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Military equipment
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### National Revolutionary Army
{{See also\|Development of Chinese armoured forces (1927–1945\)\|List of aircraft used in China before 1937\|Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945\)\|List of World War II firearms of China}}
The Central Army possessed 80 Army infantry divisions of 8,000 men each, nine independent [brigades](/wiki/Brigade "Brigade"), nine cavalry divisions, two [artillery brigades](/wiki/Artillery "Artillery"), 16 artillery [regiments](/wiki/Regiment "Regiment") and three armored battalions. The [Chinese Navy](/wiki/Republic_of_China_Navy "Republic of China Navy") displaced only 59,000 tonnes and the [Chinese Air Force](/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force "Republic of China Air Force") comprised only about 700 obsolete aircraft.
For regular provincial Chinese divisions their standard rifles were the [Hanyang 88](/wiki/Hanyang_88 "Hanyang 88") (copy of [Gewehr 88](/wiki/Gewehr_88 "Gewehr 88")). Central army divisions were typically equipped with the [Chiang Kai\-shek rifle](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek_rifle "Chiang Kai-shek rifle") (copy of [Mauser Standard Model](/wiki/Gewehr_98 "Gewehr 98")) and Czechoslovakian [vz. 24](/wiki/Vz._24 "Vz. 24"). However, for most of the German\-trained divisions, the standard firearms were German\-made [7\.92 mm](/wiki/8_mm_Mauser "8 mm Mauser") [Gewehr 98](/wiki/Gewehr_98 "Gewehr 98") and [Karabiner 98k](/wiki/Karabiner_98k "Karabiner 98k"). The standard [light machine gun](/wiki/Light_machine_gun "Light machine gun") was a local copy of the Czech [7\.92 mm](/wiki/8_mm_Mauser "8 mm Mauser") [Brno ZB26](/wiki/Brno_ZB26 "Brno ZB26"). There were also Belgian and French light machine guns. Provincial units generally did not possess any machine guns. Central Army units had one LMG per platoon on average. German\-trained divisions ideally had 1 LMG per squad. Surprisingly, the NRA did not purchase any [Maschinengewehr 34s](/wiki/MG_34 "MG 34") from [Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany"), but did produce their own copies of them. [Heavy machine guns](/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun "Heavy machine gun") were mainly locally\-made Type 24 [water\-cooled](/wiki/Water-cooled "Water-cooled") [Maxim guns](/wiki/Maxim_gun "Maxim gun"), which were the Chinese copies of the German [MG08](/wiki/MG08 "MG08"), and [M1917 Browning machine guns](/wiki/M1917_Browning_machine_gun "M1917 Browning machine gun") chambered for the standard 8mm Mauser round. On average, every Central Army [battalion](/wiki/Battalion "Battalion") would get one heavy machine gun (about a third to half of what actual German divisions got during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II")).
The standard weapon for NCOs and officers was the [7\.63 mm](/wiki/7_mm_caliber "7 mm caliber") [Mauser C96](/wiki/Mauser_C96 "Mauser C96") [semi\-automatic pistol](/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol "Semi-automatic pistol"), or [full\-automatic](/wiki/Full-automatic "Full-automatic") [Mauser M1932](/wiki/Mauser_M1932 "Mauser M1932")/M712 [machine pistol](/wiki/Machine_pistol "Machine pistol"). These full\-automatic versions were used as substitutes for submachine guns (such as the [MP 18](/wiki/MP_18 "MP 18")) and rifles that were in short supply within the Chinese army prior to the end of World War II. Among officers, the German Parabellum (Luger) [9×19mm](/wiki/9%C3%9719mm "9×19mm") semi\-automatic pistol was often the weapon of choice.Waldron, Arthur, *From War to Nationalism: China's Turning Point, 1924\-25*, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN\|0521472385}} (1995\), p. 57 Throughout the Second Sino\-Japanese War, particularly in the early years, the NRA also extensively used captured Japanese weapons and equipment as their own were in short supply. Some élite units also used Lend\-Lease US equipment as the war progressed.
Generally speaking, the regular provincial army divisions did not possess any artillery. However, some Central Army divisions were equipped with 37 mm [PaK 35/36](/wiki/PaK_35/36 "PaK 35/36") [anti\-tank guns](/wiki/Anti-tank_gun "Anti-tank gun"), and/or [mortars](/wiki/Mortar_%28weapon%29 "Mortar (weapon)") from [Oerlikon](/wiki/Oerlikon-Contraves "Oerlikon-Contraves"), [Madsen](/wiki/Dansk_Industri_Syndikat "Dansk Industri Syndikat"), and [Solothurn](/wiki/Solothurn_S-18/100 "Solothurn S-18/100"). Each infantry division had 6 French [Brandt](/wiki/Edgar_Brandt "Edgar Brandt") 81 mm mortars and 6 Solothurn 20 mm [autocannons](/wiki/Autocannon "Autocannon"). Some independent brigades and artillery regiments were equipped with [Bofors](/wiki/Bofors "Bofors") [72 mm L/14](/wiki/72_mm_L/14 "72 mm L/14"), or [Krupp](/wiki/Krupp "Krupp") 72 mm [L/29](/wiki/L/29 "L/29") [mountain guns](/wiki/Mountain_gun "Mountain gun") and there were 24 [Rheinmetall](/wiki/Rheinmetall "Rheinmetall") 150 mm [L/32 sFH 18](/wiki/15_cm_sFH_18 "15 cm sFH 18") [howitzers](/wiki/Howitzer "Howitzer") (bought in 1934\) and 24 Krupp 150 mm [L/30 sFH 18](/wiki/15_cm_sFH_18 "15 cm sFH 18") howitzers (bought in 1936\). At the start of the war, the NRA and the Tax Police Regiment had three tank battalions armed with German [Panzer I](/wiki/Panzer_I "Panzer I") light tanks and [CV\-33](/wiki/L3/33 "L3/33") tankettes. After defeat in the [Battle of Shanghai](/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai "Battle of Shanghai") the remaining tanks, together with several hundred [T\-26](/wiki/T-26 "T-26") and [BT\-5](/wiki/BT-5 "BT-5") tanks acquired from the Soviet Union were reorganised into the 200th Division.
Infantry uniforms were basically redesigned [Zhongshan suits](/wiki/Zhongshan_suit "Zhongshan suit"). [Puttees](/wiki/Puttee "Puttee") were standard for soldiers and officers alike since the primary mode of movement for NRA troops was by foot. Troops were also issued sewn field caps. The helmets were the most distinguishing characteristic of these divisions. From the moment German [M35](/wiki/Stahlhelm%23M1935 "Stahlhelm#M1935") helmets (standard issue for the [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht "Wehrmacht") until late in the European theatre) rolled off the production lines in 1935, and until 1936, the NRA imported 315,000 of these helmets, each with the [Blue Sky with a White Sun](/wiki/Blue_Sky_with_a_White_Sun "Blue Sky with a White Sun") emblem of the ROC on the sides. These helmets were worn by both elite German\-trained divisions and regular Central Army divisions. Other helmets include the [Adrian helmet](/wiki/Adrian_helmet "Adrian helmet"), [Brodie helmet](/wiki/Brodie_helmet "Brodie helmet") and later [M1 helmet](/wiki/M1_helmet "M1 helmet"). Other equipment included straw shoes for soldiers (cloth shoes for Central Army), leather shoes for officers and leather boots for high\-ranking officers. Every soldier was issued ammunition, ammunition pouches or harness, a [water flask](/wiki/Hip_flask "Hip flask"), [combat knives](/wiki/Combat_knife "Combat knife"), food bag, and a [gas mask](/wiki/Gas_mask "Gas mask").
On the other hand, warlord forces varied greatly in terms of equipment and training. Some warlord troops were notoriously under\-equipped, such as [Shanxi](/wiki/Shanxi "Shanxi")'s [Dadao](/wiki/Dao_%28Chinese_sword%29 "Dao (Chinese sword)") ({{zh\|c\=大刀\|links\=no}}, a one\-edged sword type close combat weapon) Team and the [Yunnan clique](/wiki/Yunnan_clique "Yunnan clique"). Some, however, were highly professional forces with their own air force and navies. The quality of the [New Guangxi clique](/wiki/New_Guangxi_clique "New Guangxi clique") was almost on par with the Central Army, as the [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou") region was wealthy and the local army could afford foreign instructors and arms. The Muslim [Ma clique](/wiki/Ma_clique "Ma clique") to the northwest was famed for its well\-trained [cavalry](/wiki/Cavalry "Cavalry") divisions.
### Imperial Japanese Army
{{See also\|List of Japanese infantry weapons used in the Second\-Sino Japanese War\|List of armour used by the Imperial Japanese Army in the Second Sino\-Japanese War\|List of Japanese aircraft in use during the Second Sino\-Japanese War}}
Although Japan possessed significant mobile operational capacity, it did not possess capability for maintaining a long sustained war. At the beginning of the war, the Imperial Japanese Army comprised 17 divisions, each composed of approximately 22,000 men, 5,800 horses, 9,500 rifles and [submachine guns](/wiki/Submachine_gun "Submachine gun"), 600 heavy machine guns of assorted types, 108 artillery pieces, and 600 plus of light armor two\-men tanks. [Special forces](/wiki/Special_forces "Special forces") were also available. The [Imperial Japanese Navy](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy "Imperial Japanese Navy") displaced a total of 1,900,000 tonnes, ranking third in the world, and possessed 2,700 aircraft at the time. Each Japanese division was the equivalent in fighting strength of four Chinese regular divisions (at the beginning of the [Battle of Shanghai](/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai "Battle of Shanghai")).
|
[
"Military equipment\n------------------",
"### National Revolutionary Army",
"{{See also\\|Development of Chinese armoured forces (1927–1945\\)\\|List of aircraft used in China before 1937\\|Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945\\)\\|List of World War II firearms of China}}",
"The Central Army possessed 80 Army infantry divisions of 8,000 men each, nine independent [brigades](/wiki/Brigade \"Brigade\"), nine cavalry divisions, two [artillery brigades](/wiki/Artillery \"Artillery\"), 16 artillery [regiments](/wiki/Regiment \"Regiment\") and three armored battalions. The [Chinese Navy](/wiki/Republic_of_China_Navy \"Republic of China Navy\") displaced only 59,000 tonnes and the [Chinese Air Force](/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force \"Republic of China Air Force\") comprised only about 700 obsolete aircraft.",
"For regular provincial Chinese divisions their standard rifles were the [Hanyang 88](/wiki/Hanyang_88 \"Hanyang 88\") (copy of [Gewehr 88](/wiki/Gewehr_88 \"Gewehr 88\")). Central army divisions were typically equipped with the [Chiang Kai\\-shek rifle](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek_rifle \"Chiang Kai-shek rifle\") (copy of [Mauser Standard Model](/wiki/Gewehr_98 \"Gewehr 98\")) and Czechoslovakian [vz. 24](/wiki/Vz._24 \"Vz. 24\"). However, for most of the German\\-trained divisions, the standard firearms were German\\-made [7\\.92 mm](/wiki/8_mm_Mauser \"8 mm Mauser\") [Gewehr 98](/wiki/Gewehr_98 \"Gewehr 98\") and [Karabiner 98k](/wiki/Karabiner_98k \"Karabiner 98k\"). The standard [light machine gun](/wiki/Light_machine_gun \"Light machine gun\") was a local copy of the Czech [7\\.92 mm](/wiki/8_mm_Mauser \"8 mm Mauser\") [Brno ZB26](/wiki/Brno_ZB26 \"Brno ZB26\"). There were also Belgian and French light machine guns. Provincial units generally did not possess any machine guns. Central Army units had one LMG per platoon on average. German\\-trained divisions ideally had 1 LMG per squad. Surprisingly, the NRA did not purchase any [Maschinengewehr 34s](/wiki/MG_34 \"MG 34\") from [Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\"), but did produce their own copies of them. [Heavy machine guns](/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun \"Heavy machine gun\") were mainly locally\\-made Type 24 [water\\-cooled](/wiki/Water-cooled \"Water-cooled\") [Maxim guns](/wiki/Maxim_gun \"Maxim gun\"), which were the Chinese copies of the German [MG08](/wiki/MG08 \"MG08\"), and [M1917 Browning machine guns](/wiki/M1917_Browning_machine_gun \"M1917 Browning machine gun\") chambered for the standard 8mm Mauser round. On average, every Central Army [battalion](/wiki/Battalion \"Battalion\") would get one heavy machine gun (about a third to half of what actual German divisions got during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\")).",
"The standard weapon for NCOs and officers was the [7\\.63 mm](/wiki/7_mm_caliber \"7 mm caliber\") [Mauser C96](/wiki/Mauser_C96 \"Mauser C96\") [semi\\-automatic pistol](/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol \"Semi-automatic pistol\"), or [full\\-automatic](/wiki/Full-automatic \"Full-automatic\") [Mauser M1932](/wiki/Mauser_M1932 \"Mauser M1932\")/M712 [machine pistol](/wiki/Machine_pistol \"Machine pistol\"). These full\\-automatic versions were used as substitutes for submachine guns (such as the [MP 18](/wiki/MP_18 \"MP 18\")) and rifles that were in short supply within the Chinese army prior to the end of World War II. Among officers, the German Parabellum (Luger) [9×19mm](/wiki/9%C3%9719mm \"9×19mm\") semi\\-automatic pistol was often the weapon of choice.Waldron, Arthur, *From War to Nationalism: China's Turning Point, 1924\\-25*, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN\\|0521472385}} (1995\\), p. 57 Throughout the Second Sino\\-Japanese War, particularly in the early years, the NRA also extensively used captured Japanese weapons and equipment as their own were in short supply. Some élite units also used Lend\\-Lease US equipment as the war progressed.",
"Generally speaking, the regular provincial army divisions did not possess any artillery. However, some Central Army divisions were equipped with 37 mm [PaK 35/36](/wiki/PaK_35/36 \"PaK 35/36\") [anti\\-tank guns](/wiki/Anti-tank_gun \"Anti-tank gun\"), and/or [mortars](/wiki/Mortar_%28weapon%29 \"Mortar (weapon)\") from [Oerlikon](/wiki/Oerlikon-Contraves \"Oerlikon-Contraves\"), [Madsen](/wiki/Dansk_Industri_Syndikat \"Dansk Industri Syndikat\"), and [Solothurn](/wiki/Solothurn_S-18/100 \"Solothurn S-18/100\"). Each infantry division had 6 French [Brandt](/wiki/Edgar_Brandt \"Edgar Brandt\") 81 mm mortars and 6 Solothurn 20 mm [autocannons](/wiki/Autocannon \"Autocannon\"). Some independent brigades and artillery regiments were equipped with [Bofors](/wiki/Bofors \"Bofors\") [72 mm L/14](/wiki/72_mm_L/14 \"72 mm L/14\"), or [Krupp](/wiki/Krupp \"Krupp\") 72 mm [L/29](/wiki/L/29 \"L/29\") [mountain guns](/wiki/Mountain_gun \"Mountain gun\") and there were 24 [Rheinmetall](/wiki/Rheinmetall \"Rheinmetall\") 150 mm [L/32 sFH 18](/wiki/15_cm_sFH_18 \"15 cm sFH 18\") [howitzers](/wiki/Howitzer \"Howitzer\") (bought in 1934\\) and 24 Krupp 150 mm [L/30 sFH 18](/wiki/15_cm_sFH_18 \"15 cm sFH 18\") howitzers (bought in 1936\\). At the start of the war, the NRA and the Tax Police Regiment had three tank battalions armed with German [Panzer I](/wiki/Panzer_I \"Panzer I\") light tanks and [CV\\-33](/wiki/L3/33 \"L3/33\") tankettes. After defeat in the [Battle of Shanghai](/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai \"Battle of Shanghai\") the remaining tanks, together with several hundred [T\\-26](/wiki/T-26 \"T-26\") and [BT\\-5](/wiki/BT-5 \"BT-5\") tanks acquired from the Soviet Union were reorganised into the 200th Division.",
"Infantry uniforms were basically redesigned [Zhongshan suits](/wiki/Zhongshan_suit \"Zhongshan suit\"). [Puttees](/wiki/Puttee \"Puttee\") were standard for soldiers and officers alike since the primary mode of movement for NRA troops was by foot. Troops were also issued sewn field caps. The helmets were the most distinguishing characteristic of these divisions. From the moment German [M35](/wiki/Stahlhelm%23M1935 \"Stahlhelm#M1935\") helmets (standard issue for the [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\") until late in the European theatre) rolled off the production lines in 1935, and until 1936, the NRA imported 315,000 of these helmets, each with the [Blue Sky with a White Sun](/wiki/Blue_Sky_with_a_White_Sun \"Blue Sky with a White Sun\") emblem of the ROC on the sides. These helmets were worn by both elite German\\-trained divisions and regular Central Army divisions. Other helmets include the [Adrian helmet](/wiki/Adrian_helmet \"Adrian helmet\"), [Brodie helmet](/wiki/Brodie_helmet \"Brodie helmet\") and later [M1 helmet](/wiki/M1_helmet \"M1 helmet\"). Other equipment included straw shoes for soldiers (cloth shoes for Central Army), leather shoes for officers and leather boots for high\\-ranking officers. Every soldier was issued ammunition, ammunition pouches or harness, a [water flask](/wiki/Hip_flask \"Hip flask\"), [combat knives](/wiki/Combat_knife \"Combat knife\"), food bag, and a [gas mask](/wiki/Gas_mask \"Gas mask\").",
"On the other hand, warlord forces varied greatly in terms of equipment and training. Some warlord troops were notoriously under\\-equipped, such as [Shanxi](/wiki/Shanxi \"Shanxi\")'s [Dadao](/wiki/Dao_%28Chinese_sword%29 \"Dao (Chinese sword)\") ({{zh\\|c\\=大刀\\|links\\=no}}, a one\\-edged sword type close combat weapon) Team and the [Yunnan clique](/wiki/Yunnan_clique \"Yunnan clique\"). Some, however, were highly professional forces with their own air force and navies. The quality of the [New Guangxi clique](/wiki/New_Guangxi_clique \"New Guangxi clique\") was almost on par with the Central Army, as the [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\") region was wealthy and the local army could afford foreign instructors and arms. The Muslim [Ma clique](/wiki/Ma_clique \"Ma clique\") to the northwest was famed for its well\\-trained [cavalry](/wiki/Cavalry \"Cavalry\") divisions.",
"### Imperial Japanese Army",
"{{See also\\|List of Japanese infantry weapons used in the Second\\-Sino Japanese War\\|List of armour used by the Imperial Japanese Army in the Second Sino\\-Japanese War\\|List of Japanese aircraft in use during the Second Sino\\-Japanese War}}",
"Although Japan possessed significant mobile operational capacity, it did not possess capability for maintaining a long sustained war. At the beginning of the war, the Imperial Japanese Army comprised 17 divisions, each composed of approximately 22,000 men, 5,800 horses, 9,500 rifles and [submachine guns](/wiki/Submachine_gun \"Submachine gun\"), 600 heavy machine guns of assorted types, 108 artillery pieces, and 600 plus of light armor two\\-men tanks. [Special forces](/wiki/Special_forces \"Special forces\") were also available. The [Imperial Japanese Navy](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy \"Imperial Japanese Navy\") displaced a total of 1,900,000 tonnes, ranking third in the world, and possessed 2,700 aircraft at the time. Each Japanese division was the equivalent in fighting strength of four Chinese regular divisions (at the beginning of the [Battle of Shanghai](/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai \"Battle of Shanghai\")).",
""
] |
### National Revolutionary Army
{{See also\|Development of Chinese armoured forces (1927–1945\)\|List of aircraft used in China before 1937\|Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945\)\|List of World War II firearms of China}}
The Central Army possessed 80 Army infantry divisions of 8,000 men each, nine independent [brigades](/wiki/Brigade "Brigade"), nine cavalry divisions, two [artillery brigades](/wiki/Artillery "Artillery"), 16 artillery [regiments](/wiki/Regiment "Regiment") and three armored battalions. The [Chinese Navy](/wiki/Republic_of_China_Navy "Republic of China Navy") displaced only 59,000 tonnes and the [Chinese Air Force](/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force "Republic of China Air Force") comprised only about 700 obsolete aircraft.
