying to exit the pit found that one of their exits was locked and barred, and they were only saved when the hinges of the door gave way from the crushing pressure of the crowd.", "Because the fire had been ignited by a gas lamp, the gas valves were shut off, but due to a further design flaw in the building, the shut\\-off cut the gas to all lighting in the building, including the lighting in the auditorium, and this meant that the audience trying to escape were plunged into darkness, and with the thick smoke visibility was severely restricted.", "A number of deaths occurred when attendees from the Upper Circle attempted to descend the stairs they had entered by, but there was no signage or indication of which route was the exit, and they missed the opening for the exit stairs on a landing, and went straight ahead, finding themselves in the restaurant and bar, from which there was no escape.", "The majority of the deaths occurred in the gallery, at the top of the theatre, where the single narrow staircase provided a bottleneck, worsened by the presence of a 'check\\-box' where patrons dropped their passes on the way out, directly at the top of the gallery stairway. In the darkness and smoke, the check\\-box was knocked down the stairs by the first rush of people, coming to rest at the first right\\-angle corner on the stairs, where it created a trip hazard, where people then fell over it, blocking the stairway, and causing a backlog of people and a crush as those behind pushed forward to reach the blocked exit.", "The wife of the check\\-box attendant, Lucy Coombes, had come to meet her husband at the end of his shift but had arrived early. She was tripped by the falling checkbox and was trampled by the crowd. She was taken to hospital but died on the day that the inquest verdict was announced.", "Some people did try to climb the railing to the upper circle (which the architect suggested as a valid second exit), but no\\-one is thought to have survived trying to exit in this way, all being overcome by smoke and fumes before successfully completing it.", "" ]
### Response to the fire [thumb\|Area map of the Exeter Theatre Royal during the 1887 Fire, showing the theatre, the Inn and its stables, and the fire station. The approximate location of the modern John Lewis building is shown for reference.](/wiki/File:Exeter_Theatre_Royal_Area_Map.png "Exeter Theatre Royal Area Map.png") [thumb\|An illustration in Police Illustrated of the Exeter Theatre Royal fire, showing an actress dropping from a window](/wiki/File:Exeter_Theatre_Royal_Actress_dropping_from_window.jpg "Exeter Theatre Royal Actress dropping from window.jpg") The fire brigade of the West of England Insurance Co was based only {{convert\|100\|yards\|metres}} from the theatre,{{cite web\|publisher\=Exeter Memories\|title\=Exeter Fire Brigade\|url\=http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/em/\_organisations/firebrigade.php}} and Mr R Harry, who worked for the [Exeter Tramway Company](/wiki/Tramways_in_Exeter "Tramways in Exeter") had left the New North Road depot near the fire station when he saw smoke issuing from the building, and ran back to the fire station to alert them. By chance, Mr Harry had also been the person to raise the alarm when the first Theatre Royal burnt down two years previously. This rapid alert meant that they responded about five minutes after the blaze started with their "Little West" [fire engine](/wiki/Fire_engine "Fire engine"). Ladders were brought by members of the public from a local builder's yard, and several people were successfully rescued using the ladders to bring them from the gallery down to the balcony of the upper and dress circles. After around ten minutes, a rumour circulated in the crowd that everyone was out of the building. The responding firefighters, having managed to get water on the outside of the building now managed to make entry to the building, and only then saw the scale of the disaster. On approaching the gallery stairs, they saw forty to fifty people in a heap on the exit stairs, dead or dying. Other fire brigades from across the city also attended, including the Army brigade from [Higher Barracks](/wiki/Higher_Barracks%2C_Exeter "Higher Barracks, Exeter"), and the railway brigade of the [London and South Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_South_Western_Railway "London and South Western Railway"). A number of people were on the roof awaiting rescue, but the city's wheeled ladder was delayed in arriving from the [Guildhall](/wiki/Exeter_Guildhall "Exeter Guildhall") as it was chained up for security, and the keyholder could not be located for some twenty minutes. Firefighters from Topsham saw the blaze from {{Convert\|5\|mi\|0}} away, and set off to attend, but their horse had been turned out to graze, and could not be caught, and so they set off pulling their engine by hand. The horse was eventually captured, and caught up with the firefighters about halfway on their journey, then being harnessed to the appliance to continue the journey.{{cite book\|last\=Delderfield\|first\=Eric R\|title\=Cavalcade by Candlelight: History of Exeter's Theatres, 1725–1950\|year\=1950\|publisher\=ERD Books\|isbn\=9780900345128}} The Topsham brigade would later receive a commendation from the [Home Secretary](/wiki/Home_Secretary "Home Secretary") for their bravery during the response. The fire was beyond the capability of the firefighters, and they had to retreat from the flames. A group of rescuers, including soldier [Driver](/wiki/Driver_%28rank%29 "Driver (rank)") George Cooper, and sailor [Seaman](/wiki/Seaman_%28rank%29 "Seaman (rank)") William Hunt,{{cite web\|publisher\=Exeter Memories\|title\=Theatre Royal Fire Graphics\|url\=http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/em/trfiregraphics.php}}{{cite news\|work\=Graphic\|title\=The burning of the Theatre Royal, Exeter\|date\=10 September 1887}} climbed over a small roof and broke a window, pulling several people to safety. Soldier [Bombardier](/wiki/Bombardier_%28rank%29 "Bombardier (rank)") Frank Scattergood rescued a number of people from the building, including a child extra whom he found alone and terrified on the stage, before being overcome by smoke. He suffered severe burns before being pulled out of the building himself, and taken to hospital, where he died a few days later. A number of people remained trapped on the roof or on the balconies of the building, but the fire's spread overtook many of these before rescuers could reach them, some choosing to jump to the street rather than be reached by the flames. The last survivor was a woman found crouching in the saloon passage, and pulled out through a window at just after 11{{nbsp}}pm. The landlord of the nearby New London Inn, [Robert Pople](/wiki/Robert_Pople "Robert Pople"), responded at the first alarm, bringing five or six ladders which saved many people, and then opened his premises, using the pub to shelter the survivors, and laying out victims in the stables. His actions during the fire were widely reported, including by *[The Illustrated London News](/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News "The Illustrated London News")*, and he was praised. He was presented with a silver and gold bracelet by the [Earl of Portsmouth](/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Wallop%2C_5th_Earl_of_Portsmouth "Isaac Newton Wallop, 5th Earl of Portsmouth") the following month. This popularity saw him elected Sheriff of Exeter in 1890,{{cite news\|work\=Exeter and Plymouth Gazette\|title\=The Death of Mr Robert Pople\|date\=1909\-02\-08\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000511/19090208/053/0006}} followed by Alderman, and later he was elected [Mayor of Exeter](/wiki/Mayor_of_Exeter "Mayor of Exeter") three times.{{cite web\|publisher\=Exeter Memories\|title\=Robert Pople\|url\=http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/em/\_people/pople.php}} The police also attended, with a Constable Ching being noted for making a number of successful rescue efforts into the building with a handkerchief over his mouth.
[ "### Response to the fire", "[thumb\\|Area map of the Exeter Theatre Royal during the 1887 Fire, showing the theatre, the Inn and its stables, and the fire station. The approximate location of the modern John Lewis building is shown for reference.](/wiki/File:Exeter_Theatre_Royal_Area_Map.png \"Exeter Theatre Royal Area Map.png\")\n[thumb\\|An illustration in Police Illustrated of the Exeter Theatre Royal fire, showing an actress dropping from a window](/wiki/File:Exeter_Theatre_Royal_Actress_dropping_from_window.jpg \"Exeter Theatre Royal Actress dropping from window.jpg\")\nThe fire brigade of the West of England Insurance Co was based only {{convert\\|100\\|yards\\|metres}} from the theatre,{{cite web\\|publisher\\=Exeter Memories\\|title\\=Exeter Fire Brigade\\|url\\=http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/em/\\_organisations/firebrigade.php}} and Mr R Harry, who worked for the [Exeter Tramway Company](/wiki/Tramways_in_Exeter \"Tramways in Exeter\") had left the New North Road depot near the fire station when he saw smoke issuing from the building, and ran back to the fire station to alert them. By chance, Mr Harry had also been the person to raise the alarm when the first Theatre Royal burnt down two years previously. This rapid alert meant that they responded about five minutes after the blaze started with their \"Little West\" [fire engine](/wiki/Fire_engine \"Fire engine\").", "Ladders were brought by members of the public from a local builder's yard, and several people were successfully rescued using the ladders to bring them from the gallery down to the balcony of the upper and dress circles.", "After around ten minutes, a rumour circulated in the crowd that everyone was out of the building. The responding firefighters, having managed to get water on the outside of the building now managed to make entry to the building, and only then saw the scale of the disaster. On approaching the gallery stairs, they saw forty to fifty people in a heap on the exit stairs, dead or dying.", "Other fire brigades from across the city also attended, including the Army brigade from [Higher Barracks](/wiki/Higher_Barracks%2C_Exeter \"Higher Barracks, Exeter\"), and the railway brigade of the [London and South Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_South_Western_Railway \"London and South Western Railway\"). A number of people were on the roof awaiting rescue, but the city's wheeled ladder was delayed in arriving from the [Guildhall](/wiki/Exeter_Guildhall \"Exeter Guildhall\") as it was chained up for security, and the keyholder could not be located for some twenty minutes.", "Firefighters from Topsham saw the blaze from {{Convert\\|5\\|mi\\|0}} away, and set off to attend, but their horse had been turned out to graze, and could not be caught, and so they set off pulling their engine by hand. The horse was eventually captured, and caught up with the firefighters about halfway on their journey, then being harnessed to the appliance to continue the journey.{{cite book\\|last\\=Delderfield\\|first\\=Eric R\\|title\\=Cavalcade by Candlelight: History of Exeter's Theatres, 1725–1950\\|year\\=1950\\|publisher\\=ERD Books\\|isbn\\=9780900345128}} The Topsham brigade would later receive a commendation from the [Home Secretary](/wiki/Home_Secretary \"Home Secretary\") for their bravery during the response.", "The fire was beyond the capability of the firefighters, and they had to retreat from the flames. A group of rescuers, including soldier [Driver](/wiki/Driver_%28rank%29 \"Driver (rank)\") George Cooper, and sailor [Seaman](/wiki/Seaman_%28rank%29 \"Seaman (rank)\") William Hunt,{{cite web\\|publisher\\=Exeter Memories\\|title\\=Theatre Royal Fire Graphics\\|url\\=http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/em/trfiregraphics.php}}{{cite news\\|work\\=Graphic\\|title\\=The burning of the Theatre Royal, Exeter\\|date\\=10 September 1887}} climbed over a small roof and broke a window, pulling several people to safety.", "Soldier [Bombardier](/wiki/Bombardier_%28rank%29 \"Bombardier (rank)\") Frank Scattergood rescued a number of people from the building, including a child extra whom he found alone and terrified on the stage, before being overcome by smoke. He suffered severe burns before being pulled out of the building himself, and taken to hospital, where he died a few days later.", "A number of people remained trapped on the roof or on the balconies of the building, but the fire's spread overtook many of these before rescuers could reach them, some choosing to jump to the street rather than be reached by the flames.", "The last survivor was a woman found crouching in the saloon passage, and pulled out through a window at just after 11{{nbsp}}pm.", "The landlord of the nearby New London Inn, [Robert Pople](/wiki/Robert_Pople \"Robert Pople\"), responded at the first alarm, bringing five or six ladders which saved many people, and then opened his premises, using the pub to shelter the survivors, and laying out victims in the stables. His actions during the fire were widely reported, including by *[The Illustrated London News](/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News \"The Illustrated London News\")*, and he was praised. He was presented with a silver and gold bracelet by the [Earl of Portsmouth](/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Wallop%2C_5th_Earl_of_Portsmouth \"Isaac Newton Wallop, 5th Earl of Portsmouth\") the following month. This popularity saw him elected Sheriff of Exeter in 1890,{{cite news\\|work\\=Exeter and Plymouth Gazette\\|title\\=The Death of Mr Robert Pople\\|date\\=1909\\-02\\-08\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000511/19090208/053/0006}} followed by Alderman, and later he was elected [Mayor of Exeter](/wiki/Mayor_of_Exeter \"Mayor of Exeter\") three times.{{cite web\\|publisher\\=Exeter Memories\\|title\\=Robert Pople\\|url\\=http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/em/\\_people/pople.php}}", "The police also attended, with a Constable Ching being noted for making a number of successful rescue efforts into the building with a handkerchief over his mouth.", "" ]
Aftermath --------- Following the fire, on the 8 September, the [coroner](/wiki/Coroner "Coroner") ordered the ruined theatre to be boarded up, with all persons prohibited, in order that it might be preserved for investigation.{{cite news\|work\=Dublin Daily Express\|title\=The Exeter Theatre Disaster\|date\=1887\-09\-09\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001384/18870909/090/0005}} It took some time for the building to be made safe, and for all of the remains to be found and identified. On the 9 September, four days after the fire, the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") reported that the death toll might not exceed 140\. ### Relief fund A local relief fund for the families of victims of the disaster was started very quickly, with donations being managed by a Relief Fund Committee. By the 9 September, only four days after the disaster, the committee had made interim awards to 17 cases who were in immediate need, making weekly instalment payments. In order to care for all of the orphans left by the fire, it was calculated that between ten and twenty thousand pounds would be required, which the committee felt it would be impossible to raise locally. At the recommendation of the Relief Committee, the Exeter [Town Clerk](/wiki/Town_Clerk "Town Clerk") sent letters, including to the [Lord Mayor of London](/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London "Lord Mayor of London"), and the appeal went national. Contributions came from across the country, including £100 from [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria "Queen Victoria"){{cite news\|work\=Huddersfield Daily Chronicle\|date\=1887\-09\-17\|title\=The Exeter Theatre Disaster: The Relief fund \- Contribution from the Queen\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002876/18870917/065/0003}} and £100 from actor\-manager [Henry Irving](/wiki/Henry_Irving "Henry Irving") who was playing at the [Royalty Theatre, Glasgow](/wiki/Royalty_Theatre%2C_Glasgow "Royalty Theatre, Glasgow"). The Lord Mayor of London collected donations at the [Mansion House](/wiki/Mansion_House%2C_London "Mansion House, London") for the appeal, and this ended up being the largest single donation to the fund at £1,537\. Donations were even received internationally, with subscriptions being received in British Embassies, including in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), France,{{cite news\|work\=Aberdeen Evening Express\|title\=The Exeter Theatre Fire: Offers of Foreign Help\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000444/18870909/057/0003\|date\=1887\-09\-09}} as well as from Australia, America, and the South African gold fields. Due to the number of orphans created, serious consideration was given to the founding of an orphanage specifically for those orphaned by the fire, and a sub\-committee was created to assess the feasibility. In the end, no orphanage was built, with children sent to orphanages across the country, after visits by the committee to a number of institutions to assess their suitability.{{cite news\|work\=Exeter and Plymouth Gazette\|title\=Exeter Fire Relief Fund \- The home for the orphans\|date\=1887\-10\-25\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000508/18871025/029/0003}} Eventually, the relief fund raised £20,763, which was used for survivors and to support the families of the victims. By 1931, the fund was still providing for five survivors, with £480 still remaining in trust of the fund. ### Burials [thumb\|right\|Memorial to the dead of the fire in Higher Cemetery, Heavitree](/wiki/File:Exeter_Theatre_Fire_Memorial%2C_Higher_Cemetery_%28geograph_6516195%29.jpg "Exeter Theatre Fire Memorial, Higher Cemetery (geograph 6516195).jpg") The funerals of the majority of victims were held within a few days of the fire. 68 of the victims were identifiable, and their bodies released to their families for burial, mostly in the Higher Cemetery, [Heavitree](/wiki/Heavitree "Heavitree"). These services continued over the following weeks, often back\-to\-back at the cemetery, with family, friends, colleagues, and well\-wishers attending.{{cite news\|work\=Aberdeen Press and Journal\|title\=Further Burials and Scenes at the Cemetery\|date\=1887\-09\-10\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000575/18870910/095/0005}} The majority of the dead were interred in the same mass grave, prepared for the purpose at Higher Cemetery,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.devon.gov.uk/exeter\_higher\_cemetery.htm\|title\=Cemetery Registers\|publisher\=Devon County Council\|accessdate\=16 August 2016}} although due to site restrictions, only four coffins could be brought at once. The remains of the 118 people who were not identifiable were interred with their body parts placed in 15 shared coffins. Over 10,000 people attended the cemetery for the funeral service. Between one and two thousand people attended the cemetery on the first anniversary of the fire, despite there being no formal service or remembrance function.{{cite news\|work\=Bridport News\|title\=Anniversary of the Theatre Fire\|date\=1888\-09\-07\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001139/18880907/137/0008}} At the cemetery a [memorial](/wiki/Memorial "Memorial") to those who died in the fire was erected, made by local sculptor [Harry Hems](/wiki/Harry_Hems "Harry Hems"). It was hoped to be completed by the first anniversary, but this was not achieved.{{cite news\|work\=Express and Echo\|title\=The Exeter Theatre Disaster: The first anniversary\|date\=1888\-09\-05\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000935/18880905/035/0003}} Adjacent to the main memorial is a separate headstone to Bombardier F Scattergood "who striving to save the lives of others, lost his own at the burning of Exeter Theatre".{{cite web\|publisher\=Geograph\|url\=https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/6516202\|title\=Memorial to Frank Scattergood, hero of Exeter Theatre fire}} ### The theatre The theatre was severely damaged, with the stage and auditorium destroyed. A number of parts survived, although smoke and water damaged, including most of the dressing rooms, the foyer, and the upper circle bar. Workmen were employed to move salvageable furniture to a nearby warehouse. The theatre itself was insured by the [North British and Mercantile Insurance Company](/wiki/North_British_and_Mercantile_Insurance "North British and Mercantile Insurance"), who paid £5,300 for the losses to the building and shops. The property in the theatre, belonged to operator Sidney Herberte\-Basing, and this was not insured, leaving him with considerable debts of over £6,000\. This led him to file for bankruptcy in May 1888\. There was debate as to whether the theatre should be rebuilt, or if a new building should be constructed. This was led by [Alderman](/wiki/Alderman "Alderman") W. Horton Ellis. The decision was made to follow the plans made by actor\-manager [Henry Irving](/wiki/Henry_Irving "Henry Irving"), who had made a major donation to the relief fund, working with eminent architect [Alfred Darbyshire](/wiki/Alfred_Darbyshire "Alfred Darbyshire"). This meant following the "Irving Safety Theatre" principles, These principles included making the theatre site isolated, dividing the auditorium from the back of house, a minimum height above street level for any part of the audience, providing two separate exits for every section of the audience, improved stage construction including a smoke flue, and fire\-resistant construction throughout.{{cite web\|title\=The Victorian Era Exhibition 1897\|url\=http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/VictorianEraExhibition.htm\|last\=Lloyd\|first\=Matthew}} Electric lighting was installed, with over 510 electric lamps being needed. As the electricity grid was not yet reliable enough in Exeter to ensure the uninterrupted use of the lights, Robert Pople, the owner of the New London Inn who had helped so much on the night of the fire, agreed to the placement of a generator for a number of months in his stable yard. The new theatre opened on 7 October 1889, with a [D'Oyly Carte Opera Company](/wiki/D%27Oyly_Carte_Opera_Company "D'Oyly Carte Opera Company") presentation of the [Gilbert and Sullivan](/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan "Gilbert and Sullivan") light opera *[The Yeomen of the Guard](/wiki/The_Yeomen_of_the_Guard "The Yeomen of the Guard")*. ### The production None of the cast members from the touring company were killed in the fire, although company principal Gilbert Elliot was burnt to the face and hands,{{cite news\|work\=Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail\|title\=Echoes from the theatre\|date\=1887\-09\-12\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000377/18870912/054/0004}} and they continued their tour, with the next stop at the [Portsmouth Theatre](/wiki/New_Theatre_Royal "New Theatre Royal") (another theatre designed by C.J. Phipps) the following Monday.{{cite news\|work\=Grantham Journal\|title\=Miscellaneous News\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000400/18870917/118/0007\|date\=1887\-09\-17}} All of the scenery for the production was lost in the fire,{{cite news\|work\=Tenby Observer\|title\=Local and other notes\|date\=1887\-09\-15\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002075/18870915/045/0005}} along with the personal possessions of the company. The performance at Portsmouth used borrowed costumes and scene sets.{{cite news\|work\=Paisley and Renfrewshire Gazette\|title\=Music and the drama\|date\=1887\-09\-17\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001738/18870917/025/0002}} Continuing the tour to Portsmouth meant that members of the company who had been summoned to appear at the coroner's inquest did not attend, and the coroner held them in contempt.{{cite news\|work\=West Somerset Free Press\|date\=1887\-09\-17\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001432/18870917/124/0007\|title\=Resumed inquest}}
[ "Aftermath\n---------", "Following the fire, on the 8 September, the [coroner](/wiki/Coroner \"Coroner\") ordered the ruined theatre to be boarded up, with all persons prohibited, in order that it might be preserved for investigation.{{cite news\\|work\\=Dublin Daily Express\\|title\\=The Exeter Theatre Disaster\\|date\\=1887\\-09\\-09\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001384/18870909/090/0005}}", "It took some time for the building to be made safe, and for all of the remains to be found and identified. On the 9 September, four days after the fire, the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\") reported that the death toll might not exceed 140\\.", "### Relief fund", "A local relief fund for the families of victims of the disaster was started very quickly, with donations being managed by a Relief Fund Committee. By the 9 September, only four days after the disaster, the committee had made interim awards to 17 cases who were in immediate need, making weekly instalment payments. In order to care for all of the orphans left by the fire, it was calculated that between ten and twenty thousand pounds would be required, which the committee felt it would be impossible to raise locally.", "At the recommendation of the Relief Committee, the Exeter [Town Clerk](/wiki/Town_Clerk \"Town Clerk\") sent letters, including to the [Lord Mayor of London](/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London \"Lord Mayor of London\"), and the appeal went national. Contributions came from across the country, including £100 from [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria \"Queen Victoria\"){{cite news\\|work\\=Huddersfield Daily Chronicle\\|date\\=1887\\-09\\-17\\|title\\=The Exeter Theatre Disaster: The Relief fund \\- Contribution from the Queen\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002876/18870917/065/0003}} and £100 from actor\\-manager [Henry Irving](/wiki/Henry_Irving \"Henry Irving\") who was playing at the [Royalty Theatre, Glasgow](/wiki/Royalty_Theatre%2C_Glasgow \"Royalty Theatre, Glasgow\"). The Lord Mayor of London collected donations at the [Mansion House](/wiki/Mansion_House%2C_London \"Mansion House, London\") for the appeal, and this ended up being the largest single donation to the fund at £1,537\\.", "Donations were even received internationally, with subscriptions being received in British Embassies, including in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), France,{{cite news\\|work\\=Aberdeen Evening Express\\|title\\=The Exeter Theatre Fire: Offers of Foreign Help\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000444/18870909/057/0003\\|date\\=1887\\-09\\-09}} as well as from Australia, America, and the South African gold fields.", "Due to the number of orphans created, serious consideration was given to the founding of an orphanage specifically for those orphaned by the fire, and a sub\\-committee was created to assess the feasibility. In the end, no orphanage was built, with children sent to orphanages across the country, after visits by the committee to a number of institutions to assess their suitability.{{cite news\\|work\\=Exeter and Plymouth Gazette\\|title\\=Exeter Fire Relief Fund \\- The home for the orphans\\|date\\=1887\\-10\\-25\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000508/18871025/029/0003}}", "Eventually, the relief fund raised £20,763, which was used for survivors and to support the families of the victims. By 1931, the fund was still providing for five survivors, with £480 still remaining in trust of the fund.", "### Burials", "[thumb\\|right\\|Memorial to the dead of the fire in Higher Cemetery, Heavitree](/wiki/File:Exeter_Theatre_Fire_Memorial%2C_Higher_Cemetery_%28geograph_6516195%29.jpg \"Exeter Theatre Fire Memorial, Higher Cemetery (geograph 6516195).jpg\")\nThe funerals of the majority of victims were held within a few days of the fire. 68 of the victims were identifiable, and their bodies released to their families for burial, mostly in the Higher Cemetery, [Heavitree](/wiki/Heavitree \"Heavitree\"). These services continued over the following weeks, often back\\-to\\-back at the cemetery, with family, friends, colleagues, and well\\-wishers attending.{{cite news\\|work\\=Aberdeen Press and Journal\\|title\\=Further Burials and Scenes at the Cemetery\\|date\\=1887\\-09\\-10\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000575/18870910/095/0005}}", "The majority of the dead were interred in the same mass grave, prepared for the purpose at Higher Cemetery,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.devon.gov.uk/exeter\\_higher\\_cemetery.htm\\|title\\=Cemetery Registers\\|publisher\\=Devon County Council\\|accessdate\\=16 August 2016}} although due to site restrictions, only four coffins could be brought at once. The remains of the 118 people who were not identifiable were interred with their body parts placed in 15 shared coffins. Over 10,000 people attended the cemetery for the funeral service.", "Between one and two thousand people attended the cemetery on the first anniversary of the fire, despite there being no formal service or remembrance function.{{cite news\\|work\\=Bridport News\\|title\\=Anniversary of the Theatre Fire\\|date\\=1888\\-09\\-07\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001139/18880907/137/0008}}", "At the cemetery a [memorial](/wiki/Memorial \"Memorial\") to those who died in the fire was erected, made by local sculptor [Harry Hems](/wiki/Harry_Hems \"Harry Hems\"). It was hoped to be completed by the first anniversary, but this was not achieved.{{cite news\\|work\\=Express and Echo\\|title\\=The Exeter Theatre Disaster: The first anniversary\\|date\\=1888\\-09\\-05\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000935/18880905/035/0003}}", "Adjacent to the main memorial is a separate headstone to Bombardier F Scattergood \"who striving to save the lives of others, lost his own at the burning of Exeter Theatre\".{{cite web\\|publisher\\=Geograph\\|url\\=https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/6516202\\|title\\=Memorial to Frank Scattergood, hero of Exeter Theatre fire}}", "### The theatre", "The theatre was severely damaged, with the stage and auditorium destroyed. A number of parts survived, although smoke and water damaged, including most of the dressing rooms, the foyer, and the upper circle bar. Workmen were employed to move salvageable furniture to a nearby warehouse. The theatre itself was insured by the [North British and Mercantile Insurance Company](/wiki/North_British_and_Mercantile_Insurance \"North British and Mercantile Insurance\"), who paid £5,300 for the losses to the building and shops. The property in the theatre, belonged to operator Sidney Herberte\\-Basing, and this was not insured, leaving him with considerable debts of over £6,000\\. This led him to file for bankruptcy in May 1888\\.", "There was debate as to whether the theatre should be rebuilt, or if a new building should be constructed. This was led by [Alderman](/wiki/Alderman \"Alderman\") W. Horton Ellis. The decision was made to follow the plans made by actor\\-manager [Henry Irving](/wiki/Henry_Irving \"Henry Irving\"), who had made a major donation to the relief fund, working with eminent architect [Alfred Darbyshire](/wiki/Alfred_Darbyshire \"Alfred Darbyshire\").", "This meant following the \"Irving Safety Theatre\" principles, These principles included making the theatre site isolated, dividing the auditorium from the back of house, a minimum height above street level for any part of the audience, providing two separate exits for every section of the audience, improved stage construction including a smoke flue, and fire\\-resistant construction throughout.{{cite web\\|title\\=The Victorian Era Exhibition 1897\\|url\\=http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/VictorianEraExhibition.htm\\|last\\=Lloyd\\|first\\=Matthew}}", "Electric lighting was installed, with over 510 electric lamps being needed. As the electricity grid was not yet reliable enough in Exeter to ensure the uninterrupted use of the lights, Robert Pople, the owner of the New London Inn who had helped so much on the night of the fire, agreed to the placement of a generator for a number of months in his stable yard.", "The new theatre opened on 7 October 1889, with a [D'Oyly Carte Opera Company](/wiki/D%27Oyly_Carte_Opera_Company \"D'Oyly Carte Opera Company\") presentation of the [Gilbert and Sullivan](/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan \"Gilbert and Sullivan\") light opera *[The Yeomen of the Guard](/wiki/The_Yeomen_of_the_Guard \"The Yeomen of the Guard\")*.", "### The production", "None of the cast members from the touring company were killed in the fire, although company principal Gilbert Elliot was burnt to the face and hands,{{cite news\\|work\\=Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail\\|title\\=Echoes from the theatre\\|date\\=1887\\-09\\-12\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000377/18870912/054/0004}} and they continued their tour, with the next stop at the [Portsmouth Theatre](/wiki/New_Theatre_Royal \"New Theatre Royal\") (another theatre designed by C.J. Phipps) the following Monday.{{cite news\\|work\\=Grantham Journal\\|title\\=Miscellaneous News\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000400/18870917/118/0007\\|date\\=1887\\-09\\-17}}", "All of the scenery for the production was lost in the fire,{{cite news\\|work\\=Tenby Observer\\|title\\=Local and other notes\\|date\\=1887\\-09\\-15\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002075/18870915/045/0005}} along with the personal possessions of the company. The performance at Portsmouth used borrowed costumes and scene sets.{{cite news\\|work\\=Paisley and Renfrewshire Gazette\\|title\\=Music and the drama\\|date\\=1887\\-09\\-17\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001738/18870917/025/0002}}", "Continuing the tour to Portsmouth meant that members of the company who had been summoned to appear at the coroner's inquest did not attend, and the coroner held them in contempt.{{cite news\\|work\\=West Somerset Free Press\\|date\\=1887\\-09\\-17\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001432/18870917/124/0007\\|title\\=Resumed inquest}}", "" ]
Causes and investigations ------------------------- ### Coroner's inquest A [coroner](/wiki/Coroner "Coroner")'s [inquest](/wiki/Inquests_in_England_and_Wales "Inquests in England and Wales") was opened on 21 September 1887, in front of a [coroner's jury](/wiki/Coroner%27s_jury "Coroner's jury"). The official verdict was of 'accidental death' but the licensing magistrates and architect [C. J. Phipps](/wiki/C._J._Phipps "C. J. Phipps") were severely criticised for their part in the disaster. The licensing magistrates were criticised for issuing a licence when requirements from their first inspection had not been met (such as the [safety curtain](/wiki/Safety_curtain "Safety curtain")), and because they were aware that there was only a single exit from the gallery. Phipps was also heavily criticised for misleading the magistrates in relation to the lack of a second exit, by suggesting that dropping over the edge of the balcony was a suitable second exit. Phipps was further criticised for the design, including the roof over the gallery being too low, meaning that people had little chance to escape before smoke overcame them. ### Independent inquiry [thumb\|Picture of the Theatre Royal, the morning after the fire](/wiki/File:Exeter_Theatre_Royal_Fire_picture.jpg "Exeter Theatre Royal Fire picture.jpg") In addition to the coroner's inquest, the government tasked [Captain Sir Eyre Shaw](/wiki/Eyre_Massey_Shaw "Eyre Massey Shaw"), the Chief Officer of the [Metropolitan Fire Brigade](/wiki/Metropolitan_Fire_Brigade_%28London%29 "Metropolitan Fire Brigade (London)") (since renamed the [London Fire Brigade](/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade "London Fire Brigade")), to conduct a [parliamentary inquiry](/wiki/Parliamentary_inquiry_%28parliamentary_procedure%29 "Parliamentary inquiry (parliamentary procedure)") and report back. Captain Shaw was already a proponent of better fire safety in theatres, having published the work "Fires in Theatres" in 1876, over 10 years before the Exeter fire,{{cite web\|publisher\=\[\[Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors]]\|title\=Why fire evacuation exit advice is based on false premises\|last\=Sandland\-Taylor\|first\=Simon\|date\=22 September 2022\|url\=https://ww3\.rics.org/uk/en/journals/built\-environment\-journal/fire\-evacuation\-exit\-advice\-building\-control\-surveyors.html}} and having made repeated steps to improve fire prevention in theatres.{{cite book\|title\=London's noble fire brigades\|last\=Holloway\|first\=Sally\|year\=1973\|publisher\=Cassell \|isbn\=9780304291335\|url\=https://archive.org/details/londonsnoblefire0000holl/page/n115/mode/2up?q\=exeter}} Shaw submitted his report to the government on 29 September 1887, and in it he noted the significant failings of the architect, Phipps. Phipps defended himself from the blame, deflecting to the fact that a number of changes had been made during construction from the designs that he proposed. He also stated to the inquiry that the Metropolitan Board of Works Rules and Regulations were not obligatory outside of London, but Shaw roundly rejected this submission, as the licensing authority had given this as a requirement before construction had started, regardless of it not being otherwise legally required, and that Phipps had given evidence to the magistrates at the licensing hearing that all the regulations had been adhered to, despite this not being the case. Ultimately, Shaw identified that the substandard design and build of the theatre caused the deaths. There was a large contribution from the architect, but Shaw gave the largest blame to the licensing magistrates, as they had passed Phipps' substandard work as being fit\-for\-purpose. Shaw noted that the design flaws at the Theatre Royal made this one of the most dangerous theatres in the country: {{cquote\|quote\=It may be that, as stated in evidence, that there are elsewhere other theatres as bad as that of Exeter; but it may be confidently asserted that there can be very few worse\|author\=Eyre Shaw\|source\=1888 Parliamentary Inquiry Report}} The inquiry report identified twelve serious design and construction defects, any one of which should have prevented the licensing of the building as a theatre: {{ordered list \| the theatre was not divided, so was a single risk \| the ceiling of the auditorium was at least {{convert\|5\|feet\|metres}} too low \| the stage roof should have been {{convert\|20\|feet\|metres}} above the centre of the some but was only {{convert\|7\|feet\|metres}} \| there was no smoke outlet over the stage \| there was no smoke outlet over the auditorium \| the gallery only had one staircase, where there should have been two, and that staircase was obstructed in several places \| the gas supply for the large auditorium chandelier was the same as that for the stage, and when the stage gas was shut off, this caused the auditorium to go dark \| there were no masonry\-built areas for storage of flammable scenery, which left it around the stage ready to be ignited \| there was no way of dealing with the fire in the wings of the stage, where fire was most likely \| passages and corridors which were meant to be of fire resistant materials, were clad with flammable \[\[lath and plaster]] or \[\[matchboard\|matchboarding]] \| the exit from the stalls and dress boxes as designed was "cramped and tortuous" which had been remedied by an additional emergency exit, but that brought those occupants into conflict with people from the gallery and dress circle \| the best places for emergency exits on the building had instead been used for street\-facing shops }} The disaster provided the impetus for new regulation, and new rules were introduced, including making [safety curtains](/wiki/Safety_curtain "Safety curtain") mandatory.{{cite news\|publisher\=BBC News\|title\=Exeter Theatre Fire\|date\=9 June 2003\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/southwest/series3/exeter\_theatre\_fire.shtml}} ### City council report {{seealso\|Exeter City Fire Brigade}} During the parliamentary inquiry, the [Exeter City Council](/wiki/Exeter_City_Council "Exeter City Council") asked Captain Shaw to make recommendations for fire fighting in the city. Shaw's recommendation was the formation of a city fire brigade for Exeter, and following a conference between Shaw and the Council on 21 September,{{cite news\|title\=Exeter and a Fire Brigade\|work\=The Star\|date\=22 September 1887\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000184/18870922/011/0002}} his formal proposal was put forward on 28 September 1887, recommending the Chief Constable of Exeter Police be put in charge. On 28 October, the police Chief Constable, Captain Edward Shower presented his list of equipment and staff for the new brigade to the council, but turned down the position of supervising the service. The council advertised the position, and appointed Mr William Pett of [Sevenoaks](/wiki/Sevenoaks "Sevenoaks").{{cite book\|title\=Fighting fires: creating the British fire service 1800–1978\|page\=94\|last\=Ewen\|first\=Shane\|year\=2010\|publisher\=Palgrave Macmillan \|isbn\=9780230517103 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/fightingfirescre0000ewen/page/94/mode/2up?q\=exeter}} By 20 February 1888, interviews had been conducted and equipment procured. Both the West of England Insurance Company and the Sun Insurance companies had donated their fire engines and equipment to the new brigade, and the initial brigade was to be based at the former West of England fire station, close to the ruined theatre. The initial cohort of one sub\-engineer, foreman, 16 firemen, 2 messengers and a brigade surgeon were duly appointed to form the [Exeter City Fire Brigade](/wiki/Exeter_City_Fire_Brigade "Exeter City Fire Brigade"), which continued in service until being merged into the Devon Fire Brigade in 1974, and later the [Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/Devon_and_Somerset_Fire_and_Rescue_Service "Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service") in 2007\. ### Attempted prosecutions Charges were filed against both the architect [Phipps](/wiki/C._J._Phipps "C. J. Phipps"), and the theatre operator, Sidney Herberte\-Basing, by an Edmund Acland Davie (Davies in some sources). The charge against Phipps was that he had "obtained a licence by fraudulent misrepresentation". Following the laying of the charge, it was found that there was no directly relevant statute under which he could be prosecuted, and a [legal opinion](/wiki/Legal_opinion "Legal opinion") was sought from [counsel](/wiki/Counsel "Counsel") in London, and following this advice, action was discontinued. Herberte\-Basing, who was not present on the night, being at home in [Ilfracombe](/wiki/Ilfracombe "Ilfracombe"), was ordered to attend court on 18 October to face charges of breaching the magistrates' licensing rules. After some delays due to availability of lawyers, the case was conducted on 17 November in the absence of the defendant, who had already taken up a position at the Alexandra Theatre, Liverpool (on the site of the newer [Liverpool Empire Theatre](/wiki/Liverpool_Empire_Theatre "Liverpool Empire Theatre"). He was specifically charged that he had breached Rule 1, by permitting obstructions in the staircases and passages of the theatre, Rule 4, by ensuring that gaslights were not properly guarded, and Rule 17, by conducting structural alterations without the leave of the magistrates.{{cite news\|work\=Western Times\|date\=1887\-11\-18\|title\=Guildhall\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000265/18871118/036/0005}} Mr Sparkes, for the defence, contended that the court had no jurisdiction to charge Herberte\-Basing, as the relevant statute did not specify any penalties for non\-compliance for some of the rule breaches, except for the refusal of a licence. The bench noted the objections, but said that the trial should continue, although on the basis of the breach of Rule 1, rather than the other two rules, as the other prosecutions would succeed or fail on the same basis. The defence case also noted that Herberte\-Basing had not been implicated in either the inquest or the inquiry, and that was unfair for the prosecution, and the "defendant has been [chastised](/wiki/Castigation "Castigation") with whips" and they should not seek to "chastise him with scorpions". Ultimately, the court found that the charge had not been sustained, and the case was dismissed,{{cite news\|work\=Shields Daily News\|date\=1887\-11\-18\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001168/18871118/099/0003\|title\=The Recent Fire at Exeter Theatre}} to applause from the court.{{cite news\|work\=Otley News and West Riding Advertiser\|title\=The Exeter Theatre Fire\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002887/18871125/087/0006\|date\=1887\-11\-25}} The remaining two charges were then dismissed.{{cite news\|work\=Herts \& Cambs Reporter\|title\=The Exeter Theatre Fire\|date\=1887\-11\-25\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001795/18871125/127/0007}}
[ "Causes and investigations\n-------------------------", "### Coroner's inquest", "A [coroner](/wiki/Coroner \"Coroner\")'s [inquest](/wiki/Inquests_in_England_and_Wales \"Inquests in England and Wales\") was opened on 21 September 1887, in front of a [coroner's jury](/wiki/Coroner%27s_jury \"Coroner's jury\").", "The official verdict was of 'accidental death' but the licensing magistrates and architect [C. J. Phipps](/wiki/C._J._Phipps \"C. J. Phipps\") were severely criticised for their part in the disaster.", "The licensing magistrates were criticised for issuing a licence when requirements from their first inspection had not been met (such as the [safety curtain](/wiki/Safety_curtain \"Safety curtain\")), and because they were aware that there was only a single exit from the gallery. Phipps was also heavily criticised for misleading the magistrates in relation to the lack of a second exit, by suggesting that dropping over the edge of the balcony was a suitable second exit.", "Phipps was further criticised for the design, including the roof over the gallery being too low, meaning that people had little chance to escape before smoke overcame them.", "### Independent inquiry", "[thumb\\|Picture of the Theatre Royal, the morning after the fire](/wiki/File:Exeter_Theatre_Royal_Fire_picture.jpg \"Exeter Theatre Royal Fire picture.jpg\")\nIn addition to the coroner's inquest, the government tasked [Captain Sir Eyre Shaw](/wiki/Eyre_Massey_Shaw \"Eyre Massey Shaw\"), the Chief Officer of the [Metropolitan Fire Brigade](/wiki/Metropolitan_Fire_Brigade_%28London%29 \"Metropolitan Fire Brigade (London)\") (since renamed the [London Fire Brigade](/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade \"London Fire Brigade\")), to conduct a [parliamentary inquiry](/wiki/Parliamentary_inquiry_%28parliamentary_procedure%29 \"Parliamentary inquiry (parliamentary procedure)\") and report back.", "Captain Shaw was already a proponent of better fire safety in theatres, having published the work \"Fires in Theatres\" in 1876, over 10 years before the Exeter fire,{{cite web\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors]]\\|title\\=Why fire evacuation exit advice is based on false premises\\|last\\=Sandland\\-Taylor\\|first\\=Simon\\|date\\=22 September 2022\\|url\\=https://ww3\\.rics.org/uk/en/journals/built\\-environment\\-journal/fire\\-evacuation\\-exit\\-advice\\-building\\-control\\-surveyors.html}} and having made repeated steps to improve fire prevention in theatres.{{cite book\\|title\\=London's noble fire brigades\\|last\\=Holloway\\|first\\=Sally\\|year\\=1973\\|publisher\\=Cassell \\|isbn\\=9780304291335\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/londonsnoblefire0000holl/page/n115/mode/2up?q\\=exeter}}", "Shaw submitted his report to the government on 29 September 1887, and in it he noted the significant failings of the architect, Phipps. Phipps defended himself from the blame, deflecting to the fact that a number of changes had been made during construction from the designs that he proposed. He also stated to the inquiry that the Metropolitan Board of Works Rules and Regulations were not obligatory outside of London, but Shaw roundly rejected this submission, as the licensing authority had given this as a requirement before construction had started, regardless of it not being otherwise legally required, and that Phipps had given evidence to the magistrates at the licensing hearing that all the regulations had been adhered to, despite this not being the case.", "Ultimately, Shaw identified that the substandard design and build of the theatre caused the deaths. There was a large contribution from the architect, but Shaw gave the largest blame to the licensing magistrates, as they had passed Phipps' substandard work as being fit\\-for\\-purpose. Shaw noted that the design flaws at the Theatre Royal made this one of the most dangerous theatres in the country:", "{{cquote\\|quote\\=It may be that, as stated in evidence, that there are elsewhere other theatres as bad as that of Exeter; but it may be confidently asserted that there can be very few worse\\|author\\=Eyre Shaw\\|source\\=1888 Parliamentary Inquiry Report}}", "The inquiry report identified twelve serious design and construction defects, any one of which should have prevented the licensing of the building as a theatre:\n{{ordered list\n \\| the theatre was not divided, so was a single risk\n \\| the ceiling of the auditorium was at least {{convert\\|5\\|feet\\|metres}} too low\n \\| the stage roof should have been {{convert\\|20\\|feet\\|metres}} above the centre of the some but was only {{convert\\|7\\|feet\\|metres}}\n \\| there was no smoke outlet over the stage\n \\| there was no smoke outlet over the auditorium\n \\| the gallery only had one staircase, where there should have been two, and that staircase was obstructed in several places\n \\| the gas supply for the large auditorium chandelier was the same as that for the stage, and when the stage gas was shut off, this caused the auditorium to go dark\n \\| there were no masonry\\-built areas for storage of flammable scenery, which left it around the stage ready to be ignited\n \\| there was no way of dealing with the fire in the wings of the stage, where fire was most likely\n \\| passages and corridors which were meant to be of fire resistant materials, were clad with flammable \\[\\[lath and plaster]] or \\[\\[matchboard\\|matchboarding]]\n \\| the exit from the stalls and dress boxes as designed was \"cramped and tortuous\" which had been remedied by an additional emergency exit, but that brought those occupants into conflict with people from the gallery and dress circle\n \\| the best places for emergency exits on the building had instead been used for street\\-facing shops\n}}", "The disaster provided the impetus for new regulation, and new rules were introduced, including making [safety curtains](/wiki/Safety_curtain \"Safety curtain\") mandatory.{{cite news\\|publisher\\=BBC News\\|title\\=Exeter Theatre Fire\\|date\\=9 June 2003\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/southwest/series3/exeter\\_theatre\\_fire.shtml}}", "### City council report", "{{seealso\\|Exeter City Fire Brigade}}\nDuring the parliamentary inquiry, the [Exeter City Council](/wiki/Exeter_City_Council \"Exeter City Council\") asked Captain Shaw to make recommendations for fire fighting in the city.", "Shaw's recommendation was the formation of a city fire brigade for Exeter, and following a conference between Shaw and the Council on 21 September,{{cite news\\|title\\=Exeter and a Fire Brigade\\|work\\=The Star\\|date\\=22 September 1887\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000184/18870922/011/0002}} his formal proposal was put forward on 28 September 1887, recommending the Chief Constable of Exeter Police be put in charge.", "On 28 October, the police Chief Constable, Captain Edward Shower presented his list of equipment and staff for the new brigade to the council, but turned down the position of supervising the service.", "The council advertised the position, and appointed Mr William Pett of [Sevenoaks](/wiki/Sevenoaks \"Sevenoaks\").{{cite book\\|title\\=Fighting fires: creating the British fire service 1800–1978\\|page\\=94\\|last\\=Ewen\\|first\\=Shane\\|year\\=2010\\|publisher\\=Palgrave Macmillan \\|isbn\\=9780230517103 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/fightingfirescre0000ewen/page/94/mode/2up?q\\=exeter}} By 20 February 1888, interviews had been conducted and equipment procured. Both the West of England Insurance Company and the Sun Insurance companies had donated their fire engines and equipment to the new brigade, and the initial brigade was to be based at the former West of England fire station, close to the ruined theatre. The initial cohort of one sub\\-engineer, foreman, 16 firemen, 2 messengers and a brigade surgeon were duly appointed to form the [Exeter City Fire Brigade](/wiki/Exeter_City_Fire_Brigade \"Exeter City Fire Brigade\"), which continued in service until being merged into the Devon Fire Brigade in 1974, and later the [Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/Devon_and_Somerset_Fire_and_Rescue_Service \"Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service\") in 2007\\.", "### Attempted prosecutions", "Charges were filed against both the architect [Phipps](/wiki/C._J._Phipps \"C. J. Phipps\"), and the theatre operator, Sidney Herberte\\-Basing, by an Edmund Acland Davie (Davies in some sources).", "The charge against Phipps was that he had \"obtained a licence by fraudulent misrepresentation\". Following the laying of the charge, it was found that there was no directly relevant statute under which he could be prosecuted, and a [legal opinion](/wiki/Legal_opinion \"Legal opinion\") was sought from [counsel](/wiki/Counsel \"Counsel\") in London, and following this advice, action was discontinued.", "Herberte\\-Basing, who was not present on the night, being at home in [Ilfracombe](/wiki/Ilfracombe \"Ilfracombe\"), was ordered to attend court on 18 October to face charges of breaching the magistrates' licensing rules. After some delays due to availability of lawyers, the case was conducted on 17 November in the absence of the defendant, who had already taken up a position at the Alexandra Theatre, Liverpool (on the site of the newer [Liverpool Empire Theatre](/wiki/Liverpool_Empire_Theatre \"Liverpool Empire Theatre\"). He was specifically charged that he had breached Rule 1, by permitting obstructions in the staircases and passages of the theatre, Rule 4, by ensuring that gaslights were not properly guarded, and Rule 17, by conducting structural alterations without the leave of the magistrates.{{cite news\\|work\\=Western Times\\|date\\=1887\\-11\\-18\\|title\\=Guildhall\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000265/18871118/036/0005}}", "Mr Sparkes, for the defence, contended that the court had no jurisdiction to charge Herberte\\-Basing, as the relevant statute did not specify any penalties for non\\-compliance for some of the rule breaches, except for the refusal of a licence. The bench noted the objections, but said that the trial should continue, although on the basis of the breach of Rule 1, rather than the other two rules, as the other prosecutions would succeed or fail on the same basis.", "The defence case also noted that Herberte\\-Basing had not been implicated in either the inquest or the inquiry, and that was unfair for the prosecution, and the \"defendant has been [chastised](/wiki/Castigation \"Castigation\") with whips\" and they should not seek to \"chastise him with scorpions\".", "Ultimately, the court found that the charge had not been sustained, and the case was dismissed,{{cite news\\|work\\=Shields Daily News\\|date\\=1887\\-11\\-18\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001168/18871118/099/0003\\|title\\=The Recent Fire at Exeter Theatre}} to applause from the court.{{cite news\\|work\\=Otley News and West Riding Advertiser\\|title\\=The Exeter Theatre Fire\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002887/18871125/087/0006\\|date\\=1887\\-11\\-25}} The remaining two charges were then dismissed.{{cite news\\|work\\=Herts \\& Cambs Reporter\\|title\\=The Exeter Theatre Fire\\|date\\=1887\\-11\\-25\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001795/18871125/127/0007}}", "" ]
Background ---------- Jason DeCorse is of the [Quechan Indian nation](/wiki/Quechan "Quechan") raised in [Yuma, Arizona](/wiki/Yuma%2C_Arizona "Yuma, Arizona")) and currently living in [Solana Beach, California](/wiki/Solana_Beach%2C_California "Solana Beach, California"). Jason started playing guitar when he was 12 the summer before 7th grade. His influences were his Dad, [Jimi Hendrix](/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix "Jimi Hendrix"), and [Michael Jackson](/wiki/Michael_Jackson "Michael Jackson"). Propaganda Child was his first band in 1994 with James Couzens (Rockademy) on drums. Chris Kabisch and Alana Sweetwater were the co\-lead vocalists. Since the early 1990s, he's been a regular member of Greyhound Soul{{Cite web \|title\=Greyhound Soul's 20 Years of Rock \& Roll {{!}} Zocalo Magazine \- Tucson Arts and Culture \|url\=https://www.zocalomagazine.com/greyhound\-souls\-20\-years\-of\-rock\-roll/ \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-08}} (fronted by [Joe Pena](/wiki/Joe_Pena "Joe Pena")){{cite web \|last\=Orf \|first\=Chris \|title\=Joe Pena finds right recipe for success... \|url\=http://www.getoutaz.com/story/2967 \|accessdate\=2008\-06\-24}} which has achieved critical acclaim [regionally](/wiki/Regionally "Regionally").{{cite web \|last\=Armstrong \|first\=Gene \|title\=Critics' Choice Awards: BEST BAND OR ARTIST \|url\=http://www.tucsonweekly.com/gbase/Music/Content?oid\=99302 \|accessdate\=2008\-06\-24}}{{cite web \|last\=Ventre \|first\=Sarah \|title\=Greyhound Soul \- Tonight and Every Night (review) \|url\=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2007\-09\-27/music/greyhound\-soul/ \|accessdate\=2008\-06\-24 \|archive\-date\=2012\-10\-20 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020080720/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2007\-09\-27/music/greyhound\-soul/ \|url\-status\=dead }} Other members include big Duane Hollis on bass, and many drummers including Allen Anderson and Winston Watson. Simultaneously around 94\-96 he was with Funky Bonz and Spacefish up until 1998\. Anything’s Good was a spinoff of Propaganda Child in Tucson when the singer Chris Kabisch and manager Scott Marconi moved to Los Angeles to meet up with their buddy Josh Atchley (Nynex, [I Will Never Be the Same](/wiki/I_Will_Never_Be_The_Same "I Will Never Be The Same")) Jet Set was the updated LA version of this collection of musicians in 1998 led by Chris Kabisch on vocals, adding Steve Carlson (Stevie C.) on bass, [Chad Stewart](/wiki/Chad_Stewart "Chad Stewart") ([Faster Pussycat](/wiki/Faster_Pussycat "Faster Pussycat"), [Bullet Boys](/wiki/BulletBoys "BulletBoys"), Motochrist) on drums, and Tim ‘Future’ McDonald on keys. Stevie C. broke his hand accidentally so Tim enlisted his fellow band member [Josh Curtis](https://www.mixingcocktails.com) ([Cary Brothers](/wiki/Cary_Brothers "Cary Brothers"), [Queen Kwong](/wiki/Queen_Kwong "Queen Kwong"), [Dirty Sanchez](/wiki/Dirty_Sanchez_%28band%29 "Dirty Sanchez (band)")) to fill in on bass from the [Daniel Cartier](/wiki/Daniel_Cartier "Daniel Cartier") band. By this time [Danny Nordahl](/wiki/Danny_Nordahl "Danny Nordahl") (Motochrist, [the Throbs](/wiki/The_Throbs "The Throbs"), [Faster Pussycat](/wiki/Faster_Pussycat "Faster Pussycat")) had nicknamed Jason ‘Super J’ due to his high flying acrobatic guitar skills performing gigs for [Pretty Ugly Club](/wiki/Pretty_Ugly_Club "Pretty Ugly Club") at [the Dragonfly](/wiki/The_Dragonfly "The Dragonfly"). The fellas all echoed the fact that Super J was a real talent that Jet Set practice at [Hollywood Rehearsal](/wiki/Hollywood_Rehearsal "Hollywood Rehearsal") with Loraine at the front desk. Jason showed up with a purple sparkle 12\-string Danelectro guitar and after a few notes there were fast friends. Jason joined forces with Josh to form the band Plastic Dog in 2000\. Rod Dyer created the Plastic Dog logo the same year. They are recording an album of new material from [Plastic Dog](https://www.instagram.com/plasticdogmusic) in the summer of 2023\. In 2003, [Arista Records](/wiki/Arista_Records "Arista Records") signed the band [Lo Mass Republic](/wiki/Lo_Mass_Republic "Lo Mass Republic"), to a [recording contract](/wiki/Recording_contract "Recording contract"). The band featured Jason on guitar, [Jesse Glick](/wiki/Jesse_Glick "Jesse Glick") as lead singer, Hoss Wright on drums, Corbin Long on keys, and Steve Corduroy on bass. Their debut album was recorded in [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle "Seattle") by [Rick Parashar](/wiki/Rick_Parashar "Rick Parashar") ([Pearl Jam](/wiki/Pearl_Jam "Pearl Jam"), [Temple of the Dog](/wiki/Temple_of_the_Dog "Temple of the Dog"), [Alice In Chains](/wiki/Alice_In_Chains "Alice In Chains"), and [Blind Melon](/wiki/Blind_Melon "Blind Melon")) and mixed by [Jack Joseph Puig](/wiki/Jack_Joseph_Puig "Jack Joseph Puig") ([Weezer](/wiki/Weezer "Weezer"), [Stone Temple Pilots](/wiki/Stone_Temple_Pilots "Stone Temple Pilots"), [The Black Eyed Peas](/wiki/The_Black_Eyed_Peas "The Black Eyed Peas"), and [U2](/wiki/U2 "U2")) at [Ocean Way](/wiki/Ocean_Way "Ocean Way") but the record was never released. The band then joined forces in 2007 and hired [John Travis](/wiki/John_Travis_%28producer%29 "John Travis (producer)") ([Kid Rock](/wiki/Kid_Rock "Kid Rock"), [Juliana Theory](/wiki/Juliana_Theory "Juliana Theory"), [Social Distortion](/wiki/Social_Distortion "Social Distortion")) to record and produce their independent album [Poisoned Heart Machines](/wiki/Poisoned_Heart_Machines "Poisoned Heart Machines").{{cite web\|last\=Winberg \|first\=Par \|title\=Lo Mass Republic "Poisoned Heart Machine" (Review) \|url\=http://www.melodic.net/reviewsOne.asp?revnr\=5520 \|accessdate\=2008\-06\-24 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022232558/http://www.melodic.net/reviewsOne.asp?revnr\=5520 \|archivedate\=2007\-10\-22 }} From 2006\-2012 Jason joined as guitarist for the LA band [The Icarus Line](/wiki/The_Icarus_Line "The Icarus Line"){{cite press release \|title\=Icarus Line: New Album, Tour, Mp3 \|publisher\=Ultimate Guitar \|date\=2007\-06\-20 \|url\=http://www.ultimate\-guitar.com/news/press\_releases/icarus\_line\_new\_album\_tour\_mp3\.html \|accessdate\=2007\-02\-02 \|quote\=singer and songwriter Joe Cardamone, guitarist Alvin DuGuzman, drummer Jeff “The Captain” Watson, guitarist James Striff and bassist Jason Decorse \- is more anxious than ever to get on tour and reconnect with their fans. \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605074133/http://www.ultimate\-guitar.com/news/press\_releases/icarus\_line\_new\_album\_tour\_mp3\.html \|archivedate\=2011\-06\-05}}{{cite news \|last\=Bronson \|first\=Kevin \|title\=The Icarus Line, getting in line? \|work\=The Los Angeles Times \|url\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/buzzbands/2007/07/index.html \|url\-status\=dead \|accessdate\=2008\-06\-24 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825101800/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/buzzbands/2007/07/index.html \|archive\-date\=2007\-08\-25}} with singer [Joe Cardamone](https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrUieU7DeRjfHgAUiIPxQt.;_ylu=Y29sbwNncTEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Nj/RV=2/RE=1675918780/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fThe_Icarus_Line_Must_Die/RK=2/RS=VLhRZjt5t7zrJEGTqOddKwsUQHY-), bassist Alvin DeGuzman, guitarist James Striff, and drummers Jeff Watson and Ben Hallet. They toured the U.K., Europe, Scandinavia, and Canada supporting Wolf Mother. The band also toured with [Against Me](/wiki/Against_Me%21 "Against Me!"), [the Cult](/wiki/The_Cult "The Cult"), [the Lemonheads](/wiki/The_Lemonheads "The Lemonheads"), [the Slits](/wiki/The_Slits "The Slits"), and [Killing Joke](/wiki/Killing_Joke "Killing Joke"). From 2007\-2010, Jason also performed and recorded with [The Jimi Homeless Experience](/wiki/The_Jimi_Homeless_Experience "The Jimi Homeless Experience"), a [comedy rock](/wiki/Comedy_rock "Comedy rock")/[parody](/wiki/Parody "Parody") band. Jason has performed and recorded with many other musicians, including [Kathy Valentine](/wiki/Kathy_Valentine "Kathy Valentine") (of [the Go\-Go's](/wiki/The_Go-Go%27s "The Go-Go's")), [Clem Burke](/wiki/Clem_Burke "Clem Burke") (of [Blondie](/wiki/Blondie_%28band%29 "Blondie (band)")), [Abby Travis](/wiki/Abby_Travis "Abby Travis") (of [Elastica](/wiki/Elastica "Elastica") and [KMFDM](/wiki/KMFDM "KMFDM")), [Ian Astbury](/wiki/Ian_Astbury "Ian Astbury") (of [The Cult](/wiki/The_Cult "The Cult")), [Motochrist](https://www.Motochrist.net), [Alana Sweetwater](/wiki/Alana_Sweetwater "Alana Sweetwater"), [Jet Set](/wiki/Jet_Set_%28band%29 "Jet Set (band)"), and several others. In 2014, Jason joined Godspeed McQueen, a punk/rock'n'roll tribute band located in Solana Beach CA with a deep underground following. He also joined Dark Alley Dogs on lead guitar since 2017\. Currently Jason teaches music at Rockademy, a music school located in North San Diego County.