For regular provincial Chinese divisions their standard rifles were the [Hanyang 88](/wiki/Hanyang_88 "Hanyang 88") (copy of [Gewehr 88](/wiki/Gewehr_88 "Gewehr 88")). Central army divisions were typically equipped with the [Chiang Kai\-shek rifle](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek_rifle "Chiang Kai-shek rifle") (copy of [Mauser Standard Model](/wiki/Gewehr_98 "Gewehr 98")) and Czechoslovakian [vz. 24](/wiki/Vz._24 "Vz. 24"). However, for most of the German\-trained divisions, the standard firearms were German\-made [7\.92 mm](/wiki/8_mm_Mauser "8 mm Mauser") [Gewehr 98](/wiki/Gewehr_98 "Gewehr 98") and [Karabiner 98k](/wiki/Karabiner_98k "Karabiner 98k"). The standard [light machine gun](/wiki/Light_machine_gun "Light machine gun") was a local copy of the Czech [7\.92 mm](/wiki/8_mm_Mauser "8 mm Mauser") [Brno ZB26](/wiki/Brno_ZB26 "Brno ZB26"). There were also Belgian and French light machine guns. Provincial units generally did not possess any machine guns. Central Army units had one LMG per platoon on average. German\-trained divisions ideally had 1 LMG per squad. Surprisingly, the NRA did not purchase any [Maschinengewehr 34s](/wiki/MG_34 "MG 34") from [Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany"), but did produce their own copies of them. [Heavy machine guns](/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun "Heavy machine gun") were mainly locally\-made Type 24 [water\-cooled](/wiki/Water-cooled "Water-cooled") [Maxim guns](/wiki/Maxim_gun "Maxim gun"), which were the Chinese copies of the German [MG08](/wiki/MG08 "MG08"), and [M1917 Browning machine guns](/wiki/M1917_Browning_machine_gun "M1917 Browning machine gun") chambered for the standard 8mm Mauser round. On average, every Central Army [battalion](/wiki/Battalion "Battalion") would get one heavy machine gun (about a third to half of what actual German divisions got during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II")).
The standard weapon for NCOs and officers was the [7\.63 mm](/wiki/7_mm_caliber "7 mm caliber") [Mauser C96](/wiki/Mauser_C96 "Mauser C96") [semi\-automatic pistol](/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol "Semi-automatic pistol"), or [full\-automatic](/wiki/Full-automatic "Full-automatic") [Mauser M1932](/wiki/Mauser_M1932 "Mauser M1932")/M712 [machine pistol](/wiki/Machine_pistol "Machine pistol"). These full\-automatic versions were used as substitutes for submachine guns (such as the [MP 18](/wiki/MP_18 "MP 18")) and rifles that were in short supply within the Chinese army prior to the end of World War II. Among officers, the German Parabellum (Luger) [9×19mm](/wiki/9%C3%9719mm "9×19mm") semi\-automatic pistol was often the weapon of choice.Waldron, Arthur, *From War to Nationalism: China's Turning Point, 1924\-25*, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN\|0521472385}} (1995\), p. 57 Throughout the Second Sino\-Japanese War, particularly in the early years, the NRA also extensively used captured Japanese weapons and equipment as their own were in short supply. Some élite units also used Lend\-Lease US equipment as the war progressed.
Generally speaking, the regular provincial army divisions did not possess any artillery. However, some Central Army divisions were equipped with 37 mm [PaK 35/36](/wiki/PaK_35/36 "PaK 35/36") [anti\-tank guns](/wiki/Anti-tank_gun "Anti-tank gun"), and/or [mortars](/wiki/Mortar_%28weapon%29 "Mortar (weapon)") from [Oerlikon](/wiki/Oerlikon-Contraves "Oerlikon-Contraves"), [Madsen](/wiki/Dansk_Industri_Syndikat "Dansk Industri Syndikat"), and [Solothurn](/wiki/Solothurn_S-18/100 "Solothurn S-18/100"). Each infantry division had 6 French [Brandt](/wiki/Edgar_Brandt "Edgar Brandt") 81 mm mortars and 6 Solothurn 20 mm [autocannons](/wiki/Autocannon "Autocannon"). Some independent brigades and artillery regiments were equipped with [Bofors](/wiki/Bofors "Bofors") [72 mm L/14](/wiki/72_mm_L/14 "72 mm L/14"), or [Krupp](/wiki/Krupp "Krupp") 72 mm [L/29](/wiki/L/29 "L/29") [mountain guns](/wiki/Mountain_gun "Mountain gun") and there were 24 [Rheinmetall](/wiki/Rheinmetall "Rheinmetall") 150 mm [L/32 sFH 18](/wiki/15_cm_sFH_18 "15 cm sFH 18") [howitzers](/wiki/Howitzer "Howitzer") (bought in 1934\) and 24 Krupp 150 mm [L/30 sFH 18](/wiki/15_cm_sFH_18 "15 cm sFH 18") howitzers (bought in 1936\). At the start of the war, the NRA and the Tax Police Regiment had three tank battalions armed with German [Panzer I](/wiki/Panzer_I "Panzer I") light tanks and [CV\-33](/wiki/L3/33 "L3/33") tankettes. After defeat in the [Battle of Shanghai](/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai "Battle of Shanghai") the remaining tanks, together with several hundred [T\-26](/wiki/T-26 "T-26") and [BT\-5](/wiki/BT-5 "BT-5") tanks acquired from the Soviet Union were reorganised into the 200th Division.
Infantry uniforms were basically redesigned [Zhongshan suits](/wiki/Zhongshan_suit "Zhongshan suit"). [Puttees](/wiki/Puttee "Puttee") were standard for soldiers and officers alike since the primary mode of movement for NRA troops was by foot. Troops were also issued sewn field caps. The helmets were the most distinguishing characteristic of these divisions. From the moment German [M35](/wiki/Stahlhelm%23M1935 "Stahlhelm#M1935") helmets (standard issue for the [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht "Wehrmacht") until late in the European theatre) rolled off the production lines in 1935, and until 1936, the NRA imported 315,000 of these helmets, each with the [Blue Sky with a White Sun](/wiki/Blue_Sky_with_a_White_Sun "Blue Sky with a White Sun") emblem of the ROC on the sides. These helmets were worn by both elite German\-trained divisions and regular Central Army divisions. Other helmets include the [Adrian helmet](/wiki/Adrian_helmet "Adrian helmet"), [Brodie helmet](/wiki/Brodie_helmet "Brodie helmet") and later [M1 helmet](/wiki/M1_helmet "M1 helmet"). Other equipment included straw shoes for soldiers (cloth shoes for Central Army), leather shoes for officers and leather boots for high\-ranking officers. Every soldier was issued ammunition, ammunition pouches or harness, a [water flask](/wiki/Hip_flask "Hip flask"), [combat knives](/wiki/Combat_knife "Combat knife"), food bag, and a [gas mask](/wiki/Gas_mask "Gas mask").
On the other hand, warlord forces varied greatly in terms of equipment and training. Some warlord troops were notoriously under\-equipped, such as [Shanxi](/wiki/Shanxi "Shanxi")'s [Dadao](/wiki/Dao_%28Chinese_sword%29 "Dao (Chinese sword)") ({{zh\|c\=大刀\|links\=no}}, a one\-edged sword type close combat weapon) Team and the [Yunnan clique](/wiki/Yunnan_clique "Yunnan clique"). Some, however, were highly professional forces with their own air force and navies. The quality of the [New Guangxi clique](/wiki/New_Guangxi_clique "New Guangxi clique") was almost on par with the Central Army, as the [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou") region was wealthy and the local army could afford foreign instructors and arms. The Muslim [Ma clique](/wiki/Ma_clique "Ma clique") to the northwest was famed for its well\-trained [cavalry](/wiki/Cavalry "Cavalry") divisions.
|
[
"### National Revolutionary Army",
"{{See also\\|Development of Chinese armoured forces (1927–1945\\)\\|List of aircraft used in China before 1937\\|Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945\\)\\|List of World War II firearms of China}}",
"The Central Army possessed 80 Army infantry divisions of 8,000 men each, nine independent [brigades](/wiki/Brigade \"Brigade\"), nine cavalry divisions, two [artillery brigades](/wiki/Artillery \"Artillery\"), 16 artillery [regiments](/wiki/Regiment \"Regiment\") and three armored battalions. The [Chinese Navy](/wiki/Republic_of_China_Navy \"Republic of China Navy\") displaced only 59,000 tonnes and the [Chinese Air Force](/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force \"Republic of China Air Force\") comprised only about 700 obsolete aircraft.",
"For regular provincial Chinese divisions their standard rifles were the [Hanyang 88](/wiki/Hanyang_88 \"Hanyang 88\") (copy of [Gewehr 88](/wiki/Gewehr_88 \"Gewehr 88\")). Central army divisions were typically equipped with the [Chiang Kai\\-shek rifle](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek_rifle \"Chiang Kai-shek rifle\") (copy of [Mauser Standard Model](/wiki/Gewehr_98 \"Gewehr 98\")) and Czechoslovakian [vz. 24](/wiki/Vz._24 \"Vz. 24\"). However, for most of the German\\-trained divisions, the standard firearms were German\\-made [7\\.92 mm](/wiki/8_mm_Mauser \"8 mm Mauser\") [Gewehr 98](/wiki/Gewehr_98 \"Gewehr 98\") and [Karabiner 98k](/wiki/Karabiner_98k \"Karabiner 98k\"). The standard [light machine gun](/wiki/Light_machine_gun \"Light machine gun\") was a local copy of the Czech [7\\.92 mm](/wiki/8_mm_Mauser \"8 mm Mauser\") [Brno ZB26](/wiki/Brno_ZB26 \"Brno ZB26\"). There were also Belgian and French light machine guns. Provincial units generally did not possess any machine guns. Central Army units had one LMG per platoon on average. German\\-trained divisions ideally had 1 LMG per squad. Surprisingly, the NRA did not purchase any [Maschinengewehr 34s](/wiki/MG_34 \"MG 34\") from [Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\"), but did produce their own copies of them. [Heavy machine guns](/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun \"Heavy machine gun\") were mainly locally\\-made Type 24 [water\\-cooled](/wiki/Water-cooled \"Water-cooled\") [Maxim guns](/wiki/Maxim_gun \"Maxim gun\"), which were the Chinese copies of the German [MG08](/wiki/MG08 \"MG08\"), and [M1917 Browning machine guns](/wiki/M1917_Browning_machine_gun \"M1917 Browning machine gun\") chambered for the standard 8mm Mauser round. On average, every Central Army [battalion](/wiki/Battalion \"Battalion\") would get one heavy machine gun (about a third to half of what actual German divisions got during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\")).",
"The standard weapon for NCOs and officers was the [7\\.63 mm](/wiki/7_mm_caliber \"7 mm caliber\") [Mauser C96](/wiki/Mauser_C96 \"Mauser C96\") [semi\\-automatic pistol](/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol \"Semi-automatic pistol\"), or [full\\-automatic](/wiki/Full-automatic \"Full-automatic\") [Mauser M1932](/wiki/Mauser_M1932 \"Mauser M1932\")/M712 [machine pistol](/wiki/Machine_pistol \"Machine pistol\"). These full\\-automatic versions were used as substitutes for submachine guns (such as the [MP 18](/wiki/MP_18 \"MP 18\")) and rifles that were in short supply within the Chinese army prior to the end of World War II. Among officers, the German Parabellum (Luger) [9×19mm](/wiki/9%C3%9719mm \"9×19mm\") semi\\-automatic pistol was often the weapon of choice.Waldron, Arthur, *From War to Nationalism: China's Turning Point, 1924\\-25*, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN\\|0521472385}} (1995\\), p. 57 Throughout the Second Sino\\-Japanese War, particularly in the early years, the NRA also extensively used captured Japanese weapons and equipment as their own were in short supply. Some élite units also used Lend\\-Lease US equipment as the war progressed.",
"Generally speaking, the regular provincial army divisions did not possess any artillery. However, some Central Army divisions were equipped with 37 mm [PaK 35/36](/wiki/PaK_35/36 \"PaK 35/36\") [anti\\-tank guns](/wiki/Anti-tank_gun \"Anti-tank gun\"), and/or [mortars](/wiki/Mortar_%28weapon%29 \"Mortar (weapon)\") from [Oerlikon](/wiki/Oerlikon-Contraves \"Oerlikon-Contraves\"), [Madsen](/wiki/Dansk_Industri_Syndikat \"Dansk Industri Syndikat\"), and [Solothurn](/wiki/Solothurn_S-18/100 \"Solothurn S-18/100\"). Each infantry division had 6 French [Brandt](/wiki/Edgar_Brandt \"Edgar Brandt\") 81 mm mortars and 6 Solothurn 20 mm [autocannons](/wiki/Autocannon \"Autocannon\"). Some independent brigades and artillery regiments were equipped with [Bofors](/wiki/Bofors \"Bofors\") [72 mm L/14](/wiki/72_mm_L/14 \"72 mm L/14\"), or [Krupp](/wiki/Krupp \"Krupp\") 72 mm [L/29](/wiki/L/29 \"L/29\") [mountain guns](/wiki/Mountain_gun \"Mountain gun\") and there were 24 [Rheinmetall](/wiki/Rheinmetall \"Rheinmetall\") 150 mm [L/32 sFH 18](/wiki/15_cm_sFH_18 \"15 cm sFH 18\") [howitzers](/wiki/Howitzer \"Howitzer\") (bought in 1934\\) and 24 Krupp 150 mm [L/30 sFH 18](/wiki/15_cm_sFH_18 \"15 cm sFH 18\") howitzers (bought in 1936\\). At the start of the war, the NRA and the Tax Police Regiment had three tank battalions armed with German [Panzer I](/wiki/Panzer_I \"Panzer I\") light tanks and [CV\\-33](/wiki/L3/33 \"L3/33\") tankettes. After defeat in the [Battle of Shanghai](/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai \"Battle of Shanghai\") the remaining tanks, together with several hundred [T\\-26](/wiki/T-26 \"T-26\") and [BT\\-5](/wiki/BT-5 \"BT-5\") tanks acquired from the Soviet Union were reorganised into the 200th Division.",
"Infantry uniforms were basically redesigned [Zhongshan suits](/wiki/Zhongshan_suit \"Zhongshan suit\"). [Puttees](/wiki/Puttee \"Puttee\") were standard for soldiers and officers alike since the primary mode of movement for NRA troops was by foot. Troops were also issued sewn field caps. The helmets were the most distinguishing characteristic of these divisions. From the moment German [M35](/wiki/Stahlhelm%23M1935 \"Stahlhelm#M1935\") helmets (standard issue for the [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\") until late in the European theatre) rolled off the production lines in 1935, and until 1936, the NRA imported 315,000 of these helmets, each with the [Blue Sky with a White Sun](/wiki/Blue_Sky_with_a_White_Sun \"Blue Sky with a White Sun\") emblem of the ROC on the sides. These helmets were worn by both elite German\\-trained divisions and regular Central Army divisions. Other helmets include the [Adrian helmet](/wiki/Adrian_helmet \"Adrian helmet\"), [Brodie helmet](/wiki/Brodie_helmet \"Brodie helmet\") and later [M1 helmet](/wiki/M1_helmet \"M1 helmet\"). Other equipment included straw shoes for soldiers (cloth shoes for Central Army), leather shoes for officers and leather boots for high\\-ranking officers. Every soldier was issued ammunition, ammunition pouches or harness, a [water flask](/wiki/Hip_flask \"Hip flask\"), [combat knives](/wiki/Combat_knife \"Combat knife\"), food bag, and a [gas mask](/wiki/Gas_mask \"Gas mask\").",
"On the other hand, warlord forces varied greatly in terms of equipment and training. Some warlord troops were notoriously under\\-equipped, such as [Shanxi](/wiki/Shanxi \"Shanxi\")'s [Dadao](/wiki/Dao_%28Chinese_sword%29 \"Dao (Chinese sword)\") ({{zh\\|c\\=大刀\\|links\\=no}}, a one\\-edged sword type close combat weapon) Team and the [Yunnan clique](/wiki/Yunnan_clique \"Yunnan clique\"). Some, however, were highly professional forces with their own air force and navies. The quality of the [New Guangxi clique](/wiki/New_Guangxi_clique \"New Guangxi clique\") was almost on par with the Central Army, as the [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\") region was wealthy and the local army could afford foreign instructors and arms. The Muslim [Ma clique](/wiki/Ma_clique \"Ma clique\") to the northwest was famed for its well\\-trained [cavalry](/wiki/Cavalry \"Cavalry\") divisions.",
""
] |
The Villages
------------
### Bratten
In the beginning of the 1800s the Öberg family took over the herring salting factory which was situated by the sea and established an inn – Café Öbergska today. Öbergs House from 1812 can also be seen. In the end of that century a spa company was formed, while wealthy people built fancy summer houses nearby.
The Arbores Society are active today and are responsible for planting trees in the nearby park for recreational purposes and organizing the traditional Midsummer festivities on Bratten. Today there are a pub and a traditional café as well as a guest harbour and a beach 200 meters further to north.
### Bye (The Village)
The earliest village is situated around the present church. Craftsmen gathered here and shops were established. Southwest of the Village (Kyrkbyn) is where the Large Meadow is situated, where the villagers farmed, cultivated crops and kept animals. Lambs continue to graze there today. One of three larger garden centres was established here in the 18th century. There is a local History Museum near the church with a vast collection of old fishing equipment.
### Halsvik
Southwest of the island, the freight skippers built their somewhat fancier villas, which are easy to recognize even today. On the road down to the harbour lies the oldest house on Styrsö: a red painted front chamber cottage on the left side.
### Tången
Years ago, Tången was a separate part of the island, where the houses were built very close to each other, like in many other fishing communities in Bohuslän. The fishing trawlers which crowded the old port moved to the new port of Sandvik in 1960, where traditional fishing methods continue to operate. The guest harbour in Sandvik is well equipped with a new petrol station and is well protected from heavy sea.
[thumb\|center\|Styrsö](/wiki/File:The_Island_Styrs%C3%B6.jpg "The Island Styrsö.jpg")
|
[
"The Villages\n------------",
"### Bratten",
"In the beginning of the 1800s the Öberg family took over the herring salting factory which was situated by the sea and established an inn – Café Öbergska today. Öbergs House from 1812 can also be seen. In the end of that century a spa company was formed, while wealthy people built fancy summer houses nearby.",
"The Arbores Society are active today and are responsible for planting trees in the nearby park for recreational purposes and organizing the traditional Midsummer festivities on Bratten. Today there are a pub and a traditional café as well as a guest harbour and a beach 200 meters further to north.",
"### Bye (The Village)",
"The earliest village is situated around the present church. Craftsmen gathered here and shops were established. Southwest of the Village (Kyrkbyn) is where the Large Meadow is situated, where the villagers farmed, cultivated crops and kept animals. Lambs continue to graze there today. One of three larger garden centres was established here in the 18th century. There is a local History Museum near the church with a vast collection of old fishing equipment.",
"### Halsvik",
"Southwest of the island, the freight skippers built their somewhat fancier villas, which are easy to recognize even today. On the road down to the harbour lies the oldest house on Styrsö: a red painted front chamber cottage on the left side.",
"### Tången",
"Years ago, Tången was a separate part of the island, where the houses were built very close to each other, like in many other fishing communities in Bohuslän. The fishing trawlers which crowded the old port moved to the new port of Sandvik in 1960, where traditional fishing methods continue to operate. The guest harbour in Sandvik is well equipped with a new petrol station and is well protected from heavy sea.",
"",
"[thumb\\|center\\|Styrsö](/wiki/File:The_Island_Styrs%C3%B6.jpg \"The Island Styrsö.jpg\")",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1880\= 147
\|1890\= 192
\|1920\= 359
\|1930\= 422
\|1940\= 524
\|1950\= 464
\|1960\= 454
\|1970\= 444
\|1980\= 504
\|1990\= 580
\|2000\= 768
\|2010\= 791
\|2020\= 802
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}}
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2012\-07\-08}} of 2010, there were 791 people, 287 households, and 185 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|254\.3\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 357 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|114\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 92\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.1% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 4\.7% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.5% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 3\.2% of the population.
There were 287 households, of which 36\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 17\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 2\.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35\.5% were non\-families. 31\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.63 and the average family size was 3\.31\.
The median age in the city was 33\.8 years. 29\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 10\.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24\.3% were from 25 to 44; 22\.5% were from 45 to 64; and 13\.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 45\.6% male and 54\.4% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 768 people, 309 households, and 207 families living in the town. The population density was {{convert\|1,094\.0\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 350 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|498\.6\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 95\.70% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 2\.60% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.39% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 1\.30% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.04% of the population.
There were 309 households, out of which 33\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 14\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33\.0% were non\-families. 29\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.41 and the average family size was 2\.98\.
In the town the population was spread out, with 27\.3% under the age of 18, 9\.4% from 18 to 24, 28\.8% from 25 to 44, 19\.4% from 45 to 64, and 15\.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 86\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83\.6 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $24,886, and the median income for a family was $34,583\. Males had a median income of $23,182 versus $20,515 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the town was $13,414\. About 19\.3% of families and 23\.2% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 30\.8% of those under age 18 and 20\.4% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1880\\= 147\n\\|1890\\= 192\n\\|1920\\= 359\n\\|1930\\= 422\n\\|1940\\= 524\n\\|1950\\= 464\n\\|1960\\= 454\n\\|1970\\= 444\n\\|1980\\= 504\n\\|1990\\= 580\n\\|2000\\= 768\n\\|2010\\= 791\n\\|2020\\= 802\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-08}} of 2010, there were 791 people, 287 households, and 185 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|254\\.3\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 357 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|114\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 92\\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.1% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 4\\.7% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.5% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 3\\.2% of the population.",
"There were 287 households, of which 36\\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44\\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 17\\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 2\\.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35\\.5% were non\\-families. 31\\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12\\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.63 and the average family size was 3\\.31\\.",
"The median age in the city was 33\\.8 years. 29\\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 10\\.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24\\.3% were from 25 to 44; 22\\.5% were from 45 to 64; and 13\\.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 45\\.6% male and 54\\.4% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 768 people, 309 households, and 207 families living in the town. The population density was {{convert\\|1,094\\.0\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 350 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|498\\.6\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 95\\.70% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 2\\.60% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.39% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 1\\.30% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.04% of the population.",
"There were 309 households, out of which 33\\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 14\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33\\.0% were non\\-families. 29\\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13\\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.41 and the average family size was 2\\.98\\.",
"In the town the population was spread out, with 27\\.3% under the age of 18, 9\\.4% from 18 to 24, 28\\.8% from 25 to 44, 19\\.4% from 45 to 64, and 15\\.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 86\\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83\\.6 males.",
"The median income for a household in the town was $24,886, and the median income for a family was $34,583\\. Males had a median income of $23,182 versus $20,515 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the town was $13,414\\. About 19\\.3% of families and 23\\.2% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 30\\.8% of those under age 18 and 20\\.4% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
History
-------
On 8–11 August 1922, the [Brisbane Women's Club](/wiki/Brisbane_Women%27s_Club "Brisbane Women's Club") held an open conference for countrywomen in Brisbane's [Albert Hall](/wiki/Albert_Hall%2C_Brisbane "Albert Hall, Brisbane") during the [Exhibition](/wiki/Ekka "Ekka") (a time when many country people visited Brisbane). The conference was opened by Lady Forster, wife of [Australian Governor\-General](/wiki/Australian_Governor_General "Australian Governor General") and the [Queensland Governor](/wiki/Queensland_Governor "Queensland Governor") [Matthew Nathan](/wiki/Matthew_Nathan "Matthew Nathan") attended. On 11 August 1922, the outcome of the conference was to establish the Queensland Country Women's Association.Pagliano, p. 3 [Ruth Fairfax](/wiki/Ruth_Fairfax "Ruth Fairfax") was elected the first president.{{cite news\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article192982648\|title\=FOR COUNTRY WOMEN\|date\=18 August 1922\|newspaper\=\[\[The Week (Brisbane)\|The Week]]\|access\-date\=7 August 2017\|issue\=2,434\|location\=Queensland, Australia\|volume\=XCIV\|page\=6\|via\=National Library of Australia\|archive\-date\=14 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914000135/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/192982648\|url\-status\=live}}
The first meeting of the [Toowoomba](/wiki/Toowoomba "Toowoomba") branch was held at the [Toowoomba Town Hall](/wiki/Toowoomba_Town_Hall "Toowoomba Town Hall") on 12 September 1922\. Fairfax attended and spoke about the objectives of the organisation. The meeting resolved to hold a conference as soon as there were sufficient representatives to attend.{{cite news\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article177884213\|title\=QUEENSLAND COUNTRY WOMEN'S ASSOCIATION\|date\=16 September 1922\|newspaper\=\[\[Telegraph (Brisbane)\|The Telegraph]]\|access\-date\=7 August 2017\|issue\=15539\|location\=Queensland, Australia\|page\=12\|via\=National Library of Australia\|archive\-date\=14 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914000143/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/177884213\|url\-status\=live}}
The objectives of the association were broad but included some specific items:Pagliano, p. 6
> 1\. To improve welfare and conditions of women and children in the country
> 2\. To draw together all women, girls, and children in Country Districts.
>
>
> 3\. To bring opportunities for recreation and enjoyment within reach of all Members.
>
>
> 4\. To encourage the active study of Local, Municipal and State affairs and to promote a wise and kindly spirit.
>
>
> 5\. To improve educational facilities in the Country.
>
>
> 6\. To secure better provision for the safeguarding of Public Health especially of children, and the securing of more adequate Medical and Hospital facilities for Country Districts.
There was a call for a design for a badge and the winner was Mabel Chandler of [Burra Burri](/wiki/Burra_Burri%2C_Queensland "Burra Burri, Queensland") who proposed the letters CWA within a large letter "Q"; this design is still used as the organisation's logo. It was decided that the silver and [royal blue](/wiki/Royal_blue "Royal blue") should be adopted as the colours for the organisation. Many QCWA buildings or 'rest rooms' are painted royal blue and white to approximate the chosen colours.
In the 1930s the association held the [motto](/wiki/Motto "Motto") "With loyalty to the Throne, service to the country, through country women, by country women, for country women". By 1950 this was given as "Honour to God, Loyalty to the Throne, Service to the country, Through country women, By country women, For country women".{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article225630585 \|title\=23rd Annual Meeting of Southport C.W.A. \|newspaper\=\[\[South Coast Bulletin]] \|issue\=1164 \|location\=Queensland, Australia \|date\=11 October 1950 \|access\-date\=20 February 2021 \|page\=8 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|archive\-date\=15 July 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715045116/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/225630585 \|url\-status\=live }}
A [creed](/wiki/Creed "Creed") was also made:
I would be true, for there are those who trust me; I would be pure, for there are those who care; I would be strong for there is much to suffer; I would be brave, for there is much to dare.
I would be friend to all—the foe—the friendless; I would be giving and forget the gift; I would be humble, for I know my weakness; I would look up—and laugh—and love—and lift.
Branches were grouped within a division, within the State body. Western Division included Roma and Trenhed. The Southern Region was rearranged by 1945 to form new divisions such as the Gympie and South Burnett.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article97461248 \|title\=Q.C.W.A. DIVISIONS Gympie\-South Burnett Is Nine Years Old \|newspaper\=\[\[Queensland Country Life]] \|volume\=19 \|issue\=42 \|location\=Queensland, Australia \|date\=29 April 1954 \|access\-date\=20 February 2021 \|page\=14 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|archive\-date\=15 July 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715045116/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/97461248 \|url\-status\=live }} The new Maranoa Division looked after 29 branches including Dalby and Wandoan.
Queensland's Younger Sets were formed by April 1928 in [Warwick](/wiki/Warwick%2C_Queensland "Warwick, Queensland"),{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article175637488 \|title\=To\-day's events \|newspaper\=\[\[Warwick Daily News]] \|issue\=2759 \|location\=Queensland, Australia \|date\=27 April 1928 \|access\-date\=20 February 2021 \|page\=2 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|archive\-date\=19 March 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319050301/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/175637488 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article178810573 \|title\=Q.C.W.A. \|newspaper\=\[\[Warwick Daily News]] \|issue\=2763 \|location\=Queensland, Australia \|date\=2 May 1928 \|access\-date\=20 February 2021 \|page\=6 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|archive\-date\=19 March 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319050245/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/178810573 \|url\-status\=live }}Queensland Country Women's Association's 'Connecting and inspiring for nearly 100 years' [webpage](https://www.qcwa.org.au/History) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319050243/https://www.qcwa.org.au/History \|date\=19 March 2021 }} (20 February 2021\) states the 'Younger set' groups were created from 1931\. with the QCWA Bundaberg Younger Set established in mid\-2008\.{{cite news \|last1\=van de WETERING \|first1\=Jodie \|title\=Younger Set looking to the future of the QCWA \|url\=https://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2009/01/15/2466867\.htm?site\=widebay \|access\-date\=20 February 2021 \|agency\=Australian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=15 January 2009 \|archive\-date\=19 March 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319050242/https://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2009/01/15/2466867\.htm?site\=widebay \|url\-status\=live }} Membership is for girls and women up to 25 years\-of\-age, although one set in 1930 allowed 'any girl or unmarried woman' as eligible for membership.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article197873744 \|title\=News items \|newspaper\=Pittsworth Sentinel \|volume\=31 \|location\=Queensland, Australia \|date\=7 June 1930 \|access\-date\=20 February 2021 \|page\=2 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|archive\-date\=19 March 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319050243/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/197873744 \|url\-status\=live }}
In 2012 the QWC celebrated its 90th birthday.{{Cite web \|date\=2012\-08\-14 \|title\=Happy birthday! 90 years of Queensland CWA {{!}} State Library Of Queensland \|url\=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/happy\-birthday\-90\-years\-queensland\-cwa \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-31 \|website\=www.slq.qld.gov.au \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=2 June 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602055455/https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/happy\-birthday\-90\-years\-queensland\-cwa \|url\-status\=live }}
The Queensland chapter was inducted into the [Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame](/wiki/Queensland_Business_Leaders_Hall_of_Fame "Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame") in 2013\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://leaders.slq.qld.gov.au/inductees/queensland\-country\-womens\-association/\|title\=Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame {{!}} Queensland Country Women's Association\|website\=leaders.slq.qld.gov.au\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223060351/http://leaders.slq.qld.gov.au/inductees/queensland\-country\-womens\-association/\|archive\-date\=23 February 2017\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=17 February 2017\|df\=dmy\-all}}
In 2017 the QWCA created its own perfume, '1922', to mark its 95th anniversary. It was released at 2017 [Ekka](/wiki/Ekka "Ekka") and was developed by Damask Perfumery in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane"). The artwork and branding of the bottle was supplied by Brisbane watercolour artist Michelle Grayson.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017\-08\-07/what\-does\-the\-cwa\-smell\-like/8780430\|title\=What does the CWA smell like? Iconic group's essence captured in a bottle for 95th anniversary\|date\=7 August 2017\|website\=ABC News\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807153210/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017\-08\-07/what\-does\-the\-cwa\-smell\-like/8780430\|archive\-date\=7 August 2017\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=7 August 2017\|df\=dmy\-all}}
In 2019 the QWCA received a [Queensland Greats Award](/wiki/Queensland_Greats_Awards "Queensland Greats Awards") from the [Queensland Government](/wiki/Queensland_Government "Queensland Government").