[ "Background\n----------", "Jason DeCorse is of the [Quechan Indian nation](/wiki/Quechan \"Quechan\") raised in [Yuma, Arizona](/wiki/Yuma%2C_Arizona \"Yuma, Arizona\")) and currently living in [Solana Beach, California](/wiki/Solana_Beach%2C_California \"Solana Beach, California\"). Jason started playing guitar when he was 12 the summer before 7th grade. His influences were his Dad, [Jimi Hendrix](/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix \"Jimi Hendrix\"), and [Michael Jackson](/wiki/Michael_Jackson \"Michael Jackson\").", "Propaganda Child was his first band in 1994 with James Couzens (Rockademy) on drums. Chris Kabisch and Alana Sweetwater were the co\\-lead vocalists.", "Since the early 1990s, he's been a regular member of Greyhound Soul{{Cite web \\|title\\=Greyhound Soul's 20 Years of Rock \\& Roll {{!}} Zocalo Magazine \\- Tucson Arts and Culture \\|url\\=https://www.zocalomagazine.com/greyhound\\-souls\\-20\\-years\\-of\\-rock\\-roll/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-08}} (fronted by [Joe Pena](/wiki/Joe_Pena \"Joe Pena\")){{cite web \\|last\\=Orf \\|first\\=Chris \\|title\\=Joe Pena finds right recipe for success... \\|url\\=http://www.getoutaz.com/story/2967 \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-06\\-24}} which has achieved critical acclaim [regionally](/wiki/Regionally \"Regionally\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Armstrong \\|first\\=Gene \\|title\\=Critics' Choice Awards: BEST BAND OR ARTIST \\|url\\=http://www.tucsonweekly.com/gbase/Music/Content?oid\\=99302 \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-06\\-24}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Ventre \\|first\\=Sarah \\|title\\=Greyhound Soul \\- Tonight and Every Night (review) \\|url\\=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2007\\-09\\-27/music/greyhound\\-soul/ \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-06\\-24 \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-20 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020080720/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2007\\-09\\-27/music/greyhound\\-soul/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Other members include big Duane Hollis on bass, and many drummers including Allen Anderson and Winston Watson. Simultaneously around 94\\-96 he was with Funky Bonz and Spacefish up until 1998\\.", "Anything’s Good was a spinoff of Propaganda Child in Tucson when the singer Chris Kabisch and manager Scott Marconi moved to Los Angeles to meet up with their buddy Josh Atchley (Nynex, [I Will Never Be the Same](/wiki/I_Will_Never_Be_The_Same \"I Will Never Be The Same\"))", "Jet Set was the updated LA version of this collection of musicians in 1998 led by Chris Kabisch on vocals, adding Steve Carlson (Stevie C.) on bass, [Chad Stewart](/wiki/Chad_Stewart \"Chad Stewart\") ([Faster Pussycat](/wiki/Faster_Pussycat \"Faster Pussycat\"), [Bullet Boys](/wiki/BulletBoys \"BulletBoys\"), Motochrist) on drums, and Tim ‘Future’ McDonald on keys. Stevie C. broke his hand accidentally so Tim enlisted his fellow band member [Josh Curtis](https://www.mixingcocktails.com) ([Cary Brothers](/wiki/Cary_Brothers \"Cary Brothers\"), [Queen Kwong](/wiki/Queen_Kwong \"Queen Kwong\"), [Dirty Sanchez](/wiki/Dirty_Sanchez_%28band%29 \"Dirty Sanchez (band)\")) to fill in on bass from the [Daniel Cartier](/wiki/Daniel_Cartier \"Daniel Cartier\") band. By this time [Danny Nordahl](/wiki/Danny_Nordahl \"Danny Nordahl\") (Motochrist, [the Throbs](/wiki/The_Throbs \"The Throbs\"), [Faster Pussycat](/wiki/Faster_Pussycat \"Faster Pussycat\")) had nicknamed Jason ‘Super J’ due to his high flying acrobatic guitar skills performing gigs for [Pretty Ugly Club](/wiki/Pretty_Ugly_Club \"Pretty Ugly Club\") at [the Dragonfly](/wiki/The_Dragonfly \"The Dragonfly\").", "The fellas all echoed the fact that Super J was a real talent that Jet Set practice at [Hollywood Rehearsal](/wiki/Hollywood_Rehearsal \"Hollywood Rehearsal\") with Loraine at the front desk. Jason showed up with a purple sparkle 12\\-string Danelectro guitar and after a few notes there were fast friends. Jason joined forces with Josh to form the band Plastic Dog in 2000\\. Rod Dyer created the Plastic Dog logo the same year. They are recording an album of new material from [Plastic Dog](https://www.instagram.com/plasticdogmusic) in the summer of 2023\\.", "In 2003, [Arista Records](/wiki/Arista_Records \"Arista Records\") signed the band [Lo Mass Republic](/wiki/Lo_Mass_Republic \"Lo Mass Republic\"), to a [recording contract](/wiki/Recording_contract \"Recording contract\"). The band featured Jason on guitar, [Jesse Glick](/wiki/Jesse_Glick \"Jesse Glick\") as lead singer, Hoss Wright on drums, Corbin Long on keys, and Steve Corduroy on bass. Their debut album was recorded in [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle \"Seattle\") by [Rick Parashar](/wiki/Rick_Parashar \"Rick Parashar\") ([Pearl Jam](/wiki/Pearl_Jam \"Pearl Jam\"), [Temple of the Dog](/wiki/Temple_of_the_Dog \"Temple of the Dog\"), [Alice In Chains](/wiki/Alice_In_Chains \"Alice In Chains\"), and [Blind Melon](/wiki/Blind_Melon \"Blind Melon\")) and mixed by [Jack Joseph Puig](/wiki/Jack_Joseph_Puig \"Jack Joseph Puig\") ([Weezer](/wiki/Weezer \"Weezer\"), [Stone Temple Pilots](/wiki/Stone_Temple_Pilots \"Stone Temple Pilots\"), [The Black Eyed Peas](/wiki/The_Black_Eyed_Peas \"The Black Eyed Peas\"), and [U2](/wiki/U2 \"U2\")) at [Ocean Way](/wiki/Ocean_Way \"Ocean Way\") but the record was never released. The band then joined forces in 2007 and hired [John Travis](/wiki/John_Travis_%28producer%29 \"John Travis (producer)\") ([Kid Rock](/wiki/Kid_Rock \"Kid Rock\"), [Juliana Theory](/wiki/Juliana_Theory \"Juliana Theory\"), [Social Distortion](/wiki/Social_Distortion \"Social Distortion\")) to record and produce their independent album [Poisoned Heart Machines](/wiki/Poisoned_Heart_Machines \"Poisoned Heart Machines\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Winberg \\|first\\=Par \\|title\\=Lo Mass Republic \"Poisoned Heart Machine\" (Review) \\|url\\=http://www.melodic.net/reviewsOne.asp?revnr\\=5520 \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-06\\-24 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022232558/http://www.melodic.net/reviewsOne.asp?revnr\\=5520 \\|archivedate\\=2007\\-10\\-22 }}", "From 2006\\-2012 Jason joined as guitarist for the LA band [The Icarus Line](/wiki/The_Icarus_Line \"The Icarus Line\"){{cite press release \\|title\\=Icarus Line: New Album, Tour, Mp3 \\|publisher\\=Ultimate Guitar \\|date\\=2007\\-06\\-20 \\|url\\=http://www.ultimate\\-guitar.com/news/press\\_releases/icarus\\_line\\_new\\_album\\_tour\\_mp3\\.html \\|accessdate\\=2007\\-02\\-02 \\|quote\\=singer and songwriter Joe Cardamone, guitarist Alvin DuGuzman, drummer Jeff “The Captain” Watson, guitarist James Striff and bassist Jason Decorse \\- is more anxious than ever to get on tour and reconnect with their fans. \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605074133/http://www.ultimate\\-guitar.com/news/press\\_releases/icarus\\_line\\_new\\_album\\_tour\\_mp3\\.html \\|archivedate\\=2011\\-06\\-05}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Bronson \\|first\\=Kevin \\|title\\=The Icarus Line, getting in line? \\|work\\=The Los Angeles Times \\|url\\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/buzzbands/2007/07/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-06\\-24 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825101800/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/buzzbands/2007/07/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-08\\-25}} with singer [Joe Cardamone](https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrUieU7DeRjfHgAUiIPxQt.;_ylu=Y29sbwNncTEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Nj/RV=2/RE=1675918780/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fThe_Icarus_Line_Must_Die/RK=2/RS=VLhRZjt5t7zrJEGTqOddKwsUQHY-), bassist Alvin DeGuzman, guitarist James Striff, and drummers Jeff Watson and Ben Hallet. They toured the U.K., Europe, Scandinavia, and Canada supporting Wolf Mother. The band also toured with [Against Me](/wiki/Against_Me%21 \"Against Me!\"), [the Cult](/wiki/The_Cult \"The Cult\"), [the Lemonheads](/wiki/The_Lemonheads \"The Lemonheads\"), [the Slits](/wiki/The_Slits \"The Slits\"), and [Killing Joke](/wiki/Killing_Joke \"Killing Joke\").", "From 2007\\-2010, Jason also performed and recorded with [The Jimi Homeless Experience](/wiki/The_Jimi_Homeless_Experience \"The Jimi Homeless Experience\"), a [comedy rock](/wiki/Comedy_rock \"Comedy rock\")/[parody](/wiki/Parody \"Parody\") band.", "Jason has performed and recorded with many other musicians, including [Kathy Valentine](/wiki/Kathy_Valentine \"Kathy Valentine\") (of [the Go\\-Go's](/wiki/The_Go-Go%27s \"The Go-Go's\")), [Clem Burke](/wiki/Clem_Burke \"Clem Burke\") (of [Blondie](/wiki/Blondie_%28band%29 \"Blondie (band)\")), [Abby Travis](/wiki/Abby_Travis \"Abby Travis\") (of [Elastica](/wiki/Elastica \"Elastica\") and [KMFDM](/wiki/KMFDM \"KMFDM\")), [Ian Astbury](/wiki/Ian_Astbury \"Ian Astbury\") (of [The Cult](/wiki/The_Cult \"The Cult\")), [Motochrist](https://www.Motochrist.net), [Alana Sweetwater](/wiki/Alana_Sweetwater \"Alana Sweetwater\"), [Jet Set](/wiki/Jet_Set_%28band%29 \"Jet Set (band)\"), and several others.", "In 2014, Jason joined Godspeed McQueen, a punk/rock'n'roll tribute band located in Solana Beach CA with a deep underground following. He also joined Dark Alley Dogs on lead guitar since 2017\\. Currently Jason teaches music at Rockademy, a music school located in North San Diego County.", "" ]
Club career ----------- ### Atlético Huila #### 2013 Apertura and Clausura Born in [El Cerrito, Valle del Cauca](/wiki/El_Cerrito%2C_Valle_del_Cauca "El Cerrito, Valle del Cauca"), Lerma relocated to [Neiva, Huila](/wiki/Neiva%2C_Huila "Neiva, Huila") and graduated with [Atlético Huila](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Huila "Atlético Huila")'s youth setup. After being promoted to the main squad in January 2013, he made his professional debut on 30 March, starting in a 0–0 home draw against [Millonarios](/wiki/Millonarios_F.C. "Millonarios F.C.").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.futbolred.com/liga\-postobon/huila\-y\-millonarios\-no\-levantaron\-su\-juego\-y\-por\-eso\-empataron\-0\-0\+12717921\|title\=Huila y Millonarios no levantaron su juego y por eso empataron 0–0\|trans\-title\=Huila and Millonarios did not bring their game up and drew 0–0\|website\=FutbolRed\|language\=es\|date\=31 March 2013\|access\-date\=13 August 2015}} On 17 April, Lerma provided the assist for Huila's third goal against [Independiente Medellín](/wiki/Independiente_Medell%C3%ADn "Independiente Medellín") which allowed his team to win 3–2\.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.sercolombiano.com/2013/04/18/atletico\-huila\-derroto\-3\-2\-al\-medellin/ \| title\=Atlético Huila derrotó 3\-2 al Medellín \| date\=18 April 2013 }} On the final match day, Lerma made his second direct contribution of the season, distributing an assist in a 1–1 home draw against [Santa Fe](/wiki/Independiente_Santa_Fe "Independiente Santa Fe").{{Cite web \|title\=Atlético Huila vs. Independiente Santa Fe \- Reporte del Partido \- 2 junio, 2013 \- ESPN \|url\=https://www.espn.com.pa/futbol/reporte/\_/juegoId/360123 \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-20 \|website\=ESPN.com.mx \|language\=es}} Lerma appeared in 20 matches during [his first professional season](/wiki/2013_Categor%C3%ADa_Primera_A_season "2013 Categoría Primera A season"), as his side finished 13th in the Apertura. For the 2013 Clausura, Lerma's side avoided a relegation play\-off, finishing in 14th place with two points more than [Cúcuta Deportivo](/wiki/C%C3%BAcuta_Deportivo "Cúcuta Deportivo") who were relegated after losing their play\-off series against second division side [Fortaleza](/wiki/Fortaleza_C.E.I.F. "Fortaleza C.E.I.F.").{{Cite web \|date\=2013\-12\-12 \|title\=Ocho años duró el sueño de Cúcuta en la A \|url\=https://www.eluniversal.com.co/deportes/futbol/ocho\-anos\-duro\-el\-sueno\-de\-cucuta\-en\-la\-145330\-HREU235389 \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-20 \|website\=www.eluniversal.com.co \|language\=ES\-es}} #### 2014 Apertura and Clausura He scored his first professional goals on 6 February 2014, scoring a brace in a 3–1 home success over newly promoted Fortaleza, the first of which was the club's 1,000th.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.clubatleticohuila.com.co/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=1480%3Ahuila\-gana\-a\-fortaleza\-y\-llega\-al\-gol\-nro\-1000\&catid\=71%3Ahistorial\-noticias\&Itemid\=159\|title\=Huila gana a Fortaleza y llega al gol no. 1000\|trans\-title\=Huila defeats Fortaleza and reaches the goal no. 1000\|publisher\=Atlético Huila\|language\=es\|date\=6 February 2014\|access\-date\=13 August 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204815/http://www.clubatleticohuila.com.co/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=1480%3Ahuila\-gana\-a\-fortaleza\-y\-llega\-al\-gol\-nro\-1000\&catid\=71%3Ahistorial\-noticias\&Itemid\=159 \|archive\-date\=23 September 2015}} Lerma netted his third goal of the season on 10 April in a 2–0 home win over [Once Caldas](/wiki/Once_Caldas "Once Caldas").{{cite web \| url\=https://www.futbolred.com/archivo/documento/CMS\-13810676 \| title\=Once Caldas cayó ante Huila y aplazó nuevamente su clasificación }} Although Lerma's goal secured an important victory, Huila failed to qualify for the Apertura's final phase after they lost away at Santa Fe and tied at home with [Uniautónoma](/wiki/Uniaut%C3%B3noma_F.C. "Uniautónoma F.C.") in their remaining matches, thus resulting in a 12th place finish. Lerma suffered the first red card of his career on 2 August 2014, after receiving a second booking in the 45th minute during a Clausura match against Fortaleza.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.futbolred.com/archivo/documento/CMS\-14335096 \| title\=En Techo, Fortaleza paró su racha de derrotas con un penalti polémico }} On October 20, Lerma scored a vital goal in a 3–0 win against [Deportivo Pasto](/wiki/Deportivo_Pasto "Deportivo Pasto").{{Cite web \|title\=Atlético Huila vs. Deportivo Pasto \- Football Match Summary \- October 20, 2014 \- ESPN \|url\=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/match/\_/gameId/398719 \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-20 \|website\=ESPN.com \|language\=en}} Huila ultimately qualified to the 2014 Clausura's final phase, and eventually fell short from disputing the final despite having the same amount of points as group counter\-part Santa Fe, who would go on to dispute and win the final against Independiente Medellín.{{Cite web \|date\=2014\-12\-22 \|title\=Santa Fe se titula campeón del torneo Finalización\-2014 colombiano \- CONMEBOL \|url\=https://www.conmebol.com/noticias/santa\-fe\-se\-titula\-campeon\-del\-torneo\-finalizacion\-2014\-colombiano/ \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-20 \|website\=www.conmebol.com \|language\=es\-ES}} #### 2015 Apertura Lerma would maintain his consistency during the 2015 Apertura, guiding Huila to a surprising first place finish in the league table, thus qualifying for the Apertura's quarter\-finals against [Deportes Tolima](/wiki/Deportes_Tolima "Deportes Tolima"). However, Huila was knocked\-out by Tolima with Lerma missing out on both games due to injury.{{Cite web \|title\=Atlético Huila vs. Deportes Tolima \- Alineaciones del Partido \- 24 mayo, 2015 \- ESPN \|url\=https://www.espn.com.co/futbol/alineacion/\_/juegoId/420311 \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-20 \|website\=ESPN.com.co \|language\=es}} Overall, that season Lerma would establish himself as key integrant for Atlético Huila, which attracted the interest of European clubs such as Spanish side [Levante](/wiki/Levante_UD "Levante UD").{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-03\-07 \|title\=Jefferson Lerma, el granota que le dio al Levante U.D. el mejor traspaso de su historia \|url\=https://museo.levanteud.com/2022/03/07/jefferson\-lerma\-el\-granota\-que\-le\-dio\-al\-levante\-ud\-el\-mejor\-traspaso\-de\-su\-historia/ \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-20 \|website\=Museo Virtual Levante UD \|language\=es}} Despite rumours of a potential loan to Spain, Lerma was included in Huila's squad for the initial part of 2015 Clausura.{{Cite web \|last\=cope.es \|date\=2015\-08\-13 \|title\=El Levante ficha a Jefferson Lerma \|url\=https://www.cope.es/actualidad/noticias/levante\-ficha\-jefferson\-lerma\-20150813\_50546 \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-20 \|website\=COPE \|language\=es}} On 8 August, he scored a goal during his last game for Huila from free\-kick in a 2–1 away defeat to Deportes Tolima.{{Cite web \|title\=Deportes Tolima vs. Atlético Huila \- Football Match Summary \- August 8, 2015 \- ESPN \|url\=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/\_/gameId/426131 \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-20 \|website\=ESPN.com \|language\=en}} ### Levante #### 2015–16 season: Relegation [thumb\|right\|upright\|Lerma with Levante in 2016](/wiki/File:JeffersonLerma.JPG "JeffersonLerma.JPG") While disputing the [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics "2016 Summer Olympics") with [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia_Olympic_football_team "Colombia Olympic football team") on August 13, Lerma agreed to a one\-year loan contract with [La Liga](/wiki/La_Liga "La Liga") club [Levante](/wiki/Levante_UD "Levante UD").{{cite web\|url\=http://es.levanteud.com/noticias/levante25470\.html \|title\=Jefferson Lerma, nuevo jugador del Levante \|trans\-title\=Jefferson Lerma, new Levante player \|publisher\=Atlético Huila \|language\=es \|date\=13 August 2015 \|access\-date\=13 August 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817061928/http://es.levanteud.com/noticias/levante25470\.html \|archive\-date\=17 August 2015 }} He made his debut later that month, replacing [Nabil Ghilas](/wiki/Nabil_Ghilas "Nabil Ghilas") in a 0–0 away draw to [Las Palmas](/wiki/UD_Las_Palmas "UD Las Palmas").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.marca.com/eventos/marcador/futbol/2015\_16/la\-liga/jornada\_2/pal\_lev/\|title\=Las palmas no puede romper el cerrojo\|trans\-title\=Las Palmas cannot break the deadlock\|newspaper\=Marca\|language\=es\|date\=30 August 2015\|access\-date\=30 August 2015}}[Jefferson Lerma](https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/jefferson-lerma) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816174937/https://www.rio2016\.com/en/athlete/jefferson\-lerma \|date\=16 August 2016 }}. rio2016\.com Lerma incorporated himself quickly to Levante's team dynamics, and scored his first goal in the main category of Spanish football on 7 December 2015, scoring the match's first goal in a 1–1 away draw with [Espanyol](/wiki/RCD_Espanyol "RCD Espanyol"). He provided an assist to [Deyverson](/wiki/Deyverson "Deyverson") on 25 February, 2016, which helped Levante win their home duel against Las Palmas 3–2\. After appearing in 25 matches for the club, he signed a four\-year contract effective 1 July 2016 for a €600,000 transfer fee.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.levante\-emv.com/levante\-ud/2016/03/20/lerma\-suma\-25\-partidos\-sera/1394302\.html\|title\=Lerma suma 25 partidos y será ´granota´ hasta 2020\|trans\-title\=Lerma reaches 25 matches and will be ''granota'' until 2020\|newspaper\=Levante\-EMV\|language\=es\|date\=20 March 2016\|access\-date\=4 July 2016}} He provided a further assist during his debut season for Levante in a match against [Athletic Bilbao](/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao "Athletic Bilbao") on 24 April, which ended 2–2\.{{Cite web \|title\=Levante vs. Athletic Bilbao \- 24 April 2016 \- Soccerway \|url\=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/04/24/spain/primera\-division/levante\-union\-deportiva/athletic\-club/2086612/ \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-20 \|website\=int.soccerway.com}} On 2 May, Lerma and his team suffered relegation to the second division after a defeat to [Málaga CF](/wiki/M%C3%A1laga_CF "Málaga CF") which left Levante with no mathematical possibility of avoiding relegation.{{Cite web \|title\=Levante relegated from La Liga after 3\-1 defeat at Malaga \|url\=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11827/10267722/levante\-relegated\-from\-la\-liga\-after\-3\-1\-defeat\-at\-malaga \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-20 \|website\=Sky Sports \|language\=en}} Overall, Lerma finished the season with 34 appearances, one goal, and two assists across all competitions. #### 2016–17 season: Promotion to La Liga Lerma made his [Segunda División](/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n "Segunda División") debut on 4 September 2016, coming off the bench in a 1–1 away draw against [Gimnàstic](/wiki/Gimn%C3%A0stic_de_Tarragona "Gimnàstic de Tarragona"). On 2 October, he received a double\-booking during Levante's 3–2 victory over [Real Valladolid](/wiki/Real_Valladolid "Real Valladolid"). On 15 October, Lerma guided Levante to an important victory against [Mallorca](/wiki/RCD_Mallorca "RCD Mallorca"), where he scored Levante's second goal in a 2–1 triumph. He provided the assist for [Roger Martí](/wiki/Roger_Mart%C3%AD "Roger Martí")'s ninth goal of the season during Levante's 0–3 away victory against [CD Mirandés](/wiki/CD_Mirand%C3%A9s "CD Mirandés"). On 11 January 2017, Lerma scored his first goal of the year, Levante's second in a 0–2 away win against [UCAM Murcia CF](/wiki/UCAM_Murcia_CF "UCAM Murcia CF"). In early April, a torn muscle injury would rule Lerma out for six league games. On 13 May, he made his return as a starter during Levante's 2–1 home win over [Girona](/wiki/Girona_FC "Girona FC"). After a well\-fought season, Levante finished first and were crowned as the champions for the [2016–17 Segunda División](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n "2016–17 Segunda División") season, thus achieving direct promotion to [La Liga](/wiki/La_Liga "La Liga"). #### 2017–18 season On 21 August 2017, he made his return to the top\-flight of Spanish football at home against [Villarreal CF](/wiki/Villarreal_CF "Villarreal CF"), where Lerma played the entire match as his team secured a 1–0 victory. Throughout the first half of the season, a muscle injury would ultimately prevent Lerma from disputing nine league matches. On 26 February 2018, Lerma made his return upon recovery against [Real Betis](/wiki/Real_Betis "Real Betis"). On 31 March, Lerma provided an assist for [José Luis Morales'](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Morales_%28footballer%2C_born_1987%29 "José Luis Morales (footballer, born 1987)") decisive equalizing goal against Girona away from home. On 13 May, Lerma took part in Levante's historic win against [FC Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona "FC Barcelona"), which ended 5–4 at Levante's [Estadi Ciutat de València](/wiki/Estadi_Ciutat_de_Val%C3%A8ncia "Estadi Ciutat de València"). Lerma's team eventually finished 15th at the end of the season, thus maintaining a spot in Spain's top flight. ### AFC Bournemouth #### 2018–19 season On 7 August 2018, Lerma joined [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League") club [AFC Bournemouth](/wiki/AFC_Bournemouth "AFC Bournemouth") for a club record transfer fee of €30 million.{{cite web \|title\=Lerma Signs In Club Record Deal \|url\=https://www.afcb.co.uk/news/first\-team/lerma\-signs\-in\-club\-record\-deal \|access\-date\=7 August 2018 \|publisher\=AFC Bournemouth \|date\=7 August 2018}} On 1 September, he made his debut for Bournemouth playing 88 minutes in a 2–0 loss against [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. "Chelsea F.C.").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/45305231\|title\=Chelsea beat Bournemouth 2–0 to extend 100% start in Premier League\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=1 September 2018}} On 1 October during a league match against [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. "Crystal Palace F.C."), Lerma was fouled in the penalty area which resulted in a penalty being award to Bournemouth. [Junior Stanislas](/wiki/Junior_Stanislas "Junior Stanislas") successfully converted the decisive penalty which helped Bournemouth win the match 2–1\. Lerma scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 defeat against [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. "Newcastle United F.C.") on 10 November 2018\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/46081229\|title\=Newcastle 2–1 Bournemouth: Rondon scores twice as Newcastle record successive league wins\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=10 November 2018}} He scored on the final day of his first season at the club in a 5–3 defeat away to Crystal Palace.{{cite news \|title\=Crystal Palace 5–3 Bournemouth\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48165998 \|access\-date\=12 May 2019 \|website\=BBC Sport \|date\=12 May 2019}} Lerma established himself as a fan favourite player, due to his tough\-tackling, no\-nonsense style of play, as well as an important part of the Bournemouth team during his first season in the Premier League; making a total of 32 appearances across all competitions and scoring two goals in the league. Conclusively, Bournemouth would end the Premier League season in 13th place. #### 2019–20 season: Relegation to the Championship On 14 December 2019, Lerma provided a crucial assist for [Dan Gosling](/wiki/Dan_Gosling "Dan Gosling")'s sole goal to help Bournemouth beat Chelsea 0–1 at [Stamford Bridge](/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_%28stadium%29 "Stamford Bridge (stadium)"). On 29 February 2020, he scored his third goal for the club in a 2–2 home draw against Chelsea, meeting a [Ryan Fraser](/wiki/Ryan_Fraser "Ryan Fraser") corner with his head to make the score 1–1\.{{cite news \|title\=AFC Bournemouth 2–2 Chelsea\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51595062\|access\-date\=6 March 2020 \|website\=BBC Sport \|date\=29 February 2020}} Lerma added his second assist of the season against [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. "Liverpool F.C.") at [Anfield](/wiki/Anfield "Anfield"), aiding [Callum Wilson](/wiki/Callum_Wilson_%28footballer%2C_born_1992%29 "Callum Wilson (footballer, born 1992)") to lead 0–1 in the ninth minute. Despite the team's efforts, Bournemouth would finish losing 2–1, thus pushing the team down to 18th place. Lerma's side would ultimately suffer relegation to the Championship at the end of the season after finishing in 19th place. #### 2020–21 season On the opening match\-day, Lerma scored Bournemouth's second to help his side win 3–2 against [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers "Blackburn Rovers"). He made another notable contribution on 27 September 2020, providing [Arnaut Danjuma](/wiki/Arnaut_Danjuma "Arnaut Danjuma") with an important assist to help win the match 1–0 against [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City "Norwich City"). For the following fixture, Lerma scored Bournemouth's first against [Coventry City](/wiki/Coventry_City "Coventry City") which ended in a 1–3 away win. In December, Lerma was charged with a biting offence relating to an act of violent conduct during a game against [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C. "Sheffield Wednesday F.C.") on 3 November 2020\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/55410816\|title\=Bournemouth's Lerma charged with biting\|work\=BBC Sport}} On 12 December, Lerma provided a further assist for [Dominic Solanke](/wiki/Dominic_Solanke "Dominic Solanke")'s 8th league goal, during Bournemouth's 5–0 thrashing over [Huddersfield Town](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town "Huddersfield Town"). He received his first red card as a Bournemouth player for violent conduct on 16 January 2021, during Bournemouth's eventual 0–1 loss at home against [Luton Town](/wiki/Luton_Town "Luton Town"). On 2 April, Lerma completed his third goal of season in Bournemouth's 3–1 win against [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_FC "Middlesbrough FC"). Ultimately, Bournemouth finished the season in fifth, therefore qualifying to the Championship play\-offs against [Brentford](/wiki/Brentford_FC "Brentford FC"). Despite winning the first leg 1–0, Bournemouth would suffer a 3–1 away defeat in the second leg, thus failing to gain promotion to the Premier League. #### 2021–22 season: Promotion to the Premier League On 28 August 2021, Lerma started his first game of the season in a goal less draw away at [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City "Hull City"). Lerma would be a fundamental component for Bournemouth's team dynamic during their 15\-game unbeaten run. On 21 November, Lerma made his first assist of the season, providing team\-mate Solanke's 14th of the season during Bournemouth's 3–2 away defeat against [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County "Derby County"). On 27 November, Lerma received a straight red card during Bournemouth's 2–2 draw against Coventry City. He missed out on three league games as a result. He suffered his second red card of the season during his side's 3–1 win against [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City "Birmingham City"). Consequently, Lerma was suspended for four league matches. On 12 March, Lerma made his return from suspension against Derby County, with his team winning 2–0\. Lerma effectively partnered up with Solanke once more on 15 March, when he provided an assist to help Solanke net his 22nd goal of the season. The following match\-day, Lerma netted his first goal of the season in a 3–0 away victory against [Huddersfield Town](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town "Huddersfield Town"). On 18 April, Lerma once again provided an assist for Solanke, this time against Coventry which ended in a 0–3 away win. Following Bournemouth's impressive season, the team managed to secure a second\-place league finish and were therefore promoted back to the Premier League after two seasons. #### 2022–23 season: Final season and departure On 6 August 2022, Lerma scored Bournemouth's first goal of the season during Premier League opening match\-day as his team went on to defeat [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. "Aston Villa F.C.") 2–0\.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/aug/06/bournemouth\-aston\-villa\-premier\-league\-match\-report \| title\=Bournemouth win on top\-flight return as Lerma and Moore sink Aston Villa \| work\=The Guardian \| date\=6 August 2022 }} Consequently, Lerma's goal became the fastest scored by a newly promoted side at one minute and 56 seconds.{{Cite news\|url\=https://onefootball.com/en/news/welcome\-back\-dream\-start\-as\-bournemouth\-set\-record\-with\-early\-goal\-35587374\|title\= WELCOME BACK! DREAM START AS BOURNEMOUTH SET RECORD WITH EARLY GOAL\|work\= Onefootball}} On October 15, Lerma scored his second goal of the season in a 2–2 draw at [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. "Fulham F.C.").{{cite web \| url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2022/10/15/premier\-league\-fulham\-vs\-bournemouth\-live\-score\-premier\-league \| title\=Fulham vs Bournemouth live: Score and latest updates from the Premier League \| date\=15 October 2022 }} He scored his third Premier League goal of the season on 25 February 2023, Bournemouth's sole goal in a 1–4 home defeat to [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. "Manchester City F.C.").{{cite web \| url\=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12817123/bournemouth\-1\-4\-man\-city\-erling\-haaland\-scores\-27th\-premier\-league\-goal\-of\-the\-season\-in\-comfortable\-rout \| title\=Bournemouth 1\-4 Man City: Erling Haaland scores 27th Premier League goal of the season in comfortable rout }} On 30 April, he scored two goals in four first half minutes of a 4–1 home win against [Leeds United](/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C. "Leeds United F.C.").{{cite news \|last\=Fisher \|first\=Ben \|date\=30 April 2023 \|title\=Leeds woes deepen as Jefferson Lerma takes Bournemouth away from danger \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/apr/30/bournemouth\-leeds\-premier\-league\-match\-report \|access\-date\=30 April 2023 \|issn\=0261\-3077}} On 31 May, it was announced that Lerma would leave Bournemouth after five years at the club.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.afcb.co.uk/news/first\-team/lerma\-to\-depart\-the\-cherries/\|title\=Lerma to depart the Cherries\|publisher\=AFC Bournemouth\|date\=31 May 2023\|access\-date\=31 May 2023}} ### Crystal Palace On 8 June 2023, fellow Premier League side [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. "Crystal Palace F.C.") announced they had agreed personal terms with Lerma, and that he would join the club from 1 July.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cpfc.co.uk/news/announcement/jefferson\-lerma\-to\-join\-crystal\-palace\-july/\|title\=Jefferson Lerma to join Palace in July\|website\=cpfc.co.uk\|date\=8 June 2023\|access\-date\=8 June 2023}} He made his debut for the club on 12 August, a 1–0 away win over [Sheffield United](/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C. "Sheffield United F.C.").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66413645\|title\=Sheffield United 0–1 Crystal Palace\|website\=BBC Sport\|date\=12 August 2023}}
[ "Club career\n-----------", "### Atlético Huila", "#### 2013 Apertura and Clausura", "Born in [El Cerrito, Valle del Cauca](/wiki/El_Cerrito%2C_Valle_del_Cauca \"El Cerrito, Valle del Cauca\"), Lerma relocated to [Neiva, Huila](/wiki/Neiva%2C_Huila \"Neiva, Huila\") and graduated with [Atlético Huila](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Huila \"Atlético Huila\")'s youth setup. After being promoted to the main squad in January 2013, he made his professional debut on 30 March, starting in a 0–0 home draw against [Millonarios](/wiki/Millonarios_F.C. \"Millonarios F.C.\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.futbolred.com/liga\\-postobon/huila\\-y\\-millonarios\\-no\\-levantaron\\-su\\-juego\\-y\\-por\\-eso\\-empataron\\-0\\-0\\+12717921\\|title\\=Huila y Millonarios no levantaron su juego y por eso empataron 0–0\\|trans\\-title\\=Huila and Millonarios did not bring their game up and drew 0–0\\|website\\=FutbolRed\\|language\\=es\\|date\\=31 March 2013\\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2015}} On 17 April, Lerma provided the assist for Huila's third goal against [Independiente Medellín](/wiki/Independiente_Medell%C3%ADn \"Independiente Medellín\") which allowed his team to win 3–2\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.sercolombiano.com/2013/04/18/atletico\\-huila\\-derroto\\-3\\-2\\-al\\-medellin/ \\| title\\=Atlético Huila derrotó 3\\-2 al Medellín \\| date\\=18 April 2013 }} On the final match day, Lerma made his second direct contribution of the season, distributing an assist in a 1–1 home draw against [Santa Fe](/wiki/Independiente_Santa_Fe \"Independiente Santa Fe\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Atlético Huila vs. Independiente Santa Fe \\- Reporte del Partido \\- 2 junio, 2013 \\- ESPN \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com.pa/futbol/reporte/\\_/juegoId/360123 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-20 \\|website\\=ESPN.com.mx \\|language\\=es}} Lerma appeared in 20 matches during [his first professional season](/wiki/2013_Categor%C3%ADa_Primera_A_season \"2013 Categoría Primera A season\"), as his side finished 13th in the Apertura.", "For the 2013 Clausura, Lerma's side avoided a relegation play\\-off, finishing in 14th place with two points more than [Cúcuta Deportivo](/wiki/C%C3%BAcuta_Deportivo \"Cúcuta Deportivo\") who were relegated after losing their play\\-off series against second division side [Fortaleza](/wiki/Fortaleza_C.E.I.F. \"Fortaleza C.E.I.F.\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=2013\\-12\\-12 \\|title\\=Ocho años duró el sueño de Cúcuta en la A \\|url\\=https://www.eluniversal.com.co/deportes/futbol/ocho\\-anos\\-duro\\-el\\-sueno\\-de\\-cucuta\\-en\\-la\\-145330\\-HREU235389 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-20 \\|website\\=www.eluniversal.com.co \\|language\\=ES\\-es}}", "#### 2014 Apertura and Clausura", "He scored his first professional goals on 6 February 2014, scoring a brace in a 3–1 home success over newly promoted Fortaleza, the first of which was the club's 1,000th.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.clubatleticohuila.com.co/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=1480%3Ahuila\\-gana\\-a\\-fortaleza\\-y\\-llega\\-al\\-gol\\-nro\\-1000\\&catid\\=71%3Ahistorial\\-noticias\\&Itemid\\=159\\|title\\=Huila gana a Fortaleza y llega al gol no. 1000\\|trans\\-title\\=Huila defeats Fortaleza and reaches the goal no. 1000\\|publisher\\=Atlético Huila\\|language\\=es\\|date\\=6 February 2014\\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204815/http://www.clubatleticohuila.com.co/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=1480%3Ahuila\\-gana\\-a\\-fortaleza\\-y\\-llega\\-al\\-gol\\-nro\\-1000\\&catid\\=71%3Ahistorial\\-noticias\\&Itemid\\=159 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2015}} Lerma netted his third goal of the season on 10 April in a 2–0 home win over [Once Caldas](/wiki/Once_Caldas \"Once Caldas\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.futbolred.com/archivo/documento/CMS\\-13810676 \\| title\\=Once Caldas cayó ante Huila y aplazó nuevamente su clasificación }} Although Lerma's goal secured an important victory, Huila failed to qualify for the Apertura's final phase after they lost away at Santa Fe and tied at home with [Uniautónoma](/wiki/Uniaut%C3%B3noma_F.C. \"Uniautónoma F.C.\") in their remaining matches, thus resulting in a 12th place finish.", "Lerma suffered the first red card of his career on 2 August 2014, after receiving a second booking in the 45th minute during a Clausura match against Fortaleza.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.futbolred.com/archivo/documento/CMS\\-14335096 \\| title\\=En Techo, Fortaleza paró su racha de derrotas con un penalti polémico }} On October 20, Lerma scored a vital goal in a 3–0 win against [Deportivo Pasto](/wiki/Deportivo_Pasto \"Deportivo Pasto\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Atlético Huila vs. Deportivo Pasto \\- Football Match Summary \\- October 20, 2014 \\- ESPN \\|url\\=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/match/\\_/gameId/398719 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-20 \\|website\\=ESPN.com \\|language\\=en}} Huila ultimately qualified to the 2014 Clausura's final phase, and eventually fell short from disputing the final despite having the same amount of points as group counter\\-part Santa Fe, who would go on to dispute and win the final against Independiente Medellín.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2014\\-12\\-22 \\|title\\=Santa Fe se titula campeón del torneo Finalización\\-2014 colombiano \\- CONMEBOL \\|url\\=https://www.conmebol.com/noticias/santa\\-fe\\-se\\-titula\\-campeon\\-del\\-torneo\\-finalizacion\\-2014\\-colombiano/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-20 \\|website\\=www.conmebol.com \\|language\\=es\\-ES}}", "#### 2015 Apertura", "Lerma would maintain his consistency during the 2015 Apertura, guiding Huila to a surprising first place finish in the league table, thus qualifying for the Apertura's quarter\\-finals against [Deportes Tolima](/wiki/Deportes_Tolima \"Deportes Tolima\"). However, Huila was knocked\\-out by Tolima with Lerma missing out on both games due to injury.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Atlético Huila vs. Deportes Tolima \\- Alineaciones del Partido \\- 24 mayo, 2015 \\- ESPN \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com.co/futbol/alineacion/\\_/juegoId/420311 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-20 \\|website\\=ESPN.com.co \\|language\\=es}} Overall, that season Lerma would establish himself as key integrant for Atlético Huila, which attracted the interest of European clubs such as Spanish side [Levante](/wiki/Levante_UD \"Levante UD\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-03\\-07 \\|title\\=Jefferson Lerma, el granota que le dio al Levante U.D. el mejor traspaso de su historia \\|url\\=https://museo.levanteud.com/2022/03/07/jefferson\\-lerma\\-el\\-granota\\-que\\-le\\-dio\\-al\\-levante\\-ud\\-el\\-mejor\\-traspaso\\-de\\-su\\-historia/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-20 \\|website\\=Museo Virtual Levante UD \\|language\\=es}} Despite rumours of a potential loan to Spain, Lerma was included in Huila's squad for the initial part of 2015 Clausura.{{Cite web \\|last\\=cope.es \\|date\\=2015\\-08\\-13 \\|title\\=El Levante ficha a Jefferson Lerma \\|url\\=https://www.cope.es/actualidad/noticias/levante\\-ficha\\-jefferson\\-lerma\\-20150813\\_50546 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-20 \\|website\\=COPE \\|language\\=es}} On 8 August, he scored a goal during his last game for Huila from free\\-kick in a 2–1 away defeat to Deportes Tolima.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Deportes Tolima vs. Atlético Huila \\- Football Match Summary \\- August 8, 2015 \\- ESPN \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/\\_/gameId/426131 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-20 \\|website\\=ESPN.com \\|language\\=en}}", "### Levante", "#### 2015–16 season: Relegation", "[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Lerma with Levante in 2016](/wiki/File:JeffersonLerma.JPG \"JeffersonLerma.JPG\")\nWhile disputing the [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics \"2016 Summer Olympics\") with [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia_Olympic_football_team \"Colombia Olympic football team\") on August 13, Lerma agreed to a one\\-year loan contract with [La Liga](/wiki/La_Liga \"La Liga\") club [Levante](/wiki/Levante_UD \"Levante UD\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://es.levanteud.com/noticias/levante25470\\.html \\|title\\=Jefferson Lerma, nuevo jugador del Levante \\|trans\\-title\\=Jefferson Lerma, new Levante player \\|publisher\\=Atlético Huila \\|language\\=es \\|date\\=13 August 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817061928/http://es.levanteud.com/noticias/levante25470\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=17 August 2015 }} He made his debut later that month, replacing [Nabil Ghilas](/wiki/Nabil_Ghilas \"Nabil Ghilas\") in a 0–0 away draw to [Las Palmas](/wiki/UD_Las_Palmas \"UD Las Palmas\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.marca.com/eventos/marcador/futbol/2015\\_16/la\\-liga/jornada\\_2/pal\\_lev/\\|title\\=Las palmas no puede romper el cerrojo\\|trans\\-title\\=Las Palmas cannot break the deadlock\\|newspaper\\=Marca\\|language\\=es\\|date\\=30 August 2015\\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2015}}[Jefferson Lerma](https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/jefferson-lerma) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816174937/https://www.rio2016\\.com/en/athlete/jefferson\\-lerma \\|date\\=16 August 2016 }}. rio2016\\.com Lerma incorporated himself quickly to Levante's team dynamics, and scored his first goal in the main category of Spanish football on 7 December 2015, scoring the match's first goal in a 1–1 away draw with [Espanyol](/wiki/RCD_Espanyol \"RCD Espanyol\"). He provided an assist to [Deyverson](/wiki/Deyverson \"Deyverson\") on 25 February, 2016, which helped Levante win their home duel against Las Palmas 3–2\\. After appearing in 25 matches for the club, he signed a four\\-year contract effective 1 July 2016 for a €600,000 transfer fee.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.levante\\-emv.com/levante\\-ud/2016/03/20/lerma\\-suma\\-25\\-partidos\\-sera/1394302\\.html\\|title\\=Lerma suma 25 partidos y será ´granota´ hasta 2020\\|trans\\-title\\=Lerma reaches 25 matches and will be ''granota'' until 2020\\|newspaper\\=Levante\\-EMV\\|language\\=es\\|date\\=20 March 2016\\|access\\-date\\=4 July 2016}} He provided a further assist during his debut season for Levante in a match against [Athletic Bilbao](/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao \"Athletic Bilbao\") on 24 April, which ended 2–2\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Levante vs. Athletic Bilbao \\- 24 April 2016 \\- Soccerway \\|url\\=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/04/24/spain/primera\\-division/levante\\-union\\-deportiva/athletic\\-club/2086612/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-20 \\|website\\=int.soccerway.com}} On 2 May, Lerma and his team suffered relegation to the second division after a defeat to [Málaga CF](/wiki/M%C3%A1laga_CF \"Málaga CF\") which left Levante with no mathematical possibility of avoiding relegation.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Levante relegated from La Liga after 3\\-1 defeat at Malaga \\|url\\=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11827/10267722/levante\\-relegated\\-from\\-la\\-liga\\-after\\-3\\-1\\-defeat\\-at\\-malaga \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-20 \\|website\\=Sky Sports \\|language\\=en}} Overall, Lerma finished the season with 34 appearances, one goal, and two assists across all competitions.", "#### 2016–17 season: Promotion to La Liga", "Lerma made his [Segunda División](/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n \"Segunda División\") debut on 4 September 2016, coming off the bench in a 1–1 away draw against [Gimnàstic](/wiki/Gimn%C3%A0stic_de_Tarragona \"Gimnàstic de Tarragona\"). On 2 October, he received a double\\-booking during Levante's 3–2 victory over [Real Valladolid](/wiki/Real_Valladolid \"Real Valladolid\"). On 15 October, Lerma guided Levante to an important victory against [Mallorca](/wiki/RCD_Mallorca \"RCD Mallorca\"), where he scored Levante's second goal in a 2–1 triumph. He provided the assist for [Roger Martí](/wiki/Roger_Mart%C3%AD \"Roger Martí\")'s ninth goal of the season during Levante's 0–3 away victory against [CD Mirandés](/wiki/CD_Mirand%C3%A9s \"CD Mirandés\"). On 11 January 2017, Lerma scored his first goal of the year, Levante's second in a 0–2 away win against [UCAM Murcia CF](/wiki/UCAM_Murcia_CF \"UCAM Murcia CF\"). In early April, a torn muscle injury would rule Lerma out for six league games. On 13 May, he made his return as a starter during Levante's 2–1 home win over [Girona](/wiki/Girona_FC \"Girona FC\"). After a well\\-fought season, Levante finished first and were crowned as the champions for the [2016–17 Segunda División](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n \"2016–17 Segunda División\") season, thus achieving direct promotion to [La Liga](/wiki/La_Liga \"La Liga\").", "#### 2017–18 season", "On 21 August 2017, he made his return to the top\\-flight of Spanish football at home against [Villarreal CF](/wiki/Villarreal_CF \"Villarreal CF\"), where Lerma played the entire match as his team secured a 1–0 victory. Throughout the first half of the season, a muscle injury would ultimately prevent Lerma from disputing nine league matches. On 26 February 2018, Lerma made his return upon recovery against [Real Betis](/wiki/Real_Betis \"Real Betis\"). On 31 March, Lerma provided an assist for [José Luis Morales'](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Morales_%28footballer%2C_born_1987%29 \"José Luis Morales (footballer, born 1987)\") decisive equalizing goal against Girona away from home. On 13 May, Lerma took part in Levante's historic win against [FC Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona \"FC Barcelona\"), which ended 5–4 at Levante's [Estadi Ciutat de València](/wiki/Estadi_Ciutat_de_Val%C3%A8ncia \"Estadi Ciutat de València\"). Lerma's team eventually finished 15th at the end of the season, thus maintaining a spot in Spain's top flight.", "### AFC Bournemouth", "#### 2018–19 season", "On 7 August 2018, Lerma joined [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League \"Premier League\") club [AFC Bournemouth](/wiki/AFC_Bournemouth \"AFC Bournemouth\") for a club record transfer fee of €30 million.{{cite web \\|title\\=Lerma Signs In Club Record Deal \\|url\\=https://www.afcb.co.uk/news/first\\-team/lerma\\-signs\\-in\\-club\\-record\\-deal \\|access\\-date\\=7 August 2018 \\|publisher\\=AFC Bournemouth \\|date\\=7 August 2018}} On 1 September, he made his debut for Bournemouth playing 88 minutes in a 2–0 loss against [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. \"Chelsea F.C.\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/45305231\\|title\\=Chelsea beat Bournemouth 2–0 to extend 100% start in Premier League\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=1 September 2018}} On 1 October during a league match against [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. \"Crystal Palace F.C.\"), Lerma was fouled in the penalty area which resulted in a penalty being award to Bournemouth. [Junior Stanislas](/wiki/Junior_Stanislas \"Junior Stanislas\") successfully converted the decisive penalty which helped Bournemouth win the match 2–1\\. Lerma scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 defeat against [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. \"Newcastle United F.C.\") on 10 November 2018\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/46081229\\|title\\=Newcastle 2–1 Bournemouth: Rondon scores twice as Newcastle record successive league wins\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=10 November 2018}} He scored on the final day of his first season at the club in a 5–3 defeat away to Crystal Palace.{{cite news \\|title\\=Crystal Palace 5–3 Bournemouth\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48165998 \\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2019 \\|website\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=12 May 2019}} Lerma established himself as a fan favourite player, due to his tough\\-tackling, no\\-nonsense style of play, as well as an important part of the Bournemouth team during his first season in the Premier League; making a total of 32 appearances across all competitions and scoring two goals in the league. Conclusively, Bournemouth would end the Premier League season in 13th place.", "#### 2019–20 season: Relegation to the Championship", "On 14 December 2019, Lerma provided a crucial assist for [Dan Gosling](/wiki/Dan_Gosling \"Dan Gosling\")'s sole goal to help Bournemouth beat Chelsea 0–1 at [Stamford Bridge](/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_%28stadium%29 \"Stamford Bridge (stadium)\"). On 29 February 2020, he scored his third goal for the club in a 2–2 home draw against Chelsea, meeting a [Ryan Fraser](/wiki/Ryan_Fraser \"Ryan Fraser\") corner with his head to make the score 1–1\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=AFC Bournemouth 2–2 Chelsea\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51595062\\|access\\-date\\=6 March 2020 \\|website\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=29 February 2020}} Lerma added his second assist of the season against [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\") at [Anfield](/wiki/Anfield \"Anfield\"), aiding [Callum Wilson](/wiki/Callum_Wilson_%28footballer%2C_born_1992%29 \"Callum Wilson (footballer, born 1992)\") to lead 0–1 in the ninth minute. Despite the team's efforts, Bournemouth would finish losing 2–1, thus pushing the team down to 18th place. Lerma's side would ultimately suffer relegation to the Championship at the end of the season after finishing in 19th place.", "#### 2020–21 season", "On the opening match\\-day, Lerma scored Bournemouth's second to help his side win 3–2 against [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers \"Blackburn Rovers\"). He made another notable contribution on 27 September 2020, providing [Arnaut Danjuma](/wiki/Arnaut_Danjuma \"Arnaut Danjuma\") with an important assist to help win the match 1–0 against [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City \"Norwich City\"). For the following fixture, Lerma scored Bournemouth's first against [Coventry City](/wiki/Coventry_City \"Coventry City\") which ended in a 1–3 away win. In December, Lerma was charged with a biting offence relating to an act of violent conduct during a game against [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C. \"Sheffield Wednesday F.C.\") on 3 November 2020\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/55410816\\|title\\=Bournemouth's Lerma charged with biting\\|work\\=BBC Sport}} On 12 December, Lerma provided a further assist for [Dominic Solanke](/wiki/Dominic_Solanke \"Dominic Solanke\")'s 8th league goal, during Bournemouth's 5–0 thrashing over [Huddersfield Town](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town \"Huddersfield Town\"). He received his first red card as a Bournemouth player for violent conduct on 16 January 2021, during Bournemouth's eventual 0–1 loss at home against [Luton Town](/wiki/Luton_Town \"Luton Town\"). On 2 April, Lerma completed his third goal of season in Bournemouth's 3–1 win against [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_FC \"Middlesbrough FC\"). Ultimately, Bournemouth finished the season in fifth, therefore qualifying to the Championship play\\-offs against [Brentford](/wiki/Brentford_FC \"Brentford FC\"). Despite winning the first leg 1–0, Bournemouth would suffer a 3–1 away defeat in the second leg, thus failing to gain promotion to the Premier League.", "#### 2021–22 season: Promotion to the Premier League", "On 28 August 2021, Lerma started his first game of the season in a goal less draw away at [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City \"Hull City\"). Lerma would be a fundamental component for Bournemouth's team dynamic during their 15\\-game unbeaten run. On 21 November, Lerma made his first assist of the season, providing team\\-mate Solanke's 14th of the season during Bournemouth's 3–2 away defeat against [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County \"Derby County\"). On 27 November, Lerma received a straight red card during Bournemouth's 2–2 draw against Coventry City. He missed out on three league games as a result. He suffered his second red card of the season during his side's 3–1 win against [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City \"Birmingham City\"). Consequently, Lerma was suspended for four league matches. On 12 March, Lerma made his return from suspension against Derby County, with his team winning 2–0\\. Lerma effectively partnered up with Solanke once more on 15 March, when he provided an assist to help Solanke net his 22nd goal of the season. The following match\\-day, Lerma netted his first goal of the season in a 3–0 away victory against [Huddersfield Town](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town \"Huddersfield Town\"). On 18 April, Lerma once again provided an assist for Solanke, this time against Coventry which ended in a 0–3 away win. Following Bournemouth's impressive season, the team managed to secure a second\\-place league finish and were therefore promoted back to the Premier League after two seasons.", "#### 2022–23 season: Final season and departure", "On 6 August 2022, Lerma scored Bournemouth's first goal of the season during Premier League opening match\\-day as his team went on to defeat [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\") 2–0\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/aug/06/bournemouth\\-aston\\-villa\\-premier\\-league\\-match\\-report \\| title\\=Bournemouth win on top\\-flight return as Lerma and Moore sink Aston Villa \\| work\\=The Guardian \\| date\\=6 August 2022 }} Consequently, Lerma's goal became the fastest scored by a newly promoted side at one minute and 56 seconds.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://onefootball.com/en/news/welcome\\-back\\-dream\\-start\\-as\\-bournemouth\\-set\\-record\\-with\\-early\\-goal\\-35587374\\|title\\= WELCOME BACK! DREAM START AS BOURNEMOUTH SET RECORD WITH EARLY GOAL\\|work\\= Onefootball}} On October 15, Lerma scored his second goal of the season in a 2–2 draw at [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. \"Fulham F.C.\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2022/10/15/premier\\-league\\-fulham\\-vs\\-bournemouth\\-live\\-score\\-premier\\-league \\| title\\=Fulham vs Bournemouth live: Score and latest updates from the Premier League \\| date\\=15 October 2022 }} He scored his third Premier League goal of the season on 25 February 2023, Bournemouth's sole goal in a 1–4 home defeat to [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. \"Manchester City F.C.\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12817123/bournemouth\\-1\\-4\\-man\\-city\\-erling\\-haaland\\-scores\\-27th\\-premier\\-league\\-goal\\-of\\-the\\-season\\-in\\-comfortable\\-rout \\| title\\=Bournemouth 1\\-4 Man City: Erling Haaland scores 27th Premier League goal of the season in comfortable rout }} On 30 April, he scored two goals in four first half minutes of a 4–1 home win against [Leeds United](/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C. \"Leeds United F.C.\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Fisher \\|first\\=Ben \\|date\\=30 April 2023 \\|title\\=Leeds woes deepen as Jefferson Lerma takes Bournemouth away from danger \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/apr/30/bournemouth\\-leeds\\-premier\\-league\\-match\\-report \\|access\\-date\\=30 April 2023 \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}} On 31 May, it was announced that Lerma would leave Bournemouth after five years at the club.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.afcb.co.uk/news/first\\-team/lerma\\-to\\-depart\\-the\\-cherries/\\|title\\=Lerma to depart the Cherries\\|publisher\\=AFC Bournemouth\\|date\\=31 May 2023\\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2023}}", "### Crystal Palace", "On 8 June 2023, fellow Premier League side [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. \"Crystal Palace F.C.\") announced they had agreed personal terms with Lerma, and that he would join the club from 1 July.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cpfc.co.uk/news/announcement/jefferson\\-lerma\\-to\\-join\\-crystal\\-palace\\-july/\\|title\\=Jefferson Lerma to join Palace in July\\|website\\=cpfc.co.uk\\|date\\=8 June 2023\\|access\\-date\\=8 June 2023}} He made his debut for the club on 12 August, a 1–0 away win over [Sheffield United](/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C. \"Sheffield United F.C.\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66413645\\|title\\=Sheffield United 0–1 Crystal Palace\\|website\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=12 August 2023}}", "" ]
Biography --------- Although many sources claim that Ann O'Delia Diss Debar was born as Editha Salomen in Kentucky in 1849, no documentary proof exists. Another commonly reported birth name is Ann O'Delia Salomon{{cite book \|last1\=Cantor \|first1\=Michael \|title\=Herrmann the Great \- A Journey through Media \|date\=2015 \|publisher\=Lulu.com \|isbn\=978\-1\-329\-08483\-4 }}{{self\-published inline\|date\=September 2023}}{{pn\|date\=September 2023}} which is corroborated by census data{{cite web \|title\=1850 Census: The Seventh Census of the United States \|url\=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1853/dec/1850a.html \|website\=US Census Bureau }}{{vs\|date\=June 2023}}{{cite web \|title\=1860 Census: Population of the United States \|url\=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1864/dec/1860a.html \|website\=US Census Bureau }}{{vs\|date\=June 2023}} and a family bible given as evidence in an 1888 court case. Her alleged father, Prof. John C. F. Salomon, was a Professor of Music at Greenville Female Institute, also known as Daughters' College and now exists as the [Beaumont Inn](/wiki/Beaumont_Inn "Beaumont Inn")[beaumontinn.com](http://beaumontinn.com/) in Harrodsburg, Kentucky. When George C.T. Salomon came forward as her brother Diss Debar denied any relationship. He said of Diss Debar, "Whenever she enters a house peace departs and with it everything portable. Nothing is safe in her hands. I would not believe her under oath in any circumstances." The Salomen family claimed that after age 2 she conducted herself as a "child of Lucifer" with uncontrollable rages, and she ran away to France at a young age.{{Cite news \|last\=Farrar \|first\=John \|date\=June 27, 1920 \|title\=SHE WAS THE PAST GRAND MISTRESS OF SPOOKS \|pages\=1 \|work\=The Cincinnati Commercial Tribune}} She herself claimed to have been born in [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") in 1854, the daughter of King [Ludwig I of Bavaria](/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria "Ludwig I of Bavaria") and his notorious mistress, the dancer [Lola Montez](/wiki/Lola_Montez "Lola Montez"),{{cite news \|title\=DIS DEBAR FOUNDS A NEW CULT HERE; Ex\-Priestess of Fake Spiritualism Returns as Teacher in a "School of Mahatmas." SNARED LUTHER R. MARSH Got Lawyer's Property Years Ago, but Had to Disgorge \-\- She Quits City When Identity Becomes Known \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1909/08/26/archives/dis\-debar\-founds\-a\-new\-cult\-here\-expriestess\-of\-fake\-spiritualism\-r.html \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=26 August 1909 }} and that she was raised by [foster parents](/wiki/Foster_care "Foster care") from a young age.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/analysis/fraudulent\-fortunes/1666\.article \|title\=Fraudulent fortunes \|date\=December 3, 2004 \|website\=Law Society Gazette \|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-17}} She reportedly badgered the Montez estate into paying her a $300 settlement though the lawyer thought her claims unfounded. Ann O'Delia Diss Debar (also spelled Ann O'Delia Dis Debar{{cite news \|title\=GRAVE CHARGES AGAINST ANN O'DELIA DIS DEBAR.; English Government Officials Expect that She and the Man Jackson Will Get Life Sentences. \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1901/10/11/archives/grave\-charges\-against\-ann\-odelia\-dis\-debar\-english\-government.html \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=11 October 1901 }}) is the most frequently referenced of the many names used by her in her lifetime, including Editha Lola Montez, Della Ann O'Sullivan, Vera Ava, Madame Messant (or McGoon), Swami Viva Ananda, Laura Horos (or Swami Laura Horos) and Laura Jackson.[Lewis Spence](/wiki/Lewis_Spence "Lewis Spence"). (2003\). *Encyclopedia of Occultism \& Parapsychology*. Kessinger Publishing. p. 439\. {{ISBN\|978\-0766128156}} British [occultist](/wiki/Occultist "Occultist") [Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers](/wiki/Samuel_Liddell_MacGregor_Mathers "Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers") (1854–1918\) briefly believed that she was [Anna Sprengel](/wiki/Anna_Sprengel "Anna Sprengel"). She apparently became involved with [Victoria Claflin](/wiki/Victoria_Claflin "Victoria Claflin") and [Tennessee Claflin](/wiki/Tennessee_Claflin "Tennessee Claflin"), popular exponents of [spiritualism](/wiki/Spiritualism_%28movement%29 "Spiritualism (movement)"), in the 1860s and 70s, and was a disciple of [Madame Blavatsky](/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky "Helena Blavatsky"). She claimed to be the wife of [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia "West Virginia") statesman [Joseph H. Diss Debar](/wiki/Joseph_H._Diss_Debar "Joseph H. Diss Debar"), and produced "spirit paintings" by [Old Masters](/wiki/Old_Master "Old Master"). She was prosecuted several times for fraud.{{cite news \|title\=HE IS STILL HER FRIEND.; MR. MARSH 'STANDS BY' THE FAT ANN O'DELIA DISS DEBAR \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1888/12/25/archives/he\-is\-still\-her\-friend\-mr\-marsh\-stands\-by\-the\-fat\-ann\-odelia\-diss.html \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=25 December 1888 }} One example was the case of Luther R. Marsh, a wealthy and distinguished lawyer who had studied in the law office of [Daniel Webster](/wiki/Daniel_Webster "Daniel Webster"). Diss Debar persuaded the elderly Marsh to give her his townhouse on [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City")'s [Madison Avenue](/wiki/Madison_Avenue_%28Manhattan%29 "Madison Avenue (Manhattan)"), for which she was imprisoned on Blackwell's Island for 6 months in 1888\. The magician [Carl Hertz](/wiki/Carl_Hertz "Carl Hertz") appeared for the prosecution at the New York trial, helping to send Horos to jail by duplicating in court the tricks she had used in her [séances](/wiki/S%C3%A9ance "Séance").[Milbourne Christopher](/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher "Milbourne Christopher"). (1969\). *Houdini: The Untold Story*. Crowell. p. 160\. {{ISBN\|978\-0891909811}} Under the name Vera P. Ava, she was convicted of larceny in Illinois and sentenced March 24, 1893 to the [Joliet Correctional Center](/wiki/Joliet_Correctional_Center "Joliet Correctional Center") (then Joliet Penitentiary) for two years.{{cite news \|title\=DIS DEBAR FOUND GUILTY; AND SENTENCED TO TWO YEARS IN THE PENITENTIARY \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1893/03/25/archives/dis\-debar\-found\-guilty\-and\-sentenced\-to\-two\-years\-in\-the.html \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=25 March 1893 }} According to the New York Times, during the trial she claimed not to be the "famous spook priestess" though the article continues to say, "that she is Dis Debar (sic) no one doubts." Soon after she emerged from prison, she married William J. McGowan, who "had considerable money. He died soon afterward." She married Frank Dutton Jackson in Louisiana in 1899, calling herself Princess Editha Lolita. As Editha Loleta Jackson, she was expelled from [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana "New Orleans, Louisiana") in May 1899 as a [swindler](/wiki/Confidence_trick "Confidence trick"). She was imprisoned for 30 days later that month.[John Mulholland](/wiki/John_Mulholland_%28magician%29 "John Mulholland (magician)") (1938\). *Beware Familiar Spirits*. Scribner. pp. 251–260\. {{ISBN\|0\-684\-16181\-8}} After 1899, she spent some time in [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa"), calling herself Helena Horos of the College of Occult Sciences. Diss Debar and Jackson went to England, calling themselves "Swami Laura Horos" and "Theodore Horos". They set up a "Purity League" at the [Theocratic Unity Temple](/wiki/Theocratic_Unity_Temple "Theocratic Unity Temple"), near [Regent's Park](/wiki/Regent%27s_Park "Regent's Park") in [London](/wiki/London "London"), and worked as [fortune tellers](/wiki/Fortune_teller "Fortune teller") and diviners, advertising their services in newspapers, such as *[The People](/wiki/The_Sunday_People "The Sunday People")* and the now defunct *Western Morning Advertiser*. They were arrested in [Birkenhead](/wiki/Birkenhead "Birkenhead") in September 1901, and charged with [obtaining property by false pretenses](/wiki/Theft "Theft"), [rape](/wiki/Rape "Rape") and [buggery](/wiki/Buggery "Buggery"). The charges seem to have arisen from decadent sexual practices at their temple in London. The couple [defended themselves](/wiki/Litigant_in_person "Litigant in person"), but Diss Debar was sentenced to 7\-years imprisonment, and her husband to 15 years.{{Citation \|title\=Frank Dutton Jackson, Laura Loleta Jackson \|date\=December 1901 \|url\=https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id\=def1\-79\-19011216÷\=t19011216\-79 \|issue\=t19011216\-79 \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-07}} She was held in the prison in [Aylesbury](/wiki/Aylesbury "Aylesbury"), released on parole in July 1906 and immediately went missing, apparently leaving England for the United States. Thereafter, she was wanted by Scotland Yard. She was interviewed in January 1907 by the Detroit Free Press, this time as Mother Elinor, High Priestess of the Flying Rollers of the New Eve—a religious cult. She swindled members out of expensive jewels and promised deeds to land that did not exist. When the article was published and her identity was under threat, she escaped. She was next found in [Cincinnati](/wiki/Cincinnati%2C_Ohio "Cincinnati, Ohio") in 1909, under the name Vera Ava. In August 1909, Diss Debar attempted to start a new religious cult called the New Revelation in New York City, but abandoned the plan at the School of Mahatmas on 32nd Street one week before it was to open after journalists revealed her true identity. She is reported to have had children with some of her husbands including Diss Debar. A biography is included in the 1938 book *Beware Familiar Spirits* by the American magician [John Mulholland](/wiki/John_Mulholland_%28magician%29 "John Mulholland (magician)") (reprinted in 1979\).
[ "Biography\n---------", "Although many sources claim that Ann O'Delia Diss Debar was born as Editha Salomen in Kentucky in 1849, no documentary proof exists. Another commonly reported birth name is Ann O'Delia Salomon{{cite book \\|last1\\=Cantor \\|first1\\=Michael \\|title\\=Herrmann the Great \\- A Journey through Media \\|date\\=2015 \\|publisher\\=Lulu.com \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-329\\-08483\\-4 }}{{self\\-published inline\\|date\\=September 2023}}{{pn\\|date\\=September 2023}} which is corroborated by census data{{cite web \\|title\\=1850 Census: The Seventh Census of the United States \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1853/dec/1850a.html \\|website\\=US Census Bureau }}{{vs\\|date\\=June 2023}}{{cite web \\|title\\=1860 Census: Population of the United States \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1864/dec/1860a.html \\|website\\=US Census Bureau }}{{vs\\|date\\=June 2023}} and a family bible given as evidence in an 1888 court case. Her alleged father, Prof. John C. F. Salomon, was a Professor of Music at Greenville Female Institute, also known as Daughters' College and now exists as the [Beaumont Inn](/wiki/Beaumont_Inn \"Beaumont Inn\")[beaumontinn.com](http://beaumontinn.com/) in Harrodsburg, Kentucky. When George C.T. Salomon came forward as her brother Diss Debar denied any relationship. He said of Diss Debar, \"Whenever she enters a house peace departs and with it everything portable. Nothing is safe in her hands. I would not believe her under oath in any circumstances.\" The Salomen family claimed that after age 2 she conducted herself as a \"child of Lucifer\" with uncontrollable rages, and she ran away to France at a young age.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Farrar \\|first\\=John \\|date\\=June 27, 1920 \\|title\\=SHE WAS THE PAST GRAND MISTRESS OF SPOOKS \\|pages\\=1 \\|work\\=The Cincinnati Commercial Tribune}}", "She herself claimed to have been born in [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") in 1854, the daughter of King [Ludwig I of Bavaria](/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria \"Ludwig I of Bavaria\") and his notorious mistress, the dancer [Lola Montez](/wiki/Lola_Montez \"Lola Montez\"),{{cite news \\|title\\=DIS DEBAR FOUNDS A NEW CULT HERE; Ex\\-Priestess of Fake Spiritualism Returns as Teacher in a \"School of Mahatmas.\" SNARED LUTHER R. MARSH Got Lawyer's Property Years Ago, but Had to Disgorge \\-\\- She Quits City When Identity Becomes Known \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1909/08/26/archives/dis\\-debar\\-founds\\-a\\-new\\-cult\\-here\\-expriestess\\-of\\-fake\\-spiritualism\\-r.html \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=26 August 1909 }} and that she was raised by [foster parents](/wiki/Foster_care \"Foster care\") from a young age.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/analysis/fraudulent\\-fortunes/1666\\.article \\|title\\=Fraudulent fortunes \\|date\\=December 3, 2004 \\|website\\=Law Society Gazette \\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-17}} She reportedly badgered the Montez estate into paying her a $300 settlement though the lawyer thought her claims unfounded.", "Ann O'Delia Diss Debar (also spelled Ann O'Delia Dis Debar{{cite news \\|title\\=GRAVE CHARGES AGAINST ANN O'DELIA DIS DEBAR.; English Government Officials Expect that She and the Man Jackson Will Get Life Sentences. \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1901/10/11/archives/grave\\-charges\\-against\\-ann\\-odelia\\-dis\\-debar\\-english\\-government.html \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=11 October 1901 }}) is the most frequently referenced of the many names used by her in her lifetime, including Editha Lola Montez, Della Ann O'Sullivan, Vera Ava, Madame Messant (or McGoon), Swami Viva Ananda, Laura Horos (or Swami Laura Horos) and Laura Jackson.[Lewis Spence](/wiki/Lewis_Spence \"Lewis Spence\"). (2003\\). *Encyclopedia of Occultism \\& Parapsychology*. Kessinger Publishing. p. 439\\. {{ISBN\\|978\\-0766128156}} British [occultist](/wiki/Occultist \"Occultist\") [Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers](/wiki/Samuel_Liddell_MacGregor_Mathers \"Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers\") (1854–1918\\) briefly believed that she was [Anna Sprengel](/wiki/Anna_Sprengel \"Anna Sprengel\").", "She apparently became involved with [Victoria Claflin](/wiki/Victoria_Claflin \"Victoria Claflin\") and [Tennessee Claflin](/wiki/Tennessee_Claflin \"Tennessee Claflin\"), popular exponents of [spiritualism](/wiki/Spiritualism_%28movement%29 \"Spiritualism (movement)\"), in the 1860s and 70s, and was a disciple of [Madame Blavatsky](/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky \"Helena Blavatsky\"). She claimed to be the wife of [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia \"West Virginia\") statesman [Joseph H. Diss Debar](/wiki/Joseph_H._Diss_Debar \"Joseph H. Diss Debar\"), and produced \"spirit paintings\" by [Old Masters](/wiki/Old_Master \"Old Master\"). She was prosecuted several times for fraud.{{cite news \\|title\\=HE IS STILL HER FRIEND.; MR. MARSH 'STANDS BY' THE FAT ANN O'DELIA DISS DEBAR \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1888/12/25/archives/he\\-is\\-still\\-her\\-friend\\-mr\\-marsh\\-stands\\-by\\-the\\-fat\\-ann\\-odelia\\-diss.html \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=25 December 1888 }} One example was the case of Luther R. Marsh, a wealthy and distinguished lawyer who had studied in the law office of [Daniel Webster](/wiki/Daniel_Webster \"Daniel Webster\"). Diss Debar persuaded the elderly Marsh to give her his townhouse on [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\")'s [Madison Avenue](/wiki/Madison_Avenue_%28Manhattan%29 \"Madison Avenue (Manhattan)\"), for which she was imprisoned on Blackwell's Island for 6 months in 1888\\. The magician [Carl Hertz](/wiki/Carl_Hertz \"Carl Hertz\") appeared for the prosecution at the New York trial, helping to send Horos to jail by duplicating in court the tricks she had used in her [séances](/wiki/S%C3%A9ance \"Séance\").[Milbourne Christopher](/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher \"Milbourne Christopher\"). (1969\\). *Houdini: The Untold Story*. Crowell. p. 160\\. {{ISBN\\|978\\-0891909811}}", "Under the name Vera P. Ava, she was convicted of larceny in Illinois and sentenced March 24, 1893 to the [Joliet Correctional Center](/wiki/Joliet_Correctional_Center \"Joliet Correctional Center\") (then Joliet Penitentiary) for two years.{{cite news \\|title\\=DIS DEBAR FOUND GUILTY; AND SENTENCED TO TWO YEARS IN THE PENITENTIARY \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1893/03/25/archives/dis\\-debar\\-found\\-guilty\\-and\\-sentenced\\-to\\-two\\-years\\-in\\-the.html \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=25 March 1893 }} According to the New York Times, during the trial she claimed not to be the \"famous spook priestess\" though the article continues to say, \"that she is Dis Debar (sic) no one doubts.\" Soon after she emerged from prison, she married William J. McGowan, who \"had considerable money. He died soon afterward.\"", "She married Frank Dutton Jackson in Louisiana in 1899, calling herself Princess Editha Lolita. As Editha Loleta Jackson, she was expelled from [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana \"New Orleans, Louisiana\") in May 1899 as a [swindler](/wiki/Confidence_trick \"Confidence trick\"). She was imprisoned for 30 days later that month.[John Mulholland](/wiki/John_Mulholland_%28magician%29 \"John Mulholland (magician)\") (1938\\). *Beware Familiar Spirits*. Scribner. pp. 251–260\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-684\\-16181\\-8}} After 1899, she spent some time in [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"), calling herself Helena Horos of the College of Occult Sciences.", "Diss Debar and Jackson went to England, calling themselves \"Swami Laura Horos\" and \"Theodore Horos\". They set up a \"Purity League\" at the [Theocratic Unity Temple](/wiki/Theocratic_Unity_Temple \"Theocratic Unity Temple\"), near [Regent's Park](/wiki/Regent%27s_Park \"Regent's Park\") in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), and worked as [fortune tellers](/wiki/Fortune_teller \"Fortune teller\") and diviners, advertising their services in newspapers, such as *[The People](/wiki/The_Sunday_People \"The Sunday People\")* and the now defunct *Western Morning Advertiser*. They were arrested in [Birkenhead](/wiki/Birkenhead \"Birkenhead\") in September 1901, and charged with [obtaining property by false pretenses](/wiki/Theft \"Theft\"), [rape](/wiki/Rape \"Rape\") and [buggery](/wiki/Buggery \"Buggery\"). The charges seem to have arisen from decadent sexual practices at their temple in London. The couple [defended themselves](/wiki/Litigant_in_person \"Litigant in person\"), but Diss Debar was sentenced to 7\\-years imprisonment, and her husband to 15 years.{{Citation \\|title\\=Frank Dutton Jackson, Laura Loleta Jackson \\|date\\=December 1901 \\|url\\=https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id\\=def1\\-79\\-19011216÷\\=t19011216\\-79 \\|issue\\=t19011216\\-79 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-07}} She was held in the prison in [Aylesbury](/wiki/Aylesbury \"Aylesbury\"), released on parole in July 1906 and immediately went missing, apparently leaving England for the United States. Thereafter, she was wanted by Scotland Yard.", "She was interviewed in January 1907 by the Detroit Free Press, this time as Mother Elinor, High Priestess of the Flying Rollers of the New Eve—a religious cult. She swindled members out of expensive jewels and promised deeds to land that did not exist. When the article was published and her identity was under threat, she escaped.", "She was next found in [Cincinnati](/wiki/Cincinnati%2C_Ohio \"Cincinnati, Ohio\") in 1909, under the name Vera Ava.", "In August 1909, Diss Debar attempted to start a new religious cult called the New Revelation in New York City, but abandoned the plan at the School of Mahatmas on 32nd Street one week before it was to open after journalists revealed her true identity.", "She is reported to have had children with some of her husbands including Diss Debar.", "A biography is included in the 1938 book *Beware Familiar Spirits* by the American magician [John Mulholland](/wiki/John_Mulholland_%28magician%29 \"John Mulholland (magician)\") (reprinted in 1979\\).", "" ]
Plot ---- Kang\-do leads a solitary life as a seemingly heartless and brutal debt collector for his clients, loan sharks who demand a 10x return on a one\-month loan. To recover the massive interest, the debtors sign an insurance application for handicaps, and Kang\-do injures them to file the claims. On one such instance Kang\-do visits Hun\-cheol, who works in a decrepit factory with his wife Myeong\-ja. The small loan he took out a month ago has snowballed into a much larger figure, and Kang\-do arrives to cripple him and file the claim. In an act of desperation, Myeong\-ja tries to seduce Kang\-do by stripping, begging him to give them another week to get the money for the interest. Kang\-do strips her to her bra, but refuses to have sex with her. He cripples Hun\-cheol and files for the insurance. Later, he notices he is being followed by a middle aged woman. She claims that she is his biological mother, who abandoned him 30 years ago, and introduces herself as Mi\-sun. Despite initially pushing her away, Kang\-do eventually lets her into his life and opens up to her, mellowing in the process. He is less harsh in pursuing interest, on one occasion refusing to injure a young factory worker who is about to become a father. Seemingly innocent on the surface, Kang\-do's relationship with Mi\-sun is disturbed by his abandonment anxiety and his life growing up without a mother figure, which manifests itself in sexual ways. Kang\-do molests her, asking "I came out of here? Can I go back in?". Another time he tries to get into bed with her and put his face against her breasts. Both times he is pushed away and she is uncomfortable. On an outing with his mother, Kang\-do is childishly excited and whimsical. When insulted by a bystander, he almost gets into a physical altercation. They are followed home by one of the debtors Kang\-do has crippled, who is now a beggar. The beggar holds Kang\-do's mother hostage as revenge for crippling him, but is mortally wounded in the altercation. Frightened by the situation, Kang\-do asks Mi\-sun not to go outside without him for her safety. As Kang\-do's birthday approaches, Mi\-sun fakes a kidnapping and leaves the house. It is revealed that she isn't actually Kang\-do's biological mother, but the mother of a debtor Kang\-do crippled in the past, who subsequently committed [suicide](/wiki/Suicide "Suicide"). Not knowing this, Kang\-do desperately chases every person he crippled in the past in order to find Mi\-sun. He finds Myeong\-ja and Hun\-cheol, who now live on Myeong\-ja's earnings from selling food on the side of a highway to live after Hun\-cheol was left crippled and unable to work. Kang\-do is forced to face the consequences of his job as a loan shark, as many of his debtors either die or live in poverty. Mi\-sun commits suicide in front of Kang\-do, but expresses pity for him before doing so. After her death Kang\-do realizes she isn't his mother, and buries her next to her son. Kang\-do commits suicide by tying himself underneath Myeong\-ja's truck, which she unknowingly drives, leaving behind a steady trail of his blood.{{cite web\|last\=Elley\|first\=Derek\|date\=8 September 2012\|title\=Pietà\|url\=http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/pieta\|publisher\=\[\[Film Business Asia]]\|access\-date\=9 September 2012\|archive\-date\=17 September 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917022546/http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/pieta\|url\-status\=live}}
[ "Plot\n----", "Kang\\-do leads a solitary life as a seemingly heartless and brutal debt collector for his clients, loan sharks who demand a 10x return on a one\\-month loan. To recover the massive interest, the debtors sign an insurance application for handicaps, and Kang\\-do injures them to file the claims.", "On one such instance Kang\\-do visits Hun\\-cheol, who works in a decrepit factory with his wife Myeong\\-ja. The small loan he took out a month ago has snowballed into a much larger figure, and Kang\\-do arrives to cripple him and file the claim. In an act of desperation, Myeong\\-ja tries to seduce Kang\\-do by stripping, begging him to give them another week to get the money for the interest. Kang\\-do strips her to her bra, but refuses to have sex with her. He cripples Hun\\-cheol and files for the insurance.", "Later, he notices he is being followed by a middle aged woman. She claims that she is his biological mother, who abandoned him 30 years ago, and introduces herself as Mi\\-sun. Despite initially pushing her away, Kang\\-do eventually lets her into his life and opens up to her, mellowing in the process. He is less harsh in pursuing interest, on one occasion refusing to injure a young factory worker who is about to become a father. Seemingly innocent on the surface, Kang\\-do's relationship with Mi\\-sun is disturbed by his abandonment anxiety and his life growing up without a mother figure, which manifests itself in sexual ways. Kang\\-do molests her, asking \"I came out of here? Can I go back in?\". Another time he tries to get into bed with her and put his face against her breasts. Both times he is pushed away and she is uncomfortable.", "On an outing with his mother, Kang\\-do is childishly excited and whimsical. When insulted by a bystander, he almost gets into a physical altercation. They are followed home by one of the debtors Kang\\-do has crippled, who is now a beggar. The beggar holds Kang\\-do's mother hostage as revenge for crippling him, but is mortally wounded in the altercation. Frightened by the situation, Kang\\-do asks Mi\\-sun not to go outside without him for her safety.", "As Kang\\-do's birthday approaches, Mi\\-sun fakes a kidnapping and leaves the house. It is revealed that she isn't actually Kang\\-do's biological mother, but the mother of a debtor Kang\\-do crippled in the past, who subsequently committed [suicide](/wiki/Suicide \"Suicide\"). Not knowing this, Kang\\-do desperately chases every person he crippled in the past in order to find Mi\\-sun. He finds Myeong\\-ja and Hun\\-cheol, who now live on Myeong\\-ja's earnings from selling food on the side of a highway to live after Hun\\-cheol was left crippled and unable to work. Kang\\-do is forced to face the consequences of his job as a loan shark, as many of his debtors either die or live in poverty.", "Mi\\-sun commits suicide in front of Kang\\-do, but expresses pity for him before doing so. After her death Kang\\-do realizes she isn't his mother, and buries her next to her son. Kang\\-do commits suicide by tying himself underneath Myeong\\-ja's truck, which she unknowingly drives, leaving behind a steady trail of his blood.{{cite web\\|last\\=Elley\\|first\\=Derek\\|date\\=8 September 2012\\|title\\=Pietà\\|url\\=http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/pieta\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Film Business Asia]]\\|access\\-date\\=9 September 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=17 September 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917022546/http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/pieta\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "" ]
College career -------------- Hansen accepted a basketball scholarship from the [University of Washington](/wiki/University_of_Washington "University of Washington"). Hansen appeared in 95 games during his college career, averaging 9\.9 points and 6\.3 rebounds per game. He also played on the [baseball](/wiki/Baseball "Baseball") team as a [pitcher](/wiki/Pitcher "Pitcher") and was offered a contract by the [Texas Rangers](/wiki/Texas_Rangers_%28baseball%29 "Texas Rangers (baseball)") of [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball "Major League Baseball") as a junior. As a freshman in the 1972–73 season, he was named the starter at [center](/wiki/Center_%28basketball%29 "Center (basketball)"), averaging 7\.1 points and 5\.4 rebounds per contest. As a sophomore in the 1973–74 season, with the arrival of [center](/wiki/Center_%28basketball%29 "Center (basketball)") [James Edwards](/wiki/James_Edwards_%28basketball%29 "James Edwards (basketball)"), he had a backup role. He also missed 5 games with a chipped bone in his wrist. He posted 6\.8 points and 5\.8 rebounds per game. As a junior in the 1974–75 season, he was moved to a [sixth man](/wiki/Sixth_man "Sixth man") role from the bench, averaging 10\.3 points and 6\.2 rebounds per game. As a senior in the 1975–76 season, he was named the starter at [power forward](/wiki/Power_forward_%28basketball%29 "Power forward (basketball)"), averaging 14\.2 points (third on the team) and 7\.5 rebounds (led the team) per game. He also contributed to the team having a 22\-6 record, qualifying for the school's first [NCAA basketball tournament](/wiki/1976_NCAA_Division_I_basketball_tournament "1976 NCAA Division I basketball tournament") appearance since 1953 and finishing the regular season ranked No. 11\. This was also the last team to defeat (103\-81\) a [John Wooden](/wiki/John_Wooden "John Wooden") squad, as the legendary coach would retire after the season, having won his 10th National Championship.
[ "College career\n--------------", "Hansen accepted a basketball scholarship from the [University of Washington](/wiki/University_of_Washington \"University of Washington\"). Hansen appeared in 95 games during his college career, averaging 9\\.9 points and 6\\.3 rebounds per game. He also played on the [baseball](/wiki/Baseball \"Baseball\") team as a [pitcher](/wiki/Pitcher \"Pitcher\") and was offered a contract by the [Texas Rangers](/wiki/Texas_Rangers_%28baseball%29 \"Texas Rangers (baseball)\") of [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\") as a junior.", "As a freshman in the 1972–73 season, he was named the starter at [center](/wiki/Center_%28basketball%29 \"Center (basketball)\"), averaging 7\\.1 points and 5\\.4 rebounds per contest.", "As a sophomore in the 1973–74 season, with the arrival of [center](/wiki/Center_%28basketball%29 \"Center (basketball)\") [James Edwards](/wiki/James_Edwards_%28basketball%29 \"James Edwards (basketball)\"), he had a backup role. He also missed 5 games with a chipped bone in his wrist. He posted 6\\.8 points and 5\\.8 rebounds per game.", "As a junior in the 1974–75 season, he was moved to a [sixth man](/wiki/Sixth_man \"Sixth man\") role from the bench, averaging 10\\.3 points and 6\\.2 rebounds per game.", "As a senior in the 1975–76 season, he was named the starter at [power forward](/wiki/Power_forward_%28basketball%29 \"Power forward (basketball)\"), averaging 14\\.2 points (third on the team) and 7\\.5 rebounds (led the team) per game. He also contributed to the team having a 22\\-6 record, qualifying for the school's first [NCAA basketball tournament](/wiki/1976_NCAA_Division_I_basketball_tournament \"1976 NCAA Division I basketball tournament\") appearance since 1953 and finishing the regular season ranked No. 11\\. This was also the last team to defeat (103\\-81\\) a [John Wooden](/wiki/John_Wooden \"John Wooden\") squad, as the legendary coach would retire after the season, having won his 10th National Championship.", "" ]
Tax problems ------------ In November 2004 Farnsworth was arrested on charges of [tax evasion](/wiki/Tax_avoidance_and_tax_evasion "Tax avoidance and tax evasion") of approximately $87,000 in [Federal income taxes](/wiki/Income_tax_in_the_United_States "Income tax in the United States") under {{usc\|26\|7201}} for years 1998, 1999, and 2000\. On the campaign trail as well as on his personal website, Farnsworth argued that the federal law makes the payment of [income taxes voluntary](/wiki/Tax_protester_statutory_arguments%23The_%22income_taxes_are_voluntary%22_argument "Tax protester statutory arguments#The ").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.mcall.com/news/local/all\-a1\_2taxmenapr03,0,7642464\.story?coll\=all\-news\-hed\|title\=Allentown Morning Call}} A federal [grand jury](/wiki/Grand_jury "Grand jury") charged the electrical engineer with failure to pay taxes for three years on more than $221,000 in income and with attempting to conceal his earnings by transferring assets to fraudulent trusts and overseas bank accounts. During the case, investigators found that one of the trust funds belonged to actor Wesley Snipes. Snipes himself was indicted on tax charges in October 2006\.{{cite web \|title\=Tax Protester Linked to Snipes Convicted \|website\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911081831/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2006/12/09/AR2006120900995\.html \|archive\-date\=2018\-09\-11 \|url\-status\=live \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2006/12/09/AR2006120900995\.html}} Snipes was convicted of three misdemeanor counts of failing to file Federal income tax returns (and was acquitted on other tax charges)."Wesley Snipes acquitted of federal tax fraud," Today.com, Feb. 1, 2008, at <http://www.today.com/id/22955757> {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518102423/http://www.today.com/id/22955757 \|date\=2017\-05\-18 }}.[Snipes acquitted of tax\-fraud, conspiracy](http://www.cnn.com/2008/CRIME/02/01/snipes.court.ap/index.html), Associated Press, as reported by CNN, February 1, 2006\. On December 11, 2006, a federal jury in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania found Farnsworth guilty of tax evasion.Docket entry 134, Dec. 11, 2006, *United States v. Farnsworth*, case no. 2:04\-cr\-00707\-JP\-1, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Division. Farnsworth was sentenced on April 3, 2007 to 27 months in prison. He was also fined $500 and ordered to cooperate with [Internal Revenue Service](/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service "Internal Revenue Service") investigators in documenting his finances and beginning to pay his tax debt of almost $83,000\.See {{cite web\|url\=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070404/ap\_en\_mo/tax\_protester\_snipes\_4 \|title\=Tax protester gets more than 2 years \- Yahoo! News \|accessdate\=2007\-04\-04 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406024533/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070404/ap\_en\_mo/tax\_protester\_snipes\_4 \|archivedate\=2007\-04\-06 }}. On December 11, 2008, Farnsworth's conviction was upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.*United States v. Farnsworth*, case no. 07\-2200, 2009\-1 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) paragr. 50,104 (3d Cir. 2008\). Farnsworth was incarcerated at the Federal Correctional Institution at Fairton, New Jersey, and was released in April 2009\.Patrick Lester, "Tax evader from Bucks freed after 2 years in prison," April 16, 2009, *The Morning Call*, at [https://archive.today/20120910170016/http://www.mcall.com/news/local/all\-a3\_5farnsworth.6858810apr16,0,7038922\.story](https://archive.today/20120910170016/http://www.mcall.com/news/local/all-a3_5farnsworth.6858810apr16,0,7038922.story). On March 24, 2010, Farnsworth appeared in federal court in Philadelphia in connection with alleged violations of the terms of his release from federal prison. In court papers filed on March 15, 2010, Farnsworth's probation officer charged that Farnsworth had refused to comply with directives issued by the Internal Revenue Service required by court order. The government alleged that Farnsworth had been collecting wages "under the table" while working at a sandwich shop and had not reported the wages on his tax returns.Christopher Ruvo, "'Tax honesty' advocate runs afoul of IRS," March 26, 2010, *Bucks County Courier Times* (Bucks County, Pennsylvania), at [http://www.phillyburbs.com/news/news\_details/article/92/2010/march/26/tax\-honesty\-advocate\-runs\-afoul\-of\-irs.html](http://www.phillyburbs.com/news/news_details/article/92/2010/march/26/tax-honesty-advocate-runs-afoul-of-irs.html){{dead link\|date\=October 2016 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}. On May 3, 2010, U.S. District Judge John R. Padova ordered Farnsworth back to the federal prison camp for an additional four months because of violations of Farnsworth's supervised release.Christopher Ruvo, "Tax rebel ordered to return to prison," *The Intelligencer*, May 5, 2010, at [http://www.phillyburbs.com/news/news\_details/article/25/2010/may/05/tax\-rebel\-ordered\-to\-return\-to\-prison.html](http://www.phillyburbs.com/news/news_details/article/25/2010/may/05/tax-rebel-ordered-to-return-to-prison.html){{dead link\|date\=October 2016 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}. Farnsworth was incarcerated at the Federal Detention Center in Philadelphia, and was released on October 1, 2010\.Prisoner number 58722\-066, Federal Bureau of Prisons, U.S. Dep't of Justice, at [http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction\=NameSearch\&needingMoreList\=false\&LastName\=Farnsworth\&Middle\=\&FirstName\=Arthur\&Race\=U\&Sex\=U\&Age\=\&x\=26\&y\=15](http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&LastName=Farnsworth&Middle=&FirstName=Arthur&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=26&y=15).