In 2022 the QCWA celebrated their centenary year.{{SLQ\-CC\-BY\|url\=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/queensland\-country\-womens\-association\-turns\-100\|title\=Queensland Country Women's Association turns 100!\|date\=29 March 2022\|author(s)\=Anne Scheu\|accessdate\=17 May 2022}} As part of the celebrations, in early February, the [Perth Mint](/wiki/Perth_Mint "Perth Mint") launched a $1 coin commemorating the centenary in Queensland and New South Wales. Other intended events were ongoing displays celebrating the achievements of early members, and attending Parliament House and raising concerns affecting women and families across Queensland.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"On 8–11 August 1922, the [Brisbane Women's Club](/wiki/Brisbane_Women%27s_Club \"Brisbane Women's Club\") held an open conference for countrywomen in Brisbane's [Albert Hall](/wiki/Albert_Hall%2C_Brisbane \"Albert Hall, Brisbane\") during the [Exhibition](/wiki/Ekka \"Ekka\") (a time when many country people visited Brisbane). The conference was opened by Lady Forster, wife of [Australian Governor\\-General](/wiki/Australian_Governor_General \"Australian Governor General\") and the [Queensland Governor](/wiki/Queensland_Governor \"Queensland Governor\") [Matthew Nathan](/wiki/Matthew_Nathan \"Matthew Nathan\") attended. On 11 August 1922, the outcome of the conference was to establish the Queensland Country Women's Association.Pagliano, p. 3 [Ruth Fairfax](/wiki/Ruth_Fairfax \"Ruth Fairfax\") was elected the first president.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article192982648\\|title\\=FOR COUNTRY WOMEN\\|date\\=18 August 1922\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Week (Brisbane)\\|The Week]]\\|access\\-date\\=7 August 2017\\|issue\\=2,434\\|location\\=Queensland, Australia\\|volume\\=XCIV\\|page\\=6\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|archive\\-date\\=14 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914000135/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/192982648\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The first meeting of the [Toowoomba](/wiki/Toowoomba \"Toowoomba\") branch was held at the [Toowoomba Town Hall](/wiki/Toowoomba_Town_Hall \"Toowoomba Town Hall\") on 12 September 1922\\. Fairfax attended and spoke about the objectives of the organisation. The meeting resolved to hold a conference as soon as there were sufficient representatives to attend.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article177884213\\|title\\=QUEENSLAND COUNTRY WOMEN'S ASSOCIATION\\|date\\=16 September 1922\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Telegraph (Brisbane)\\|The Telegraph]]\\|access\\-date\\=7 August 2017\\|issue\\=15539\\|location\\=Queensland, Australia\\|page\\=12\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|archive\\-date\\=14 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914000143/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/177884213\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The objectives of the association were broad but included some specific items:Pagliano, p. 6",
"> 1\\. To improve welfare and conditions of women and children in the country\n> 2\\. To draw together all women, girls, and children in Country Districts.\n> \n> \n> 3\\. To bring opportunities for recreation and enjoyment within reach of all Members.\n> \n> \n> 4\\. To encourage the active study of Local, Municipal and State affairs and to promote a wise and kindly spirit.\n> \n> \n> 5\\. To improve educational facilities in the Country.\n> \n> \n> 6\\. To secure better provision for the safeguarding of Public Health especially of children, and the securing of more adequate Medical and Hospital facilities for Country Districts.",
"",
"There was a call for a design for a badge and the winner was Mabel Chandler of [Burra Burri](/wiki/Burra_Burri%2C_Queensland \"Burra Burri, Queensland\") who proposed the letters CWA within a large letter \"Q\"; this design is still used as the organisation's logo. It was decided that the silver and [royal blue](/wiki/Royal_blue \"Royal blue\") should be adopted as the colours for the organisation. Many QCWA buildings or 'rest rooms' are painted royal blue and white to approximate the chosen colours.",
"In the 1930s the association held the [motto](/wiki/Motto \"Motto\") \"With loyalty to the Throne, service to the country, through country women, by country women, for country women\". By 1950 this was given as \"Honour to God, Loyalty to the Throne, Service to the country, Through country women, By country women, For country women\".{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article225630585 \\|title\\=23rd Annual Meeting of Southport C.W.A. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Coast Bulletin]] \\|issue\\=1164 \\|location\\=Queensland, Australia \\|date\\=11 October 1950 \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2021 \\|page\\=8 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|archive\\-date\\=15 July 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715045116/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/225630585 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"A [creed](/wiki/Creed \"Creed\") was also made:\nI would be true, for there are those who trust me; I would be pure, for there are those who care; I would be strong for there is much to suffer; I would be brave, for there is much to dare.\nI would be friend to all—the foe—the friendless; I would be giving and forget the gift; I would be humble, for I know my weakness; I would look up—and laugh—and love—and lift.",
"Branches were grouped within a division, within the State body. Western Division included Roma and Trenhed. The Southern Region was rearranged by 1945 to form new divisions such as the Gympie and South Burnett.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article97461248 \\|title\\=Q.C.W.A. DIVISIONS Gympie\\-South Burnett Is Nine Years Old \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Queensland Country Life]] \\|volume\\=19 \\|issue\\=42 \\|location\\=Queensland, Australia \\|date\\=29 April 1954 \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2021 \\|page\\=14 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|archive\\-date\\=15 July 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715045116/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/97461248 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The new Maranoa Division looked after 29 branches including Dalby and Wandoan.",
"Queensland's Younger Sets were formed by April 1928 in [Warwick](/wiki/Warwick%2C_Queensland \"Warwick, Queensland\"),{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article175637488 \\|title\\=To\\-day's events \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Warwick Daily News]] \\|issue\\=2759 \\|location\\=Queensland, Australia \\|date\\=27 April 1928 \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2021 \\|page\\=2 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|archive\\-date\\=19 March 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319050301/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/175637488 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article178810573 \\|title\\=Q.C.W.A. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Warwick Daily News]] \\|issue\\=2763 \\|location\\=Queensland, Australia \\|date\\=2 May 1928 \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2021 \\|page\\=6 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|archive\\-date\\=19 March 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319050245/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/178810573 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}Queensland Country Women's Association's 'Connecting and inspiring for nearly 100 years' [webpage](https://www.qcwa.org.au/History) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319050243/https://www.qcwa.org.au/History \\|date\\=19 March 2021 }} (20 February 2021\\) states the 'Younger set' groups were created from 1931\\. with the QCWA Bundaberg Younger Set established in mid\\-2008\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=van de WETERING \\|first1\\=Jodie \\|title\\=Younger Set looking to the future of the QCWA \\|url\\=https://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2009/01/15/2466867\\.htm?site\\=widebay \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2021 \\|agency\\=Australian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=15 January 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 March 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319050242/https://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2009/01/15/2466867\\.htm?site\\=widebay \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Membership is for girls and women up to 25 years\\-of\\-age, although one set in 1930 allowed 'any girl or unmarried woman' as eligible for membership.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article197873744 \\|title\\=News items \\|newspaper\\=Pittsworth Sentinel \\|volume\\=31 \\|location\\=Queensland, Australia \\|date\\=7 June 1930 \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2021 \\|page\\=2 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|archive\\-date\\=19 March 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319050243/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/197873744 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In 2012 the QWC celebrated its 90th birthday.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2012\\-08\\-14 \\|title\\=Happy birthday! 90 years of Queensland CWA {{!}} State Library Of Queensland \\|url\\=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/happy\\-birthday\\-90\\-years\\-queensland\\-cwa \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-31 \\|website\\=www.slq.qld.gov.au \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=2 June 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602055455/https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/happy\\-birthday\\-90\\-years\\-queensland\\-cwa \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"The Queensland chapter was inducted into the [Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame](/wiki/Queensland_Business_Leaders_Hall_of_Fame \"Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame\") in 2013\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://leaders.slq.qld.gov.au/inductees/queensland\\-country\\-womens\\-association/\\|title\\=Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame {{!}} Queensland Country Women's Association\\|website\\=leaders.slq.qld.gov.au\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223060351/http://leaders.slq.qld.gov.au/inductees/queensland\\-country\\-womens\\-association/\\|archive\\-date\\=23 February 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=17 February 2017\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}",
"In 2017 the QWCA created its own perfume, '1922', to mark its 95th anniversary. It was released at 2017 [Ekka](/wiki/Ekka \"Ekka\") and was developed by Damask Perfumery in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\"). The artwork and branding of the bottle was supplied by Brisbane watercolour artist Michelle Grayson.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017\\-08\\-07/what\\-does\\-the\\-cwa\\-smell\\-like/8780430\\|title\\=What does the CWA smell like? Iconic group's essence captured in a bottle for 95th anniversary\\|date\\=7 August 2017\\|website\\=ABC News\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807153210/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017\\-08\\-07/what\\-does\\-the\\-cwa\\-smell\\-like/8780430\\|archive\\-date\\=7 August 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=7 August 2017\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}",
"In 2019 the QWCA received a [Queensland Greats Award](/wiki/Queensland_Greats_Awards \"Queensland Greats Awards\") from the [Queensland Government](/wiki/Queensland_Government \"Queensland Government\").",
"In 2022 the QCWA celebrated their centenary year.{{SLQ\\-CC\\-BY\\|url\\=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/queensland\\-country\\-womens\\-association\\-turns\\-100\\|title\\=Queensland Country Women's Association turns 100!\\|date\\=29 March 2022\\|author(s)\\=Anne Scheu\\|accessdate\\=17 May 2022}} As part of the celebrations, in early February, the [Perth Mint](/wiki/Perth_Mint \"Perth Mint\") launched a $1 coin commemorating the centenary in Queensland and New South Wales. Other intended events were ongoing displays celebrating the achievements of early members, and attending Parliament House and raising concerns affecting women and families across Queensland.",
""
] |
History
-------
The grenal is one of the fiercest football rivalries in South America. Many well\-known players have competed in grenal games, including: [Everaldo](/wiki/Everaldo_%28footballer%2C_born_1944%29 "Everaldo (footballer, born 1944)"), [Tesourinha](/wiki/Tesourinha "Tesourinha"), [Aírton](/wiki/Airton_Ferreira_da_Silva "Airton Ferreira da Silva"), [Falcão](/wiki/Paulo_Roberto_Falc%C3%A3o "Paulo Roberto Falcão"), [Éder](/wiki/%C3%89der_Aleixo_de_Assis "Éder Aleixo de Assis"), [Valdomiro](/wiki/Valdomiro_Vaz_Franco "Valdomiro Vaz Franco"), [Renato Gaúcho](/wiki/Renato_Ga%C3%BAcho "Renato Gaúcho"), [Taffarel](/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Taffarel "Cláudio Taffarel"), [Dunga](/wiki/Dunga "Dunga"), [Emerson](/wiki/Emerson_Ferreira_da_Rosa "Emerson Ferreira da Rosa"), [Carlos Gamarra](/wiki/Carlos_Gamarra "Carlos Gamarra"), [Ronaldinho](/wiki/Ronaldinho "Ronaldinho"), [Elías Figueroa](/wiki/El%C3%ADas_Figueroa "Elías Figueroa"), [D’Alessandro](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_D%27Alessandro "Andrés D'Alessandro"), [Lucas Leiva](/wiki/Lucas_Leiva "Lucas Leiva"), [Marcelo Moreno](/wiki/Marcelo_Moreno "Marcelo Moreno"), [Nilmar](/wiki/Nilmar_Honorato_da_Silva "Nilmar Honorato da Silva"), [Pedro Geromel](/wiki/Pedro_Geromel "Pedro Geromel"), [Oscar](/wiki/Oscar_%28footballer_born_1991%29 "Oscar (footballer born 1991)"), [Walter Kannemann](/wiki/Walter_Kannemann "Walter Kannemann"), [Alexandre Pato](/wiki/Alexandre_Pato "Alexandre Pato"), [Alisson Becker](/wiki/Alisson_Becker "Alisson Becker"), [Arthur Melo](/wiki/Arthur_Melo "Arthur Melo"), [Everton Soares](/wiki/Everton_Soares "Everton Soares"), [Douglas Costa](/wiki/Douglas_Costa "Douglas Costa"), [Taison](/wiki/Taison "Taison"), [Fábio Bilica](/wiki/F%C3%A1bio_Bilica "Fábio Bilica"), [Diego Forlán](/wiki/Diego_Forl%C3%A1n "Diego Forlán"), [Diego Costa](/wiki/Diego_Costa "Diego Costa") and [Luis Suárez](/wiki/Luis_Su%C3%A1rez "Luis Suárez").
The derby has also seen world\-famous coaches such as [Luiz Felipe Scolari](/wiki/Luiz_Felipe_Scolari "Luiz Felipe Scolari"), [Abel Braga](/wiki/Abel_Braga "Abel Braga"), [Renato Gaúcho](/wiki/Renato_Ga%C3%BAcho "Renato Gaúcho"), [Carlos Alberto Parreira](/wiki/Carlos_Alberto_Parreira "Carlos Alberto Parreira"), [Telê Santana](/wiki/Tel%C3%AA_Santana "Telê Santana"), [Rubens Minelli](/wiki/Rubens_Minelli "Rubens Minelli"), [Valdir Espinosa](/wiki/Valdir_Espinosa "Valdir Espinosa"), [Paulo César Carpegiani](/wiki/Paulo_C%C3%A9sar_Carpegiani "Paulo César Carpegiani") and [Ênio Andrade](/wiki/%C3%8Anio_Andrade "Ênio Andrade") manage a game.
### The first Grenal
[thumb\|[Matchday programme](/wiki/Matchday_programme "Matchday programme") of the first Grenal in 1909](/wiki/File:Programa_I_Grenal.jpg "Programa I Grenal.jpg")
On June 21, 1909, four representatives of Internacional met with representatives of Grêmio in the company's headquarters, Leopoldina Portoalegrense, to arrange the first meeting between the two clubs. Internacional, founded two months before, invited Grêmio to be its first opponents. The first match was held on June 27\. With a game of {{sic\|''Fuss\-Ball''}} previously arranged, Grêmio's president, Major Augusto Koch said that his team would face Internacional with the second table (reserve team). The leaders of Internacional demanded that their opponents played with their first team. Grêmio's board agreed. However, as the club's fixture list was full, the game would be held only in the following month.
The first Grenal derby occurred on July 18, 1909, on a Sunday, at the Baixada Stadium in Porto Alegre (which belonged to Grêmio Foot\-Ball Porto Alegrense). At 15:10, both teams entered the field of Baixada, preceded by the Presidents and the military band of the Brigade. The Grêmio players wore Sorority shirts divided vertically in half blue and half white, with black shorts. Internacional wore vertically striped shirts in red and white, with white shorts. The audience was estimated to be at 2000\.
The referee of the match was Waldemar Bromberg, the assistants were João de Castro e Silva and H. Sommer, and goal judges Theobaldo Foernges Bugs and Theodoro. The goal judges sat on a stool beside the goal areas, indicating whether the ball entered the goal or not, because at the time there were no nets in the goals.
After 10 minutes, [Edgar Booth](/wiki/Edgar_Booth "Edgar Booth") scored the first goal of the game and in the history of the derby. Edgar Booth went on to score four more goals. Four goals were scored by [Júlio Grünewald](/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Gr%C3%BCnewald "Júlio Grünewald") and one by [Moreira](/wiki/Moreira_%28footballer%2C_fl._1909%29 "Moreira (footballer, fl. 1909)"). The match ended at 10–0 to [Grêmio](/wiki/Gr%C3%AAmio_Foot-Ball_Porto_Alegrense "Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense"), the biggest win in the history of Grenal.
### Grenal of the Century
[thumb\|Grenal in 1940 for the Porto Alegre City Championship](/wiki/File:Grenal_1940.jpg "Grenal 1940.jpg")
This match took place at [Beira\-Rio Stadium](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Beira-Rio "Estádio Beira-Rio") on February 12, 1989, being the 297th confrontation between these rival clubs, and it is called "Grenal of the Century" due to its unprecedented importance: it was the second leg of the semi\-finals of [1988 Brazilian Championship](/wiki/1988_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A "1988 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A"), soon after the first leg, played at [Olímpico Stadium](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Ol%C3%ADmpico_Monumental "Estádio Olímpico Monumental"), had ended with no goals.
Both teams came from great campaigns in the league. Internacional had a slight advantage, for if the match ended in a draw, Inter would qualify for the finals and [1989 Copa Libertadores](/wiki/1989_Copa_Libertadores "1989 Copa Libertadores"). Teasers and agitation ruled in Porto Alegre.
The attendance was 78,083, in spite of the scorching heat of the summer afternoon: the thermometers marked 40 °C (104 °F).
Grêmio started the match playing better and, at the end of the first half, was winning the match by 1–0 with a goal scored by Marcus Vinicius at 25 minutes. With the red card showed to Inter's right back [Casemiro](/wiki/Casemiro_Mior "Casemiro Mior") at 38 minutes by referee [Arnaldo Cézar Coelho](/wiki/Arnaldo_C%C3%A9zar_Coelho "Arnaldo Cézar Coelho"), Grêmio's victory seemed very close.
Inter got better in the second half. At 61 minutes, a free kick favored Inter. Midfielder Edu Lima crossed the ball and Nílson, top scorer of the league, scored to make the match even.
It was Inter who kept pressing, and minutes after, in a counter\-attack from the right side, midfielder Maurício passed through two defenders and shot. The ball was going to miss the goal when Nílson appeared behind the back of Grêmio's defense, to score again.
Internacional won the "Grenal of the Century" and qualified to the final match against [Esporte Clube Bahia](/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Bahia "Esporte Clube Bahia").
### Other matches
On Saturday, February 26, 2022, Grenal 435 was cancelled and postponed for the first time in its history after fans of Internacional attacked Grêmio's bus with an iron bars and rocks, which left athlete [Mathías Villasanti](/wiki/Math%C3%ADas_Villasanti "Mathías Villasanti") with a head trauma and concussion.{{Cite web \|title\=Gremio bus attacked \& windows smashed by rival Internacional fans as Mathias Villasanti needs hospital treatment {{!}} Goal.com \|url\=https://www.goal.com/en\-us/news/gremio\-bus\-attacked\-and\-windows\-smashed\-by\-rival/bltefe4051d3cbb1f8f \|access\-date\=2022\-02\-28 \|website\=www.goal.com}}{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-02\-27 \|title\=Gre\-Nal is postponed after Grêmio's bus is hit by stones and player is injured {{!}} Rio Grande do Sul \- The Goa Spotlight \|url\=https://thegoaspotlight.com/gre\-nal\-is\-postponed\-after\-gremios\-bus\-is\-hit\-by\-stones\-and\-player\-is\-injured\-rio\-grande\-do\-sul/ \|access\-date\=2022\-02\-28 \|language\=en\-US}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The grenal is one of the fiercest football rivalries in South America. Many well\\-known players have competed in grenal games, including: [Everaldo](/wiki/Everaldo_%28footballer%2C_born_1944%29 \"Everaldo (footballer, born 1944)\"), [Tesourinha](/wiki/Tesourinha \"Tesourinha\"), [Aírton](/wiki/Airton_Ferreira_da_Silva \"Airton Ferreira da Silva\"), [Falcão](/wiki/Paulo_Roberto_Falc%C3%A3o \"Paulo Roberto Falcão\"), [Éder](/wiki/%C3%89der_Aleixo_de_Assis \"Éder Aleixo de Assis\"), [Valdomiro](/wiki/Valdomiro_Vaz_Franco \"Valdomiro Vaz Franco\"), [Renato Gaúcho](/wiki/Renato_Ga%C3%BAcho \"Renato Gaúcho\"), [Taffarel](/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Taffarel \"Cláudio Taffarel\"), [Dunga](/wiki/Dunga \"Dunga\"), [Emerson](/wiki/Emerson_Ferreira_da_Rosa \"Emerson Ferreira da Rosa\"), [Carlos Gamarra](/wiki/Carlos_Gamarra \"Carlos Gamarra\"), [Ronaldinho](/wiki/Ronaldinho \"Ronaldinho\"), [Elías Figueroa](/wiki/El%C3%ADas_Figueroa \"Elías Figueroa\"), [D’Alessandro](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_D%27Alessandro \"Andrés D'Alessandro\"), [Lucas Leiva](/wiki/Lucas_Leiva \"Lucas Leiva\"), [Marcelo Moreno](/wiki/Marcelo_Moreno \"Marcelo Moreno\"), [Nilmar](/wiki/Nilmar_Honorato_da_Silva \"Nilmar Honorato da Silva\"), [Pedro Geromel](/wiki/Pedro_Geromel \"Pedro Geromel\"), [Oscar](/wiki/Oscar_%28footballer_born_1991%29 \"Oscar (footballer born 1991)\"), [Walter Kannemann](/wiki/Walter_Kannemann \"Walter Kannemann\"), [Alexandre Pato](/wiki/Alexandre_Pato \"Alexandre Pato\"), [Alisson Becker](/wiki/Alisson_Becker \"Alisson Becker\"), [Arthur Melo](/wiki/Arthur_Melo \"Arthur Melo\"), [Everton Soares](/wiki/Everton_Soares \"Everton Soares\"), [Douglas Costa](/wiki/Douglas_Costa \"Douglas Costa\"), [Taison](/wiki/Taison \"Taison\"), [Fábio Bilica](/wiki/F%C3%A1bio_Bilica \"Fábio Bilica\"), [Diego Forlán](/wiki/Diego_Forl%C3%A1n \"Diego Forlán\"), [Diego Costa](/wiki/Diego_Costa \"Diego Costa\") and [Luis Suárez](/wiki/Luis_Su%C3%A1rez \"Luis Suárez\").",
"The derby has also seen world\\-famous coaches such as [Luiz Felipe Scolari](/wiki/Luiz_Felipe_Scolari \"Luiz Felipe Scolari\"), [Abel Braga](/wiki/Abel_Braga \"Abel Braga\"), [Renato Gaúcho](/wiki/Renato_Ga%C3%BAcho \"Renato Gaúcho\"), [Carlos Alberto Parreira](/wiki/Carlos_Alberto_Parreira \"Carlos Alberto Parreira\"), [Telê Santana](/wiki/Tel%C3%AA_Santana \"Telê Santana\"), [Rubens Minelli](/wiki/Rubens_Minelli \"Rubens Minelli\"), [Valdir Espinosa](/wiki/Valdir_Espinosa \"Valdir Espinosa\"), [Paulo César Carpegiani](/wiki/Paulo_C%C3%A9sar_Carpegiani \"Paulo César Carpegiani\") and [Ênio Andrade](/wiki/%C3%8Anio_Andrade \"Ênio Andrade\") manage a game.",
"### The first Grenal",
"[thumb\\|[Matchday programme](/wiki/Matchday_programme \"Matchday programme\") of the first Grenal in 1909](/wiki/File:Programa_I_Grenal.jpg \"Programa I Grenal.jpg\")\nOn June 21, 1909, four representatives of Internacional met with representatives of Grêmio in the company's headquarters, Leopoldina Portoalegrense, to arrange the first meeting between the two clubs. Internacional, founded two months before, invited Grêmio to be its first opponents. The first match was held on June 27\\. With a game of {{sic\\|''Fuss\\-Ball''}} previously arranged, Grêmio's president, Major Augusto Koch said that his team would face Internacional with the second table (reserve team). The leaders of Internacional demanded that their opponents played with their first team. Grêmio's board agreed. However, as the club's fixture list was full, the game would be held only in the following month.",
"The first Grenal derby occurred on July 18, 1909, on a Sunday, at the Baixada Stadium in Porto Alegre (which belonged to Grêmio Foot\\-Ball Porto Alegrense). At 15:10, both teams entered the field of Baixada, preceded by the Presidents and the military band of the Brigade. The Grêmio players wore Sorority shirts divided vertically in half blue and half white, with black shorts. Internacional wore vertically striped shirts in red and white, with white shorts. The audience was estimated to be at 2000\\.",
"The referee of the match was Waldemar Bromberg, the assistants were João de Castro e Silva and H. Sommer, and goal judges Theobaldo Foernges Bugs and Theodoro. The goal judges sat on a stool beside the goal areas, indicating whether the ball entered the goal or not, because at the time there were no nets in the goals.",
"After 10 minutes, [Edgar Booth](/wiki/Edgar_Booth \"Edgar Booth\") scored the first goal of the game and in the history of the derby. Edgar Booth went on to score four more goals. Four goals were scored by [Júlio Grünewald](/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Gr%C3%BCnewald \"Júlio Grünewald\") and one by [Moreira](/wiki/Moreira_%28footballer%2C_fl._1909%29 \"Moreira (footballer, fl. 1909)\"). The match ended at 10–0 to [Grêmio](/wiki/Gr%C3%AAmio_Foot-Ball_Porto_Alegrense \"Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense\"), the biggest win in the history of Grenal.",
"### Grenal of the Century",
"[thumb\\|Grenal in 1940 for the Porto Alegre City Championship](/wiki/File:Grenal_1940.jpg \"Grenal 1940.jpg\")\nThis match took place at [Beira\\-Rio Stadium](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Beira-Rio \"Estádio Beira-Rio\") on February 12, 1989, being the 297th confrontation between these rival clubs, and it is called \"Grenal of the Century\" due to its unprecedented importance: it was the second leg of the semi\\-finals of [1988 Brazilian Championship](/wiki/1988_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A \"1988 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A\"), soon after the first leg, played at [Olímpico Stadium](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Ol%C3%ADmpico_Monumental \"Estádio Olímpico Monumental\"), had ended with no goals.",
"Both teams came from great campaigns in the league. Internacional had a slight advantage, for if the match ended in a draw, Inter would qualify for the finals and [1989 Copa Libertadores](/wiki/1989_Copa_Libertadores \"1989 Copa Libertadores\"). Teasers and agitation ruled in Porto Alegre.",
"The attendance was 78,083, in spite of the scorching heat of the summer afternoon: the thermometers marked 40 °C (104 °F).",
"Grêmio started the match playing better and, at the end of the first half, was winning the match by 1–0 with a goal scored by Marcus Vinicius at 25 minutes. With the red card showed to Inter's right back [Casemiro](/wiki/Casemiro_Mior \"Casemiro Mior\") at 38 minutes by referee [Arnaldo Cézar Coelho](/wiki/Arnaldo_C%C3%A9zar_Coelho \"Arnaldo Cézar Coelho\"), Grêmio's victory seemed very close.",
"Inter got better in the second half. At 61 minutes, a free kick favored Inter. Midfielder Edu Lima crossed the ball and Nílson, top scorer of the league, scored to make the match even.",
"It was Inter who kept pressing, and minutes after, in a counter\\-attack from the right side, midfielder Maurício passed through two defenders and shot. The ball was going to miss the goal when Nílson appeared behind the back of Grêmio's defense, to score again.",
"Internacional won the \"Grenal of the Century\" and qualified to the final match against [Esporte Clube Bahia](/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Bahia \"Esporte Clube Bahia\").",
"### Other matches",
"On Saturday, February 26, 2022, Grenal 435 was cancelled and postponed for the first time in its history after fans of Internacional attacked Grêmio's bus with an iron bars and rocks, which left athlete [Mathías Villasanti](/wiki/Math%C3%ADas_Villasanti \"Mathías Villasanti\") with a head trauma and concussion.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Gremio bus attacked \\& windows smashed by rival Internacional fans as Mathias Villasanti needs hospital treatment {{!}} Goal.com \\|url\\=https://www.goal.com/en\\-us/news/gremio\\-bus\\-attacked\\-and\\-windows\\-smashed\\-by\\-rival/bltefe4051d3cbb1f8f \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-28 \\|website\\=www.goal.com}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-02\\-27 \\|title\\=Gre\\-Nal is postponed after Grêmio's bus is hit by stones and player is injured {{!}} Rio Grande do Sul \\- The Goa Spotlight \\|url\\=https://thegoaspotlight.com/gre\\-nal\\-is\\-postponed\\-after\\-gremios\\-bus\\-is\\-hit\\-by\\-stones\\-and\\-player\\-is\\-injured\\-rio\\-grande\\-do\\-sul/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-28 \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
""
] |
### Grenal of the Century
[thumb\|Grenal in 1940 for the Porto Alegre City Championship](/wiki/File:Grenal_1940.jpg "Grenal 1940.jpg")
This match took place at [Beira\-Rio Stadium](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Beira-Rio "Estádio Beira-Rio") on February 12, 1989, being the 297th confrontation between these rival clubs, and it is called "Grenal of the Century" due to its unprecedented importance: it was the second leg of the semi\-finals of [1988 Brazilian Championship](/wiki/1988_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A "1988 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A"), soon after the first leg, played at [Olímpico Stadium](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Ol%C3%ADmpico_Monumental "Estádio Olímpico Monumental"), had ended with no goals.
Both teams came from great campaigns in the league. Internacional had a slight advantage, for if the match ended in a draw, Inter would qualify for the finals and [1989 Copa Libertadores](/wiki/1989_Copa_Libertadores "1989 Copa Libertadores"). Teasers and agitation ruled in Porto Alegre.
The attendance was 78,083, in spite of the scorching heat of the summer afternoon: the thermometers marked 40 °C (104 °F).
Grêmio started the match playing better and, at the end of the first half, was winning the match by 1–0 with a goal scored by Marcus Vinicius at 25 minutes. With the red card showed to Inter's right back [Casemiro](/wiki/Casemiro_Mior "Casemiro Mior") at 38 minutes by referee [Arnaldo Cézar Coelho](/wiki/Arnaldo_C%C3%A9zar_Coelho "Arnaldo Cézar Coelho"), Grêmio's victory seemed very close.
Inter got better in the second half. At 61 minutes, a free kick favored Inter. Midfielder Edu Lima crossed the ball and Nílson, top scorer of the league, scored to make the match even.
It was Inter who kept pressing, and minutes after, in a counter\-attack from the right side, midfielder Maurício passed through two defenders and shot. The ball was going to miss the goal when Nílson appeared behind the back of Grêmio's defense, to score again.
Internacional won the "Grenal of the Century" and qualified to the final match against [Esporte Clube Bahia](/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Bahia "Esporte Clube Bahia").
|
[
"### Grenal of the Century",
"[thumb\\|Grenal in 1940 for the Porto Alegre City Championship](/wiki/File:Grenal_1940.jpg \"Grenal 1940.jpg\")\nThis match took place at [Beira\\-Rio Stadium](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Beira-Rio \"Estádio Beira-Rio\") on February 12, 1989, being the 297th confrontation between these rival clubs, and it is called \"Grenal of the Century\" due to its unprecedented importance: it was the second leg of the semi\\-finals of [1988 Brazilian Championship](/wiki/1988_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A \"1988 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A\"), soon after the first leg, played at [Olímpico Stadium](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Ol%C3%ADmpico_Monumental \"Estádio Olímpico Monumental\"), had ended with no goals.",
"Both teams came from great campaigns in the league. Internacional had a slight advantage, for if the match ended in a draw, Inter would qualify for the finals and [1989 Copa Libertadores](/wiki/1989_Copa_Libertadores \"1989 Copa Libertadores\"). Teasers and agitation ruled in Porto Alegre.",
"The attendance was 78,083, in spite of the scorching heat of the summer afternoon: the thermometers marked 40 °C (104 °F).",
"Grêmio started the match playing better and, at the end of the first half, was winning the match by 1–0 with a goal scored by Marcus Vinicius at 25 minutes. With the red card showed to Inter's right back [Casemiro](/wiki/Casemiro_Mior \"Casemiro Mior\") at 38 minutes by referee [Arnaldo Cézar Coelho](/wiki/Arnaldo_C%C3%A9zar_Coelho \"Arnaldo Cézar Coelho\"), Grêmio's victory seemed very close.",
"Inter got better in the second half. At 61 minutes, a free kick favored Inter. Midfielder Edu Lima crossed the ball and Nílson, top scorer of the league, scored to make the match even.",
"It was Inter who kept pressing, and minutes after, in a counter\\-attack from the right side, midfielder Maurício passed through two defenders and shot. The ball was going to miss the goal when Nílson appeared behind the back of Grêmio's defense, to score again.",
"Internacional won the \"Grenal of the Century\" and qualified to the final match against [Esporte Clube Bahia](/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Bahia \"Esporte Clube Bahia\").",
""
] |
Assessments
-----------
{{Update\|section\|date\=March 2022}}
### Criteria for evaluating reliability
The reliability of Wikipedia articles can be measured by the following criteria:[thumb\|[Vandalism of a Wikipedia article](/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia "Vandalism on Wikipedia"). The section on the left is the normal, undamaged version; and on the right is the vandalized, damaged version.](/wiki/File:Wikipedia_vandalism.svg "Wikipedia vandalism.svg")
* Accuracy of information provided within articles
* Appropriateness of the images provided with the article
* Appropriateness of the style and focus of the articles{{Cite journal \|last1\=Stvilia \|first1\=Besiki \|last2\=Twidale \|first2\=Michael B. \|last3\=Smith \|first3\=Linda C. \|last4\=Gasser \|first4\=Les \|date\=April 2008 \|title\=Information Quality Work Organization in Wikipedia \|url\=http://mailer.fsu.edu/\~bstvilia/papers/stvilia\_wikipedia\_infoWork\_p.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|journal\=\[\[Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology]] \|volume\=59 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=983–1001 \|citeseerx\=10\.1\.1\.163\.5109 \|doi\=10\.1002/asi.20813 \|s2cid\=10156153 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820183345/http://mailer.fsu.edu/\~bstvilia/papers/stvilia\_wikipedia\_infoWork\_p.pdf \|archive\-date\=August 20, 2007}}
* Susceptibility to, and exclusion and removal of, false information
* Comprehensiveness, scope and coverage within articles and in the range of articles
* Identification of reputable [third\-party sources](/wiki/Source_text "Source text") as [citations](/wiki/Citation "Citation")
* Verifiability of statements by respected sources
* Stability of the articles
* Susceptibility to editorial and [systemic bias](/wiki/Systemic_bias "Systemic bias")
* Quality of writing
Several "market\-oriented" extrinsic measures demonstrate that large audiences trust Wikipedia in one way or another. For instance, "50 percent of \[US] physicians report that they've consulted ... \[Wikipedia] for information on health conditions", according to a report from IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics.{{cite news \|last\=Fearnow \|first\=Benjamin \|date\=January 31, 2014 \|title\=Report: Wikipedia The Top Source Of Health Care Info For Doctors, Patients \|publisher\=\[\[CBS]] \|url\=http://connecticut.cbslocal.com/2014/01/29/report\-wikipedia\-the\-top\-source\-of\-health\-care\-info\-for\-doctors\-patients/ \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=February 1, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131062756/http://connecticut.cbslocal.com/2014/01/29/report\-wikipedia\-the\-top\-source\-of\-health\-care\-info\-for\-doctors\-patients/ \|archive\-date\=January 31, 2014}}
### Comparative studies
On October 24, 2005, the British newspaper, *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*, published a story entitled "Can you trust Wikipedia?" in which a panel of experts were asked to review seven entries related to their fields, giving each article reviewed a number designation from 0 to 10\. Most of these reviewed articles received marks between 5 and 8\. The most common critiques were poor prose, or ease\-of\-reading issues (three mentions), omissions or inaccuracies, often small but including key omissions in some articles (three mentions), and poor balance, with less important areas being given more attention and vice versa (one mention). The most common praises were factually sound and correct, no glaring inaccuracies (four mentions), and much useful information, including well\-selected links, making it possible to "access much information quickly" (three mentions).{{cite Q\|Q110613135}}
In December 2005, the journal *[Nature](/wiki/Nature_%28journal%29 "Nature (journal)")* published results of an attempted blind study seeking reviewer evaluations of the accuracy of a small subset of articles from Wikipedia and *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica "Encyclopædia Britannica")*. The non\-peer\-reviewed study was based on *Nature*{{'}}s selection of 42 articles on scientific topics, including biographies of well\-known scientists. Factual errors, omissions or misleading statements found in the sampled articles was 162 for Wikipedia and 123 for *Britannica* (4:3\). For serious errors, such as misinterpretations of important concepts, 4 were found in Wikipedia, and 4 in *Britannica* (1:1\). The study concluded that "Wikipedia comes close to *Britannica* in terms of the accuracy of its science entries", although Wikipedia's articles were often "poorly structured".