[ "Tax problems\n------------", "In November 2004 Farnsworth was arrested on charges of [tax evasion](/wiki/Tax_avoidance_and_tax_evasion \"Tax avoidance and tax evasion\") of approximately $87,000 in [Federal income taxes](/wiki/Income_tax_in_the_United_States \"Income tax in the United States\") under {{usc\\|26\\|7201}} for years 1998, 1999, and 2000\\. On the campaign trail as well as on his personal website, Farnsworth argued that the federal law makes the payment of [income taxes voluntary](/wiki/Tax_protester_statutory_arguments%23The_%22income_taxes_are_voluntary%22_argument \"Tax protester statutory arguments#The \").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mcall.com/news/local/all\\-a1\\_2taxmenapr03,0,7642464\\.story?coll\\=all\\-news\\-hed\\|title\\=Allentown Morning Call}}", "A federal [grand jury](/wiki/Grand_jury \"Grand jury\") charged the electrical engineer with failure to pay taxes for three years on more than $221,000 in income and with attempting to conceal his earnings by transferring assets to fraudulent trusts and overseas bank accounts.", "During the case, investigators found that one of the trust funds belonged to actor Wesley Snipes. Snipes himself was indicted on tax charges in October 2006\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Tax Protester Linked to Snipes Convicted \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911081831/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2006/12/09/AR2006120900995\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-11 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2006/12/09/AR2006120900995\\.html}} Snipes was convicted of three misdemeanor counts of failing to file Federal income tax returns (and was acquitted on other tax charges).\"Wesley Snipes acquitted of federal tax fraud,\" Today.com, Feb. 1, 2008, at <http://www.today.com/id/22955757> {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518102423/http://www.today.com/id/22955757 \\|date\\=2017\\-05\\-18 }}.[Snipes acquitted of tax\\-fraud, conspiracy](http://www.cnn.com/2008/CRIME/02/01/snipes.court.ap/index.html), Associated Press, as reported by CNN, February 1, 2006\\.", "On December 11, 2006, a federal jury in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania found Farnsworth guilty of tax evasion.Docket entry 134, Dec. 11, 2006, *United States v. Farnsworth*, case no. 2:04\\-cr\\-00707\\-JP\\-1, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Division.", "Farnsworth was sentenced on April 3, 2007 to 27 months in prison. He was also fined $500 and ordered to cooperate with [Internal Revenue Service](/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service \"Internal Revenue Service\") investigators in documenting his finances and beginning to pay his tax debt of almost $83,000\\.See {{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070404/ap\\_en\\_mo/tax\\_protester\\_snipes\\_4 \\|title\\=Tax protester gets more than 2 years \\- Yahoo! News \\|accessdate\\=2007\\-04\\-04 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406024533/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070404/ap\\_en\\_mo/tax\\_protester\\_snipes\\_4 \\|archivedate\\=2007\\-04\\-06 }}. On December 11, 2008, Farnsworth's conviction was upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.*United States v. Farnsworth*, case no. 07\\-2200, 2009\\-1 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) paragr. 50,104 (3d Cir. 2008\\).", "Farnsworth was incarcerated at the Federal Correctional Institution at Fairton, New Jersey, and was released in April 2009\\.Patrick Lester, \"Tax evader from Bucks freed after 2 years in prison,\" April 16, 2009, *The Morning Call*, at [https://archive.today/20120910170016/http://www.mcall.com/news/local/all\\-a3\\_5farnsworth.6858810apr16,0,7038922\\.story](https://archive.today/20120910170016/http://www.mcall.com/news/local/all-a3_5farnsworth.6858810apr16,0,7038922.story).", "On March 24, 2010, Farnsworth appeared in federal court in Philadelphia in connection with alleged violations of the terms of his release from federal prison. In court papers filed on March 15, 2010, Farnsworth's probation officer charged that Farnsworth had refused to comply with directives issued by the Internal Revenue Service required by court order. The government alleged that Farnsworth had been collecting wages \"under the table\" while working at a sandwich shop and had not reported the wages on his tax returns.Christopher Ruvo, \"'Tax honesty' advocate runs afoul of IRS,\" March 26, 2010, *Bucks County Courier Times* (Bucks County, Pennsylvania), at [http://www.phillyburbs.com/news/news\\_details/article/92/2010/march/26/tax\\-honesty\\-advocate\\-runs\\-afoul\\-of\\-irs.html](http://www.phillyburbs.com/news/news_details/article/92/2010/march/26/tax-honesty-advocate-runs-afoul-of-irs.html){{dead link\\|date\\=October 2016 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}. On May 3, 2010, U.S. District Judge John R. Padova ordered Farnsworth back to the federal prison camp for an additional four months because of violations of Farnsworth's supervised release.Christopher Ruvo, \"Tax rebel ordered to return to prison,\" *The Intelligencer*, May 5, 2010, at [http://www.phillyburbs.com/news/news\\_details/article/25/2010/may/05/tax\\-rebel\\-ordered\\-to\\-return\\-to\\-prison.html](http://www.phillyburbs.com/news/news_details/article/25/2010/may/05/tax-rebel-ordered-to-return-to-prison.html){{dead link\\|date\\=October 2016 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}. Farnsworth was incarcerated at the Federal Detention Center in Philadelphia, and was released on October 1, 2010\\.Prisoner number 58722\\-066, Federal Bureau of Prisons, U.S. Dep't of Justice, at [http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction\\=NameSearch\\&needingMoreList\\=false\\&LastName\\=Farnsworth\\&Middle\\=\\&FirstName\\=Arthur\\&Race\\=U\\&Sex\\=U\\&Age\\=\\&x\\=26\\&y\\=15](http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&LastName=Farnsworth&Middle=&FirstName=Arthur&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=26&y=15).", "" ]
Media ----- ### Television #### *She\-Ra: Princess of Power* (1985\) In *[She\-Ra: Princess of Power](/wiki/She-Ra:Princess_of_Power "Princess of Power")*, Entrapta is [the Horde](/wiki/List_of_She-Ra:Princess_of_Power_and_She-Ra_and_the_Princesses_of_Power_characters%23The_Horde "Princess of Power and She-Ra and the Princesses of Power characters#The Horde")'s technician and a sidekick of Catra. Entrapta is a skilled inventor and is credited with designing advanced equipment for the Horde to employ in their battle against the Great Rebellion. Her specialty is devising traps and weaponry. #### *She\-Ra and the Princesses of Power* (2018–2020\) In *[She\-Ra and the Princesses of Power](/wiki/She-Ra_and_the_Princesses_of_Power "She-Ra and the Princesses of Power")*, Entrapta is given an updated\-origin storyline.{{cite web\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Leah Marilla\|url\=https://www.bustle.com/p/entrapta\-in\-the\-original\-she\-ra\-was\-a\-villain\-but\-the\-netflix\-version\-gives\-her\-a\-new\-origin\-story\-17178499\|title\=Here's How Netflix Changed Entrapta's Origin Story For Its 'She\-Ra' Reboot\|website\=\[\[Bustle (magazine)\|Bustle]]\|date\=April 26, 2019\|access\-date\=February 18, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509040918/https://www.bustle.com/p/entrapta\-in\-the\-original\-she\-ra\-was\-a\-villain\-but\-the\-netflix\-version\-gives\-her\-a\-new\-origin\-story\-17178499\|archive\-date\=May 9, 2020\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|last\=Maleh\|first\=Linda\|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lindamaleh/2019/08/02/review\-she\-ra\-and\-the\-princesses\-of\-power\-makes\-a\-comeback\-with\-season\-3/\#54c91bd01922\|title\=Review: 'She\-Ra And The Princesses Of Power' Makes A Comeback With Season 3\|website\=\[\[Forbes]]\|date\=August 2, 2019\|access\-date\=February 18, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508235910/https://www.forbes.com/sites/lindamaleh/2019/08/02/review\-she\-ra\-and\-the\-princesses\-of\-power\-makes\-a\-comeback\-with\-season\-3/\|archive\-date\=May 8, 2020\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|last\=August\|first\=Alexandra\|url\=https://screenrant.com/she\-ra\-netflix\-ending\-season\-1\-explained/2/\|title\=She\-Ra and the Princesses of Power Ending Explained\|date\=November 15, 2018\|website\=\[\[Screen Rant]]\|access\-date\=February 18, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201194248/https://screenrant.com/she\-ra\-netflix\-ending\-season\-1\-explained/2/\|archive\-date\=February 1, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} page 1 [here](https://screenrant.com/she-ra-netflix-ending-season-1-explained/) Her hair is also purple, unlike in the original show where it was pink, and she is able to mentally control it at will as if it were another appendage, to manipuate it to fight enemies or to control her various machines. Showrunner [ND Stevenson](/wiki/ND_Stevenson "ND Stevenson") later confirmed that Entrapta was written as [autistic](/wiki/Autism "Autism"). Entrapta is portrayed in the series as a skilled but reckless inventor and princess of Dryl. She has great interest in studies of robotics, and despite many failed experiments, she became one of the most knowledgeable people on First Ones' tech in [Etheria](/wiki/Etheria_%28She-Ra%29 "Etheria (She-Ra)"). Entrapta quickly joins the Rebellion, though after a partially\-botched rescue mission to the Fright Zone, she is nearly incinerated and left for dead by the other princesses. Convinced by Catra that she was abandoned by her friends on purpose, Entrapta is recruited into the Horde and she creates highly effective weaponry for them. Entrapta bonds with [Hordak](/wiki/Hordak "Hordak"), the leader of the Horde, over their shared interest in technology while helping him build a portal to summon the rest of the Horde. Hordak reveals his nature as a defective clone to her, and due to Entrapta's love for imperfection, they form a genuine friendship that blossoms into romantic love.{{cite web \|last1\=Ostertag \|first1\=Molly \|last2\=Stevenson \|first2\=ND \|title\=We're doing a charity stream for BLM on 6/9 at 5pm PST \- send donations and requests here! \|url\=https://www.twitch.tv/videos/646313443 \|website\=\[\[Twitch (service)\|Twitch]] \|access\-date\=June 11, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611131339/https://www.twitch.tv/videos/646313443 \|archive\-date\=June 11, 2020 \|date\=June 9, 2020 \|url\-status\=live}} [Alt URL](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOFJHXBGDoc) From 3:55:40 to 3:57:26 in the video, ND says, "Entrapta has a lot of robot boyfriends and girlfriends...Entrapdak is canon...The robots learn to love because of her, and that's like Hordak," while making a number of other comments about Entrapta and Hordak.{{cite web \|last1\=Geiger \|first1\=Rae \|title\=I don't know if this counts as spoilers but was Entrapdak and Catradora always planned or was it more of a random thought while working on the different seasons? \|url\=https://raegeii.tumblr.com/post/618934445486047233/i\-dont\-know\-if\-this\-counts\-as\-spoilers\-but\-was \|website\=\[\[Tumblr]] \|access\-date\=August 31, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901023511/https://raegeii.tumblr.com/post/618934445486047233/i\-dont\-know\-if\-this\-counts\-as\-spoilers\-but\-was \|archive\-date\=September 1, 2020 \|date\=May 18, 2020 \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|last1\=Geiger \|first1\=Rae \|title\=i loooooved all of the outfits in s5!! what was the process for choosing adora's "wish" outfit and hair? \|url\=https://raegeii.tumblr.com/post/618934551160520704/i\-loooooved\-all\-of\-the\-outfits\-in\-s5\-what\-was \|website\=\[\[Tumblr]] \|access\-date\=August 31, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608195657/https://raegeii.tumblr.com/post/618934551160520704/i\-loooooved\-all\-of\-the\-outfits\-in\-s5\-what\-was \|archive\-date\=June 8, 2020 \|date\=May 2020 \|url\-status\=dead }}She clarified that "I've never intended for every character who swaps items as described above to be married." However, when Entrapta refuses to activate the portal upon learning it could destroy Etheria, she is knocked out by Catra and sent off to Beast Island while Hordak is made to believe that Entrapta betrayed him. Nonetheless, Entrapta is delighted by the ancient technology left on Beast Island. When [Adora](/wiki/Princess_Adora "Princess Adora") and [Bow](/wiki/Bow_%28Masters_of_the_Universe%29 "Bow (Masters of the Universe)") arrive to rescue Entrapta, she is reluctant to leave, due to both the island's resources and her feelings of abandonment. With that despondency in mind, Entrapta almost allows herself to be consumed by the aggressive vegetation of the island. However, when She\-Ra tells Entrapta that leaving with them would allow her to examine their aircraft, an item of ancient technology, Entrapta agrees to help them escape and ends up rejoining the Rebellion. When the galactic Horde, led by Hordak's creator [Horde Prime](/wiki/List_of_She-Ra:Princess_of_Power_and_She-Ra_and_the_Princesses_of_Power_characters%23Horde_Prime "Princess of Power and She-Ra and the Princesses of Power characters#Horde Prime"), arrives at Etheria, Entrapta proves to be instrumental in foiling his plan to use the planet's inner superweapon to destroy the universe. Hordak's love for Entrapta is shown to be strong enough that it inspires him to rebel against Horde Prime, and the two happily reunite after She\-Ra disables the weapon and defeats Horde Prime. According to Stevenson, Entrapta "sees humanity in everything"{{cite web \|last1\=Zachary \|first1\=Brandon \|title\=She\-Ra: Noelle Stevenson on Horde Prime, Entrapta \& the Heart of the Series \|url\=https://www.cbr.com/she\-ra\-noelle\-stevenson\-horde\-prime\-entrapta\-heart\-of\-the\-show/ \|website\=\[\[Comic Book Resources\|CBR]] \|access\-date\=August 31, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618194933/https://www.cbr.com/she\-ra\-noelle\-stevenson\-horde\-prime\-entrapta\-heart\-of\-the\-show/ \|archive\-date\=June 18, 2020 \|date\=May 18, 2020 \|url\-status\=live}} and had "lots of robot boyfriends and girlfriends", along with her relationship with the ship, Darla, in "some capacity". ### In other media Entrapta appears in the *[Robot Chicken](/wiki/Robot_Chicken "Robot Chicken")* episode "Slaughterhouse on the Prairie", voiced by [Robin Tunney](/wiki/Robin_Tunney "Robin Tunney"). She accompanies [Catra](/wiki/Catra "Catra") and [Scorpia](/wiki/Scorpia_%28Princesses_of_Power%29 "Scorpia (Princesses of Power)") into attacking Castle Bright Moon.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=tcOV68Gx1YU\|title\= She\-Ra's Aunt Flo\|access\-date\=2009\-10\-18 \|work\= \[\[Adult Swim]] \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110617215445/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=tcOV68Gx1YU\|archive\-date\= 2011\-06\-17}}
[ "Media\n-----", "### Television", "#### *She\\-Ra: Princess of Power* (1985\\)", "In *[She\\-Ra: Princess of Power](/wiki/She-Ra:Princess_of_Power \"Princess of Power\")*, Entrapta is [the Horde](/wiki/List_of_She-Ra:Princess_of_Power_and_She-Ra_and_the_Princesses_of_Power_characters%23The_Horde \"Princess of Power and She-Ra and the Princesses of Power characters#The Horde\")'s technician and a sidekick of Catra. Entrapta is a skilled inventor and is credited with designing advanced equipment for the Horde to employ in their battle against the Great Rebellion. Her specialty is devising traps and weaponry.", "#### *She\\-Ra and the Princesses of Power* (2018–2020\\)", "In *[She\\-Ra and the Princesses of Power](/wiki/She-Ra_and_the_Princesses_of_Power \"She-Ra and the Princesses of Power\")*, Entrapta is given an updated\\-origin storyline.{{cite web\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Leah Marilla\\|url\\=https://www.bustle.com/p/entrapta\\-in\\-the\\-original\\-she\\-ra\\-was\\-a\\-villain\\-but\\-the\\-netflix\\-version\\-gives\\-her\\-a\\-new\\-origin\\-story\\-17178499\\|title\\=Here's How Netflix Changed Entrapta's Origin Story For Its 'She\\-Ra' Reboot\\|website\\=\\[\\[Bustle (magazine)\\|Bustle]]\\|date\\=April 26, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=February 18, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509040918/https://www.bustle.com/p/entrapta\\-in\\-the\\-original\\-she\\-ra\\-was\\-a\\-villain\\-but\\-the\\-netflix\\-version\\-gives\\-her\\-a\\-new\\-origin\\-story\\-17178499\\|archive\\-date\\=May 9, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Maleh\\|first\\=Linda\\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lindamaleh/2019/08/02/review\\-she\\-ra\\-and\\-the\\-princesses\\-of\\-power\\-makes\\-a\\-comeback\\-with\\-season\\-3/\\#54c91bd01922\\|title\\=Review: 'She\\-Ra And The Princesses Of Power' Makes A Comeback With Season 3\\|website\\=\\[\\[Forbes]]\\|date\\=August 2, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=February 18, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508235910/https://www.forbes.com/sites/lindamaleh/2019/08/02/review\\-she\\-ra\\-and\\-the\\-princesses\\-of\\-power\\-makes\\-a\\-comeback\\-with\\-season\\-3/\\|archive\\-date\\=May 8, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|last\\=August\\|first\\=Alexandra\\|url\\=https://screenrant.com/she\\-ra\\-netflix\\-ending\\-season\\-1\\-explained/2/\\|title\\=She\\-Ra and the Princesses of Power Ending Explained\\|date\\=November 15, 2018\\|website\\=\\[\\[Screen Rant]]\\|access\\-date\\=February 18, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201194248/https://screenrant.com/she\\-ra\\-netflix\\-ending\\-season\\-1\\-explained/2/\\|archive\\-date\\=February 1, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}} page 1 [here](https://screenrant.com/she-ra-netflix-ending-season-1-explained/) Her hair is also purple, unlike in the original show where it was pink, and she is able to mentally control it at will as if it were another appendage, to manipuate it to fight enemies or to control her various machines.", "Showrunner [ND Stevenson](/wiki/ND_Stevenson \"ND Stevenson\") later confirmed that Entrapta was written as [autistic](/wiki/Autism \"Autism\"). Entrapta is portrayed in the series as a skilled but reckless inventor and princess of Dryl. She has great interest in studies of robotics, and despite many failed experiments, she became one of the most knowledgeable people on First Ones' tech in [Etheria](/wiki/Etheria_%28She-Ra%29 \"Etheria (She-Ra)\").", "Entrapta quickly joins the Rebellion, though after a partially\\-botched rescue mission to the Fright Zone, she is nearly incinerated and left for dead by the other princesses. Convinced by Catra that she was abandoned by her friends on purpose, Entrapta is recruited into the Horde and she creates highly effective weaponry for them. Entrapta bonds with [Hordak](/wiki/Hordak \"Hordak\"), the leader of the Horde, over their shared interest in technology while helping him build a portal to summon the rest of the Horde. Hordak reveals his nature as a defective clone to her, and due to Entrapta's love for imperfection, they form a genuine friendship that blossoms into romantic love.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Ostertag \\|first1\\=Molly \\|last2\\=Stevenson \\|first2\\=ND \\|title\\=We're doing a charity stream for BLM on 6/9 at 5pm PST \\- send donations and requests here! \\|url\\=https://www.twitch.tv/videos/646313443 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Twitch (service)\\|Twitch]] \\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611131339/https://www.twitch.tv/videos/646313443 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 11, 2020 \\|date\\=June 9, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} [Alt URL](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOFJHXBGDoc) From 3:55:40 to 3:57:26 in the video, ND says, \"Entrapta has a lot of robot boyfriends and girlfriends...Entrapdak is canon...The robots learn to love because of her, and that's like Hordak,\" while making a number of other comments about Entrapta and Hordak.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Geiger \\|first1\\=Rae \\|title\\=I don't know if this counts as spoilers but was Entrapdak and Catradora always planned or was it more of a random thought while working on the different seasons? \\|url\\=https://raegeii.tumblr.com/post/618934445486047233/i\\-dont\\-know\\-if\\-this\\-counts\\-as\\-spoilers\\-but\\-was \\|website\\=\\[\\[Tumblr]] \\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901023511/https://raegeii.tumblr.com/post/618934445486047233/i\\-dont\\-know\\-if\\-this\\-counts\\-as\\-spoilers\\-but\\-was \\|archive\\-date\\=September 1, 2020 \\|date\\=May 18, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Geiger \\|first1\\=Rae \\|title\\=i loooooved all of the outfits in s5!! what was the process for choosing adora's \"wish\" outfit and hair? \\|url\\=https://raegeii.tumblr.com/post/618934551160520704/i\\-loooooved\\-all\\-of\\-the\\-outfits\\-in\\-s5\\-what\\-was \\|website\\=\\[\\[Tumblr]] \\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608195657/https://raegeii.tumblr.com/post/618934551160520704/i\\-loooooved\\-all\\-of\\-the\\-outfits\\-in\\-s5\\-what\\-was \\|archive\\-date\\=June 8, 2020 \\|date\\=May 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}She clarified that \"I've never intended for every character who swaps items as described above to be married.\" However, when Entrapta refuses to activate the portal upon learning it could destroy Etheria, she is knocked out by Catra and sent off to Beast Island while Hordak is made to believe that Entrapta betrayed him. Nonetheless, Entrapta is delighted by the ancient technology left on Beast Island. When [Adora](/wiki/Princess_Adora \"Princess Adora\") and [Bow](/wiki/Bow_%28Masters_of_the_Universe%29 \"Bow (Masters of the Universe)\") arrive to rescue Entrapta, she is reluctant to leave, due to both the island's resources and her feelings of abandonment. With that despondency in mind, Entrapta almost allows herself to be consumed by the aggressive vegetation of the island. However, when She\\-Ra tells Entrapta that leaving with them would allow her to examine their aircraft, an item of ancient technology, Entrapta agrees to help them escape and ends up rejoining the Rebellion. When the galactic Horde, led by Hordak's creator [Horde Prime](/wiki/List_of_She-Ra:Princess_of_Power_and_She-Ra_and_the_Princesses_of_Power_characters%23Horde_Prime \"Princess of Power and She-Ra and the Princesses of Power characters#Horde Prime\"), arrives at Etheria, Entrapta proves to be instrumental in foiling his plan to use the planet's inner superweapon to destroy the universe. Hordak's love for Entrapta is shown to be strong enough that it inspires him to rebel against Horde Prime, and the two happily reunite after She\\-Ra disables the weapon and defeats Horde Prime.", "According to Stevenson, Entrapta \"sees humanity in everything\"{{cite web \\|last1\\=Zachary \\|first1\\=Brandon \\|title\\=She\\-Ra: Noelle Stevenson on Horde Prime, Entrapta \\& the Heart of the Series \\|url\\=https://www.cbr.com/she\\-ra\\-noelle\\-stevenson\\-horde\\-prime\\-entrapta\\-heart\\-of\\-the\\-show/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[Comic Book Resources\\|CBR]] \\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618194933/https://www.cbr.com/she\\-ra\\-noelle\\-stevenson\\-horde\\-prime\\-entrapta\\-heart\\-of\\-the\\-show/ \\|archive\\-date\\=June 18, 2020 \\|date\\=May 18, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} and had \"lots of robot boyfriends and girlfriends\", along with her relationship with the ship, Darla, in \"some capacity\".", "### In other media", "Entrapta appears in the *[Robot Chicken](/wiki/Robot_Chicken \"Robot Chicken\")* episode \"Slaughterhouse on the Prairie\", voiced by [Robin Tunney](/wiki/Robin_Tunney \"Robin Tunney\"). She accompanies [Catra](/wiki/Catra \"Catra\") and [Scorpia](/wiki/Scorpia_%28Princesses_of_Power%29 \"Scorpia (Princesses of Power)\") into attacking Castle Bright Moon.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=tcOV68Gx1YU\\|title\\= She\\-Ra's Aunt Flo\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-10\\-18 \\|work\\= \\[\\[Adult Swim]] \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110617215445/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=tcOV68Gx1YU\\|archive\\-date\\= 2011\\-06\\-17}}", "" ]
### Television #### *She\-Ra: Princess of Power* (1985\) In *[She\-Ra: Princess of Power](/wiki/She-Ra:Princess_of_Power "Princess of Power")*, Entrapta is [the Horde](/wiki/List_of_She-Ra:Princess_of_Power_and_She-Ra_and_the_Princesses_of_Power_characters%23The_Horde "Princess of Power and She-Ra and the Princesses of Power characters#The Horde")'s technician and a sidekick of Catra. Entrapta is a skilled inventor and is credited with designing advanced equipment for the Horde to employ in their battle against the Great Rebellion. Her specialty is devising traps and weaponry. #### *She\-Ra and the Princesses of Power* (2018–2020\) In *[She\-Ra and the Princesses of Power](/wiki/She-Ra_and_the_Princesses_of_Power "She-Ra and the Princesses of Power")*, Entrapta is given an updated\-origin storyline.{{cite web\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Leah Marilla\|url\=https://www.bustle.com/p/entrapta\-in\-the\-original\-she\-ra\-was\-a\-villain\-but\-the\-netflix\-version\-gives\-her\-a\-new\-origin\-story\-17178499\|title\=Here's How Netflix Changed Entrapta's Origin Story For Its 'She\-Ra' Reboot\|website\=\[\[Bustle (magazine)\|Bustle]]\|date\=April 26, 2019\|access\-date\=February 18, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509040918/https://www.bustle.com/p/entrapta\-in\-the\-original\-she\-ra\-was\-a\-villain\-but\-the\-netflix\-version\-gives\-her\-a\-new\-origin\-story\-17178499\|archive\-date\=May 9, 2020\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|last\=Maleh\|first\=Linda\|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lindamaleh/2019/08/02/review\-she\-ra\-and\-the\-princesses\-of\-power\-makes\-a\-comeback\-with\-season\-3/\#54c91bd01922\|title\=Review: 'She\-Ra And The Princesses Of Power' Makes A Comeback With Season 3\|website\=\[\[Forbes]]\|date\=August 2, 2019\|access\-date\=February 18, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508235910/https://www.forbes.com/sites/lindamaleh/2019/08/02/review\-she\-ra\-and\-the\-princesses\-of\-power\-makes\-a\-comeback\-with\-season\-3/\|archive\-date\=May 8, 2020\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|last\=August\|first\=Alexandra\|url\=https://screenrant.com/she\-ra\-netflix\-ending\-season\-1\-explained/2/\|title\=She\-Ra and the Princesses of Power Ending Explained\|date\=November 15, 2018\|website\=\[\[Screen Rant]]\|access\-date\=February 18, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201194248/https://screenrant.com/she\-ra\-netflix\-ending\-season\-1\-explained/2/\|archive\-date\=February 1, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} page 1 [here](https://screenrant.com/she-ra-netflix-ending-season-1-explained/) Her hair is also purple, unlike in the original show where it was pink, and she is able to mentally control it at will as if it were another appendage, to manipuate it to fight enemies or to control her various machines. Showrunner [ND Stevenson](/wiki/ND_Stevenson "ND Stevenson") later confirmed that Entrapta was written as [autistic](/wiki/Autism "Autism"). Entrapta is portrayed in the series as a skilled but reckless inventor and princess of Dryl. She has great interest in studies of robotics, and despite many failed experiments, she became one of the most knowledgeable people on First Ones' tech in [Etheria](/wiki/Etheria_%28She-Ra%29 "Etheria (She-Ra)"). Entrapta quickly joins the Rebellion, though after a partially\-botched rescue mission to the Fright Zone, she is nearly incinerated and left for dead by the other princesses. Convinced by Catra that she was abandoned by her friends on purpose, Entrapta is recruited into the Horde and she creates highly effective weaponry for them. Entrapta bonds with [Hordak](/wiki/Hordak "Hordak"), the leader of the Horde, over their shared interest in technology while helping him build a portal to summon the rest of the Horde. Hordak reveals his nature as a defective clone to her, and due to Entrapta's love for imperfection, they form a genuine friendship that blossoms into romantic love.{{cite web \|last1\=Ostertag \|first1\=Molly \|last2\=Stevenson \|first2\=ND \|title\=We're doing a charity stream for BLM on 6/9 at 5pm PST \- send donations and requests here! \|url\=https://www.twitch.tv/videos/646313443 \|website\=\[\[Twitch (service)\|Twitch]] \|access\-date\=June 11, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611131339/https://www.twitch.tv/videos/646313443 \|archive\-date\=June 11, 2020 \|date\=June 9, 2020 \|url\-status\=live}} [Alt URL](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOFJHXBGDoc) From 3:55:40 to 3:57:26 in the video, ND says, "Entrapta has a lot of robot boyfriends and girlfriends...Entrapdak is canon...The robots learn to love because of her, and that's like Hordak," while making a number of other comments about Entrapta and Hordak.{{cite web \|last1\=Geiger \|first1\=Rae \|title\=I don't know if this counts as spoilers but was Entrapdak and Catradora always planned or was it more of a random thought while working on the different seasons? \|url\=https://raegeii.tumblr.com/post/618934445486047233/i\-dont\-know\-if\-this\-counts\-as\-spoilers\-but\-was \|website\=\[\[Tumblr]] \|access\-date\=August 31, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901023511/https://raegeii.tumblr.com/post/618934445486047233/i\-dont\-know\-if\-this\-counts\-as\-spoilers\-but\-was \|archive\-date\=September 1, 2020 \|date\=May 18, 2020 \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|last1\=Geiger \|first1\=Rae \|title\=i loooooved all of the outfits in s5!! what was the process for choosing adora's "wish" outfit and hair? \|url\=https://raegeii.tumblr.com/post/618934551160520704/i\-loooooved\-all\-of\-the\-outfits\-in\-s5\-what\-was \|website\=\[\[Tumblr]] \|access\-date\=August 31, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608195657/https://raegeii.tumblr.com/post/618934551160520704/i\-loooooved\-all\-of\-the\-outfits\-in\-s5\-what\-was \|archive\-date\=June 8, 2020 \|date\=May 2020 \|url\-status\=dead }}She clarified that "I've never intended for every character who swaps items as described above to be married." However, when Entrapta refuses to activate the portal upon learning it could destroy Etheria, she is knocked out by Catra and sent off to Beast Island while Hordak is made to believe that Entrapta betrayed him. Nonetheless, Entrapta is delighted by the ancient technology left on Beast Island. When [Adora](/wiki/Princess_Adora "Princess Adora") and [Bow](/wiki/Bow_%28Masters_of_the_Universe%29 "Bow (Masters of the Universe)") arrive to rescue Entrapta, she is reluctant to leave, due to both the island's resources and her feelings of abandonment. With that despondency in mind, Entrapta almost allows herself to be consumed by the aggressive vegetation of the island. However, when She\-Ra tells Entrapta that leaving with them would allow her to examine their aircraft, an item of ancient technology, Entrapta agrees to help them escape and ends up rejoining the Rebellion. When the galactic Horde, led by Hordak's creator [Horde Prime](/wiki/List_of_She-Ra:Princess_of_Power_and_She-Ra_and_the_Princesses_of_Power_characters%23Horde_Prime "Princess of Power and She-Ra and the Princesses of Power characters#Horde Prime"), arrives at Etheria, Entrapta proves to be instrumental in foiling his plan to use the planet's inner superweapon to destroy the universe. Hordak's love for Entrapta is shown to be strong enough that it inspires him to rebel against Horde Prime, and the two happily reunite after She\-Ra disables the weapon and defeats Horde Prime. According to Stevenson, Entrapta "sees humanity in everything"{{cite web \|last1\=Zachary \|first1\=Brandon \|title\=She\-Ra: Noelle Stevenson on Horde Prime, Entrapta \& the Heart of the Series \|url\=https://www.cbr.com/she\-ra\-noelle\-stevenson\-horde\-prime\-entrapta\-heart\-of\-the\-show/ \|website\=\[\[Comic Book Resources\|CBR]] \|access\-date\=August 31, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618194933/https://www.cbr.com/she\-ra\-noelle\-stevenson\-horde\-prime\-entrapta\-heart\-of\-the\-show/ \|archive\-date\=June 18, 2020 \|date\=May 18, 2020 \|url\-status\=live}} and had "lots of robot boyfriends and girlfriends", along with her relationship with the ship, Darla, in "some capacity".
[ "### Television", "#### *She\\-Ra: Princess of Power* (1985\\)", "In *[She\\-Ra: Princess of Power](/wiki/She-Ra:Princess_of_Power \"Princess of Power\")*, Entrapta is [the Horde](/wiki/List_of_She-Ra:Princess_of_Power_and_She-Ra_and_the_Princesses_of_Power_characters%23The_Horde \"Princess of Power and She-Ra and the Princesses of Power characters#The Horde\")'s technician and a sidekick of Catra. Entrapta is a skilled inventor and is credited with designing advanced equipment for the Horde to employ in their battle against the Great Rebellion. Her specialty is devising traps and weaponry.", "#### *She\\-Ra and the Princesses of Power* (2018–2020\\)", "In *[She\\-Ra and the Princesses of Power](/wiki/She-Ra_and_the_Princesses_of_Power \"She-Ra and the Princesses of Power\")*, Entrapta is given an updated\\-origin storyline.{{cite web\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Leah Marilla\\|url\\=https://www.bustle.com/p/entrapta\\-in\\-the\\-original\\-she\\-ra\\-was\\-a\\-villain\\-but\\-the\\-netflix\\-version\\-gives\\-her\\-a\\-new\\-origin\\-story\\-17178499\\|title\\=Here's How Netflix Changed Entrapta's Origin Story For Its 'She\\-Ra' Reboot\\|website\\=\\[\\[Bustle (magazine)\\|Bustle]]\\|date\\=April 26, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=February 18, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509040918/https://www.bustle.com/p/entrapta\\-in\\-the\\-original\\-she\\-ra\\-was\\-a\\-villain\\-but\\-the\\-netflix\\-version\\-gives\\-her\\-a\\-new\\-origin\\-story\\-17178499\\|archive\\-date\\=May 9, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Maleh\\|first\\=Linda\\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lindamaleh/2019/08/02/review\\-she\\-ra\\-and\\-the\\-princesses\\-of\\-power\\-makes\\-a\\-comeback\\-with\\-season\\-3/\\#54c91bd01922\\|title\\=Review: 'She\\-Ra And The Princesses Of Power' Makes A Comeback With Season 3\\|website\\=\\[\\[Forbes]]\\|date\\=August 2, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=February 18, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508235910/https://www.forbes.com/sites/lindamaleh/2019/08/02/review\\-she\\-ra\\-and\\-the\\-princesses\\-of\\-power\\-makes\\-a\\-comeback\\-with\\-season\\-3/\\|archive\\-date\\=May 8, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|last\\=August\\|first\\=Alexandra\\|url\\=https://screenrant.com/she\\-ra\\-netflix\\-ending\\-season\\-1\\-explained/2/\\|title\\=She\\-Ra and the Princesses of Power Ending Explained\\|date\\=November 15, 2018\\|website\\=\\[\\[Screen Rant]]\\|access\\-date\\=February 18, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201194248/https://screenrant.com/she\\-ra\\-netflix\\-ending\\-season\\-1\\-explained/2/\\|archive\\-date\\=February 1, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}} page 1 [here](https://screenrant.com/she-ra-netflix-ending-season-1-explained/) Her hair is also purple, unlike in the original show where it was pink, and she is able to mentally control it at will as if it were another appendage, to manipuate it to fight enemies or to control her various machines.", "Showrunner [ND Stevenson](/wiki/ND_Stevenson \"ND Stevenson\") later confirmed that Entrapta was written as [autistic](/wiki/Autism \"Autism\"). Entrapta is portrayed in the series as a skilled but reckless inventor and princess of Dryl. She has great interest in studies of robotics, and despite many failed experiments, she became one of the most knowledgeable people on First Ones' tech in [Etheria](/wiki/Etheria_%28She-Ra%29 \"Etheria (She-Ra)\").", "Entrapta quickly joins the Rebellion, though after a partially\\-botched rescue mission to the Fright Zone, she is nearly incinerated and left for dead by the other princesses. Convinced by Catra that she was abandoned by her friends on purpose, Entrapta is recruited into the Horde and she creates highly effective weaponry for them. Entrapta bonds with [Hordak](/wiki/Hordak \"Hordak\"), the leader of the Horde, over their shared interest in technology while helping him build a portal to summon the rest of the Horde. Hordak reveals his nature as a defective clone to her, and due to Entrapta's love for imperfection, they form a genuine friendship that blossoms into romantic love.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Ostertag \\|first1\\=Molly \\|last2\\=Stevenson \\|first2\\=ND \\|title\\=We're doing a charity stream for BLM on 6/9 at 5pm PST \\- send donations and requests here! \\|url\\=https://www.twitch.tv/videos/646313443 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Twitch (service)\\|Twitch]] \\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611131339/https://www.twitch.tv/videos/646313443 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 11, 2020 \\|date\\=June 9, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} [Alt URL](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOFJHXBGDoc) From 3:55:40 to 3:57:26 in the video, ND says, \"Entrapta has a lot of robot boyfriends and girlfriends...Entrapdak is canon...The robots learn to love because of her, and that's like Hordak,\" while making a number of other comments about Entrapta and Hordak.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Geiger \\|first1\\=Rae \\|title\\=I don't know if this counts as spoilers but was Entrapdak and Catradora always planned or was it more of a random thought while working on the different seasons? \\|url\\=https://raegeii.tumblr.com/post/618934445486047233/i\\-dont\\-know\\-if\\-this\\-counts\\-as\\-spoilers\\-but\\-was \\|website\\=\\[\\[Tumblr]] \\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901023511/https://raegeii.tumblr.com/post/618934445486047233/i\\-dont\\-know\\-if\\-this\\-counts\\-as\\-spoilers\\-but\\-was \\|archive\\-date\\=September 1, 2020 \\|date\\=May 18, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Geiger \\|first1\\=Rae \\|title\\=i loooooved all of the outfits in s5!! what was the process for choosing adora's \"wish\" outfit and hair? \\|url\\=https://raegeii.tumblr.com/post/618934551160520704/i\\-loooooved\\-all\\-of\\-the\\-outfits\\-in\\-s5\\-what\\-was \\|website\\=\\[\\[Tumblr]] \\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608195657/https://raegeii.tumblr.com/post/618934551160520704/i\\-loooooved\\-all\\-of\\-the\\-outfits\\-in\\-s5\\-what\\-was \\|archive\\-date\\=June 8, 2020 \\|date\\=May 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}She clarified that \"I've never intended for every character who swaps items as described above to be married.\" However, when Entrapta refuses to activate the portal upon learning it could destroy Etheria, she is knocked out by Catra and sent off to Beast Island while Hordak is made to believe that Entrapta betrayed him. Nonetheless, Entrapta is delighted by the ancient technology left on Beast Island. When [Adora](/wiki/Princess_Adora \"Princess Adora\") and [Bow](/wiki/Bow_%28Masters_of_the_Universe%29 \"Bow (Masters of the Universe)\") arrive to rescue Entrapta, she is reluctant to leave, due to both the island's resources and her feelings of abandonment. With that despondency in mind, Entrapta almost allows herself to be consumed by the aggressive vegetation of the island. However, when She\\-Ra tells Entrapta that leaving with them would allow her to examine their aircraft, an item of ancient technology, Entrapta agrees to help them escape and ends up rejoining the Rebellion. When the galactic Horde, led by Hordak's creator [Horde Prime](/wiki/List_of_She-Ra:Princess_of_Power_and_She-Ra_and_the_Princesses_of_Power_characters%23Horde_Prime \"Princess of Power and She-Ra and the Princesses of Power characters#Horde Prime\"), arrives at Etheria, Entrapta proves to be instrumental in foiling his plan to use the planet's inner superweapon to destroy the universe. Hordak's love for Entrapta is shown to be strong enough that it inspires him to rebel against Horde Prime, and the two happily reunite after She\\-Ra disables the weapon and defeats Horde Prime.", "According to Stevenson, Entrapta \"sees humanity in everything\"{{cite web \\|last1\\=Zachary \\|first1\\=Brandon \\|title\\=She\\-Ra: Noelle Stevenson on Horde Prime, Entrapta \\& the Heart of the Series \\|url\\=https://www.cbr.com/she\\-ra\\-noelle\\-stevenson\\-horde\\-prime\\-entrapta\\-heart\\-of\\-the\\-show/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[Comic Book Resources\\|CBR]] \\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618194933/https://www.cbr.com/she\\-ra\\-noelle\\-stevenson\\-horde\\-prime\\-entrapta\\-heart\\-of\\-the\\-show/ \\|archive\\-date\\=June 18, 2020 \\|date\\=May 18, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} and had \"lots of robot boyfriends and girlfriends\", along with her relationship with the ship, Darla, in \"some capacity\".", "" ]
Plot ---- The show follows the lives of the teachers and the pupils at the eponymous school of Waterloo Road, a failing inner\-city [comprehensive](/wiki/Comprehensive_school "Comprehensive school"), tackling a wide range of issues often seen as [taboo](/wiki/Taboo "Taboo") such as [death](/wiki/Death "Death"), running away from home, [prostitution](/wiki/Prostitution "Prostitution"), [child grooming](/wiki/Child_grooming "Child grooming"), [HIV/AIDS](/wiki/HIV/AIDS "HIV/AIDS"), [child abuse](/wiki/Child_abuse "Child abuse"), [homosexuality](/wiki/Homosexuality "Homosexuality"), [Asperger syndrome](/wiki/Asperger_syndrome "Asperger syndrome"), [deportation](/wiki/Deportation "Deportation"), [activism](/wiki/Activism "Activism"), [blackmail](/wiki/Blackmail "Blackmail"), [plagiarism](/wiki/Plagiarism "Plagiarism") and [assault](/wiki/Assault "Assault"). ### Premise This series opened with headteacher Jack Rimmer ([Jason Merrells](/wiki/Jason_Merrells "Jason Merrells")) recording an emotional message for the entire school to hear, following the death of his colleague Izzie Redpath ([Jill Halfpenny](/wiki/Jill_Halfpenny "Jill Halfpenny")). Jack was witness to Izzie's stabbing at the end of Series 2, but it was previously unknown if she had died or not. Jack's second\-in\-command Andrew Treneman ([Jamie Glover](/wiki/Jamie_Glover "Jamie Glover")) was replaced by Eddie Lawson ([Neil Morrissey](/wiki/Neil_Morrissey "Neil Morrissey")), having accepted a teaching post in Rwanda alongside Kim Campbell ([Angela Griffin](/wiki/Angela_Griffin "Angela Griffin")) at the end of Series 2\. Jack struggles to fulfil his role as headmaster this series, and later resigns when the school's board of governors find the school's budget has been misused. He is succeeded by Rachel Mason ([Eva Pope](/wiki/Eva_Pope "Eva Pope")), an ex\-prostitute who used to be named Amanda Fenshaw. One of the major plots this series is the marriage between two pupils, Chlo Grainger ([Katie Griffiths](/wiki/Katie_Griffiths "Katie Griffiths")) and Donte Charles ([Adam Thomas](/wiki/Adam_Thomas "Adam Thomas")). Being so young, everybody has their doubts. These doubts are confirmed when Donte finds Chlo sleeping with her sister Mika's ([Lauren Drummond](/wiki/Lauren_Drummond "Lauren Drummond")) boyfriend, Brett Aspinall ([Tom Payne](/wiki/Tom_Payne_%28actor%29 "Tom Payne (actor)")). When Mika tells her she never wants to see her again, Chlo runs away to Manchester, but this only causes more trouble for her and the Graingers, who are already struggling following the death of their mother. Chlo does return to Waterloo Road, but she and Donte's relationship may never be the same. While Mika does rekindle her relationship with Brett, and the pair begin to publicly fight for environmental rights. Another central character this series is Davina Shackleton ([Christine Tremarco](/wiki/Christine_Tremarco "Christine Tremarco")), who is accused of having a sexual relationship with pupil, Brett, and who was then forced to date his father. Other storylines included the deportation of a pupil, a plagiarism scam in the school that catches the examination board's attention and English teacher Jasmine Koreshi ([Shabana Bakhsh](/wiki/Shabana_Bakhsh "Shabana Bakhsh")) being accused by new pupil Michaela White ([Zaraah Abrahams](/wiki/Zaraah_Abrahams "Zaraah Abrahams")) of assault. The Series 3 finale saw a fire spread throughout the school. During the fire, Davina was rushed to hospital and headmistress Rachel and contractor, Stuart Hordley (who had both blackmailed Rachel and started the fire) were both trapped under the rubble. Pupil Chlo was trapped in the toilets, but was saved by English teacher Tom Clarkson ([Jason Done](/wiki/Jason_Done "Jason Done")) and former lover, Donte.
[ "Plot\n----", "The show follows the lives of the teachers and the pupils at the eponymous school of Waterloo Road, a failing inner\\-city [comprehensive](/wiki/Comprehensive_school \"Comprehensive school\"), tackling a wide range of issues often seen as [taboo](/wiki/Taboo \"Taboo\") such as [death](/wiki/Death \"Death\"), running away from home, [prostitution](/wiki/Prostitution \"Prostitution\"), [child grooming](/wiki/Child_grooming \"Child grooming\"), [HIV/AIDS](/wiki/HIV/AIDS \"HIV/AIDS\"), [child abuse](/wiki/Child_abuse \"Child abuse\"), [homosexuality](/wiki/Homosexuality \"Homosexuality\"), [Asperger syndrome](/wiki/Asperger_syndrome \"Asperger syndrome\"), [deportation](/wiki/Deportation \"Deportation\"), [activism](/wiki/Activism \"Activism\"), [blackmail](/wiki/Blackmail \"Blackmail\"), [plagiarism](/wiki/Plagiarism \"Plagiarism\") and [assault](/wiki/Assault \"Assault\").", "### Premise", "This series opened with headteacher Jack Rimmer ([Jason Merrells](/wiki/Jason_Merrells \"Jason Merrells\")) recording an emotional message for the entire school to hear, following the death of his colleague Izzie Redpath ([Jill Halfpenny](/wiki/Jill_Halfpenny \"Jill Halfpenny\")). Jack was witness to Izzie's stabbing at the end of Series 2, but it was previously unknown if she had died or not.", "Jack's second\\-in\\-command Andrew Treneman ([Jamie Glover](/wiki/Jamie_Glover \"Jamie Glover\")) was replaced by Eddie Lawson ([Neil Morrissey](/wiki/Neil_Morrissey \"Neil Morrissey\")), having accepted a teaching post in Rwanda alongside Kim Campbell ([Angela Griffin](/wiki/Angela_Griffin \"Angela Griffin\")) at the end of Series 2\\. Jack struggles to fulfil his role as headmaster this series, and later resigns when the school's board of governors find the school's budget has been misused. He is succeeded by Rachel Mason ([Eva Pope](/wiki/Eva_Pope \"Eva Pope\")), an ex\\-prostitute who used to be named Amanda Fenshaw.", "One of the major plots this series is the marriage between two pupils, Chlo Grainger ([Katie Griffiths](/wiki/Katie_Griffiths \"Katie Griffiths\")) and Donte Charles ([Adam Thomas](/wiki/Adam_Thomas \"Adam Thomas\")). Being so young, everybody has their doubts. These doubts are confirmed when Donte finds Chlo sleeping with her sister Mika's ([Lauren Drummond](/wiki/Lauren_Drummond \"Lauren Drummond\")) boyfriend, Brett Aspinall ([Tom Payne](/wiki/Tom_Payne_%28actor%29 \"Tom Payne (actor)\")). When Mika tells her she never wants to see her again, Chlo runs away to Manchester, but this only causes more trouble for her and the Graingers, who are already struggling following the death of their mother. Chlo does return to Waterloo Road, but she and Donte's relationship may never be the same. While Mika does rekindle her relationship with Brett, and the pair begin to publicly fight for environmental rights.", "Another central character this series is Davina Shackleton ([Christine Tremarco](/wiki/Christine_Tremarco \"Christine Tremarco\")), who is accused of having a sexual relationship with pupil, Brett, and who was then forced to date his father. Other storylines included the deportation of a pupil, a plagiarism scam in the school that catches the examination board's attention and English teacher Jasmine Koreshi ([Shabana Bakhsh](/wiki/Shabana_Bakhsh \"Shabana Bakhsh\")) being accused by new pupil Michaela White ([Zaraah Abrahams](/wiki/Zaraah_Abrahams \"Zaraah Abrahams\")) of assault.", "The Series 3 finale saw a fire spread throughout the school. During the fire, Davina was rushed to hospital and headmistress Rachel and contractor, Stuart Hordley (who had both blackmailed Rachel and started the fire) were both trapped under the rubble. Pupil Chlo was trapped in the toilets, but was saved by English teacher Tom Clarkson ([Jason Done](/wiki/Jason_Done \"Jason Done\")) and former lover, Donte.", "" ]
### Premise This series opened with headteacher Jack Rimmer ([Jason Merrells](/wiki/Jason_Merrells "Jason Merrells")) recording an emotional message for the entire school to hear, following the death of his colleague Izzie Redpath ([Jill Halfpenny](/wiki/Jill_Halfpenny "Jill Halfpenny")). Jack was witness to Izzie's stabbing at the end of Series 2, but it was previously unknown if she had died or not. Jack's second\-in\-command Andrew Treneman ([Jamie Glover](/wiki/Jamie_Glover "Jamie Glover")) was replaced by Eddie Lawson ([Neil Morrissey](/wiki/Neil_Morrissey "Neil Morrissey")), having accepted a teaching post in Rwanda alongside Kim Campbell ([Angela Griffin](/wiki/Angela_Griffin "Angela Griffin")) at the end of Series 2\. Jack struggles to fulfil his role as headmaster this series, and later resigns when the school's board of governors find the school's budget has been misused. He is succeeded by Rachel Mason ([Eva Pope](/wiki/Eva_Pope "Eva Pope")), an ex\-prostitute who used to be named Amanda Fenshaw. One of the major plots this series is the marriage between two pupils, Chlo Grainger ([Katie Griffiths](/wiki/Katie_Griffiths "Katie Griffiths")) and Donte Charles ([Adam Thomas](/wiki/Adam_Thomas "Adam Thomas")). Being so young, everybody has their doubts. These doubts are confirmed when Donte finds Chlo sleeping with her sister Mika's ([Lauren Drummond](/wiki/Lauren_Drummond "Lauren Drummond")) boyfriend, Brett Aspinall ([Tom Payne](/wiki/Tom_Payne_%28actor%29 "Tom Payne (actor)")). When Mika tells her she never wants to see her again, Chlo runs away to Manchester, but this only causes more trouble for her and the Graingers, who are already struggling following the death of their mother. Chlo does return to Waterloo Road, but she and Donte's relationship may never be the same. While Mika does rekindle her relationship with Brett, and the pair begin to publicly fight for environmental rights. Another central character this series is Davina Shackleton ([Christine Tremarco](/wiki/Christine_Tremarco "Christine Tremarco")), who is accused of having a sexual relationship with pupil, Brett, and who was then forced to date his father. Other storylines included the deportation of a pupil, a plagiarism scam in the school that catches the examination board's attention and English teacher Jasmine Koreshi ([Shabana Bakhsh](/wiki/Shabana_Bakhsh "Shabana Bakhsh")) being accused by new pupil Michaela White ([Zaraah Abrahams](/wiki/Zaraah_Abrahams "Zaraah Abrahams")) of assault. The Series 3 finale saw a fire spread throughout the school. During the fire, Davina was rushed to hospital and headmistress Rachel and contractor, Stuart Hordley (who had both blackmailed Rachel and started the fire) were both trapped under the rubble. Pupil Chlo was trapped in the toilets, but was saved by English teacher Tom Clarkson ([Jason Done](/wiki/Jason_Done "Jason Done")) and former lover, Donte.
[ "### Premise", "This series opened with headteacher Jack Rimmer ([Jason Merrells](/wiki/Jason_Merrells \"Jason Merrells\")) recording an emotional message for the entire school to hear, following the death of his colleague Izzie Redpath ([Jill Halfpenny](/wiki/Jill_Halfpenny \"Jill Halfpenny\")). Jack was witness to Izzie's stabbing at the end of Series 2, but it was previously unknown if she had died or not.", "Jack's second\\-in\\-command Andrew Treneman ([Jamie Glover](/wiki/Jamie_Glover \"Jamie Glover\")) was replaced by Eddie Lawson ([Neil Morrissey](/wiki/Neil_Morrissey \"Neil Morrissey\")), having accepted a teaching post in Rwanda alongside Kim Campbell ([Angela Griffin](/wiki/Angela_Griffin \"Angela Griffin\")) at the end of Series 2\\. Jack struggles to fulfil his role as headmaster this series, and later resigns when the school's board of governors find the school's budget has been misused. He is succeeded by Rachel Mason ([Eva Pope](/wiki/Eva_Pope \"Eva Pope\")), an ex\\-prostitute who used to be named Amanda Fenshaw.", "One of the major plots this series is the marriage between two pupils, Chlo Grainger ([Katie Griffiths](/wiki/Katie_Griffiths \"Katie Griffiths\")) and Donte Charles ([Adam Thomas](/wiki/Adam_Thomas \"Adam Thomas\")). Being so young, everybody has their doubts. These doubts are confirmed when Donte finds Chlo sleeping with her sister Mika's ([Lauren Drummond](/wiki/Lauren_Drummond \"Lauren Drummond\")) boyfriend, Brett Aspinall ([Tom Payne](/wiki/Tom_Payne_%28actor%29 \"Tom Payne (actor)\")). When Mika tells her she never wants to see her again, Chlo runs away to Manchester, but this only causes more trouble for her and the Graingers, who are already struggling following the death of their mother. Chlo does return to Waterloo Road, but she and Donte's relationship may never be the same. While Mika does rekindle her relationship with Brett, and the pair begin to publicly fight for environmental rights.", "Another central character this series is Davina Shackleton ([Christine Tremarco](/wiki/Christine_Tremarco \"Christine Tremarco\")), who is accused of having a sexual relationship with pupil, Brett, and who was then forced to date his father. Other storylines included the deportation of a pupil, a plagiarism scam in the school that catches the examination board's attention and English teacher Jasmine Koreshi ([Shabana Bakhsh](/wiki/Shabana_Bakhsh \"Shabana Bakhsh\")) being accused by new pupil Michaela White ([Zaraah Abrahams](/wiki/Zaraah_Abrahams \"Zaraah Abrahams\")) of assault.", "The Series 3 finale saw a fire spread throughout the school. During the fire, Davina was rushed to hospital and headmistress Rachel and contractor, Stuart Hordley (who had both blackmailed Rachel and started the fire) were both trapped under the rubble. Pupil Chlo was trapped in the toilets, but was saved by English teacher Tom Clarkson ([Jason Done](/wiki/Jason_Done \"Jason Done\")) and former lover, Donte.", "" ]
Episodes -------- {{see also\|List of Waterloo Road episodes}} {\| class\="wikitable plainrowheaders" width\="100%" \|\- ! style\="background\-color: \#841B2D; color: \#FFFFFF;" colspan\="8"\|Autumn Term \|\- ! style\="background\-color: \#841B2D; color: \#FFFFFF;" \| No. ! style\="background\-color: \#841B2D; color: \#FFFFFF;" \| Title ! style\="background\-color: \#841B2D; color: \#FFFFFF;" \| Directed by ! style\="background\-color: \#841B2D; color: \#FFFFFF;" \| Written by ! style\="background\-color: \#841B2D; color: \#FFFFFF;" \| Original air date ! style\="background\-color: \#841B2D; color: \#FFFFFF;" \| UK viewers (million){{cite web \|title\=Weekly top 30 programmes on TV sets (July 1998 – Sept 2018\) \|url\=https://www.barb.co.uk/viewing\-data/weekly\-top\-30/ \|publisher\=\[\[Broadcasters' Audience Research Board]] \|access\-date\=26 September 2021}} \|\- {{Episode list/sublist\|Waterloo Road series 3 \|EpisodeNumber \= 21 \|Title \= Episode 1 \|DirectedBy \= Marc Jobst \|WrittenBy \= Harriet Warner \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|df\=y\|2007\|10\|11}} \|Viewers \= 5\.00 \|ShortSummary \=As the gates open for a new term at Waterloo Road, the school is firmly in the spotlight following the murder of drama teacher, Izzie Redpath. Although Jack has won a national bravery award, he secretly blames himself for Izzie's death. Meanwhile, Steph is relishing her new position as head of pastoral care, but disaster looms as a new pupil, Karla Bentham, who has \[\[Asperger syndrome]], is placed in her less\-than\-capable hands. Utter chaos ensues when Grantly is on the receiving end of one of Karla's violent outbursts, leaving new Deputy Eddie Lawson to pick up the pieces. Elsewhere, Tom Clarkson faces fresh troubles when Chlo skips school to marry Donte. Note: First appearance of Eddie Lawson, Bridget Morley, Bolton and Candice Smile, Karla Bentham, Aleesha Dillon, Danielle Harker, Jasmine Koreshi, and Matt Wilding. \|LineColor \= 841B2D }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Waterloo Road series 3 \|EpisodeNumber \= 22 \|Title \= Episode 2 \|DirectedBy \= Marc Jobst \|WrittenBy \= Lisa Holdsworth \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|df\=y\|2007\|10\|18}} \|Viewers \= 4\.70 \|ShortSummary \=A fight club is in full swing at Waterloo Road, with Bolton Smilie and Paul Langley at the centre. Jasmine suspects Paul is being abused and raises her concerns with Steph. But her attentions are firmly on new music teacher, Matt Wilding. Jasmine shares her worries with Eddie and her suspicions are confirmed when he finds Paul following a beating. Eddie rounds up the usual suspects and gets the boys to confess. But an unstable Paul steals a knife from the kitchen and finally decides to stand up for himself. Meanwhile, Tom is worried that Chlo's new marriage could threaten her education, and asks Steph to give her extra French tuition. Chlo isn't happy with the idea, but is delighted when Brett offers to help. It's soon clear there is chemistry between the pair. Elsewhere, Auditions for the school musical are underway, giving Aleesha the opportunity to play a cruel trick on Karla. Note: First Appearance of Paul Langley. \|LineColor \= 841B2D }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Waterloo Road series 3 \|EpisodeNumber \= 23 \|Title \= Episode 3 \|DirectedBy \= Dermot Boyd \|WrittenBy \= David McManus \& Annie Bruce \& James Simpson \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|df\=y\|2007\|10\|25}} \|Viewers \= 4\.39 \|ShortSummary \=Today is Waterloo Road's first ever girls' football match and Tom is preparing the team to give it all they've got. Jasmine is having the day from hell. She can't control her class and loses it big style, throwing half the girls football team into detention and jeopardising the match. Meanwhile, the pressure is taking its toll on Jack. He's been grilled on budgets by school adviser Ria Cheetham, and continues his downward spiral concerning Izzy's death which has resulted in a bitter feud with Tom. To top it all, Davina is on a residential course. By the end of the day, he finds himself turning to Steph for comfort. Elsewhere, Donte goes flathunting for him and Chloe, whilst Chlo finally scuppers to temptation with Brett. \|LineColor \= 841B2D }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Waterloo Road series 3 \|EpisodeNumber \= 24 \|Title \= Episode 4 \|DirectedBy \= Dermot Boyd \|WrittenBy \= Matthew Evans \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|df\=y\|2007\|11\|1}} \|Viewers \= 5\.11 \|ShortSummary \=Matt injures himself in an effort to help wounded pupil, \[\[List of minor \& recurring Waterloo Road characters\#Ben McNulty\|Ben McNulty]], and is surprised when the boy recoils in horror as he bandages him. The situation becomes more bizarre when the usually apathetic Steph, swoops in and anxiously rushes a terrified Ben to A\&E. Meanwhile, Chlo is wracked with guilt after sleeping with Brett, and whilst Donte plans a romantic surprise for her, she cannot resist Brett's advances. But the events that follow have dire consequences for all three. Elsewhere, Jack proposes to Davina. \|LineColor \= 841B2D }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Waterloo Road series 3 \|EpisodeNumber \= 25 \|Title \= Episode 5 \|DirectedBy \= Luke Watson \|WrittenBy \= Fleur Costello \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|df\=y\|2007\|11\|8}} \|Viewers \= 5\.08 \|ShortSummary \=It's a day of heartbreak at Waterloo Road, Donte is on the warpath after finding Chlo and Brett in bed together. Unable to find Brett, Donte takes out his frustrations on Eddie's new car. News of Chlo and Brett spreads and Chlo is desperate to tell Mika before someone else does – but she's too late, and whilst Donte pays Brett a visit, Chlo makes a big decision about the future of them all. Meanwhile, Jack takes Davina out for lunch. He's determined to "do the right thing" and confess about his one\-night stand with Steph, but loses his nerve. Unfortunately, a misunderstanding in the staff room takes matters out of his hands and Davina finds out. \|LineColor \= 841B2D }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Waterloo Road series 3 \|EpisodeNumber \= 26 \|Title \= Episode 6 \|DirectedBy \= Luke Watson \|WrittenBy \= David McManus \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|df\=y\|2007\|11\|15}} \|Viewers \= 4\.89 \|ShortSummary \=Jack is desperate to win Davina back. Although she clearly loves him, she is unable to forgive him for sleeping with Steph. Jack's day gets worse when Eddie discovers Jack's use for the Excellence in Cities' money. Ria Cheetham forces Jack to confess that he's manipulated the budget, and calls an emergency government meeting... Jack's future at Waterloo Road hangs in the balance. Meanwhile, The school is in the spotlight yet again with the disappearance of Chlo. Mika seems to have disowned her sister, but Donte, nursing a broken heart, steals Seddon's moped and goes to look for Chlo. And, Grantly is desperate to hide his money troubles for his wife. Note: Final regular appearance of Jack Rimmer. \|LineColor \= 841B2D }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Waterloo Road series 3 \|EpisodeNumber \= 27 \|Title \= Episode 7 \|DirectedBy \= Martin Hutchings \|WrittenBy \= David McManus \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|df\=y\|2007\|11\|22}} \|Viewers \= 5\.04 \|ShortSummary \= Waterloo Road is reeling after Jack's departure, apart from Eddie, who thinks he's the new acting Head. However, he's dealt a bitter blow in the shape of Rachel Mason, the newly appointed Head Teacher. It doesn't take long for them to be at loggerheads, the tension growing as she introduces her plans for a 'Business Enterprise College'. but when the scheme is a big hit with the pupils, Eddie views on Rachel take a different turn. Meanwhile, Chlo finds out the horror of how new flatmates Shaun and Lucy expect her to pay the rent following the failed shoplifting, she's to turn tricks. In a client's house, Chlo manages to call Tom, who with the police in tow, makes a mad dash over to save her, whilst back at school, Mika hits the bottle. Elsewhere, Grantly's gambling debt spirals out of control. Note: First appearance of Rachel Mason. Celine Dixon returns. \|LineColor \= 841B2D }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Waterloo Road series 3 \|EpisodeNumber \= 28 \|Title \= Episode 8 \|DirectedBy \= Marc Jobst \|WrittenBy \= Lisa Holdsworth \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|df\=y\|2007\|11\|29}} \|Viewers \= 4\.61 \|ShortSummary \= Eddie has organised a bad boys weekend to turn the lives of the most disruptive pupils around, and some of the staff are going on the trip. Rachel thinks the worst, and Tom is reluctant as he's only just got his family back, but he joins Eddie, Davina and Grantly. When Grantly insults Bolton's mum, the trip provides Bolton with an opportunity to wreak revenge, but he accidentally puts his own life in grave danger. Meanwhile, Sally Froggatt is juggling her schoolwork and looking after her little brother, Ben. Sally's mother, Denise, is in Spain. Unable to contact Ben's babysitter, Sally leaves for school. She decides to head home later, though, when she still can't reach the babysitter. When Sally is caught leaving school premises, Rachel sends her to the cooler. However, home alone, Ben has managed to find his way out of the house and into an abandoned freezer – Rachel's error has left a child in danger. And, Chlo is devastated when she realises just how much heartache she has caused for Mika, whilst Brett considers leaving Waterloo Road. \|LineColor \= 841B2D }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Waterloo Road series 3 \|EpisodeNumber \= 29 \|Title \= Episode 9 \|DirectedBy \= Laurence Moody \|WrittenBy \= Ann McManus \& Sharon Oakes \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|df\=y\|2007\|12\|6}} \|Viewers \= 4\.84 \|ShortSummary \= The skeleton of a baby is unearthed during an archaeological dig on the school grounds. Soon enough, a police investigation gets underway, with Steph taking charge of the situation, until she discovers the identity of the mother is much closer to home, and the investigation also forces Eddie to confront a painful memory from his past. Meanwhile, Brett is left reeling when Mika tells him that she is pregnant. And, Donte accepts his relationship with Chlo is over and begins dating fellow pupil, Celine Dixon. \|LineColor \= 841B2D }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Waterloo Road series 3 \|EpisodeNumber \= 30 \|Title \= Episode 10 \|DirectedBy \= Laurence Moody \|WrittenBy \= Liz Lake \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|df\=y\|2007\|12\|13}} \|Viewers \= 4\.87 \|ShortSummary \= Matt's thrown into a panic when Rachel announces the school musical is to be performed earlier in the day for a VIP audience, without a proper rehearsal, and everyone's work looks set to be for nothing when a jealous Aleesha plots to sabotage the musical. Meanwhile, Fleur, Grantly's wife, finally learns the truth about their gambling debts and takes her own drastic course of action to repair things. Elsewhere, Eddie's in for a shock by the arrival of his ex\-wife at the school, and the chemistry continues to heat up between Tom and Davina. Note: First appearance of Stuart Hordley. Final appearance of Lewis Seddon. \|LineColor \= 841B2D }} \|\- ! style\="background\-color: \#841B2D; color: \#FFFFFF;" colspan\="8"\|Spring Term \|\- {{Episode list/sublist\|Waterloo Road series 3 \|EpisodeNumber \= 31 \|Title \= Episode 11 \|DirectedBy \= Jenny Ash \|WrittenBy \= Lisa Holdsworth \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|df\=y\|2008\|1\|10}} \|Viewers \= 5\.46 \|ShortSummary \= Bolton sees school as just a game. Rachel is convinced a trip to a prison could give him and his friends the scare they need. Bolton's well up for it – his jailbird dad's told him prison is a cushy number. His views of prison remain positive even when Matt is injured by a violent prisoner. but Bolton finds his whole world crashing down when he finds himself on the wrong side of the bars. Meanwhile, Eddie is frustrated that the teachers aren't taking their exam duties seriously. They think the kids aren't under any real pressure because the exams are in no way as difficult as when they were at school, so Eddie asks them to sit an exam themselves. And, Brett is trying to restore his relationship with Mika, and uses the school news letter as a way of reeling her in. \|LineColor \= 841B2D }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Waterloo Road series 3 \|EpisodeNumber \= 32 \|Title \= Episode 12 \|DirectedBy \= Jenny Ash \|WrittenBy \= Danny McCahon \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|df\=y\|2008\|1\|17}} \|Viewers \= 4\.95 \|ShortSummary \= Rachel is bemused when developer Stuart Hordley shows up and makes a plea to reinstate his bid to build Waterloo Road's training centre. Rachel wants rid of Stuart, but he quickly ingratiates himself – especially with Eddie. It's music to Eddie's ears when Stuart offers an office junior's job for the best candidate at the afternoon's interviews. Meanwhile, Darren Briggs Snr asks Davina out as a thank\-you for helping his son. Davnina's flattered, but she is still harbouring feelings for Tom. An angry Darren accuses Davina of touching his son and takes his complaint to Rachel, leaving Davina fearing for her career. Elsewhere, Candice is delighted that Bolton has finally turned a corner. Note: First appearance of Michaela White. \|LineColor \= 841B2D }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Waterloo Road series 3 \|EpisodeNumber \= 33 \|Title \= Episode 13 \|DirectedBy \= Mike Adams \|WrittenBy \= Nick Hoare \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|df\=y\|2008\|1\|24}} \|Viewers \= 4\.85 \|ShortSummary \= Rachel's anxious about which construction firm will win the bid for Waterloo Road's new training centre – she must back blackmailer \[\[Stuart Hordley]]'s bid or her past will be revealed. Meanwhile, Janeece leaves her work experience at her dream job in a spectacular manner and gets a second chance in a care home with Maxine, where she surprises herself and others with unexpected talents, taking to resident Bessie, played by \[\[Rosemary Leach]], and helpless dementia patients. And, At Tom's, the sexual tension overwhelms Tom and Davina who end up in bed together – and Mika catches them. \|LineColor \= 841B2D }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Waterloo Road series 3 \|EpisodeNumber \= 34 \|Title \= Episode 14 \|DirectedBy \= Mike Adams \|WrittenBy \= Doug Watson \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|df\=y\|2008\|1\|31}} \|Viewers \= 4\.93 \|ShortSummary \= When Jasmine intervenes in an altercation between bully \[\[Michaela White]] and a younger pupil, she has no idea the day will end in her suspension following assault allegations against her. Meanwhile, Love is in the air for Tom and Davina, and it seems the chemistry between Mika and Brett has returned. Elsewhere, Grantly is horrified when Rachel asks him to teach ballroom dancing to the pupils, and Bolton challenges him to break dancing. \|LineColor \= 841B2D }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Waterloo Road series 3 \|EpisodeNumber \= 35 \|Title \= Episode 15 \|DirectedBy \= Julie Edwards \|WrittenBy \= Michael Jenner \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|df\=y\|2008\|2\|7}} \|Viewers \= 5\.08 \|ShortSummary \= Matt's mother, Susan Wilding, suddenly announces she's on her way to visit and, in a panic, Matt quickly removes all traces of partner Colin from their flat. When the sixth formers are on work experience at Colin's company, Matt tells Colin that he wants him to move out for a few days since he's never told his parents about his sexuality. Maxine overhears and sends a text message back to the whole school, outing Matt as gay. \|LineColor \= 841B2D }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Waterloo Road series 3 \|EpisodeNumber \= 36 \|Title \= Episode 16 \|DirectedBy \= Julie Edwards \|WrittenBy \= David McManus \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|df\=y\|2008\|2\|14}} \|Viewers \= 5\.46 \|ShortSummary \= Grantly is even more curmudgeonly than usual when he's asked to supervise Waterloo Road's bad boys alongside minxy duo \[\[Aleesha Dillon]] and \[\[Danielle Harker]] to cater for the Governors' AGM lunch. Meanwhile, it's the last day for supply teacher Wilson Bingham with whom Janeece has fallen in love with. She informs her stunned friends they're together and won't need to keep their love secret anymore after this day. Janeece ignores her friends warnings and leaves for a hotel for their first time, while the teachers find it hard to reconcile their growing suspicions about a sexual predator in their midst with the popular and competent Wilson. The tension between Eddie and Rachel reaches breaking point \|LineColor \= 841B2D }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Waterloo Road series 3 \|EpisodeNumber \= 37 \|Title \= Episode 17 \|DirectedBy \= Laurence Moody \|WrittenBy \= Gert Thomas \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|df\=y\|2008\|2\|21}} \|Viewers \= 4\.85 \|ShortSummary \= Mika, frustrated by Tom ignoring her requests to go on an environmental protest, takes her eco\-warrior plans with Brett to another level, on the building site of the new Training Centre. Their protest takes a dangerous turn when Mika's online\-contacts, willing to do violence, show up to help. \|LineColor \= 841B2D }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Waterloo Road series 3 \|EpisodeNumber \= 38 \|Title \= Episode 18 \|DirectedBy \= Laurence Moody \|WrittenBy \= Fleur Costello \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|df\=y\|2008\|2\|28}} \|Viewers \= 5\.14 \|ShortSummary \= When immigration officers arrive at Waterloo Road, Rachel learns that Sameen Azizi's family are being held in a detention centre and are due to be deported to Iran later that day. Sameen has escaped the centre and hid at the school, after her mother begged her to flee and finish her education in England. With Aleesha and Danielle she barricades herself in the changing rooms. Sameen's not going without a fight. \|LineColor \= 841B2D }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Waterloo Road series 3 \|EpisodeNumber \= 39 \|Title \= Episode 19 \|DirectedBy \= Richard Standeven \|WrittenBy \= Danny McCahon \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|df\=y\|2008\|3\|6}} \|Viewers \= 5\.24 \|ShortSummary \= Donte sees Davina getting into a swanky car and is shocked to see the driver is his old headmaster, Jack Rimmer. Jack, who has overcome his demons resulting from Izzie's death, is excited to have heard from Davina. He tells her about his new well\-paid job as headteacher of an international school in Dubai, inviting her to accompany him, to which she declines. Steph's latest attempt at finding a sponsor for the school ends in near disaster. Note: Final appearance of Jack Rimmer. \|LineColor \= 841B2D }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Waterloo Road series 3 \|EpisodeNumber \= 40 \|Title \= Episode 20 \|DirectedBy \= Richard Standeven \|WrittenBy \= Lisa Holdsworth \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|df\=y\|2008\|3\|13}} \|Viewers \= 5\.47 \|ShortSummary \= It's the final day of term at Waterloo Road, and the school is pitted against a rival school in the spelling bee championships and the girls football. Stuart Hordley, enraged at the loss of all his business, returns to the school determined to expose Rachel's past to the school. A member of the Waterloo Road exam board visits the school, as the plagiarism scandal instigated by Maxine Barlow comes to their attention. As he was the only member of staff who knew of the cheating, Grantly Budgen decides to meet the exam board head on, determined not to let anyone else find out about his actions. Tragedy is in store as Hordley throws a smouldering fag\-end into the bins filled with paper. As they burst into flames it ignites a leaky gas canister, leading to a massive explosion and sending a fireball ripping through the school's canteen. Note: Final appearance of Mika Grainger, Brett Aspinall, Celine Dixon, Bridget Morley and Stuart Hordley. \|LineColor \= 841B2D }} \|}
[ "Episodes\n--------", "{{see also\\|List of Waterloo Road episodes}}\n{\\| class\\=\"wikitable plainrowheaders\" width\\=\"100%\"\n\\|\\-\n! style\\=\"background\\-color: \\#841B2D; color: \\#FFFFFF;\" colspan\\=\"8\"\\|Autumn Term\n\\|\\-\n! style\\=\"background\\-color: \\#841B2D; color: \\#FFFFFF;\" \\| No.\n! style\\=\"background\\-color: \\#841B2D; color: \\#FFFFFF;\" \\| Title\n! style\\=\"background\\-color: \\#841B2D; color: \\#FFFFFF;\" \\| Directed by\n! style\\=\"background\\-color: \\#841B2D; color: \\#FFFFFF;\" \\| Written by\n! style\\=\"background\\-color: \\#841B2D; color: \\#FFFFFF;\" \\| Original air date\n! style\\=\"background\\-color: \\#841B2D; color: \\#FFFFFF;\" \\| UK viewers \n(million){{cite web \\|title\\=Weekly top 30 programmes on TV sets (July 1998 – Sept 2018\\) \\|url\\=https://www.barb.co.uk/viewing\\-data/weekly\\-top\\-30/ \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Broadcasters' Audience Research Board]] \\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2021}}\n\\|\\-\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Waterloo Road series 3\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 21\n \\|Title \\= Episode 1\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Marc Jobst\n \\|WrittenBy \\= Harriet Warner\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|df\\=y\\|2007\\|10\\|11}}\n \\|Viewers \\= 5\\.00\n \\|ShortSummary \\=As the gates open for a new term at Waterloo Road, the school is firmly in the spotlight following the murder of drama teacher, Izzie Redpath. Although Jack has won a national bravery award, he secretly blames himself for Izzie's death. Meanwhile, Steph is relishing her new position as head of pastoral care, but disaster looms as a new pupil, Karla Bentham, who has \\[\\[Asperger syndrome]], is placed in her less\\-than\\-capable hands. Utter chaos ensues when Grantly is on the receiving end of one of Karla's violent outbursts, leaving new Deputy Eddie Lawson to pick up the pieces. Elsewhere, Tom Clarkson faces fresh troubles when Chlo skips school to marry Donte.", "Note: First appearance of Eddie Lawson, Bridget Morley, Bolton and Candice Smile, Karla Bentham, Aleesha Dillon, Danielle Harker, Jasmine Koreshi, and Matt Wilding.\n \\|LineColor \\= 841B2D\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Waterloo Road series 3\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 22\n \\|Title \\= Episode 2\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Marc Jobst\n \\|WrittenBy \\= Lisa Holdsworth\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|df\\=y\\|2007\\|10\\|18}}\n \\|Viewers \\= 4\\.70\n \\|ShortSummary \\=A fight club is in full swing at Waterloo Road, with Bolton Smilie and Paul Langley at the centre. Jasmine suspects Paul is being abused and raises her concerns with Steph. But her attentions are firmly on new music teacher, Matt Wilding. Jasmine shares her worries with Eddie and her suspicions are confirmed when he finds Paul following a beating. Eddie rounds up the usual suspects and gets the boys to confess. But an unstable Paul steals a knife from the kitchen and finally decides to stand up for himself. Meanwhile, Tom is worried that Chlo's new marriage could threaten her education, and asks Steph to give her extra French tuition. Chlo isn't happy with the idea, but is delighted when Brett offers to help. It's soon clear there is chemistry between the pair. Elsewhere, Auditions for the school musical are underway, giving Aleesha the opportunity to play a cruel trick on Karla.", "Note: First Appearance of Paul Langley.\n \\|LineColor \\= 841B2D\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Waterloo Road series 3\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 23\n \\|Title \\= Episode 3\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Dermot Boyd\n \\|WrittenBy \\= David McManus \\& Annie Bruce \\& James Simpson\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|df\\=y\\|2007\\|10\\|25}}\n \\|Viewers \\= 4\\.39\n \\|ShortSummary \\=Today is Waterloo Road's first ever girls' football match and Tom is preparing the team to give it all they've got. Jasmine is having the day from hell. She can't control her class and loses it big style, throwing half the girls football team into detention and jeopardising the match. Meanwhile, the pressure is taking its toll on Jack. He's been grilled on budgets by school adviser Ria Cheetham, and continues his downward spiral concerning Izzy's death which has resulted in a bitter feud with Tom. To top it all, Davina is on a residential course. By the end of the day, he finds himself turning to Steph for comfort. Elsewhere, Donte goes flathunting for him and Chloe, whilst Chlo finally scuppers to temptation with Brett.\n \\|LineColor \\= 841B2D\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Waterloo Road series 3\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 24\n \\|Title \\= Episode 4\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Dermot Boyd\n \\|WrittenBy \\= Matthew Evans\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|df\\=y\\|2007\\|11\\|1}}\n \\|Viewers \\= 5\\.11\n \\|ShortSummary \\=Matt injures himself in an effort to help wounded pupil, \\[\\[List of minor \\& recurring Waterloo Road characters\\#Ben McNulty\\|Ben McNulty]], and is surprised when the boy recoils in horror as he bandages him. The situation becomes more bizarre when the usually apathetic Steph, swoops in and anxiously rushes a terrified Ben to A\\&E. Meanwhile, Chlo is wracked with guilt after sleeping with Brett, and whilst Donte plans a romantic surprise for her, she cannot resist Brett's advances. But the events that follow have dire consequences for all three. Elsewhere, Jack proposes to Davina.\n \\|LineColor \\= 841B2D\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Waterloo Road series 3\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 25\n \\|Title \\= Episode 5\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Luke Watson\n \\|WrittenBy \\= Fleur Costello\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|df\\=y\\|2007\\|11\\|8}}\n \\|Viewers \\= 5\\.08\n \\|ShortSummary \\=It's a day of heartbreak at Waterloo Road, Donte is on the warpath after finding Chlo and Brett in bed together. Unable to find Brett, Donte takes out his frustrations on Eddie's new car. News of Chlo and Brett spreads and Chlo is desperate to tell Mika before someone else does – but she's too late, and whilst Donte pays Brett a visit, Chlo makes a big decision about the future of them all. Meanwhile, Jack takes Davina out for lunch. He's determined to \"do the right thing\" and confess about his one\\-night stand with Steph, but loses his nerve. Unfortunately, a misunderstanding in the staff room takes matters out of his hands and Davina finds out.\n \\|LineColor \\= 841B2D\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Waterloo Road series 3\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 26\n \\|Title \\= Episode 6\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Luke Watson\n \\|WrittenBy \\= David McManus\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|df\\=y\\|2007\\|11\\|15}}\n \\|Viewers \\= 4\\.89\n \\|ShortSummary \\=Jack is desperate to win Davina back. Although she clearly loves him, she is unable to forgive him for sleeping with Steph. Jack's day gets worse when Eddie discovers Jack's use for the Excellence in Cities' money. Ria Cheetham forces Jack to confess that he's manipulated the budget, and calls an emergency government meeting... Jack's future at Waterloo Road hangs in the balance. Meanwhile, The school is in the spotlight yet again with the disappearance of Chlo. Mika seems to have disowned her sister, but Donte, nursing a broken heart, steals Seddon's moped and goes to look for Chlo. And, Grantly is desperate to hide his money troubles for his wife.", "Note: Final regular appearance of Jack Rimmer.\n \\|LineColor \\= 841B2D\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Waterloo Road series 3\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 27\n \\|Title \\= Episode 7\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Martin Hutchings\n \\|WrittenBy \\= David McManus\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|df\\=y\\|2007\\|11\\|22}}\n \\|Viewers \\= 5\\.04\n \\|ShortSummary \\= Waterloo Road is reeling after Jack's departure, apart from Eddie, who thinks he's the new acting Head. However, he's dealt a bitter blow in the shape of Rachel Mason, the newly appointed Head Teacher. It doesn't take long for them to be at loggerheads, the tension growing as she introduces her plans for a 'Business Enterprise College'. but when the scheme is a big hit with the pupils, Eddie views on Rachel take a different turn. Meanwhile, Chlo finds out the horror of how new flatmates Shaun and Lucy expect her to pay the rent following the failed shoplifting, she's to turn tricks. In a client's house, Chlo manages to call Tom, who with the police in tow, makes a mad dash over to save her, whilst back at school, Mika hits the bottle. Elsewhere, Grantly's gambling debt spirals out of control.", "Note: First appearance of Rachel Mason. Celine Dixon returns.\n \\|LineColor \\= 841B2D\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Waterloo Road series 3\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 28\n \\|Title \\= Episode 8\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Marc Jobst\n \\|WrittenBy \\= Lisa Holdsworth\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|df\\=y\\|2007\\|11\\|29}}\n \\|Viewers \\= 4\\.61\n \\|ShortSummary \\= Eddie has organised a bad boys weekend to turn the lives of the most disruptive pupils around, and some of the staff are going on the trip. Rachel thinks the worst, and Tom is reluctant as he's only just got his family back, but he joins Eddie, Davina and Grantly. When Grantly insults Bolton's mum, the trip provides Bolton with an opportunity to wreak revenge, but he accidentally puts his own life in grave danger. Meanwhile, Sally Froggatt is juggling her schoolwork and looking after her little brother, Ben. Sally's mother, Denise, is in Spain. Unable to contact Ben's babysitter, Sally leaves for school. She decides to head home later, though, when she still can't reach the babysitter. When Sally is caught leaving school premises, Rachel sends her to the cooler. However, home alone, Ben has managed to find his way out of the house and into an abandoned freezer – Rachel's error has left a child in danger. And, Chlo is devastated when she realises just how much heartache she has caused for Mika, whilst Brett considers leaving Waterloo Road.\n \\|LineColor \\= 841B2D\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Waterloo Road series 3\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 29\n \\|Title \\= Episode 9\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Laurence Moody\n \\|WrittenBy \\= Ann McManus \\& Sharon Oakes\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|df\\=y\\|2007\\|12\\|6}}\n \\|Viewers \\= 4\\.84\n \\|ShortSummary \\= The skeleton of a baby is unearthed during an archaeological dig on the school grounds. Soon enough, a police investigation gets underway, with Steph taking charge of the situation, until she discovers the identity of the mother is much closer to home, and the investigation also forces Eddie to confront a painful memory from his past. Meanwhile, Brett is left reeling when Mika tells him that she is pregnant. And, Donte accepts his relationship with Chlo is over and begins dating fellow pupil, Celine Dixon.\n \\|LineColor \\= 841B2D\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Waterloo Road series 3\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 30\n \\|Title \\= Episode 10\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Laurence Moody\n \\|WrittenBy \\= Liz Lake\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|df\\=y\\|2007\\|12\\|13}}\n \\|Viewers \\= 4\\.87\n \\|ShortSummary \\= Matt's thrown into a panic when Rachel announces the school musical is to be performed earlier in the day for a VIP audience, without a proper rehearsal, and everyone's work looks set to be for nothing when a jealous Aleesha plots to sabotage the musical. Meanwhile, Fleur, Grantly's wife, finally learns the truth about their gambling debts and takes her own drastic course of action to repair things. Elsewhere, Eddie's in for a shock by the arrival of his ex\\-wife at the school, and the chemistry continues to heat up between Tom and Davina.", "Note: First appearance of Stuart Hordley. Final appearance of Lewis Seddon.\n \\|LineColor \\= 841B2D\n}}\n\\|\\-\n! style\\=\"background\\-color: \\#841B2D; color: \\#FFFFFF;\" colspan\\=\"8\"\\|Spring Term\n\\|\\-\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Waterloo Road series 3\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 31\n \\|Title \\= Episode 11\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Jenny Ash\n \\|WrittenBy \\= Lisa Holdsworth\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|df\\=y\\|2008\\|1\\|10}}\n \\|Viewers \\= 5\\.46\n \\|ShortSummary \\= Bolton sees school as just a game. Rachel is convinced a trip to a prison could give him and his friends the scare they need. Bolton's well up for it – his jailbird dad's told him prison is a cushy number. His views of prison remain positive even when Matt is injured by a violent prisoner. but Bolton finds his whole world crashing down when he finds himself on the wrong side of the bars. Meanwhile, Eddie is frustrated that the teachers aren't taking their exam duties seriously. They think the kids aren't under any real pressure because the exams are in no way as difficult as when they were at school, so Eddie asks them to sit an exam themselves. And, Brett is trying to restore his relationship with Mika, and uses the school news letter as a way of reeling her in.\n \\|LineColor \\= 841B2D\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Waterloo Road series 3\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 32\n \\|Title \\= Episode 12\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Jenny Ash\n \\|WrittenBy \\= Danny McCahon\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|df\\=y\\|2008\\|1\\|17}}\n \\|Viewers \\= 4\\.95\n \\|ShortSummary \\= Rachel is bemused when developer Stuart Hordley shows up and makes a plea to reinstate his bid to build Waterloo Road's training centre. Rachel wants rid of Stuart, but he quickly ingratiates himself – especially with Eddie. It's music to Eddie's ears when Stuart offers an office junior's job for the best candidate at the afternoon's interviews. Meanwhile, Darren Briggs Snr asks Davina out as a thank\\-you for helping his son. Davnina's flattered, but she is still harbouring feelings for Tom. An angry Darren accuses Davina of touching his son and takes his complaint to Rachel, leaving Davina fearing for her career. Elsewhere, Candice is delighted that Bolton has finally turned a corner.", "Note: First appearance of Michaela White.\n \\|LineColor \\= 841B2D\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Waterloo Road series 3\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 33\n \\|Title \\= Episode 13\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Mike Adams\n \\|WrittenBy \\= Nick Hoare\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|df\\=y\\|2008\\|1\\|24}}\n \\|Viewers \\= 4\\.85\n \\|ShortSummary \\= Rachel's anxious about which construction firm will win the bid for Waterloo Road's new training centre – she must back blackmailer \\[\\[Stuart Hordley]]'s bid or her past will be revealed. Meanwhile, Janeece leaves her work experience at her dream job in a spectacular manner and gets a second chance in a care home with Maxine, where she surprises herself and others with unexpected talents, taking to resident Bessie, played by \\[\\[Rosemary Leach]], and helpless dementia patients. And, At Tom's, the sexual tension overwhelms Tom and Davina who end up in bed together – and Mika catches them.\n \\|LineColor \\= 841B2D\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Waterloo Road series 3\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 34\n \\|Title \\= Episode 14\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Mike Adams\n \\|WrittenBy \\= Doug Watson\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|df\\=y\\|2008\\|1\\|31}}\n \\|Viewers \\= 4\\.93\n \\|ShortSummary \\= When Jasmine intervenes in an altercation between bully \\[\\[Michaela White]] and a younger pupil, she has no idea the day will end in her suspension following assault allegations against her. Meanwhile, Love is in the air for Tom and Davina, and it seems the chemistry between Mika and Brett has returned. Elsewhere, Grantly is horrified when Rachel asks him to teach ballroom dancing to the pupils, and Bolton challenges him to break dancing.\n \\|LineColor \\= 841B2D\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Waterloo Road series 3\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 35\n \\|Title \\= Episode 15\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Julie Edwards\n \\|WrittenBy \\= Michael Jenner\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|df\\=y\\|2008\\|2\\|7}}\n \\|Viewers \\= 5\\.08\n \\|ShortSummary \\= Matt's mother, Susan Wilding, suddenly announces she's on her way to visit and, in a panic, Matt quickly removes all traces of partner Colin from their flat. When the sixth formers are on work experience at Colin's company, Matt tells Colin that he wants him to move out for a few days since he's never told his parents about his sexuality. Maxine overhears and sends a text message back to the whole school, outing Matt as gay.\n \\|LineColor \\= 841B2D\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Waterloo Road series 3\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 36\n \\|Title \\= Episode 16\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Julie Edwards\n \\|WrittenBy \\= David McManus\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|df\\=y\\|2008\\|2\\|14}}\n \\|Viewers \\= 5\\.46\n \\|ShortSummary \\= Grantly is even more curmudgeonly than usual when he's asked to supervise Waterloo Road's bad boys alongside minxy duo \\[\\[Aleesha Dillon]] and \\[\\[Danielle Harker]] to cater for the Governors' AGM lunch. Meanwhile, it's the last day for supply teacher Wilson Bingham with whom Janeece has fallen in love with. She informs her stunned friends they're together and won't need to keep their love secret anymore after this day. Janeece ignores her friends warnings and leaves for a hotel for their first time, while the teachers find it hard to reconcile their growing suspicions about a sexual predator in their midst with the popular and competent Wilson. The tension between Eddie and Rachel reaches breaking point\n \\|LineColor \\= 841B2D\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Waterloo Road series 3\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 37\n \\|Title \\= Episode 17\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Laurence Moody\n \\|WrittenBy \\= Gert Thomas\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|df\\=y\\|2008\\|2\\|21}}\n \\|Viewers \\= 4\\.85\n \\|ShortSummary \\= Mika, frustrated by Tom ignoring her requests to go on an environmental protest, takes her eco\\-warrior plans with Brett to another level, on the building site of the new Training Centre. Their protest takes a dangerous turn when Mika's online\\-contacts, willing to do violence, show up to help.\n \\|LineColor \\= 841B2D\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Waterloo Road series 3\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 38\n \\|Title \\= Episode 18\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Laurence Moody\n \\|WrittenBy \\= Fleur Costello\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|df\\=y\\|2008\\|2\\|28}}\n \\|Viewers \\= 5\\.14\n \\|ShortSummary \\= When immigration officers arrive at Waterloo Road, Rachel learns that Sameen Azizi's family are being held in a detention centre and are due to be deported to Iran later that day. Sameen has escaped the centre and hid at the school, after her mother begged her to flee and finish her education in England. With Aleesha and Danielle she barricades herself in the changing rooms. Sameen's not going without a fight.\n \\|LineColor \\= 841B2D\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Waterloo Road series 3\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 39\n \\|Title \\= Episode 19\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Standeven\n \\|WrittenBy \\= Danny McCahon\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|df\\=y\\|2008\\|3\\|6}}\n \\|Viewers \\= 5\\.24\n \\|ShortSummary \\= Donte sees Davina getting into a swanky car and is shocked to see the driver is his old headmaster, Jack Rimmer. Jack, who has overcome his demons resulting from Izzie's death, is excited to have heard from Davina. He tells her about his new well\\-paid job as headteacher of an international school in Dubai, inviting her to accompany him, to which she declines. Steph's latest attempt at finding a sponsor for the school ends in near disaster.", "Note: Final appearance of Jack Rimmer.\n \\|LineColor \\= 841B2D\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Waterloo Road series 3\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 40\n \\|Title \\= Episode 20\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Standeven\n \\|WrittenBy \\= Lisa Holdsworth\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|df\\=y\\|2008\\|3\\|13}}\n \\|Viewers \\= 5\\.47\n \\|ShortSummary \\= It's the final day of term at Waterloo Road, and the school is pitted against a rival school in the spelling bee championships and the girls football. Stuart Hordley, enraged at the loss of all his business, returns to the school determined to expose Rachel's past to the school. A member of the Waterloo Road exam board visits the school, as the plagiarism scandal instigated by Maxine Barlow comes to their attention. As he was the only member of staff who knew of the cheating, Grantly Budgen decides to meet the exam board head on, determined not to let anyone else find out about his actions. Tragedy is in store as Hordley throws a smouldering fag\\-end into the bins filled with paper. As they burst into flames it ignites a leaky gas canister, leading to a massive explosion and sending a fireball ripping through the school's canteen.", "Note: Final appearance of Mika Grainger, Brett Aspinall, Celine Dixon, Bridget Morley and Stuart Hordley.\n \\|LineColor \\= 841B2D\n}}\n\\|}", "" ]
Plot ---- In 1870 Russia, [Fyodor Karamazov](/wiki/Fyodor_Karamazov "Fyodor Karamazov"), a dissipated and unscrupulous businessman, manipulates three legitimate sons, Dmitri, an army officer; Ivan, a writer; and Alexey, a monk; as well as a bastard son, Smerdyakov, who lives like a servant in Fyodor’s home. Impractical with money, Dmitri spends on drinking, partying, and women whatever money he can wrest from his father from an inheritance his mother left him. Before giving Dimitri any money, Fyodor forces him to sign a promissory note. Alexey delivers to Dimitri a portion of the amount he has requested from Fyodor, and Dimitri proceeds to drink and wreck a tavern in a brawl. Besides financial irresponsibility, Dimitri has an idiosyncratic sense of gallantry. The desperate daughter of a military commander, Katya, has agreed to exchange sexual favors for five thousand rubles to replace the amount stolen from her father’s charge. When Katya presents herself to fulfill the bargain, Dimitri sardonically proposes marriage, but Katya declines, saying that would be a greater degradation. Dmitri gives Katya the money without holding her to any bargain and sends her away. After Dmitri is arrested for the tavern brawl, Katya visits him in gratitude in a military prison. When Dimitri asserts he always intended to give her the money, Katya declares her admiration to him and takes charge. Her grandmother has given her a generous dowry, and Katya now accepts his earlier half\-serious proposal. Unenthusiastically, Dmitry agrees to their betrothal. Katya then intends to settle his debts with Fyodor, but Dmitri refuses. She bails Dmitri out of prison. When Katya asks Ivan for details of Dmitri's youth, Ivan becomes attracted to her. Fyodor presses Dmitri to pay off his notes, and Dmitri leaves town for several months. During Dmitri’s absence, Ivan visits Katya daily, while Fyodor targets young, beautiful, shrewd tavern owner Grushenka. Fyodor and Grushenka plot to cheat Dmitri of his inheritance. To gain Grushenka’s regard, Fyodor has given her Dmitri's notes to collect for herself. Grushenka refuses Fyodor’s advances, but has former army captain Snegiryov, an employee, buy all Dmitri's debts at fraction value and demand repayment. Unable to pay, Dmitry will go to debtor's prison, and Fyodor can keep Dmitri's inheritance legally. Dmitri confronts Snegiryov in the street, humiliating the meek man in front of his young son Illusha. Katya again offers to pay Dmitri’s debts, but Dmitri refuses. She then asks him to mail a letter containing three thousand rubles to her father, knowing that Dimitri will keep the money. Dmitri confronts Grushenka, but the two are strongly attracted and spend Katya's money on a binge. Grushenka forgives Dmitri his debts when he determines not to marry Katya. Dmitri asks Alexey to speak to Katya to break their engagement. Dmitri and Grushenka start a passionate affair, but Dmitri’s obsession increasingly turns into corrosive, possessive jealousy. Smerdyakov greatly admires Ivan, the intellectual, and in conversation both agree that if God does not exist, all behavior is permissible. Dmitri bursts in, looking for Grushenka, who he suspects is seeing his father. When Fyodor taunts him, Dmitri attacks his father, threatening to kill him if he sees Grushenka. Alexey goes to Katya on his errand from Dmitri. He finds Grushenka with Katya, who assures Alexey that Grushenka is tired of Dmitri's jealousy and wants to return to a Polish officer. Angered by Katya's presumptuousness, Grushenka insists she has not promised to leave Dmitri and departs. Ivan arrives to inform Katya he is going to Moscow. When Katya urges him to stay, Ivan derides her for using him while besotted with an indifferent Dmitri. Pawning his pistols, Dmitry asks Alexey to give the money to Snegiryov as an apology for his insult. Dmitri realizes he must take responsibility for his actions. While Dmitri collects debts owed him by army colleagues, Alexey takes the money to Snegiryov. Shamed by the insult, Illusha convinces his father not to accept the apology or the money. Smerdyakov brags to Ivan that he is planning to arrange a confrontation between Fyodor and Dmitri and believes Dmitri will kill his father. After Ivan goes to Moscow, Smerdyakov puts his plot into action, arranging a rendezvous between Grushenka and the Polish officer. When Dmitri finds Grushenka gone, he goes to Fyodor's, but Dmitri is unable to assault his father, even when Fyodor attacks him. Confronting Grushenka and the Polish officer, Dmitri finds that the officer has been gambling all evening, and a neglected Grushenka realizes that he only wants her for her money. Grushenka apologizes to Dmitri and reconciles with him. The police arrive and Dmitri is stunned to learn that Fyodor has been murdered. At his trial, Dmitri pleads guilty to a life of debauchery and debt but innocent of murdering Fyodor. The prosecutor discloses that three thousand rubles were stolen from Fyodor the night of his murder. Katya testifies that Dmitri had taken the same amount from her but insists she did not want reimbursement. Afterward, Ivan tells Katya that he expects Dmitri will be found guilty, but he has a plan to smuggle Dmitri out of Russia. At home, Ivan confronts Smerdyakov, wearing Fyodor's clothes and drinking his liquor. Smerdyakov confesses to killing Fyodor and stealing three thousand rubles to implicate Dmitri but insists that Ivan was complicit when he took off knowing Smerdyakov’s plot. Ivan departs for the police. Later that evening, Alexey and Grushenka find Smerdyakov has hanged himself. At trial, Ivan testifies to Smerdyakov's confession and his own implication. A vindictive Katya produces a letter from Dmitri claiming he will repay her money even if he has to kill Fyodor to get it. Dmitri is found guilty. The next day, Katya watches the train transporting prisoners to prison camp, disappointed that Dmitri is not among them. Ivan and Alexey have arranged to get Dmitri and Grushenka out of Russia. As a last stop on their escape route, despite the obvious risks of wasting time, Dmitri visits the Snegiryov family, where Illusha lies in bed with a grave illness. First, Dmitri tries to buy the pardon of the boy with small gifts but the boy refuses and turns away. Then Dmitri pretends it was just a duel that happened between the former captain and himself, and he was afraid for his own life, knowing the marksmanship of the former captain, and asks for forgiveness. The boy finally turns to his father and asks him to spare Dmitri's life and release him from his bond. After this reconciliation, Dmitri and Grushenka resume their escape.