*Encyclopædia Britannica* expressed concerns, leading *Nature* to release further documentation of its survey method.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.nature.com/news/2005/051212/exref/supplementary\_information.doc \|work\=Nature \|title\=Supplementary information to accompany Nature news article 'Internet encyclopedias go head to head' \|date\=December 22, 2005 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928012459/http://www.nature.com/news/2005/051212/exref/supplementary\_information.doc \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2007 }} Based on this additional information, *Encyclopædia Britannica* denied the validity of the *Nature* study, stating that it was "fatally flawed". Among *Britannica*{{'}}s criticisms were that excerpts rather than the full texts of some of their articles were used, that some of the extracts were compilations that included articles written for the youth version, that *Nature* did not check the factual assertions of its reviewers, and that many points the reviewers labeled as errors were differences of editorial opinion. *Britannica* further stated that "While the heading proclaimed that 'Wikipedia comes close to *Britannica* in terms of the accuracy of its science entries,' the numbers buried deep in the body of the article said precisely the opposite: Wikipedia in fact had a third more inaccuracies than *Britannica*. (As we demonstrate below, {{em\|Nature}}'s research grossly exaggerated {{em\|Britannica}}'s inaccuracies, so we cite this figure only to point out the slanted way in which the numbers were presented.)"{{cite web\|url\=http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica\_nature\_response.pdf\|title\=Fatally Flawed – Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal ''Nature''\|date\=March 2006\|publisher\=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.\|access\-date\=June 30, 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709053629/http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica\_nature\_response.pdf\|archive\-date\=July 9, 2016\|url\-status\=live}} *Nature* acknowledged the compiled nature of some of the *Britannica* extracts, but denied that this invalidated the conclusions of the study.{{Cite journal\| title \= Britannica attacks \| journal \= \[\[Nature (journal)\|Nature]]\| volume \= 440 \| page \= 582 \| doi \= 10\.1038/440582b \| date \= March 30, 2006\| pmid \= 16572128 \| issue \= 7084 \|bibcode \= 2006Natur.440R.582\. \| doi\-access \= free }} *Encyclopædia Britannica* also argued that a breakdown of the errors indicated that the mistakes in Wikipedia were more often the inclusion of incorrect facts, while the mistakes in *Britannica* were "errors of omission", making "*Britannica* far more accurate than *Wikipedia*, according to the figures". *Nature* has since rejected the *Britannica* response,{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4840340\.stm\|title\=Wikipedia study 'fatally flawed'\|date\=March 24, 2006\|work\=BBC News\|access\-date\=May 31, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714210009/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4840340\.stm\|archive\-date\=July 14, 2006\|url\-status\=live}} stating that any errors on the part of its reviewers were not biased in favor of either encyclopedia, that in some cases it used excerpts of articles from both encyclopedias, and that *Britannica* did not share particular concerns with *Nature* before publishing its "open letter" rebuttal.{{cite web\| title\=Encyclopædia Britannica and Nature: a response\| work\=\[\[Nature (journal)\|Nature]]\| date\=March 23, 2006\| url\=http://www.nature.com/press\_releases/Britannica\_response.pdf\| access\-date\=October 31, 2007\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031053055/http://www.nature.com/press\_releases/Britannica\_response.pdf\| archive\-date\=October 31, 2007\| url\-status\=live\| df\=mdy\-all}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/eb\_advert\_response\_final.pdf\|work\=Nature Press release\|title\=Encyclopædia Britannica and Nature: a response\|date\=March 23, 2006\|access\-date\=May 31, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031052930/http://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/eb\_advert\_response\_final.pdf\|archive\-date\=October 31, 2007\|url\-status\=live}}
The point\-for\-point disagreement between these two parties that addressed the compilation/text excerpting and very small sample size issues—argued to bias the outcome in favor of Wikipedia, versus a comprehensive, full article, large sample size study favoring the quality\-controlled format of *Britannica*—have been echoed in online discussions,{{cite web \|url\=http://blog.sethroberts.net/2007/06/02/one\-sided\-critiques\-of\-the\-day/ \|title\=Seth's Blog » Blog Archive » One\-Sided Critiques of the Day \|publisher\=Blog.sethroberts.net \|date\=June 2, 2007 \|access\-date\=April 29, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428133142/http://blog.sethroberts.net/2007/06/02/one\-sided\-critiques\-of\-the\-day/ \|archive\-date\=April 28, 2014 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url\=http://blog.wikimedia.org/2012/08/02/seven\-years\-after\-nature\-pilot\-study\-compares\-wikipedia\-favorably\-to\-other\-encyclopedias\-in\-three\-languages/ \|title\=Seven years after Nature, pilot study compares Wikipedia favorably to other encyclopedias in three languages — Wikimedia blog \|date\=August 2, 2012 \|publisher\=Blog.wikimedia.org \|access\-date\=April 29, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615100445/http://blog.wikimedia.org/2012/08/02/seven\-years\-after\-nature\-pilot\-study\-compares\-wikipedia\-favorably\-to\-other\-encyclopedias\-in\-three\-languages/ \|archive\-date\=June 15, 2014 \|url\-status\=live }} including of articles citing the *Nature* study, e.g., where a "flawed study design" for manual selection of articles/article portions, the lack of study "statistical power" in its comparing 40 articles from over 100,000 *Britannica* and over 1 million English Wikipedia articles, and the absence of any study statistical analyses (e.g., reported [confidence intervals](/wiki/Confidence_interval "Confidence interval") for study results) has also been noted.See author\-acknowledged comments in response to the citation of the *Nature* study, at *PLoS One*, 2014, [*Citation of fundamentally flawed* Nature *quality 'study{{'}}*](http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=80078), in response to T. Yasseri et al. (2012\), *Dynamics of Conflicts in Wikipedia*, published June 20, 2012, DOI 10\.1371/journal.pone.0038869\. Retrieved July 21, 2014\. {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116210930/http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root\=80078 \|date\=January 16, 2016 }}. Science communicator [Jonathan Jarry](/wiki/Jonathan_Jarry "Jonathan Jarry") said in 2024 that the study was historically important, and had been cited in almost every science paper on Wikipedia's reliability since then, but that research of this kind will only provide a "snapshot" and quickly become unreliable.{{cite news \|last1\=Jarry \|first1\=Jonathan \|author1\-link\=Jonathan Jarry \|title\=Can You Trust Dr. Wikipedia? \|url\=https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/critical\-thinking\-technology/can\-you\-trust\-dr\-wikipedia \|access\-date\=7 September 2024 \|work\=\[\[Office for Science and Society]] \|date\=6 September 2024 \|language\=en}}
In June 2006, [Roy Rosenzweig](/wiki/Roy_Rosenzweig "Roy Rosenzweig"), a professor specializing in American history, published a comparison of the Wikipedia biographies of 25 Americans to the corresponding biographies found on Encarta and *American National Biography Online*. He wrote that Wikipedia is "surprisingly accurate in reporting names, dates, and events in U.S. history" and described some of the errors as "widely held but inaccurate beliefs". However, he stated that Wikipedia often fails to distinguish important from trivial details, and does not provide the best references. He also complained about Wikipedia's lack of "persuasive analysis and interpretations, and clear and engaging prose".{{Cite journal\|first\=Roy \|last\=Rosenzweig \|author\-link\=Roy Rosenzweig \|title\=Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past \|journal\=The Journal of American History \|volume\=93 \|issue\=1 \|date\=June 2006 \|pages\=117–146 \|url\=http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays\-on\-history\-new\-media/essays/?essayid\=42 \|access\-date\=August 11, 2006 \|doi\=10\.2307/4486062 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425130754/http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays\-on\-history\-new\-media/essays/?essayid\=42 \|archive\-date\=April 25, 2010 \|jstor\=4486062 }} (Center for History and New Media){{refn\|Wikipedia's policies on \[\[Wikipedia:No original research\|original research]], including \[\[WP:SYNTH\|unpublished synthesis of published data]], disallow new analysis and interpretation not found in \[\[Wikipedia:Reliable sources\|reliable sources]].\|group\=nb}}
A web\-based survey conducted from December 2005 to May 2006 by Larry Press, a professor of Information Systems at [California State University at Dominguez Hills](/wiki/California_State_University_at_Dominguez_Hills "California State University at Dominguez Hills"), assessed the "accuracy and completeness of Wikipedia articles".{{cite web\| title\=Survey of Wikipedia accuracy and completeness\| work\=\[\[California State University at Dominguez Hills]]\| date\=May 2006\| url\=http://bpastudio.csudh.edu/fac/lpress/wikieval/\| access\-date\=December 10, 2012\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721105607/http://bpastudio.csudh.edu/fac/lpress/wikieval/\| archive\-date\=July 21, 2014\| url\-status\=live}} Fifty people accepted an invitation to assess an article. Of the fifty, seventy\-six percent (76%) agreed or strongly agreed that the Wikipedia article was accurate, and forty\-six percent (46%) agreed or strongly agreed that it was complete. Eighteen people compared the article they reviewed to the article on the same topic in the *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica "Encyclopædia Britannica")*. Opinions on accuracy were almost equal between the two encyclopedias (6 favoring *Britannica*, 7 favoring Wikipedia, 5 stating they were equal), and eleven of the eighteen (61%) found Wikipedia somewhat or substantially more complete, compared to seven of the eighteen (39%) for *Britannica*. The survey did not attempt a random selection of the participants, and it is not clear how the participants were invited.{{cite web\| title\=Survey of Wikipedia accuracy and completeness\| publisher\=Larry Press, Professor of Computer Information Systems, California State University\| year\=2006\| url\=http://bpastudio.csudh.edu/fac/lpress/wikieval\| access\-date\=October 31, 2007\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205017/http://bpastudio.csudh.edu/fac/lpress/wikieval/\| archive\-date\=September 28, 2011\| url\-status\=live}}
The German computing magazine *[c't](/wiki/C%27t "C't")* performed a comparison of *[Brockhaus Multimedial](/wiki/Brockhaus_Multimedial_premium "Brockhaus Multimedial premium")*, *[Microsoft Encarta](/wiki/Encarta "Encarta")*, and the [German Wikipedia](/wiki/German_Wikipedia "German Wikipedia") in October 2004: Experts evaluated 66 articles in various fields. In overall score, Wikipedia was rated 3\.6 out of 5 points (B\-).Michael Kurzidim: Wissenswettstreit. Die kostenlose Wikipedia tritt gegen die Marktführer Encarta und Brockhaus an, in: [c't](/wiki/C%27t "C't") 21/2004, October 4, 2004, S. 132–139\. A second test by *c't* in February 2007 used 150 search terms, of which 56 were closely evaluated, to compare four digital encyclopedias: [Bertelsmann](/wiki/Bertelsmann "Bertelsmann") Enzyklopädie 2007, Brockhaus Multimedial premium 2007, Encarta 2007 Enzyklopädie and Wikipedia. It concluded: "We did not find more errors in the texts of the free encyclopedia than in those of its commercial competitors."Dorothee Wiegand: "Entdeckungsreise. Digitale Enzyklopädien erklären die Welt." c't 6/2007, March 5, 2007, p. 136–145\. Original quote: "Wir haben in den Texten der freien Enzyklopädie nicht mehr Fehler gefunden als in denen der kommerziellen Konkurrenz"
Viewing Wikipedia as fitting the economists' definition of a perfectly competitive marketplace of ideas, George Bragues ([University of Guelph\-Humber](/wiki/University_of_Guelph-Humber "University of Guelph-Humber")), examined Wikipedia's articles on seven top Western philosophers: [Aristotle](/wiki/Aristotle "Aristotle"), [Plato](/wiki/Plato "Plato"), [Immanuel Kant](/wiki/Immanuel_Kant "Immanuel Kant"), [René Descartes](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes "René Descartes"), [Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel](/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel"), [Thomas Aquinas](/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas "Thomas Aquinas"), and [John Locke](/wiki/John_Locke "John Locke"). Wikipedia's articles were compared to a consensus list of themes culled from four reference works in philosophy. Bragues found that, on average, Wikipedia's articles only covered 52% of consensus themes. No errors were found, though there were significant omissions.{{cite SSRN \|last\=Bragues \|first\=George \|title\=Wiki\-Philosophizing in a Marketplace of Ideas: Evaluating Wikipedia's Entries on Seven Great Minds \|date\=April 2007 \|ssrn\=978177 }}
*[PC Pro](/wiki/PC_Pro "PC Pro")* magazine (August 2007\) asked experts to compare four articles (a small [sample](/wiki/Sample_size "Sample size")) in their scientific fields between Wikipedia, *Britannica* and Encarta. In each case Wikipedia was described as "largely sound", "well handled", "performs well", "good for the bare facts" and "broadly accurate". One article had "a marked deterioration towards the end" while another had "clearer and more elegant" writing, a third was assessed as less well written but better detailed than its competitors, and a fourth was "of more benefit to the serious student than its Encarta or Britannica equivalents". No serious errors were noted in Wikipedia articles, whereas serious errors were noted in one Encarta and one *Britannica* article.*PC Pro* magazine, August 2007, p. 136, "Wikipedia Uncovered".