[ "Plot\n----", "In 1870 Russia, [Fyodor Karamazov](/wiki/Fyodor_Karamazov \"Fyodor Karamazov\"), a dissipated and unscrupulous businessman, manipulates three legitimate sons, Dmitri, an army officer; Ivan, a writer; and Alexey, a monk; as well as a bastard son, Smerdyakov, who lives like a servant in Fyodor’s home.", "Impractical with money, Dmitri spends on drinking, partying, and women whatever money he can wrest from his father from an inheritance his mother left him. Before giving Dimitri any money, Fyodor forces him to sign a promissory note. Alexey delivers to Dimitri a portion of the amount he has requested from Fyodor, and Dimitri proceeds to drink and wreck a tavern in a brawl.", "Besides financial irresponsibility, Dimitri has an idiosyncratic sense of gallantry. The desperate daughter of a military commander, Katya, has agreed to exchange sexual favors for five thousand rubles to replace the amount stolen from her father’s charge. When Katya presents herself to fulfill the bargain, Dimitri sardonically proposes marriage, but Katya declines, saying that would be a greater degradation. Dmitri gives Katya the money without holding her to any bargain and sends her away.", "After Dmitri is arrested for the tavern brawl, Katya visits him in gratitude in a military prison. When Dimitri asserts he always intended to give her the money, Katya declares her admiration to him and takes charge. Her grandmother has given her a generous dowry, and Katya now accepts his earlier half\\-serious proposal. Unenthusiastically, Dmitry agrees to their betrothal. Katya then intends to settle his debts with Fyodor, but Dmitri refuses. She bails Dmitri out of prison.", "When Katya asks Ivan for details of Dmitri's youth, Ivan becomes attracted to her. Fyodor presses Dmitri to pay off his notes, and Dmitri leaves town for several months. During Dmitri’s absence, Ivan visits Katya daily, while Fyodor targets young, beautiful, shrewd tavern owner Grushenka.", "Fyodor and Grushenka plot to cheat Dmitri of his inheritance. To gain Grushenka’s regard, Fyodor has given her Dmitri's notes to collect for herself. Grushenka refuses Fyodor’s advances, but has former army captain Snegiryov, an employee, buy all Dmitri's debts at fraction value and demand repayment. Unable to pay, Dmitry will go to debtor's prison, and Fyodor can keep Dmitri's inheritance legally. Dmitri confronts Snegiryov in the street, humiliating the meek man in front of his young son Illusha. Katya again offers to pay Dmitri’s debts, but Dmitri refuses. She then asks him to mail a letter containing three thousand rubles to her father, knowing that Dimitri will keep the money.", "Dmitri confronts Grushenka, but the two are strongly attracted and spend Katya's money on a binge. Grushenka forgives Dmitri his debts when he determines not to marry Katya. Dmitri asks Alexey to speak to Katya to break their engagement. Dmitri and Grushenka start a passionate affair, but Dmitri’s obsession increasingly turns into corrosive, possessive jealousy.", "Smerdyakov greatly admires Ivan, the intellectual, and in conversation both agree that if God does not exist, all behavior is permissible. Dmitri bursts in, looking for Grushenka, who he suspects is seeing his father. When Fyodor taunts him, Dmitri attacks his father, threatening to kill him if he sees Grushenka.", "Alexey goes to Katya on his errand from Dmitri. He finds Grushenka with Katya, who assures Alexey that Grushenka is tired of Dmitri's jealousy and wants to return to a Polish officer. Angered by Katya's presumptuousness, Grushenka insists she has not promised to leave Dmitri and departs. Ivan arrives to inform Katya he is going to Moscow. When Katya urges him to stay, Ivan derides her for using him while besotted with an indifferent Dmitri.", "Pawning his pistols, Dmitry asks Alexey to give the money to Snegiryov as an apology for his insult. Dmitri realizes he must take responsibility for his actions. While Dmitri collects debts owed him by army colleagues, Alexey takes the money to Snegiryov. Shamed by the insult, Illusha convinces his father not to accept the apology or the money.", "Smerdyakov brags to Ivan that he is planning to arrange a confrontation between Fyodor and Dmitri and believes Dmitri will kill his father. After Ivan goes to Moscow, Smerdyakov puts his plot into action, arranging a rendezvous between Grushenka and the Polish officer. When Dmitri finds Grushenka gone, he goes to Fyodor's, but Dmitri is unable to assault his father, even when Fyodor attacks him.", "Confronting Grushenka and the Polish officer, Dmitri finds that the officer has been gambling all evening, and a neglected Grushenka realizes that he only wants her for her money. Grushenka apologizes to Dmitri and reconciles with him.", "The police arrive and Dmitri is stunned to learn that Fyodor has been murdered. At his trial, Dmitri pleads guilty to a life of debauchery and debt but innocent of murdering Fyodor. The prosecutor discloses that three thousand rubles were stolen from Fyodor the night of his murder. Katya testifies that Dmitri had taken the same amount from her but insists she did not want reimbursement. Afterward, Ivan tells Katya that he expects Dmitri will be found guilty, but he has a plan to smuggle Dmitri out of Russia.", "At home, Ivan confronts Smerdyakov, wearing Fyodor's clothes and drinking his liquor. Smerdyakov confesses to killing Fyodor and stealing three thousand rubles to implicate Dmitri but insists that Ivan was complicit when he took off knowing Smerdyakov’s plot. Ivan departs for the police. Later that evening, Alexey and Grushenka find Smerdyakov has hanged himself.", "At trial, Ivan testifies to Smerdyakov's confession and his own implication. A vindictive Katya produces a letter from Dmitri claiming he will repay her money even if he has to kill Fyodor to get it. Dmitri is found guilty. The next day, Katya watches the train transporting prisoners to prison camp, disappointed that Dmitri is not among them. Ivan and Alexey have arranged to get Dmitri and Grushenka out of Russia.", "As a last stop on their escape route, despite the obvious risks of wasting time, Dmitri visits the Snegiryov family, where Illusha lies in bed with a grave illness. First, Dmitri tries to buy the pardon of the boy with small gifts but the boy refuses and turns away. Then Dmitri pretends it was just a duel that happened between the former captain and himself, and he was afraid for his own life, knowing the marksmanship of the former captain, and asks for forgiveness. The boy finally turns to his father and asks him to spare Dmitri's life and release him from his bond. After this reconciliation, Dmitri and Grushenka resume their escape.", "" ]
History ------- Arnos Grove was, until the [dissolution of the monasteries](/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries "Dissolution of the monasteries") by [Henry VIII](/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England "Henry VIII of England"), owned by the [Nuns](/wiki/Nun%23Catholicism "Nun#Catholicism") of [Clerkenwell](/wiki/Clerkenwell "Clerkenwell").[LondonTown.com \- Arnos Park](http://www.londontown.com/LondonInformation/Attraction/Arnos_Park/f149/). It was known as Armholt Wood in the 14th century, and later as Arnolds. A [Tudor](/wiki/Tudor_style_architecture "Tudor style architecture") manor house was erected on the site, but was demolished in 1719 – presumably by [James Colebrook](/wiki/James_Colebrooke_%28banker%29 "James Colebrooke (banker)"), who bought the estate in the same year and built a mansion called Arnolds in Cannon Hill, [Southgate](/wiki/Southgate%2C_London "Southgate, London"). Locals called the estate Arno's and the next owner, Sir [William Mayne](/wiki/William_Mayne%2C_1st_Baron_Newhaven "William Mayne, 1st Baron Newhaven") (later Lord Newhaven), renamed the house and estate [Arnos Grove](/wiki/Arnos_Grove_house "Arnos Grove house"), which is now pronounced as though it never had an apostrophe.[Hidden London \- Arnos Grove](http://www.hidden-london.com/arnosgrove.html). On 19 September 1932 [Arnos Grove Underground station](/wiki/Arnos_Grove_tube_station "Arnos Grove tube station") was opened, as part of the extension of the [London Underground](/wiki/London_Underground "London Underground") [Piccadilly line](/wiki/Piccadilly_line "Piccadilly line") to [Cockfosters](/wiki/Cockfosters "Cockfosters"). In the years that followed Arnos Grove changed from a rural area to being fully developed – the part of the estate to the north of Arnos Park was, for example, built up by 1939\. The main public facilities at Arnos Grove were built in the 1930s. These include Arnos Pool and Bowes Road Library, both of which underwent major refurbishment in the mid\-2000s, like Arnos Grove tube station.[TfL \- Arnos Grove improved](http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/4153.aspx). The library and swimming pool, along with Arnos Park, the extensive facilities at Arnos Grove station (such as Ash House, the seven sidings, and three tracks through the station with four platforms) and the proximity of Arnos Grove to the [North Circular](/wiki/North_Circular "North Circular"), which had been built in 1929, made Arnos Grove a desirable area to live in. The southward expansion of Arnos Grove, which was initiated by the bias of facilities to the south of the original estate, was aided by the destruction of parts of New Southgate during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). There is now an almost continuous line of shops between Arnos Grove and New Southgate, via Betstyle Circus, making the areas closely linked. ### Parent districts and administrative areas Until the building of its tube station Arnos Grove was largely undeveloped and rural. As its name suggests it was not a manor, parish or district in its own right.A P Baggs, Diane K Bolton, Eileen P Scarff and G C Tyack, 'Edmonton: Other estates', in A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5 ed. T F T Baker and R B Pugh (London, 1976\), pp. 154\-161\. British History Online [http://www.british\-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol5/pp154\-161](http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol5/pp154-161) [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton%2C_London "Edmonton, London") which included all parts of Southgate was one of five parishes of [Edmonton Hundred](/wiki/Edmonton_Hundred "Edmonton Hundred"), one of five hundreds in [Middlesex](/wiki/Middlesex "Middlesex"). The heart of the hundred became the [London Borough of Enfield](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Enfield "London Borough of Enfield"). As new parishes arose, the area became, in turn, a westerly part of [Southgate](/wiki/Southgate%2C_London "Southgate, London") upgraded from a late medieval chapelry in the mid 19th century, and closely associated with [New Southgate](/wiki/New_Southgate "New Southgate") later in that century, which is south of Arnos Grove and overlaps. The tube terminus station, [Arnos Grove tube station](/wiki/Arnos_Grove_tube_station "Arnos Grove tube station"), has cemented its own district status in the popular naming of UK urban places which is rarely rigorously defined. The relatively recent creation of the local [Anglican](/wiki/Anglican "Anglican") parishes, civil parishes and later changes in early local government body name and electoral wards in this area means Arnos Grove is rarely mentioned with reference to any of its parent areas. In political representation – for electoral purposes – the area has generally been in national and local areas including the rest of Southgate and mentioning the name Southgate.
[ "History\n-------", "Arnos Grove was, until the [dissolution of the monasteries](/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries \"Dissolution of the monasteries\") by [Henry VIII](/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England \"Henry VIII of England\"), owned by the [Nuns](/wiki/Nun%23Catholicism \"Nun#Catholicism\") of [Clerkenwell](/wiki/Clerkenwell \"Clerkenwell\").[LondonTown.com \\- Arnos Park](http://www.londontown.com/LondonInformation/Attraction/Arnos_Park/f149/). It was known as Armholt Wood in the 14th century, and later as Arnolds. A [Tudor](/wiki/Tudor_style_architecture \"Tudor style architecture\") manor house was erected on the site, but was demolished in 1719 – presumably by [James Colebrook](/wiki/James_Colebrooke_%28banker%29 \"James Colebrooke (banker)\"), who bought the estate in the same year and built a mansion called Arnolds in Cannon Hill, [Southgate](/wiki/Southgate%2C_London \"Southgate, London\"). Locals called the estate Arno's and the next owner, Sir [William Mayne](/wiki/William_Mayne%2C_1st_Baron_Newhaven \"William Mayne, 1st Baron Newhaven\") (later Lord Newhaven), renamed the house and estate [Arnos Grove](/wiki/Arnos_Grove_house \"Arnos Grove house\"), which is now pronounced as though it never had an apostrophe.[Hidden London \\- Arnos Grove](http://www.hidden-london.com/arnosgrove.html).", "On 19 September 1932 [Arnos Grove Underground station](/wiki/Arnos_Grove_tube_station \"Arnos Grove tube station\") was opened, as part of the extension of the [London Underground](/wiki/London_Underground \"London Underground\") [Piccadilly line](/wiki/Piccadilly_line \"Piccadilly line\") to [Cockfosters](/wiki/Cockfosters \"Cockfosters\"). In the years that followed Arnos Grove changed from a rural area to being fully developed – the part of the estate to the north of Arnos Park was, for example, built up by 1939\\. The main public facilities at Arnos Grove were built in the 1930s. These include Arnos Pool and Bowes Road Library, both of which underwent major refurbishment in the mid\\-2000s, like Arnos Grove tube station.[TfL \\- Arnos Grove improved](http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/4153.aspx). The library and swimming pool, along with Arnos Park, the extensive facilities at Arnos Grove station (such as Ash House, the seven sidings, and three tracks through the station with four platforms) and the proximity of Arnos Grove to the [North Circular](/wiki/North_Circular \"North Circular\"), which had been built in 1929, made Arnos Grove a desirable area to live in.", "The southward expansion of Arnos Grove, which was initiated by the bias of facilities to the south of the original estate, was aided by the destruction of parts of New Southgate during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). There is now an almost continuous line of shops between Arnos Grove and New Southgate, via Betstyle Circus, making the areas closely linked.", "### Parent districts and administrative areas", "Until the building of its tube station Arnos Grove was largely undeveloped and rural. As its name suggests it was not a manor, parish or district in its own right.A P Baggs, Diane K Bolton, Eileen P Scarff and G C Tyack, 'Edmonton: Other estates', in A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5 ed. T F T Baker and R B Pugh (London, 1976\\), pp. 154\\-161\\. British History Online [http://www.british\\-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol5/pp154\\-161](http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol5/pp154-161) [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton%2C_London \"Edmonton, London\") which included all parts of Southgate was one of five parishes of [Edmonton Hundred](/wiki/Edmonton_Hundred \"Edmonton Hundred\"), one of five hundreds in [Middlesex](/wiki/Middlesex \"Middlesex\"). The heart of the hundred became the [London Borough of Enfield](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Enfield \"London Borough of Enfield\").", "As new parishes arose, the area became, in turn, a westerly part of [Southgate](/wiki/Southgate%2C_London \"Southgate, London\") upgraded from a late medieval chapelry in the mid 19th century, and closely associated with [New Southgate](/wiki/New_Southgate \"New Southgate\") later in that century, which is south of Arnos Grove and overlaps. The tube terminus station, [Arnos Grove tube station](/wiki/Arnos_Grove_tube_station \"Arnos Grove tube station\"), has cemented its own district status in the popular naming of UK urban places which is rarely rigorously defined. The relatively recent creation of the local [Anglican](/wiki/Anglican \"Anglican\") parishes, civil parishes and later changes in early local government body name and electoral wards in this area means Arnos Grove is rarely mentioned with reference to any of its parent areas. In political representation – for electoral purposes – the area has generally been in national and local areas including the rest of Southgate and mentioning the name Southgate.", "" ]
Types of tombs at Silwan necropolis ----------------------------------- There are three different types of tombs in the Silwan [necropolis](/wiki/Necropolis "Necropolis"), each type concentrated in one specific area. Seven of the tombs feature [gabled](/wiki/Gable "Gable") ceilings and extremely fine stonework. [Ussishkin](/wiki/David_Ussishkin "David Ussishkin") describes them as "among the most beautifully rock\-cut tombs known in the Jerusalem area even when compared with tombs of later periods." In contrast with the extensive family tombs of later periods, these are for single or double burials, with only one of the seven having room for three bodies. Later destruction has effaced the original doorways. A second tomb type described by Ussishkin has flat ceilings and 1, 2 or 3 chambers of well\-dressed stone carefully squared into spacious rooms. One features a rear chamber of especially "impressive" scale and quality. There are tombs combining characteristics of the two described here above. The third type consists of just three "magnificent" monolith tombs, now located in the northern part of the Palestinian settlement. These have been carved out of the cliff to create free\-standing buildings above the underground burial chambers. Hebrew inscriptions survive on these three tombs; these are the only ancient inscriptions that survive in Silwan. The following are the three monolith tombs: ### Tomb of Pharaoh's Daughter {{main\|Monolith of Silwan}} The most famous of the ancient [rock\-cut tombs](/wiki/Rock-cut_tombs "Rock-cut tombs") in Silwan is the finely carved [monolith](/wiki/Monolith "Monolith") known as the [Tomb of Pharaoh's Daughter](/wiki/Monolith_of_Silwan "Monolith of Silwan"). It is the only one of the three free\-standing tombs in which the above\-ground chamber survives, although the pyramid\-shaped roof is missing because it was quarried for stone. The ceiling is gabled. ### Tomb of the Royal Steward [thumb\|Lintel of the tomb of "...yahu who is over the house"](/wiki/File:Silwan-inscr.jpg "Silwan-inscr.jpg") Another notable tomb, called the Tomb of the Royal Steward, is now incorporated into a modern\-period house in the main street of the Palestinian settlement. At one point plastered for use as a cistern, in 1968 it was in use as a storage room. It was discovered in 1874 by [Charles Simon Clermont\-Ganneau](/wiki/Charles_Simon_Clermont-Ganneau "Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau"). The [ancient inscription](/wiki/Shebna_inscription "Shebna inscription") reads "This is the tomb of \[...]yahu who is over the house. No silver or gold is here but (his bones) and the bones of his Amma. Cursed be the man who opens this." The first part of the Hebrew name is effaced, but it refers to a Judean royal steward or chamberlain. Clermont\-Ganneau shipped the tomb inscription to the [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum "British Museum"), but it was only deciphered in the 1950s by [Nahman Avigad](/wiki/Nahman_Avigad "Nahman Avigad").Nahman Avigad, *Israel Exploration Journal*, III (1953\), 137–152; V (1955\), 163–166\. Some scholars believe that this is the tomb of the biblical [Shebna](/wiki/Shebna "Shebna"), the steward and treasurer of King [Hezekiah](/wiki/Hezekiah "Hezekiah") (727–698 BC). It is thought that at the relevant time the same name could be written with or without the ending \-yahu, thus allowing Shebanyahu as a variation of Shebna. According to [David Ussishkin](/wiki/David_Ussishkin "David Ussishkin"), the tomb contained two chambers, the outer chamber with a probable double bench for the occupant and his wife, and an inner chamber with a single burial bench for a relative who may be referred to in the second inscription fragment."On the Shorter Inscription from the "Tomb of the Royal Steward," David Ussishkin, *Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research*, No. 196 (Dec., 1969\), pp. 16–22, The Book of Isaiah (22:16\) reproaches Shebna for his presumption: "What hast thou here and whom hast thou here, that thou hast hewn thee out a sepulchre here, as he that heweth him out a sepulchre on high, and that graveth an inhabitation for himself in the rock?" ### Burial of Z Another former monolith was first described in 1968 by Ussishkin. At that time it was located under the courtyard of a modern\-period house serving as a cistern. It has "the finest and most delicate stone dressing in the Silwan necropolis." The upper story was destroyed for use as quarried stone in the Roman/Byzantine period. Only a small section of the inscription survived to be recorded by Ussishkin. The first line is "\[This is the] burial of Z ...". The second line "(the one) who op\[ens] (this tomb) . .." The third line was illegible.
[ "Types of tombs at Silwan necropolis\n-----------------------------------", "There are three different types of tombs in the Silwan [necropolis](/wiki/Necropolis \"Necropolis\"), each type concentrated in one specific area.", "Seven of the tombs feature [gabled](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\") ceilings and extremely fine stonework. [Ussishkin](/wiki/David_Ussishkin \"David Ussishkin\") describes them as \"among the most beautifully rock\\-cut tombs known in the Jerusalem area even when compared with tombs of later periods.\" In contrast with the extensive family tombs of later periods, these are for single or double burials, with only one of the seven having room for three bodies. Later destruction has effaced the original doorways.", "A second tomb type described by Ussishkin has flat ceilings and 1, 2 or 3 chambers of well\\-dressed stone carefully squared into spacious rooms. One features a rear chamber of especially \"impressive\" scale and quality.", "There are tombs combining characteristics of the two described here above.", "The third type consists of just three \"magnificent\" monolith tombs, now located in the northern part of the Palestinian settlement. These have been carved out of the cliff to create free\\-standing buildings above the underground burial chambers. Hebrew inscriptions survive on these three tombs; these are the only ancient inscriptions that survive in Silwan.", "The following are the three monolith tombs:", "### Tomb of Pharaoh's Daughter", "{{main\\|Monolith of Silwan}}\nThe most famous of the ancient [rock\\-cut tombs](/wiki/Rock-cut_tombs \"Rock-cut tombs\") in Silwan is the finely carved [monolith](/wiki/Monolith \"Monolith\") known as the [Tomb of Pharaoh's Daughter](/wiki/Monolith_of_Silwan \"Monolith of Silwan\"). It is the only one of the three free\\-standing tombs in which the above\\-ground chamber survives, although the pyramid\\-shaped roof is missing because it was quarried for stone. The ceiling is gabled.", "### Tomb of the Royal Steward", "[thumb\\|Lintel of the tomb of \"...yahu who is over the house\"](/wiki/File:Silwan-inscr.jpg \"Silwan-inscr.jpg\")\nAnother notable tomb, called the Tomb of the Royal Steward, is now incorporated into a modern\\-period house in the main street of the Palestinian settlement. At one point plastered for use as a cistern, in 1968 it was in use as a storage room. It was discovered in 1874 by [Charles Simon Clermont\\-Ganneau](/wiki/Charles_Simon_Clermont-Ganneau \"Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau\").", "The [ancient inscription](/wiki/Shebna_inscription \"Shebna inscription\") reads \"This is the tomb of \\[...]yahu who is over the house. No silver or gold is here but (his bones) and the bones of his Amma. Cursed be the man who opens this.\" The first part of the Hebrew name is effaced, but it refers to a Judean royal steward or chamberlain. Clermont\\-Ganneau shipped the tomb inscription to the [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum \"British Museum\"), but it was only deciphered in the 1950s by [Nahman Avigad](/wiki/Nahman_Avigad \"Nahman Avigad\").Nahman Avigad, *Israel Exploration Journal*, III (1953\\), 137–152; V (1955\\), 163–166\\. Some scholars believe that this is the tomb of the biblical [Shebna](/wiki/Shebna \"Shebna\"), the steward and treasurer of King [Hezekiah](/wiki/Hezekiah \"Hezekiah\") (727–698 BC). It is thought that at the relevant time the same name could be written with or without the ending \\-yahu, thus allowing Shebanyahu as a variation of Shebna. According to [David Ussishkin](/wiki/David_Ussishkin \"David Ussishkin\"), the tomb contained two chambers, the outer chamber with a probable double bench for the occupant and his wife, and an inner chamber with a single burial bench for a relative who may be referred to in the second inscription fragment.\"On the Shorter Inscription from the \"Tomb of the Royal Steward,\" David Ussishkin, *Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research*, No. 196 (Dec., 1969\\), pp. 16–22, The Book of Isaiah (22:16\\) reproaches Shebna for his presumption: \"What hast thou here and whom hast thou here, that thou hast hewn thee out a sepulchre here, as he that heweth him out a sepulchre on high, and that graveth an inhabitation for himself in the rock?\"", "### Burial of Z", "Another former monolith was first described in 1968 by Ussishkin. At that time it was located under the courtyard of a modern\\-period house serving as a cistern. It has \"the finest and most delicate stone dressing in the Silwan necropolis.\" The upper story was destroyed for use as quarried stone in the Roman/Byzantine period. Only a small section of the inscription survived to be recorded by Ussishkin. The first line is \"\\[This is the] burial of Z ...\". The second line \"(the one) who op\\[ens] (this tomb) . ..\" The third line was illegible.", "" ]
Organisation ------------ ### Founding in 1952 Five Humanist organisations, the [American Ethical Union](/wiki/American_Ethical_Union "American Ethical Union"), [American Humanist Association](/wiki/American_Humanist_Association "American Humanist Association"), British Ethical Union (later the British Humanist Association and now [Humanists UK](/wiki/Humanists_UK "Humanists UK")), Vienna Ethical Society and the [Dutch Humanist League](/wiki/Humanistisch_Verbond "Humanistisch Verbond") hosted the founding congress of the International Humanist and Ethical Union in Amsterdam, 22–27 August 1952\.{{cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/content/1850\-1952\-road\-founding\-congress\|title\=1850\-1952: The road to the founding congress\|publisher\=IHEU\|access\-date\=2 November 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811030040/http://iheu.org/content/1850\-1952\-road\-founding\-congress\|archive\-date\=11 August 2013}}{{cite book\|title\=Skepticism and humanism: the new paradigm\|last\=Kurtz\|first\=Paul\|publisher\=Transaction Publishers\|year\=2001\|isbn\=0765800519\|location\=New Brunswick, NJ \[u.a.]\|page\=259}} On the last day of the congress five resolutions were passed, which included a statement of the fundamentals of "modern, ethical Humanism", a resolution which would come to be known as the [Amsterdam Declaration](/wiki/Amsterdam_Declaration "Amsterdam Declaration") (1952\). ### Current structure [thumb\|left\|150px\|The former IHEYO logo, prior to rebranding as Young Humanists International](/wiki/File:IHEYO_logo.png "IHEYO logo.png") Humanists International is a democratic organisation, the Board of which is elected by representatives of the Member Organisations at annual General Assemblies.{{Cite web \|url\=http://iheu.org/about/general\-assembly/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} General Assembly\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10}} The President as of 2015 is [Andrew Copson](/wiki/Andrew_Copson "Andrew Copson"){{Cite web \|url\=https://humanism.org.uk/2015/06/01/andrew\-copson\-elected\-new\-president\-of\-the\-international\-humanist\-and\-ethical\-union/\|title\=Andrew Copson elected new President of the International Humanist and Ethical Union\|date\=2015\-06\-01\|website\=British Humanist Association\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10}} (who is also the Chief Executive of [Humanists UK](/wiki/Humanists_UK "Humanists UK") as of 2010\).{{Cite web\|url\=https://humanism.org.uk/about/our\-people/staff/\|title\=Senior Staff\|date\=2012\-04\-27\|access\-date\=2016\-08\-12}} The IHEU headquarters is in London. It shared an office with Humanists UK for many years until 2019\. Representatives of Humanists International Member Organisations ratify new memberships annually during a General Assembly. Following the 2017 General Assembly, the IHEU listed its membership as 139 Member Organisations from 53 countries{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/membership/our\-members/?page\=CiviCRM\&q\=civicrm/profile\&page\=CiviCRM\&gid\=4\&force\=1\&crmSID\=4\_u\&crmRowCount\=25\&crmPID\=1\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Our members\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-18}} from a variety of non\-religious traditions. A staff of four is headed by the current Chief Executive, Gary McLelland, and Humanists International maintains delegations to the [United Nations Human Rights Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council "United Nations Human Rights Council") in Geneva, the [United Nations in New York](/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations "Headquarters of the United Nations"), and the [Council of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe "Council of Europe") in Strasbourg.{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/about/staff\-and\-representatives/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Staff and Representatives\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608172252/https://iheu.org/about/staff\-and\-representatives/\|archive\-date\=8 June 2018\|url\-status\=dead}} Humanists International is an international [NGO](/wiki/Non-governmental_organization "Non-governmental organization") with Special Consultative Status with the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations"), General Consultative Status at the [Council of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe "Council of Europe"), Observer Status with the [African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights](/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%E2%80%99_Rights "African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights"), and maintains operational relations with [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO"). Humanists International has a wing for people aged up to 35 called the [Young Humanists International](/wiki/International_Humanist_and_Ethical_Youth_Organisation "International Humanist and Ethical Youth Organisation"). The organization's 2017 General Assembly passed a resolution "mandating the Board to oversee a transition to a revised identity for the organization".{{Cite news\|url\=http://iheu.org/tears\-joy\-iheu\-general\-assembly\-2017/\|title\=Tears and joy at IHEU General Assembly 2017\|date\=2017\-08\-10\|work\=IHEU\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-18\|language\=en\-US}} The [rebrand](/wiki/Rebrand "Rebrand") to Humanists International, a new [operating name](/wiki/Trading_name "Trading name") for the IHEU, was completed in February 2019\. ### Board members Humanists International is governed by an international [board of directors](/wiki/Board_of_directors "Board of directors"), whose body is elected by member organisations at annual general assemblies, including a directly elected president. As of May 2024, the Board of Humanists International comprises:{{cite web\|url\=https://humanists.international/about/our\-people/\|title\=Our people\|work\=Humanists International\|access\-date\=30 May 2024}} * **[Andrew Copson](/wiki/Andrew_Copson "Andrew Copson") (President)** – [Humanists UK](/wiki/Humanists_UK "Humanists UK") * **[Roslyn Mould](/wiki/Roslyn_Mould "Roslyn Mould") (Vice President)** – [Humanist Association of Ghana](/wiki/Humanist_Association_of_Ghana "Humanist Association of Ghana") * **[Boris van der Ham](/wiki/Boris_van_der_Ham "Boris van der Ham") (Treasurer)** – [Dutch Humanist Association](/wiki/Dutch_Humanist_Association "Dutch Humanist Association") * **Maggie Ardiente** – [Secular Coalition for America](/wiki/Secular_Coalition_for_America "Secular Coalition for America") * **[Debbie Goddard](/wiki/Debbie_Goddard "Debbie Goddard")** – [American Atheists](/wiki/American_Atheists "American Atheists") * **[Leo Igwe](/wiki/Leo_Igwe "Leo Igwe")** – Humanist Association of Nigeria * **Alvari Jeevathol** – Humanists UK * **Aspara Karki** – Society for Humanism (SOCH) Nepal * **[Kristin Mile](/wiki/Kristin_Mile "Kristin Mile")** – [Norwegian Humanist Association](/wiki/Norwegian_Humanist_Association "Norwegian Humanist Association") * **David Pineda** – Humanistas Guatemala
[ "Organisation\n------------", "### Founding in 1952", "Five Humanist organisations, the [American Ethical Union](/wiki/American_Ethical_Union \"American Ethical Union\"), [American Humanist Association](/wiki/American_Humanist_Association \"American Humanist Association\"), British Ethical Union (later the British Humanist Association and now [Humanists UK](/wiki/Humanists_UK \"Humanists UK\")), Vienna Ethical Society and the [Dutch Humanist League](/wiki/Humanistisch_Verbond \"Humanistisch Verbond\") hosted the founding congress of the International Humanist and Ethical Union in Amsterdam, 22–27 August 1952\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/content/1850\\-1952\\-road\\-founding\\-congress\\|title\\=1850\\-1952: The road to the founding congress\\|publisher\\=IHEU\\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811030040/http://iheu.org/content/1850\\-1952\\-road\\-founding\\-congress\\|archive\\-date\\=11 August 2013}}{{cite book\\|title\\=Skepticism and humanism: the new paradigm\\|last\\=Kurtz\\|first\\=Paul\\|publisher\\=Transaction Publishers\\|year\\=2001\\|isbn\\=0765800519\\|location\\=New Brunswick, NJ \\[u.a.]\\|page\\=259}} On the last day of the congress five resolutions were passed, which included a statement of the fundamentals of \"modern, ethical Humanism\", a resolution which would come to be known as the [Amsterdam Declaration](/wiki/Amsterdam_Declaration \"Amsterdam Declaration\") (1952\\).", "### Current structure", "[thumb\\|left\\|150px\\|The former IHEYO logo, prior to rebranding as Young Humanists International](/wiki/File:IHEYO_logo.png \"IHEYO logo.png\")\nHumanists International is a democratic organisation, the Board of which is elected by representatives of the Member Organisations at annual General Assemblies.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://iheu.org/about/general\\-assembly/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} General Assembly\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10}} The President as of 2015 is [Andrew Copson](/wiki/Andrew_Copson \"Andrew Copson\"){{Cite web \\|url\\=https://humanism.org.uk/2015/06/01/andrew\\-copson\\-elected\\-new\\-president\\-of\\-the\\-international\\-humanist\\-and\\-ethical\\-union/\\|title\\=Andrew Copson elected new President of the International Humanist and Ethical Union\\|date\\=2015\\-06\\-01\\|website\\=British Humanist Association\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10}} (who is also the Chief Executive of [Humanists UK](/wiki/Humanists_UK \"Humanists UK\") as of 2010\\).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://humanism.org.uk/about/our\\-people/staff/\\|title\\=Senior Staff\\|date\\=2012\\-04\\-27\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-12}} The IHEU headquarters is in London. It shared an office with Humanists UK for many years until 2019\\.", "Representatives of Humanists International Member Organisations ratify new memberships annually during a General Assembly. Following the 2017 General Assembly, the IHEU listed its membership as 139 Member Organisations from 53 countries{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/membership/our\\-members/?page\\=CiviCRM\\&q\\=civicrm/profile\\&page\\=CiviCRM\\&gid\\=4\\&force\\=1\\&crmSID\\=4\\_u\\&crmRowCount\\=25\\&crmPID\\=1\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Our members\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-18}} from a variety of non\\-religious traditions.", "A staff of four is headed by the current Chief Executive, Gary McLelland, and Humanists International maintains delegations to the [United Nations Human Rights Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council \"United Nations Human Rights Council\") in Geneva, the [United Nations in New York](/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations \"Headquarters of the United Nations\"), and the [Council of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe \"Council of Europe\") in Strasbourg.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/about/staff\\-and\\-representatives/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Staff and Representatives\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608172252/https://iheu.org/about/staff\\-and\\-representatives/\\|archive\\-date\\=8 June 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Humanists International is an international [NGO](/wiki/Non-governmental_organization \"Non-governmental organization\") with Special Consultative Status with the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\"), General Consultative Status at the [Council of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe \"Council of Europe\"), Observer Status with the [African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights](/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%E2%80%99_Rights \"African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights\"), and maintains operational relations with [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO \"UNESCO\").", "Humanists International has a wing for people aged up to 35 called the [Young Humanists International](/wiki/International_Humanist_and_Ethical_Youth_Organisation \"International Humanist and Ethical Youth Organisation\").", "The organization's 2017 General Assembly passed a resolution \"mandating the Board to oversee a transition to a revised identity for the organization\".{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/tears\\-joy\\-iheu\\-general\\-assembly\\-2017/\\|title\\=Tears and joy at IHEU General Assembly 2017\\|date\\=2017\\-08\\-10\\|work\\=IHEU\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-18\\|language\\=en\\-US}} The [rebrand](/wiki/Rebrand \"Rebrand\") to Humanists International, a new [operating name](/wiki/Trading_name \"Trading name\") for the IHEU, was completed in February 2019\\.", "### Board members", "Humanists International is governed by an international [board of directors](/wiki/Board_of_directors \"Board of directors\"), whose body is elected by member organisations at annual general assemblies, including a directly elected president.", "As of May 2024, the Board of Humanists International comprises:{{cite web\\|url\\=https://humanists.international/about/our\\-people/\\|title\\=Our people\\|work\\=Humanists International\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2024}}", "* **[Andrew Copson](/wiki/Andrew_Copson \"Andrew Copson\") (President)** – [Humanists UK](/wiki/Humanists_UK \"Humanists UK\")\n* **[Roslyn Mould](/wiki/Roslyn_Mould \"Roslyn Mould\") (Vice President)** – [Humanist Association of Ghana](/wiki/Humanist_Association_of_Ghana \"Humanist Association of Ghana\")\n* **[Boris van der Ham](/wiki/Boris_van_der_Ham \"Boris van der Ham\") (Treasurer)** – [Dutch Humanist Association](/wiki/Dutch_Humanist_Association \"Dutch Humanist Association\")\n* **Maggie Ardiente** – [Secular Coalition for America](/wiki/Secular_Coalition_for_America \"Secular Coalition for America\")\n* **[Debbie Goddard](/wiki/Debbie_Goddard \"Debbie Goddard\")** – [American Atheists](/wiki/American_Atheists \"American Atheists\")\n* **[Leo Igwe](/wiki/Leo_Igwe \"Leo Igwe\")** – Humanist Association of Nigeria\n* **Alvari Jeevathol** – Humanists UK\n* **Aspara Karki** – Society for Humanism (SOCH) Nepal\n* **[Kristin Mile](/wiki/Kristin_Mile \"Kristin Mile\")** – [Norwegian Humanist Association](/wiki/Norwegian_Humanist_Association \"Norwegian Humanist Association\")\n* **David Pineda** – Humanistas Guatemala" ]
Strategy and activities ----------------------- The aim of Humanists International is to "build, support and represent the global humanist movement, defending human rights, particularly those of [non\-religious](/wiki/Non-religious "Non-religious") people, and promoting humanist values world\-wide".{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/about/vision\-and\-mission/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Vision and mission\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-08\-12}} As a campaigning NGO Humanists International aims "to influence international policy through representation and information, to build the humanist network, and let the world know about the worldview of Humanism." ### The Freedom of Thought Report [thumb\|Cover of the downloadable 2016 edition of the IHEU Freedom of Thought Report \- Key Countries Edition](/wiki/File:Freedom_of_Thought_Report_2016_cover_image.png "Freedom of Thought Report 2016 cover image.png") In 2012 Humanists International began publishing an annual report on "discrimination against humanists, atheists and the non\-religious" called The Freedom of Thought Report.{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/new\-global\-report\-discrimination\-against\-non\-religious/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} New global report on discrimination against the non\-religious\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=5 February 2013}} The report centres around a "Country Index" with a textual entry for every [sovereign state](/wiki/Sovereign_state "Sovereign state").{{Cite web\|url\=http://freethoughtreport.com/countries/\|title\=Country Index\|website\=Freedom of Thought Report\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-18}} Each country is measured against a list of 64 boundary conditions, which are categorised into four thematic categories ("Constitution and government", "Education and children's rights", "Family, community, society, religious courts and tribunals", and "Freedom of expression, advocacy of humanist values") at five levels of overall "severity" ("Free and equal", "Mostly satisfactory", "Systemic discrimination", "Severe discrimination" and "Grave violations").{{Cite web\|url\=http://freethoughtreport.com/ratings\-system/\|title\=The Ratings System\|website\=Freedom of Thought Report\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-18}} The 64 boundary conditions include for example: "'Apostasy' or conversion from a specific religion is outlawed and punishable by death", which is placed at the worst level of severity, and under the category "Freedom of expression", and: "There is state funding of at least some religious schools", which is a middle severity condition, under the category "Education and children's rights". The data from the report is freely available under a [Creative Commons license](/wiki/Creative_Commons_license "Creative Commons license").{{Cite web\|url\=http://freethoughtreport.com/data/\|title\=Open Data\|website\=Freedom of Thought Report\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-18}} #### Findings of the Freedom of Thought Report In 2017, the report found that 30 countries meet at least one boundary condition at the most severe level ("Grave violations"), and a further 55 countries met at least one boundary condition in the next most severe level ("Severe discrimination"). [alt\=Map of results from the IHEU Freedom of Thought Report\|center\|thumb\|500x500px\|This composite map overlays the results from four separate categories of assessment in Humanists International Freedom of Thought Report, as to how countries discriminate against non\-religious people. Countries block\-filled in darker, redder colors are rated more severely in the report, while lighter, greener shades are more "free and equal".](/wiki/File:Map_of_discrimination_against_the_non-religious_in_the_IHEU_Freedom_of_Thought_Report.png "Map of discrimination against the non-religious in the IHEU Freedom of Thought Report.png") #### Responses to the Freedom of Thought Report The various annual editions of the Freedom of Thought Report have been reported in the media under headlines such as: "How the right to deny the existence of God is under threat globally" (*[The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")*, UK);{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/how\-the\-right\-to\-deny\-the\-existence\-of\-god\-is\-under\-threat\-globally\-9913662\.html\|title\=The right to deny the existence of God is under threat\|date\=2014\-12\-09\|newspaper\=The Independent\|language\=en\-GB\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10}} "Most countries fail to respect rights of atheists – report" (*[Christian Today](/wiki/Christian_Today "Christian Today")*); and "[Stephen Fry](/wiki/Stephen_Fry "Stephen Fry")'s mockery of religion could land him the death penalty in these countries" (*[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*).{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/02/05/stephen\-frys\-mockery\-of\-religion\-could\-land\-him\-the\-death\-penalty\-in\-these\-countries/\|title\=Stephen Fry's mockery of religion could land him the death penalty in these countries\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10}} The report has received coverage in the national media of countries that are severely criticised, for example "Malaysia's free thought, religious expression under 'serious assault', study shows" (the *[Malay Mail](/wiki/Malay_Mail "Malay Mail")*).{{Cite news \|url\=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/malaysias\-free\-thought\-religious\-expression\-under\-serious\-assault\-study\-sho\|title\=Malaysia's free thought, religious expression under 'serious assault', study shows \|date\=2015\-12\-21\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10}} Forewords and prefaces to the various annual editions of report have been written by then\-[United Nations Special Rapporteurs on Freedom of Religion or Belief](/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur_on_Freedom_of_Religion_or_Belief "United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief"), [Heiner Bielefeldt](/wiki/Heiner_Bielefeldt "Heiner Bielefeldt"), in 2012; two victims of "blasphemy" accusations, [Kacem El Ghazzali](/wiki/Kacem_El_Ghazzali "Kacem El Ghazzali") and [Alber Saber](/wiki/Alber_Saber "Alber Saber") in 2013; human rights defenders [Gulalai Ismail](/wiki/Gulalai_Ismail "Gulalai Ismail") and Agnes Ojera in 2014; humanist activist and survivor of an [anti\-secularist machete attack in Bangladesh](/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh%23Attacks_on_secularists "Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh#Attacks on secularists"), [Rafida Ahmed Bonya](/wiki/Rafida_Ahmed_Bonya "Rafida Ahmed Bonya") (2015\); and [United Nations Special Rapporteurs on Freedom of Religion or Belief](/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur_on_Freedom_of_Religion_or_Belief "United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief"), [Ahmed Shaheed](/wiki/Ahmed_Shaheed "Ahmed Shaheed"), in 2016\. In 2015 and 2016 the annual edition of the Freedom of Thought Report was launched at the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament") in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels "Brussels") hosted by the [European Parliamentary Intergroup](/wiki/Intergroups_in_the_European_Parliament "Intergroups in the European Parliament") on Freedom of Religion or Belief and Religious Tolerance chaired by [Dennis de Jong MEP](/wiki/Dennis_de_Jong "Dennis de Jong").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.religiousfreedom.eu/2015/12/10/forb\-free\-thought\-report\-intergroup\-meeting/\|title\=FoRB Free Thought Report Intergroup meeting {{!}} Religious Freedom {{!}} European Parliament Intergroup\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-18\|archive\-date\=18 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818214315/http://www.religiousfreedom.eu/2015/12/10/forb\-free\-thought\-report\-intergroup\-meeting/\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.religiousfreedom.eu/2016/12/06/new\-report\-shows\-persecution\-of\-adherents\-of\-non\-theistic\-and\-atheist\-beliefs\-in\-the\-world\-on\-the\-rise/\|title\=New report shows: Persecution of adherents of non\-theistic and atheist beliefs in the world on the rise {{!}} Religious Freedom {{!}} European Parliament Intergroup\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-18\|archive\-date\=18 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818220238/http://www.religiousfreedom.eu/2016/12/06/new\-report\-shows\-persecution\-of\-adherents\-of\-non\-theistic\-and\-atheist\-beliefs\-in\-the\-world\-on\-the\-rise/\|url\-status\=dead}} In his foreword to the first edition of the Freedom of Thought Report, [Heiner Bielefeldt](/wiki/Heiner_Bielefeldt "Heiner Bielefeldt") wrote:{{Cite web\|url\=http://freethoughtreport.com/\|title\=Freedom of Thought Report {{!}} Documenting discrimination against the non\-religious around the world\|website\=freethoughtreport.com\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10}} > As a universal human right, freedom of religion or belief has a broad application. However, there seems to be little awareness that this right also provides a normative frame of reference for atheists, humanists and freethinkers and their convictions, practices and organizations. I am therefore delighted that for the first time the Humanist community has produced a global report on discrimination against atheists. I hope it will be given careful consideration by everyone concerned with freedom of religion or belief. At a panel event at the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament") for the launch of the 2015 edition, Bielefeldt said he "unambiguously welcomed" the report and reiterated with regard to "[freedom of religion or belief](/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_or_belief "Freedom of religion or belief")" that it is "only a kind of short\-hand", and "Formulations such as "religious freedom" obfuscate the scope of this human right which covers the identity\-shaping, profound convictions and conviction\-based practices of human beings broadly."{{Cite web \|url\=http://iheu.org/iheus\-freedom\-of\-thought\-report\-2015\-why\-should\-we\-pamper\-saudi\-arabia\-for\-oil/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} IHEU's Freedom of Thought Report 2015… "Why should we pamper Saudi Arabia for oil?"\|website\=iheu.org \|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=8 January 2016}} The report was the subject of a question in the [UK Parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom "Parliament of the United Kingdom") in 2013, to which [David Lidington](/wiki/David_Lidington "David Lidington") MP responded for the government asserting, "Our freedom of religion or belief policy is consistent with the key message of the International Humanist and Ethical Union's (IHEU) report: that international human rights law exists to protect the rights of individuals to manifest their beliefs, not to protect the beliefs themselves. The report records a sharp increase in the number of prosecutions for alleged criticism of religion by atheists on social media. Protecting freedom of expression online is a priority for the British Government and we have consistently argued against attempts to create a new international standard in order to protect religions from criticism."{{Cite web \|url\=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/cm131014/text/131014w0005\.htm\#13101522000057\|title\=House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 14 Oct 2013 (pt 0005\)\|publisher\=Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons Westminster\|website\=publications.parliament.uk\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10}} ### Focus of advocacy and campaigns Recurring themes of Humanists International's advocacy and campaigns work include [LGBTI rights](/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory "LGBT rights by country or territory") and [women's rights](/wiki/Women%27s_rights "Women's rights"), [sexual and reproductive health and rights](/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights "Sexual and reproductive health and rights"), laws against [blasphemy](/wiki/Blasphemy "Blasphemy") and [apostasy](/wiki/Apostasy "Apostasy"), [caste](/wiki/Caste "Caste")\-based discrimination, [slavery](/wiki/Slavery "Slavery"), and advocacy of [secularism](/wiki/Secularism "Secularism"). #### Persecuted non\-religious individuals Individuals persecuted for expressing their non\-religious views (actual or perceived) have frequently been the subject of IHEU campaigns. Some prominent cases include: * In the 1990s, IHEU was instrumental in highlighting the threats against [Taslima Nasrin](/wiki/Taslima_Nasrin "Taslima Nasrin") who lives in exile from [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh"), and who also acted as a representative of the IHEU at [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO").{{Cite web \|url\=http://iheu.org/taslima\-nasrins\-visit\-india/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Taslima Nasrin's Visit to India\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=28 October 1999}} * The IHEU and [Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") led the campaign in 2004 to try to obtain the release of [Younus Shaikh](/wiki/Younus_Shaikh "Younus Shaikh"){{cite news \| url \= http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/28/stories/2004012812620400\.htm \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20040218151341/http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/28/stories/2004012812620400\.htm \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-date \= 18 February 2004 \| title \= Ethical approach to a humane cause \| work \= \[\[The Hindu]] \| date \= 28 January 2004 }} who was accused of "[blasphemy](/wiki/Blasphemy "Blasphemy")" in [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan"). * In 2013, the IHEU urged the authorities in [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt") to ensure the safety of [Alber Saber](/wiki/Alber_Saber "Alber Saber") after he was accused of "offending religion" for allegedly linking to the [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") video *[Innocence of Muslims](/wiki/Innocence_of_Muslims "Innocence of Muslims")*.{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/iheu\-urges\-calm\-and\-safeguarding\-alber\-saber\-while\-bail/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} IHEU urges calm and safeguarding of Alber Saber while on bail\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=5 February 2013}} * In 2014, the IHEU blew the whistle on the case of [Mubarak Bala](/wiki/Irreligion_in_Nigeria "Irreligion in Nigeria") from [Nigeria](/wiki/Nigeria "Nigeria"), who was detained in a psychiatric hospital after he talked openly about being an atheist.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-africa\-28010234\|title\=Nigeria atheist Bala 'deemed mentally ill' in Kano state\|date\=2014\-06\-25\|work\=BBC News\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-18\|language\=en\-GB}}{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/25/nigerian\-man\-locked\-up\-atheist\|title\=Nigerian man is locked up after saying he is an atheist\|last\=Smith\|first\=David\|date\=2014\-06\-25\|work\=The Guardian\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-18 \|language\=en\-GB\|issn\=0261\-3077}} He was freed following international media coverage.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-africa\-28158813\|title\=Nigeria atheist Bala freed from Kano psychiatric hospital \|date\=2014\-07\-04\|work\=BBC News\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-18\|language\=en\-GB}} * In 2017, after a government minister in [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia") said members of an atheist meetup group would be "hunted down",{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/malaysia\-government\-minister\-atheists\-hunted\-down\-reeducated\-religious\-freedom\-shahidan\-kassim\-a7884766\.html\|title\=Government minister wants to 'hunt down' atheists in Malaysia\|date\=2017\-08\-09\|work\=The Independent\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-18\|language\=en\-GB}} the IHEU called for respect of the atheists' human rights,{{Cite news\|url\=http://iheu.org/iheu\-deplores\-backlash\-hunt\-atheists\-malaysia/\|title\=IHEU deplores backlash and "hunt" against atheists in Malaysia\|date\=2017\-08\-08\|work\=IHEU\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-18\|language\=en\-US}} and the organization's condemnation of the minister's remarks was reported in Malaysian media.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/minister\-violating\-human\-rights\-by\-hunting\-atheists\-says\-humanist\-group\|title\=Minister violating human rights by 'hunting' atheists, says humanist group\|date\=2017\-08\-09\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-18}} The IHEU delegation at the [United Nations Human Rights Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council "United Nations Human Rights Council") has repeatedly raised the imprisonment and corporal punishment of [Raif Badawi](/wiki/Raif_Badawi "Raif Badawi") for "insulting religion",{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/?s\=raif\+badawi \|title\=IHEU {{!}} Search Results: raif badawi\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10}} and [Waleed Abulkhair](/wiki/Waleed_Abulkhair "Waleed Abulkhair") for "disrespecting the authorities",{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/?s\=waleed\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Search Results: waleed\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10}} both in [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia"). Humanists International similarly highlights cases where individuals are accused of "[apostasy](/wiki/Apostasy "Apostasy")", such as the blogger [Mohamed Cheikh Ould Mkhaitir](/wiki/Mohamed_Cheikh_Ould_Mkhaitir "Mohamed Cheikh Ould Mkhaitir") currently on death row in [Mauritania](/wiki/Mauritania "Mauritania"),{{Cite web \|url\=http://iheu.org/iheu\-condemns\-death\-sentence\-for\-apostasy\-handed\-to\-writer\-in\-mauritania/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} IHEU condemns death sentence for "apostasy", handed to writer in Mauritania\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=5 January 2015}} and the poet [Ashraf Fayadh](/wiki/Ashraf_Fayadh "Ashraf Fayadh") currently imprisoned in Saudi Arabia.{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/death\-for\-apostasy\-must\-not\-stand\-free\-ashraf\-fayadh/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Death for "apostasy" must not stand! Free Ashraf Fayadh\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=27 November 2015}} In June 2016 at the 32nd session of the [Human Rights Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council "United Nations Human Rights Council") the IHEU's delegate took the unusual step of reading one of Ashraf Fayadh's poems during General Debate.{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/iheu\-reads\-poem\-banned\-in\-saudi\-for\-apostasy\-to\-delegates\-at\-un/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} IHEU reads poem banned in Saudi for 'apostasy' to delegates at UN\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=22 June 2016}} #### Bangladesh machete murders {{See also\|Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh}} Humanists International complained that fundamentalists linked to the government were "terrorising" secular activists, including individuals in connection with its Member Organisations, as far back as 2006\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://iheu.org/bangladesh\-secular\-intellectuals\-terrorised\-islamic\-fundamentalists/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Bangladesh: secular intellectuals terrorised by Islamic fundamentalists\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10 \|date\=7 September 2006}} However, [a series of machete attacks primarily targeting secular and atheist bloggers and freethinkers in Bangladesh](/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh "Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh") has been especially severe since 2013, and the IHEU has campaigned persistently in response{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/?s\=bangladesh\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Search Results: bangladesh\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10}} and highlighted the murders at the UN Human Rights Council.{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/at\-human\-rights\-council\-iheu\-raises\-plight\-of\-bangladeshi\-atheist\-bloggers/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} At Human Rights Council, IHEU raises plight of Bangladeshi Atheist bloggers\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=2 July 2015}} Humanists International responded in 2013 to the murder of blogger and activist [Ahmed Rajib Haider](/wiki/Ahmed_Rajib_Haider "Ahmed Rajib Haider") and the machete attack on his friend [Asif Mohiuddin](/wiki/Asif_Mohiuddin "Asif Mohiuddin"), and highlighted the subsequent arrest and imprisonment of Mohiuddin and others for "hurting religious sentiments".{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/arrests\-atheist\-bloggers\-shows\-bangladesh\-authorities\-are\-walking\-trap\-set\-fundamentalists/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Arrests of "atheist bloggers" shows Bangladesh authorities are "walking into a trap set by fundamentalists"\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=4 April 2013}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/prominent\-atheist\-blogger\-remains\-danger\-pending\-blasphemy\-trial\-bangladesh/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Prominent atheist blogger remains in danger pending blasphemy trial in Bangladesh\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=28 June 2013}}{{Cite web \|url\=http://iheu.org/call\-action\-defend\-bloggers\-bangladesh/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Call to action: Defend the bloggers of Bangladesh\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=9 April 2013}} When author and prominent leader of the Bengali freethought movement [Avijit Roy](/wiki/Avijit_Roy "Avijit Roy") was murdered, 26 February 2015, Humanists International revealed that he had been advising them on the situation in Bangladesh; Humanists International Director of Communications commented, "This loss is keenly felt by freethinkers and humanists in South Asia and around the world. He was a colleague in humanism and a friend to all who respect human rights, freedom, and the light of reason."{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/humanists\-appalled\-at\-the\-murder\-of\-secular\-activist\-and\-writer\-avijit\-roy/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Humanists appalled at the murder of secular activist and writer Avijit Roy\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=26 February 2015}} Following the murder of [Washiqur Rahman Babu](/wiki/Washiqur_Rahman_Babu "Washiqur Rahman Babu") (or Oyasiqur Rhaman), 30 March 2015, Humanists International republished some of his final writings.{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/no\-i\-will\-not\-write\-about\-war\-crimes\-islamic\-extremism\-the\-country\-or\-politics\-anymore/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} "No, I will not write about war crimes, Islamic extremism, the country or politics anymore"\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=2 April 2015}} Following the murder of [Ananta Bijoy Das](/wiki/Ananta_Bijoy_Das "Ananta Bijoy Das"), 12 May 2016, Humanists International leaked parts of the letter Bijoy Das had recently received from [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") rejecting his visa application, despite his having been invited to the country by Swedish [PEN](/wiki/PEN_International "PEN International"). The organisation highlighted "the failures of the Bangladeshi authorities to bring to justice the individuals and to break the networks behind this string of targeted killings", and also criticised Sweden's rejection of his visa application, commenting, "We call on all countries to recognise the legitimacy and sometimes the urgency and moral necessity of asylum claims made by humanists, atheists and secularists who are being persecuted for daring to express those views."{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/third\-atheist\-writer\-hacked\-to\-death\-in\-bangladesh\-this\-year/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Third atheist writer hacked to death in Bangladesh this year\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=12 May 2015}} Following the murder of [Niladri Chattopadhyay Niloy](/wiki/Niladri_Chattopadhyay_Niloy "Niladri Chattopadhyay Niloy") (or Niloy Chatterjee, also known by his pen name Niloy Neel), 7 August 2015, Humanists International again attacked the government and authorities, saying, "Apparent failure to pursue the most obvious lines of inquiry even when initial arrests are made, and [media manipulation](/wiki/Media_manipulation "Media manipulation") resulting in conflicting stories, further makes reportage difficult and police operations opaque."{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/niloy\-neel\-fourth\-atheist\-activist\-murdered\-in\-a\-year\-in\-bangladesh/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Niloy Neel – Fourth atheist activist murdered in a year in Bangladesh\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=7 August 2015}} A coordinated attack against two separate publishing houses in [Dhaka](/wiki/Dhaka "Dhaka"), 31 October 2016, killed the publisher [Faisal Arefin Dipon](/wiki/Faisal_Arefin_Dipon "Faisal Arefin Dipon") and seriously injured the publisher [Ahmedur Rashid Chowdhury](/wiki/Ahmedur_Rashid_Chowdhury "Ahmedur Rashid Chowdhury").{{Cite web \|url\=http://iheu.org/coordinated\-machete\-attack\-on\-publishers\-of\-secular\-authors\-in\-bangladesh/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Coordinated machete attack on publishers of secular authors in Bangladesh\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=31 October 2015}} The IHEU later published an interview with Chowdhury about the attack and his escape to [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway").{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/tutul\-the\-survivor\-an\-interview\-with\-the\-target\-of\-a\-bangladesh\-machete\-attack/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Tutul: the Survivor – An interview with the target of a Bangladesh machete attack\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=7 April 2016}} In August 2015 Humanists International coordinated a joint open letter in English and Bangla by a coalition of "Bloggers, free speech campaigners, humanist associations, religious and ex\-Muslim groups"{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/huge\-alliance\-protests\-government\-response\-to\-bangladesh\-blogger\-murders/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Huge alliance protests government response to Bangladesh blogger murders\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=18 August 2015}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://bdnews24\.com/bangladesh/2015/08/19/global\-free\-speech\-campaigners\-protest\-against\-blogger\-killings\-in\-bangladesh\|title\=Global free speech campaigners protest against blogger killings in Bangladesh\|newspaper\=bdnews24\.com\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10}} calling on the president and prime minister of Bangladesh to "ensure the safety and security of those individuals whose lives are threatened by Islamist extremists... instruct the police to find the killers, not to harass or blame the victims... disassociate yourself publicly from those who call for death penalties against non\-religious Bangladeshis..." and repeal the laws under which secular bloggers faced arrest and imprisonment. Following the murder of a student and secular activist [Nazimuddin Samad](/wiki/Nazimuddin_Samad "Nazimuddin Samad"), 6 April 2016,{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/atheist\-student\-nazimuddin\-samad\-killed\-in\-bangladesh/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Atheist student Nazimuddin Samad killed in Bangladesh\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=6 April 2016}} and then the murder of university lecturer Professor [Rezaul Karim Siddique](/wiki/Murder_of_A._F._M._Rezaul_Karim_Siddique "Murder of A. F. M. Rezaul Karim Siddique"), 23 April 2016, Humanists International president Andrew Copson said "Unless the government \[of Bangladesh] immediately begins to defend the right to speak and write freely, without adding the unprincipled and anti\-secular qualifications that it keeps applying to freedom of expression, then very soon the only voices that will be heard will be those of murderous extremists."{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/academic\-hacked\-to\-death\-in\-bangladesh/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Academic hacked to death in Bangladesh\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=23 April 2016}} Humanists International, along with its Member Organisation the [Dutch Humanist Association](/wiki/Humanistisch_Verbond "Humanistisch Verbond"), and [Hague Peace Projects](/wiki/Hague_Peace_Projects "Hague Peace Projects"), organised a "solidarity book fair" in The Hague, 26 February 2016, to coincide with the annual [Ekushey Book Fair](/wiki/Ekushey_Book_Fair "Ekushey Book Fair") in Dhaka.{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/europe\-stands\-with\-bangladeshi\-atheists\-at\-solidarity\-book\-fair\-in\-the\-hague/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Europe stands with Bangladeshi atheists at Solidarity Book Fair in The Hague\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=26 February 2016}} The range of targets for these attacks began to broaden in the later part of 2015 and throughout 2016 to more often include minority religious individuals and foreigners, culminating in the [July 2016 Dhaka attack](/wiki/July_2016_Dhaka_attack "July 2016 Dhaka attack") in [Gulshan Thana](/wiki/Gulshan_Thana "Gulshan Thana"). #### End Blasphemy Laws campaign {{anchor\|End Blasphemy Laws}} In January 2015, in part as a response to the [Charlie Hebdo shooting](/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting "Charlie Hebdo shooting"), Humanists International alongside other transnational secular groups the [European Humanist Federation](/wiki/European_Humanist_Federation "European Humanist Federation") and [Atheist Alliance International](/wiki/Atheist_Alliance_International "Atheist Alliance International") and a two\-hundred strong organisational coalition, founded the End Blasphemy Laws Campaign.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/social\-affairs/religion\-and\-beliefs/end\-blasphemy\-laws\-campaign\-launched\-by\-international\-coalition\-1\.2085483\|title\=End Blasphemy Laws campaign launched by international coalition\|newspaper\=The Irish Times\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/end\-blasphemy\-laws\-a\-new\-campaign/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} End Blasphemy Laws – a new campaign\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=30 January 2015}} End Blasphemy Laws is "campaigning to repeal "blasphemy" and related laws worldwide."{{Cite web\|url\=http://end\-blasphemy\-laws.org/about/\|title\=About {{!}} End Blasphemy Laws\|website\=end\-blasphemy\-laws.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10}} #### Other campaigns The "First World Conference on Untouchability" was organised by Humanists International in [London](/wiki/London "London"), June 2009\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/global\-initiative\-against\-untouchability\-launched\-london/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Global initiative against untouchability launched in London\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=10 June 2009}} Anticipating the event, the [BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News") quoted then\-Executive Director [Babu Gogineni](/wiki/Babu_Gogineni "Babu Gogineni") as saying that legal reforms alone would not end caste discrimination: "There are Dalit politicians in India, but nothing has changed. The answer is to educate Dalits and empower them."{{Cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8089287\.stm\|title\=BBC NEWS {{!}} UK {{!}} Is caste prejudice still an issue?\|website\=news.bbc.co.uk\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=8 June 2009}} The event was preceded by questions in the [UK Parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom "Parliament of the United Kingdom"){{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/parliamentary\-questions\-precede\-first\-world\-conference\-untouchability\-london\-june\-9\-10/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} Parliamentary questions precede first World Conference on Untouchability in London, June 9 \& 10\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=8 June 2009}} and guests included [Lord Desai](/wiki/Meghnad_Desai%2C_Baron_Desai "Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai") and [Lord Avebury](/wiki/Baron_Avebury "Baron Avebury") from the UK [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords"); [Binod Pahadi](/wiki/Binod_Pahadi "Binod Pahadi"), Member of the [Constituent Assembly, Nepal](/wiki/Legislature_Parliament_of_Nepal "Legislature Parliament of Nepal"); and Tina Ramirez, US Congressional Fellow on International Religious Freedom. The Second World Conference on Untouchability was held in [Kathmandu](/wiki/Kathmandu "Kathmandu"), in April 2014\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/iheu\-supports\-second\-world\-conference\-on\-untouchability/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} IHEU supports Second World Conference on Untouchability\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=29 April 2014}} In 2013, Humanists International criticized the US\-based [Appeal of Conscience Foundation](/wiki/Appeal_of_Conscience_Foundation "Appeal of Conscience Foundation") for awarding their "World Statesman Award" to then\-president of [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") [Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono](/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono "Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono"); it argued that the award "is a slap in the face to prisoners of conscience across the world. While [Alexander Aan](/wiki/Alexander_Aan "Alexander Aan") suffers in an Indonesian jail for posting his beliefs to Facebook, his jailer will be honored in New York as a champion of freedom of belief." A year later, Humanists International as part of a "coalition of secular groups" led a campaign around the hashtag "\#TwitterTheocracy" to protest the social media website [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter "Twitter")'s implementation of tools blocking "blasphemous" tweets in [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan").{{Cite web\|url\=http://iheu.org/twittertheocracy\-campaign\-after\-social\-network\-blocks\-blasphemy\-in\-pakistan/\|title\=IHEU {{!}} \#TwitterTheocracy campaign after social network blocks "blasphemy" in Pakistan\|website\=iheu.org\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10\|date\=10 June 2014}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.techdigest.tv/2014/06/twitter\_censors\_1\.html\|title\=Twitter censorship targeted with hashtag activism \- Tech Digest \|date\=2014\-06\-10\|newspaper\=Tech Digest\|language\=en\-GB\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-10}}