In October 2007, the Australian magazine *PC Authority* published a feature article on the accuracy of Wikipedia. The article compared Wikipedia's content to other popular online encyclopedias, namely *[Britannica](/wiki/Britannica "Britannica")* and [Encarta](/wiki/Encarta "Encarta"). The magazine asked experts to evaluate articles pertaining to their field. A total of four articles were reviewed by three experts. Wikipedia was comparable to the other encyclopedias, topping the chemistry category.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.pcauthority.com.au/Feature/93908,wikipedia\-uncovered.aspx/1\|title\=''PC Authority'' – 'Wikipedia Uncovered'\|access\-date\=December 31, 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226143321/http://www.pcauthority.com.au/Feature/93908,wikipedia\-uncovered.aspx/1\|archive\-date\=February 26, 2009\|url\-status\=live}}
In December 2007, German magazine *[Stern](/wiki/Stern_%28magazine%29 "Stern (magazine)")* published the results of a comparison between the German Wikipedia and the online version of the 15\-volume edition of *[Brockhaus Enzyklopädie](/wiki/Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4die "Brockhaus Enzyklopädie")*. The test was commissioned to a research institute (Cologne\-based *WIND GmbH*), whose analysts assessed 50 articles from each encyclopedia (covering politics, business, sports, science, culture, entertainment, geography, medicine, history and religion) on four criteria (accuracy, completeness, timeliness and clarity), and judged Wikipedia articles to be more accurate on the average (1\.6 on a scale from 1 to 6 versus 2\.3 for *Brockhaus*, with 1 as the best and 6 as the worst). Wikipedia's coverage was also found to be more complete and up to date; however, *Brockhaus* was judged to be more clearly written, while several Wikipedia articles were criticized as being too complicated for non\-experts, and many as too lengthy.{{cite magazine \|date\=December 2007 \|title\=Wikipedia: Wissen für alle \|trans\-title\=Wikipedia: Knowledge for Everyone \|volume\=2007 \|issue\=50 \|magazine\=\[\[Stern (magazine)\|Stern]] \|pages\=30–44 \|quote\=Einige Wikipedia\-Artikel sind für Laien schlicht zu kompliziert, viele zu weitschweifig, urteilten die Tester. \[Some Wikipedia articles are simply too complicated for laypersons, many too long\-winded, judged the testers.] \|language\=de \|last1\=Schönert \|first1\=Ulf \|last2\=Güntheroth \|first2\=Horst \|url\=https://www.stern.de/digital/online/wikipedia\-\-wissen\-fuer\-alle\-3217272\.html \|access\-date\=January 11, 2023 \|archive\-date\=January 11, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111175055/https://www.stern.de/digital/online/wikipedia\-\-wissen\-fuer\-alle\-3217272\.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite magazine \|date\=December 5, 2007 \|title\=Wikipedia schlägt Brockhaus \|trans\-title\=Wikipedia beats Brockhaus \|url\=http://www.stern.de/computer\-technik/internet/:stern\-Test\-Wikipedia\-Brockhaus/604423\.html \|magazine\=\[\[Stern (magazine)\|Stern]] \|publisher\=\[\[Gruner \+ Jahr]] \|access\-date\=September 6, 2016 \|language\=de \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802143802/http://www.stern.de/computer\-technik/internet/:stern\-Test\-Wikipedia\-Brockhaus/604423\.html \|archive\-date\=August 2, 2009 \|url\-status\=live }}K.C. Jones: *[German Wikipedia Outranks Traditional Encyclopedia's Online Version](http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=204702694) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212231601/http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID\=204702694 \|date\=December 12, 2007 }}*. [InformationWeek](/wiki/InformationWeek "InformationWeek"), December 7, 2007
In its April 2008 issue British computing magazine *[PC Plus](/wiki/PC_Plus "PC Plus")* compared the English Wikipedia with the DVD editions of *World Book Encyclopedia* and *Encyclopædia Britannica*, assessing for each the coverage of a series of random subjects. It concluded, "The quality of content is good in all three cases" and advised Wikipedia users "Be aware that erroneous edits do occur, and check anything that seems outlandish with a second source. But the vast majority of Wikipedia is filled with valuable and accurate information."{{cite web \|first\=Simon \|last\=Williams \|url\=http://www.techradar.com/news/internet/web/wikipedia\-vs\-encyclopaedia\-a\-question\-of\-trust\-316163 \|title\=Wikipedia vs Encyclopaedia: A question of trust? \|website\=Techradar.com \|date\=April 21, 2008 \|access\-date\=September 6, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705234729/http://www.techradar.com/news/internet/web/wikipedia\-vs\-encyclopaedia\-a\-question\-of\-trust\-316163 \|archive\-date\=July 5, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead }}
A 2008 paper in *[Reference Services Review](/wiki/Reference_Services_Review "Reference Services Review")* compared nine Wikipedia entries on historical topics to their counterparts in *Encyclopædia Britannica*, *The Dictionary of American History* and *American National Biography Online*. The paper found that Wikipedia's entries had an overall accuracy rate of 80 percent, whereas the other encyclopedias had an accuracy rate of 95 to 96 percent.{{cite journal\|last1\=Rector\|first1\=Lucy Holman\|title\=Comparison of ''Wikipedia'' and other encyclopedias for accuracy, breadth, and depth in historical articles\|journal\=Reference Services Review\|volume\=36\|issue\=1\|pages\=7–22\|doi\=10\.1108/00907320810851998\|year\=2008}}
A 2010 study assessed the extent to which Wikipedia pages about the history of countries conformed to the site's policy of verifiability. It found that, in contradiction of this policy, many claims in these articles were not supported by citations, and that many of those that were, sourced to popular media and government websites rather than to academic journal articles.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Luyt \|first1\=Brendan \|last2\=Tan \|first2\=Daniel \|date\=April 1, 2010 \|title\=Improving Wikipedia's credibility: References and citations in a sample of history articles \|journal\=Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology \|volume\=61 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=715–722 \|doi\=10\.1002/asi.21304 \|hdl\=10356/95416 \|issn\=1532\-2890\|hdl\-access\=free }}
In April 2011, a study was published by Adam Brown of [Brigham Young University](/wiki/Brigham_Young_University "Brigham Young University") in the journal *[PS Political Science \& Politics](/wiki/PS_Political_Science_%26_Politics "PS Political Science & Politics")* which examined "thousands of Wikipedia articles about candidates, elections, and officeholders". The study found that while the information in these articles tended to be accurate, the articles examined contained many errors of omission.{{cite journal\|last1\=Brown\|first1\=Adam R.\|title\=Wikipedia as a Data Source for Political Scientists: Accuracy and Completeness of Coverage\|journal\=PS: Political Science \& Politics\|date\=April 8, 2011\|volume\=44\|issue\=2\|pages\=339–343\|doi\=10\.1017/S1049096511000199\|s2cid\=154963796}}
A 2012 study co\-authored by [Shane Greenstein](/wiki/Shane_Greenstein "Shane Greenstein") examined a decade of Wikipedia articles on United States politics and found that the more contributors there were to a given article, the more neutral it tended to be, in line with a narrow interpretation of [Linus's law](/wiki/Linus%27s_law "Linus's law").{{cite journal \| doi\=10\.3386/w18167 \| title\=Collective Intelligence and Neutral Point of View: The Case of Wikipedia \| journal\=NBER Working Paper No. 18167 \| date\=June 2012 \| last1\=Greenstein \| first1\=Shane \| last2\=Zhu \| first2\=Feng \| doi\-access\=free }}
Reavley et al. (2012\) compared the quality of articles on select [mental health](/wiki/Mental_disorder "Mental disorder") topics on Wikipedia with corresponding articles in *Encyclopædia Britannica* and a psychiatry textbook. They asked experts to rate article content with regard to accuracy, up\-to\-dateness, breadth of coverage, referencing and readability. Wikipedia scored highest on all criteria except readability, and the authors concluded that Wikipedia is as good as or better than *Britannica* and a standard textbook.
A 2014 perspective piece in the *[New England Journal of Medicine](/wiki/New_England_Journal_of_Medicine "New England Journal of Medicine")* examined Wikipedia pages about 22 prescription drugs to determine if they had been updated to include the most recent FDA safety warnings. It found that 41% of these pages were updated within two weeks after the warning, 23% were updated more than two weeks later, and the remaining 36% had not been updated to include the warning as of more than 1 year later as of January 2014\.{{cite journal\|last1\=Hwang\|first1\=Thomas J.\|last2\=Bourgeois\|first2\=Florence T.\|last3\=Seeger\|first3\=John D.\|title\=Drug Safety in the Digital Age\|journal\=New England Journal of Medicine\|date\=June 26, 2014\|volume\=370\|issue\=26\|pages\=2460–2462\|doi\=10\.1056/NEJMp1401767\|pmid\=24963564\|doi\-access\=free}}
A 2014 study in the *[Journal of the American Pharmacists Association](/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Pharmacists_Association "Journal of the American Pharmacists Association")* examined 19 Wikipedia articles about [herbal supplements](/wiki/Herbal_supplement "Herbal supplement"), and concluded that all of these articles contained information about their "therapeutic uses and adverse effects", but also concluded that "several lacked information on drug interactions, pregnancy, and contraindications". The study's authors therefore recommended that patients not rely solely on Wikipedia as a source for information about the herbal supplements in question.{{cite journal\|last1\=Phillips\|first1\=Jennifer\|last2\=Lam\|first2\=Connie\|last3\=Palmisano\|first3\=Lisa\|title\=Analysis of the accuracy and readability of herbal supplement information on Wikipedia\|journal\=Journal of the American Pharmacists Association\|date\=July 1, 2014\|volume\=54\|issue\=4\|pages\=406–14\|doi\=10\.1331/JAPhA.2014\.13181\|pmid\=25063262}}
Another study published in 2014 in *[PLOS ONE](/wiki/PLOS_ONE "PLOS ONE")* found that Wikipedia's information about [pharmacology](/wiki/Pharmacology "Pharmacology") was 99\.7% accurate when compared to a pharmacology textbook, and that the completeness of such information on Wikipedia was 83\.8%. The study also determined that completeness of these Wikipedia articles was lowest (68%) in the category "pharmacokinetics" and highest (91\.3%) in the category "indication". The authors concluded that "Wikipedia is an accurate and comprehensive source of drug\-related information for undergraduate medical education".{{cite journal\|last1\=Kräenbring\|first1\=Jona\|last2\=Monzon Penza\|first2\=Tika\|last3\=Gutmann\|first3\=Joanna\|last4\=Muehlich\|first4\=Susanne\|last5\=Zolk\|first5\=Oliver\|last6\=Wojnowski\|first6\=Leszek\|last7\=Maas\|first7\=Renke\|last8\=Engelhardt\|first8\=Stefan\|last9\=Sarikas\|first9\=Antonio\|last10\=Lovis\|first10\=Christian\|title\=Accuracy and Completeness of Drug Information in Wikipedia: A Comparison with Standard Textbooks of Pharmacology\|journal\=PLOS ONE\|date\=September 24, 2014\|volume\=9\|issue\=9\|pages\=e106930\|doi\=10\.1371/journal.pone.0106930\|pmid\=25250889\|pmc\=4174509\|bibcode\=2014PLoSO...9j6930K\|doi\-access\=free}}
### Expert opinion
{{update section\|The views presented here are obsolete, attitude in academia, and related studies, have shifted in the last decade, but most sources cited here are over 10 years old\|date\=May 2021}}
#### Librarians' views
In a 2004 interview with *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*, self\-described information specialist and Internet consultantSelf description taken from [blog](/wiki/Blog "Blog") biography, {{cite web\| title\=Phil Bradley – biography\| publisher\=Phil Bradley\| year\=2007\| url\=http://www.philb.com/philbiog.htm\| access\-date\=October 31, 2007\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103141032/http://www.philb.com/philbiog.htm\| archive\-date\=November 3, 2007\| url\-status\=dead}} Philip Bradley said that he would not use Wikipedia and was "not aware of a single librarian who would". He then explained that "the main problem is the lack of authority. With printed publications, the publishers have to ensure that their data are reliable, as their livelihood depends on it. But with something like this, all that goes out the window."{{cite news\| title\=Who knows?\| first\=Simon\| last\=Waldman\| work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\| date\=October 26, 2004\| access\-date\=February 3, 2011\| url\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2004/oct/26/g2\.onlinesupplement\| location\=London\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825234204/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2004/oct/26/g2\.onlinesupplement\| archive\-date\=August 25, 2014\| url\-status\=live\| df\=mdy\-all}}
In 2005, the library at [Trent University](/wiki/Trent_University "Trent University") in [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario "Ontario") stated Wikipedia had many articles that are "long and comprehensive", but that there is "a lot of room for misinformation and bias \[and] a lot of variability in both the quality and depth of articles". It adds that Wikipedia has advantages and limitations, that it has "excellent coverage of technical topics" and articles are "often added quickly and, as a result, coverage of current events is quite good", comparing this to traditional sources which are unable to achieve this task. It concludes that, depending upon the need, one should think critically and assess the appropriateness of one's sources, "whether you are looking for fact or opinion, how in\-depth you want to be as you explore a topic, the importance of reliability and accuracy, and the importance of timely or recent information", and adds that Wikipedia can be used in any event as a "starting point".{{cite web\|date\=April 30, 2007\|title\=About Wikipedia\|url\=http://www.trentu.ca/library/help/wikipedia.html\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051204085922/http://www.trentu.ca/library/help/wikipedia.html\|archive\-date\=December 4, 2005\|access\-date\=April 13, 2010\|website\=Trent University Library\|publisher\=Trent University}}
A 2006 review of Wikipedia by *[Library Journal](/wiki/Library_Journal "Library Journal")*, using a panel of librarians, "the toughest critics of reference materials, whatever their format", asked "long standing reviewers" to evaluate three areas of Wikipedia (popular culture, current affairs, and science), and concluded: "While there are still reasons to proceed with caution when using a resource that takes pride in limited professional management, many encouraging signs suggest that (at least for now) Wikipedia may be granted the librarian's seal of approval". A reviewer who "decided to explore controversial historical and current events, hoping to find glaring abuses" said, "I was pleased by Wikipedia's objective presentation of controversial subjects" but that "as with much information floating around in cyberspace, a healthy degree of skepticism and skill at winnowing fact from opinion are required". Other reviewers noted that there is "much variation" but "good content abounds".{{cite magazine\| title\=I want my Wikipedia!\| magazine\=Library Journal\| date\=April 2006\| url\=http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2006/04/technology/i\-want\-my\-wikipedia/\| access\-date\=October 23, 2015\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204024637/http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2006/04/technology/i\-want\-my\-wikipedia\| archive\-date\=December 4, 2015\| url\-status\=live}}
In 2007, [Michael Gorman](/wiki/Michael_Gorman_%28librarian%29 "Michael Gorman (librarian)"), former president of the [American Library Association (ALA)](/wiki/American_Library_Association_%28ALA%29 "American Library Association (ALA)") stated in an *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica "Encyclopædia Britannica")* blog that "A professor who encourages the use of Wikipedia is the intellectual equivalent of a dietician who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything".{{cite encyclopedia\|last\=Gorman\|first\=Michael\|title\=Jabberwiki: The Educational Response, Part II\|url\=http://blogs.britannica.com/2007/06/jabberwiki\-the\-educational\-response\-part\-ii/\|encyclopedia\=Encyclopædia Britannica Blog\|publisher\=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.\|access\-date\=April 23, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424015841/http://blogs.britannica.com/2007/06/jabberwiki\-the\-educational\-response\-part\-ii/\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2017\|url\-status\=live}}
*[Information Today](/wiki/Information_Today "Information Today")* (March 2006\) cites librarian Nancy O'Neill (principal librarian for Reference Services at the Santa Monica Public Library System) as saying that "there is a good deal of skepticism about Wikipedia in the library community" but that "she also admits cheerfully that Wikipedia makes a good starting place for a search. You get terminology, names, and a feel for the subject."{{cite web\|date\=March 2006\|title\=Wikipedia and Britannica: The kid's all right\|url\=http://www.infotoday.com/searcher/mar06/berinstein.shtml\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104031002/http://www.infotoday.com/Searcher/mar06/berinstein.shtml\|archive\-date\=November 4, 2007\|access\-date\=October 31, 2007\|website\=Searcher\|publisher\=Information Today, Inc.}}
*PC Pro* (August 2007\) cites the head of the European and American Collection at the [British Library](/wiki/British_Library "British Library"), Stephen Bury, as stating "Wikipedia is potentially a good thing—it provides a speedier response to new events, and to new evidence on old items". The article concludes: "For \[Bury], the problem isn't so much the reliability of Wikipedia's content so much as the way in which it's used." "It's already become the first port of call for the researcher", Bury says, before noting that this is "not necessarily problematic except when they go no further". According to Bury, the trick to using Wikipedia is to understand that "just because it's in an encyclopedia (free, web or printed) doesn't mean it's true. Ask for evidence ... and contribute."