[ "Strategy and activities\n-----------------------", "The aim of Humanists International is to \"build, support and represent the global humanist movement, defending human rights, particularly those of [non\\-religious](/wiki/Non-religious \"Non-religious\") people, and promoting humanist values world\\-wide\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/about/vision\\-and\\-mission/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Vision and mission\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-12}} As a campaigning NGO Humanists International aims \"to influence international policy through representation and information, to build the humanist network, and let the world know about the worldview of Humanism.\"", "### The Freedom of Thought Report", "[thumb\\|Cover of the downloadable 2016 edition of the IHEU Freedom of Thought Report \\- Key Countries Edition](/wiki/File:Freedom_of_Thought_Report_2016_cover_image.png \"Freedom of Thought Report 2016 cover image.png\")\nIn 2012 Humanists International began publishing an annual report on \"discrimination against humanists, atheists and the non\\-religious\" called The Freedom of Thought Report.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/new\\-global\\-report\\-discrimination\\-against\\-non\\-religious/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} New global report on discrimination against the non\\-religious\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=5 February 2013}}", "The report centres around a \"Country Index\" with a textual entry for every [sovereign state](/wiki/Sovereign_state \"Sovereign state\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://freethoughtreport.com/countries/\\|title\\=Country Index\\|website\\=Freedom of Thought Report\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-18}}", "Each country is measured against a list of 64 boundary conditions, which are categorised into four thematic categories (\"Constitution and government\", \"Education and children's rights\", \"Family, community, society, religious courts and tribunals\", and \"Freedom of expression, advocacy of humanist values\") at five levels of overall \"severity\" (\"Free and equal\", \"Mostly satisfactory\", \"Systemic discrimination\", \"Severe discrimination\" and \"Grave violations\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://freethoughtreport.com/ratings\\-system/\\|title\\=The Ratings System\\|website\\=Freedom of Thought Report\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-18}} The 64 boundary conditions include for example: \"'Apostasy' or conversion from a specific religion is outlawed and punishable by death\", which is placed at the worst level of severity, and under the category \"Freedom of expression\", and: \"There is state funding of at least some religious schools\", which is a middle severity condition, under the category \"Education and children's rights\". The data from the report is freely available under a [Creative Commons license](/wiki/Creative_Commons_license \"Creative Commons license\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://freethoughtreport.com/data/\\|title\\=Open Data\\|website\\=Freedom of Thought Report\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-18}}", "#### Findings of the Freedom of Thought Report", "In 2017, the report found that 30 countries meet at least one boundary condition at the most severe level (\"Grave violations\"), and a further 55 countries met at least one boundary condition in the next most severe level (\"Severe discrimination\").\n[alt\\=Map of results from the IHEU Freedom of Thought Report\\|center\\|thumb\\|500x500px\\|This composite map overlays the results from four separate categories of assessment in Humanists International Freedom of Thought Report, as to how countries discriminate against non\\-religious people. Countries block\\-filled in darker, redder colors are rated more severely in the report, while lighter, greener shades are more \"free and equal\".](/wiki/File:Map_of_discrimination_against_the_non-religious_in_the_IHEU_Freedom_of_Thought_Report.png \"Map of discrimination against the non-religious in the IHEU Freedom of Thought Report.png\")", "#### Responses to the Freedom of Thought Report", "The various annual editions of the Freedom of Thought Report have been reported in the media under headlines such as: \"How the right to deny the existence of God is under threat globally\" (*[The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent \"The Independent\")*, UK);{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/how\\-the\\-right\\-to\\-deny\\-the\\-existence\\-of\\-god\\-is\\-under\\-threat\\-globally\\-9913662\\.html\\|title\\=The right to deny the existence of God is under threat\\|date\\=2014\\-12\\-09\\|newspaper\\=The Independent\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10}} \"Most countries fail to respect rights of atheists – report\" (*[Christian Today](/wiki/Christian_Today \"Christian Today\")*); and \"[Stephen Fry](/wiki/Stephen_Fry \"Stephen Fry\")'s mockery of religion could land him the death penalty in these countries\" (*[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")*).{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/02/05/stephen\\-frys\\-mockery\\-of\\-religion\\-could\\-land\\-him\\-the\\-death\\-penalty\\-in\\-these\\-countries/\\|title\\=Stephen Fry's mockery of religion could land him the death penalty in these countries\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10}} The report has received coverage in the national media of countries that are severely criticised, for example \"Malaysia's free thought, religious expression under 'serious assault', study shows\" (the *[Malay Mail](/wiki/Malay_Mail \"Malay Mail\")*).{{Cite news \\|url\\=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/malaysias\\-free\\-thought\\-religious\\-expression\\-under\\-serious\\-assault\\-study\\-sho\\|title\\=Malaysia's free thought, religious expression under 'serious assault', study shows \\|date\\=2015\\-12\\-21\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10}}", "Forewords and prefaces to the various annual editions of report have been written by then\\-[United Nations Special Rapporteurs on Freedom of Religion or Belief](/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur_on_Freedom_of_Religion_or_Belief \"United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief\"), [Heiner Bielefeldt](/wiki/Heiner_Bielefeldt \"Heiner Bielefeldt\"), in 2012; two victims of \"blasphemy\" accusations, [Kacem El Ghazzali](/wiki/Kacem_El_Ghazzali \"Kacem El Ghazzali\") and [Alber Saber](/wiki/Alber_Saber \"Alber Saber\") in 2013; human rights defenders [Gulalai Ismail](/wiki/Gulalai_Ismail \"Gulalai Ismail\") and Agnes Ojera in 2014; humanist activist and survivor of an [anti\\-secularist machete attack in Bangladesh](/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh%23Attacks_on_secularists \"Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh#Attacks on secularists\"), [Rafida Ahmed Bonya](/wiki/Rafida_Ahmed_Bonya \"Rafida Ahmed Bonya\") (2015\\); and [United Nations Special Rapporteurs on Freedom of Religion or Belief](/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur_on_Freedom_of_Religion_or_Belief \"United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief\"), [Ahmed Shaheed](/wiki/Ahmed_Shaheed \"Ahmed Shaheed\"), in 2016\\. In 2015 and 2016 the annual edition of the Freedom of Thought Report was launched at the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament \"European Parliament\") in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels \"Brussels\") hosted by the [European Parliamentary Intergroup](/wiki/Intergroups_in_the_European_Parliament \"Intergroups in the European Parliament\") on Freedom of Religion or Belief and Religious Tolerance chaired by [Dennis de Jong MEP](/wiki/Dennis_de_Jong \"Dennis de Jong\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.religiousfreedom.eu/2015/12/10/forb\\-free\\-thought\\-report\\-intergroup\\-meeting/\\|title\\=FoRB Free Thought Report Intergroup meeting {{!}} Religious Freedom {{!}} European Parliament Intergroup\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-18\\|archive\\-date\\=18 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818214315/http://www.religiousfreedom.eu/2015/12/10/forb\\-free\\-thought\\-report\\-intergroup\\-meeting/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.religiousfreedom.eu/2016/12/06/new\\-report\\-shows\\-persecution\\-of\\-adherents\\-of\\-non\\-theistic\\-and\\-atheist\\-beliefs\\-in\\-the\\-world\\-on\\-the\\-rise/\\|title\\=New report shows: Persecution of adherents of non\\-theistic and atheist beliefs in the world on the rise {{!}} Religious Freedom {{!}} European Parliament Intergroup\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-18\\|archive\\-date\\=18 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818220238/http://www.religiousfreedom.eu/2016/12/06/new\\-report\\-shows\\-persecution\\-of\\-adherents\\-of\\-non\\-theistic\\-and\\-atheist\\-beliefs\\-in\\-the\\-world\\-on\\-the\\-rise/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "In his foreword to the first edition of the Freedom of Thought Report, [Heiner Bielefeldt](/wiki/Heiner_Bielefeldt \"Heiner Bielefeldt\") wrote:{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://freethoughtreport.com/\\|title\\=Freedom of Thought Report {{!}} Documenting discrimination against the non\\-religious around the world\\|website\\=freethoughtreport.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10}}\n> As a universal human right, freedom of religion or belief has a broad application. However, there seems to be little awareness that this right also provides a normative frame of reference for atheists, humanists and freethinkers and their convictions, practices and organizations. I am therefore delighted that for the first time the Humanist community has produced a global report on discrimination against atheists. I hope it will be given careful consideration by everyone concerned with freedom of religion or belief.", "At a panel event at the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament \"European Parliament\") for the launch of the 2015 edition, Bielefeldt said he \"unambiguously welcomed\" the report and reiterated with regard to \"[freedom of religion or belief](/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_or_belief \"Freedom of religion or belief\")\" that it is \"only a kind of short\\-hand\", and \"Formulations such as \"religious freedom\" obfuscate the scope of this human right which covers the identity\\-shaping, profound convictions and conviction\\-based practices of human beings broadly.\"{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://iheu.org/iheus\\-freedom\\-of\\-thought\\-report\\-2015\\-why\\-should\\-we\\-pamper\\-saudi\\-arabia\\-for\\-oil/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} IHEU's Freedom of Thought Report 2015… \"Why should we pamper Saudi Arabia for oil?\"\\|website\\=iheu.org \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=8 January 2016}}", "The report was the subject of a question in the [UK Parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Parliament of the United Kingdom\") in 2013, to which [David Lidington](/wiki/David_Lidington \"David Lidington\") MP responded for the government asserting, \"Our freedom of religion or belief policy is consistent with the key message of the International Humanist and Ethical Union's (IHEU) report: that international human rights law exists to protect the rights of individuals to manifest their beliefs, not to protect the beliefs themselves. The report records a sharp increase in the number of prosecutions for alleged criticism of religion by atheists on social media. Protecting freedom of expression online is a priority for the British Government and we have consistently argued against attempts to create a new international standard in order to protect religions from criticism.\"{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/cm131014/text/131014w0005\\.htm\\#13101522000057\\|title\\=House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 14 Oct 2013 (pt 0005\\)\\|publisher\\=Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons Westminster\\|website\\=publications.parliament.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10}}", "### Focus of advocacy and campaigns", "Recurring themes of Humanists International's advocacy and campaigns work include [LGBTI rights](/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory \"LGBT rights by country or territory\") and [women's rights](/wiki/Women%27s_rights \"Women's rights\"), [sexual and reproductive health and rights](/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights \"Sexual and reproductive health and rights\"), laws against [blasphemy](/wiki/Blasphemy \"Blasphemy\") and [apostasy](/wiki/Apostasy \"Apostasy\"), [caste](/wiki/Caste \"Caste\")\\-based discrimination, [slavery](/wiki/Slavery \"Slavery\"), and advocacy of [secularism](/wiki/Secularism \"Secularism\").", "#### Persecuted non\\-religious individuals", "Individuals persecuted for expressing their non\\-religious views (actual or perceived) have frequently been the subject of IHEU campaigns. Some prominent cases include:\n* In the 1990s, IHEU was instrumental in highlighting the threats against [Taslima Nasrin](/wiki/Taslima_Nasrin \"Taslima Nasrin\") who lives in exile from [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\"), and who also acted as a representative of the IHEU at [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO \"UNESCO\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://iheu.org/taslima\\-nasrins\\-visit\\-india/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Taslima Nasrin's Visit to India\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=28 October 1999}}\n* The IHEU and [Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International \"Amnesty International\") led the campaign in 2004 to try to obtain the release of [Younus Shaikh](/wiki/Younus_Shaikh \"Younus Shaikh\"){{cite news \\| url \\= http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/28/stories/2004012812620400\\.htm \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20040218151341/http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/28/stories/2004012812620400\\.htm \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-date \\= 18 February 2004 \\| title \\= Ethical approach to a humane cause \\| work \\= \\[\\[The Hindu]] \\| date \\= 28 January 2004 }} who was accused of \"[blasphemy](/wiki/Blasphemy \"Blasphemy\")\" in [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\").\n* In 2013, the IHEU urged the authorities in [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") to ensure the safety of [Alber Saber](/wiki/Alber_Saber \"Alber Saber\") after he was accused of \"offending religion\" for allegedly linking to the [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\") video *[Innocence of Muslims](/wiki/Innocence_of_Muslims \"Innocence of Muslims\")*.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/iheu\\-urges\\-calm\\-and\\-safeguarding\\-alber\\-saber\\-while\\-bail/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} IHEU urges calm and safeguarding of Alber Saber while on bail\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=5 February 2013}}\n* In 2014, the IHEU blew the whistle on the case of [Mubarak Bala](/wiki/Irreligion_in_Nigeria \"Irreligion in Nigeria\") from [Nigeria](/wiki/Nigeria \"Nigeria\"), who was detained in a psychiatric hospital after he talked openly about being an atheist.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-africa\\-28010234\\|title\\=Nigeria atheist Bala 'deemed mentally ill' in Kano state\\|date\\=2014\\-06\\-25\\|work\\=BBC News\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-18\\|language\\=en\\-GB}}{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/25/nigerian\\-man\\-locked\\-up\\-atheist\\|title\\=Nigerian man is locked up after saying he is an atheist\\|last\\=Smith\\|first\\=David\\|date\\=2014\\-06\\-25\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-18 \\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}} He was freed following international media coverage.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-africa\\-28158813\\|title\\=Nigeria atheist Bala freed from Kano psychiatric hospital \\|date\\=2014\\-07\\-04\\|work\\=BBC News\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-18\\|language\\=en\\-GB}}\n* In 2017, after a government minister in [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\") said members of an atheist meetup group would be \"hunted down\",{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/malaysia\\-government\\-minister\\-atheists\\-hunted\\-down\\-reeducated\\-religious\\-freedom\\-shahidan\\-kassim\\-a7884766\\.html\\|title\\=Government minister wants to 'hunt down' atheists in Malaysia\\|date\\=2017\\-08\\-09\\|work\\=The Independent\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-18\\|language\\=en\\-GB}} the IHEU called for respect of the atheists' human rights,{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/iheu\\-deplores\\-backlash\\-hunt\\-atheists\\-malaysia/\\|title\\=IHEU deplores backlash and \"hunt\" against atheists in Malaysia\\|date\\=2017\\-08\\-08\\|work\\=IHEU\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-18\\|language\\=en\\-US}} and the organization's condemnation of the minister's remarks was reported in Malaysian media.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/minister\\-violating\\-human\\-rights\\-by\\-hunting\\-atheists\\-says\\-humanist\\-group\\|title\\=Minister violating human rights by 'hunting' atheists, says humanist group\\|date\\=2017\\-08\\-09\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-18}}\nThe IHEU delegation at the [United Nations Human Rights Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council \"United Nations Human Rights Council\") has repeatedly raised the imprisonment and corporal punishment of [Raif Badawi](/wiki/Raif_Badawi \"Raif Badawi\") for \"insulting religion\",{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/?s\\=raif\\+badawi \\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Search Results: raif badawi\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10}} and [Waleed Abulkhair](/wiki/Waleed_Abulkhair \"Waleed Abulkhair\") for \"disrespecting the authorities\",{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/?s\\=waleed\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Search Results: waleed\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10}} both in [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia \"Saudi Arabia\").", "Humanists International similarly highlights cases where individuals are accused of \"[apostasy](/wiki/Apostasy \"Apostasy\")\", such as the blogger [Mohamed Cheikh Ould Mkhaitir](/wiki/Mohamed_Cheikh_Ould_Mkhaitir \"Mohamed Cheikh Ould Mkhaitir\") currently on death row in [Mauritania](/wiki/Mauritania \"Mauritania\"),{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://iheu.org/iheu\\-condemns\\-death\\-sentence\\-for\\-apostasy\\-handed\\-to\\-writer\\-in\\-mauritania/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} IHEU condemns death sentence for \"apostasy\", handed to writer in Mauritania\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=5 January 2015}} and the poet [Ashraf Fayadh](/wiki/Ashraf_Fayadh \"Ashraf Fayadh\") currently imprisoned in Saudi Arabia.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/death\\-for\\-apostasy\\-must\\-not\\-stand\\-free\\-ashraf\\-fayadh/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Death for \"apostasy\" must not stand! Free Ashraf Fayadh\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=27 November 2015}} In June 2016 at the 32nd session of the [Human Rights Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council \"United Nations Human Rights Council\") the IHEU's delegate took the unusual step of reading one of Ashraf Fayadh's poems during General Debate.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/iheu\\-reads\\-poem\\-banned\\-in\\-saudi\\-for\\-apostasy\\-to\\-delegates\\-at\\-un/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} IHEU reads poem banned in Saudi for 'apostasy' to delegates at UN\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=22 June 2016}}", "#### Bangladesh machete murders", "{{See also\\|Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh}}\nHumanists International complained that fundamentalists linked to the government were \"terrorising\" secular activists, including individuals in connection with its Member Organisations, as far back as 2006\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://iheu.org/bangladesh\\-secular\\-intellectuals\\-terrorised\\-islamic\\-fundamentalists/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Bangladesh: secular intellectuals terrorised by Islamic fundamentalists\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10 \\|date\\=7 September 2006}} However, [a series of machete attacks primarily targeting secular and atheist bloggers and freethinkers in Bangladesh](/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh \"Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh\") has been especially severe since 2013, and the IHEU has campaigned persistently in response{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/?s\\=bangladesh\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Search Results: bangladesh\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10}} and highlighted the murders at the UN Human Rights Council.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/at\\-human\\-rights\\-council\\-iheu\\-raises\\-plight\\-of\\-bangladeshi\\-atheist\\-bloggers/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} At Human Rights Council, IHEU raises plight of Bangladeshi Atheist bloggers\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=2 July 2015}}", "Humanists International responded in 2013 to the murder of blogger and activist [Ahmed Rajib Haider](/wiki/Ahmed_Rajib_Haider \"Ahmed Rajib Haider\") and the machete attack on his friend [Asif Mohiuddin](/wiki/Asif_Mohiuddin \"Asif Mohiuddin\"), and highlighted the subsequent arrest and imprisonment of Mohiuddin and others for \"hurting religious sentiments\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/arrests\\-atheist\\-bloggers\\-shows\\-bangladesh\\-authorities\\-are\\-walking\\-trap\\-set\\-fundamentalists/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Arrests of \"atheist bloggers\" shows Bangladesh authorities are \"walking into a trap set by fundamentalists\"\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=4 April 2013}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/prominent\\-atheist\\-blogger\\-remains\\-danger\\-pending\\-blasphemy\\-trial\\-bangladesh/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Prominent atheist blogger remains in danger pending blasphemy trial in Bangladesh\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=28 June 2013}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://iheu.org/call\\-action\\-defend\\-bloggers\\-bangladesh/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Call to action: Defend the bloggers of Bangladesh\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=9 April 2013}}", "When author and prominent leader of the Bengali freethought movement [Avijit Roy](/wiki/Avijit_Roy \"Avijit Roy\") was murdered, 26 February 2015, Humanists International revealed that he had been advising them on the situation in Bangladesh; Humanists International Director of Communications commented, \"This loss is keenly felt by freethinkers and humanists in South Asia and around the world. He was a colleague in humanism and a friend to all who respect human rights, freedom, and the light of reason.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/humanists\\-appalled\\-at\\-the\\-murder\\-of\\-secular\\-activist\\-and\\-writer\\-avijit\\-roy/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Humanists appalled at the murder of secular activist and writer Avijit Roy\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=26 February 2015}}", "Following the murder of [Washiqur Rahman Babu](/wiki/Washiqur_Rahman_Babu \"Washiqur Rahman Babu\") (or Oyasiqur Rhaman), 30 March 2015, Humanists International republished some of his final writings.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/no\\-i\\-will\\-not\\-write\\-about\\-war\\-crimes\\-islamic\\-extremism\\-the\\-country\\-or\\-politics\\-anymore/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} \"No, I will not write about war crimes, Islamic extremism, the country or politics anymore\"\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=2 April 2015}}", "Following the murder of [Ananta Bijoy Das](/wiki/Ananta_Bijoy_Das \"Ananta Bijoy Das\"), 12 May 2016, Humanists International leaked parts of the letter Bijoy Das had recently received from [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\") rejecting his visa application, despite his having been invited to the country by Swedish [PEN](/wiki/PEN_International \"PEN International\"). The organisation highlighted \"the failures of the Bangladeshi authorities to bring to justice the individuals and to break the networks behind this string of targeted killings\", and also criticised Sweden's rejection of his visa application, commenting, \"We call on all countries to recognise the legitimacy and sometimes the urgency and moral necessity of asylum claims made by humanists, atheists and secularists who are being persecuted for daring to express those views.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/third\\-atheist\\-writer\\-hacked\\-to\\-death\\-in\\-bangladesh\\-this\\-year/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Third atheist writer hacked to death in Bangladesh this year\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=12 May 2015}}", "Following the murder of [Niladri Chattopadhyay Niloy](/wiki/Niladri_Chattopadhyay_Niloy \"Niladri Chattopadhyay Niloy\") (or Niloy Chatterjee, also known by his pen name Niloy Neel), 7 August 2015, Humanists International again attacked the government and authorities, saying, \"Apparent failure to pursue the most obvious lines of inquiry even when initial arrests are made, and [media manipulation](/wiki/Media_manipulation \"Media manipulation\") resulting in conflicting stories, further makes reportage difficult and police operations opaque.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/niloy\\-neel\\-fourth\\-atheist\\-activist\\-murdered\\-in\\-a\\-year\\-in\\-bangladesh/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Niloy Neel – Fourth atheist activist murdered in a year in Bangladesh\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=7 August 2015}}", "A coordinated attack against two separate publishing houses in [Dhaka](/wiki/Dhaka \"Dhaka\"), 31 October 2016, killed the publisher [Faisal Arefin Dipon](/wiki/Faisal_Arefin_Dipon \"Faisal Arefin Dipon\") and seriously injured the publisher [Ahmedur Rashid Chowdhury](/wiki/Ahmedur_Rashid_Chowdhury \"Ahmedur Rashid Chowdhury\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://iheu.org/coordinated\\-machete\\-attack\\-on\\-publishers\\-of\\-secular\\-authors\\-in\\-bangladesh/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Coordinated machete attack on publishers of secular authors in Bangladesh\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=31 October 2015}} The IHEU later published an interview with Chowdhury about the attack and his escape to [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/tutul\\-the\\-survivor\\-an\\-interview\\-with\\-the\\-target\\-of\\-a\\-bangladesh\\-machete\\-attack/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Tutul: the Survivor – An interview with the target of a Bangladesh machete attack\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=7 April 2016}}", "In August 2015 Humanists International coordinated a joint open letter in English and Bangla by a coalition of \"Bloggers, free speech campaigners, humanist associations, religious and ex\\-Muslim groups\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/huge\\-alliance\\-protests\\-government\\-response\\-to\\-bangladesh\\-blogger\\-murders/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Huge alliance protests government response to Bangladesh blogger murders\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=18 August 2015}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://bdnews24\\.com/bangladesh/2015/08/19/global\\-free\\-speech\\-campaigners\\-protest\\-against\\-blogger\\-killings\\-in\\-bangladesh\\|title\\=Global free speech campaigners protest against blogger killings in Bangladesh\\|newspaper\\=bdnews24\\.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10}} calling on the president and prime minister of Bangladesh to \"ensure the safety and security of those individuals whose lives are threatened by Islamist extremists... instruct the police to find the killers, not to harass or blame the victims... disassociate yourself publicly from those who call for death penalties against non\\-religious Bangladeshis...\" and repeal the laws under which secular bloggers faced arrest and imprisonment.", "Following the murder of a student and secular activist [Nazimuddin Samad](/wiki/Nazimuddin_Samad \"Nazimuddin Samad\"), 6 April 2016,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/atheist\\-student\\-nazimuddin\\-samad\\-killed\\-in\\-bangladesh/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Atheist student Nazimuddin Samad killed in Bangladesh\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=6 April 2016}} and then the murder of university lecturer Professor [Rezaul Karim Siddique](/wiki/Murder_of_A._F._M._Rezaul_Karim_Siddique \"Murder of A. F. M. Rezaul Karim Siddique\"), 23 April 2016, Humanists International president Andrew Copson said \"Unless the government \\[of Bangladesh] immediately begins to defend the right to speak and write freely, without adding the unprincipled and anti\\-secular qualifications that it keeps applying to freedom of expression, then very soon the only voices that will be heard will be those of murderous extremists.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/academic\\-hacked\\-to\\-death\\-in\\-bangladesh/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Academic hacked to death in Bangladesh\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=23 April 2016}}", "Humanists International, along with its Member Organisation the [Dutch Humanist Association](/wiki/Humanistisch_Verbond \"Humanistisch Verbond\"), and [Hague Peace Projects](/wiki/Hague_Peace_Projects \"Hague Peace Projects\"), organised a \"solidarity book fair\" in The Hague, 26 February 2016, to coincide with the annual [Ekushey Book Fair](/wiki/Ekushey_Book_Fair \"Ekushey Book Fair\") in Dhaka.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/europe\\-stands\\-with\\-bangladeshi\\-atheists\\-at\\-solidarity\\-book\\-fair\\-in\\-the\\-hague/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Europe stands with Bangladeshi atheists at Solidarity Book Fair in The Hague\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=26 February 2016}}", "The range of targets for these attacks began to broaden in the later part of 2015 and throughout 2016 to more often include minority religious individuals and foreigners, culminating in the [July 2016 Dhaka attack](/wiki/July_2016_Dhaka_attack \"July 2016 Dhaka attack\") in [Gulshan Thana](/wiki/Gulshan_Thana \"Gulshan Thana\").", "#### End Blasphemy Laws campaign {{anchor\\|End Blasphemy Laws}}", "In January 2015, in part as a response to the [Charlie Hebdo shooting](/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting \"Charlie Hebdo shooting\"), Humanists International alongside other transnational secular groups the [European Humanist Federation](/wiki/European_Humanist_Federation \"European Humanist Federation\") and [Atheist Alliance International](/wiki/Atheist_Alliance_International \"Atheist Alliance International\") and a two\\-hundred strong organisational coalition, founded the End Blasphemy Laws Campaign.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/social\\-affairs/religion\\-and\\-beliefs/end\\-blasphemy\\-laws\\-campaign\\-launched\\-by\\-international\\-coalition\\-1\\.2085483\\|title\\=End Blasphemy Laws campaign launched by international coalition\\|newspaper\\=The Irish Times\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/end\\-blasphemy\\-laws\\-a\\-new\\-campaign/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} End Blasphemy Laws – a new campaign\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=30 January 2015}} End Blasphemy Laws is \"campaigning to repeal \"blasphemy\" and related laws worldwide.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://end\\-blasphemy\\-laws.org/about/\\|title\\=About {{!}} End Blasphemy Laws\\|website\\=end\\-blasphemy\\-laws.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10}}", "#### Other campaigns", "The \"First World Conference on Untouchability\" was organised by Humanists International in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), June 2009\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/global\\-initiative\\-against\\-untouchability\\-launched\\-london/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Global initiative against untouchability launched in London\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=10 June 2009}} Anticipating the event, the [BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\") quoted then\\-Executive Director [Babu Gogineni](/wiki/Babu_Gogineni \"Babu Gogineni\") as saying that legal reforms alone would not end caste discrimination: \"There are Dalit politicians in India, but nothing has changed. The answer is to educate Dalits and empower them.\"{{Cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8089287\\.stm\\|title\\=BBC NEWS {{!}} UK {{!}} Is caste prejudice still an issue?\\|website\\=news.bbc.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=8 June 2009}} The event was preceded by questions in the [UK Parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Parliament of the United Kingdom\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/parliamentary\\-questions\\-precede\\-first\\-world\\-conference\\-untouchability\\-london\\-june\\-9\\-10/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} Parliamentary questions precede first World Conference on Untouchability in London, June 9 \\& 10\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=8 June 2009}} and guests included [Lord Desai](/wiki/Meghnad_Desai%2C_Baron_Desai \"Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai\") and [Lord Avebury](/wiki/Baron_Avebury \"Baron Avebury\") from the UK [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords \"House of Lords\"); [Binod Pahadi](/wiki/Binod_Pahadi \"Binod Pahadi\"), Member of the [Constituent Assembly, Nepal](/wiki/Legislature_Parliament_of_Nepal \"Legislature Parliament of Nepal\"); and Tina Ramirez, US Congressional Fellow on International Religious Freedom. The Second World Conference on Untouchability was held in [Kathmandu](/wiki/Kathmandu \"Kathmandu\"), in April 2014\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/iheu\\-supports\\-second\\-world\\-conference\\-on\\-untouchability/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} IHEU supports Second World Conference on Untouchability\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=29 April 2014}}", "In 2013, Humanists International criticized the US\\-based [Appeal of Conscience Foundation](/wiki/Appeal_of_Conscience_Foundation \"Appeal of Conscience Foundation\") for awarding their \"World Statesman Award\" to then\\-president of [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\") [Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono](/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono \"Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono\"); it argued that the award \"is a slap in the face to prisoners of conscience across the world. While [Alexander Aan](/wiki/Alexander_Aan \"Alexander Aan\") suffers in an Indonesian jail for posting his beliefs to Facebook, his jailer will be honored in New York as a champion of freedom of belief.\"", "A year later, Humanists International as part of a \"coalition of secular groups\" led a campaign around the hashtag \"\\#TwitterTheocracy\" to protest the social media website [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\")'s implementation of tools blocking \"blasphemous\" tweets in [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://iheu.org/twittertheocracy\\-campaign\\-after\\-social\\-network\\-blocks\\-blasphemy\\-in\\-pakistan/\\|title\\=IHEU {{!}} \\#TwitterTheocracy campaign after social network blocks \"blasphemy\" in Pakistan\\|website\\=iheu.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10\\|date\\=10 June 2014}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.techdigest.tv/2014/06/twitter\\_censors\\_1\\.html\\|title\\=Twitter censorship targeted with hashtag activism \\- Tech Digest \\|date\\=2014\\-06\\-10\\|newspaper\\=Tech Digest\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10}}", "" ]
Episodes -------- ### First Doctor The [first incarnation](/wiki/First_Doctor "First Doctor") of [the Doctor](/wiki/The_Doctor_%28Doctor_Who%29 "The Doctor (Doctor Who)") was portrayed by [William Hartnell](/wiki/William_Hartnell "William Hartnell"). During Hartnell's tenure, the episodes were a mixture of stories set on Earth of the future with extraterrestrial influence, on alien planets, and in historical events without extraterrestrial influence, such as *[Marco Polo](/wiki/Marco_Polo_%28Doctor_Who%29 "Marco Polo (Doctor Who)")*, one of [the lost serials](/wiki/Doctor_Who_missing_episodes "Doctor Who missing episodes"). In his last story, *[The Tenth Planet](/wiki/The_Tenth_Planet "The Tenth Planet")*, the Doctor gradually grew weaker to the point of collapsing at the end of the fourth episode, leading to his [regeneration](/wiki/Regeneration_%28Doctor_Who%29 "Regeneration (Doctor Who)"). #### Season 1 (1963–1964\) {{anchor\|Season 1 (1963–64\)}} {{Main\|Doctor Who season 1{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 1}} {{:Doctor Who season 1}} #### Season 2 (1964–1965\) {{anchor\|Season 2 (1964–65\)}} {{Main\|Doctor Who season 2{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 2}} This season saw the departure of [Carole Ann Ford](/wiki/Carole_Ann_Ford "Carole Ann Ford") as [Susan Foreman](/wiki/Susan_Foreman "Susan Foreman") in *[The Dalek Invasion of Earth](/wiki/The_Dalek_Invasion_of_Earth "The Dalek Invasion of Earth")*, replaced by [Maureen O'Brien](/wiki/Maureen_O%27Brien "Maureen O'Brien") as [Vicki](/wiki/Vicki_%28Doctor_Who%29 "Vicki (Doctor Who)") in *[The Rescue](/wiki/The_Rescue_%28Doctor_Who%29 "The Rescue (Doctor Who)")*. [William Russell](/wiki/William_Russell_%28English_actor%29 "William Russell (English actor)") and [Jacqueline Hill](/wiki/Jacqueline_Hill "Jacqueline Hill") also departed their roles as [Ian Chesterton](/wiki/Ian_Chesterton "Ian Chesterton") and [Barbara Wright](/wiki/Barbara_Wright_%28Doctor_Who%29 "Barbara Wright (Doctor Who)"), respectively, in *[The Chase](/wiki/The_Chase_%28Doctor_Who%29 "The Chase (Doctor Who)")*, replaced by [Peter Purves](/wiki/Peter_Purves "Peter Purves") as [Steven Taylor](/wiki/Steven_Taylor_%28Doctor_Who%29 "Steven Taylor (Doctor Who)"). {{:Doctor Who season 2}} #### Season 3 (1965–1966\) {{anchor\|Season 3 (1965–66\)}} {{Main\|Doctor Who season 3{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 3}} O'Brien departed the role of Vicki in *[The Myth Makers](/wiki/The_Myth_Makers "The Myth Makers")*, replaced by [Adrienne Hill](/wiki/Adrienne_Hill "Adrienne Hill") as Katarina, and then later by [Jackie Lane](/wiki/Jackie_Lane_%28actress%29 "Jackie Lane (actress)") as [Dodo Chaplet](/wiki/Dodo_Chaplet "Dodo Chaplet"). *[The Savages](/wiki/The_Savages_%28Doctor_Who%29 "The Savages (Doctor Who)")* marked the final appearance of Steven, and *[The War Machines](/wiki/The_War_Machines "The War Machines")* introduced companions Ben and Polly. The practice of giving each individual episode a different title was abandoned after *[The Gunfighters](/wiki/The_Gunfighters_%28Doctor_Who%29 "The Gunfighters (Doctor Who)")*, near the end of the season. {{:Doctor Who season 3}} #### Season 4 (1966–1967\) {{anchor\|Season 4 (1966–67\)}} {{Main\|Doctor Who season 4{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 4}} *[The Smugglers](/wiki/The_Smugglers_%28Doctor_Who%29 "The Smugglers (Doctor Who)")* and *[The Tenth Planet](/wiki/The_Tenth_Planet "The Tenth Planet")* were the last serials to star the First Doctor, his regeneration to the Second occurring in the latter. It is also notable as the season with the most missing episodes, with not one serial existing in its entirety. {{\#lst:Doctor Who season 4\|1st}} ### Second Doctor The [Second Doctor](/wiki/Second_Doctor "Second Doctor") was portrayed by [Patrick Troughton](/wiki/Patrick_Troughton "Patrick Troughton"), whose serials were more action\-oriented than those of his predecessor. Additionally, after *[The Highlanders](/wiki/The_Highlanders_%28Doctor_Who%29 "The Highlanders (Doctor Who)")*, stories moved away from the purely historical ones that featured during William Hartnell's tenure; instead, any historical tales also included a science fiction element. Patrick Troughton retained the role until the last episode of *[The War Games](/wiki/The_War_Games_%28Doctor_Who%29 "The War Games (Doctor Who)")* when members of the Doctor's race, the [Time Lords](/wiki/Time_Lord "Time Lord"), put him on trial for breaking the laws of time. The Doctor was forced to regenerate and thereafter exiled on Earth. #### Season 4 (1966–1967\) continued{{anchor\|Season 4 (1966–67\) continued}} This season introduced companions [Jamie McCrimmon](/wiki/Jamie_McCrimmon "Jamie McCrimmon") ([Frazer Hines](/wiki/Frazer_Hines "Frazer Hines")) and [Victoria Waterfield](/wiki/Victoria_Waterfield "Victoria Waterfield") ([Deborah Watling](/wiki/Deborah_Watling "Deborah Watling")), in *[The Highlanders](/wiki/The_Highlanders_%28Doctor_Who%29 "The Highlanders (Doctor Who)")* and *[The Evil of the Daleks](/wiki/The_Evil_of_the_Daleks "The Evil of the Daleks")*, respectively. Ben and Polly departed in *[The Faceless Ones](/wiki/The_Faceless_Ones "The Faceless Ones")*. {{\#lst:Doctor Who season 4\|2nd}} #### Season 5 (1967–1968\) {{anchor\|Season 5 (1967–68\)}} {{Main\|Doctor Who season 5{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 5}} This season saw the departure of Watling as Victoria, and the debut appearance of [Wendy Padbury](/wiki/Wendy_Padbury "Wendy Padbury") as [Zoe](/wiki/Zoe_%28Doctor_Who%29 "Zoe (Doctor Who)"), and [Nicholas Courtney](/wiki/Nicholas_Courtney "Nicholas Courtney") as [Colonel Lethbridge\-Stewart](/wiki/Colonel_Lethbridge-Stewart "Colonel Lethbridge-Stewart"). {{:Doctor Who season 5}} #### Season 6 (1968–1969\) {{anchor\|Season 6 (1968–69\)}} {{Main\|Doctor Who season 6{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 6}} Hines and Padbury both departed in *The War Games*, alongside Troughton. It was the show's last season to be filmed in black and white. {{:Doctor Who season 6}} ### Third Doctor The [Third Doctor](/wiki/Third_Doctor "Third Doctor") was portrayed by [Jon Pertwee](/wiki/Jon_Pertwee "Jon Pertwee"). Sentenced to exile on Earth and forcibly regenerated at the end of *The War Games*, the Doctor spent his time working for [UNIT](/wiki/UNIT "UNIT") (United Nations Intelligence Taskforce). After *[The Three Doctors](/wiki/The_Three_Doctors_%28Doctor_Who%29 "The Three Doctors (Doctor Who)")*, the Time Lords repealed his exile; nevertheless, the Doctor still worked closely with UNIT from time to time. The Third Doctor regenerated into his fourth incarnation as a result of radiation poisoning in the last moments of *[Planet of the Spiders](/wiki/Planet_of_the_Spiders "Planet of the Spiders")*. #### Season 7 (1970\) {{Main\|Doctor Who season 7{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 7}} From this season onwards the programme was produced in colour. To accommodate the new production methods the number of episodes in a season was cut: season 6 has 44 episodes; season 7 has 25 episodes. The seasons continued to have between 20 and 28 episodes until season 22\. This season featured companion [Liz Shaw](/wiki/Liz_Shaw "Liz Shaw") played by [Caroline John](/wiki/Caroline_John "Caroline John"). {{:Doctor Who season 7}} #### Season 8 (1971\) {{Main\|Doctor Who season 8{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 8}} This season forms a loose arc with the introduction of [the Master](/wiki/The_Master_%28Doctor_Who%29 "The Master (Doctor Who)"), the villain in each of the season's storylines, and introduces the companion [Jo Grant](/wiki/Jo_Grant "Jo Grant") portrayed by [Katy Manning](/wiki/Katy_Manning "Katy Manning"). {{:Doctor Who season 8}} #### Season 9 (1972\) {{Main\|Doctor Who season 9{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 9}} {{:Doctor Who season 9}} #### Season 10 (1972–1973\) {{anchor\|Season 10 (1972–73\)}} {{Main\|Doctor Who season 10{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 10}} This season marked the final appearance of companion Jo Grant and the end of the Doctor's exile on Earth. {{:Doctor Who season 10}} #### Season 11 (1973–1974\) {{anchor\|Season 11 (1973–74\)}} {{Main\|Doctor Who season 11{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 11}} This season introduces the companion [Sarah Jane Smith](/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Smith "Sarah Jane Smith") portrayed by [Elisabeth Sladen](/wiki/Elisabeth_Sladen "Elisabeth Sladen"). {{:Doctor Who season 11}} ### Fourth Doctor The [Fourth Doctor](/wiki/Fourth_Doctor "Fourth Doctor") was portrayed by [Tom Baker](/wiki/Tom_Baker "Tom Baker"). He is, to date, the actor who has played the Doctor on television for the longest period of time,{{cite web \| url \= http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/news/cult/news/drwho/2004/08/12/13629\.shtml \| title \= Tom Baker \| date \= 12 August 2004 \| access\-date \=23 April 2013 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229115133/http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/news/cult/news/drwho/2004/08/12/13629\.shtml \| archive\-date\=29 December 2008 \| publisher\=BBC Doctor Who website}} having held the role for seven seasons. #### Season 12 (1974–1975\) {{anchor\|Season 12 (1974–75\)}} {{Main\|Doctor Who season 12{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 12}} All serials in this season continue directly one after the other, tracing one single problematic voyage of the TARDIS crew. Despite the continuity, each serial is considered its own standalone story. This season also introduced the character of [Harry Sullivan](/wiki/Harry_Sullivan_%28Doctor_Who%29 "Harry Sullivan (Doctor Who)") portrayed by [Ian Marter](/wiki/Ian_Marter "Ian Marter") as a companion; this character was intended to undertake action scenes, during the period prior to Tom Baker being cast, when it was unclear how old the actor playing the new Doctor would be. {{:Doctor Who season 12}} #### Season 13 (1975–1976\) {{anchor\|Season 13 (1975–76\)}} {{Main\|Doctor Who season 13{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 13}} During this season, Ian Marter (Harry Sullivan) left after *[Terror of the Zygons](/wiki/Terror_of_the_Zygons "Terror of the Zygons")*, but returned for a guest appearance in *[The Android Invasion](/wiki/The_Android_Invasion "The Android Invasion")*. *Terror of the Zygons* also saw the last semi\-regular appearance of Nicholas Courtney (Brigadier Lethbridge\-Stewart) who did not return until Season 20 in *[Mawdryn Undead](/wiki/Mawdryn_Undead "Mawdryn Undead")*. {{:Doctor Who season 13}} #### Season 14 (1976–1977\) {{anchor\|Season 14 (1976–77\)}} {{Main\|Doctor Who season 14{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 14}} Elisabeth Sladen (Sarah Jane Smith) left the series this season in *[The Hand of Fear](/wiki/The_Hand_of_Fear "The Hand of Fear")* and was replaced by [Louise Jameson](/wiki/Louise_Jameson "Louise Jameson") (Leela) in *[The Face of Evil](/wiki/The_Face_of_Evil "The Face of Evil")* . The season also saw the first story in which the Doctor did not have a companion, *[The Deadly Assassin](/wiki/The_Deadly_Assassin "The Deadly Assassin")*. {{:Doctor Who season 14}} #### Season 15 (1977–1978\) {{anchor\|Season 15 (1977–78\)}} {{Main\|Doctor Who season 15{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 15}} This season saw the final appearance of Leela and the first appearance of [K9](/wiki/K9_%28Doctor_Who%29 "K9 (Doctor Who)") as voiced by [John Leeson](/wiki/John_Leeson "John Leeson"). {{:Doctor Who season 15}} #### Season 16 (1978–1979\) {{anchor\|Season 16 (1978–79\)}} {{Main\|Doctor Who season 16{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 16}} Season 16 consists of one long story arc encompassing six separate, linked stories. This season is referred to by the umbrella title *The Key to Time* and has been released on DVD under this title. This season introduced [Mary Tamm](/wiki/Mary_Tamm "Mary Tamm") as Romana I. {{:Doctor Who season 16}} #### Season 17 (1979–1980\) {{anchor\|Season 17 (1979–80\)}} {{Main\|Doctor Who season 17{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 17}} During this season, the role of Romana was taken over by [Lalla Ward](/wiki/Lalla_Ward "Lalla Ward"). {{:Doctor Who season 17}} #### Season 18 (1980–1981\) {{anchor\|Season 18 (1980–81\)}} {{Main\|Doctor Who season 18{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 18}} In a return to the format of early seasons, virtually all serials from Seasons 18 through 20 are linked together, often running directly into each other. Season 18 forms a loose story arc dealing with the theme of [entropy](/wiki/Entropy "Entropy"). *[Full Circle](/wiki/Full_Circle_%28Doctor_Who%29 "Full Circle (Doctor Who)")*, *[State of Decay](/wiki/State_of_Decay_%28Doctor_Who%29 "State of Decay (Doctor Who)")*, and *[Warriors' Gate](/wiki/Warriors%27_Gate "Warriors' Gate")* trace the Doctor's adventures in E\-Space; they were released in both VHS and DVD boxsets with the umbrella title *The E\-Space Trilogy*. This season saw the departure of Romana and the introduction of companions [Adric](/wiki/Adric "Adric") and [Nyssa](/wiki/Nyssa_%28Doctor_Who%29 "Nyssa (Doctor Who)"), and soon\-to\-be companion, [Tegan Jovanka](/wiki/Tegan_Jovanka "Tegan Jovanka"). {{:Doctor Who season 18}} ### Fifth Doctor The [Fifth Doctor](/wiki/Fifth_Doctor "Fifth Doctor") was portrayed by [Peter Davison](/wiki/Peter_Davison "Peter Davison"). #### Season 19 (1982\) {{Main\|Doctor Who season 19{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 19}} The show moved from its traditional once\-weekly Saturday broadcast to being broadcast twice\-weekly primarily on Monday and Tuesday,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/changingwho/10320\.shtml\|title\=The Changing Face of Doctor Who – Audience Research Report on 'Doctor Who' for 1982\|publisher\=BBC\|access\-date\=23 December 2019\|archive\-date\=20 May 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520183858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/changingwho/10320\.shtml\|url\-status\=live}} although there were regional variations to the schedule. *Castrovalva*, together with the previous two serials, *The Keeper of Traken* and *Logopolis*, form a trilogy involving the return of the Master. They were released on DVD under the banner title *New Beginnings*. The season marked the final appearance of [Adric](/wiki/Adric "Adric"). {{:Doctor Who season 19}} #### Season 20 (1983\) {{Main\|Doctor Who season 20{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 20}} To commemorate the twentieth season, the stories in this season involve the return of previous villains: [Omega](/wiki/Omega_%28Doctor_Who%29 "Omega (Doctor Who)"), the [Mara](/wiki/Mara_%28Doctor_Who%29 "Mara (Doctor Who)"), the [Black Guardian](/wiki/Black_Guardian "Black Guardian") and the [Master](/wiki/The_Master_%28Doctor_Who%29 "The Master (Doctor Who)"). *[Mawdryn Undead](/wiki/Mawdryn_Undead "Mawdryn Undead")*, *[Terminus](/wiki/Terminus_%28Doctor_Who%29 "Terminus (Doctor Who)")* and *[Enlightenment](/wiki/Enlightenment_%28Doctor_Who%29 "Enlightenment (Doctor Who)")* involve the Black Guardian's plot to force the Doctor's new companion [Vislor Turlough](/wiki/Vislor_Turlough "Vislor Turlough") to kill the Doctor; they were released individually on VHS and as a set on DVD as parts of *The Black Guardian Trilogy*. This season was broadcast twice weekly on Tuesday and Wednesday evenings on BBC1\. This was the last season to feature Nyssa as a companion. {{:Doctor Who season 20}} #### Season 21 (1984\) {{Main\|Doctor Who season 21{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 21}} Episodes were broadcast twice weekly on Thursday and Friday evenings, with *Resurrection of the Daleks* broadcast on two consecutive Wednesday nights in 45\-minute, rather than 25\-minute, parts. *The Caves of Androzani* saw the regeneration of the Fifth Doctor, and the season finale *The Twin Dilemma* was the first story of the Sixth Doctor. The season marked the departure of Tegan Jovanka and Vislor Turlough, as well as the introduction of [Nicola Bryant](/wiki/Nicola_Bryant "Nicola Bryant") as [Peri Brown](/wiki/Peri_Brown "Peri Brown"). {{\#lst:Doctor Who season 21\|5th}} ### Sixth Doctor The [Sixth Doctor](/wiki/Sixth_Doctor "Sixth Doctor") was portrayed by [Colin Baker](/wiki/Colin_Baker "Colin Baker"). #### Season 21 (1984\) continued {{\#lst:Doctor Who season 21\|6th}} #### Season 22 (1985\) {{Main\|Doctor Who season 22{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 22}} The series moved back to once\-weekly Saturday broadcasts. All episodes were 45 minutes long, though 25\-minute edits were produced for foreign markets. Although there were now only 13 episodes in the season, the total running time remained approximately the same as in previous seasons since the episodes were almost twice as long. {{:Doctor Who season 22}} #### Season 23 (1986\) {{Main\|Doctor Who season 23{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 23}} The whole season is titled as *The Trial of a Time Lord*, and is split into four segments. The segments are commonly referred to by their respective novelisation's titles{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/index\_sixth.shtml \|title\=Doctor Who – Classic Series – Episode Guide – Sixth Doctor Index \|publisher\=BBC \|access\-date\=18 May 2011 \|archive\-date\=10 May 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510021800/http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/index\_sixth.shtml \|url\-status\=live }} (listed below) but the season was broadcast as one fourteen\-part story and these titles did not appear on screen. Episode length returned to 25 minutes, but with only fourteen episodes in the season, making the total running time of this season (and subsequent seasons) just over half of the previous seasons, going back to season 7\. The season saw the departure of Peri and the introduction of [Bonnie Langford](/wiki/Bonnie_Langford "Bonnie Langford") as companion [Mel Bush](/wiki/Mel_Bush "Mel Bush"). {{:Doctor Who season 23}} ### Seventh Doctor The [Seventh Doctor](/wiki/Seventh_Doctor "Seventh Doctor") was portrayed by [Sylvester McCoy](/wiki/Sylvester_McCoy "Sylvester McCoy"). #### Season 24 (1987\) {{Main\|Doctor Who season 24{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 24}} This season was moved to a Monday schedule. Mel Bush left in *Dragonfire* with recurring character [Sabalom Glitz](/wiki/Sabalom_Glitz "Sabalom Glitz") ([Tony Selby](/wiki/Tony_Selby "Tony Selby")), and the companion role was taken over by [Sophie Aldred](/wiki/Sophie_Aldred "Sophie Aldred") as [Ace](/wiki/Ace_%28Doctor_Who%29 "Ace (Doctor Who)"). {{:Doctor Who season 24}} #### Season 25 (1988–1989\) {{anchor\|Season 25 (1988–89\)}} {{Main\|Doctor Who season 25{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 25}} The series was moved to Wednesdays. The programme celebrated its 25th anniversary with the serial story *[Silver Nemesis](/wiki/Silver_Nemesis_%28Doctor_Who%29 "Silver Nemesis (Doctor Who)")*. {{:Doctor Who season 25}} #### Season 26 (1989\) {{Main\|Doctor Who season 26{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 26}} The final season continued to push the series towards a darker approach, focusing this time more on Ace's personal life as well as The Doctor's past and manipulations. This season set the tone for the [Virgin New Adventures](/wiki/Virgin_New_Adventures "Virgin New Adventures") novels that followed. {{:Doctor Who season 26}} ### Eighth Doctor The [Eighth Doctor](/wiki/Eighth_Doctor "Eighth Doctor") was portrayed by [Paul McGann](/wiki/Paul_McGann "Paul McGann"). The movie is the only television appearance of this Doctor during his tenure. The only production title held by this story was *Doctor Who*. The DVD release is titled *Doctor Who: The Movie*. In 2013, Paul McGann returned for the second television appearance of the Eighth Doctor in the minisode titled "[The Night of the Doctor](/wiki/The_Night_of_the_Doctor "The Night of the Doctor")".{{Cite web \|title\=Doctor Who TV movie writer to return for new Paul McGann story \|url\=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci\-fi/doctor\-who\-movie\-writer\-paul\-mcgann\-newsupdate/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-09 \|website\=Radio Times \|language\=en\-GB}}{{Cite web \|title\='Doctor Who': Every former Doctor return appearance, ranked \|url\=https://ew.com/gallery/doctor\-who\-returning\-doctors/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-09 \|website\=EW.com \|language\=en}} The production code is 50/LDX071Y/01X,{{cite book \| last1 \= Segal \| first1 \= Philip \| author1\-link \= Philip Segal \| last2\=Russell \| first2 \= Gary \|author2\-link \=Gary Russell \| title \= Doctor Who: Regeneration \| year \= 2000 \| publisher\= Harper Collins Entertainment \| isbn \= 0\-00\-710591\-6}} though *[Doctor Who Magazine](/wiki/Doctor_Who_Magazine "Doctor Who Magazine")*{{'}}s "Complete Eighth Doctor Special" gives the code as \#83705{{Cite news \| date\= 3 September 2003 \| title\= The DWM Archive: Doctor Who (1996\) – In Production \| periodical\= Doctor Who Magazine Special Edition \| issue\= 5 \| page\= 69 \| issn \= 0957\-9818}} and the BBC's online episode guide as "TVM".{{cite web \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224025800/http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/tvmovie/detail.shtml \|archive\-date\=24 February 2007 \| url \= http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/tvmovie/detail.shtml \| title \= The TV Movie: Details \| access\-date \=26 July 2007 \| last1 \= Howe \| first1 \= David J. \| author1\-link \= David J. Howe \| last2\=Walker \| first2 \= Stephen James \|author2\-link \=Stephen James Walker \| work\= Doctor Who: The Television Companion \|publisher\=BBC \| type \= ''Doctor Who'' website}} #### Television movie (1996\) {{main\|Doctor Who (film)}} {{:Doctor Who (film)}} {{List has been split\|\[\[List of Doctor Who episodes (2005–present)\#Episodes\|2005–present episodes]]}}
[ "Episodes\n--------", "### First Doctor", "The [first incarnation](/wiki/First_Doctor \"First Doctor\") of [the Doctor](/wiki/The_Doctor_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"The Doctor (Doctor Who)\") was portrayed by [William Hartnell](/wiki/William_Hartnell \"William Hartnell\"). During Hartnell's tenure, the episodes were a mixture of stories set on Earth of the future with extraterrestrial influence, on alien planets, and in historical events without extraterrestrial influence, such as *[Marco Polo](/wiki/Marco_Polo_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"Marco Polo (Doctor Who)\")*, one of [the lost serials](/wiki/Doctor_Who_missing_episodes \"Doctor Who missing episodes\"). In his last story, *[The Tenth Planet](/wiki/The_Tenth_Planet \"The Tenth Planet\")*, the Doctor gradually grew weaker to the point of collapsing at the end of the fourth episode, leading to his [regeneration](/wiki/Regeneration_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"Regeneration (Doctor Who)\").", "#### Season 1 (1963–1964\\) {{anchor\\|Season 1 (1963–64\\)}}", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 1{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 1}}\n{{:Doctor Who season 1}}", "#### Season 2 (1964–1965\\) {{anchor\\|Season 2 (1964–65\\)}}", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 2{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 2}}\nThis season saw the departure of [Carole Ann Ford](/wiki/Carole_Ann_Ford \"Carole Ann Ford\") as [Susan Foreman](/wiki/Susan_Foreman \"Susan Foreman\") in *[The Dalek Invasion of Earth](/wiki/The_Dalek_Invasion_of_Earth \"The Dalek Invasion of Earth\")*, replaced by [Maureen O'Brien](/wiki/Maureen_O%27Brien \"Maureen O'Brien\") as [Vicki](/wiki/Vicki_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"Vicki (Doctor Who)\") in *[The Rescue](/wiki/The_Rescue_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"The Rescue (Doctor Who)\")*. [William Russell](/wiki/William_Russell_%28English_actor%29 \"William Russell (English actor)\") and [Jacqueline Hill](/wiki/Jacqueline_Hill \"Jacqueline Hill\") also departed their roles as [Ian Chesterton](/wiki/Ian_Chesterton \"Ian Chesterton\") and [Barbara Wright](/wiki/Barbara_Wright_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"Barbara Wright (Doctor Who)\"), respectively, in *[The Chase](/wiki/The_Chase_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"The Chase (Doctor Who)\")*, replaced by [Peter Purves](/wiki/Peter_Purves \"Peter Purves\") as [Steven Taylor](/wiki/Steven_Taylor_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"Steven Taylor (Doctor Who)\").\n{{:Doctor Who season 2}}", "#### Season 3 (1965–1966\\) {{anchor\\|Season 3 (1965–66\\)}}", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 3{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 3}}\nO'Brien departed the role of Vicki in *[The Myth Makers](/wiki/The_Myth_Makers \"The Myth Makers\")*, replaced by [Adrienne Hill](/wiki/Adrienne_Hill \"Adrienne Hill\") as Katarina, and then later by [Jackie Lane](/wiki/Jackie_Lane_%28actress%29 \"Jackie Lane (actress)\") as [Dodo Chaplet](/wiki/Dodo_Chaplet \"Dodo Chaplet\"). *[The Savages](/wiki/The_Savages_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"The Savages (Doctor Who)\")* marked the final appearance of Steven, and *[The War Machines](/wiki/The_War_Machines \"The War Machines\")* introduced companions Ben and Polly. The practice of giving each individual episode a different title was abandoned after *[The Gunfighters](/wiki/The_Gunfighters_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"The Gunfighters (Doctor Who)\")*, near the end of the season.\n{{:Doctor Who season 3}}", "#### Season 4 (1966–1967\\) {{anchor\\|Season 4 (1966–67\\)}}", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 4{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 4}}\n*[The Smugglers](/wiki/The_Smugglers_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"The Smugglers (Doctor Who)\")* and *[The Tenth Planet](/wiki/The_Tenth_Planet \"The Tenth Planet\")* were the last serials to star the First Doctor, his regeneration to the Second occurring in the latter. It is also notable as the season with the most missing episodes, with not one serial existing in its entirety.\n{{\\#lst:Doctor Who season 4\\|1st}}", "### Second Doctor", "The [Second Doctor](/wiki/Second_Doctor \"Second Doctor\") was portrayed by [Patrick Troughton](/wiki/Patrick_Troughton \"Patrick Troughton\"), whose serials were more action\\-oriented than those of his predecessor. Additionally, after *[The Highlanders](/wiki/The_Highlanders_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"The Highlanders (Doctor Who)\")*, stories moved away from the purely historical ones that featured during William Hartnell's tenure; instead, any historical tales also included a science fiction element. Patrick Troughton retained the role until the last episode of *[The War Games](/wiki/The_War_Games_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"The War Games (Doctor Who)\")* when members of the Doctor's race, the [Time Lords](/wiki/Time_Lord \"Time Lord\"), put him on trial for breaking the laws of time. The Doctor was forced to regenerate and thereafter exiled on Earth.", "#### Season 4 (1966–1967\\) continued{{anchor\\|Season 4 (1966–67\\) continued}}", "This season introduced companions [Jamie McCrimmon](/wiki/Jamie_McCrimmon \"Jamie McCrimmon\") ([Frazer Hines](/wiki/Frazer_Hines \"Frazer Hines\")) and [Victoria Waterfield](/wiki/Victoria_Waterfield \"Victoria Waterfield\") ([Deborah Watling](/wiki/Deborah_Watling \"Deborah Watling\")), in *[The Highlanders](/wiki/The_Highlanders_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"The Highlanders (Doctor Who)\")* and *[The Evil of the Daleks](/wiki/The_Evil_of_the_Daleks \"The Evil of the Daleks\")*, respectively. Ben and Polly departed in *[The Faceless Ones](/wiki/The_Faceless_Ones \"The Faceless Ones\")*.\n{{\\#lst:Doctor Who season 4\\|2nd}}", "#### Season 5 (1967–1968\\) {{anchor\\|Season 5 (1967–68\\)}}", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 5{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 5}}\nThis season saw the departure of Watling as Victoria, and the debut appearance of [Wendy Padbury](/wiki/Wendy_Padbury \"Wendy Padbury\") as [Zoe](/wiki/Zoe_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"Zoe (Doctor Who)\"), and [Nicholas Courtney](/wiki/Nicholas_Courtney \"Nicholas Courtney\") as [Colonel Lethbridge\\-Stewart](/wiki/Colonel_Lethbridge-Stewart \"Colonel Lethbridge-Stewart\").\n{{:Doctor Who season 5}}", "#### Season 6 (1968–1969\\) {{anchor\\|Season 6 (1968–69\\)}}", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 6{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 6}}\nHines and Padbury both departed in *The War Games*, alongside Troughton. It was the show's last season to be filmed in black and white.\n{{:Doctor Who season 6}}", "### Third Doctor", "The [Third Doctor](/wiki/Third_Doctor \"Third Doctor\") was portrayed by [Jon Pertwee](/wiki/Jon_Pertwee \"Jon Pertwee\"). Sentenced to exile on Earth and forcibly regenerated at the end of *The War Games*, the Doctor spent his time working for [UNIT](/wiki/UNIT \"UNIT\") (United Nations Intelligence Taskforce). After *[The Three Doctors](/wiki/The_Three_Doctors_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"The Three Doctors (Doctor Who)\")*, the Time Lords repealed his exile; nevertheless, the Doctor still worked closely with UNIT from time to time. The Third Doctor regenerated into his fourth incarnation as a result of radiation poisoning in the last moments of *[Planet of the Spiders](/wiki/Planet_of_the_Spiders \"Planet of the Spiders\")*.", "#### Season 7 (1970\\)", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 7{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 7}}\nFrom this season onwards the programme was produced in colour. To accommodate the new production methods the number of episodes in a season was cut: season 6 has 44 episodes; season 7 has 25 episodes. The seasons continued to have between 20 and 28 episodes until season 22\\. This season featured companion [Liz Shaw](/wiki/Liz_Shaw \"Liz Shaw\") played by [Caroline John](/wiki/Caroline_John \"Caroline John\").\n{{:Doctor Who season 7}}", "#### Season 8 (1971\\)", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 8{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 8}}\nThis season forms a loose arc with the introduction of [the Master](/wiki/The_Master_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"The Master (Doctor Who)\"), the villain in each of the season's storylines, and introduces the companion [Jo Grant](/wiki/Jo_Grant \"Jo Grant\") portrayed by [Katy Manning](/wiki/Katy_Manning \"Katy Manning\").\n{{:Doctor Who season 8}}", "#### Season 9 (1972\\)", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 9{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 9}}\n{{:Doctor Who season 9}}", "#### Season 10 (1972–1973\\) {{anchor\\|Season 10 (1972–73\\)}}", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 10{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 10}}\nThis season marked the final appearance of companion Jo Grant and the end of the Doctor's exile on Earth. \n{{:Doctor Who season 10}}", "#### Season 11 (1973–1974\\) {{anchor\\|Season 11 (1973–74\\)}}", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 11{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 11}}\nThis season introduces the companion [Sarah Jane Smith](/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Smith \"Sarah Jane Smith\") portrayed by [Elisabeth Sladen](/wiki/Elisabeth_Sladen \"Elisabeth Sladen\").\n{{:Doctor Who season 11}}", "### Fourth Doctor", "The [Fourth Doctor](/wiki/Fourth_Doctor \"Fourth Doctor\") was portrayed by [Tom Baker](/wiki/Tom_Baker \"Tom Baker\"). He is, to date, the actor who has played the Doctor on television for the longest period of time,{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/news/cult/news/drwho/2004/08/12/13629\\.shtml \\| title \\= Tom Baker \\| date \\= 12 August 2004 \\| access\\-date \\=23 April 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229115133/http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/news/cult/news/drwho/2004/08/12/13629\\.shtml \\| archive\\-date\\=29 December 2008 \\| publisher\\=BBC Doctor Who website}} having held the role for seven seasons.", "#### Season 12 (1974–1975\\) {{anchor\\|Season 12 (1974–75\\)}}", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 12{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 12}}\nAll serials in this season continue directly one after the other, tracing one single problematic voyage of the TARDIS crew. Despite the continuity, each serial is considered its own standalone story. This season also introduced the character of [Harry Sullivan](/wiki/Harry_Sullivan_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"Harry Sullivan (Doctor Who)\") portrayed by [Ian Marter](/wiki/Ian_Marter \"Ian Marter\") as a companion; this character was intended to undertake action scenes, during the period prior to Tom Baker being cast, when it was unclear how old the actor playing the new Doctor would be.\n{{:Doctor Who season 12}}", "#### Season 13 (1975–1976\\) {{anchor\\|Season 13 (1975–76\\)}}", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 13{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 13}}\nDuring this season, Ian Marter (Harry Sullivan) left after *[Terror of the Zygons](/wiki/Terror_of_the_Zygons \"Terror of the Zygons\")*, but returned for a guest appearance in *[The Android Invasion](/wiki/The_Android_Invasion \"The Android Invasion\")*. *Terror of the Zygons* also saw the last semi\\-regular appearance of Nicholas Courtney (Brigadier Lethbridge\\-Stewart) who did not return until Season 20 in *[Mawdryn Undead](/wiki/Mawdryn_Undead \"Mawdryn Undead\")*.\n{{:Doctor Who season 13}}", "#### Season 14 (1976–1977\\) {{anchor\\|Season 14 (1976–77\\)}}", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 14{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 14}}\nElisabeth Sladen (Sarah Jane Smith) left the series this season in *[The Hand of Fear](/wiki/The_Hand_of_Fear \"The Hand of Fear\")* and was replaced by [Louise Jameson](/wiki/Louise_Jameson \"Louise Jameson\") (Leela) in *[The Face of Evil](/wiki/The_Face_of_Evil \"The Face of Evil\")* . The season also saw the first story in which the Doctor did not have a companion, *[The Deadly Assassin](/wiki/The_Deadly_Assassin \"The Deadly Assassin\")*.\n{{:Doctor Who season 14}}", "#### Season 15 (1977–1978\\) {{anchor\\|Season 15 (1977–78\\)}}", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 15{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 15}}\nThis season saw the final appearance of Leela and the first appearance of [K9](/wiki/K9_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"K9 (Doctor Who)\") as voiced by [John Leeson](/wiki/John_Leeson \"John Leeson\").\n{{:Doctor Who season 15}}", "#### Season 16 (1978–1979\\) {{anchor\\|Season 16 (1978–79\\)}}", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 16{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 16}}\nSeason 16 consists of one long story arc encompassing six separate, linked stories. This season is referred to by the umbrella title *The Key to Time* and has been released on DVD under this title. This season introduced [Mary Tamm](/wiki/Mary_Tamm \"Mary Tamm\") as Romana I.\n{{:Doctor Who season 16}}", "#### Season 17 (1979–1980\\) {{anchor\\|Season 17 (1979–80\\)}}", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 17{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 17}}\nDuring this season, the role of Romana was taken over by [Lalla Ward](/wiki/Lalla_Ward \"Lalla Ward\").\n{{:Doctor Who season 17}}", "#### Season 18 (1980–1981\\) {{anchor\\|Season 18 (1980–81\\)}}", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 18{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 18}}\nIn a return to the format of early seasons, virtually all serials from Seasons 18 through 20 are linked together, often running directly into each other. Season 18 forms a loose story arc dealing with the theme of [entropy](/wiki/Entropy \"Entropy\"). *[Full Circle](/wiki/Full_Circle_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"Full Circle (Doctor Who)\")*, *[State of Decay](/wiki/State_of_Decay_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"State of Decay (Doctor Who)\")*, and *[Warriors' Gate](/wiki/Warriors%27_Gate \"Warriors' Gate\")* trace the Doctor's adventures in E\\-Space; they were released in both VHS and DVD boxsets with the umbrella title *The E\\-Space Trilogy*. This season saw the departure of Romana and the introduction of companions [Adric](/wiki/Adric \"Adric\") and [Nyssa](/wiki/Nyssa_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"Nyssa (Doctor Who)\"), and soon\\-to\\-be companion, [Tegan Jovanka](/wiki/Tegan_Jovanka \"Tegan Jovanka\").\n{{:Doctor Who season 18}}", "### Fifth Doctor", "The [Fifth Doctor](/wiki/Fifth_Doctor \"Fifth Doctor\") was portrayed by [Peter Davison](/wiki/Peter_Davison \"Peter Davison\").", "#### Season 19 (1982\\)", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 19{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 19}}\nThe show moved from its traditional once\\-weekly Saturday broadcast to being broadcast twice\\-weekly primarily on Monday and Tuesday,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/changingwho/10320\\.shtml\\|title\\=The Changing Face of Doctor Who – Audience Research Report on 'Doctor Who' for 1982\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|access\\-date\\=23 December 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=20 May 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520183858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/changingwho/10320\\.shtml\\|url\\-status\\=live}} although there were regional variations to the schedule. *Castrovalva*, together with the previous two serials, *The Keeper of Traken* and *Logopolis*, form a trilogy involving the return of the Master. They were released on DVD under the banner title *New Beginnings*. The season marked the final appearance of [Adric](/wiki/Adric \"Adric\").\n{{:Doctor Who season 19}}", "#### Season 20 (1983\\)", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 20{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 20}}\nTo commemorate the twentieth season, the stories in this season involve the return of previous villains: [Omega](/wiki/Omega_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"Omega (Doctor Who)\"), the [Mara](/wiki/Mara_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"Mara (Doctor Who)\"), the [Black Guardian](/wiki/Black_Guardian \"Black Guardian\") and the [Master](/wiki/The_Master_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"The Master (Doctor Who)\"). *[Mawdryn Undead](/wiki/Mawdryn_Undead \"Mawdryn Undead\")*, *[Terminus](/wiki/Terminus_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"Terminus (Doctor Who)\")* and *[Enlightenment](/wiki/Enlightenment_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"Enlightenment (Doctor Who)\")* involve the Black Guardian's plot to force the Doctor's new companion [Vislor Turlough](/wiki/Vislor_Turlough \"Vislor Turlough\") to kill the Doctor; they were released individually on VHS and as a set on DVD as parts of *The Black Guardian Trilogy*. This season was broadcast twice weekly on Tuesday and Wednesday evenings on BBC1\\. This was the last season to feature Nyssa as a companion.\n{{:Doctor Who season 20}}", "#### Season 21 (1984\\)", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 21{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 21}}\nEpisodes were broadcast twice weekly on Thursday and Friday evenings, with *Resurrection of the Daleks* broadcast on two consecutive Wednesday nights in 45\\-minute, rather than 25\\-minute, parts. *The Caves of Androzani* saw the regeneration of the Fifth Doctor, and the season finale *The Twin Dilemma* was the first story of the Sixth Doctor. The season marked the departure of Tegan Jovanka and Vislor Turlough, as well as the introduction of [Nicola Bryant](/wiki/Nicola_Bryant \"Nicola Bryant\") as [Peri Brown](/wiki/Peri_Brown \"Peri Brown\").\n{{\\#lst:Doctor Who season 21\\|5th}}", "### Sixth Doctor", "The [Sixth Doctor](/wiki/Sixth_Doctor \"Sixth Doctor\") was portrayed by [Colin Baker](/wiki/Colin_Baker \"Colin Baker\").", "#### Season 21 (1984\\) continued", "{{\\#lst:Doctor Who season 21\\|6th}}\n#### Season 22 (1985\\)", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 22{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 22}}\nThe series moved back to once\\-weekly Saturday broadcasts. All episodes were 45 minutes long, though 25\\-minute edits were produced for foreign markets. Although there were now only 13 episodes in the season, the total running time remained approximately the same as in previous seasons since the episodes were almost twice as long.\n{{:Doctor Who season 22}}", "#### Season 23 (1986\\)", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 23{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 23}}\nThe whole season is titled as *The Trial of a Time Lord*, and is split into four segments. The segments are commonly referred to by their respective novelisation's titles{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/index\\_sixth.shtml \\|title\\=Doctor Who – Classic Series – Episode Guide – Sixth Doctor Index \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510021800/http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/index\\_sixth.shtml \\|url\\-status\\=live }} (listed below) but the season was broadcast as one fourteen\\-part story and these titles did not appear on screen. Episode length returned to 25 minutes, but with only fourteen episodes in the season, making the total running time of this season (and subsequent seasons) just over half of the previous seasons, going back to season 7\\. The season saw the departure of Peri and the introduction of [Bonnie Langford](/wiki/Bonnie_Langford \"Bonnie Langford\") as companion [Mel Bush](/wiki/Mel_Bush \"Mel Bush\").\n{{:Doctor Who season 23}}", "### Seventh Doctor", "The [Seventh Doctor](/wiki/Seventh_Doctor \"Seventh Doctor\") was portrayed by [Sylvester McCoy](/wiki/Sylvester_McCoy \"Sylvester McCoy\").", "#### Season 24 (1987\\)", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 24{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 24}}\nThis season was moved to a Monday schedule. Mel Bush left in *Dragonfire* with recurring character [Sabalom Glitz](/wiki/Sabalom_Glitz \"Sabalom Glitz\") ([Tony Selby](/wiki/Tony_Selby \"Tony Selby\")), and the companion role was taken over by [Sophie Aldred](/wiki/Sophie_Aldred \"Sophie Aldred\") as [Ace](/wiki/Ace_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"Ace (Doctor Who)\").\n{{:Doctor Who season 24}}", "#### Season 25 (1988–1989\\) {{anchor\\|Season 25 (1988–89\\)}}", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 25{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 25}}\nThe series was moved to Wednesdays. The programme celebrated its 25th anniversary with the serial story *[Silver Nemesis](/wiki/Silver_Nemesis_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"Silver Nemesis (Doctor Who)\")*.\n{{:Doctor Who season 25}}", "#### Season 26 (1989\\)", "{{Main\\|Doctor Who season 26{{!}}''Doctor Who'' season 26}}\nThe final season continued to push the series towards a darker approach, focusing this time more on Ace's personal life as well as The Doctor's past and manipulations. This season set the tone for the [Virgin New Adventures](/wiki/Virgin_New_Adventures \"Virgin New Adventures\") novels that followed.\n{{:Doctor Who season 26}}", "### Eighth Doctor", "The [Eighth Doctor](/wiki/Eighth_Doctor \"Eighth Doctor\") was portrayed by [Paul McGann](/wiki/Paul_McGann \"Paul McGann\"). The movie is the only television appearance of this Doctor during his tenure. The only production title held by this story was *Doctor Who*. The DVD release is titled *Doctor Who: The Movie*. In 2013, Paul McGann returned for the second television appearance of the Eighth Doctor in the minisode titled \"[The Night of the Doctor](/wiki/The_Night_of_the_Doctor \"The Night of the Doctor\")\".{{Cite web \\|title\\=Doctor Who TV movie writer to return for new Paul McGann story \\|url\\=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci\\-fi/doctor\\-who\\-movie\\-writer\\-paul\\-mcgann\\-newsupdate/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-09 \\|website\\=Radio Times \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}{{Cite web \\|title\\='Doctor Who': Every former Doctor return appearance, ranked \\|url\\=https://ew.com/gallery/doctor\\-who\\-returning\\-doctors/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-09 \\|website\\=EW.com \\|language\\=en}} The production code is 50/LDX071Y/01X,{{cite book \\| last1 \\= Segal \\| first1 \\= Philip \\| author1\\-link \\= Philip Segal \\| last2\\=Russell \\| first2 \\= Gary \\|author2\\-link \\=Gary Russell \\| title \\= Doctor Who: Regeneration \\| year \\= 2000 \\| publisher\\= Harper Collins Entertainment \\| isbn \\= 0\\-00\\-710591\\-6}} though *[Doctor Who Magazine](/wiki/Doctor_Who_Magazine \"Doctor Who Magazine\")*{{'}}s \"Complete Eighth Doctor Special\" gives the code as \\#83705{{Cite news \\| date\\= 3 September 2003 \\| title\\= The DWM Archive: Doctor Who (1996\\) – In Production \\| periodical\\= Doctor Who Magazine Special Edition \\| issue\\= 5 \\| page\\= 69 \\| issn \\= 0957\\-9818}} and the BBC's online episode guide as \"TVM\".{{cite web \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224025800/http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/tvmovie/detail.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=24 February 2007 \\| url \\= http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/tvmovie/detail.shtml \\| title \\= The TV Movie: Details \\| access\\-date \\=26 July 2007 \\| last1 \\= Howe \\| first1 \\= David J. \\| author1\\-link \\= David J. Howe \\| last2\\=Walker \\| first2 \\= Stephen James \\|author2\\-link \\=Stephen James Walker \\| work\\= Doctor Who: The Television Companion \\|publisher\\=BBC \\| type \\= ''Doctor Who'' website}}", "#### Television movie (1996\\)", "{{main\\|Doctor Who (film)}}\n{{:Doctor Who (film)}}", "{{List has been split\\|\\[\\[List of Doctor Who episodes (2005–present)\\#Episodes\\|2005–present episodes]]}}", "" ]
Male suspects ------------- ### Norman Chandler Donald Wolfe's 2005 book *The Black Dahlia Files:* *The Mob, the Mogul, and the Murder That Transfixed Los Angeles* names [Norman Chandler](/wiki/Norman_Chandler "Norman Chandler"), publisher of the *Los Angeles Times* from 1945 to 1960, as a suspect in the murder.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=F6PpPrKuUaMC\&q\=donald\+wolfe\+black\+dahlia\|title\=The Black Dahlia Files: The Mob, the Mogul, and the Murder That Transfixed Los Angeles\|last\=Wolfe\|first\=Don\|date\=2006\-09\-05\|publisher\=Harper Collins\|isbn\=9780060582500\|language\=en}} In a complicated scenario involving multiple perpetrators, Wolfe claims that Chandler impregnated Short while she was working as a [call girl](/wiki/Call_girl "Call girl") for the notorious [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_Los_Angeles "Hollywood, Los Angeles") ["madam"](/wiki/Procuring_%28prostitution%29 "Procuring (prostitution)") [Brenda Allen](/wiki/Brenda_Allen "Brenda Allen"), which led to her murder at the hands of gangster [Bugsy Siegel](/wiki/Bugsy_Siegel "Bugsy Siegel"). ### George Hodel Dr. [George Hill Hodel Jr.](/wiki/George_Hodel "George Hodel") came under police scrutiny in October 1949, when his 14\-year\-old daughter, Tamar, accused him of [molesting](/wiki/Child_molestation "Child molestation") her. Despite three witnesses testifying that they had seen Hodel having sex with Tamar, he was [acquitted](/wiki/Acquittal "Acquittal") in December 1949\.Nelson, Mark; Sarah Hudson Bayliss (2006\). *Exquisite Corpse: Surrealism and the Black Dahlia Murder.* New York: Bulfinch Press. Pg 26\. {{ISBN\|0\-8212\-5819\-2}} The trial led the LAPD to include Hodel, a physician specializing in [sexually transmitted diseases](/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease "Sexually transmitted disease"), among its many suspects in the Dahlia case. Author [James Ellroy](/wiki/James_Ellroy "James Ellroy") endorsed Steve Hodel's theory in 2004\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2004\-may\-23\-me\-lopez23\-story.html\|title\=Writing the Last Word on a Mystery?\|last\=Lopez\|first\=Steve\|date\=2004\-05\-23\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|access\-date\=2017\-11\-15\|language\=en\-US\|issn\=0458\-3035}} ### George Knowlton Little reliable information is available on George Knowlton, except that he lived in the Los Angeles area at the time of the Black Dahlia murder and died in an automobile accident in 1962\. In the early 1990s, George Knowlton's daughter Janice began claiming that she had witnessed her father murdering Elizabeth Short, a claim she based largely on "[recovered memories](/wiki/Recovered_memory_therapy "Recovered memory therapy")" that surfaced during [therapy](/wiki/Psychotherapy "Psychotherapy") for [depression](/wiki/Depression_%28mood%29 "Depression (mood)") after a [hysterectomy](/wiki/Hysterectomy "Hysterectomy"). Based on these recovered memories, Knowlton published *Daddy Was The Black Dahlia Killer* with veteran crime writer [Michael Newton](/wiki/Michael_Newton_%28author%29 "Michael Newton (author)") in 1995\. In the book, Knowlton, a former professional singer and owner of a [public relations](/wiki/Public_relations "Public relations") company, alleged that her father had been having an affair with Elizabeth Short and that Short was staying in a makeshift bedroom in their garage, where she suffered a [miscarriage](/wiki/Miscarriage "Miscarriage").Note that Short's autopsy by Dr. Frederick Newbarr found no evidence of pregnancy: "The uterus is small, and no pregnancy is apparent." As quoted in Newton, 2009, p. 46 George Knowlton allegedly murdered Short in the garage and bisected her in the sink, then forced his then ten\-year\-old daughter Janice to accompany him when he disposed of the body. According to Knowlton, Short was a sex worker and a procurer of children for a [child trafficking ring](/wiki/Trafficking_of_children "Trafficking of children"). Knowlton claimed that a former member of the [Los Angeles Sheriff's Department](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Sheriff%27s_Department "Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department") told her that her father was considered a suspect in the case by that agency, but this claim is unsupported by the public documents that have been released in the case. She claimed the same source told her that future LAPD chief and [California](/wiki/California "California") politician [Ed Davis](/wiki/Edward_M._Davis "Edward M. Davis") and Los Angeles County District Attorney [Buron Fitts](/wiki/Buron_Fitts "Buron Fitts") were suspects in the murder as well. The *Los Angeles Times* wrote in 1991: > Los Angeles Police Detective John P. St. John, one of the investigators who had been assigned to the case, said he has talked to Knowlton and does not believe there is a connection between the Black Dahlia murder and her father. "We have a lot of people offering up their fathers and various relatives as the Black Dahlia killer," said St. John, better known as [Jigsaw John](/wiki/Jigsaw_John "Jigsaw John"). "The things that she is saying are not consistent with the facts of the case. Nevertheless, [Westminster, California](/wiki/Westminster%2C_California "Westminster, California") police took her claims seriously enough to dig up the grounds around her childhood home there, looking for evidence.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2004\-dec\-19\-me\-knowlton19\-story.html\|title\=Janice Knowlton, 67; Believed That Her Father Killed the Black Dahlia\|last\=McLellan\|first\=Dennis\|date\=2004\-12\-19\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|access\-date\=2017\-11\-16\|language\=en\-US\|issn\=0458\-3035}} They found nothing to tie George Knowlton to any crime. On March 5, 2004, Janice Knowlton died of an [overdose](/wiki/Drug_overdose "Drug overdose") of [prescription drugs](/wiki/Prescription_drug "Prescription drug") in what was deemed a [suicide](/wiki/Suicide "Suicide") by the [Orange County, California](/wiki/Orange_County%2C_California "Orange County, California"), [coroner](/wiki/Coroner "Coroner")'s office.{{cite web\| work\=Los Angeles Times \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2004\-dec\-19\-me\-knowlton19\-story.html \|title\=Janice Knowlton, 67; Believed That Her Father Killed The Black Dahlia \|last\=McLellen \|first\=Dennis \|date\=14 December 2004 \|access\-date\=26 December 2016}} ### Jack Anderson Wilson (a.k.a. Arnold Smith) Wilson was a lifelong petty criminal and [alcoholic](/wiki/Alcoholic "Alcoholic") who was interviewed by author [John Gilmore](/wiki/John_Gilmore_%28writer%29 "John Gilmore (writer)") while Gilmore was researching his book *Severed*. After Wilson's death, Gilmore named Wilson as a suspect owing to his alleged acquaintance with Short. Prior to Wilson's death, however, Gilmore made an entirely different claim to the *[Los Angeles Herald\-Examiner](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Herald-Examiner "Los Angeles Herald-Examiner")* in a story appearing January 17, 1982\.{{cite web\|url\=http://lmharnisch.com/herex\_820117\.html\|title\=Heaven Is HERE! Author claims to have found 1947 murderer\|author\=Larry Harnisch\|access\-date\=20 December 2015}} ### Patrick S. O'Reilly The 1951 suspect list by LAPD lieutenant Frank B. Jemison includes Dr. Patrick Shane O’Reilly, an Orthopedic surgeon in the Los Angeles area. O'reilly was considered a suspect because of his association with two friends of Elizabeth Short, including Mark Hanson, having physically assaulted his secretary in 1939, and having surgically removed part of his right breast in similarity to the crime.{{Cite web \|title\=Jemison Suspect List \|url\=http://blackdahlia.info/modules/news2/article.php?storyid\=4 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120527024802/http://blackdahlia.info/modules/news2/article.php?storyid\=4 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=2012\-05\-27 \|access\-date\=August 10, 2024 \|website\=Black Dahlia Info}} O'Reilly was also a suspect due to being a skilled surgeon who was earlier credited with saving the life of [Lucille La Verne](/wiki/Lucille_La_Verne "Lucille La Verne").{{Cite web \|title\=The Oakland Post Enquirer \- Thu, Oct 18, 1934 \- Page 13 \- Doctors Save Actress' Life By Operation \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1000448887/?terms\=%22Lucille%22\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=August 10, 2024 \|website\=Newspapers.com}} He also had a prominent scar on his jaw. In 2023, it was found that O'Reilly had lied about his name and place of birth, actually being Patrick Trear from Kansas.{{Cite web \|date\=March 17, 2024 \|title\=A Chilling Batch of Evidence Could Revive the Unsolved Black Dahlia Murder Mystery \|url\=https://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/a46908222/black\-dahlia\-murder\-case\-new\-evidence/ \|access\-date\=August 10, 2024 \|website\=Popular Mechanics}}{{Cite web \|date\=March 12, 2023 \|title\=Something to Hide \|url\=https://blackdahliamystery.com/2023/03/something\-to\-hide/ \|access\-date\=August 10, 2024 \|website\=Black Dahlia Mystery}} Trear/O'reilly was found to have a long history of lying to authorities and feeding false stories to the newspapers.{{Cite web \|date\=March 12, 2023 \|title\=War Hero, Cripple, Neither, or Both? \|url\=https://blackdahliamystery.com/2023/03/war\-hero\-cripple\-neither\-or\-both/ \|access\-date\=August 10, 2024 \|website\=Black Dahlia Mystery}}
[ "Male suspects\n-------------", "### Norman Chandler", "Donald Wolfe's 2005 book *The Black Dahlia Files:* *The Mob, the Mogul, and the Murder That Transfixed Los Angeles* names [Norman Chandler](/wiki/Norman_Chandler \"Norman Chandler\"), publisher of the *Los Angeles Times* from 1945 to 1960, as a suspect in the murder.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=F6PpPrKuUaMC\\&q\\=donald\\+wolfe\\+black\\+dahlia\\|title\\=The Black Dahlia Files: The Mob, the Mogul, and the Murder That Transfixed Los Angeles\\|last\\=Wolfe\\|first\\=Don\\|date\\=2006\\-09\\-05\\|publisher\\=Harper Collins\\|isbn\\=9780060582500\\|language\\=en}} In a complicated scenario involving multiple perpetrators, Wolfe claims that Chandler impregnated Short while she was working as a [call girl](/wiki/Call_girl \"Call girl\") for the notorious [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_Los_Angeles \"Hollywood, Los Angeles\") [\"madam\"](/wiki/Procuring_%28prostitution%29 \"Procuring (prostitution)\") [Brenda Allen](/wiki/Brenda_Allen \"Brenda Allen\"), which led to her murder at the hands of gangster [Bugsy Siegel](/wiki/Bugsy_Siegel \"Bugsy Siegel\").", "### George Hodel", "Dr. [George Hill Hodel Jr.](/wiki/George_Hodel \"George Hodel\") came under police scrutiny in October 1949, when his 14\\-year\\-old daughter, Tamar, accused him of [molesting](/wiki/Child_molestation \"Child molestation\") her. Despite three witnesses testifying that they had seen Hodel having sex with Tamar, he was [acquitted](/wiki/Acquittal \"Acquittal\") in December 1949\\.Nelson, Mark; Sarah Hudson Bayliss (2006\\). *Exquisite Corpse: Surrealism and the Black Dahlia Murder.* New York: Bulfinch Press. Pg 26\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-8212\\-5819\\-2}} The trial led the LAPD to include Hodel, a physician specializing in [sexually transmitted diseases](/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease \"Sexually transmitted disease\"), among its many suspects in the Dahlia case.", "Author [James Ellroy](/wiki/James_Ellroy \"James Ellroy\") endorsed Steve Hodel's theory in 2004\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2004\\-may\\-23\\-me\\-lopez23\\-story.html\\|title\\=Writing the Last Word on a Mystery?\\|last\\=Lopez\\|first\\=Steve\\|date\\=2004\\-05\\-23\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-15\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|issn\\=0458\\-3035}}", "### George Knowlton", "Little reliable information is available on George Knowlton, except that he lived in the Los Angeles area at the time of the Black Dahlia murder and died in an automobile accident in 1962\\.", "In the early 1990s, George Knowlton's daughter Janice began claiming that she had witnessed her father murdering Elizabeth Short, a claim she based largely on \"[recovered memories](/wiki/Recovered_memory_therapy \"Recovered memory therapy\")\" that surfaced during [therapy](/wiki/Psychotherapy \"Psychotherapy\") for [depression](/wiki/Depression_%28mood%29 \"Depression (mood)\") after a [hysterectomy](/wiki/Hysterectomy \"Hysterectomy\"). Based on these recovered memories, Knowlton published *Daddy Was The Black Dahlia Killer* with veteran crime writer [Michael Newton](/wiki/Michael_Newton_%28author%29 \"Michael Newton (author)\") in 1995\\. In the book, Knowlton, a former professional singer and owner of a [public relations](/wiki/Public_relations \"Public relations\") company, alleged that her father had been having an affair with Elizabeth Short and that Short was staying in a makeshift bedroom in their garage, where she suffered a [miscarriage](/wiki/Miscarriage \"Miscarriage\").Note that Short's autopsy by Dr. Frederick Newbarr found no evidence of pregnancy: \"The uterus is small, and no pregnancy is apparent.\" As quoted in Newton, 2009, p. 46 George Knowlton allegedly murdered Short in the garage and bisected her in the sink, then forced his then ten\\-year\\-old daughter Janice to accompany him when he disposed of the body. According to Knowlton, Short was a sex worker and a procurer of children for a [child trafficking ring](/wiki/Trafficking_of_children \"Trafficking of children\"). Knowlton claimed that a former member of the [Los Angeles Sheriff's Department](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Sheriff%27s_Department \"Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department\") told her that her father was considered a suspect in the case by that agency, but this claim is unsupported by the public documents that have been released in the case. She claimed the same source told her that future LAPD chief and [California](/wiki/California \"California\") politician [Ed Davis](/wiki/Edward_M._Davis \"Edward M. Davis\") and Los Angeles County District Attorney [Buron Fitts](/wiki/Buron_Fitts \"Buron Fitts\") were suspects in the murder as well. The *Los Angeles Times* wrote in 1991:", "", "> Los Angeles Police Detective John P. St. John, one of the investigators who had been assigned to the case, said he has talked to Knowlton and does not believe there is a connection between the Black Dahlia murder and her father. \"We have a lot of people offering up their fathers and various relatives as the Black Dahlia killer,\" said St. John, better known as [Jigsaw John](/wiki/Jigsaw_John \"Jigsaw John\"). \"The things that she is saying are not consistent with the facts of the case.", "Nevertheless, [Westminster, California](/wiki/Westminster%2C_California \"Westminster, California\") police took her claims seriously enough to dig up the grounds around her childhood home there, looking for evidence.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2004\\-dec\\-19\\-me\\-knowlton19\\-story.html\\|title\\=Janice Knowlton, 67; Believed That Her Father Killed the Black Dahlia\\|last\\=McLellan\\|first\\=Dennis\\|date\\=2004\\-12\\-19\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-16\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|issn\\=0458\\-3035}} They found nothing to tie George Knowlton to any crime.", "On March 5, 2004, Janice Knowlton died of an [overdose](/wiki/Drug_overdose \"Drug overdose\") of [prescription drugs](/wiki/Prescription_drug \"Prescription drug\") in what was deemed a [suicide](/wiki/Suicide \"Suicide\") by the [Orange County, California](/wiki/Orange_County%2C_California \"Orange County, California\"), [coroner](/wiki/Coroner \"Coroner\")'s office.{{cite web\\| work\\=Los Angeles Times \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2004\\-dec\\-19\\-me\\-knowlton19\\-story.html \\|title\\=Janice Knowlton, 67; Believed That Her Father Killed The Black Dahlia \\|last\\=McLellen \\|first\\=Dennis \\|date\\=14 December 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=26 December 2016}}", "### Jack Anderson Wilson (a.k.a. Arnold Smith)", "Wilson was a lifelong petty criminal and [alcoholic](/wiki/Alcoholic \"Alcoholic\") who was interviewed by author [John Gilmore](/wiki/John_Gilmore_%28writer%29 \"John Gilmore (writer)\") while Gilmore was researching his book *Severed*. After Wilson's death, Gilmore named Wilson as a suspect owing to his alleged acquaintance with Short. Prior to Wilson's death, however, Gilmore made an entirely different claim to the *[Los Angeles Herald\\-Examiner](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Herald-Examiner \"Los Angeles Herald-Examiner\")* in a story appearing January 17, 1982\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://lmharnisch.com/herex\\_820117\\.html\\|title\\=Heaven Is HERE! Author claims to have found 1947 murderer\\|author\\=Larry Harnisch\\|access\\-date\\=20 December 2015}}", "### Patrick S. O'Reilly", "The 1951 suspect list by LAPD lieutenant Frank B. Jemison includes Dr. Patrick Shane O’Reilly, an Orthopedic surgeon in the Los Angeles area. O'reilly was considered a suspect because of his association with two friends of Elizabeth Short, including Mark Hanson, having physically assaulted his secretary in 1939, and having surgically removed part of his right breast in similarity to the crime.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Jemison Suspect List \\|url\\=http://blackdahlia.info/modules/news2/article.php?storyid\\=4 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120527024802/http://blackdahlia.info/modules/news2/article.php?storyid\\=4 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-05\\-27 \\|access\\-date\\=August 10, 2024 \\|website\\=Black Dahlia Info}} O'Reilly was also a suspect due to being a skilled surgeon who was earlier credited with saving the life of [Lucille La Verne](/wiki/Lucille_La_Verne \"Lucille La Verne\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=The Oakland Post Enquirer \\- Thu, Oct 18, 1934 \\- Page 13 \\- Doctors Save Actress' Life By Operation \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1000448887/?terms\\=%22Lucille%22\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=August 10, 2024 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} He also had a prominent scar on his jaw.", "In 2023, it was found that O'Reilly had lied about his name and place of birth, actually being Patrick Trear from Kansas.{{Cite web \\|date\\=March 17, 2024 \\|title\\=A Chilling Batch of Evidence Could Revive the Unsolved Black Dahlia Murder Mystery \\|url\\=https://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/a46908222/black\\-dahlia\\-murder\\-case\\-new\\-evidence/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 10, 2024 \\|website\\=Popular Mechanics}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=March 12, 2023 \\|title\\=Something to Hide \\|url\\=https://blackdahliamystery.com/2023/03/something\\-to\\-hide/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 10, 2024 \\|website\\=Black Dahlia Mystery}} Trear/O'reilly was found to have a long history of lying to authorities and feeding false stories to the newspapers.{{Cite web \\|date\\=March 12, 2023 \\|title\\=War Hero, Cripple, Neither, or Both? \\|url\\=https://blackdahliamystery.com/2023/03/war\\-hero\\-cripple\\-neither\\-or\\-both/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 10, 2024 \\|website\\=Black Dahlia Mystery}}", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \|align\=left \|1890\= 197 \|1900\= 515 \|1910\= 800 \|1920\= 904 \|1930\= 952 \|1940\= 861 \|1950\= 784 \|1960\= 694 \|1970\= 682 \|1980\= 677 \|1990\= 615 \|2000\= 632 \|2010\= 561 \|2020\= 561 \|align\-fn\=center \|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census\[https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html U.S. Decennial Census; census.gov] }} ### 2010 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=June 24, 2012}} of 2010, there were 561 people, 244 households, and 154 families residing in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|967\.2\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 290 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|500\.0\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 97\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.5% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.4% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.4% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), 0\.2% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 2\.0% of the population. There were 244 households, of which 27\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 4\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3\.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36\.9% were non\-families. 34\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.30 and the average family size was 2\.97\. The median age in the village was 44\.9 years. 23\.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 5\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21% were from 25 to 44; 25\.7% were from 45 to 64; and 24\.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49\.2% male and 50\.8% female. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 632 people, 281 households, and 182 families residing in the village. The population density was {{convert\|1,126\.8\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 307 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|547\.3\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 97\.78% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.16% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.47% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.79% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 0\.79% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.27% of the population. There were 281 households, out of which 27\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 6\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34\.9% were non\-families. 33\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.25 and the average family size was 2\.87\. In the village, the population was spread out, with 25\.0% under the age of 18, 3\.5% from 18 to 24, 24\.2% from 25 to 44, 20\.3% from 45 to 64, and 27\.1% who were 6 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 84\.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82\.3 males. As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $33,750, and the median income for a family was $40,000\. Males had a median income of $25,417 versus $20,000 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the village was $17,433\. About 1\.6% of families and 6\.0% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 4\.0% of those under age 18 and 11\.4% of those age 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\|align\\=left\n\\|1890\\= 197\n\\|1900\\= 515\n\\|1910\\= 800\n\\|1920\\= 904\n\\|1930\\= 952\n\\|1940\\= 861\n\\|1950\\= 784\n\\|1960\\= 694\n\\|1970\\= 682\n\\|1980\\= 677\n\\|1990\\= 615\n\\|2000\\= 632\n\\|2010\\= 561\n\\|2020\\= 561\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census\\[https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html U.S. Decennial Census; census.gov]\n}}", "### 2010 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=June 24, 2012}} of 2010, there were 561 people, 244 households, and 154 families residing in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|967\\.2\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 290 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|500\\.0\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 97\\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.5% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.4% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.4% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.2% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 2\\.0% of the population.", "There were 244 households, of which 27\\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55\\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 4\\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3\\.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36\\.9% were non\\-families. 34\\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18\\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.30 and the average family size was 2\\.97\\.", "The median age in the village was 44\\.9 years. 23\\.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 5\\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21% were from 25 to 44; 25\\.7% were from 45 to 64; and 24\\.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49\\.2% male and 50\\.8% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 632 people, 281 households, and 182 families residing in the village. The population density was {{convert\\|1,126\\.8\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 307 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|547\\.3\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 97\\.78% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.16% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.47% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.79% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.79% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.27% of the population.", "There were 281 households, out of which 27\\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56\\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 6\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34\\.9% were non\\-families. 33\\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23\\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.25 and the average family size was 2\\.87\\.", "In the village, the population was spread out, with 25\\.0% under the age of 18, 3\\.5% from 18 to 24, 24\\.2% from 25 to 44, 20\\.3% from 45 to 64, and 27\\.1% who were 6 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 84\\.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82\\.3 males.", "As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $33,750, and the median income for a family was $40,000\\. Males had a median income of $25,417 versus $20,000 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the village was $17,433\\. About 1\\.6% of families and 6\\.0% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 4\\.0% of those under age 18 and 11\\.4% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
History ------- ### In the Hebrew Bible In the [Hebrew Bible](/wiki/Tanakh "Tanakh"), the [Ayalon Valley](/wiki/Ayalon_Valley "Ayalon Valley") was the site of a battle in which the [Israelites](/wiki/Israelites "Israelites"), led by [Joshua](/wiki/Joshua "Joshua"), defeated the [Amorites](/wiki/Amorites%23Biblical_Amorites "Amorites#Biblical Amorites") ({{bibleverse\|Joshua\|10:1–11}}). ### Hellenistic period Later, [Judah Maccabee](/wiki/Judah_Maccabee "Judah Maccabee") established his camp here in preparation for battle with the [Seleucid](/wiki/Seleucid "Seleucid") Greeks, who had invaded Judea and were camped at [Emmaus](/wiki/Emmaus_Nicopolis "Emmaus Nicopolis"); this site is today identified by archaeologists as Hurvat Eked.{{cite web \|title\= Emmaus \- Nikopolis \- Hasmonean period fortress \|website\= www.biblewalks.com \|url\= http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/EmmausFortress.html \|access\-date\= 3 April 2018}} According to the [Book of Maccabees](/wiki/Book_of_Maccabees "Book of Maccabees"), [Judah Maccabee](/wiki/Judah_Maccabee "Judah Maccabee") learned that the Greeks were planning to march on his position, and successfully ambushed the invaders. The Jewish victory in what was later called the [Battle of Emmaus](/wiki/Battle_of_Emmaus "Battle of Emmaus") led to greater Jewish autonomy under [Hasmonean](/wiki/Hasmonean "Hasmonean") rule over the next century.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Features/Monastic\-Life\|last\=Roiter\|first\=Nadav\|title\=Monastic life\|access\-date\=3 June 2012\|newspaper\=The Jerusalem Post\|date\=16 September 2011\|page\=10}} ### Crusader period [right\|thumb\|Remains of the Crusader castle at Latrun](/wiki/Image:Latrun-Castle-S-034.jpg "Latrun-Castle-S-034.jpg") Little remains of the castle, which was reputedly built in 1130s by a Castilian nobleman [Rodrigo González de Lara](/wiki/Rodrigo_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Lara "Rodrigo González de Lara")Phillips (2007\), 249, accepts the account of the [Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris](/wiki/Chronica_Adefonsi_imperatoris "Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris") at face value. In the words of the *Chronica*, I, §48, quoted in Barton (2000\), n35: *Comes uero Rodericus Gundisalui, postquam osculatus est manum regis et gentibus et amicis suis ualere dixit, peregre profectus est Hierosilimis, ubi et commisit multa bella cum Sarracenis fecitque quoddam castellum ualde fortissimum a facie Ascalonie, quod dicitur Toron, et muniuit eum ualde militibus et peditibus et escis tradens illud militibus Templi* [translation](https://libro.uca.edu/lipskey/chronicle.htm) who later gave it to the [Templars](/wiki/Knights_Templars "Knights Templars"). The main tower was later surrounded with a rectangular enclosure with vaulted chambers. This in turn was enclosed by an outer court, of which one tower survives.Pringle, 1997, pp. [64](https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=PA64)\-65Pringle, 1998, pp. [5](https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC&pg=PA5)\-9Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. [135](https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/135/mode/1up) ### Ottoman period #### Village [Walid Khalidi](/wiki/Walid_Khalidi "Walid Khalidi") in his book *All That Remains* describes al\-Latrun as a small village established in the late 19th century by villagers from nearby [Emmaus](/wiki/Emmaus_Nicopolis "Emmaus Nicopolis"). In 1883, the [PEF](/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund "Palestine Exploration Fund")'s *[Survey of Western Palestine](/wiki/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine "PEF Survey of Palestine")* (SWP) described Latrun as a few [adobe](/wiki/Adobe "Adobe") huts among the ruins of a medieval fortress.Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, pp. [15](https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/15/mode/1up)\-16 [thumb\|Outside the Latrun Trappist Monastery in Jerusalem](/wiki/File:Latrun_Trappist_Monastery_Exterior.jpg "Latrun Trappist Monastery Exterior.jpg") #### Trappist monastery In December 1890, a monastery was established at Latrun by French, German and Flemish monks of the [Trappist order](/wiki/Trappist_order "Trappist order"), from [Sept\-Fons Abbey](/wiki/Sept-Fons_Abbey "Sept-Fons Abbey") in France, at the request of Monseigneur Poyet of the [Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem](/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem "Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem"). The monastery([fr](/wiki/Abbaye_de_Latroun "Abbaye de Latroun")) is dedicated to [Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Seven_Sorrows "Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows"). The liturgy is in French. The monks bought the 'Maccabee Hotel', formerly called 'The Howard' from the Batato brothers together with two\-hundred hectares of land and started the community in a building which still stands in the monastic domain.{{cite web\|url\=http://pagesperso\-orange.fr/augustin.tavardon/ACCUEIL\+HISTOIRE.htm\|title\=Orange\|website\=pagesperso\-orange.fr\|access\-date\=3 April 2018}} The old monastery complex was built between 1891 and 1897\.[Latroun](https://ocso.org/monastery/latroun/), the abbey's official website. Accessed 11 May 2021\. In 1909 it was given the status of a [priory](/wiki/Priory "Priory") and that of an [abbey](/wiki/Abbey "Abbey") in 1937\.Latroun Abbey Archive The community was expelled by the Ottoman Turks between 1914–1918 and the buildings pillaged, a new monastery being built during the next three decades. The monks established a vineyard using knowledge gained in France and advice from an expert in the employ of Baron [Edmond James de Rothschild](/wiki/Edmond_James_de_Rothschild "Edmond James de Rothschild") from the [Carmel\-Mizrahi Winery](/wiki/Carmel-Mizrahi_Winery "Carmel-Mizrahi Winery"). Today they produce a wide variety of wines that are sold in the Abbey shop and elsewhere. ### British Mandate In the [1922 census of Palestine](/wiki/1922_census_of_Palestine "1922 census of Palestine"), conducted by the [British Mandate authorities](/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine "Mandatory Palestine"), *Latrun* had a population of 59, all [Muslims](/wiki/Muslim "Muslim"). In addition, *Dair Latrun* ("The monastery of Latrun") had a population of 37 Christian males.Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub\-district of Ramleh, p. [21](https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n23/mode/1up) In the [1931 census](/wiki/1931_census_of_Palestine "1931 census of Palestine") they were counted together, and Latrun had a population 120; 76 Muslims and 44 Christians, in a total of 16 "houses".Mills, 1932, p. [22](https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas). [right\|thumb\|The [Tegart police fort](/wiki/Tegart_fort "Tegart fort")](/wiki/Image:Latrun-Police-Building.jpg "Latrun-Police-Building.jpg") During WWI the monastery sustained significant damage. Latrun and its environs saw heavy fighting during the [Sinai and Palestine campaign](/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign "Sinai and Palestine campaign"), an offensive launched in the fall of 1917 by the Entente powers against the Ottoman Empire and its allies. The monastery's interior furnishings, as well as all of its windows and doors, were either looted or destroyed as a result of the conflict. After the war, a new monastery was built at Latrun in 1926, and the crypt was completed in 1933\. However the church was again damaged during the Arab\-Israeli war of 1948, and required further restoration. This work was completed, and the church officially consecrated, on 21 November 1953\. The monastery was designed by the community's first abbot, Dom Paul Couvreur, and is an example of [Cistercian architecture](/wiki/Cistercian_architecture "Cistercian architecture"). Many of the stained\-glass windows were produced by a monk of the community.{{Citation needed\|date\=October 2011}} A Juniorate, a school for young boys, ran from 1931 until 1963 and provided many vocations for the community, especially of Lebanese monks. Following the [1936–39 Arab revolt](/wiki/1936%E2%80%9339_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine "1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine"), the [British](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") authorities built a number of police forts (named [Tegart forts](/wiki/Tegart_fort "Tegart fort") after their designerNote that the forts commonly called "*Taggart*" forts in Israel are named after Sir Charles *[Tegart](/wiki/Charles_Tegart "Charles Tegart")* \- a [misspelling](/wiki/Misspelling "Misspelling") apparently from [transliteration](/wiki/Transliteration "Transliteration") of the name from [English](/wiki/English_language "English language") to [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language "Hebrew language") and then back to English.) at various locations; Latrun was chosen due to its strategic significance, particularly its dominant position above the Tel\-Aviv\-Jerusalem road. Many members of the [Yishuv](/wiki/Yishuv "Yishuv") who had resisted the British administration were imprisoned in a detention camp at Latrun. [Moshe Sharett](/wiki/Moshe_Sharett "Moshe Sharett"), later Israel's second Prime Minister, and several other members of the [Jewish Agency](/wiki/Jewish_Agency "Jewish Agency")'s Executive Committee, were held at Latrun for several months in 1946\.{{cite news\|last\=Clifton\|first\=Daniel\|title\=Britain Launches Army Drive to End Palestine Terror\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/06/30/107142654\.pdf\|access\-date\=3 June 2012\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=30 June 1946\|page\=1}}{{cite news\|title\=British to Release 700 Interned Jews\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/11/02/archives/british\-to\-release\-700\-interned\-jews\-dedicating\-new\-library\-at.html\|access\-date\=3 June 2012\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=2 November 1946\|agency\=AP\|page\=4}}{{cite news\|title\=8 Jewish Leaders Freed by British\|url\=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\=FB071FFD3A5C107A93C4A9178AD95F428485F9\|access\-date\=3 June 2012\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=6 November 1946\|page\=18}} As of the [1945 statistics](/wiki/Village_Statistics%2C_1945 "Village Statistics, 1945"), the population of the Latrun village had grown to 190 Christians,Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [30](http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p30.jpg) with a total of 8,376 [dunams](/wiki/Dunam "Dunam") of land.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. *Village Statistics, April, 1945*. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [67](http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/al-Ramla/Page-067.jpg) Of this, a total of 6,705 dunams were used for [cereals](/wiki/Cereal "Cereal"), 439 dunams were irrigated or used for orchards, 7 for citrus and bananas,Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. *Village Statistics, April, 1945\.* Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [116](http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/al-Ramla/Page-116.jpg) while 4 dunams were classified as built\-up public areas.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. *Village Statistics, April, 1945\.* Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [166](http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/al-Ramla/Page-166.jpg) [thumb\|Latrun Monastery 1948](/wiki/File:Latrun.jpg "Latrun.jpg") [thumb\|Latrun 1942 1:20,000](/wiki/File:Latrun_1942.jpg "Latrun 1942.jpg") [thumb\|Latrun 1945 1:250,000](/wiki/File:Latrun_1945.jpg "Latrun 1945.jpg") ### 1948 and 1967 Arab–Israeli Wars {{main\|Battles of Latrun (1948\)}} [thumb\|[Arab Legion](/wiki/Arab_Legion "Arab Legion") gunners on the roof of Latrun police station, 1948](/wiki/File:Gun_on_roof_of_Latrun_pollice_station.jpg "Gun on roof of Latrun pollice station.jpg") The road from the coastal plain to Jerusalem was blocked after the British withdrew and handed the fort of Latrun over to [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan "Jordan")'s [Arab Legion](/wiki/Arab_Legion "Arab Legion"). The Arab Legionnaires used the fort to shell Israeli vehicles traveling on the road below, effectively imposing a [military siege on Jerusalem](/wiki/Battle_for_Jerusalem_%281948%29 "Battle for Jerusalem (1948)") and the Jewish residents there, despite that the United Nations plan was to keep Jerusalem as an international zone with neither Jordan, Israel, nor the Palestinian [Arab Higher Committee](/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee "Arab Higher Committee") having sovereignty over it.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.historycentral.com/Israel/1948WarofIndependance.html \|title\=1948\-Israel War of Independence\|website\=History Central\|author\= Schulman, Marc \|access\-date\=4 April 2018}} On 24 May 1948, ten days after the [Israeli Declaration of Independence](/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence "Israeli Declaration of Independence") per the [United Nations General Assembly](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly "United Nations General Assembly")'s Resolution 181{{cite web\|url\=https://undocs.org/A/RES/181(II)\|title\=A/RES/181(II) \- E\|website\=undocs.org\|access\-date\=3 April 2018}} and the Arab assaults against Israel which followed, the Jordanian Legion's fort was assaulted by combined forces of Israel's newly created [7th Armored Brigade](/wiki/7th_Armored_Brigade_%28Israel%29 "7th Armored Brigade (Israel)"), and a battalion of the [Alexandroni Brigade](/wiki/Alexandroni_Brigade "Alexandroni Brigade"). [Ariel Sharon](/wiki/Ariel_Sharon "Ariel Sharon"), then a platoon commander, was wounded at Latrun along with many of his soldiers. The assault, codenamed [Operation Bin Nun Alef (24–25 May)](/wiki/Battles_of_Latrun_%281948%29%23Operation_Bin_Nun_Alef_%2824%E2%80%9325_May%29 "Battles of Latrun (1948)#Operation Bin Nun Alef (24–25 May)"), was unsuccessful, sustaining heavy casualties. On 31 May 1948, a second attack against the fort, codenamed [Operation Bin Nun Bet](/wiki/Battles_of_Latrun_%281948%29%23Operation_Bin_Nun_Bet "Battles of Latrun (1948)#Operation Bin Nun Bet"), also failed, although the outer defenses had been breached. Many of the Israeli fighters were young [Holocaust](/wiki/The_Holocaust "The Holocaust") survivors who had just arrived in the country and had minimal military training.[Lessons of the Battles of Latrun](http://www.mideastweb.org/latrun.htm) MidEastWeb The official casualty figure for both battles was 139\.{{citation needed\|date\=February 2008}} [thumb\|250px\|A bulldozer tows a truck on the "[Burma Road](/wiki/Burma_Road_%28Israel%29 "Burma Road (Israel)")" to Jerusalem, June 1948](/wiki/File:Burma_Road_1948.jpg "Burma Road 1948.jpg") To circumvent the blocked road, a makeshift camouflaged road through the seemingly impassable mountains towards Jerusalem was constructed under the command of [Mickey (David) Marcus](/wiki/Mickey_Marcus "Mickey Marcus").{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2008}} This bypassed the main routes overlooked by Latrun and was named the [Burma Road](/wiki/Burma_Road_%28Israel%29 "Burma Road (Israel)") after its [emergency supply\-line namesake](/wiki/Burma_Road "Burma Road") between Kunming (China) and Lashio (Burma), improvised by the Allies in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). By 10 June 1948, the road was fully operational, putting an end to the month\-old Arab blockade.Morris, 2008, pp. 230–231 On 2 August, the [Truce Commission](/wiki/United_Nations_Conciliation_Commission "United Nations Conciliation Commission") drew the attention of the [Security Council](/wiki/Security_Council "Security Council") to the Arabs' refusal to allow water and food supplies to reach Jewish West [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem"). After much negotiation, it was agreed that United Nations convoys would transport supplies, but the convoys often came under sniper fire. Towards the end of August, the situation improved. The destruction of the Latrun pumping station made it impossible for water in adequate quantities to flow to West Jerusalem, but the [Israelis](/wiki/Israelis "Israelis") built an auxiliary small\-capacity water pipeline along the "Burma Road", which provided a minimum amount of water.[UN Doc A/648](http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/ab14d4aafc4e1bb985256204004f55fa!OpenDocument) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006021434/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/ab14d4aafc4e1bb985256204004f55fa!OpenDocument \|date\=2007\-10\-06 }} of 16 September 1948 Progress Report of the United Nations Mediator [Count Folke Bernadotte](/wiki/Count_Folke_Bernadotte "Count Folke Bernadotte") on Palestine Submitted to the Secretary\-General for Transmission to the Members of the United Nations. After [Operation Danny](/wiki/Operation_Danny "Operation Danny"), Israeli forces anticipated a Jordanian counterattack,Pappé, 2006, p. [166](https://books.google.com/books?id=yjeXQVmGrwcC&pg=PA166) possibly from Latrun, but King Abdullah remained within the bounds of the tacit agreement made with the Jewish Agency and kept his troops at Latrun.Pappé, 2006b, p. [140](https://books.google.com/books?id=zAJZCKAwtPMC&pg=PA140) In the [1949 Armistice Agreements](/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements "1949 Armistice Agreements"), the fort remained a [salient](/wiki/Salients%2C_re-entrants_and_pockets "Salients, re-entrants and pockets") under [Jordanian control](/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank "Jordanian annexation of the West Bank"), which was in turn surrounded by a perimeter of [no man's land](/wiki/No_man%27s_land "No man's land"). Under the cease\-fire agreement, [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan "Jordan") was not to disrupt Israeli travelers using this road; in practice, constant sniper attacks led Israel to build a [bypass road](/wiki/Bypass_road "Bypass road") around the bulge. In the [Six\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War "Six-Day War") of 1967, Latrun was captured by the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), and the main road to Jerusalem was reopened and made safe for travel. [thumb\|Yad La\-Shiryon museum.](/wiki/Image:Latrun-Castle-S-059-Fort.jpg "Latrun-Castle-S-059-Fort.jpg") {{blockquote\|The village of Latrun, our first objective, was built around the ruins of an old \[\[Crusader castle]] on the crest of a hill overlooking the Jerusalem road. On the southern slopes of the olive groves stretched down the road, while at the bottom of the western slope sat a big Trappist monastery.\[\[Ariel Sharon]]. page 52 Warrior: An Autobiography}} [thumb\|Artwork outside the Latrun Trappist Monastery in Jerusalem](/wiki/File:Sculpture_outside_outside_the_Latrun_Trappist_Monastery_in_Jerusalem.jpg "Sculpture outside outside the Latrun Trappist Monastery in Jerusalem.jpg") ### Since the Six\-Day War The Latrun monastic community allowed two communities, [Neve Shalom/Wahat as\-Salam](/wiki/Neve_Shalom "Neve Shalom"){{cite book\|last1\=Gavron\|first1\=Daniel\|title\=Holy Land Mosaic:Stories of Cooperation and Coexistence Between Israelis and Palestinians\|date\=2008\|publisher\=\[\[Rowman \& Littlefield]]\|isbn\=978\-0\-742\-54013\-2\|pages\=57–72\|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=l\-rPdMvSxscC\&pg\=PA57\|chapter\=Living together}} and an affiliate of the {{ill\|Jesus\-Bruderschaft\|de}},{{cite web\|title\=Jesus Brotherhood Gnadenthal\|url\=http://www.jesus\-bruderschaft.de/fix/doc/JB%20Flyer%20Text%20EN.doc.2\.pdf\|access\-date\=12 November 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328074229/http://www.jesus\-bruderschaft.de/fix/doc/JB%20Flyer%20Text%20EN.doc.2\.pdf\|archive\-date\=28 March 2016\|url\-status\=dead}} to be established on its land. The [Tegart fort](/wiki/Tegart_Forts "Tegart Forts") became the [Yad La\-Shiryon](/wiki/Yad_La-Shiryon "Yad La-Shiryon") memorial for the fallen soldiers of the [Israeli Armored Corps](/wiki/Israeli_Armored_Corps "Israeli Armored Corps") and a museum was established there.{{cite web\|title\=Armored Corps' Memorial Site\|url\=http://www.yadlashiryon.com\|access\-date\=12 November 2016}}
[ "History\n-------", "### In the Hebrew Bible", "In the [Hebrew Bible](/wiki/Tanakh \"Tanakh\"), the [Ayalon Valley](/wiki/Ayalon_Valley \"Ayalon Valley\") was the site of a battle in which the [Israelites](/wiki/Israelites \"Israelites\"), led by [Joshua](/wiki/Joshua \"Joshua\"), defeated the [Amorites](/wiki/Amorites%23Biblical_Amorites \"Amorites#Biblical Amorites\") ({{bibleverse\\|Joshua\\|10:1–11}}).", "### Hellenistic period", "Later, [Judah Maccabee](/wiki/Judah_Maccabee \"Judah Maccabee\") established his camp here in preparation for battle with the [Seleucid](/wiki/Seleucid \"Seleucid\") Greeks, who had invaded Judea and were camped at [Emmaus](/wiki/Emmaus_Nicopolis \"Emmaus Nicopolis\"); this site is today identified by archaeologists as Hurvat Eked.{{cite web \\|title\\= Emmaus \\- Nikopolis \\- Hasmonean period fortress \\|website\\= www.biblewalks.com \\|url\\= http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/EmmausFortress.html \\|access\\-date\\= 3 April 2018}} According to the [Book of Maccabees](/wiki/Book_of_Maccabees \"Book of Maccabees\"), [Judah Maccabee](/wiki/Judah_Maccabee \"Judah Maccabee\") learned that the Greeks were planning to march on his position, and successfully ambushed the invaders. The Jewish victory in what was later called the [Battle of Emmaus](/wiki/Battle_of_Emmaus \"Battle of Emmaus\") led to greater Jewish autonomy under [Hasmonean](/wiki/Hasmonean \"Hasmonean\") rule over the next century.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Features/Monastic\\-Life\\|last\\=Roiter\\|first\\=Nadav\\|title\\=Monastic life\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2012\\|newspaper\\=The Jerusalem Post\\|date\\=16 September 2011\\|page\\=10}}", "### Crusader period", "[right\\|thumb\\|Remains of the Crusader castle at Latrun](/wiki/Image:Latrun-Castle-S-034.jpg \"Latrun-Castle-S-034.jpg\")", "Little remains of the castle, which was reputedly built in 1130s by a Castilian nobleman [Rodrigo González de Lara](/wiki/Rodrigo_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Lara \"Rodrigo González de Lara\")Phillips (2007\\), 249, accepts the account of the [Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris](/wiki/Chronica_Adefonsi_imperatoris \"Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris\") at face value. In the words of the *Chronica*, I, §48, quoted in Barton (2000\\), n35: *Comes uero Rodericus Gundisalui, postquam osculatus est manum regis et gentibus et amicis suis ualere dixit, peregre profectus est Hierosilimis, ubi et commisit multa bella cum Sarracenis fecitque quoddam castellum ualde fortissimum a facie Ascalonie, quod dicitur Toron, et muniuit eum ualde militibus et peditibus et escis tradens illud militibus Templi* [translation](https://libro.uca.edu/lipskey/chronicle.htm) who later gave it to the [Templars](/wiki/Knights_Templars \"Knights Templars\"). The main tower was later surrounded with a rectangular enclosure with vaulted chambers. This in turn was enclosed by an outer court, of which one tower survives.Pringle, 1997, pp. [64](https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=PA64)\\-65Pringle, 1998, pp. [5](https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC&pg=PA5)\\-9Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. [135](https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/135/mode/1up)", "### Ottoman period", "#### Village", "[Walid Khalidi](/wiki/Walid_Khalidi \"Walid Khalidi\") in his book *All That Remains* describes al\\-Latrun as a small village established in the late 19th century by villagers from nearby [Emmaus](/wiki/Emmaus_Nicopolis \"Emmaus Nicopolis\").", "In 1883, the [PEF](/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund \"Palestine Exploration Fund\")'s *[Survey of Western Palestine](/wiki/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine \"PEF Survey of Palestine\")* (SWP) described Latrun as a few [adobe](/wiki/Adobe \"Adobe\") huts among the ruins of a medieval fortress.Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, pp. [15](https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/15/mode/1up)\\-16", "[thumb\\|Outside the Latrun Trappist Monastery in Jerusalem](/wiki/File:Latrun_Trappist_Monastery_Exterior.jpg \"Latrun Trappist Monastery Exterior.jpg\")\n#### Trappist monastery", "In December 1890, a monastery was established at Latrun by French, German and Flemish monks of the [Trappist order](/wiki/Trappist_order \"Trappist order\"), from [Sept\\-Fons Abbey](/wiki/Sept-Fons_Abbey \"Sept-Fons Abbey\") in France, at the request of Monseigneur Poyet of the [Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem](/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem \"Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem\"). The monastery([fr](/wiki/Abbaye_de_Latroun \"Abbaye de Latroun\")) is dedicated to [Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Seven_Sorrows \"Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows\"). The liturgy is in French. The monks bought the 'Maccabee Hotel', formerly called 'The Howard' from the Batato brothers together with two\\-hundred hectares of land and started the community in a building which still stands in the monastic domain.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pagesperso\\-orange.fr/augustin.tavardon/ACCUEIL\\+HISTOIRE.htm\\|title\\=Orange\\|website\\=pagesperso\\-orange.fr\\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2018}} The old monastery complex was built between 1891 and 1897\\.[Latroun](https://ocso.org/monastery/latroun/), the abbey's official website. Accessed 11 May 2021\\. In 1909 it was given the status of a [priory](/wiki/Priory \"Priory\") and that of an [abbey](/wiki/Abbey \"Abbey\") in 1937\\.Latroun Abbey Archive The community was expelled by the Ottoman Turks between 1914–1918 and the buildings pillaged, a new monastery being built during the next three decades.", "The monks established a vineyard using knowledge gained in France and advice from an expert in the employ of Baron [Edmond James de Rothschild](/wiki/Edmond_James_de_Rothschild \"Edmond James de Rothschild\") from the [Carmel\\-Mizrahi Winery](/wiki/Carmel-Mizrahi_Winery \"Carmel-Mizrahi Winery\"). Today they produce a wide variety of wines that are sold in the Abbey shop and elsewhere.", "### British Mandate", "In the [1922 census of Palestine](/wiki/1922_census_of_Palestine \"1922 census of Palestine\"), conducted by the [British Mandate authorities](/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine \"Mandatory Palestine\"), *Latrun* had a population of 59, all [Muslims](/wiki/Muslim \"Muslim\"). In addition, *Dair Latrun* (\"The monastery of Latrun\") had a population of 37 Christian males.Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub\\-district of Ramleh, p. [21](https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n23/mode/1up) In the [1931 census](/wiki/1931_census_of_Palestine \"1931 census of Palestine\") they were counted together, and Latrun had a population 120; 76 Muslims and 44 Christians, in a total of 16 \"houses\".Mills, 1932, p. [22](https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas).", "[right\\|thumb\\|The [Tegart police fort](/wiki/Tegart_fort \"Tegart fort\")](/wiki/Image:Latrun-Police-Building.jpg \"Latrun-Police-Building.jpg\")", "During WWI the monastery sustained significant damage. Latrun and its environs saw heavy fighting during the [Sinai and Palestine campaign](/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign \"Sinai and Palestine campaign\"), an offensive launched in the fall of 1917 by the Entente powers against the Ottoman Empire and its allies. The monastery's interior furnishings, as well as all of its windows and doors, were either looted or destroyed as a result of the conflict. After the war, a new monastery was built at Latrun in 1926, and the crypt was completed in 1933\\. However the church was again damaged during the Arab\\-Israeli war of 1948, and required further restoration. This work was completed, and the church officially consecrated, on 21 November 1953\\. The monastery was designed by the community's first abbot, Dom Paul Couvreur, and is an example of [Cistercian architecture](/wiki/Cistercian_architecture \"Cistercian architecture\"). Many of the stained\\-glass windows were produced by a monk of the community.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=October 2011}}", "A Juniorate, a school for young boys, ran from 1931 until 1963 and provided many vocations for the community, especially of Lebanese monks.", "Following the [1936–39 Arab revolt](/wiki/1936%E2%80%9339_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine \"1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine\"), the [British](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") authorities built a number of police forts (named [Tegart forts](/wiki/Tegart_fort \"Tegart fort\") after their designerNote that the forts commonly called \"*Taggart*\" forts in Israel are named after Sir Charles *[Tegart](/wiki/Charles_Tegart \"Charles Tegart\")* \\- a [misspelling](/wiki/Misspelling \"Misspelling\") apparently from [transliteration](/wiki/Transliteration \"Transliteration\") of the name from [English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\") to [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language \"Hebrew language\") and then back to English.) at various locations; Latrun was chosen due to its strategic significance, particularly its dominant position above the Tel\\-Aviv\\-Jerusalem road. Many members of the [Yishuv](/wiki/Yishuv \"Yishuv\") who had resisted the British administration were imprisoned in a detention camp at Latrun. [Moshe Sharett](/wiki/Moshe_Sharett \"Moshe Sharett\"), later Israel's second Prime Minister, and several other members of the [Jewish Agency](/wiki/Jewish_Agency \"Jewish Agency\")'s Executive Committee, were held at Latrun for several months in 1946\\.{{cite news\\|last\\=Clifton\\|first\\=Daniel\\|title\\=Britain Launches Army Drive to End Palestine Terror\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/06/30/107142654\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2012\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=30 June 1946\\|page\\=1}}{{cite news\\|title\\=British to Release 700 Interned Jews\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/11/02/archives/british\\-to\\-release\\-700\\-interned\\-jews\\-dedicating\\-new\\-library\\-at.html\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2012\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=2 November 1946\\|agency\\=AP\\|page\\=4}}{{cite news\\|title\\=8 Jewish Leaders Freed by British\\|url\\=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\\=FB071FFD3A5C107A93C4A9178AD95F428485F9\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2012\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=6 November 1946\\|page\\=18}}", "As of the [1945 statistics](/wiki/Village_Statistics%2C_1945 \"Village Statistics, 1945\"), the population of the Latrun village had grown to 190 Christians,Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [30](http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p30.jpg) with a total of 8,376 [dunams](/wiki/Dunam \"Dunam\") of land.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. *Village Statistics, April, 1945*. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [67](http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/al-Ramla/Page-067.jpg) Of this, a total of 6,705 dunams were used for [cereals](/wiki/Cereal \"Cereal\"), 439 dunams were irrigated or used for orchards, 7 for citrus and bananas,Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. *Village Statistics, April, 1945\\.* Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [116](http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/al-Ramla/Page-116.jpg) while 4 dunams were classified as built\\-up public areas.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. *Village Statistics, April, 1945\\.* Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [166](http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/al-Ramla/Page-166.jpg)\n[thumb\\|Latrun Monastery 1948](/wiki/File:Latrun.jpg \"Latrun.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Latrun 1942 1:20,000](/wiki/File:Latrun_1942.jpg \"Latrun 1942.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Latrun 1945 1:250,000](/wiki/File:Latrun_1945.jpg \"Latrun 1945.jpg\")", "### 1948 and 1967 Arab–Israeli Wars", "{{main\\|Battles of Latrun (1948\\)}}\n[thumb\\|[Arab Legion](/wiki/Arab_Legion \"Arab Legion\") gunners on the roof of Latrun police station, 1948](/wiki/File:Gun_on_roof_of_Latrun_pollice_station.jpg \"Gun on roof of Latrun pollice station.jpg\")", "The road from the coastal plain to Jerusalem was blocked after the British withdrew and handed the fort of Latrun over to [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan \"Jordan\")'s [Arab Legion](/wiki/Arab_Legion \"Arab Legion\"). The Arab Legionnaires used the fort to shell Israeli vehicles traveling on the road below, effectively imposing a [military siege on Jerusalem](/wiki/Battle_for_Jerusalem_%281948%29 \"Battle for Jerusalem (1948)\") and the Jewish residents there, despite that the United Nations plan was to keep Jerusalem as an international zone with neither Jordan, Israel, nor the Palestinian [Arab Higher Committee](/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee \"Arab Higher Committee\") having sovereignty over it.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.historycentral.com/Israel/1948WarofIndependance.html \\|title\\=1948\\-Israel War of Independence\\|website\\=History Central\\|author\\= Schulman, Marc \\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2018}}", "On 24 May 1948, ten days after the [Israeli Declaration of Independence](/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence \"Israeli Declaration of Independence\") per the [United Nations General Assembly](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly \"United Nations General Assembly\")'s Resolution 181{{cite web\\|url\\=https://undocs.org/A/RES/181(II)\\|title\\=A/RES/181(II) \\- E\\|website\\=undocs.org\\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2018}} and the Arab assaults against Israel which followed, the Jordanian Legion's fort was assaulted by combined forces of Israel's newly created [7th Armored Brigade](/wiki/7th_Armored_Brigade_%28Israel%29 \"7th Armored Brigade (Israel)\"), and a battalion of the [Alexandroni Brigade](/wiki/Alexandroni_Brigade \"Alexandroni Brigade\"). [Ariel Sharon](/wiki/Ariel_Sharon \"Ariel Sharon\"), then a platoon commander, was wounded at Latrun along with many of his soldiers. The assault, codenamed [Operation Bin Nun Alef (24–25 May)](/wiki/Battles_of_Latrun_%281948%29%23Operation_Bin_Nun_Alef_%2824%E2%80%9325_May%29 \"Battles of Latrun (1948)#Operation Bin Nun Alef (24–25 May)\"), was unsuccessful, sustaining heavy casualties. On 31 May 1948, a second attack against the fort, codenamed [Operation Bin Nun Bet](/wiki/Battles_of_Latrun_%281948%29%23Operation_Bin_Nun_Bet \"Battles of Latrun (1948)#Operation Bin Nun Bet\"), also failed, although the outer defenses had been breached.", "Many of the Israeli fighters were young [Holocaust](/wiki/The_Holocaust \"The Holocaust\") survivors who had just arrived in the country and had minimal military training.[Lessons of the Battles of Latrun](http://www.mideastweb.org/latrun.htm) MidEastWeb The official casualty figure for both battles was 139\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2008}}", "[thumb\\|250px\\|A bulldozer tows a truck on the \"[Burma Road](/wiki/Burma_Road_%28Israel%29 \"Burma Road (Israel)\")\" to Jerusalem, June 1948](/wiki/File:Burma_Road_1948.jpg \"Burma Road 1948.jpg\")\nTo circumvent the blocked road, a makeshift camouflaged road through the seemingly impassable mountains towards Jerusalem was constructed under the command of [Mickey (David) Marcus](/wiki/Mickey_Marcus \"Mickey Marcus\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2008}} This bypassed the main routes overlooked by Latrun and was named the [Burma Road](/wiki/Burma_Road_%28Israel%29 \"Burma Road (Israel)\") after its [emergency supply\\-line namesake](/wiki/Burma_Road \"Burma Road\") between Kunming (China) and Lashio (Burma), improvised by the Allies in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). By 10 June 1948, the road was fully operational, putting an end to the month\\-old Arab blockade.Morris, 2008, pp. 230–231", "On 2 August, the [Truce Commission](/wiki/United_Nations_Conciliation_Commission \"United Nations Conciliation Commission\") drew the attention of the [Security Council](/wiki/Security_Council \"Security Council\") to the Arabs' refusal to allow water and food supplies to reach Jewish West [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\"). After much negotiation, it was agreed that United Nations convoys would transport supplies, but the convoys often came under sniper fire. Towards the end of August, the situation improved. The destruction of the Latrun pumping station made it impossible for water in adequate quantities to flow to West Jerusalem, but the [Israelis](/wiki/Israelis \"Israelis\") built an auxiliary small\\-capacity water pipeline along the \"Burma Road\", which provided a minimum amount of water.[UN Doc A/648](http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/ab14d4aafc4e1bb985256204004f55fa!OpenDocument) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006021434/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/ab14d4aafc4e1bb985256204004f55fa!OpenDocument \\|date\\=2007\\-10\\-06 }} of 16 September 1948 Progress Report of the United Nations Mediator [Count Folke Bernadotte](/wiki/Count_Folke_Bernadotte \"Count Folke Bernadotte\") on Palestine Submitted to the Secretary\\-General for Transmission to the Members of the United Nations.", "After [Operation Danny](/wiki/Operation_Danny \"Operation Danny\"), Israeli forces anticipated a Jordanian counterattack,Pappé, 2006, p. [166](https://books.google.com/books?id=yjeXQVmGrwcC&pg=PA166) possibly from Latrun, but King Abdullah remained within the bounds of the tacit agreement made with the Jewish Agency and kept his troops at Latrun.Pappé, 2006b, p. [140](https://books.google.com/books?id=zAJZCKAwtPMC&pg=PA140)", "In the [1949 Armistice Agreements](/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements \"1949 Armistice Agreements\"), the fort remained a [salient](/wiki/Salients%2C_re-entrants_and_pockets \"Salients, re-entrants and pockets\") under [Jordanian control](/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank \"Jordanian annexation of the West Bank\"), which was in turn surrounded by a perimeter of [no man's land](/wiki/No_man%27s_land \"No man's land\"). Under the cease\\-fire agreement, [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan \"Jordan\") was not to disrupt Israeli travelers using this road; in practice, constant sniper attacks led Israel to build a [bypass road](/wiki/Bypass_road \"Bypass road\") around the bulge.", "In the [Six\\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War \"Six-Day War\") of 1967, Latrun was captured by the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), and the main road to Jerusalem was reopened and made safe for travel. \n[thumb\\|Yad La\\-Shiryon museum.](/wiki/Image:Latrun-Castle-S-059-Fort.jpg \"Latrun-Castle-S-059-Fort.jpg\")", "{{blockquote\\|The village of Latrun, our first objective, was built around the ruins of an old \\[\\[Crusader castle]] on the crest of a hill overlooking the Jerusalem road. On the southern slopes of the olive groves stretched down the road, while at the bottom of the western slope sat a big Trappist monastery.\\[\\[Ariel Sharon]]. page 52 Warrior: An Autobiography}}", "[thumb\\|Artwork outside the Latrun Trappist Monastery in Jerusalem](/wiki/File:Sculpture_outside_outside_the_Latrun_Trappist_Monastery_in_Jerusalem.jpg \"Sculpture outside outside the Latrun Trappist Monastery in Jerusalem.jpg\")", "### Since the Six\\-Day War", "The Latrun monastic community allowed two communities, [Neve Shalom/Wahat as\\-Salam](/wiki/Neve_Shalom \"Neve Shalom\"){{cite book\\|last1\\=Gavron\\|first1\\=Daniel\\|title\\=Holy Land Mosaic:Stories of Cooperation and Coexistence Between Israelis and Palestinians\\|date\\=2008\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rowman \\& Littlefield]]\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-742\\-54013\\-2\\|pages\\=57–72\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=l\\-rPdMvSxscC\\&pg\\=PA57\\|chapter\\=Living together}} and an affiliate of the {{ill\\|Jesus\\-Bruderschaft\\|de}},{{cite web\\|title\\=Jesus Brotherhood Gnadenthal\\|url\\=http://www.jesus\\-bruderschaft.de/fix/doc/JB%20Flyer%20Text%20EN.doc.2\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328074229/http://www.jesus\\-bruderschaft.de/fix/doc/JB%20Flyer%20Text%20EN.doc.2\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} to be established on its land.\nThe [Tegart fort](/wiki/Tegart_Forts \"Tegart Forts\") became the [Yad La\\-Shiryon](/wiki/Yad_La-Shiryon \"Yad La-Shiryon\") memorial for the fallen soldiers of the [Israeli Armored Corps](/wiki/Israeli_Armored_Corps \"Israeli Armored Corps\") and a museum was established there.{{cite web\\|title\\=Armored Corps' Memorial Site\\|url\\=http://www.yadlashiryon.com\\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2016}}", "" ]
History ------- Davis was a partner in the firm of Wesley \& Davis of London, publisher of religious tracts and such worthy titles as *Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave* and Samuel Wilderspin's *Early discipline* (both 1832\). Business may have been precarious, as in 1837 he and his wife Mary and four children were among the earliest emigrants to South Australia, aboard *Lord Goderich*, arriving in April 1838\. He immediately set about establishing Moore Farm Garden at [The Reedbeds](/wiki/The_Reedbeds_%28Adelaide%29 "The Reedbeds (Adelaide)") (now part of [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham%2C_South_Australia "Fulham, South Australia"), [Lockleys](/wiki/Lockleys%2C_South_Australia "Lockleys, South Australia") and [Underdale](/wiki/Underdale%2C_South_Australia "Underdale, South Australia")). He did more to advance farming in the infant colony than any other person, with the exception of [George Stevenson](/wiki/George_Stevenson_%28editor%29 "George Stevenson (editor)"). For many years, he was one of the most successful exhibitors at the [Agricultural and Horticultural](/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_and_Horticultural_Society_of_South_Australia "Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society of South Australia") shows. He was a conspicuous critic of [Governor Gawler](/wiki/Governor_Gawler "Governor Gawler")'s spending policy, but in the recession attendant on [Governor Grey](/wiki/George_Grey%23Governor_of_South_Australia "George Grey#Governor of South Australia")'s stringent financial measures of 1841–1842, he lost a considerable part of his fortune, and abandoned his business interests to concentrate on the farm. He was elected an alderman on the first Adelaide City Council, which was disbanded in 1843 as unaffordable.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article28788012 \|title\=The Late Mr. A. H. Davis \|newspaper\=\[\[The South Australian Advertiser]] \|location\=Adelaide \|date\=5 June 1866 \|accessdate\=28 September 2012 \|page\=2 \|publisher\=National Library of Australia}} In 1846, he took part in the protests against state\-sponsored religion and was one of four secretaries to the Anti \- State Aid League, the other three being Chief Justice [R. D. Hanson](/wiki/Richard_Hanson_%28Australian_politician%29 "Richard Hanson (Australian politician)"), [John Baker](/wiki/John_Baker_%28Australian_politician%29 "John Baker (Australian politician)") and [William Bakewell](/wiki/William_Bakewell_%28Australian_politician%29 "William Bakewell (Australian politician)"). He was a member of the Central Roads Board during the fierce agitation against the dray and land taxes in 1849\-50, both of which the Government was forced to abandon. He was appointed Justice of the Peace. In 1849, he supported representative government, and denounced attempts to establish a peerage, whether life or hereditary. He stood for West Torrens at the first elections for the unicameral [South Australian Legislative Council](/wiki/South_Australian_Legislative_Council "South Australian Legislative Council") in [1851](/wiki/1851_South_Australian_colonial_election "1851 South Australian colonial election"), but was defeated by [Charles Simeon Hare](/wiki/Charles_Simeon_Hare "Charles Simeon Hare"), by a majority of two. He never again stood for public office, but was for some years Chairman of the District Council of West Torrens. His political views then changed remarkably – in 1953 he supported, in letters under the signature of "Vigil", the conservative view of an upper house appointed for life. He expounded these views in the journal *Thursday Review* he edited in 1859\. He frequently aired his views in "Letters to the Editor". His obituary noted that "... though in his writings he displayed some want of respect for the opinions of others, and although many complained of a bitterness of manner in dealing with political questions and political men, all acknowledged his sincerity, and respected his never\-failing moral courage ... and who, in his various public positions, displayed the qualities of an able man and a good citizen." He suffered ill\-health through the last years of his life and died at Moore Farm, Reedbeds.
[ "History\n-------", "Davis was a partner in the firm of Wesley \\& Davis of London, publisher of religious tracts and such worthy titles as *Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave* and Samuel Wilderspin's *Early discipline* (both 1832\\). Business may have been precarious, as in 1837 he and his wife Mary and four children were among the earliest emigrants to South Australia, aboard *Lord Goderich*, arriving in April 1838\\.", "He immediately set about establishing Moore Farm Garden at [The Reedbeds](/wiki/The_Reedbeds_%28Adelaide%29 \"The Reedbeds (Adelaide)\") (now part of [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham%2C_South_Australia \"Fulham, South Australia\"), [Lockleys](/wiki/Lockleys%2C_South_Australia \"Lockleys, South Australia\") and [Underdale](/wiki/Underdale%2C_South_Australia \"Underdale, South Australia\")). He did more to advance farming in the infant colony than any other person, with the exception of [George Stevenson](/wiki/George_Stevenson_%28editor%29 \"George Stevenson (editor)\"). For many years, he was one of the most successful exhibitors at the [Agricultural and Horticultural](/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_and_Horticultural_Society_of_South_Australia \"Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society of South Australia\") shows.", "He was a conspicuous critic of [Governor Gawler](/wiki/Governor_Gawler \"Governor Gawler\")'s spending policy, but in the recession attendant on [Governor Grey](/wiki/George_Grey%23Governor_of_South_Australia \"George Grey#Governor of South Australia\")'s stringent financial measures of 1841–1842, he lost a considerable part of his fortune, and abandoned his business interests to concentrate on the farm.", "He was elected an alderman on the first Adelaide City Council, which was disbanded in 1843 as unaffordable.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article28788012 \\|title\\=The Late Mr. A. H. Davis \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The South Australian Advertiser]] \\|location\\=Adelaide \\|date\\=5 June 1866 \\|accessdate\\=28 September 2012 \\|page\\=2 \\|publisher\\=National Library of Australia}}", "In 1846, he took part in the protests against state\\-sponsored religion and was one of four secretaries to the Anti \\- State Aid League, the other three being Chief Justice [R. D. Hanson](/wiki/Richard_Hanson_%28Australian_politician%29 \"Richard Hanson (Australian politician)\"), [John Baker](/wiki/John_Baker_%28Australian_politician%29 \"John Baker (Australian politician)\") and [William Bakewell](/wiki/William_Bakewell_%28Australian_politician%29 \"William Bakewell (Australian politician)\").", "He was a member of the Central Roads Board during the fierce agitation against the dray and land taxes in 1849\\-50, both of which the Government was forced to abandon.", "He was appointed Justice of the Peace.", "In 1849, he supported representative government, and denounced attempts to establish a peerage, whether life or hereditary. He stood for West Torrens at the first elections for the unicameral [South Australian Legislative Council](/wiki/South_Australian_Legislative_Council \"South Australian Legislative Council\") in [1851](/wiki/1851_South_Australian_colonial_election \"1851 South Australian colonial election\"), but was defeated by [Charles Simeon Hare](/wiki/Charles_Simeon_Hare \"Charles Simeon Hare\"), by a majority of two. He never again stood for public office, but was for some years Chairman of the District Council of West Torrens. His political views then changed remarkably – in 1953 he supported, in letters under the signature of \"Vigil\", the conservative view of an upper house appointed for life. He expounded these views in the journal *Thursday Review* he edited in 1859\\. He frequently aired his views in \"Letters to the Editor\". His obituary noted that \"... though in his writings he displayed some want of respect for the opinions of others, and although many complained of a bitterness of manner in dealing with political questions and political men, all acknowledged his sincerity, and respected his never\\-failing moral courage ... and who, in his various public positions, displayed the qualities of an able man and a good citizen.\"", "He suffered ill\\-health through the last years of his life and died at Moore Farm, Reedbeds.", "" ]
Ordained ministry ----------------- He was ordained deacon in 1980 and priest in 1981 and served as assistant curate of [Newbold](/wiki/Newbold%2C_Derbyshire "Newbold, Derbyshire") with Dunston (1980–83\), [Cowley](/wiki/Cowley%2C_Oxford "Cowley, Oxford") St John (1983–85\) and [Islington](/wiki/Islington "Islington") St James with St Philip (1985–86\). He was Vicar of [Lower Beeding](/wiki/Horsham_%28district%29 "Horsham (district)") (1986–90\) and domestic chaplain to the [Area Bishop](/wiki/Suffragan_bishop%23Bishops_in_Catholic.2C_Orthodox_and_Anglican_churches "Suffragan bishop#Bishops in Catholic.2C Orthodox and Anglican churches") of Horsham, Ivor Colin Docker (1986–91\). He then became Vicar of [Burgess Hill](/wiki/Burgess_Hill "Burgess Hill") St John (1990–93\) and Team Rector of [Burgess Hill](/wiki/Burgess_Hill "Burgess Hill") St John with St Edward (1993–94\). Due to the Church of England's decision to ordain women to the priesthood, Jupp spent the years 1994\-97 in the [Roman Catholic Church](/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church"), training as a teacher at [Saint Mary's College, University of Surrey](/wiki/St_Mary%27s_University_College%2C_Twickenham "St Mary's University College, Twickenham") (1995–96\). He returned to the [Church of England](/wiki/Church_of_England "Church of England") in 1997, receiving [permission to officiate](/wiki/Permission_to_officiate "Permission to officiate") in the [Diocese of Chichester](/wiki/Diocese_of_Chichester "Diocese of Chichester") and becoming assistant curate of [Aldwick](/wiki/Aldwick "Aldwick") (1998\-2000\). His friendship with [the Most Reverend James Ayong](/wiki/James_Ayong "James Ayong"), Archbishop of [Papua New Guinea](/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Papua_New_Guinea "Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea"), led to Jupp's appointment as Principal of [Newton Theological College](/wiki/Newton_Theological_College "Newton Theological College"), [Popondetta](/wiki/Popondetta "Popondetta"), [Oro Province](/wiki/Oro_Province "Oro Province"), [Papua New Guinea](/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea "Papua New Guinea") in 2000\. Throughout his stipendiary ministry he had been a member of the Ecumenical Society of the Blessed Virgin Mary (and a member of its council), the [Society of the Holy Cross](/wiki/Society_of_the_Holy_Cross "Society of the Holy Cross"), the [Church Union](/wiki/The_Church_Union "The Church Union") and the [Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament](/wiki/Confraternity_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament "Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament"). ### Episcopal ministry In 2003, Jupp was elected Bishop of [Popondota](/wiki/Popondetta "Popondetta"). On 23 February 2003, he was consecrated a bishop in Resurrection Cathedral, [Papua New Guinea](/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea "Papua New Guinea").{{cite web\|title\=Meet the Team\|url\=http://www.holytrinityilkeston.org.uk/whoswho.html\|website\=Holy Trinity Ilkeston\|accessdate\=6 December 2015\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074612/http://www.holytrinityilkeston.org.uk/whoswho.html\|archivedate\=4 March 2016}}{{Crockford\| surname \= Jupp \| forenames \= Roger Alan \| id \= 24514 \| accessed \= 6 December 2015}} The following year he was diagnosed with a serious heart condition requiring a [triple bypass](/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery "Coronary artery bypass surgery") and ill health forced his resignation in 2005\. In 2005, Jupp returned to the [Diocese of Chichester](/wiki/Diocese_of_Chichester "Diocese of Chichester"), and served as [Priest\-in\-Charge](/wiki/Priest-in-Charge "Priest-in-Charge") of [Christ Church](/wiki/Christ_Church%2C_St_Leonards-on-Sea "Christ Church, St Leonards-on-Sea"), [St Leonards\-on\-Sea](/wiki/St_Leonards-on-Sea "St Leonards-on-Sea"). He was made [Rector](/wiki/Rector_%28ecclesiastical%29 "Rector (ecclesiastical)") of the [parish](/wiki/Parish_%28Church_of_England%29 "Parish (Church of England)") in 2006\. He was also made an [Honorary Assistant Bishop](/wiki/Honorary_Assistant_Bishop "Honorary Assistant Bishop") between 2005 and 2012\. From 2012 until 2018, he was [Vicar](/wiki/Vicar_%28Anglicanism%29 "Vicar (Anglicanism)") of [St. Laurence's Church](/wiki/St._Laurence%27s_Church%2C_Long_Eaton "St. Laurence's Church, Long Eaton"), [Long Eaton](/wiki/Long_Eaton "Long Eaton") and [Priest\-in\-Charge](/wiki/Priest-in-Charge "Priest-in-Charge") of Holy Trinity Church, [Ilkeston](/wiki/Ilkeston "Ilkeston"); both in the [Diocese of Derby](/wiki/Diocese_of_Derby "Diocese of Derby"). The Bishop of Derby did not however grant him a position as Honorary Assistant Bishop. He took early retirement in November 2018 on health grounds.{{cite web\|title\=Resignations and retirements\|url\=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2018/24\-august/gazette/resignations/resignations\-and\-retirements\|website\=Church Times\|accessdate\=23 July 2019}} Jupp was also the [Superior\-General](/wiki/Superior-General "Superior-General") of the [Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament](/wiki/Confraternity_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament "Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament"), a post he held for eight years, and was also a member of the Council of Bishops of [The Society](/wiki/The_Society_%28Church_of_England%29 "The Society (Church of England)") until he retired in 2018\.{{cite web\|title\=The Council of Bishops\|url\=http://www.sswsh.com/bishops.php\|website\=The Society\|accessdate\=6 December 2015}}
[ "Ordained ministry\n-----------------", "He was ordained deacon in 1980 and priest in 1981 and served as assistant curate of [Newbold](/wiki/Newbold%2C_Derbyshire \"Newbold, Derbyshire\") with Dunston (1980–83\\), [Cowley](/wiki/Cowley%2C_Oxford \"Cowley, Oxford\") St John (1983–85\\) and [Islington](/wiki/Islington \"Islington\") St James with St Philip (1985–86\\).", "He was Vicar of [Lower Beeding](/wiki/Horsham_%28district%29 \"Horsham (district)\") (1986–90\\) and domestic chaplain to the [Area Bishop](/wiki/Suffragan_bishop%23Bishops_in_Catholic.2C_Orthodox_and_Anglican_churches \"Suffragan bishop#Bishops in Catholic.2C Orthodox and Anglican churches\") of Horsham, Ivor Colin Docker (1986–91\\). He then became Vicar of [Burgess Hill](/wiki/Burgess_Hill \"Burgess Hill\") St John (1990–93\\) and Team Rector of [Burgess Hill](/wiki/Burgess_Hill \"Burgess Hill\") St John with St Edward (1993–94\\).", "Due to the Church of England's decision to ordain women to the priesthood, Jupp spent the years 1994\\-97 in the [Roman Catholic Church](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\"), training as a teacher at [Saint Mary's College, University of Surrey](/wiki/St_Mary%27s_University_College%2C_Twickenham \"St Mary's University College, Twickenham\") (1995–96\\). He returned to the [Church of England](/wiki/Church_of_England \"Church of England\") in 1997, receiving [permission to officiate](/wiki/Permission_to_officiate \"Permission to officiate\") in the [Diocese of Chichester](/wiki/Diocese_of_Chichester \"Diocese of Chichester\") and becoming assistant curate of [Aldwick](/wiki/Aldwick \"Aldwick\") (1998\\-2000\\).", "His friendship with [the Most Reverend James Ayong](/wiki/James_Ayong \"James Ayong\"), Archbishop of [Papua New Guinea](/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Papua_New_Guinea \"Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea\"), led to Jupp's appointment as Principal of [Newton Theological College](/wiki/Newton_Theological_College \"Newton Theological College\"), [Popondetta](/wiki/Popondetta \"Popondetta\"), [Oro Province](/wiki/Oro_Province \"Oro Province\"), [Papua New Guinea](/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea \"Papua New Guinea\") in 2000\\.", "Throughout his stipendiary ministry he had been a member of the Ecumenical Society of the Blessed Virgin Mary (and a member of its council), the [Society of the Holy Cross](/wiki/Society_of_the_Holy_Cross \"Society of the Holy Cross\"), the [Church Union](/wiki/The_Church_Union \"The Church Union\") and the [Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament](/wiki/Confraternity_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament \"Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament\").", "### Episcopal ministry", "In 2003, Jupp was elected Bishop of [Popondota](/wiki/Popondetta \"Popondetta\"). On 23 February 2003, he was consecrated a bishop in Resurrection Cathedral, [Papua New Guinea](/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea \"Papua New Guinea\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Meet the Team\\|url\\=http://www.holytrinityilkeston.org.uk/whoswho.html\\|website\\=Holy Trinity Ilkeston\\|accessdate\\=6 December 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074612/http://www.holytrinityilkeston.org.uk/whoswho.html\\|archivedate\\=4 March 2016}}{{Crockford\\| surname \\= Jupp \\| forenames \\= Roger Alan \\| id \\= 24514 \\| accessed \\= 6 December 2015}} The following year he was diagnosed with a serious heart condition requiring a [triple bypass](/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery \"Coronary artery bypass surgery\") and ill health forced his resignation in 2005\\.", "In 2005, Jupp returned to the [Diocese of Chichester](/wiki/Diocese_of_Chichester \"Diocese of Chichester\"), and served as [Priest\\-in\\-Charge](/wiki/Priest-in-Charge \"Priest-in-Charge\") of [Christ Church](/wiki/Christ_Church%2C_St_Leonards-on-Sea \"Christ Church, St Leonards-on-Sea\"), [St Leonards\\-on\\-Sea](/wiki/St_Leonards-on-Sea \"St Leonards-on-Sea\"). He was made [Rector](/wiki/Rector_%28ecclesiastical%29 \"Rector (ecclesiastical)\") of the [parish](/wiki/Parish_%28Church_of_England%29 \"Parish (Church of England)\") in 2006\\. He was also made an [Honorary Assistant Bishop](/wiki/Honorary_Assistant_Bishop \"Honorary Assistant Bishop\") between 2005 and 2012\\. From 2012 until 2018, he was [Vicar](/wiki/Vicar_%28Anglicanism%29 \"Vicar (Anglicanism)\") of [St. Laurence's Church](/wiki/St._Laurence%27s_Church%2C_Long_Eaton \"St. Laurence's Church, Long Eaton\"), [Long Eaton](/wiki/Long_Eaton \"Long Eaton\") and [Priest\\-in\\-Charge](/wiki/Priest-in-Charge \"Priest-in-Charge\") of Holy Trinity Church, [Ilkeston](/wiki/Ilkeston \"Ilkeston\"); both in the [Diocese of Derby](/wiki/Diocese_of_Derby \"Diocese of Derby\"). The Bishop of Derby did not however grant him a position as Honorary Assistant Bishop. He took early retirement in November 2018 on health grounds.{{cite web\\|title\\=Resignations and retirements\\|url\\=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2018/24\\-august/gazette/resignations/resignations\\-and\\-retirements\\|website\\=Church Times\\|accessdate\\=23 July 2019}}", "Jupp was also the [Superior\\-General](/wiki/Superior-General \"Superior-General\") of the [Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament](/wiki/Confraternity_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament \"Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament\"), a post he held for eight years, and was also a member of the Council of Bishops of [The Society](/wiki/The_Society_%28Church_of_England%29 \"The Society (Church of England)\") until he retired in 2018\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=The Council of Bishops\\|url\\=http://www.sswsh.com/bishops.php\\|website\\=The Society\\|accessdate\\=6 December 2015}}", "" ]
General Description ------------------- The single\-speed Panda Mark 1 and 2 utilised what probably became the last manufacturing installation of the 49 cc German Rex cyclemotor engine, which first appeared around 1950 in the form of a front\-mounted, belt\-driven cycle attachment, the strong but basic Panda frame being specifically built to house the motor. The Rex engine at 6:1 compression has no bhp given but carries a 12\-millimetre Bing [carburettor](/wiki/Carburetor "Carburetor") to the aluminium barrel with sleeve liner in conventional fore \& aft porting layout. The [crankcase](/wiki/Crankcase "Crankcase") cavity unusually extends all the way to the back of the motor to include lubrication of the reduction gear and its bearings by the induction gases. This results in a reduced scavenge pressure. Mounted on the end of the output shaft with the sprocket inboard, the tiny 2½" Rex dry clutch is a particularly frail pull\-operated device and typically responsible for the final demise of most machines. The Panda has a 'grip\-locking' clutch lever and a carburettor set\-up that provides a very reliable and steady tick\-over. The rear brake comprises a back pedal Perry Coaster hub and a conventional bicycle\-type hub brake, handlebar lever operated for the front brake. Mark 1 version had no suspension but the mark 2 had telescopic front forks, larger headlamp and deeper valanced rear mudguard but retained the solid rear frame. The electrical system comprised a Miller flywheel magneto with lighting coils. The final Panda mark 3 was simply an imported French Mobylette made by [Motobécane](/wiki/Motob%C3%A9cane "Motobécane") badged as a Phillips.{{Cite web \|last\=Daniels \|first\=Mark \|date\=2011 \|title\=The Final Card \|url\=https://www.icenicam.org.uk/articles3/art0057\.html}} It had nothing in common with the previous home\-produced models.
[ "General Description\n-------------------", "The single\\-speed Panda Mark 1 and 2 utilised what probably became the last manufacturing installation of the 49 cc German Rex cyclemotor engine, which first appeared around 1950 in the form of a front\\-mounted, belt\\-driven cycle attachment, the strong but basic Panda frame being specifically built to house the motor.", "The Rex engine at 6:1 compression has no bhp given but carries a 12\\-millimetre Bing [carburettor](/wiki/Carburetor \"Carburetor\") to the aluminium barrel with sleeve liner in conventional fore \\& aft porting layout. The [crankcase](/wiki/Crankcase \"Crankcase\") cavity unusually extends all the way to the back of the motor to include lubrication of the reduction gear and its bearings by the induction gases. This results in a reduced scavenge pressure. Mounted on the end of the output shaft with the sprocket inboard, the tiny 2½\" Rex dry clutch is a particularly frail pull\\-operated device and typically responsible for the final demise of most machines.", "The Panda has a 'grip\\-locking' clutch lever and a carburettor set\\-up that provides a very reliable and steady tick\\-over. The rear brake comprises a back pedal Perry Coaster hub and a conventional bicycle\\-type hub brake, handlebar lever operated for the front brake.", "Mark 1 version had no suspension but the mark 2 had telescopic front forks, larger headlamp and deeper valanced rear mudguard but retained the solid rear frame.", "The electrical system comprised a Miller flywheel magneto with lighting coils.", "The final Panda mark 3 was simply an imported French Mobylette made by [Motobécane](/wiki/Motob%C3%A9cane \"Motobécane\") badged as a Phillips.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Daniels \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=2011 \\|title\\=The Final Card \\|url\\=https://www.icenicam.org.uk/articles3/art0057\\.html}} It had nothing in common with the previous home\\-produced models.", "" ]
History ------- ### Formation and independent releases (1997–1999\) Taproot was formed in 1997 in [Ann Arbor, Michigan](/wiki/Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan "Ann Arbor, Michigan") by vocalist Stephen Richards, guitarist Mike DeWolf, bassist Phil Lipscomb, and drummer Jarrod Montague. The band earned a following with their live performances.{{Cite web\|url\=https://313eg.com/taproot\|title\=Taproot Biography\|work\=3Thirteen\|access\-date\=March 19, 2020}} Shortly after forming, they recorded their first demos at Woodshed Studios in [Oak Park, Michigan](/wiki/Oak_Park%2C_Michigan "Oak Park, Michigan"), with Tim Pak.{{cite web \|title\=Taproot – 1997 Demo \|url\=https://www.discogs.com/release/14591150\-Taproot\-1997\-Demo \|website\=Discogs\|date\=August 24, 1997 }} In 1998, Taproot sent their demo to [Limp Bizkit](/wiki/Limp_Bizkit "Limp Bizkit") frontman, [Fred Durst](/wiki/Fred_Durst "Fred Durst"), after seeing a request for demos on their first album. Impressed with the material, Durst offered to get Taproot a recording contract through [Interscope Records](/wiki/Interscope_Records "Interscope Records"). However, after extended negotiations, Taproot decided to look elsewhere and finally landed a deal with [Atlantic Records](/wiki/Atlantic_Records "Atlantic Records"). Durst heavily cursed the band on vocalist Richards' [answering machine](/wiki/Answering_machine "Answering machine").Rolling Stone, ["Taproot Laying Down New Album"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071113111241/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/taproot/articles/story/5934724/taproot_laying_down_new_album), Posted March 6, 2002\. {{quote box\|align\=Left\|width\=30%\|quote\="Hey man, you fucked up. You don't ever bite the hand that feeds in this business, bro . . . Took you under my wing, brought you to my house, talked about you on FM radio and press, and you embarrassed me and the Interscope family. Your association with Limp Bizkit doesn't exist. Your manager slings our name around, he's gonna be blackballed and probably be erased, and you will, too. He's a fucking idiot. You're gonna fucking learn from this time right here I hope you let your band know that you just fucked yourself. You need to be associated with somebody in this business, to put you out there and believe in you. Now you got enemies. Don't fucking show up at my shows cause if you do, you're gonna get fucked. You and your fucking punk ass man. You're learning right now exactly how to ruin your career before it gets started. All the luck, brother, fuck you." (The message left by \[\[Fred Durst]] on Stephen Richards' answering machine) Jennifer Vineyard, "Creed Takes Limp Bizkit to Task for TapRoot Threats," Rolling Stone, July 21, 2000 }} Durst also allegedly put some blame on [System of a Down](/wiki/System_of_a_Down "System of a Down"), who assisted Taproot in securing the Atlantic deal. It is also alleged that Durst kicked System of a Down off the 1999 [Family Values Tour](/wiki/Family_Values_Tour "Family Values Tour").MTV.com, ["Did Durst Dump System of a Down from Family Values Tour?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20010417210810/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1431278/19991006/limp_bizkit.jhtml), Posted October 6, 1999\.{{Cite web \|last\=Archive\-Rob\-Mancini \|title\=Fred Durst Sounds Off on System of a Down\-Family Values Split \|url\=https://www.mtv.com/news/1431276/fred\-durst\-sounds\-off\-on\-system\-of\-a\-down\-family\-values\-split/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501070406/http://www.mtv.com/news/1431276/fred\-durst\-sounds\-off\-on\-system\-of\-a\-down\-family\-values\-split/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=May 1, 2017 \|access\-date\=May 1, 2022 \|website\=MTV News}} Taproot independently released their debut album, *...Something More Than Nothing* (1998\), the EP *Mentobe* (1998\), and their second record, *[Upon Us](/wiki/Upon_Us_%28album%29 "Upon Us (album)")* (1999\) around this time.{{Citation needed\|reason\=please add a reliable source, not one that copies from wikipedia\|date\=January 2009}} ### *Gift* and mainstream success with *Welcome* (2000–2004\) Taproot released their major\-label debut album, *[Gift](/wiki/Gift_%28Taproot_album%29 "Gift (Taproot album)")*, on June 27, 2000, through Atlantic Records. The lead single, "[Again \& Again](/wiki/Again_%26_Again_%28Taproot_song%29 "Again & Again (Taproot song)")", gained heavy exposure through [MTV2](/wiki/MTV2 "MTV2"), and it was the band's first charting single, as it peaked at No. 39 on the [Mainstream Rock](/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_%28chart%29 "Mainstream Rock (chart)") chart and also at No. 95 on the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart "UK Singles Chart"). With the help of [Ozzy Osbourne](/wiki/Ozzy_Osbourne "Ozzy Osbourne")'s son [Jack](/wiki/Jack_Osbourne "Jack Osbourne"), Taproot landed a spot on the second stage of the 2000 and 2001 [Ozzfest](/wiki/Ozzfest "Ozzfest") tour. *Gift*'s second single, "[I](/wiki/I_%28Taproot_song%29 "I (Taproot song)")", also managed to chart at No. 34 on the Mainstream Rock chart in 2001\. After spending seven months in Los Angeles, the band released their second album, *[Welcome](/wiki/Welcome_%28Taproot_album%29 "Welcome (Taproot album)")*, on October 15, 2002\. Considered to be a more melodic effort, the album debuted at No. 17 on the [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 "Billboard 200"), selling over 51,000 copies in its first week of release.MTV.com, ["LL Cool J Beaten To The Top By Faith Hill"](https://web.archive.org/web/20021025132848/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1458290/20021023/hill_faith.jhtml), Posted October 23, 2002\. Much of this was due to the success of the album's first single, "[Poem](/wiki/Poem_%28song%29 "Poem (song)")", which shot to No. 5 on the Mainstream Rock chart. "Poem" did not appear on the [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 "Billboard Hot 100"), but it did peak at No. 6 on the [Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles](/wiki/Bubbling_Under_Hot_100_Singles "Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles") chart.{{cite magazine \| url\=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart\-search\-results/singles/3048134 \| title\=Bubbling Under Hot 100 – Issue Date: 2003\-01\-11 \| magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \| publisher\=\[\[Prometheus Global Media]] \| access\-date\=October 12, 2012 }}{{Dead link\|date\=June 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} The album's second single, "[Mine](/wiki/Mine_%28Taproot_song%29 "Mine (Taproot song)")", followed with moderate success, as it peaked at No. 23 on the Mainstream Rock chart and at No. 26 on the [Alternative Songs](/wiki/Alternative_Songs "Alternative Songs") chart. Ultimately, *Welcome* became Taproot's most successful album to date, with over 500,000 copies sold.{{cite web\| url\=https://blabbermouth.net/news/taproot\-announces\-first\-studio\-album\-in\-more\-than\-a\-decade\-scssrs\|title\=Taproot Announces First Studio Album in More Than a Decade, 'SC\\SSRS'\|work\=Blabbermouth.net\|date\=March 1, 2023\|access\-date\=March 3, 2023}} After performing across North America on [Disturbed](/wiki/Disturbed_%28band%29 "Disturbed (band)")'s [Music as a Weapon Tour](/wiki/Music_as_a_Weapon_Tour "Music as a Weapon Tour"){{cite web \|url\=http://www.musicasaweapon.net/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040221024459/http://musicasaweapon.net/ \|archive\-date\=February 21, 2004 \|url\-status\=dead \|title\=Love Arcade \|access\-date\=September 3, 2015 }} as well as playing in Europe, Taproot took a two\-year break from touring. ### *Blue\-Sky Research* and departure from Atlantic (2005–2006\) [thumb\|Stephen Richards in 2005](/wiki/File:Taproot_-_Stephen_Richards.jpg "Taproot - Stephen Richards.jpg") Returning from their hiatus, Taproot released their third studio album, *[Blue\-Sky Research](/wiki/Blue-Sky_Research "Blue-Sky Research")*, on August 16, 2005\. [Billy Corgan](/wiki/Billy_Corgan "Billy Corgan") of [Smashing Pumpkins](/wiki/Smashing_Pumpkins "Smashing Pumpkins") assisted in songwriting on the album, which was produced by Toby Wright. It debuted at No. 33 on the *Billboard* 200, with approximately 28,000 first\-week sales.MTV Asia, ["Hilary Duff Scores First Billboard No, 1 With Most Wanted LP"](http://www.mtvasia.com/News/200508/25012383.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405190013/http://www.mtvasia.com/News/200508/25012383\.html \|date\=April 5, 2009 }}, Posted August 25, 2005\. The lead single, "[Calling](/wiki/Calling_%28Taproot_song%29 "Calling (Taproot song)")", (co\-written by [Jonah Matranga](/wiki/Jonah_Matranga "Jonah Matranga")), was used by [WWE](/wiki/WWE "WWE") as the theme song for the 2005 pay\-per\-view [Unforgiven](/wiki/Unforgiven_%282005%29 "Unforgiven (2005)"). It also peaked at No. 11 on the Mainstream Rock chart and at No. 23 on the Alternative Songs chart.{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2023}} Taproot acted as direct support to [Chevelle](/wiki/Chevelle_%28band%29 "Chevelle (band)") alongside [Thirty Seconds to Mars](/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars "Thirty Seconds to Mars"). The band then headlined a major tour with [Evans Blue](/wiki/Evans_Blue "Evans Blue") and [From Satellite](/wiki/From_Satellite "From Satellite") to promote the album's release. Taproot also participated in the Fall Brawl Tour, which featured [Staind](/wiki/Staind "Staind") and [P.O.D.](/wiki/P.O.D. "P.O.D.") as headliners and was notable for taking the then\-unknown [Flyleaf](/wiki/Flyleaf_%28band%29 "Flyleaf (band)") along as the opening act for the three bands.{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2023}} On May 23, 2006, it was reported that Taproot had parted ways with Atlantic Records after disappointing sales of *Blue\-Sky Research*.Billboard, ["Taproot Assesses Career, Options"](http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/58339/taproot-assesses-career-options), Posted May 23, 2006\. At the time, the album had sold 112,000 copies since its release.Blabbermouth, ["TAPROOT To Split With ATLANTIC RECORDS?"](http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=52716) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001002316/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\=Article\&newsitemID\=52716 \|date\=October 1, 2007 }}, Posted May 23, 2006\. ### *Our Long Road Home* and Montague's departure (2007–2009\) On March 5, 2007, Taproot confirmed that they were in the process of recording their fourth album, entitled *[Our Long Road Home](/wiki/Our_Long_Road_Home "Our Long Road Home")*, with producer Tim Patalan.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2022}} On March 2, 2008, the band released the song "You're Not Home Tonight" on their website.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2022}} According to the Taproot website, the band decided to forgo signing to a major label. The album would be released independently through their management firm, Velvet Hammer Music, in a 50/50 partnership with the band itself; however, distribution was handled by [Sony](/wiki/Sony "Sony")\-owned [RED Music](/wiki/RED_Music "RED Music").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/news/article/0,,4811860,00\.html\|title\=Interview: Taproot @ARTISTdirect\|publisher\=artistdirect.com\|access\-date\=September 3, 2015\|archive\-date\=October 18, 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018213843/http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/news/article/0,,4811860,00\.html\|url\-status\=dead}} *Our Long Road Home* was released on September 16, 2008\. Just over a week after it was issued, Taproot announced that longtime drummer Montague would be leaving the band, to be replaced by Nick Fredell. They released a statement regarding the change in lineup: > "After 10 years of touring, our drummer and good friend Jarrod will be sitting out this cycle and we will be replacing him with our long time friend Nick Fredell. We'll miss Jarrod's presence out on the road, but Nick has fit in perfectly and we're excited for all of our fans to meet him. Jarrod's still very much a part of our family, so you'll be seeing him in press and the 'Wherever I Stand' video which is out now on Youtube..." Taproot toured with [Sevendust](/wiki/Sevendust "Sevendust") and Dear Enemy around this time.{{cite web\|url\=https://blabbermouth.net/news/dear\-enemy\-to\-tour\-with\-sevendust\-and\-taproot\|title\=Dear Enemy to Tour with Sevendust and Taproot\|publisher\=blabbermouth.net\|access\-date\=September 3, 2015\|date\=September 11, 2008}} *Our Long Road Home*'s lead single, "[Wherever I Stand](/wiki/Wherever_I_Stand "Wherever I Stand")", ultimately peaked at No. 34 on the Mainstream Rock chart. In the spring of 2009, Taproot went on the road with Dear Enemy and Adakain for the Take It! tour. Later that year, they co\-headlined a US tour with [Cold](/wiki/Cold_%28band%29 "Cold (band)").{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2023}} ### *Plead the Fifth* and *The Episodes* (2010–2012\) After a brief period without a record label, Taproot signed with [Victory Records](/wiki/Victory_Records "Victory Records").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.victoryrecords.com/854/victory\-records\-signs\-taproot\|title\=VICTORY RECORDS SIGNS \- TAPROOT!\|website\=Victoryrecords.com\|access\-date\=March 19, 2020}} On April 1, 2010, the band released the lead single from the then\-upcoming album, "[Fractured (Everything I Said Was True)](/wiki/Fractured_%28Everything_I_Said_Was_True%29 "Fractured (Everything I Said Was True)")". It peaked at No. 18 on the Mainstream Rock chart.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.myspace.com/taproot\|title\=Featured Content on Myspace\|website\=Myspace.com\|access\-date\=September 3, 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=https://twitter.com/FollowTaproot/status/11368108053\|title\=Twitter\|publisher\=Twitter.com\|access\-date\=September 3, 2015}} A video followed, debuting on the band's YouTube channel on April 16\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=59sy\-NiJeQk \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/59sy\-NiJeQk\| archive\-date\=December 12, 2021 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Taproot "Fractured (Everything I Said Was True)" \- YouTube\|date\=April 16, 2010 \|publisher\=Youtube.com\|access\-date\=September 3, 2015}}{{cbignore}} Soon after, the band released their fifth studio album, *[Plead the Fifth](/wiki/Plead_the_Fifth_%28album%29 "Plead the Fifth (album)")*. Taproot promoted *Plead the Fifth* with a headlining run in the summer of 2010, with support from [Ice Nine Kills](/wiki/Ice_Nine_Kills "Ice Nine Kills") and label\-mates [Destrophy](/wiki/Destrophy "Destrophy").{{citation needed\|date\=April 2022}} In September 2011, Taproot announced they were preparing to record their sixth studio album, working with producer Patalan once again and recording at the Loft Studios in Saline, Michigan. On December 15, the band announced that the album was recorded and should be released in the spring of 2012\. On January 8, 2012, Taproot's official website was closed and re\-launched as a brand new one on February 7, 2012\. In addition to the new site, the band also revealed their sixth album's title, *[The Episodes](/wiki/The_Episodes "The Episodes")*. During the following weeks, Taproot offered a video every Tuesday about their upcoming album. On March 2, 2012, they issued the first single, titled "No Surrender". It peaked at No. 38 on the Mainstream Rock chart. *The Episodes* was then released on April 10, 2012\. In an October 14 interview, Richards spoke candidly about his bout with seizures and how his medical issues had affected touring and onstage performances.{{Cite web\|url\=https://loudwire.com/taproot\-stephen\-richards\-on\-coincidence\-between\-medical\-condition\-and\-latest\-album/\|author\=Ramanand, Liz\|title\=Stephen Richards on new album 'The Episodes' and medical issues\|work\=Loudwire\|date\=October 14, 2012\|access\-date\=March 19, 2020}} Taproot supported *The Episodes* with a headlining Winter Riot Tour (with [12 Stones](/wiki/12_Stones "12 Stones"), [Digital Summer](/wiki/Digital_Summer "Digital Summer"), [3 Pill Morning](/wiki/3_Pill_Morning "3 Pill Morning"), and [Prospect Hill](/wiki/Prospect_Hill_%28band%29 "Prospect Hill (band)")).{{citation needed\|date\=April 2022}} ### Anniversary shows, lineup changes, and *Besides* (2013–2022\) The first half of 2013 saw Taproot playing their debut album, *Gift*, in its entirety on tour with [Boy Hits Car](/wiki/Boy_Hits_Car "Boy Hits Car") and Intertwined.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theprp.com/2013/03/14/news/taproot\-boy\-hits\-cars\-spring\-u\-s\-tour\-officially\-announced/\|title\=Taproot to Perform "Gift" Album in Full on Spring U.S. Tour with Boy Hits Car\|work\=ThePRP\|date\=March 14, 2013\|access\-date\=July 21, 2020}} On June 16, 2013, drummer Fredell announced on his Twitter account that he had departed the band, citing "some bad blood". He was replaced by Dave Coughlin. The band did not issue an official statement addressing the lineup change.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2022}} On July 9, 2015, a statement was released by Lipscomb, stating that DeWolf was not interested in continuing with the band. A replacement on lead guitar was not immediately named. On August 4, 2015, the [Alice in Chains](/wiki/Alice_in_Chains "Alice in Chains") book *Alice in Chains: The Untold Story* was released, and it mentioned an unfinished collaboration between original frontman [Layne Staley](/wiki/Layne_Staley "Layne Staley") and Taproot. Just prior to his death from an overdose, Staley was set to record vocals for a Taproot song that was written for their 2002 album, *Welcome*. The "spacey\-sounding" track, initially named "Kevin Spacey", would ultimately remain instrumental.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theprp.com/2015/08/17/news/taproot\-speak\-about\-ill\-fated\-collaboration\-with\-late\-alice\-in\-chains\-singer\-layne\-staley/\|title\=Layne Staley and Taproot collaboration\|work\=ThePRP\|date\=August 17, 2015\|access\-date\=July 21, 2020}} On August 8, 2015, Taproot played at Dirt Fest in Birch Run, Michigan, with Dave Lizzio, formerly of [Nonpoint](/wiki/Nonpoint "Nonpoint"), as the band's guitarist. The performance was also notable for its guest appearance of founding member Montague on drums. It was the band's first show since the departure of DeWolf.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2022}} On September 6, 2016, Taproot announced that they would be releasing a rarities collection entitled *Besides*.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/TaprootMusic/photos/a.255637680787/10157410872765788/?type\=3 \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/30785450787/10157410872765788 \|archive\-date\=February 26, 2022 \|url\-access\=limited\|title\=Taproot\|website\=Facebook.com\|access\-date\=June 13, 2019}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theprp.com/2016/09/22/news/taproot\-tease\-rarities\-besides\-set/\|title\=Taproot Tease More Rarities From "Besides" Set\|date\=September 22, 2016\|website\=Theprp.com\|access\-date\=June 13, 2019}} On February 27, 2017, they announced on [Banana 101\.5](/wiki/WWBN "WWBN") that they would play their second album *Welcome* in its entirety. Original drummer Montague also appeared at the anniversary concert, along with his band WestFall as the opening act.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ultimate\-guitar.com/news/community\_feed/taproot\_announce\_two\_welcome\_15th\_anniversary\_show.html\|title\=Taproot Announce Two 'Welcome' 15th Anniversary Show\|website\=Ultimate\-guitar.com\|access\-date\=June 13, 2019}} {{cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/TaprootMusic/photos/a.255637680787/10158317217595788/?type\=3 \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/30785450787/10158317217595788 \|archive\-date\=February 26, 2022 \|url\-access\=limited\|title\=Taproot\|website\=Facebook.com\|access\-date\=June 13, 2019}}{{cbignore}} Taproot performed on May 13 and 14, 2017, at the Machine Shop in Flint, Michigan. During the concert, they premiered a new song entitled "No One Else to Blame".{{cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/TaprootMusic/posts/10158719474945788 \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/30785450787/10158719474945788 \|archive\-date\=February 26, 2022 \|url\-access\=limited\|title\=Taproot\|website\=Facebook.com\|access\-date\=June 13, 2019}}{{cbignore}} On October 16, 2017, the band announced a twentieth\-anniversary show and performed on December 23 at Token Lounge in Westland, Michigan. Montague played drums on older songs, while Coughlin performed more recent material.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theprp.com/2017/10/16/news/taproot\-announce\-20th\-anniversary\-show/\|title\=Taproot Announce 20th Anniversary Show\|date\=October 16, 2017\|website\=Theprp.com\|access\-date\=June 13, 2019}} The compilation *Besides* was released as an eight\-disc, 130\-track box set in December 2018\.{{cite web\|publisher\=\[\[Metal Sucks]]\|last\=Neilstein\|first\=Neil\|url\=http://www.metalsucks.net/2018/11/01/these\-taproot\-b\-sides\-and\-rarities\-are\-pretty\-dope/\|title\=These Taproot B\-Sides and Rarities are Pretty Dope\|date\=November 1, 2018\|access\-date\=November 14, 2018}}{{cite web\|publisher\=Theprp\|url\=https://www.theprp.com/2018/10/16/news/taproot\-detail\-extensive\-8\-cd\-rarities\-set\-besides/\|title\=Taproot Detail Extensive 8 CD Rarities Set "Besides"\|website\=Theprp.com\|date\=October 16, 2018\|access\-date\=November 14, 2018}} ### *SC\\SSRS* (2023–present) A condensed version of *Besides*, titled *Best of Besides*, was announced in early 2023, with a release date of April 30, 2023\. A double\-LP vinyl was planned to follow on September 30\.{{cite web \|publisher\=The PRP \|author\=wookubus \|url\=https://www.theprp.com/2023/02/04/news/taproot\-to\-release\-best\-of\-besides\-compilation/ \|title\=Taproot to Release 'Best of Besides' Compilation \|date\=February 4, 2023 \|access\-date\=February 8, 2023}} The compilation will contain remastered versions of eighteen tracks from the *Besides* box set. In February 2023, Taproot announced that they would be releasing a new album, titled *[SC\\SSRS](/wiki/SC%5CSSRS "SC\SSRS")*, on September 29\. This would be their first studio release since 2012's *The Episodes*.{{cite news\|title\=Taproot announce new album and comeback show at the Machine Shop \|url\=https://banana1015\.com/taproot\-announce\-new\-album\-and\-concert\-machine\-shop/ \|website\=banana1015\.com \|date\=28 February 2023 \|access\-date\=28 February 2023}} The first single from *SC\\SSRS*, titled "V\\CT\\M \\ PLAY", was released on April 6, 2023\.{{cite AV media notes \|url\=https://www.discogs.com/release/28275361\-Taproot\-SCSSRS/images \|title\=SCSSRS Credits \|type\=liner notes \|publisher\=THC Music}} The band stated that Montague had rejoined the lineup, although Coughlin planned on playing sporadic one\-off shows in Montague's absence. In addition, it was announced that Taylor Roberts had replaced Lizzio on guitar.{{cite web \|url\=https://blabbermouth.net/news/taproot\-shares\-first\-new\-single\-in\-over\-a\-decade\-vctm\-play \|title\=Taproot Shares First New Single in Over a Decade, 'V\\CT\\M \\ PLAY' \|website\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]] \|date\=April 3, 2023 \|access\-date\=April 6, 2023}} On August 9, 2023, Taproot issued the single "No One Else to Blame". Another track, "Favourite Song", came out in September. *SC\\SSRS* was officially released on September 29, via the independent label THC Music.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.theprp.com/2023/08/08/news/taproot\-officially\-release\-new\-song\-no\-one\-else\-to\-blame/ \|title\=Taproot Officially Release New Song "No One Else to Blame" \|website\=\[\[theprp.com]] \|date\=August 9, 2023 \|access\-date\=August 9, 2023}}
[ "History\n-------", "### Formation and independent releases (1997–1999\\)", "Taproot was formed in 1997 in [Ann Arbor, Michigan](/wiki/Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan \"Ann Arbor, Michigan\") by vocalist Stephen Richards, guitarist Mike DeWolf, bassist Phil Lipscomb, and drummer Jarrod Montague. The band earned a following with their live performances.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://313eg.com/taproot\\|title\\=Taproot Biography\\|work\\=3Thirteen\\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2020}} Shortly after forming, they recorded their first demos at Woodshed Studios in [Oak Park, Michigan](/wiki/Oak_Park%2C_Michigan \"Oak Park, Michigan\"), with Tim Pak.{{cite web \\|title\\=Taproot – 1997 Demo \\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/release/14591150\\-Taproot\\-1997\\-Demo \\|website\\=Discogs\\|date\\=August 24, 1997 }} In 1998, Taproot sent their demo to [Limp Bizkit](/wiki/Limp_Bizkit \"Limp Bizkit\") frontman, [Fred Durst](/wiki/Fred_Durst \"Fred Durst\"), after seeing a request for demos on their first album. Impressed with the material, Durst offered to get Taproot a recording contract through [Interscope Records](/wiki/Interscope_Records \"Interscope Records\"). However, after extended negotiations, Taproot decided to look elsewhere and finally landed a deal with [Atlantic Records](/wiki/Atlantic_Records \"Atlantic Records\"). Durst heavily cursed the band on vocalist Richards' [answering machine](/wiki/Answering_machine \"Answering machine\").Rolling Stone, [\"Taproot Laying Down New Album\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071113111241/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/taproot/articles/story/5934724/taproot_laying_down_new_album), Posted March 6, 2002\\.\n{{quote box\\|align\\=Left\\|width\\=30%\\|quote\\=\"Hey man, you fucked up. You don't ever bite the hand that feeds in this business, bro . . . Took you under my wing, brought you to my house, talked about you on FM radio and press, and you embarrassed me and the Interscope family. Your association with Limp Bizkit doesn't exist. Your manager slings our name around, he's gonna be blackballed and probably be erased, and you will, too. He's a fucking idiot. You're gonna fucking learn from this time right here I hope you let your band know that you just fucked yourself. You need to be associated with somebody in this business, to put you out there and believe in you. Now you got enemies. Don't fucking show up at my shows cause if you do, you're gonna get fucked. You and your fucking punk ass man. You're learning right now exactly how to ruin your career before it gets started. All the luck, brother, fuck you.\" (The message left by \\[\\[Fred Durst]] on Stephen Richards' answering machine) Jennifer Vineyard, \"Creed Takes Limp Bizkit to Task for TapRoot Threats,\" Rolling Stone, July 21, 2000\n}}", "Durst also allegedly put some blame on [System of a Down](/wiki/System_of_a_Down \"System of a Down\"), who assisted Taproot in securing the Atlantic deal. It is also alleged that Durst kicked System of a Down off the 1999 [Family Values Tour](/wiki/Family_Values_Tour \"Family Values Tour\").MTV.com, [\"Did Durst Dump System of a Down from Family Values Tour?\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20010417210810/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1431278/19991006/limp_bizkit.jhtml), Posted October 6, 1999\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Archive\\-Rob\\-Mancini \\|title\\=Fred Durst Sounds Off on System of a Down\\-Family Values Split \\|url\\=https://www.mtv.com/news/1431276/fred\\-durst\\-sounds\\-off\\-on\\-system\\-of\\-a\\-down\\-family\\-values\\-split/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501070406/http://www.mtv.com/news/1431276/fred\\-durst\\-sounds\\-off\\-on\\-system\\-of\\-a\\-down\\-family\\-values\\-split/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=May 1, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=May 1, 2022 \\|website\\=MTV News}} Taproot independently released their debut album, *...Something More Than Nothing* (1998\\), the EP *Mentobe* (1998\\), and their second record, *[Upon Us](/wiki/Upon_Us_%28album%29 \"Upon Us (album)\")* (1999\\) around this time.{{Citation needed\\|reason\\=please add a reliable source, not one that copies from wikipedia\\|date\\=January 2009}}", "### *Gift* and mainstream success with *Welcome* (2000–2004\\)", "Taproot released their major\\-label debut album, *[Gift](/wiki/Gift_%28Taproot_album%29 \"Gift (Taproot album)\")*, on June 27, 2000, through Atlantic Records. The lead single, \"[Again \\& Again](/wiki/Again_%26_Again_%28Taproot_song%29 \"Again & Again (Taproot song)\")\", gained heavy exposure through [MTV2](/wiki/MTV2 \"MTV2\"), and it was the band's first charting single, as it peaked at No. 39 on the [Mainstream Rock](/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_%28chart%29 \"Mainstream Rock (chart)\") chart and also at No. 95 on the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart \"UK Singles Chart\"). With the help of [Ozzy Osbourne](/wiki/Ozzy_Osbourne \"Ozzy Osbourne\")'s son [Jack](/wiki/Jack_Osbourne \"Jack Osbourne\"), Taproot landed a spot on the second stage of the 2000 and 2001 [Ozzfest](/wiki/Ozzfest \"Ozzfest\") tour. *Gift*'s second single, \"[I](/wiki/I_%28Taproot_song%29 \"I (Taproot song)\")\", also managed to chart at No. 34 on the Mainstream Rock chart in 2001\\.", "After spending seven months in Los Angeles, the band released their second album, *[Welcome](/wiki/Welcome_%28Taproot_album%29 \"Welcome (Taproot album)\")*, on October 15, 2002\\. Considered to be a more melodic effort, the album debuted at No. 17 on the [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\"), selling over 51,000 copies in its first week of release.MTV.com, [\"LL Cool J Beaten To The Top By Faith Hill\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20021025132848/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1458290/20021023/hill_faith.jhtml), Posted October 23, 2002\\. Much of this was due to the success of the album's first single, \"[Poem](/wiki/Poem_%28song%29 \"Poem (song)\")\", which shot to No. 5 on the Mainstream Rock chart. \"Poem\" did not appear on the [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\"), but it did peak at No. 6 on the [Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles](/wiki/Bubbling_Under_Hot_100_Singles \"Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles\") chart.{{cite magazine \\| url\\=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart\\-search\\-results/singles/3048134 \\| title\\=Bubbling Under Hot 100 – Issue Date: 2003\\-01\\-11 \\| magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]] \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Prometheus Global Media]] \\| access\\-date\\=October 12, 2012 }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} The album's second single, \"[Mine](/wiki/Mine_%28Taproot_song%29 \"Mine (Taproot song)\")\", followed with moderate success, as it peaked at No. 23 on the Mainstream Rock chart and at No. 26 on the [Alternative Songs](/wiki/Alternative_Songs \"Alternative Songs\") chart. Ultimately, *Welcome* became Taproot's most successful album to date, with over 500,000 copies sold.{{cite web\\| url\\=https://blabbermouth.net/news/taproot\\-announces\\-first\\-studio\\-album\\-in\\-more\\-than\\-a\\-decade\\-scssrs\\|title\\=Taproot Announces First Studio Album in More Than a Decade, 'SC\\\\SSRS'\\|work\\=Blabbermouth.net\\|date\\=March 1, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=March 3, 2023}}", "After performing across North America on [Disturbed](/wiki/Disturbed_%28band%29 \"Disturbed (band)\")'s [Music as a Weapon Tour](/wiki/Music_as_a_Weapon_Tour \"Music as a Weapon Tour\"){{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.musicasaweapon.net/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040221024459/http://musicasaweapon.net/ \\|archive\\-date\\=February 21, 2004 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|title\\=Love Arcade \\|access\\-date\\=September 3, 2015 }} as well as playing in Europe, Taproot took a two\\-year break from touring.", "### *Blue\\-Sky Research* and departure from Atlantic (2005–2006\\)", "[thumb\\|Stephen Richards in 2005](/wiki/File:Taproot_-_Stephen_Richards.jpg \"Taproot - Stephen Richards.jpg\")", "Returning from their hiatus, Taproot released their third studio album, *[Blue\\-Sky Research](/wiki/Blue-Sky_Research \"Blue-Sky Research\")*, on August 16, 2005\\. [Billy Corgan](/wiki/Billy_Corgan \"Billy Corgan\") of [Smashing Pumpkins](/wiki/Smashing_Pumpkins \"Smashing Pumpkins\") assisted in songwriting on the album, which was produced by Toby Wright. It debuted at No. 33 on the *Billboard* 200, with approximately 28,000 first\\-week sales.MTV Asia, [\"Hilary Duff Scores First Billboard No, 1 With Most Wanted LP\"](http://www.mtvasia.com/News/200508/25012383.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405190013/http://www.mtvasia.com/News/200508/25012383\\.html \\|date\\=April 5, 2009 }}, Posted August 25, 2005\\. The lead single, \"[Calling](/wiki/Calling_%28Taproot_song%29 \"Calling (Taproot song)\")\", (co\\-written by [Jonah Matranga](/wiki/Jonah_Matranga \"Jonah Matranga\")), was used by [WWE](/wiki/WWE \"WWE\") as the theme song for the 2005 pay\\-per\\-view [Unforgiven](/wiki/Unforgiven_%282005%29 \"Unforgiven (2005)\"). It also peaked at No. 11 on the Mainstream Rock chart and at No. 23 on the Alternative Songs chart.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2023}}", "Taproot acted as direct support to [Chevelle](/wiki/Chevelle_%28band%29 \"Chevelle (band)\") alongside [Thirty Seconds to Mars](/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars \"Thirty Seconds to Mars\"). The band then headlined a major tour with [Evans Blue](/wiki/Evans_Blue \"Evans Blue\") and [From Satellite](/wiki/From_Satellite \"From Satellite\") to promote the album's release. Taproot also participated in the Fall Brawl Tour, which featured [Staind](/wiki/Staind \"Staind\") and [P.O.D.](/wiki/P.O.D. \"P.O.D.\") as headliners and was notable for taking the then\\-unknown [Flyleaf](/wiki/Flyleaf_%28band%29 \"Flyleaf (band)\") along as the opening act for the three bands.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2023}}", "On May 23, 2006, it was reported that Taproot had parted ways with Atlantic Records after disappointing sales of *Blue\\-Sky Research*.Billboard, [\"Taproot Assesses Career, Options\"](http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/58339/taproot-assesses-career-options), Posted May 23, 2006\\. At the time, the album had sold 112,000 copies since its release.Blabbermouth, [\"TAPROOT To Split With ATLANTIC RECORDS?\"](http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=52716) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001002316/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\\=Article\\&newsitemID\\=52716 \\|date\\=October 1, 2007 }}, Posted May 23, 2006\\.", "### *Our Long Road Home* and Montague's departure (2007–2009\\)", "On March 5, 2007, Taproot confirmed that they were in the process of recording their fourth album, entitled *[Our Long Road Home](/wiki/Our_Long_Road_Home \"Our Long Road Home\")*, with producer Tim Patalan.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2022}} On March 2, 2008, the band released the song \"You're Not Home Tonight\" on their website.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2022}}", "According to the Taproot website, the band decided to forgo signing to a major label. The album would be released independently through their management firm, Velvet Hammer Music, in a 50/50 partnership with the band itself; however, distribution was handled by [Sony](/wiki/Sony \"Sony\")\\-owned [RED Music](/wiki/RED_Music \"RED Music\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/news/article/0,,4811860,00\\.html\\|title\\=Interview: Taproot @ARTISTdirect\\|publisher\\=artistdirect.com\\|access\\-date\\=September 3, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=October 18, 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018213843/http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/news/article/0,,4811860,00\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} *Our Long Road Home* was released on September 16, 2008\\. Just over a week after it was issued, Taproot announced that longtime drummer Montague would be leaving the band, to be replaced by Nick Fredell. They released a statement regarding the change in lineup:", "> \"After 10 years of touring, our drummer and good friend Jarrod will be sitting out this cycle and we will be replacing him with our long time friend Nick Fredell. We'll miss Jarrod's presence out on the road, but Nick has fit in perfectly and we're excited for all of our fans to meet him. Jarrod's still very much a part of our family, so you'll be seeing him in press and the 'Wherever I Stand' video which is out now on Youtube...\"", "", "Taproot toured with [Sevendust](/wiki/Sevendust \"Sevendust\") and Dear Enemy around this time.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://blabbermouth.net/news/dear\\-enemy\\-to\\-tour\\-with\\-sevendust\\-and\\-taproot\\|title\\=Dear Enemy to Tour with Sevendust and Taproot\\|publisher\\=blabbermouth.net\\|access\\-date\\=September 3, 2015\\|date\\=September 11, 2008}} *Our Long Road Home*'s lead single, \"[Wherever I Stand](/wiki/Wherever_I_Stand \"Wherever I Stand\")\", ultimately peaked at No. 34 on the Mainstream Rock chart. In the spring of 2009, Taproot went on the road with Dear Enemy and Adakain for the Take It! tour. Later that year, they co\\-headlined a US tour with [Cold](/wiki/Cold_%28band%29 \"Cold (band)\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2023}}", "### *Plead the Fifth* and *The Episodes* (2010–2012\\)", "After a brief period without a record label, Taproot signed with [Victory Records](/wiki/Victory_Records \"Victory Records\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.victoryrecords.com/854/victory\\-records\\-signs\\-taproot\\|title\\=VICTORY RECORDS SIGNS \\- TAPROOT!\\|website\\=Victoryrecords.com\\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2020}} On April 1, 2010, the band released the lead single from the then\\-upcoming album, \"[Fractured (Everything I Said Was True)](/wiki/Fractured_%28Everything_I_Said_Was_True%29 \"Fractured (Everything I Said Was True)\")\". It peaked at No. 18 on the Mainstream Rock chart.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.myspace.com/taproot\\|title\\=Featured Content on Myspace\\|website\\=Myspace.com\\|access\\-date\\=September 3, 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/FollowTaproot/status/11368108053\\|title\\=Twitter\\|publisher\\=Twitter.com\\|access\\-date\\=September 3, 2015}} A video followed, debuting on the band's YouTube channel on April 16\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=59sy\\-NiJeQk \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/59sy\\-NiJeQk\\| archive\\-date\\=December 12, 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Taproot \"Fractured (Everything I Said Was True)\" \\- YouTube\\|date\\=April 16, 2010 \\|publisher\\=Youtube.com\\|access\\-date\\=September 3, 2015}}{{cbignore}} Soon after, the band released their fifth studio album, *[Plead the Fifth](/wiki/Plead_the_Fifth_%28album%29 \"Plead the Fifth (album)\")*. Taproot promoted *Plead the Fifth* with a headlining run in the summer of 2010, with support from [Ice Nine Kills](/wiki/Ice_Nine_Kills \"Ice Nine Kills\") and label\\-mates [Destrophy](/wiki/Destrophy \"Destrophy\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2022}}", "In September 2011, Taproot announced they were preparing to record their sixth studio album, working with producer Patalan once again and recording at the Loft Studios in Saline, Michigan. On December 15, the band announced that the album was recorded and should be released in the spring of 2012\\. On January 8, 2012, Taproot's official website was closed and re\\-launched as a brand new one on February 7, 2012\\. In addition to the new site, the band also revealed their sixth album's title, *[The Episodes](/wiki/The_Episodes \"The Episodes\")*. During the following weeks, Taproot offered a video every Tuesday about their upcoming album. On March 2, 2012, they issued the first single, titled \"No Surrender\". It peaked at No. 38 on the Mainstream Rock chart. *The Episodes* was then released on April 10, 2012\\.", "In an October 14 interview, Richards spoke candidly about his bout with seizures and how his medical issues had affected touring and onstage performances.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://loudwire.com/taproot\\-stephen\\-richards\\-on\\-coincidence\\-between\\-medical\\-condition\\-and\\-latest\\-album/\\|author\\=Ramanand, Liz\\|title\\=Stephen Richards on new album 'The Episodes' and medical issues\\|work\\=Loudwire\\|date\\=October 14, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2020}} Taproot supported *The Episodes* with a headlining Winter Riot Tour (with [12 Stones](/wiki/12_Stones \"12 Stones\"), [Digital Summer](/wiki/Digital_Summer \"Digital Summer\"), [3 Pill Morning](/wiki/3_Pill_Morning \"3 Pill Morning\"), and [Prospect Hill](/wiki/Prospect_Hill_%28band%29 \"Prospect Hill (band)\")).{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2022}}", "### Anniversary shows, lineup changes, and *Besides* (2013–2022\\)", "The first half of 2013 saw Taproot playing their debut album, *Gift*, in its entirety on tour with [Boy Hits Car](/wiki/Boy_Hits_Car \"Boy Hits Car\") and Intertwined.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theprp.com/2013/03/14/news/taproot\\-boy\\-hits\\-cars\\-spring\\-u\\-s\\-tour\\-officially\\-announced/\\|title\\=Taproot to Perform \"Gift\" Album in Full on Spring U.S. Tour with Boy Hits Car\\|work\\=ThePRP\\|date\\=March 14, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=July 21, 2020}} On June 16, 2013, drummer Fredell announced on his Twitter account that he had departed the band, citing \"some bad blood\". He was replaced by Dave Coughlin. The band did not issue an official statement addressing the lineup change.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2022}}", "On July 9, 2015, a statement was released by Lipscomb, stating that DeWolf was not interested in continuing with the band. A replacement on lead guitar was not immediately named.", "On August 4, 2015, the [Alice in Chains](/wiki/Alice_in_Chains \"Alice in Chains\") book *Alice in Chains: The Untold Story* was released, and it mentioned an unfinished collaboration between original frontman [Layne Staley](/wiki/Layne_Staley \"Layne Staley\") and Taproot. Just prior to his death from an overdose, Staley was set to record vocals for a Taproot song that was written for their 2002 album, *Welcome*. The \"spacey\\-sounding\" track, initially named \"Kevin Spacey\", \nwould ultimately remain instrumental.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theprp.com/2015/08/17/news/taproot\\-speak\\-about\\-ill\\-fated\\-collaboration\\-with\\-late\\-alice\\-in\\-chains\\-singer\\-layne\\-staley/\\|title\\=Layne Staley and Taproot collaboration\\|work\\=ThePRP\\|date\\=August 17, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=July 21, 2020}}", "On August 8, 2015, Taproot played at Dirt Fest in Birch Run, Michigan, with Dave Lizzio, formerly of [Nonpoint](/wiki/Nonpoint \"Nonpoint\"), as the band's guitarist. The performance was also notable for its guest appearance of founding member Montague on drums. It was the band's first show since the departure of DeWolf.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2022}}", "On September 6, 2016, Taproot announced that they would be releasing a rarities collection entitled *Besides*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/TaprootMusic/photos/a.255637680787/10157410872765788/?type\\=3 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/30785450787/10157410872765788 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 26, 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=limited\\|title\\=Taproot\\|website\\=Facebook.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 13, 2019}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theprp.com/2016/09/22/news/taproot\\-tease\\-rarities\\-besides\\-set/\\|title\\=Taproot Tease More Rarities From \"Besides\" Set\\|date\\=September 22, 2016\\|website\\=Theprp.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 13, 2019}}", "On February 27, 2017, they announced on [Banana 101\\.5](/wiki/WWBN \"WWBN\") that they would play their second album *Welcome* in its entirety. Original drummer Montague also appeared at the anniversary concert, along with his band WestFall as the opening act.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ultimate\\-guitar.com/news/community\\_feed/taproot\\_announce\\_two\\_welcome\\_15th\\_anniversary\\_show.html\\|title\\=Taproot Announce Two 'Welcome' 15th Anniversary Show\\|website\\=Ultimate\\-guitar.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 13, 2019}} {{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/TaprootMusic/photos/a.255637680787/10158317217595788/?type\\=3 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/30785450787/10158317217595788 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 26, 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=limited\\|title\\=Taproot\\|website\\=Facebook.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 13, 2019}}{{cbignore}} Taproot performed on May 13 and 14, 2017, at the Machine Shop in Flint, Michigan. During the concert, they premiered a new song entitled \"No One Else to Blame\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/TaprootMusic/posts/10158719474945788 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/30785450787/10158719474945788 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 26, 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=limited\\|title\\=Taproot\\|website\\=Facebook.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 13, 2019}}{{cbignore}}", "On October 16, 2017, the band announced a twentieth\\-anniversary show and performed on December 23 at Token Lounge in Westland, Michigan. Montague played drums on older songs, while Coughlin performed more recent material.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theprp.com/2017/10/16/news/taproot\\-announce\\-20th\\-anniversary\\-show/\\|title\\=Taproot Announce 20th Anniversary Show\\|date\\=October 16, 2017\\|website\\=Theprp.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 13, 2019}} The compilation *Besides* was released as an eight\\-disc, 130\\-track box set in December 2018\\.{{cite web\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Metal Sucks]]\\|last\\=Neilstein\\|first\\=Neil\\|url\\=http://www.metalsucks.net/2018/11/01/these\\-taproot\\-b\\-sides\\-and\\-rarities\\-are\\-pretty\\-dope/\\|title\\=These Taproot B\\-Sides and Rarities are Pretty Dope\\|date\\=November 1, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2018}}{{cite web\\|publisher\\=Theprp\\|url\\=https://www.theprp.com/2018/10/16/news/taproot\\-detail\\-extensive\\-8\\-cd\\-rarities\\-set\\-besides/\\|title\\=Taproot Detail Extensive 8 CD Rarities Set \"Besides\"\\|website\\=Theprp.com\\|date\\=October 16, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2018}}", "### *SC\\\\SSRS* (2023–present)", "A condensed version of *Besides*, titled *Best of Besides*, was announced in early 2023, with a release date of April 30, 2023\\. A double\\-LP vinyl was planned to follow on September 30\\.{{cite web \\|publisher\\=The PRP \\|author\\=wookubus \\|url\\=https://www.theprp.com/2023/02/04/news/taproot\\-to\\-release\\-best\\-of\\-besides\\-compilation/ \\|title\\=Taproot to Release 'Best of Besides' Compilation \\|date\\=February 4, 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2023}} The compilation will contain remastered versions of eighteen tracks from the *Besides* box set.", "In February 2023, Taproot announced that they would be releasing a new album, titled *[SC\\\\SSRS](/wiki/SC%5CSSRS \"SC\\SSRS\")*, on September 29\\. This would be their first studio release since 2012's *The Episodes*.{{cite news\\|title\\=Taproot announce new album and comeback show at the Machine Shop \\|url\\=https://banana1015\\.com/taproot\\-announce\\-new\\-album\\-and\\-concert\\-machine\\-shop/ \\|website\\=banana1015\\.com \\|date\\=28 February 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=28 February 2023}}", "The first single from *SC\\\\SSRS*, titled \"V\\\\CT\\\\M \\\\ PLAY\", was released on April 6, 2023\\.{{cite AV media notes \\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/release/28275361\\-Taproot\\-SCSSRS/images \\|title\\=SCSSRS Credits \\|type\\=liner notes \\|publisher\\=THC Music}} The band stated that Montague had rejoined the lineup, although Coughlin planned on playing sporadic one\\-off shows in Montague's absence. In addition, it was announced that Taylor Roberts had replaced Lizzio on guitar.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://blabbermouth.net/news/taproot\\-shares\\-first\\-new\\-single\\-in\\-over\\-a\\-decade\\-vctm\\-play \\|title\\=Taproot Shares First New Single in Over a Decade, 'V\\\\CT\\\\M \\\\ PLAY' \\|website\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]] \\|date\\=April 3, 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=April 6, 2023}}", "On August 9, 2023, Taproot issued the single \"No One Else to Blame\". Another track, \"Favourite Song\", came out in September. *SC\\\\SSRS* was officially released on September 29, via the independent label THC Music.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.theprp.com/2023/08/08/news/taproot\\-officially\\-release\\-new\\-song\\-no\\-one\\-else\\-to\\-blame/ \\|title\\=Taproot Officially Release New Song \"No One Else to Blame\" \\|website\\=\\[\\[theprp.com]] \\|date\\=August 9, 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2023}}", "" ]
Career ------ Copetas began his journalism career in 1973 at the London bureau of *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")*. "He was a cocksure American fresh from J school,"{{Cite magazine\|last\=Bailey\|first\=Andrew\|date\=15 October 1991\|title\=A Day In The Life\|magazine\=Rolling Stone}} said RS bureau chief Andrew Bailey, who hired Copetas as a reporter after being introduced to him by [Tony Elliott](/wiki/Tony_Elliott_%28publisher%29 "Tony Elliott (publisher)"). During his time at Rolling Stone Magazine, he shared a house on Stoneleigh Street with fellow employees such as Lanny Aldrich, who at the time managed Rolling Stone's Straight Arrow Books distribution joint\-venture Quick Fox in Europe, and later became a literary agent and author of "The Western Art of Charles M. Russell" and "Mallorca, The Art of Living". Visitors to the house on Stoneleigh Street included [Allen Ginsberg](/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg "Allen Ginsberg"), [Hunter S. Thompson](/wiki/Hunter_S._Thompson "Hunter S. Thompson"),{{Cite news\|last\=Copetas\|first\=A. Craig\|date\=1991\-12\-19\|title\=When the going gets weird\|volume\=13\|work\=London Review of Books\|issue\=24\|url\=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the\-paper/v13/n24/a.\-craig\-copetas/when\-the\-going\-gets\-weird\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|issn\=0260\-9592}} British filmmaker [Peter Whitehead](/wiki/Peter_Whitehead_%28filmmaker%29 "Peter Whitehead (filmmaker)") and Grateful Dead lyricist [Robert Hunter](/wiki/Robert_Hunter_%28lyricist%29 "Robert Hunter (lyricist)"). They frequented the nearby Julie's Wine Bar,From page 208 of "Inside Notting Hill", by Sally Moore, daughter of Sir Philip Moore, the last British Governor General of Singapore and former private secretary to QEII : "Craig held his own court in Julie's Wine Bar, and I loved to sit by his side while he and Richard Young would eat expensive food, drink sparingly and lounge around beneath the palm trees with all the Rolling Stone editors, writers and their galaxy of friends and contacts...Craig was an indefatigable investigative journalist and particularly impressed by the fact that my father worked for the Queen and could help arrange for Prince Charles to sit for a Rolling Stone interview. Craig told my mother and father he would interview the Prince informally, 'take him to Hard Rock Cafe for a hamburger' socialising with neighbours such as Sally Moore{{Cite book\|title\=Inside Notting Hill\|publisher\=Portobello Publishing\|year\=2001\|pages\=208}} and the (then aspiring) photographer [Richard Young](/wiki/Richard_Young_%28photographer%29 "Richard Young (photographer)") who at that time was working in a bookshop.{{Cite web\|title\=Notting Hill locals share their best memories of Notting Hill\|url\=https://www.theresident.co.uk/london\-culture\-events/local\-people/notting\-hill\-locals\-share\-carnival\-memories/\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=theresident.co.uk}} Copetas' first big story came in 1974 when *Rolling Stone* sent him to find [J.Paul Getty III](/wiki/John_Paul_Getty_III "John Paul Getty III") shortly after he had been kidnapped in Italy.{{Cite web\|title\=A Billion\-Dollar Heir and a Sliced\-Off Ear: The Brutal Story of J. Paul Getty III's Kidnapping\|url\=https://people.com/movies/true\-story\-all\-money\-world\-j\-paul\-getty\-iii\-kidnapping/\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=People}} Copetas workedAndrew Bailey, Rolling Stone London Bureau Chief "A Day in the Life, Bailey's story on the London bureau" Rolling Stone Magazine October 15, 1992\."My one and only scoop happened in 1973\...Every reporter in the world was looking for Getty...Craig was fresh out of J\-school and headed to Rome. A week later, he called. Could he have more cash. Infiltrating the Rome club\-drug Mafia scene was proving expensive...I arranged for more money to be sent. Craig called a few days later. He was now best buddies with a Mafioso who claimed to know where Getty was hiding, but the funds had run dry. I called managing editor John Walsh...We needed more money, and I started looking around for another job. John wired cash to Craig. Then Craig called again. He'd sneaked past Getty's guards," and the Getty kidnapping story was ours". with fellow Ohio University journalism graduate Joe Esztheras to interview him for the magazine{{Cite magazine\|last1\=Eszterhas\|first1\=Joe\|date\=2018\-03\-21\|title\=J. Paul Getty III: Exclusive 1974 Interview with Kidnapped Oil Heir\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture\-features/j\-paul\-getty\-iii\-exclusive\-1974\-interview\-with\-kidnapped\-oil\-heir\-120637/\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|magazine\=Rolling Stone}} and enabled Richard Young, who photographed Getty, to secure his first published photograph. That same year, Copetas also interviewed his friend [David Bowie](/wiki/David_Bowie "David Bowie") and [William S. Burroughs](/wiki/William_S._Burroughs "William S. Burroughs") for the magazine.{{Cite magazine\|last1\=Copetas\|first1\=Craig\|date\=1974\-02\-28\|title\=Beat Godfather Meets Glitter Mainman: William Burroughs Interviews David Bowie\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/beat\-godfather\-meets\-glitter\-mainman\-william\-burroughs\-interviews\-david\-bowie\-92508/\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|magazine\=Rolling Stone}} Copetas went on to serve as foreign correspondent for [Alternative Press Syndicate](/wiki/Underground_Press_Syndicate "Underground Press Syndicate"), based in Quito, Ecuador, and Bogota and Colombia, and as news editor for [High Times magazine](/wiki/High_Times "High Times"){{Cite web\|title\=High Times Greats: The Life And High Times Of Tom Forçade – Elysium Topical Pain Relief\|url\=https://elysiumhealing.com/2019/09/11/high\-times\-greats\-the\-life\-and\-high\-times\-of\-tom\-forcade/\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08}} where he worked with [Tom Forcade](/wiki/Tom_Forcade "Tom Forcade").{{Cite web\|last\=Schreckinger\|first\=Ben\|title\=The Long Fall of High Times\|url\=https://politi.co/3gZBhqU\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=Politico PRO}} In 1976, Copetas broke the paraquat poisoning story{{Cite news\|last\=Kornbluth\|first\=Jesse\|date\=1978\-11\-19\|title\=POISONOUS FALLOUT FROM THE WAR ON MARIJUANA (Published 1978\)\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/11/19/archives/poisonous\-fallout\-from\-the\-war\-on\-marijuana\-paraquat.html\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|issn\=0362\-4331}} which highlighted the aerial spraying of Mexican marijuana fields with the lethal herbicide paraquat in the Mexican\-American war against marijuana. His articles led Daryl Dodson, an intern on the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, to research further and ultimately the Senate Subcommittee investigation{{Cite book\|last\=Delinquency\|first\=United States Congress Senate Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=MIz2a7377f8C\&q\=copetas\+paraquat\&pg\=PA150\|title\=The Mexican Connection: Hearings Before the Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety\-fifth Congress, Second Session ... February 10 and April 19, 1978\|date\=1978\|publisher\=U.S. Government Printing Office}} which resulted in Government testing of contaminated Mexican marijuana. Copetas was also responsible for maintaining a cooperative and mutually beneficial relationship with [NORML](/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws "National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws"),{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-05\-29\|title\=A Founder Looks at 50: Tom Forcade, Michael J. Kennedy and High Times Magazine\|url\=https://norml.org/blog/2020/05/29/a\-founder\-looks\-at\-50\-high\-times/\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=NORML}} the non\-profit public\-interest pro\-marijuana advocacy group. His other roles have included contributing staff writer at the [New York Daily News](/wiki/New_York_Daily_News "New York Daily News"), [New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"),{{Cite news\|date\=2007\-06\-12\|title\=A. Craig Copetas: In Saudi Arabia, ancient and modern converge (Published 2007\)\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/12/world/africa/12iht\-letter.3\.6110620\.html\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|issn\=0362\-4331}} [Harper's Magazine](/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine "Harper's Magazine"){{Cite web\|date\=1984\-01\-01\|title\=\[Capitalism observed] How the barbarians do business, By A. Craig Copetas\|url\=https://harpers.org/archive/1984/01/how\-the\-barbarians\-do\-business/\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=Harper's Magazine}} and columnist for [Inc Magazine](/wiki/Inc._%28magazine%29 "Inc. (magazine)").{{Cite web\|last\=Copetas\|first\=A. Craig\|date\=1985\-09\-01\|title\=The Revolt Of The Capitalists\|url\=https://www.inc.com/magazine/19850901/4941\.html\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=Inc.com}} In 1978, he joined [Associated Newspapers](/wiki/DMG_Media "DMG Media") where he served as associate editor and staff writer at [Esquire magazine](/wiki/Esquire_%28magazine%29 "Esquire (magazine)").{{Cite web\|date\=2008\-09\-22\|title\=The Unabridged Esquire Masthead\|url\=https://www.esquire.com/unabridged\-esquire\-masthead\-1008\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=Esquire}} At the magazine, Copetas worked with writers{{Cite news\|last\=Copetas\|first\=A. Craig\|date\=1993\-11\-18\|title\=Like a boll weevil to a cotton bud\|volume\=15\|work\=London Review of Books\|issue\=22\|url\=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the\-paper/v15/n22/a.\-craig\-copetas/like\-a\-boll\-weevil\-to\-a\-cotton\-bud\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|issn\=0260\-9592}} such as [Graham Greene](/wiki/Graham_Greene "Graham Greene"), [Norman Mailer](/wiki/Norman_Mailer "Norman Mailer"),{{Cite web\|title\=The Esquirer {{!}} Esquire {{!}} JUNE 1980\|url\=https://classic.esquire.com/article/1980/6/1/the\-esquirer\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=Esquire {{!}} The Complete Archive}} [Hunter Thompson](/wiki/Hunter_S._Thompson "Hunter S. Thompson"), [William Buckley](/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr. "William F. Buckley Jr."), [James Baldwin](/wiki/James_Baldwin "James Baldwin"), [Anthony Haden Guest](/wiki/Anthony_Haden-Guest "Anthony Haden-Guest") and Jesse Kornbluth.{{Cite web\|last\=Moffitt\|first\=Phillip\|title\=THE EDITORIAL PROCESS {{!}} Esquire {{!}} APRIL 1980\|url\=https://classic.esquire.com/article/1980/4/1/the\-editorial\-process\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=Esquire {{!}} The Complete Archive}} His fellow editors included [Peter W. Kaplan](/wiki/Peter_W._Kaplan "Peter W. Kaplan"), [Marilyn Johnson](/wiki/Marilyn_Johnson_%28author%29 "Marilyn Johnson (author)"),{{Cite web\|last\=Copetas, D.L\|first\=Marilyn Johnson, A Craig\|title\=The Esquirer {{!}} Esquire {{!}} SEPTEMBER 1980\|url\=https://classic.esquire.com/article/1980/9/1/the\-esquirer\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=Esquire {{!}} The Complete Archive}} Rob Fleder and [Dominique Browning](/wiki/Dominique_Browning "Dominique Browning"). They were the last group to be trained and mentored by those who had edited the likes of [Hemingway](/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway "Ernest Hemingway"), [Fitzgerald](/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald "F. Scott Fitzgerald") and [Wolfe](/wiki/Tom_Wolfe "Tom Wolfe"). That group included [Arnold Gingrich](/wiki/Arnold_Gingrich "Arnold Gingrich"), [Harold Hayes](/wiki/Harold_Hayes "Harold Hayes"), [Byron Dobell](/wiki/Byron_Dobell "Byron Dobell"), [Rust Hills](/wiki/Rust_Hills "Rust Hills") and Don Erickson. Copetas went on to work at ANG's *[SoHo Weekly News](/wiki/SoHo_Weekly_News "SoHo Weekly News")*{{Cite web\|title\=SoHo News\|url\=https://specificobject.com/objects/info.cfm?inventory\_id\=24900\&object\_id\=21154\&page\=1\&search\=A%20%20Craig%20Copetas\&sort\=recent\&search\_type\=basic\&pobject\_status\=All\&options\=artist\#.X7jNurX7TtQ\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=Specific Object}} before moving to London for the Mail on Sunday and helping to create the paper's Sunday Magazine supplement. During the 1980s, he also wrote for *[The Village Voice](/wiki/The_Village_Voice "The Village Voice")*{{Cite web\|title\=Madison Avenue, Moscow {{!}} The Village Voice\|url\=https://www.villagevoice.com/2020/06/15/madison\-avenue\-moscow/\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=villagevoice.com}} and [Regardie's Magazine](/wiki/Regardie%27s "Regardie's").{{Cite web\|title\=Seven People Named for Knight\-Bagehot Fellowships\|url\=https://apnews.com/article/21959ffe50d6bd4881ea3bc0a3cb5e03\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|agency\=Associated Press}} By then, he was based in Moscow where he also became on\-site director of media company Kommersant,{{Cite book\|last\=Ostrovsky\|first\=Arkady\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=fZrlCQAAQBAJ\&q\=the\+invention\+of\+russia\+kommersant\+copetas\&pg\=PT184\|title\=The Invention of Russia: The Journey from Gorbachev's Freedom to Putin's War\|date\=2015\-09\-17\|publisher\=Atlantic Books\|isbn\=978\-1\-78239\-741\-0}} During one of his trips back to London he visited his friend [Tony Elliott](/wiki/Tony_Elliott_%28publisher%29 "Tony Elliott (publisher)"), founded of Time Out, during a labour strike at the publication. He persuaded Elliot to accompany him on a trip to Cairo{{Cite web\|title\=Tony Elliott, 1947\-2020\|url\=https://www.timeout.com/london/things\-to\-do/tony\-elliott\-tribute\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=Time Out London}} which they took alongside [James Horwitz](/wiki/James_Horwitz "James Horwitz"). Back in Moscow, Copetas met actor [Brian Cox](/wiki/Brian_Cox_%28actor%29 "Brian Cox (actor)"){{Cite book\|last\=Cox, Brian.\|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26351240\|title\=Salem to Moscow : an actor's odyssey\|date\=1992\|publisher\=Methuen Drama\|isbn\=0\-413\-66450\-3\|location\=London\|oclc\=26351240}} who was there to direct a production of "The Crucible"{{Cite web\|date\=1989\-08\-25\|title\=The List: 25 Aug 1989\|url\=https://archive.list.co.uk/the\-list/1989\-08\-25/11/\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=The List Archive}} with students from the [Moscow Art Theatre](/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theatre "Moscow Art Theatre") in 1989\. Copetas agreed to the role of ersatz casting director for his friend and found Nora Ivanovna, a Black Russian singer, to play Tituba, the slave\-woman from Barbados. In 1989, Copetas was named Knight\-Bagehot Fellow in Economics and Business Journalism, a program designed to provide formal business and economics training for journalists at mid\-career. He reported on the ground in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq during the [First Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War "Gulf War") and then the [Balkan conflict](/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars "Yugoslav Wars") in Serbia, Bosnia, Kosovo and Croatia during the late 1990s for the Wall Street Journal with colleague [Daniel Pearl](/wiki/Daniel_Pearl "Daniel Pearl"). Other long\-term postings included China and Southeast Asia. He was later embedded with British forces during the Second Gulf War.{{Cite web\|title\=BBC documentary exposes Pentagon lies: The staged rescue of Private Jessica Lynch\|url\=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2003/05/jess\-m23\.html\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-16\|website\=World Socialist Web Site}} In 1991, he became a staff reporter on the Wall Street Journal and went on to create and manage the sports section of [The Wall Street Journal Europe](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal_Europe "The Wall Street Journal Europe"), helping develop the first weekend section for the paper and extensively covering the Olympic corruption scandal.{{Cite news\|last\=Copetas\|first\=A. Craig\|date\=1999\-10\-28\|title\=International Economic Group Spurns Overtures of Olympics\|work\=The Wall Street Journal\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB941059773453534479\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|issn\=0099\-9660}}{{Cite news\|last\=Roger Thurow\|first\=A. Craig Copetas Jay Solomon\|date\=2000\-09\-11\|title\=International Olympic Committee Says It Has Made Reforms, Yet Doubts Persist\|work\=The Wall Street Journal\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB968629963383319806\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|issn\=0099\-9660}} He was briefly arrested in Singapore based on an Australian hold\-and\-detain order that claimed he was a terrorist suspect. "The Great Olympic Swindle"{{Cite book\|last\=Jennings, Andrew, 1943\-\|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45168546\|title\=The great Olympic swindle : when the world wanted its games back\|date\=2000\|publisher\=Simon \& Schuster\|others\=Sambrook, Clare.\|isbn\=0\-7432\-0293\-7\|location\=London\|pages\=270–272\|oclc\=45168546}} recounts the harassment that Copetas and his family subsequently suffered in the hopes that he would hold off publishing his story in the Wall Street Journal. In 2001, he joined [Bloomberg LP](/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P. "Bloomberg L.P.") as a senior writer covering global financial news and events across all Bloomberg News platforms, including [Bloomberg News](/wiki/Bloomberg_News "Bloomberg News"), [Bloomberg Television](/wiki/Bloomberg_Television "Bloomberg Television"), [Bloomberg Markets magazine](/wiki/Bloomberg_Markets "Bloomberg Markets") and [Bloomberg BusinessWeek magazine](/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek "Bloomberg Businessweek"). He held posts in Europe, Russia, Middle East and China. In 2009, he was briefly detained in Dubai{{Cite web\|date\=2009\-04\-21\|title\=Roy Greenslade: Mystery of journalist detained at Dubai airport\|url\=http://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2009/apr/21/press\-freedom\-wallstreetjournal\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=The Guardian}} while there as senior writer for Bloomberg News workingDuring a "...press gathering, \[Sultan Bin Sulayem] started screaming \[at Copetas] in a burst of anger about how Bloomberg was trying to destroy Dubai World with negative reports. Such an outburst was unheard of from Sultan, who is a very quiet and calm man. To see him out of control shows the state of panic lying underneath...Craig went to the airport to fly out of Dubai, but he didn't make it through immigration. He was detained by Amn Al Dawla secret police officers. For ten hours, Craig was questioned about his contacts in Dubai and the sources of his information" from "Escape from Dubai," by Hervé Jaubert, pages 215\-216{{Cite book\|last\=Jaubert, Hervé.\|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/605037720\|title\=Escape from Dubai\|date\=2010\|publisher\=Headline Books, Inc\|others\=Jaubert, Helen.\|isbn\=978\-0\-929915\-94\-4\|location\=Terra Alta, W. Va.\|pages\=215–216\|oclc\=605037720}} on a story under former Associated Press Executive Editor William Ahearn. At the time, many foreign journalists were complaining that they had "been told to avoid writing negative stories" about the UAE's economy{{Cite web\|date\=2009\-04\-16\|title\=Roy Greenslade: New law aims to stifle press freedom in Dubai\|url\=http://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2009/apr/16/dubai\-press\-freedom\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=The Guardian}} and the UAE was on the brink of adopting a new media law which forbade the publication of stories that were deemed to be harmful to the national economy. Bloomberg pulled the story "because of the threat of losing their wire terminals throughout the Middle East, being barred from press releases and press gatherings, having their assets in Dubai seized" Copetas was subsequently dismissed{{Cite web\|date\=2012\-02\-06\|title\=Bloomberg feature writer in Paris is gone\|url\=https://talkingbiznews.com/they\-talk\-biz\-news/bloomberg\-feature\-writer\-in\-paris\-is\-gone/\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=Talking Biz News}} from Bloomberg as was Ahearn.{{Cite web\|date\=2012\-03\-14\|title\=Bloomberg fires finance team editor Ahearn\|url\=https://talkingbiznews.com/they\-talk\-biz\-news/bloomberg\-fires\-finance\-team\-editor\-ahearn/\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=Talking Biz News}} In 2014 it was reported that a Bloomberg story about mass accumulation of wealth by China's ruling class was closed down and the journalist also dismissed by Bloomberg.{{Cite web\|last\=Chakraborty\|first\=Barnini\|date\=2020\-04\-14\|title\=Behind Bloomberg News' campaign to silence its own journalists for reporting on China corruption\|url\=https://www.foxnews.com/media/bloomberg\-news\-china\-corruption\-journalists\-silenced\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|publisher\=Fox News}} For seven years, he was a World Economic Forum Media Leader, taking part in panel discussions at World Economic Forums in Davos, Switzerland. He was a representative on WEF's Summit on the Global Agenda, which formulates topics for discussion at WEF's annual meeting. He also held a similar position at OECDs Forum in Paris.{{Cite web\|title\=OECD Forum 2014 Who Is Who\|url\=https://www.oecd.org/media/oecdorg/satellitesites/oecdforum/oecd\-forum\-2014\-who\-is\-who.pdf\|website\=OECD}} He went on to host news talk shows on Bloomberg Television and represented Bloomberg LP on numerous global television and radio shows, including CNN, Fox News, CBS News, MSNBC, France 24\.{{Cite web\|date\=2011\-01\-07\|title\=The Debate \- 2011: Fewer Jobs, Longer Hours?\|url\=https://www.france24\.com/en/20110107\-france\-24\-debate\-fewer\-jobs\-longer\-hours\-employment\-35\-hour\-work\-week\-europe\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=France 24}} He has also been a weekly columnist for International Herald Tribune.{{Cite web\|title\=Artforum.com\|url\=https://www.artforum.com/news/the\-pla\-goes\-on\-an\-international\-art\-buying\-spree\-9647\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-16\|website\=artforum.com}} From 2010 to 2014 he was a regular panellist on [The World This Week](/wiki/The_World_This_Week "The World This Week"),{{Cite web\|date\=2013\-01\-25\|title\=The world this week \- The World This Week \- 25 January\|url\=https://www.france24\.com/en/20130125\-the\-world\-this\-week\-25\-january\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=France 24}} a weekly one\-hour news and current affairs program broadcast globally in English and French on French public broadcaster France 24, working with [Christopher Dickey](/wiki/Christopher_Dickey "Christopher Dickey"). During that time, he was involved in the founding of [Quartz](/wiki/Quartz_%28publication%29 "Quartz (publication)") and became its Editor\-at\-Large based in Paris.{{Cite web\|title\=A. Craig Copetas\|url\=https://qz.com/author/skyranchparis/\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=Quartz}} From 2015 to 2019 he was Editor\-at\-Large for [TRT World](/wiki/TRT_World "TRT World"), the English\-language news network. He created and managed the Monday to Friday live\-broadcast business and financial politics program Money Talks.{{Cite web\|last\=sabah\|first\=daily\|date\=2016\-06\-17\|title\=Int'l finance show 'Money Talks' on TRT World\|url\=https://www.dailysabah.com/finance/2016/06/17/intl\-finance\-show\-money\-talks\-on\-trt\-world\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-16\|website\=Daily Sabah}} Copetas has held various academic posts including Visiting Scholar at [The Harriman Institute of Advanced Russian Study at Columbia University in New York](/wiki/Harriman_Institute "Harriman Institute"),{{Cite web\|date\=1994\-01\-09\|title\=Nobody Knows the Trouble They'll See : RUSSIA 2010: And What It Means for the World, By Daniel Yergin \& Thane Gustafson (Random House: $23; 320 pp.)\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1994\-01\-09\-bk\-9964\-story.html\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=Los Angeles Times}} Associate Professor of Narrative Journalism at the [American University of Paris](/wiki/American_University_of_Paris "American University of Paris") (2012–2014\),{{Cite web\|title\=AUP Magazine \- 50th Anniversary Edition\|url\=https://issuu.com/kristinaverfoley/docs/aup\_magazine\_may\_2013/34\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=Issuu}} Visiting Lecturer on print, video and digital journalism and writing at University of Miami; Boston University; Harvard College; Tulane University; Ecole Jeannine Manuel; Sciences Po.
[ "Career\n------", "Copetas began his journalism career in 1973 at the London bureau of *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\")*. \"He was a cocksure American fresh from J school,\"{{Cite magazine\\|last\\=Bailey\\|first\\=Andrew\\|date\\=15 October 1991\\|title\\=A Day In The Life\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone}} said RS bureau chief Andrew Bailey, who hired Copetas as a reporter after being introduced to him by [Tony Elliott](/wiki/Tony_Elliott_%28publisher%29 \"Tony Elliott (publisher)\"). During his time at Rolling Stone Magazine, he shared a house on Stoneleigh Street with fellow employees such as Lanny Aldrich, who at the time managed Rolling Stone's Straight Arrow Books distribution joint\\-venture Quick Fox in Europe, and later became a literary agent and author of \"The Western Art of Charles M. Russell\" and \"Mallorca, The Art of Living\". Visitors to the house on Stoneleigh Street included [Allen Ginsberg](/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg \"Allen Ginsberg\"), [Hunter S. Thompson](/wiki/Hunter_S._Thompson \"Hunter S. Thompson\"),{{Cite news\\|last\\=Copetas\\|first\\=A. Craig\\|date\\=1991\\-12\\-19\\|title\\=When the going gets weird\\|volume\\=13\\|work\\=London Review of Books\\|issue\\=24\\|url\\=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the\\-paper/v13/n24/a.\\-craig\\-copetas/when\\-the\\-going\\-gets\\-weird\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|issn\\=0260\\-9592}} British filmmaker [Peter Whitehead](/wiki/Peter_Whitehead_%28filmmaker%29 \"Peter Whitehead (filmmaker)\") and Grateful Dead lyricist [Robert Hunter](/wiki/Robert_Hunter_%28lyricist%29 \"Robert Hunter (lyricist)\"). They frequented the nearby Julie's Wine Bar,From page 208 of \"Inside Notting Hill\", by Sally Moore, daughter of Sir Philip Moore, the last British Governor General of Singapore and former private secretary to QEII : \"Craig held his own court in Julie's Wine Bar, and I loved to sit by his side while he and Richard Young would eat expensive food, drink sparingly and lounge around beneath the palm trees with all the Rolling Stone editors, writers and their galaxy of friends and contacts...Craig was an indefatigable investigative journalist and particularly impressed by the fact that my father worked for the Queen and could help arrange for Prince Charles to sit for a Rolling Stone interview. Craig told my mother and father he would interview the Prince informally, 'take him to Hard Rock Cafe for a hamburger' socialising with neighbours such as Sally Moore{{Cite book\\|title\\=Inside Notting Hill\\|publisher\\=Portobello Publishing\\|year\\=2001\\|pages\\=208}} and the (then aspiring) photographer [Richard Young](/wiki/Richard_Young_%28photographer%29 \"Richard Young (photographer)\") who at that time was working in a bookshop.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Notting Hill locals share their best memories of Notting Hill\\|url\\=https://www.theresident.co.uk/london\\-culture\\-events/local\\-people/notting\\-hill\\-locals\\-share\\-carnival\\-memories/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=theresident.co.uk}}", "Copetas' first big story came in 1974 when *Rolling Stone* sent him to find [J.Paul Getty III](/wiki/John_Paul_Getty_III \"John Paul Getty III\") shortly after he had been kidnapped in Italy.{{Cite web\\|title\\=A Billion\\-Dollar Heir and a Sliced\\-Off Ear: The Brutal Story of J. Paul Getty III's Kidnapping\\|url\\=https://people.com/movies/true\\-story\\-all\\-money\\-world\\-j\\-paul\\-getty\\-iii\\-kidnapping/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=People}} Copetas workedAndrew Bailey, Rolling Stone London Bureau Chief \"A Day in the Life, Bailey's story on the London bureau\" Rolling Stone Magazine October 15, 1992\\.\"My one and only scoop happened in 1973\\...Every reporter in the world was looking for Getty...Craig was fresh out of J\\-school and headed to Rome. A week later, he called. Could he have more cash. Infiltrating the Rome club\\-drug Mafia scene was proving expensive...I arranged for more money to be sent. Craig called a few days later. He was now best buddies with a Mafioso who claimed to know where Getty was hiding, but the funds had run dry. I called managing editor John Walsh...We needed more money, and I started looking around for another job. John wired cash to Craig. Then Craig called again. He'd sneaked past Getty's guards,\" and the Getty kidnapping story was ours\". with fellow Ohio University journalism graduate Joe Esztheras to interview him for the magazine{{Cite magazine\\|last1\\=Eszterhas\\|first1\\=Joe\\|date\\=2018\\-03\\-21\\|title\\=J. Paul Getty III: Exclusive 1974 Interview with Kidnapped Oil Heir\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture\\-features/j\\-paul\\-getty\\-iii\\-exclusive\\-1974\\-interview\\-with\\-kidnapped\\-oil\\-heir\\-120637/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone}} and enabled Richard Young, who photographed Getty, to secure his first published photograph. That same year, Copetas also interviewed his friend [David Bowie](/wiki/David_Bowie \"David Bowie\") and [William S. Burroughs](/wiki/William_S._Burroughs \"William S. Burroughs\") for the magazine.{{Cite magazine\\|last1\\=Copetas\\|first1\\=Craig\\|date\\=1974\\-02\\-28\\|title\\=Beat Godfather Meets Glitter Mainman: William Burroughs Interviews David Bowie\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/beat\\-godfather\\-meets\\-glitter\\-mainman\\-william\\-burroughs\\-interviews\\-david\\-bowie\\-92508/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone}}", "Copetas went on to serve as foreign correspondent for [Alternative Press Syndicate](/wiki/Underground_Press_Syndicate \"Underground Press Syndicate\"), based in Quito, Ecuador, and Bogota and Colombia, and as news editor for [High Times magazine](/wiki/High_Times \"High Times\"){{Cite web\\|title\\=High Times Greats: The Life And High Times Of Tom Forçade – Elysium Topical Pain Relief\\|url\\=https://elysiumhealing.com/2019/09/11/high\\-times\\-greats\\-the\\-life\\-and\\-high\\-times\\-of\\-tom\\-forcade/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08}} where he worked with [Tom Forcade](/wiki/Tom_Forcade \"Tom Forcade\").{{Cite web\\|last\\=Schreckinger\\|first\\=Ben\\|title\\=The Long Fall of High Times\\|url\\=https://politi.co/3gZBhqU\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=Politico PRO}} In 1976, Copetas broke the paraquat poisoning story{{Cite news\\|last\\=Kornbluth\\|first\\=Jesse\\|date\\=1978\\-11\\-19\\|title\\=POISONOUS FALLOUT FROM THE WAR ON MARIJUANA (Published 1978\\)\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/11/19/archives/poisonous\\-fallout\\-from\\-the\\-war\\-on\\-marijuana\\-paraquat.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} which highlighted the aerial spraying of Mexican marijuana fields with the lethal herbicide paraquat in the Mexican\\-American war against marijuana. His articles led Daryl Dodson, an intern on the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, to research further and ultimately the Senate Subcommittee investigation{{Cite book\\|last\\=Delinquency\\|first\\=United States Congress Senate Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=MIz2a7377f8C\\&q\\=copetas\\+paraquat\\&pg\\=PA150\\|title\\=The Mexican Connection: Hearings Before the Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety\\-fifth Congress, Second Session ... February 10 and April 19, 1978\\|date\\=1978\\|publisher\\=U.S. Government Printing Office}} which resulted in Government testing of contaminated Mexican marijuana. Copetas was also responsible for maintaining a cooperative and mutually beneficial relationship with [NORML](/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws \"National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws\"),{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-05\\-29\\|title\\=A Founder Looks at 50: Tom Forcade, Michael J. Kennedy and High Times Magazine\\|url\\=https://norml.org/blog/2020/05/29/a\\-founder\\-looks\\-at\\-50\\-high\\-times/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=NORML}} the non\\-profit public\\-interest pro\\-marijuana advocacy group.", "His other roles have included contributing staff writer at the [New York Daily News](/wiki/New_York_Daily_News \"New York Daily News\"), [New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\"),{{Cite news\\|date\\=2007\\-06\\-12\\|title\\=A. Craig Copetas: In Saudi Arabia, ancient and modern converge (Published 2007\\)\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/12/world/africa/12iht\\-letter.3\\.6110620\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} [Harper's Magazine](/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine \"Harper's Magazine\"){{Cite web\\|date\\=1984\\-01\\-01\\|title\\=\\[Capitalism observed] How the barbarians do business, By A. Craig Copetas\\|url\\=https://harpers.org/archive/1984/01/how\\-the\\-barbarians\\-do\\-business/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=Harper's Magazine}} and columnist for [Inc Magazine](/wiki/Inc._%28magazine%29 \"Inc. (magazine)\").{{Cite web\\|last\\=Copetas\\|first\\=A. Craig\\|date\\=1985\\-09\\-01\\|title\\=The Revolt Of The Capitalists\\|url\\=https://www.inc.com/magazine/19850901/4941\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=Inc.com}}", "In 1978, he joined [Associated Newspapers](/wiki/DMG_Media \"DMG Media\") where he served as associate editor and staff writer at [Esquire magazine](/wiki/Esquire_%28magazine%29 \"Esquire (magazine)\").{{Cite web\\|date\\=2008\\-09\\-22\\|title\\=The Unabridged Esquire Masthead\\|url\\=https://www.esquire.com/unabridged\\-esquire\\-masthead\\-1008\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=Esquire}} At the magazine, Copetas worked with writers{{Cite news\\|last\\=Copetas\\|first\\=A. Craig\\|date\\=1993\\-11\\-18\\|title\\=Like a boll weevil to a cotton bud\\|volume\\=15\\|work\\=London Review of Books\\|issue\\=22\\|url\\=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the\\-paper/v15/n22/a.\\-craig\\-copetas/like\\-a\\-boll\\-weevil\\-to\\-a\\-cotton\\-bud\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|issn\\=0260\\-9592}} such as [Graham Greene](/wiki/Graham_Greene \"Graham Greene\"), [Norman Mailer](/wiki/Norman_Mailer \"Norman Mailer\"),{{Cite web\\|title\\=The Esquirer {{!}} Esquire {{!}} JUNE 1980\\|url\\=https://classic.esquire.com/article/1980/6/1/the\\-esquirer\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=Esquire {{!}} The Complete Archive}} [Hunter Thompson](/wiki/Hunter_S._Thompson \"Hunter S. Thompson\"), [William Buckley](/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr. \"William F. Buckley Jr.\"), [James Baldwin](/wiki/James_Baldwin \"James Baldwin\"), [Anthony Haden Guest](/wiki/Anthony_Haden-Guest \"Anthony Haden-Guest\") and Jesse Kornbluth.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Moffitt\\|first\\=Phillip\\|title\\=THE EDITORIAL PROCESS {{!}} Esquire {{!}} APRIL 1980\\|url\\=https://classic.esquire.com/article/1980/4/1/the\\-editorial\\-process\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=Esquire {{!}} The Complete Archive}} His fellow editors included [Peter W. Kaplan](/wiki/Peter_W._Kaplan \"Peter W. Kaplan\"), [Marilyn Johnson](/wiki/Marilyn_Johnson_%28author%29 \"Marilyn Johnson (author)\"),{{Cite web\\|last\\=Copetas, D.L\\|first\\=Marilyn Johnson, A Craig\\|title\\=The Esquirer {{!}} Esquire {{!}} SEPTEMBER 1980\\|url\\=https://classic.esquire.com/article/1980/9/1/the\\-esquirer\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=Esquire {{!}} The Complete Archive}} Rob Fleder and [Dominique Browning](/wiki/Dominique_Browning \"Dominique Browning\"). They were the last group to be trained and mentored by those who had edited the likes of [Hemingway](/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway \"Ernest Hemingway\"), [Fitzgerald](/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald \"F. Scott Fitzgerald\") and [Wolfe](/wiki/Tom_Wolfe \"Tom Wolfe\"). That group included [Arnold Gingrich](/wiki/Arnold_Gingrich \"Arnold Gingrich\"), [Harold Hayes](/wiki/Harold_Hayes \"Harold Hayes\"), [Byron Dobell](/wiki/Byron_Dobell \"Byron Dobell\"), [Rust Hills](/wiki/Rust_Hills \"Rust Hills\") and Don Erickson.", "Copetas went on to work at ANG's *[SoHo Weekly News](/wiki/SoHo_Weekly_News \"SoHo Weekly News\")*{{Cite web\\|title\\=SoHo News\\|url\\=https://specificobject.com/objects/info.cfm?inventory\\_id\\=24900\\&object\\_id\\=21154\\&page\\=1\\&search\\=A%20%20Craig%20Copetas\\&sort\\=recent\\&search\\_type\\=basic\\&pobject\\_status\\=All\\&options\\=artist\\#.X7jNurX7TtQ\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=Specific Object}} before moving to London for the Mail on Sunday and helping to create the paper's Sunday Magazine supplement.", "During the 1980s, he also wrote for *[The Village Voice](/wiki/The_Village_Voice \"The Village Voice\")*{{Cite web\\|title\\=Madison Avenue, Moscow {{!}} The Village Voice\\|url\\=https://www.villagevoice.com/2020/06/15/madison\\-avenue\\-moscow/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=villagevoice.com}} and [Regardie's Magazine](/wiki/Regardie%27s \"Regardie's\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=Seven People Named for Knight\\-Bagehot Fellowships\\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/21959ffe50d6bd4881ea3bc0a3cb5e03\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|agency\\=Associated Press}}", "By then, he was based in Moscow where he also became on\\-site director of media company Kommersant,{{Cite book\\|last\\=Ostrovsky\\|first\\=Arkady\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=fZrlCQAAQBAJ\\&q\\=the\\+invention\\+of\\+russia\\+kommersant\\+copetas\\&pg\\=PT184\\|title\\=The Invention of Russia: The Journey from Gorbachev's Freedom to Putin's War\\|date\\=2015\\-09\\-17\\|publisher\\=Atlantic Books\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-78239\\-741\\-0}} During one of his trips back to London he visited his friend [Tony Elliott](/wiki/Tony_Elliott_%28publisher%29 \"Tony Elliott (publisher)\"), founded of Time Out, during a labour strike at the publication. He persuaded Elliot to accompany him on a trip to Cairo{{Cite web\\|title\\=Tony Elliott, 1947\\-2020\\|url\\=https://www.timeout.com/london/things\\-to\\-do/tony\\-elliott\\-tribute\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=Time Out London}} which they took alongside [James Horwitz](/wiki/James_Horwitz \"James Horwitz\").", "Back in Moscow, Copetas met actor [Brian Cox](/wiki/Brian_Cox_%28actor%29 \"Brian Cox (actor)\"){{Cite book\\|last\\=Cox, Brian.\\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26351240\\|title\\=Salem to Moscow : an actor's odyssey\\|date\\=1992\\|publisher\\=Methuen Drama\\|isbn\\=0\\-413\\-66450\\-3\\|location\\=London\\|oclc\\=26351240}} who was there to direct a production of \"The Crucible\"{{Cite web\\|date\\=1989\\-08\\-25\\|title\\=The List: 25 Aug 1989\\|url\\=https://archive.list.co.uk/the\\-list/1989\\-08\\-25/11/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=The List Archive}} with students from the [Moscow Art Theatre](/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theatre \"Moscow Art Theatre\") in 1989\\. Copetas agreed to the role of ersatz casting director for his friend and found Nora Ivanovna, a Black Russian singer, to play Tituba, the slave\\-woman from Barbados.", "In 1989, Copetas was named Knight\\-Bagehot Fellow in Economics and Business Journalism, a program designed to provide formal business and economics training for journalists at mid\\-career.", "He reported on the ground in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq during the [First Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War \"Gulf War\") and then the [Balkan conflict](/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars \"Yugoslav Wars\") in Serbia, Bosnia, Kosovo and Croatia during the late 1990s for the Wall Street Journal with colleague [Daniel Pearl](/wiki/Daniel_Pearl \"Daniel Pearl\"). Other long\\-term postings included China and Southeast Asia. He was later embedded with British forces during the Second Gulf War.{{Cite web\\|title\\=BBC documentary exposes Pentagon lies: The staged rescue of Private Jessica Lynch\\|url\\=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2003/05/jess\\-m23\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-16\\|website\\=World Socialist Web Site}}", "In 1991, he became a staff reporter on the Wall Street Journal and went on to create and manage the sports section of [The Wall Street Journal Europe](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal_Europe \"The Wall Street Journal Europe\"), helping develop the first weekend section for the paper and extensively covering the Olympic corruption scandal.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Copetas\\|first\\=A. Craig\\|date\\=1999\\-10\\-28\\|title\\=International Economic Group Spurns Overtures of Olympics\\|work\\=The Wall Street Journal\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB941059773453534479\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|issn\\=0099\\-9660}}{{Cite news\\|last\\=Roger Thurow\\|first\\=A. Craig Copetas Jay Solomon\\|date\\=2000\\-09\\-11\\|title\\=International Olympic Committee Says It Has Made Reforms, Yet Doubts Persist\\|work\\=The Wall Street Journal\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB968629963383319806\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|issn\\=0099\\-9660}} He was briefly arrested in Singapore based on an Australian hold\\-and\\-detain order that claimed he was a terrorist suspect. \"The Great Olympic Swindle\"{{Cite book\\|last\\=Jennings, Andrew, 1943\\-\\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45168546\\|title\\=The great Olympic swindle : when the world wanted its games back\\|date\\=2000\\|publisher\\=Simon \\& Schuster\\|others\\=Sambrook, Clare.\\|isbn\\=0\\-7432\\-0293\\-7\\|location\\=London\\|pages\\=270–272\\|oclc\\=45168546}} recounts the harassment that Copetas and his family subsequently suffered in the hopes that he would hold off publishing his story in the Wall Street Journal.", "In 2001, he joined [Bloomberg LP](/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P. \"Bloomberg L.P.\") as a senior writer covering global financial news and events across all Bloomberg News platforms, including [Bloomberg News](/wiki/Bloomberg_News \"Bloomberg News\"), [Bloomberg Television](/wiki/Bloomberg_Television \"Bloomberg Television\"), [Bloomberg Markets magazine](/wiki/Bloomberg_Markets \"Bloomberg Markets\") and [Bloomberg BusinessWeek magazine](/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek \"Bloomberg Businessweek\"). He held posts in Europe, Russia, Middle East and China.", "In 2009, he was briefly detained in Dubai{{Cite web\\|date\\=2009\\-04\\-21\\|title\\=Roy Greenslade: Mystery of journalist detained at Dubai airport\\|url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2009/apr/21/press\\-freedom\\-wallstreetjournal\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=The Guardian}} while there as senior writer for Bloomberg News workingDuring a \"...press gathering, \\[Sultan Bin Sulayem] started screaming \\[at Copetas] in a burst of anger about how Bloomberg was trying to destroy Dubai World with negative reports. Such an outburst was unheard of from Sultan, who is a very quiet and calm man. To see him out of control shows the state of panic lying underneath...Craig went to the airport to fly out of Dubai, but he didn't make it through immigration. He was detained by Amn Al Dawla secret police officers. For ten hours, Craig was questioned about his contacts in Dubai and the sources of his information\" from \"Escape from Dubai,\" by Hervé Jaubert, pages 215\\-216{{Cite book\\|last\\=Jaubert, Hervé.\\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/605037720\\|title\\=Escape from Dubai\\|date\\=2010\\|publisher\\=Headline Books, Inc\\|others\\=Jaubert, Helen.\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-929915\\-94\\-4\\|location\\=Terra Alta, W. Va.\\|pages\\=215–216\\|oclc\\=605037720}} on a story under former Associated Press Executive Editor William Ahearn. At the time, many foreign journalists were complaining that they had \"been told to avoid writing negative stories\" about the UAE's economy{{Cite web\\|date\\=2009\\-04\\-16\\|title\\=Roy Greenslade: New law aims to stifle press freedom in Dubai\\|url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2009/apr/16/dubai\\-press\\-freedom\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=The Guardian}} and the UAE was on the brink of adopting a new media law which forbade the publication of stories that were deemed to be harmful to the national economy. Bloomberg pulled the story \"because of the threat of losing their wire terminals throughout the Middle East, being barred from press releases and press gatherings, having their assets in Dubai seized\" Copetas was subsequently dismissed{{Cite web\\|date\\=2012\\-02\\-06\\|title\\=Bloomberg feature writer in Paris is gone\\|url\\=https://talkingbiznews.com/they\\-talk\\-biz\\-news/bloomberg\\-feature\\-writer\\-in\\-paris\\-is\\-gone/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=Talking Biz News}} from Bloomberg as was Ahearn.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2012\\-03\\-14\\|title\\=Bloomberg fires finance team editor Ahearn\\|url\\=https://talkingbiznews.com/they\\-talk\\-biz\\-news/bloomberg\\-fires\\-finance\\-team\\-editor\\-ahearn/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=Talking Biz News}} In 2014 it was reported that a Bloomberg story about mass accumulation of wealth by China's ruling class was closed down and the journalist also dismissed by Bloomberg.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Chakraborty\\|first\\=Barnini\\|date\\=2020\\-04\\-14\\|title\\=Behind Bloomberg News' campaign to silence its own journalists for reporting on China corruption\\|url\\=https://www.foxnews.com/media/bloomberg\\-news\\-china\\-corruption\\-journalists\\-silenced\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|publisher\\=Fox News}}", "For seven years, he was a World Economic Forum Media Leader, taking part in panel discussions at World Economic Forums in Davos, Switzerland. He was a representative on WEF's Summit on the Global Agenda, which formulates topics for discussion at WEF's annual meeting. He also held a similar position at OECDs Forum in Paris.{{Cite web\\|title\\=OECD Forum 2014 Who Is Who\\|url\\=https://www.oecd.org/media/oecdorg/satellitesites/oecdforum/oecd\\-forum\\-2014\\-who\\-is\\-who.pdf\\|website\\=OECD}}", "He went on to host news talk shows on Bloomberg Television and represented Bloomberg LP on numerous global television and radio shows, including CNN, Fox News, CBS News, MSNBC, France 24\\.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2011\\-01\\-07\\|title\\=The Debate \\- 2011: Fewer Jobs, Longer Hours?\\|url\\=https://www.france24\\.com/en/20110107\\-france\\-24\\-debate\\-fewer\\-jobs\\-longer\\-hours\\-employment\\-35\\-hour\\-work\\-week\\-europe\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=France 24}} He has also been a weekly columnist for International Herald Tribune.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Artforum.com\\|url\\=https://www.artforum.com/news/the\\-pla\\-goes\\-on\\-an\\-international\\-art\\-buying\\-spree\\-9647\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-16\\|website\\=artforum.com}}", "From 2010 to 2014 he was a regular panellist on [The World This Week](/wiki/The_World_This_Week \"The World This Week\"),{{Cite web\\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-25\\|title\\=The world this week \\- The World This Week \\- 25 January\\|url\\=https://www.france24\\.com/en/20130125\\-the\\-world\\-this\\-week\\-25\\-january\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=France 24}} a weekly one\\-hour news and current affairs program broadcast globally in English and French on French public broadcaster France 24, working with [Christopher Dickey](/wiki/Christopher_Dickey \"Christopher Dickey\"). During that time, he was involved in the founding of [Quartz](/wiki/Quartz_%28publication%29 \"Quartz (publication)\") and became its Editor\\-at\\-Large based in Paris.{{Cite web\\|title\\=A. Craig Copetas\\|url\\=https://qz.com/author/skyranchparis/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=Quartz}}", "From 2015 to 2019 he was Editor\\-at\\-Large for [TRT World](/wiki/TRT_World \"TRT World\"), the English\\-language news network. He created and managed the Monday to Friday live\\-broadcast business and financial politics program Money Talks.{{Cite web\\|last\\=sabah\\|first\\=daily\\|date\\=2016\\-06\\-17\\|title\\=Int'l finance show 'Money Talks' on TRT World\\|url\\=https://www.dailysabah.com/finance/2016/06/17/intl\\-finance\\-show\\-money\\-talks\\-on\\-trt\\-world\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-16\\|website\\=Daily Sabah}}", "Copetas has held various academic posts including Visiting Scholar at [The Harriman Institute of Advanced Russian Study at Columbia University in New York](/wiki/Harriman_Institute \"Harriman Institute\"),{{Cite web\\|date\\=1994\\-01\\-09\\|title\\=Nobody Knows the Trouble They'll See : RUSSIA 2010: And What It Means for the World, By Daniel Yergin \\& Thane Gustafson (Random House: $23; 320 pp.)\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1994\\-01\\-09\\-bk\\-9964\\-story.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=Los Angeles Times}} Associate Professor of Narrative Journalism at the [American University of Paris](/wiki/American_University_of_Paris \"American University of Paris\") (2012–2014\\),{{Cite web\\|title\\=AUP Magazine \\- 50th Anniversary Edition\\|url\\=https://issuu.com/kristinaverfoley/docs/aup\\_magazine\\_may\\_2013/34\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=Issuu}} Visiting Lecturer on print, video and digital journalism and writing at University of Miami; Boston University; Harvard College; Tulane University; Ecole Jeannine Manuel; Sciences Po.", "" ]
Khanship -------- Meanwhile, in Transoxiana the Qara'unas lost their status as de facto leaders of the Chagatai ulus; they were replaced by [Buyan Suldus](/wiki/Buyan_Suldus "Buyan Suldus"), an easygoing and ineffective amir. Tughlugh Timur judged that he would face little resistance in Transoxiana and invaded in March 1360\. As predicted, most of the tribal amirs declared their support for him; those that didn't (notably [Hajji Beg](/wiki/Hajji_Beg "Hajji Beg") of the [Barlas](/wiki/Barlas "Barlas") tribe) decided to flee. The Moghuls decided to find someone else to administer Hajji Beg's former territories; they agreed on Hajji Beg's young nephew [Timur](/wiki/Timur "Timur"), who had submitted to them. This, incidentally, was the first step in Timur's rise to power as amir of the [Timurid Empire](/wiki/Timurid_Empire "Timurid Empire"). The Moghuls soon left Transoxiana after a dispute ensued amongst their amirs. In 1361, however, Tughlugh Timur and his army rode into the region for the second time. This time the khan seems to have decided to depose the Transoxianan amirs and centralize power in his own hands. He executed several amirs, including [Amir Bayazid](/wiki/Amir_Bayazid "Amir Bayazid") and Buyan Suldus, while Hajji Beg, who had returned following the departure of the Moghuls in 1360, again retreated. When the Qara'unas Amir Husayn opposed him, Tughlugh Timur invaded his extensive territories located south of the [Amu Darya](/wiki/Amu_Darya "Amu Darya") and defeated him in battle. Amir Husayn fled; the Moghul army advanced as far south as [Kunduz](/wiki/Kunduz "Kunduz") in pursuit of him and plundered the region. Having destroyed the power of the Transoxianan amirs and reunified the Chagatai Khanate, Tughlugh Timur appointed his son [Ilyas Khoja](/wiki/Ilyas_Khoja "Ilyas Khoja") as viceroy of Transoxiana and departed for Moghulistan. [left\|thumb\|220px\|[Tughlugh Timur Mausoleum](/wiki/Tughlugh_Timur_Mausoleum "Tughlugh Timur Mausoleum"), [Almaliq, Xinjiang](/wiki/Almaliq%2C_Xinjiang "Almaliq, Xinjiang")](/wiki/File:Tughlugh_Timur_Mausoleum_-_exterior.jpg "Tughlugh Timur Mausoleum - exterior.jpg") Unlike ['Ali\-Sultan](/wiki/%27Ali-Sultan "'Ali-Sultan") who murdered the [Franciscan](/wiki/Franciscan "Franciscan") missionaries, Tughlugh Timur appears to have been tolerant towards other religions and intellectuals and shared his Chagatayid and Yuan predecessors' interests in [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism").C.P.Atwood \- Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.129 In around 1363 he invited the [Tibetan](/wiki/Tibet "Tibet") [lama](/wiki/Lama "Lama"), Rol\-pai Dorji, who was going back from the court of the [Yuan Dynasty](/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty "Yuan Dynasty") headquartered in Dadu (modern Beijing).H.E.Richardson \- The Karma\-Pa Sect. A Historical Note, p.147 However, the latter politely declined the invitation due to the distance and the Khan's conversion to Islam. During his reign, the Moghuls (Persian designation of Mongols) still preserved their Mongol identity and spoke in Mongolian language. Not long after this he died at the age of 34\. His tomb is located in [Almaliq](/wiki/Almaliq%2C_Xinjiang "Almaliq, Xinjiang"). His conquest of Transoxiana proved to be short\-lived, as Amir Husayn and Timur quickly wrested it from Ilyas Khoja.
[ "Khanship\n--------", "Meanwhile, in Transoxiana the Qara'unas lost their status as de facto leaders of the Chagatai ulus; they were replaced by [Buyan Suldus](/wiki/Buyan_Suldus \"Buyan Suldus\"), an easygoing and ineffective amir. Tughlugh Timur judged that he would face little resistance in Transoxiana and invaded in March 1360\\. As predicted, most of the tribal amirs declared their support for him; those that didn't (notably [Hajji Beg](/wiki/Hajji_Beg \"Hajji Beg\") of the [Barlas](/wiki/Barlas \"Barlas\") tribe) decided to flee. The Moghuls decided to find someone else to administer Hajji Beg's former territories; they agreed on Hajji Beg's young nephew [Timur](/wiki/Timur \"Timur\"), who had submitted to them. This, incidentally, was the first step in Timur's rise to power as amir of the [Timurid Empire](/wiki/Timurid_Empire \"Timurid Empire\").", "The Moghuls soon left Transoxiana after a dispute ensued amongst their amirs. In 1361, however, Tughlugh Timur and his army rode into the region for the second time. This time the khan seems to have decided to depose the Transoxianan amirs and centralize power in his own hands. He executed several amirs, including [Amir Bayazid](/wiki/Amir_Bayazid \"Amir Bayazid\") and Buyan Suldus, while Hajji Beg, who had returned following the departure of the Moghuls in 1360, again retreated. When the Qara'unas Amir Husayn opposed him, Tughlugh Timur invaded his extensive territories located south of the [Amu Darya](/wiki/Amu_Darya \"Amu Darya\") and defeated him in battle. Amir Husayn fled; the Moghul army advanced as far south as [Kunduz](/wiki/Kunduz \"Kunduz\") in pursuit of him and plundered the region.", "Having destroyed the power of the Transoxianan amirs and reunified the Chagatai Khanate, Tughlugh Timur appointed his son [Ilyas Khoja](/wiki/Ilyas_Khoja \"Ilyas Khoja\") as viceroy of Transoxiana and departed for Moghulistan.", "[left\\|thumb\\|220px\\|[Tughlugh Timur Mausoleum](/wiki/Tughlugh_Timur_Mausoleum \"Tughlugh Timur Mausoleum\"), [Almaliq, Xinjiang](/wiki/Almaliq%2C_Xinjiang \"Almaliq, Xinjiang\")](/wiki/File:Tughlugh_Timur_Mausoleum_-_exterior.jpg \"Tughlugh Timur Mausoleum - exterior.jpg\")", "Unlike ['Ali\\-Sultan](/wiki/%27Ali-Sultan \"'Ali-Sultan\") who murdered the [Franciscan](/wiki/Franciscan \"Franciscan\") missionaries, Tughlugh Timur appears to have been tolerant towards other religions and intellectuals and shared his Chagatayid and Yuan predecessors' interests in [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\").C.P.Atwood \\- Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.129 In around 1363 he invited the [Tibetan](/wiki/Tibet \"Tibet\") [lama](/wiki/Lama \"Lama\"), Rol\\-pai Dorji, who was going back from the court of the [Yuan Dynasty](/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty \"Yuan Dynasty\") headquartered in Dadu (modern Beijing).H.E.Richardson \\- The Karma\\-Pa Sect. A Historical Note, p.147 However, the latter politely declined the invitation due to the distance and the Khan's conversion to Islam.", "During his reign, the Moghuls (Persian designation of Mongols) still preserved their Mongol identity and spoke in Mongolian language.", "Not long after this he died at the age of 34\\. His tomb is located in [Almaliq](/wiki/Almaliq%2C_Xinjiang \"Almaliq, Xinjiang\"). His conquest of Transoxiana proved to be short\\-lived, as Amir Husayn and Timur quickly wrested it from Ilyas Khoja.", "" ]
History ------- The area was once occupied by the [Wonnarua](/wiki/Wonnarua "Wonnarua") and [Worimi](/wiki/Worimi "Worimi") peoples, who are [Aboriginal Australian](/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian "Aboriginal Australian") groups. The first official European in the area was the man whose name the town was to adopt, [Colonel William Paterson](/wiki/William_Paterson_%28governor%29 "William Paterson (governor)"), who, in 1801, surveyed the area beside the river that [Governor King](/wiki/Philip_Gidley_King "Philip Gidley King") named in his honour.{{NSW GNR\|id \= ujYblMrXMa\|title \= Paterson\|accessdate \= 7 August 2013}} As with so many colonial settlements, timbercutters, after local supplies of [red cedar](/wiki/Toona_australis "Toona australis"), followed in the footsteps of the explorers and surveyors. Indeed, the [Hunter River](/wiki/Hunter_River_%28New_South_Wales%29 "Hunter River (New South Wales)"), into which the Paterson River flows, was then known as the Cedar Arm due to the abundance of timber. ### Early settlement of Patersons Plains In 1812, four convicts (Swan, Pell, Davis and Swan) and John Tucker jnr were permitted by [Governor Macquarie](/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie "Lachlan Macquarie") to commence farming on the Paterson River at "Patersons Plains", a location that came to be known as "Old Banks", as a special reward for supplying the Government with 500 cedar logs.Walsh, Brian "European Settlement at Paterson River 1812 to 1822", Paterson Historical Society, 2012 Old Banks, in an area first surveyed by [Henry Dangar](/wiki/Henry_Dangar "Henry Dangar") in 1822–23, was the true genesis of rural settlement outside of the Sydney basin. It grew to eight farms along the river by 1818, six of them belonging to convicts. This fledgling farming community subsisted under the oversight of the locality's military station and lock\-up established at the river's crossing point. Commandant Morrisett established (c.1818\) the first Magistrate's Court above Newcastle in his Commandant's Cottage that he constructed at Old Banks on the farm of Pell (d.1815\). [thumb\|left\|Old Banks near Paterson viewing North West toward Tocal. Davis, Pell and Swan farmed the far bank of the river while Tucker farmed the nearside.](/wiki/File:PLJOHNSON_Old_Banks_near_Paterson_viewing_North_West.jpg "PLJOHNSON Old Banks near Paterson viewing North West.jpg") However, from the early 1820s, the prominence of Old Banks as the Government's primary frontier seat of Government, and the 'original' Paterson, waned as a consequence of the establishment (from c.1818\) and prolific growth of the Government's rural settlement and township at Wallis Plains (now [East Maitland](/wiki/East_Maitland "East Maitland")) ten kilometres to the south. With the construction of an overland route direct to north\-western Sydney in 1823, Wallis Plains and the deep river port of Morpeth became the centre of the Lower Hunter Valley's connections with Sydney and the penal settlement at Newcastle. Even so, the military outpost at Old Banks (along with a similar facility 14 kilometres to the east at Seaham on the Williams River) continued to provide for the interception of escaped convicts from Port Macquarie, the imposition of law and order for the Paterson region and the oversight of a most important centre for transportation of goods, chattels and people. The first land grant in the area was made to Captain William Dun in 1821 on land a few kilometres to the north of Old Banks. In 1822, when the area was formally opened up to settlement, James Webber established "[Tocal](/wiki/Tocal_Homestead "Tocal Homestead")" on his land grant immediately to the north\-west of Swan's farm; Tocal to become among the most successful of the farming establishments on the lower Paterson River. In 1823, Morrisett's Government Cottage and associated infrastructure was made available to Timothy Nowlan as the base for his Government\-sponsored sheep breeding 'experiment', and family home. A one\-mile square area situated to the west of the river at Old Banks (and about 800m distant from the river and to the south of Tocal) was identified as a possible township by the early 1830s. However this was not developed in favour of the present township site. ### Present township of Paterson The present township of Paterson, situated six kilometres to the north of the original military station at Old Banks, was the third to be surveyed in the Hunter Valley after Newcastle and Maitland, but was not proclaimed until 1833\. With the continuing settlement of the district, Paterson soon became an important tidal river port and service centre to the surrounding community. Many early settlers were [Scots](/wiki/Scottish_people "Scottish people") and hence a [Presbyterian](/wiki/Presbyterian "Presbyterian") Church preceded an [Anglican](/wiki/Anglican "Anglican") establishment. Indeed, St Ann's, opened in 1842, is said to be the oldest Presbyterian Church on mainland Australia. The river trade began to decline in the 1850s as the road to Maitland improved. Timber mills were established by the 1870s. In its heyday Paterson had four stores, five hotels, two shipyards, a sawmill, a tannery, four blacksmiths, two butchers, a bakery and a boarding school for girls. Shipbuilding also commenced with the development of the river trade and considerable supplies of tobacco were grown, as well as grains, grapes, wine, citrus fruits and cotton were transported by steamboats to Morpeth, Newcastle and Sydney. [thumb\|right\|Viewing south to Paterson village. The rising ground to left and right forms the mouth of the Paterson Valley](/wiki/File:Paterson_rural_scene_viewing_village.jpg "Paterson rural scene viewing village.jpg") By the time the railway arrived in 1911 the long\-term decline of river transportation had taken its toll. With ironic symbolism the railway line passed directly over the wharf and a mishap during the construction of the railway bridge in 1909 sunk one of the local boats, the Anna Maria, which had been contracted to carry the [BHP](/wiki/BHP "BHP") made girders. The boat was salvaged but was nearly destroyed again when a spark from a steam train set it ablaze. The last steam boats visited the area in the 1930s. Throughout the 20th century agriculture has been the major source of local income. Citrus production was particularly strong at the turn of the century, with an estimated 30,000 cases being handled at the port each year. At the [2006 census](/wiki/Census_in_Australia%232006 "Census in Australia#2006"), Paterson had a population of 345 people.
[ "History\n-------", "The area was once occupied by the [Wonnarua](/wiki/Wonnarua \"Wonnarua\") and [Worimi](/wiki/Worimi \"Worimi\") peoples, who are [Aboriginal Australian](/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian \"Aboriginal Australian\") groups. The first official European in the area was the man whose name the town was to adopt, [Colonel William Paterson](/wiki/William_Paterson_%28governor%29 \"William Paterson (governor)\"), who, in 1801, surveyed the area beside the river that [Governor King](/wiki/Philip_Gidley_King \"Philip Gidley King\") named in his honour.{{NSW GNR\\|id \\= ujYblMrXMa\\|title \\= Paterson\\|accessdate \\= 7 August 2013}}", "As with so many colonial settlements, timbercutters, after local supplies of [red cedar](/wiki/Toona_australis \"Toona australis\"), followed in the footsteps of the explorers and surveyors. Indeed, the [Hunter River](/wiki/Hunter_River_%28New_South_Wales%29 \"Hunter River (New South Wales)\"), into which the Paterson River flows, was then known as the Cedar Arm due to the abundance of timber.", "### Early settlement of Patersons Plains", "In 1812, four convicts (Swan, Pell, Davis and Swan) and John Tucker jnr were permitted by [Governor Macquarie](/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie \"Lachlan Macquarie\") to commence farming on the Paterson River at \"Patersons Plains\", a location that came to be known as \"Old Banks\", as a special reward for supplying the Government with 500 cedar logs.Walsh, Brian \"European Settlement at Paterson River 1812 to 1822\", Paterson Historical Society, 2012 Old Banks, in an area first surveyed by [Henry Dangar](/wiki/Henry_Dangar \"Henry Dangar\") in 1822–23, was the true genesis of rural settlement outside of the Sydney basin. It grew to eight farms along the river by 1818, six of them belonging to convicts. This fledgling farming community subsisted under the oversight of the locality's military station and lock\\-up established at the river's crossing point. Commandant Morrisett established (c.1818\\) the first Magistrate's Court above Newcastle in his Commandant's Cottage that he constructed at Old Banks on the farm of Pell (d.1815\\).", "[thumb\\|left\\|Old Banks near Paterson viewing North West toward Tocal. Davis, Pell and Swan farmed the far bank of the river while Tucker farmed the nearside.](/wiki/File:PLJOHNSON_Old_Banks_near_Paterson_viewing_North_West.jpg \"PLJOHNSON Old Banks near Paterson viewing North West.jpg\")\nHowever, from the early 1820s, the prominence of Old Banks as the Government's primary frontier seat of Government, and the 'original' Paterson, waned as a consequence of the establishment (from c.1818\\) and prolific growth of the Government's rural settlement and township at Wallis Plains (now [East Maitland](/wiki/East_Maitland \"East Maitland\")) ten kilometres to the south. With the construction of an overland route direct to north\\-western Sydney in 1823, Wallis Plains and the deep river port of Morpeth became the centre of the Lower Hunter Valley's connections with Sydney and the penal settlement at Newcastle. Even so, the military outpost at Old Banks (along with a similar facility 14 kilometres to the east at Seaham on the Williams River) continued to provide for the interception of escaped convicts from Port Macquarie, the imposition of law and order for the Paterson region and the oversight of a most important centre for transportation of goods, chattels and people.", "The first land grant in the area was made to Captain William Dun in 1821 on land a few kilometres to the north of Old Banks. In 1822, when the area was formally opened up to settlement, James Webber established \"[Tocal](/wiki/Tocal_Homestead \"Tocal Homestead\")\" on his land grant immediately to the north\\-west of Swan's farm; Tocal to become among the most successful of the farming establishments on the lower Paterson River. In 1823, Morrisett's Government Cottage and associated infrastructure was made available to Timothy Nowlan as the base for his Government\\-sponsored sheep breeding 'experiment', and family home. A one\\-mile square area situated to the west of the river at Old Banks (and about 800m distant from the river and to the south of Tocal) was identified as a possible township by the early 1830s. However this was not developed in favour of the present township site.", "### Present township of Paterson", "The present township of Paterson, situated six kilometres to the north of the original military station at Old Banks, was the third to be surveyed in the Hunter Valley after Newcastle and Maitland, but was not proclaimed until 1833\\. With the continuing settlement of the district, Paterson soon became an important tidal river port and service centre to the surrounding community. Many early settlers were [Scots](/wiki/Scottish_people \"Scottish people\") and hence a [Presbyterian](/wiki/Presbyterian \"Presbyterian\") Church preceded an [Anglican](/wiki/Anglican \"Anglican\") establishment. Indeed, St Ann's, opened in 1842, is said to be the oldest Presbyterian Church on mainland Australia. The river trade began to decline in the 1850s as the road to Maitland improved. Timber mills were established by the 1870s. In its heyday Paterson had four stores, five hotels, two shipyards, a sawmill, a tannery, four blacksmiths, two butchers, a bakery and a boarding school for girls. Shipbuilding also commenced with the development of the river trade and considerable supplies of tobacco were grown, as well as grains, grapes, wine, citrus fruits and cotton were transported by steamboats to Morpeth, Newcastle and Sydney.\n[thumb\\|right\\|Viewing south to Paterson village. The rising ground to left and right forms the mouth of the Paterson Valley](/wiki/File:Paterson_rural_scene_viewing_village.jpg \"Paterson rural scene viewing village.jpg\")\nBy the time the railway arrived in 1911 the long\\-term decline of river transportation had taken its toll. With ironic symbolism the railway line passed directly over the wharf and a mishap during the construction of the railway bridge in 1909 sunk one of the local boats, the Anna Maria, which had been contracted to carry the [BHP](/wiki/BHP \"BHP\") made girders. The boat was salvaged but was nearly destroyed again when a spark from a steam train set it ablaze. The last steam boats visited the area in the 1930s.", "Throughout the 20th century agriculture has been the major source of local income. Citrus production was particularly strong at the turn of the century, with an estimated 30,000 cases being handled at the port each year.", "At the [2006 census](/wiki/Census_in_Australia%232006 \"Census in Australia#2006\"), Paterson had a population of 345 people.", "" ]
Early Woodland period (1000–200 BCE) ------------------------------------ The Early Woodland period continued many trends begun during the Late and Terminal Archaic periods, including extensive mound\-building, regional distinctive burial complexes, the trade of exotic goods across a large area of North America as part of interaction spheres, the reliance on both wild and domesticated plant foods, and a mobile subsistence strategy in which small groups took advantage of seasonally available resources such as nuts, fish, shellfish, and wild plants. Pottery, which had been manufactured during the Archaic period in limited amounts, was now widespread across the Eastern Interior, the Southeast, and the Northeast. The Far Northeast, the Sub\-Arctic, and the Northwest/Plains regions widely adopted pottery somewhat later, about 200 BCE. ### Interaction The [Adena culture](/wiki/Adena_culture "Adena culture") built conical mounds in which single\- or multiple\-event burials, often cremated, were interred along with rich grave goods including copper bracelets, beads, and [gorgets](/wiki/Gorget "Gorget"), art objects made from mica, novaculite, hematite, banded slate, and other kinds of stone, shell beads and cups, and leaf\-shaped "cache blades". This culture is believed to have been core to the Meadowood Interaction Sphere, in which cultures in the Great Lakes region, the St. Lawrence region, the Far Northeast, and the Atlantic region interacted. The large area of interaction is indicated by the presence of Adena\-style mounds, the presence of exotic goods from other parts of the interaction spheres, and the participation in the "Early Woodland Burial Complex" defined by William Ritchie {{Cite book \|last\=Ritchie \|first\=W. A. \|title\=Recent Discoveries Suggesting an Early Woodland Burial Cult in the Northeast \|publisher\=The University of the State of New York \|year\=1955 \|series\=New York State Museum and Science Service Circular \|volume\=40 \|location\=Albany \|oclc\=1415029401}} ### Pottery Pottery was widely manufactured and sometimes traded, particularly in the Eastern Interior region. Clay for pottery was typically [tempered](/wiki/Temper_%28pottery%29 "Temper (pottery)") (mixed with non\-clay additives) with grit (crushed rock) or limestone. Pots were usually made in a conoidal or conical jar with rounded shoulders, slightly constricted necks, and flaring rims. Pottery was most often decorated with a variety of linear or paddle stamps that created "dentate" (tooth\-like) impressions, wavy line impressions, checked surfaces, or fabric\-impressed surfaces, but some pots were incised with herringbone and other geometric patterns or, more rarely, with pictorial imagery such as faces. Pots were coiled and paddled entirely by hand without the use of fast rotation such as a pottery wheel. Some were slipped or brushed with red ochre.{{Cite journal \|last\=Ford \|first\=Janet \|year\=1990 \|title\=The Tchula Connection: Early Woodland Culture and Burial Mounds in North Mississippi \|journal\=Southeastern Archaeology \|volume\=9 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=103–115 \|jstor\=40712929}} Pottery, agriculture, and permanent settlements have often been thought of the three defining characteristics of the Woodland period.{{Cite web \|title\=Quick study: Woodland Period \|url\=http://www.learnnc.org/lp/pages/1237 \|access\-date\=28 March 2016 \|website\=learnnc.org \|publisher\=Research Laboratories of Archaeology}} However, it has become evident that, in some areas of North America, prehistoric cultural groups with a clearly Archaic cultural assemblage were making pottery without any evidence of the cultivation of domesticated crops. In fact, it appears that hunting and gathering continued as the basic subsistence [economy](/wiki/Economy "Economy") and that subsistence horticulture/agriculture did not occur in much of the [Southeast](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands "Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands") for a couple of thousand years after the introduction of pottery, and in parts of the Northeast, horticulture was never practiced.{{Cite web \|title\=The Woodland Period (ca. 2000 B.C. – A.D. 1000\) \|url\=http://www.nps.gov/seac/hnc/outline/04\-woodland/index.htm \|access\-date\=12 May 2012 \|website\=\[\[National Park Service]]}} This research indicated that a fiber\-tempered horizon of ceramics greatly predates 1000 BCE, first appearing about 2500 BCE in parts of [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida") with the [Orange culture](/wiki/Orange_culture "Orange culture") and in [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 "Georgia (U.S. state)") with the [Stallings culture](/wiki/Stallings_Island "Stallings Island").{{Cite book \|last\=Sassaman \|first\=Kenneth E. \|title\=The Woodland Southeast \|publisher\=\[\[University of Alabama Press]] \|year\=2002 \|isbn\=0\-8173\-1137\-8 \|editor\-last\=Anderson \|editor\-first\=David G. \|chapter\=Woodland Ceramic Beginnings \|editor\-last2\=Mainfort \|editor\-first2\=Robert C. Jr.}} Nevertheless, these early sites were typical Archaic settlements, differing only in the use of basic [ceramic](/wiki/Ceramic "Ceramic") technology. As such, researchers are now redefining the period to begin with not only pottery, but the appearance of permanent settlements, elaborate burial practices, intensive collection and/or [horticulture](/wiki/Horticulture "Horticulture") of starchy seed plants (see [Eastern Agricultural Complex](/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex "Eastern Agricultural Complex")), differentiation in social organization, and specialized activities, among other factors. Most of these are evident in the [Southeastern Woodlands](/wiki/Southeastern_Woodlands "Southeastern Woodlands") by 1000 BCE. In some areas, like [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina") and coastal Georgia, [Deptford culture](/wiki/Deptford_culture "Deptford culture") pottery manufacture ceased after {{Circa\|700 CE}}. ### Subsistence strategies In coastal regions, many settlements were near the coast, often near salt marshes, which were habitats rich in food resources. People tended to settle along rivers and lakes in both coastal and interior regions for maximum access to food resources.{{Cite book \|last\=Fiedel \|first\=Stuart J. \|url\=https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofamer0000fied \|title\=Prehistory of the Americas \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|year\=1992 \|isbn\=0\-521\-41532\-2 \|edition\=2nd \|lccn\=91\-44302 \|url\-access\=registration}}{{page needed\|date\=August 2024}} Nuts were processed in large amounts, including [hickory](/wiki/Hickory "Hickory") and [acorns](/wiki/Acorn "Acorn"), and many wild berries, including [palm](/wiki/Palm_tree "Palm tree") berries, [blueberries](/wiki/Blueberry "Blueberry"), [raspberries](/wiki/Raspberry "Raspberry"), and [strawberries](/wiki/Strawberry "Strawberry"), were eaten, as well as wild [grapes](/wiki/Grape "Grape") and [persimmon](/wiki/Persimmon "Persimmon"). Most groups relied heavily on [white\-tailed deer](/wiki/White-tailed_deer "White-tailed deer"), but a variety of other small and large mammals were hunted also, including [beaver](/wiki/Beaver "Beaver"), [raccoon](/wiki/Raccoon "Raccoon"), and [bear](/wiki/Bear "Bear"). [Shellfish](/wiki/Shellfish "Shellfish") formed an important part of the diet, attested to by numerous shell middens along the coast and interior rivers. Coastal peoples practiced seasonal mobility, moving to the coast during the summer to take advantage of numerous marine resources such as sea mammals and shellfish, then moved to interior locations during the winter where access to deer, bear, and [anadromous fish](/wiki/Anadromous_fish "Anadromous fish") such as [salmon](/wiki/Salmon "Salmon") could see them through the winter. Seasonal foraging also characterized the strategies of many interior populations, with groups moving strategically among dense resource areas. Recently evidence has accumulated a greater reliance on woodland peoples on cultivation in this period, at least in some localities, than has historically been recognized. This is especially true for the middle woodland period and perhaps beyond. C. Margaret Scarry states "in the Woodland periods, people diversified their use of plant foods ... \[they] increased their consumption of starchy foods. They did so, however, by cultivating starchy seeds rather than by gathering more acorns."{{Cite book \|last\=Scarry \|first\=C. Margaret \|url\=https://archive.org/details/bwb\_W8\-AKW\-025 \|title\=People and Plants in Ancient Eastern North America \|publisher\=Smithsonian Institution \|year\=2003 \|isbn\=1\-58834\-133\-X \|editor\-last\=Minnis \|editor\-first\=Paul E. \|location\=Washington, DC \|chapter\=Patterns of Wild Plant Utilization in the Prehistoric Eastern Woodlands \|lccn\=2002030598 \|url\-access\=registration}} Smith and Yarnell refer to an "indigenous crop complex" as early as 3800 B.P. in parts of the region.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Smith \|first1\=Bruce D. \|last2\=Yarnell \|first2\=Richard A. \|year\=2009 \|title\=Initial formation of an indigenous crop complex in eastern North America at 3800 B.P. \|journal\=PNAS \|volume\=106 \|issue\=16 \|pages\=6561–6566\|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.0901846106 \|doi\-access\=free \|pmid\=19366669 \|pmc\=2666091 }}
[ "Early Woodland period (1000–200 BCE)\n------------------------------------", "The Early Woodland period continued many trends begun during the Late and Terminal Archaic periods, including extensive mound\\-building, regional distinctive burial complexes, the trade of exotic goods across a large area of North America as part of interaction spheres, the reliance on both wild and domesticated plant foods, and a mobile subsistence strategy in which small groups took advantage of seasonally available resources such as nuts, fish, shellfish, and wild plants. Pottery, which had been manufactured during the Archaic period in limited amounts, was now widespread across the Eastern Interior, the Southeast, and the Northeast. The Far Northeast, the Sub\\-Arctic, and the Northwest/Plains regions widely adopted pottery somewhat later, about 200 BCE.", "### Interaction", "The [Adena culture](/wiki/Adena_culture \"Adena culture\") built conical mounds in which single\\- or multiple\\-event burials, often cremated, were interred along with rich grave goods including copper bracelets, beads, and [gorgets](/wiki/Gorget \"Gorget\"), art objects made from mica, novaculite, hematite, banded slate, and other kinds of stone, shell beads and cups, and leaf\\-shaped \"cache blades\". This culture is believed to have been core to the Meadowood Interaction Sphere, in which cultures in the Great Lakes region, the St. Lawrence region, the Far Northeast, and the Atlantic region interacted. The large area of interaction is indicated by the presence of Adena\\-style mounds, the presence of exotic goods from other parts of the interaction spheres, and the participation in the \"Early Woodland Burial Complex\" defined by William Ritchie {{Cite book \\|last\\=Ritchie \\|first\\=W. A. \\|title\\=Recent Discoveries Suggesting an Early Woodland Burial Cult in the Northeast \\|publisher\\=The University of the State of New York \\|year\\=1955 \\|series\\=New York State Museum and Science Service Circular \\|volume\\=40 \\|location\\=Albany \\|oclc\\=1415029401}}", "### Pottery", "Pottery was widely manufactured and sometimes traded, particularly in the Eastern Interior region. Clay for pottery was typically [tempered](/wiki/Temper_%28pottery%29 \"Temper (pottery)\") (mixed with non\\-clay additives) with grit (crushed rock) or limestone. Pots were usually made in a conoidal or conical jar with rounded shoulders, slightly constricted necks, and flaring rims. Pottery was most often decorated with a variety of linear or paddle stamps that created \"dentate\" (tooth\\-like) impressions, wavy line impressions, checked surfaces, or fabric\\-impressed surfaces, but some pots were incised with herringbone and other geometric patterns or, more rarely, with pictorial imagery such as faces. Pots were coiled and paddled entirely by hand without the use of fast rotation such as a pottery wheel. Some were slipped or brushed with red ochre.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Ford \\|first\\=Janet \\|year\\=1990 \\|title\\=The Tchula Connection: Early Woodland Culture and Burial Mounds in North Mississippi \\|journal\\=Southeastern Archaeology \\|volume\\=9 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=103–115 \\|jstor\\=40712929}}", "Pottery, agriculture, and permanent settlements have often been thought of the three defining characteristics of the Woodland period.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Quick study: Woodland Period \\|url\\=http://www.learnnc.org/lp/pages/1237 \\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2016 \\|website\\=learnnc.org \\|publisher\\=Research Laboratories of Archaeology}} However, it has become evident that, in some areas of North America, prehistoric cultural groups with a clearly Archaic cultural assemblage were making pottery without any evidence of the cultivation of domesticated crops. In fact, it appears that hunting and gathering continued as the basic subsistence [economy](/wiki/Economy \"Economy\") and that subsistence horticulture/agriculture did not occur in much of the [Southeast](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands \"Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands\") for a couple of thousand years after the introduction of pottery, and in parts of the Northeast, horticulture was never practiced.{{Cite web \\|title\\=The Woodland Period (ca. 2000 B.C. – A.D. 1000\\) \\|url\\=http://www.nps.gov/seac/hnc/outline/04\\-woodland/index.htm \\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2012 \\|website\\=\\[\\[National Park Service]]}} This research indicated that a fiber\\-tempered horizon of ceramics greatly predates 1000 BCE, first appearing about 2500 BCE in parts of [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\") with the [Orange culture](/wiki/Orange_culture \"Orange culture\") and in [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 \"Georgia (U.S. state)\") with the [Stallings culture](/wiki/Stallings_Island \"Stallings Island\").{{Cite book \\|last\\=Sassaman \\|first\\=Kenneth E. \\|title\\=The Woodland Southeast \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of Alabama Press]] \\|year\\=2002 \\|isbn\\=0\\-8173\\-1137\\-8 \\|editor\\-last\\=Anderson \\|editor\\-first\\=David G. \\|chapter\\=Woodland Ceramic Beginnings \\|editor\\-last2\\=Mainfort \\|editor\\-first2\\=Robert C. Jr.}} Nevertheless, these early sites were typical Archaic settlements, differing only in the use of basic [ceramic](/wiki/Ceramic \"Ceramic\") technology. As such, researchers are now redefining the period to begin with not only pottery, but the appearance of permanent settlements, elaborate burial practices, intensive collection and/or [horticulture](/wiki/Horticulture \"Horticulture\") of starchy seed plants (see [Eastern Agricultural Complex](/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex \"Eastern Agricultural Complex\")), differentiation in social organization, and specialized activities, among other factors. Most of these are evident in the [Southeastern Woodlands](/wiki/Southeastern_Woodlands \"Southeastern Woodlands\") by 1000 BCE.", "In some areas, like [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\") and coastal Georgia, [Deptford culture](/wiki/Deptford_culture \"Deptford culture\") pottery manufacture ceased after {{Circa\\|700 CE}}.", "### Subsistence strategies", "In coastal regions, many settlements were near the coast, often near salt marshes, which were habitats rich in food resources. People tended to settle along rivers and lakes in both coastal and interior regions for maximum access to food resources.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Fiedel \\|first\\=Stuart J. \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofamer0000fied \\|title\\=Prehistory of the Americas \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|year\\=1992 \\|isbn\\=0\\-521\\-41532\\-2 \\|edition\\=2nd \\|lccn\\=91\\-44302 \\|url\\-access\\=registration}}{{page needed\\|date\\=August 2024}} Nuts were processed in large amounts, including [hickory](/wiki/Hickory \"Hickory\") and [acorns](/wiki/Acorn \"Acorn\"), and many wild berries, including [palm](/wiki/Palm_tree \"Palm tree\") berries, [blueberries](/wiki/Blueberry \"Blueberry\"), [raspberries](/wiki/Raspberry \"Raspberry\"), and [strawberries](/wiki/Strawberry \"Strawberry\"), were eaten, as well as wild [grapes](/wiki/Grape \"Grape\") and [persimmon](/wiki/Persimmon \"Persimmon\"). Most groups relied heavily on [white\\-tailed deer](/wiki/White-tailed_deer \"White-tailed deer\"), but a variety of other small and large mammals were hunted also, including [beaver](/wiki/Beaver \"Beaver\"), [raccoon](/wiki/Raccoon \"Raccoon\"), and [bear](/wiki/Bear \"Bear\"). [Shellfish](/wiki/Shellfish \"Shellfish\") formed an important part of the diet, attested to by numerous shell middens along the coast and interior rivers.", "Coastal peoples practiced seasonal mobility, moving to the coast during the summer to take advantage of numerous marine resources such as sea mammals and shellfish, then moved to interior locations during the winter where access to deer, bear, and [anadromous fish](/wiki/Anadromous_fish \"Anadromous fish\") such as [salmon](/wiki/Salmon \"Salmon\") could see them through the winter. Seasonal foraging also characterized the strategies of many interior populations, with groups moving strategically among dense resource areas.", "Recently evidence has accumulated a greater reliance on woodland peoples on cultivation in this period, at least in some localities, than has historically been recognized. This is especially true for the middle woodland period and perhaps beyond. C. Margaret Scarry states \"in the Woodland periods, people diversified their use of plant foods ... \\[they] increased their consumption of starchy foods. They did so, however, by cultivating starchy seeds rather than by gathering more acorns.\"{{Cite book \\|last\\=Scarry \\|first\\=C. Margaret \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/bwb\\_W8\\-AKW\\-025 \\|title\\=People and Plants in Ancient Eastern North America \\|publisher\\=Smithsonian Institution \\|year\\=2003 \\|isbn\\=1\\-58834\\-133\\-X \\|editor\\-last\\=Minnis \\|editor\\-first\\=Paul E. \\|location\\=Washington, DC \\|chapter\\=Patterns of Wild Plant Utilization in the Prehistoric Eastern Woodlands \\|lccn\\=2002030598 \\|url\\-access\\=registration}} Smith and Yarnell refer to an \"indigenous crop complex\" as early as 3800 B.P. in parts of the region.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Smith \\|first1\\=Bruce D. \\|last2\\=Yarnell \\|first2\\=Richard A. \\|year\\=2009 \\|title\\=Initial formation of an indigenous crop complex in eastern North America at 3800 B.P. \\|journal\\=PNAS \\|volume\\=106 \\|issue\\=16 \\|pages\\=6561–6566\\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.0901846106 \\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|pmid\\=19366669 \\|pmc\\=2666091 }}", "" ]
History ------- ### Origins Manresa House is a large house originally constructed in the mid 18th century. It was originally known as *Granby Hall*, and then *Baymount Castle* and included 17 acres of land surrounding the house.{{cite web \|title\=Manresa Jesuit Retreat, 426 Clontarf Road, Clontarf, Dublin 3, DUBLIN \|url\=https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings\-search/building/50030092/manresa\-jesuit\-retreat\-426\-clontarf\-road\-clontarf\-dublin\-3\-dublin \|website\=Buildings of Ireland \|access\-date\=22 May 2024}} From 1775–83, it was a residence of the [Bishop of Down and Connor](/wiki/Bishop_of_Down_and_Connor "Bishop of Down and Connor"), James Traill. The house was used briefly as a school named Baymount House School from 1834\-38\. In 1838, it was leased from J.E.V. Vernon by [Robert Warren](/wiki/Robert_Warren_%28Irish_politician%29 "Robert Warren (Irish politician)") who largely remodelled the house in a gothic revival castellated style, possibly by the architect [George Papworth](/wiki/George_Papworth "George Papworth").{{cite web \|title\=Dictionary of Irish Architects \|url\=https://www.dia.ie/works/view/61816 \|website\=www.dia.ie \|access\-date\=22 May 2024}}{{cite web \|title\=Baymount Castle, Mount Prospect Avenue, Dollymount, Dublin 3, DUBLIN \|url\=https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings\-search/building/50030093/baymount\-castle\-mount\-prospect\-avenue\-dollymount\-dublin\-3\-dublin \|website\=Buildings of Ireland \|access\-date\=22 May 2024}} New outbuildings and gate lodges were also constructed at this time. In 1845 it became the property of the [Sisters of Loreto](/wiki/Sisters_of_Loreto "Sisters of Loreto") who opened a school there from 1847\. In 1851, it was renovated by the sisters, because the building was damaged by a serious fire that year and they ultimately moved to Balbriggan in the years following.{{cite journal \|last1\=Tutty \|first1\=M. J. \|title\=Clontarf \|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30104286 \|journal\=Dublin Historical Record \|access\-date\=29 December 2020 \|pages\=12–14 \|date\=1966\|volume\=21 \|issue\=1 \|jstor\=30104286 }} In the later 19th century the house was owned by George Tickell, a property developer. In 1898, it was sold to [Arthur Guinness, 1st Baron Ardilaun](/wiki/Arthur_Guinness%2C_1st_Baron_Ardilaun "Arthur Guinness, 1st Baron Ardilaun"). ### Baymount School In around 1904 William Scott opened a school on the premises called Baymount Preparatory School, of which he was headmaster until 1936\. The school was then later acquired by [John Tudor Gwynn](/wiki/John_Tudor_Gwynn "John Tudor Gwynn"), who ran it until 1948 when the school closed. John T Gwynn was a descendant of [John Gwynn](/wiki/John_Gwynn_%28professor%29 "John Gwynn (professor)") and a member of the Gwynn family that included noted literary figures such as [Stephen Gwynn](/wiki/Stephen_Gwynn "Stephen Gwynn") and [Edward Gwynn](/wiki/Edward_Gwynn "Edward Gwynn"). ### Establishment of Spirituality Centre In 1948, the [Archbishop of Dublin](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin_%28Roman_Catholic%29 "Archbishop of Dublin (Roman Catholic)"), [John Charles McQuaid](/wiki/John_Charles_McQuaid "John Charles McQuaid") asked the Jesuits to establish a spirituality centre in the [Dollymount](/wiki/Dollymount "Dollymount") area, so they bought Baymount Castle. They renamed it Manresa House after [Manresa](/wiki/Manresa "Manresa") in [Catalonia](/wiki/Catalonia "Catalonia"), [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain"), where [St Ignatius of Loyola](/wiki/St_Ignatius_of_Loyola "St Ignatius of Loyola"), the founder of the Jesuits had many spiritual experiences that contributed to formulation of his [Spiritual Exercises](/wiki/Spiritual_Exercises_of_Ignatius_of_Loyola "Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola").[Manresa Spirituality Centre](http://www.jesuit.ie/where-we-work/manresa-spirituality-centre) from Jesuit.ie, retrieved 22 June 2013
[ "History\n-------", "### Origins", "Manresa House is a large house originally constructed in the mid 18th century. It was originally known as *Granby Hall*, and then *Baymount Castle* and included 17 acres of land surrounding the house.{{cite web \\|title\\=Manresa Jesuit Retreat, 426 Clontarf Road, Clontarf, Dublin 3, DUBLIN \\|url\\=https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings\\-search/building/50030092/manresa\\-jesuit\\-retreat\\-426\\-clontarf\\-road\\-clontarf\\-dublin\\-3\\-dublin \\|website\\=Buildings of Ireland \\|access\\-date\\=22 May 2024}}", "From 1775–83, it was a residence of the [Bishop of Down and Connor](/wiki/Bishop_of_Down_and_Connor \"Bishop of Down and Connor\"), James Traill.", "The house was used briefly as a school named Baymount House School from 1834\\-38\\.", "In 1838, it was leased from J.E.V. Vernon by [Robert Warren](/wiki/Robert_Warren_%28Irish_politician%29 \"Robert Warren (Irish politician)\") who largely remodelled the house in a gothic revival castellated style, possibly by the architect [George Papworth](/wiki/George_Papworth \"George Papworth\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Dictionary of Irish Architects \\|url\\=https://www.dia.ie/works/view/61816 \\|website\\=www.dia.ie \\|access\\-date\\=22 May 2024}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Baymount Castle, Mount Prospect Avenue, Dollymount, Dublin 3, DUBLIN \\|url\\=https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings\\-search/building/50030093/baymount\\-castle\\-mount\\-prospect\\-avenue\\-dollymount\\-dublin\\-3\\-dublin \\|website\\=Buildings of Ireland \\|access\\-date\\=22 May 2024}} New outbuildings and gate lodges were also constructed at this time.", "In 1845 it became the property of the [Sisters of Loreto](/wiki/Sisters_of_Loreto \"Sisters of Loreto\") who opened a school there from 1847\\. In 1851, it was renovated by the sisters, because the building was damaged by a serious fire that year and they ultimately moved to Balbriggan in the years following.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Tutty \\|first1\\=M. J. \\|title\\=Clontarf \\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30104286 \\|journal\\=Dublin Historical Record \\|access\\-date\\=29 December 2020 \\|pages\\=12–14 \\|date\\=1966\\|volume\\=21 \\|issue\\=1 \\|jstor\\=30104286 }}", "In the later 19th century the house was owned by George Tickell, a property developer.", "In 1898, it was sold to [Arthur Guinness, 1st Baron Ardilaun](/wiki/Arthur_Guinness%2C_1st_Baron_Ardilaun \"Arthur Guinness, 1st Baron Ardilaun\").", "### Baymount School", "In around 1904 William Scott opened a school on the premises called Baymount Preparatory School, of which he was headmaster until 1936\\.", "The school was then later acquired by [John Tudor Gwynn](/wiki/John_Tudor_Gwynn \"John Tudor Gwynn\"), who ran it until 1948 when the school closed. John T Gwynn was a descendant of [John Gwynn](/wiki/John_Gwynn_%28professor%29 \"John Gwynn (professor)\") and a member of the Gwynn family that included noted literary figures such as [Stephen Gwynn](/wiki/Stephen_Gwynn \"Stephen Gwynn\") and [Edward Gwynn](/wiki/Edward_Gwynn \"Edward Gwynn\").", "### Establishment of Spirituality Centre", "In 1948, the [Archbishop of Dublin](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin_%28Roman_Catholic%29 \"Archbishop of Dublin (Roman Catholic)\"), [John Charles McQuaid](/wiki/John_Charles_McQuaid \"John Charles McQuaid\") asked the Jesuits to establish a spirituality centre in the [Dollymount](/wiki/Dollymount \"Dollymount\") area, so they bought Baymount Castle. They renamed it Manresa House after [Manresa](/wiki/Manresa \"Manresa\") in [Catalonia](/wiki/Catalonia \"Catalonia\"), [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\"), where [St Ignatius of Loyola](/wiki/St_Ignatius_of_Loyola \"St Ignatius of Loyola\"), the founder of the Jesuits had many spiritual experiences that contributed to formulation of his [Spiritual Exercises](/wiki/Spiritual_Exercises_of_Ignatius_of_Loyola \"Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola\").[Manresa Spirituality Centre](http://www.jesuit.ie/where-we-work/manresa-spirituality-centre) from Jesuit.ie, retrieved 22 June 2013", "" ]
History ------- ### Early years (1992–1996\) Originally from Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, the band consisted of Nori, Priddle, Rosie Martin and [Morris Palter](/wiki/Morris_Palter "Morris Palter") and was named **NC\-17** (after the movie rating) until 1994 when an [American](/wiki/United_States "United States") band with the same name threatened to sue. They adopted the name Treble Charger, but named their debut album *[NC17](/wiki/NC17_%28album%29 "NC17 (album)")*. *NC17* was released independently at first by Smokin' Worm in 1994,{{cite magazine\|author\=Larry LeBlanc\|title\=Canada: Who's Who\|magazine\=Billboard\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=sAsEAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PA80\|date\=4 February 1995\|publisher\=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.\|pages\=80–\|issn\=0006\-2510}} but it was a hit on [campus radio](/wiki/College_radio "College radio"), [MuchMusic](/wiki/MuchMusic "MuchMusic"), and [CFNY](/wiki/CFNY "CFNY") when it was re\-released by [Sonic Unyon Records](/wiki/Sonic_Unyon_Records "Sonic Unyon Records") in 1997\.{{cite magazine\|author\=Larry LeBlanc\|title\=Sonic Unyon Stays True to its Artists\|magazine\=Billboard\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=9A0EAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PA64\|date\=23 September 1995\|publisher\=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.\|pages\=64–\|issn\=0006\-2510}} In 1995, the band released *[Self Title](/wiki/Self_Title "Self Title")*, which included a [CD\-ROM](/wiki/CD-ROM "CD-ROM") track promoting 30 of Treble Charger's favourite Canadian indie bands, including [The Inbreds](/wiki/The_Inbreds "The Inbreds"), [Change of Heart](/wiki/Change_of_Heart_%28band%29 "Change of Heart (band)"), [By Divine Right](/wiki/By_Divine_Right "By Divine Right"), [Hayden](/wiki/Hayden_%28musician%29 "Hayden (musician)") and [Thrush Hermit](/wiki/Thrush_Hermit "Thrush Hermit"). In 1996, Treble Charger signed with [RCA Records](/wiki/RCA_Records "RCA Records") in the United States. ### Shift to pop punk (1997–2006\) [thumb\|Guitarist Bill Priddle.](/wiki/file:Bill_Priddle.jpg "Bill Priddle.jpg") 1997's *[Maybe It's Me](/wiki/Maybe_It%27s_Me "Maybe It's Me")* was the band's major label debut. Palter recorded drums for only a few tracks, and, after Nori considered recording the rest of the drums himself, session drummer Mike Levesque stepped in. The album featured a more polished, commercial sound than the band's earlier albums, and launched the hit "[Friend of Mine](/wiki/Friend_of_Mine_%28Treble_Charger_song%29 "Friend of Mine (Treble Charger song)")". Soon afterward, Trevor MacGregor joined as the band's drummer. That lineup, along with several of their songs from this album, were also featured in the 1999 film *Mr. Music*. The band played the role of an 'undiscovered' indie band that gets discovered and helps to turn fictional Tone Records around from its slump. *[Wide Awake Bored](/wiki/Wide_Awake_Bored_%28album%29 "Wide Awake Bored (album)")*, released in 2000, completed the band's evolution to a pop\-punk style. This album also featured the hit singles "[American Psycho](/wiki/American_Psycho_%28Treble_Charger_Song%29 "American Psycho (Treble Charger Song)")" and "Brand New Low".{{cite magazine\|author\=Larry LeBlanc\|title\=Canadian Music at a Crossroads\|magazine\=Billboard\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=fhQEAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PA48\|date\=31 March 2001\|publisher\=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.\|pages\=48–\|issn\=0006\-2510}} In 2001, Treble Charger performed at the Snow Jam festival in Halifax.{{usurped\|1\=\[https://web.archive.org/web/20011121220051/http://chartattack.com:80/damn/2001/09/1903\.cfm "Live: Snow Jam Halifax Citadel Hill Halifax, NS".]}}. *Chart Attack*, September 19, 2001, Review by: Ryan O'Connor In 2002, the band released *[Detox](/wiki/Detox_%28Treble_Charger_album%29 "Detox (Treble Charger album)")*, featuring hit single "[Hundred Million](/wiki/Hundred_Million "Hundred Million")" and "Don't Believe It All". Priddle, identified with Treble Charger's early indie rock direction rather than the later pop\-punk, left the band in 2003\. Initially, it was said he was taking a break from the group,{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.chartattack.com/news/34650/bill\-priddle\-takes\-a\-break\-from\-treble\-charger \|title\=Bill Priddle Takes A Break From Treble Charger \|magazine\=\[\[Chart (magazine)\|Chart]] \|date\=29 September 2003 \|access\-date\=2008\-11\-22 \|url\-status\=usurped \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607103814/http://www.chartattack.com/news/34650/bill\-priddle\-takes\-a\-break\-from\-treble\-charger \|archive\-date\=June 7, 2011 }} but it later came out the departure was permanent, and Nori had asked him to leave sooner than Priddle had intended.{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.chartattack.com/news/34819/ex\-treble\-charger\-bill\-priddle\-i\-wasn%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%84%A2t\-happy\-going\-in\-the\-punk\-pop\-direction \|title\=Ex\-Treble Charger Bill Priddle: I Wasn't Happy Going In The Punk\-Pop Direction \|access\-date\=2008\-11\-22 \|magazine\=\[\[Chart (magazine)\|Chart]] \|date\=23 October 2003 \|first\=Elizabeth \|last\=Chorney\-Booth \|url\-status\=usurped \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607104031/http://www.chartattack.com/news/34819/ex\-treble\-charger\-bill\-priddle\-i\-wasn%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%84%A2t\-happy\-going\-in\-the\-punk\-pop\-direction \|archive\-date\=June 7, 2011 }} [Kelly Osbourne](/wiki/Kelly_Osbourne "Kelly Osbourne") guitarist [Devin Bronson](/wiki/Devin_Bronson "Devin Bronson") filled in for Priddle for the rest of the *Detox* tour. Priddle continued his collaborations with [Broken Social Scene](/wiki/Broken_Social_Scene "Broken Social Scene") and is a member of his new band [The Priddle Concern](/wiki/The_Priddle_Concern "The Priddle Concern"). By this time, their work with and the success of their proteges [Sum 41](/wiki/Sum_41 "Sum 41"), whom Nori produced, had started to eclipse Treble Charger's own career. In late 2004, it was reported that Treble Charger itself was on hiatus, but an animated version of the group, including Priddle, would appear, with Sum 41, on [The Comedy Network](/wiki/The_Comedy_Network "The Comedy Network") series *[Kevin Spencer](/wiki/Kevin_Spencer_%28TV_series%29 "Kevin Spencer (TV series)")*.{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.chartattack.com/news/37297/treble\-charger\-sum\-41\-get\-trashed\-on\-tv\-show \|title\=Treble Charger, Sum 41 Get Trashed On TV Show \|magazine\=\[\[Chart (magazine)\|Chart]] \|date\=19 October 2004 \|access\-date\=2008\-11\-22 \|first\=David \|last\=McDougall \|url\-status\=usurped \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607104105/http://www.chartattack.com/news/37297/treble\-charger\-sum\-41\-get\-trashed\-on\-tv\-show \|archive\-date\=June 7, 2011 }} However, a message posted on July 20, 2004, on their official website said they were continuing to record and the band was still together. But on September 1, 2005, Nori said in an interview: *"Thanks for all the amazing support you have given us. It seems like we're bigger now then we have ever been. I only wish more people had caught on to our music sooner so that we could have had an easier time at being a band. I'm not saying it's over yet but I am saying that right now I need to focus on other things. Maybe in a while I will get the urge to write a new TC album but right now my heart's not in it. Thanks for enjoying our music."* The hits "American Psycho" and "Brand New Low" were featured in [EA Sports](/wiki/EA_Sports "EA Sports") Hockey game *[NHL 2002](/wiki/NHL_2002 "NHL 2002")* and "Hundred Million" was used in *[NHL 2003](/wiki/NHL_2003 "NHL 2003")* and in [Splashdown: Rides Gone Wild](/wiki/Splashdown:Rides_Gone_Wild "Rides Gone Wild"). EA also used "Wear Me Down" and "Business" from the *Wide Awake Bored* album in [Triple Play 2002](/wiki/Triple_Play_series "Triple Play series"). "American Psycho" was used in promotional advertisements for the [direct\-to\-video](/wiki/Direct-to-video "Direct-to-video") movie *[American Pie: Band Camp](/wiki/American_Pie:Band_Camp "Band Camp")* and featured in the movie *[Dude, Where's My Car?](/wiki/Dude%2C_Where%27s_My_Car%3F "Dude, Where's My Car?")* On February 3, 2006, Nori disbanded Treble Charger, ending their 14\-year career. ### Post\-breakup activity (2006–2011\) Nori has stopped managing Canadian band [Sum 41](/wiki/Sum_41 "Sum 41"), although he now manages other bands. He is currently a "musical guru" for the Canadian reality show *[disBAND](/wiki/Disband_%28TV_series%29 "Disband (TV series)")* (since renamed *Much Discovered*) on [MuchMusic](/wiki/MuchMusic "MuchMusic"). Priddle pursues a solo career in Toronto, and released a solo album in 2008 with his new band [The Priddle Concern](/wiki/The_Priddle_Concern "The Priddle Concern"). MacGregor currently writes music for TV and film. Palter went on to pursue degrees in contemporary percussion performance and continues to perform solo and chamber music of contemporary composers all over the world. Treble Charger was one of the inaugural inductees into the [Sault Ste. Marie Walk of Fame](/wiki/Steelback_Centre%23Sault_Ste_Marie_Walk_of_Fame "Steelback Centre#Sault Ste Marie Walk of Fame") on September 30, 2006, during the grand opening weekend of the [Steelback Centre](/wiki/Steelback_Centre "Steelback Centre"), the city's new sports and entertainment arena. Nori produced [Organ Thieves](/wiki/Organ_Thieves "Organ Thieves")' first full\-length studio album *[Somewhere Between Free Men and Slaves](/wiki/Somewhere_Between_Free_Men_and_Slaves "Somewhere Between Free Men and Slaves")*, which was recorded between 2010–2012 and released on April 3, 2012\. ### Reunion and upcoming sixth studio album (2012–present) On January 15, 2012, a [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") account was opened for the band, with the opening tweet saying "Wow \- it's been a while. Might be time to knock the dust off...", which led to speculations about the band reuniting, also following Nori's tweet "Thinking I should probably call Bill, and maybe pick up some new guitar strings, hmmmm."{{cite web\|url\=https://twitter.com/TrebleCharger\|title\=Treble Charger (@TrebleCharger) \- Twitter\|website\=twitter.com}} On January 20, 2012, it was confirmed that the band will reunite (without Martin and MacGregor) and has announced plans to play a reunion show at The Indie Awards in Toronto as part of [Canadian Music Week](/wiki/Canadian_Music_Week "Canadian Music Week").{{cite magazine\|url\=http://exclaim.ca/News/treble\_charger\_announce\_reunion\|title\=Treble Charger Announce Reunion\|magazine\=\[\[Exclaim!]]\|access\-date\=2012\-01\-20 }} Another show was confirmed for March 21, 2012 in Toronto, with the band playing alongside [Organ Thieves](/wiki/Organ_Thieves "Organ Thieves"). The band played three more Canadian festival shows, in June, July and November.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.last.fm/music/Treble\+Charger/\+events/2012\|title\=Treble Charger events\|website\=Last.fm\|year\=2012}} In 2013, the band played one headlining show on July 12, in [Windsor, Ontario](/wiki/Windsor%2C_Ontario "Windsor, Ontario"), with support from [The Trews](/wiki/The_Trews "The Trews") and [Neverending White Lights](/wiki/Neverending_White_Lights "Neverending White Lights"). Nori and Priddle entered the studio to record new music in September 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.saultstar.com/2014/09/19/reunited\-treble\-charger\-heads\-to\-studio\|title\=Reunited Treble Charger heads to studio\|website\=Saultstar.com}} During a 2018 headlining of the Rotaryfest, the band mentioned the possibility of a new album.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.sootoday.com/local\-entertainment/new\-music\-on\-the\-way\-from\-treble\-charger\-18\-photos\-991900\|title\=New music on the way from Treble Charger? (18 photos)\|website\=Sootoday.com\|date\=21 July 2018 }} The band held a VIP fundraiser on March 7, 2024, to raise money for the [Algoma University](/wiki/Algoma_University "Algoma University") music program.
[ "History\n-------", "### Early years (1992–1996\\)", "Originally from Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, the band consisted of Nori, Priddle, Rosie Martin and [Morris Palter](/wiki/Morris_Palter \"Morris Palter\") and was named **NC\\-17** (after the movie rating) until 1994 when an [American](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") band with the same name threatened to sue. They adopted the name Treble Charger, but named their debut album *[NC17](/wiki/NC17_%28album%29 \"NC17 (album)\")*. *NC17* was released independently at first by Smokin' Worm in 1994,{{cite magazine\\|author\\=Larry LeBlanc\\|title\\=Canada: Who's Who\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=sAsEAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PA80\\|date\\=4 February 1995\\|publisher\\=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.\\|pages\\=80–\\|issn\\=0006\\-2510}} but it was a hit on [campus radio](/wiki/College_radio \"College radio\"), [MuchMusic](/wiki/MuchMusic \"MuchMusic\"), and [CFNY](/wiki/CFNY \"CFNY\") when it was re\\-released by [Sonic Unyon Records](/wiki/Sonic_Unyon_Records \"Sonic Unyon Records\") in 1997\\.{{cite magazine\\|author\\=Larry LeBlanc\\|title\\=Sonic Unyon Stays True to its Artists\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=9A0EAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PA64\\|date\\=23 September 1995\\|publisher\\=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.\\|pages\\=64–\\|issn\\=0006\\-2510}}", "In 1995, the band released *[Self Title](/wiki/Self_Title \"Self Title\")*, which included a [CD\\-ROM](/wiki/CD-ROM \"CD-ROM\") track promoting 30 of Treble Charger's favourite Canadian indie bands, including [The Inbreds](/wiki/The_Inbreds \"The Inbreds\"), [Change of Heart](/wiki/Change_of_Heart_%28band%29 \"Change of Heart (band)\"), [By Divine Right](/wiki/By_Divine_Right \"By Divine Right\"), [Hayden](/wiki/Hayden_%28musician%29 \"Hayden (musician)\") and [Thrush Hermit](/wiki/Thrush_Hermit \"Thrush Hermit\").", "In 1996, Treble Charger signed with [RCA Records](/wiki/RCA_Records \"RCA Records\") in the United States.", "### Shift to pop punk (1997–2006\\)", "[thumb\\|Guitarist Bill Priddle.](/wiki/file:Bill_Priddle.jpg \"Bill Priddle.jpg\")\n1997's *[Maybe It's Me](/wiki/Maybe_It%27s_Me \"Maybe It's Me\")* was the band's major label debut. Palter recorded drums for only a few tracks, and, after Nori considered recording the rest of the drums himself, session drummer Mike Levesque stepped in. The album featured a more polished, commercial sound than the band's earlier albums, and launched the hit \"[Friend of Mine](/wiki/Friend_of_Mine_%28Treble_Charger_song%29 \"Friend of Mine (Treble Charger song)\")\". Soon afterward, Trevor MacGregor joined as the band's drummer. That lineup, along with several of their songs from this album, were also featured in the 1999 film *Mr. Music*. The band played the role of an 'undiscovered' indie band that gets discovered and helps to turn fictional Tone Records around from its slump.\n*[Wide Awake Bored](/wiki/Wide_Awake_Bored_%28album%29 \"Wide Awake Bored (album)\")*, released in 2000, completed the band's evolution to a pop\\-punk style. This album also featured the hit singles \"[American Psycho](/wiki/American_Psycho_%28Treble_Charger_Song%29 \"American Psycho (Treble Charger Song)\")\" and \"Brand New Low\".{{cite magazine\\|author\\=Larry LeBlanc\\|title\\=Canadian Music at a Crossroads\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=fhQEAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PA48\\|date\\=31 March 2001\\|publisher\\=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.\\|pages\\=48–\\|issn\\=0006\\-2510}}", "In 2001, Treble Charger performed at the Snow Jam festival in Halifax.{{usurped\\|1\\=\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20011121220051/http://chartattack.com:80/damn/2001/09/1903\\.cfm \"Live: Snow Jam Halifax Citadel Hill Halifax, NS\".]}}. *Chart Attack*, September 19, 2001, Review by: Ryan O'Connor In 2002, the band released *[Detox](/wiki/Detox_%28Treble_Charger_album%29 \"Detox (Treble Charger album)\")*, featuring hit single \"[Hundred Million](/wiki/Hundred_Million \"Hundred Million\")\" and \"Don't Believe It All\".", "Priddle, identified with Treble Charger's early indie rock direction rather than the later pop\\-punk, left the band in 2003\\. Initially, it was said he was taking a break from the group,{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.chartattack.com/news/34650/bill\\-priddle\\-takes\\-a\\-break\\-from\\-treble\\-charger \\|title\\=Bill Priddle Takes A Break From Treble Charger \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Chart (magazine)\\|Chart]] \\|date\\=29 September 2003 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-11\\-22 \\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607103814/http://www.chartattack.com/news/34650/bill\\-priddle\\-takes\\-a\\-break\\-from\\-treble\\-charger \\|archive\\-date\\=June 7, 2011 }} but it later came out the departure was permanent, and Nori had asked him to leave sooner than Priddle had intended.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.chartattack.com/news/34819/ex\\-treble\\-charger\\-bill\\-priddle\\-i\\-wasn%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%84%A2t\\-happy\\-going\\-in\\-the\\-punk\\-pop\\-direction \\|title\\=Ex\\-Treble Charger Bill Priddle: I Wasn't Happy Going In The Punk\\-Pop Direction \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-11\\-22 \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Chart (magazine)\\|Chart]] \\|date\\=23 October 2003 \\|first\\=Elizabeth \\|last\\=Chorney\\-Booth \\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607104031/http://www.chartattack.com/news/34819/ex\\-treble\\-charger\\-bill\\-priddle\\-i\\-wasn%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%84%A2t\\-happy\\-going\\-in\\-the\\-punk\\-pop\\-direction \\|archive\\-date\\=June 7, 2011 }}", "[Kelly Osbourne](/wiki/Kelly_Osbourne \"Kelly Osbourne\") guitarist [Devin Bronson](/wiki/Devin_Bronson \"Devin Bronson\") filled in for Priddle for the rest of the *Detox* tour. Priddle continued his collaborations with [Broken Social Scene](/wiki/Broken_Social_Scene \"Broken Social Scene\") and is a member of his new band [The Priddle Concern](/wiki/The_Priddle_Concern \"The Priddle Concern\").", "By this time, their work with and the success of their proteges [Sum 41](/wiki/Sum_41 \"Sum 41\"), whom Nori produced, had started to eclipse Treble Charger's own career. In late 2004, it was reported that Treble Charger itself was on hiatus, but an animated version of the group, including Priddle, would appear, with Sum 41, on [The Comedy Network](/wiki/The_Comedy_Network \"The Comedy Network\") series *[Kevin Spencer](/wiki/Kevin_Spencer_%28TV_series%29 \"Kevin Spencer (TV series)\")*.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.chartattack.com/news/37297/treble\\-charger\\-sum\\-41\\-get\\-trashed\\-on\\-tv\\-show \\|title\\=Treble Charger, Sum 41 Get Trashed On TV Show \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Chart (magazine)\\|Chart]] \\|date\\=19 October 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-11\\-22 \\|first\\=David \\|last\\=McDougall \\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607104105/http://www.chartattack.com/news/37297/treble\\-charger\\-sum\\-41\\-get\\-trashed\\-on\\-tv\\-show \\|archive\\-date\\=June 7, 2011 }}", "However, a message posted on July 20, 2004, on their official website said they were continuing to record and the band was still together. But on September 1, 2005, Nori said in an interview:", "*\"Thanks for all the amazing support you have given us. It seems like we're bigger now then we have ever been. I only wish more people had caught on to our music sooner so that we could have had an easier time at being a band. I'm not saying it's over yet but I am saying that right now I need to focus on other things. Maybe in a while I will get the urge to write a new TC album but right now my heart's not in it. Thanks for enjoying our music.\"*\nThe hits \"American Psycho\" and \"Brand New Low\" were featured in [EA Sports](/wiki/EA_Sports \"EA Sports\") Hockey game *[NHL 2002](/wiki/NHL_2002 \"NHL 2002\")* and \"Hundred Million\" was used in *[NHL 2003](/wiki/NHL_2003 \"NHL 2003\")* and in [Splashdown: Rides Gone Wild](/wiki/Splashdown:Rides_Gone_Wild \"Rides Gone Wild\"). EA also used \"Wear Me Down\" and \"Business\" from the *Wide Awake Bored* album in [Triple Play 2002](/wiki/Triple_Play_series \"Triple Play series\"). \"American Psycho\" was used in promotional advertisements for the [direct\\-to\\-video](/wiki/Direct-to-video \"Direct-to-video\") movie *[American Pie: Band Camp](/wiki/American_Pie:Band_Camp \"Band Camp\")* and featured in the movie *[Dude, Where's My Car?](/wiki/Dude%2C_Where%27s_My_Car%3F \"Dude, Where's My Car?\")*", "On February 3, 2006, Nori disbanded Treble Charger, ending their 14\\-year career.", "### Post\\-breakup activity (2006–2011\\)", "Nori has stopped managing Canadian band [Sum 41](/wiki/Sum_41 \"Sum 41\"), although he now manages other bands. He is currently a \"musical guru\" for the Canadian reality show *[disBAND](/wiki/Disband_%28TV_series%29 \"Disband (TV series)\")* (since renamed *Much Discovered*) on [MuchMusic](/wiki/MuchMusic \"MuchMusic\"). Priddle pursues a solo career in Toronto, and released a solo album in 2008 with his new band [The Priddle Concern](/wiki/The_Priddle_Concern \"The Priddle Concern\"). MacGregor currently writes music for TV and film. Palter went on to pursue degrees in contemporary percussion performance and continues to perform solo and chamber music of contemporary composers all over the world.", "Treble Charger was one of the inaugural inductees into the [Sault Ste. Marie Walk of Fame](/wiki/Steelback_Centre%23Sault_Ste_Marie_Walk_of_Fame \"Steelback Centre#Sault Ste Marie Walk of Fame\") on September 30, 2006, during the grand opening weekend of the [Steelback Centre](/wiki/Steelback_Centre \"Steelback Centre\"), the city's new sports and entertainment arena.", "Nori produced [Organ Thieves](/wiki/Organ_Thieves \"Organ Thieves\")' first full\\-length studio album *[Somewhere Between Free Men and Slaves](/wiki/Somewhere_Between_Free_Men_and_Slaves \"Somewhere Between Free Men and Slaves\")*, which was recorded between 2010–2012 and released on April 3, 2012\\.", "### Reunion and upcoming sixth studio album (2012–present)", "On January 15, 2012, a [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") account was opened for the band, with the opening tweet saying \"Wow \\- it's been a while. Might be time to knock the dust off...\", which led to speculations about the band reuniting, also following Nori's tweet \"Thinking I should probably call Bill, and maybe pick up some new guitar strings, hmmmm.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/TrebleCharger\\|title\\=Treble Charger (@TrebleCharger) \\- Twitter\\|website\\=twitter.com}} On January 20, 2012, it was confirmed that the band will reunite (without Martin and MacGregor) and has announced plans to play a reunion show at The Indie Awards in Toronto as part of [Canadian Music Week](/wiki/Canadian_Music_Week \"Canadian Music Week\").{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://exclaim.ca/News/treble\\_charger\\_announce\\_reunion\\|title\\=Treble Charger Announce Reunion\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Exclaim!]]\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-01\\-20 }} Another show was confirmed for March 21, 2012 in Toronto, with the band playing alongside [Organ Thieves](/wiki/Organ_Thieves \"Organ Thieves\"). The band played three more Canadian festival shows, in June, July and November.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.last.fm/music/Treble\\+Charger/\\+events/2012\\|title\\=Treble Charger events\\|website\\=Last.fm\\|year\\=2012}}", "", "In 2013, the band played one headlining show on July 12, in [Windsor, Ontario](/wiki/Windsor%2C_Ontario \"Windsor, Ontario\"), with support from [The Trews](/wiki/The_Trews \"The Trews\") and [Neverending White Lights](/wiki/Neverending_White_Lights \"Neverending White Lights\").", "Nori and Priddle entered the studio to record new music in September 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.saultstar.com/2014/09/19/reunited\\-treble\\-charger\\-heads\\-to\\-studio\\|title\\=Reunited Treble Charger heads to studio\\|website\\=Saultstar.com}} During a 2018 headlining of the Rotaryfest, the band mentioned the possibility of a new album.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sootoday.com/local\\-entertainment/new\\-music\\-on\\-the\\-way\\-from\\-treble\\-charger\\-18\\-photos\\-991900\\|title\\=New music on the way from Treble Charger? (18 photos)\\|website\\=Sootoday.com\\|date\\=21 July 2018 }}", "The band held a VIP fundraiser on March 7, 2024, to raise money for the [Algoma University](/wiki/Algoma_University \"Algoma University\") music program.", "" ]
History ------- [thumb\|Bell Tower and Greens](/wiki/File:UAFS_Bell_Tower_and_Greens.jpg "UAFS Bell Tower and Greens.jpg") The University of Arkansas–Fort Smith was established in 1928 as an extension of the public school system in Fort Smith, Arkansas, with the superintendent, James William Ramsey, acting as the college president and the high school principal as dean. Known originally as Fort Smith Junior College, the institution operated within the Fort Smith public school system until 1950, when the school was incorporated as a private, nonprofit institution with its own governing board. In September 1952, the college moved from borrowed facilities in the high school to its current site, initially occupying {{cvt\|15\|acre\|m2}}. During the private college era, enrollment increased, as did course offerings, the number of faculty, and facilities. A vocational\-technical division was added in 1960\. During this period, the college began developing the programs and character of a comprehensive [community college](/wiki/Community_college "Community college")—a new concept in Arkansas and across the nation. In the fall of 1965, the [Sebastian County](/wiki/Sebastian_County "Sebastian County") electorate approved the creation of the Sebastian County Community Junior College District, along with a tax levy on the real and personal property of the county. The governor appointed a Board of Trustees, and the school again became a public institution. In 1966, the institution's name was changed from Fort Smith Junior College to Westark Junior College, and in 1972, to Westark Community College, indicating the larger area to be served and reflecting the more comprehensive mission. Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, the college developed and made changes within the context of its mission as a two\-year institution. A significant development in 1989 was the establishment of a University Center. Five state universities partnered with the institution to offer six bachelor's and seven master's degree programs on campus. Between 1989 and 2002, 1,788 students graduated with bachelor's degrees through the University Center. In 1997, the Arkansas Legislature passed an act granting Westark the authority to offer in its own right up to nine applied bachelor's degrees, developed in response to identified needs of the industries in the area served. The name of the college was changed yet again in February 1998 to Westark College, more accurately portraying the role and scope of the institution. On December 15, 2000, the Board of Trustees of Westark College entered into an agreement with the Board of Trustees of the [University of Arkansas](/wiki/University_of_Arkansas "University of Arkansas") to merge with the [University of Arkansas System](/wiki/University_of_Arkansas_System "University of Arkansas System") as a four\-year institution. In 2001, the Sebastian County electorate voted to support the merger. A formal request to change affiliation status to that of a bachelor's degree\-granting institution under the name of the University of Arkansas–Fort Smith was submitted to the Higher Learning Commission in August 2001 and approved by the Institutional Actions Council on November 19, 2001\. The merger, which became official on January 1, 2002, endorsed the concept of UAFS as a unique university, one that offers applied and traditional baccalaureate degree programs, one\- and two\-year associate and technical programs, and non\-credit business and industry training programs. In 2006 Arkansas state senator David Bisbee attempted to review the University of Arkansas–Fort Smith's legal status. Bisbee claimed he wanted to make sure the institution was in good legal standing.["Beran: UAFS Formed Legally"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090105225847/http://www.swtimes.com/articles/2006/10/11/news/news01.txt)
[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\|Bell Tower and Greens](/wiki/File:UAFS_Bell_Tower_and_Greens.jpg \"UAFS Bell Tower and Greens.jpg\")\nThe University of Arkansas–Fort Smith was established in 1928 as an extension of the public school system in Fort Smith, Arkansas, with the superintendent, James William Ramsey, acting as the college president and the high school principal as dean. Known originally as Fort Smith Junior College, the institution operated within the Fort Smith public school system until 1950, when the school was incorporated as a private, nonprofit institution with its own governing board. In September 1952, the college moved from borrowed facilities in the high school to its current site, initially occupying {{cvt\\|15\\|acre\\|m2}}.", "During the private college era, enrollment increased, as did course offerings, the number of faculty, and facilities. A vocational\\-technical division was added in 1960\\. During this period, the college began developing the programs and character of a comprehensive [community college](/wiki/Community_college \"Community college\")—a new concept in Arkansas and across the nation.", "In the fall of 1965, the [Sebastian County](/wiki/Sebastian_County \"Sebastian County\") electorate approved the creation of the Sebastian County Community Junior College District, along with a tax levy on the real and personal property of the county. The governor appointed a Board of Trustees, and the school again became a public institution.", "In 1966, the institution's name was changed from Fort Smith Junior College to Westark Junior College, and in 1972, to Westark Community College, indicating the larger area to be served and reflecting the more comprehensive mission.", "Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, the college developed and made changes within the context of its mission as a two\\-year institution. A significant development in 1989 was the establishment of a University Center. Five state universities partnered with the institution to offer six bachelor's and seven master's degree programs on campus. Between 1989 and 2002, 1,788 students graduated with bachelor's degrees through the University Center.", "In 1997, the Arkansas Legislature passed an act granting Westark the authority to offer in its own right up to nine applied bachelor's degrees, developed in response to identified needs of the industries in the area served.", "The name of the college was changed yet again in February 1998 to Westark College, more accurately portraying the role and scope of the institution.", "On December 15, 2000, the Board of Trustees of Westark College entered into an agreement with the Board of Trustees of the [University of Arkansas](/wiki/University_of_Arkansas \"University of Arkansas\") to merge with the [University of Arkansas System](/wiki/University_of_Arkansas_System \"University of Arkansas System\") as a four\\-year institution. In 2001, the Sebastian County electorate voted to support the merger. A formal request to change affiliation status to that of a bachelor's degree\\-granting institution under the name of the University of Arkansas–Fort Smith was submitted to the Higher Learning Commission in August 2001 and approved by the Institutional Actions Council on November 19, 2001\\.", "The merger, which became official on January 1, 2002, endorsed the concept of UAFS as a unique university, one that offers applied and traditional baccalaureate degree programs, one\\- and two\\-year associate and technical programs, and non\\-credit business and industry training programs.", "In 2006 Arkansas state senator David Bisbee attempted to review the University of Arkansas–Fort Smith's legal status. Bisbee claimed he wanted to make sure the institution was in good legal standing.[\"Beran: UAFS Formed Legally\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090105225847/http://www.swtimes.com/articles/2006/10/11/news/news01.txt)", "" ]