#### Articles on contentious issues
A 2006 article for the [Canadian Library Association](/wiki/Canadian_Library_Association "Canadian Library Association") (CLA){{cite Q\|Q66411582}}. discussed the Wikipedia approach, process and outcome in depth, commenting for example that in controversial topics, "what is most remarkable is that the two sides actually engaged each other and negotiated a version of the article that both can more or less live with". The author comments that:
{{blockquote\|In fact Wikipedia has more institutional structure than at first appears. Some 800 experienced users are designated as administrators, with special powers of binding and loosing: they can protect and unprotect, \[\[Deletion of articles on Wikipedia\|delete and undelete]] and revert articles, and block and unblock users. They are expected to use their powers in a neutral way, forming and implementing the consensus of the community. The effect of their intervention shows in the discussion pages of most contentious articles. Wikipedia has survived this long because it is easier to reverse vandalism than it is to commit it...}}
Shi *et al.* extended this analysis in discussing "The wisdom of polarized crowds" in 2017 based on [content analysis](/wiki/Content_analysis "Content analysis") of all edits to English Wikipedia articles relating to politics, social issues and science from its start to December 1, 2016\. This included almost 233,000 articles representing approximately 5 percent of the English Wikipedia. They wrote: "Political speech \[at least in the United States] has become markedly more polarized in recent years ... . \[D]espite early promise of the world\-wide\-web to democratize access to diverse information, increased media choice and social networking platforms ... \[create] echo chambers that ... degrade the quality of individual decisions, ... discount identity\-incongruent opinions, stimulate and reinforce polarizing information ... foment conflict and even make communication counter\-productive. Nevertheless, a large literature documents the largely positive effect that social differences can exert on the collaborative production of information, goods and services. Research demonstrates that individuals from socially distinct groups embody diverse cognitive resources and perspectives that, when cooperatively combined ... outperform those from homogeneous groups." They translated edit histories of millions of Wikipedia editors into a 7\-point political identification scale and compared that with Wikipedia's [six\-level article quality score (stub, start, C, B, good, featured)](/wiki/Template:Grading_scheme "Grading scheme") assigned via a machine learning algorithm. They found that "articles attracting more attention tend to have more balanced engagement ... \[and] higher polarization is associated with higher quality."{{cite Q\|Q47248083}}. They continued, "To explore whether political diversity has an upper bound beyond which polarization hampers performance, we re\-estimated the regression models of quality with a quadratic polarization term. Estimates suggest that quality may eventually decline with increasing polarization, but the optimal level of polarization is above that realized by 95% of the teams in this study. For the 5% most polarized teams, there is no statistically significant pattern between polarization and quality. In other words, we do not find evidence that very high levels of political polarization hampers Wikipedia performance." (p. 11\)
#### Academia
Academics have also criticized Wikipedia for its perceived failure as a reliable source and because Wikipedia editors may have no expertise, competence, or credentials in the topics on which they contribute.{{cite web\| url\=http://media.www.dukechronicle.com/media/storage/paper884/news/2007/03/28/News/Several.Colleges.Push.To.Ban.Wikipedia.As.Resource\-2809247\.shtml\|title\=Several colleges push to ban Wikipedia as resource\|work\=Duke Chronicle\|date\=March 28, 2007\|first\=Lysa\|last\=Chen\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413092513/http://media.www.dukechronicle.com/media/storage/paper884/news/2007/03/28/News/Several.Colleges.Push.To.Ban.Wikipedia.As.Resource\-2809247\.shtml\|archive\-date\=April 13, 2009}}{{Cite news\|first \= Susan\|last \= Youngwood\|title \= Wikipedia: What do they know; when do they know it, and when can we trust it?\|url \= http://www.vermonttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\=/20070401/FEATURES/70330002\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20161108094637/http://www.vermonttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\=%2F20070401%2FFEATURES%2F70330002\|archive\-date \= November 8, 2016\|work \= \[\[Rutland Herald]]\|date \= April 1, 2007\|quote \= Perhaps the most important thing to understand about Wikipedia—both its genius and its Achilles heel—is that anyone can create or modify an entry. Anyone means your 10\-year\-old neighbor or a Nobel Prize winner—or an editor like me, who is itching to correct a grammar error in that Wikipedia entry that I just quoted. Entries can be edited by numerous people and be in constant flux. What you read now might change in five minutes. Five seconds, even.\|access\-date \= May 16, 2019\|url\-status \= live}} Adrian Riskin, a mathematician in [Whittier College](/wiki/Whittier_College "Whittier College") commented that while highly technical articles may be written by mathematicians for mathematicians, the more general maths topics, such as the article on [polynomials](/wiki/Polynomial "Polynomial"), are written in a very amateurish fashion with a number of obvious mistakes.{{cite web\|last\=Riskin\|first\=Adrian\|title\=Elementary Mathematics on Wikipedia\|url\=http://wikipediocracy.com/2013/10/20/elementary\-mathematics\-on\-wikipedia\-2/\|access\-date\=October 24, 2013\|date\=October 21, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021055906/http://wikipediocracy.com/2013/10/20/elementary\-mathematics\-on\-wikipedia\-2/\|archive\-date\=October 21, 2013\|url\-status\=live}}
Because Wikipedia cannot be considered a reliable source, the use of Wikipedia is not accepted in many schools and universities in writing a formal paper, and some educational institutions have banned it as a primary source while others have limited its use to only a pointer to external sources."[A Stand Against Wikipedia](http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/26/wiki) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810033318/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/26/wiki \|date\=2012\-08\-10 }}", *Inside Higher Ed* (January 26, 2007\). Retrieved January 27, 2007\.{{Cite news\|author\=McHenry, Robert \|date\=November 15, 2004 \|url\=http://www.tcsdaily.com/article.aspx?id\=111504A \|title\=The Faith\-Based Encyclopedia \|publisher\=Tech Central Station \|access\-date\=October 12, 2008 \|author\-link\=Robert McHenry \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613214340/http://www.tcsdaily.com/article.aspx?id\=111504A \|archive\-date\=June 13, 2006 }} The criticism of not being a reliable source, however, may not only apply to Wikipedia but to encyclopedias in general—some university [lecturers](/wiki/Lecturer "Lecturer") are not impressed when students cite print\-based encyclopedias in assigned work.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2007/02/27/2003350261\|title\=Wikipedia on an academic hit list\|first\=Noam\|last\=Cohen\|author\-link \= Noam Cohen\|publisher\=NY Times News Service\|date\=February 27, 2007\|access\-date\=April 16, 2007\|quote\=Middlebury professor Thomas Beyer, of the Russian department, said: 'I guess I am not terribly impressed by anyone citing an encyclopedia as a reference point, but I am not against using it as a starting point.'\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305114213/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2007/02/27/2003350261\|archive\-date\=March 5, 2007\|url\-status\=live}} However, it seems that instructors have underestimated the use of Wikipedia in academia because of these concerns. Researchers and academics contend that while Wikipedia may not be used as a 100 percent accurate source for final papers, it is a valuable jumping off point for research that can lead to many possibilities if approached critically. What may be missing in academia is the emphasis on [critical analysis](/wiki/Critical_thinking "Critical thinking") in regards to the use of Wikipedia in secondary and higher education. We should not dismiss Wikipedia entirely (there are less inaccuracies than there are errors of omission) but rather begin to support it, and teach the use of Wikipedia as an education tool in tandem with critical thinking skills that will allow students to filter the information found on the online encyclopedia and help them critically analyze their findings.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Polk \| first1 \= Tracy \|last2 \= Johnston \| first2 \= Melissa P. \| last3 \= Evers \| first3 \= Stephanie \| year \= 2015 \| title \= Wikipedia Use in Research: Perceptions in Secondary Schools \| journal \= TechTrends: Linking Research \& Practice to Improve Learning \| volume \= 59 \| issue \= 3\| pages \= 92–102 \| doi\=10\.1007/s11528\-015\-0858\-6\| s2cid \= 62595811 }}{{Attribution needed\|date\=October 2024}}
An empirical study conducted in 2006 by a Business School lecturer in Information Systems at the [University of Nottingham](/wiki/University_of_Nottingham "University of Nottingham"),{{cite journal\|url\=http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1413/1331\|last\=Chesney\|first\=Thomas\|title\=An empirical examination of Wikipedia's credibility\|journal\=First Monday\|date\=May 16, 2006\|doi\=10\.5210/fm.v11i11\.1413\|access\-date\=January 20, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411055809/http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1413/1331\|archive\-date\=April 11, 2010\|url\-status\=dead \|doi\-access\= free\|url\-access\=subscription}} the subject of a review on the technical website *[Ars Technica](/wiki/Ars_Technica "Ars Technica")*,Study cited in {{cite web\| title\=Experts rate Wikipedia's accuracy higher than non\-experts\| publisher\='Ars Technica\| date\=November 27, 2006\| url\=https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20061127\-8296\.html\| access\-date\=October 31, 2007\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105210223/http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20061127\-8296\.html\| archive\-date\=November 5, 2007\| url\-status\=live\| df\=mdy\-all}} involving 55 academics asked to review specific Wikipedia articles that either were in their expert field (group 1\) or chosen at random (group 2\), concluded that: "The experts found Wikipedia's articles to be more credible than the non\-experts. This suggests that the accuracy of Wikipedia is high. However, the results should not be seen as support for Wikipedia as a totally reliable resource as, according to the experts, 13 percent of the articles contain mistakes (10% of the experts reported factual errors of an unspecified degree, 3% of them reported spelling errors)."The study explains that "In the survey, all respondents under Condition 1 were asked if there were any mistakes in the article they had been asked to read. Only five reported seeing mistakes and one of those five reported spelling mistakes rather than factual errors. This suggests that 13 percent of Wikipedia's articles have errors." Thus 80% of the 13% related to factual errors and 20% of the 13% related to spelling errors. {{cite journal\|url\=http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1413/1331\|title\=An empirical examination of Wikipedia's credibility\|author\=Chesney, Thomas\|journal\=First Monday\|date\=May 16, 2006\|doi\=10\.5210/fm.v11i11\.1413\|access\-date\=January 20, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411055809/http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1413/1331\|archive\-date\=April 11, 2010\|url\-status\=dead \|doi\-access\= free\|url\-access\=subscription}}
The Gould Library at [Carleton College](/wiki/Carleton_College "Carleton College") in [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota "Minnesota") has a web page describing the use of Wikipedia in academia. It asserts that "Wikipedia is without question a valuable and informative resource", but that "there is an inherent lack of reliability and stability" to its articles, again drawing attention to similar advantages and limitations as other sources. As with other reviews, it comments that one should assess one's sources and what is desired from them, and that "Wikipedia may be an appropriate resource for some assignments, but not for others." It cited Wikipedia co\-founder [Jimmy Wales](/wiki/Jimmy_Wales "Jimmy Wales")' view that Wikipedia may not be ideal as a source for all academic uses, and (as with other sources) suggests that at the least, one strength of Wikipedia is that it provides a good starting point for current information on a very wide range of topics.{{cite web\| title\=Using Wikipedia\| first\=Matt\| last\=Bailey\| publisher\=Lawrence McKinley Gould Library, Carleton College\| date\=October 2, 2007\| url\=http://apps.carleton.edu/campus/library/for\_faculty/faculty\_find/wikipedia/\| access\-date\=October 31, 2007\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103095446/http://apps.carleton.edu/campus/library/for\_faculty/faculty\_find/wikipedia/\| archive\-date\=November 3, 2007\| url\-status\=dead\| df\=mdy\-all}}
In 2007, the *[Chronicle of Higher Education](/wiki/Chronicle_of_Higher_Education "Chronicle of Higher Education")* published an article written by [Cathy Davidson](/wiki/Cathy_Davidson "Cathy Davidson"), Professor of Interdisciplinary Studies and English at [Duke University](/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University"), in which she asserts that Wikipedia should be used to teach students about the concepts of reliability and credibility.{{cite journal \|title\= We Can't Ignore the Influence of Digital Technologies \|journal\= The Chronicle of Higher Education \|publisher\= Chronicle of Higher Education \|date\= March 23, 2007 \|url\= http://chronicle.com/article/We\-Can\-t\-Ignore\-the\-Influence/1762 \|access\-date\= December 15, 2015 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160116210930/http://chronicle.com/article/We\-Can\-t\-Ignore\-the\-Influence/1762 \|archive\-date\= January 16, 2016 \|url\-status\= live \|df\= mdy\-all }}
In 2008, [Hamlet Isakhanli](/wiki/Hamlet_Isakhanli "Hamlet Isakhanli"), founder and president of [Khazar University](/wiki/Khazar_University "Khazar University"), compared the *Encyclopædia Britannica* and English Wikipedia articles on [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan "Azerbaijan") and related subjects. His study found that Wikipedia covered the subject much more widely, more accurately and in more detail, though with some lack of balance, and that Wikipedia was the best source for the first approximation.What is Happening in the Educational System of the Contemporary World and How "The State Program on Reforms of the Higher Education System in the Republic of Azerbaijan for the Period of 2008–2012" May Best be Carried Out (in Azeri). Khazar University Press, 2008
In 2011, Karl Kehm, associate professor of physics at [Washington College](/wiki/Washington_College "Washington College"), said: "I do encourage \[my students] to use \[Wikipedia] as one of many launch points for pursuing original source material. The best Wikipedia entries are well researched with extensive citations".{{cite news \|last1\=Burnsed \|first1\=Brian \|title\=Wikipedia Gradually Accepted in College Classrooms \|url\=https://www.usnews.com/education/best\-colleges/articles/2011/06/20/wikipedia\-gradually\-accepted\-in\-college\-classrooms \|access\-date\=June 2, 2018 \|work\=\[\[U.S. News \& World Report]] \|date\=June 20, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612212951/https://www.usnews.com/education/best\-colleges/articles/2011/06/20/wikipedia\-gradually\-accepted\-in\-college\-classrooms \|archive\-date\=June 12, 2018 \|url\-status\=live }}
Some academic journals do refer to Wikipedia articles, but are not elevating it to the same level as traditional references. For instance, Wikipedia articles have been referenced in "enhanced perspectives" provided on\-line in the journal *[Science](/wiki/Science_%28journal%29 "Science (journal)")*. The first of these perspectives to provide a hyperlink to Wikipedia was "A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light" in 2002,{{cite journal\|author\=Linden, Hartmut\|date\=August 2, 2002\|title\=A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light\|journal\=\[\[Science (journal)\|Science]]\|doi\=10\.1126/science.1075485\|volume\=297\|issue\=5582\|pages\=777–778\|pmid\=12161636\|s2cid\=41282143}} (subscription access only) and dozens of enhanced perspectives have provided such links since then. The publisher of *Science* states that these enhanced perspectives "include hypernotes—which link directly to websites of other relevant information available online—beyond the standard bibliographic references".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aaas.org/publications/books\_reports/CCLI/PDFs/01\_D\_Perspectives.pdf\|title\=Perspectives from AAAS\|publisher\=American Association for the Advancement of Science\|first1\=Yolanda S.\|last1\=George\|first2\=Shirley S.\|last2\=Malcolm\|name\-list\-style\=amp\|access\-date\=October 27, 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029115643/http://www.aaas.org/publications/books\_reports/CCLI/PDFs/01\_D\_Perspectives.pdf\|archive\-date\=October 29, 2007\|url\-status\=dead}}
Sverrir Steinsson{{who\|date\=November 2023}} investigated factors that influenced the credibility of English Wikipedia in 2023, and found that "Wikipedia transformed from a dubious source of information in its early years to an increasingly reliable one over time."{{cite journal \| last\=Steinsson \| first\=Sverrir \| title\=Rule Ambiguity, Institutional Clashes, and Population Loss: How Wikipedia Became the Last Good Place on the Internet \| journal\=\[\[American Political Science Review]] \| publisher\=\[\[Cambridge University Press]] \| date\=March 9, 2023 \| volume\=118 \| issn\=0003\-0554 \| doi\=10\.1017/s0003055423000138 \| pages\=235–251\| s2cid\=257434844 \| doi\-access\=free }} This was due to it becoming "an active fact\-checker and anti\-fringe", with "pro\-fringe editors" leaving the site as the Wikipedia community changed its interpretation of the NPOV policy and began to more accurately label misleading content as pseudoscience, conspiracy theory, etc., in harmony with the citations used to source that content.{{cite web \| last\=ShahBano Ijaz \| first\=Syeda \| title\=How Conflicts and Population Loss Led to the Rise of English Wikipedia's Credibility \| website\=Political Science Now \| date\=May 29, 2023 \| url\=https://politicalsciencenow.com/how\-conflicts\-and\-population\-loss\-led\-to\-the\-rise\-of\-english\-wikipedias\-credibility/ \| access\-date\=June 20, 2023}} This reinterpretation of NPOV "had meaningful consequences, turning an organization that used to lend credence and false balance to pseudoscience, conspiracy theories, and extremism into a proactive debunker, fact\-checker and identifier of fringe discourse."
Educational and cognitive psychologist [Sam Wineburg](/wiki/Sam_Wineburg "Sam Wineburg") said in 2024 that "No, Wikipedia isn’t an unreliable source that anyone can edit and that should be avoided. In 2024, it has become a remarkably rigorous self\-correcting resource that all of us should be using more often."{{cite news \|last1\=Wineburg \|first1\=Sam \|last2\=Ziv \|first2\=Nadav \|title\=Go ahead and use Wikipedia for research \- The Boston Globe \|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/10/17/opinion/use\-wikipedia\-reliable\-source/ \|access\-date\=18 October 2024 \|work\=\[\[The Boston Globe]] \|date\=17 October 2024}}
#### Journalism and use of Wikipedia in the newsroom
In his 2014 book *Virtual Unreality*, [Charles Seife](/wiki/Charles_Seife "Charles Seife"), a professor of journalism at [New York University](/wiki/New_York_University "New York University"), noted Wikipedia's susceptibility to hoaxes and misinformation, including manipulation by commercial and political organizations "masquerading as common people" making edits to Wikipedia. In conclusion, Seife presented the following advice:
{{blockquote\|Wikipedia is like an old and eccentric uncle.
He can be a lot of fun—over the years he's seen a lot, and he can tell a great story. He's also no dummy; he's accumulated a lot of information and has some strong opinions about what he's gathered. You can learn quite a bit from him. But take everything he says with a grain of salt. A lot of the things he thinks he knows for sure aren't quite right or are taken out of context. And when it comes down to it, sometimes he believes things that are a little bit, well, nuts.
If it ever matters to you whether something he said is real or fictional, it's crucial to check it out with a more reliable source.{{cite book\|first\=Charles\|last\=Seife\|title\=Virtual Unreality: Just Because the Internet Told You, how Do You Know It's True?\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=cePyngEACAAJ\|year\=2014\|publisher\=Penguin Publishing Group\|isbn\=978\-0\-670\-02608\-1\|pages\=26–29, 32–34, 201\|access\-date\=2017\-06\-04\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331231601/https://books.google.com/books?id\=cePyngEACAAJ\|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-31\|url\-status\=live}}}}
Seife observed that when false information from Wikipedia spreads to other publications, it sometimes alters truth itself. On June 28, 2012, for example, an anonymous Wikipedia contributor added the invented nickname "Millville Meteor" to the Wikipedia biography of baseball player [Mike Trout](/wiki/Mike_Trout "Mike Trout"). A couple of weeks later, a *[Newsday](/wiki/Newsday "Newsday")* sports writer reproduced the nickname in an article, and "with that act, the fake nickname became real". Seife pointed out that while Wikipedia, by some standards, could be described as "roughly as accurate" as traditional publications, and is more up to date, "there's a difference between the kind of error one would find in Wikipedia and what one would in *Britannica* or *Collier's* or even in the now\-defunct Microsoft Encarta encyclopedia ... the majority of hoaxes on Wikipedia could never have appeared in the old\-fashioned encyclopedias." [Dwight Garner](/wiki/Dwight_Garner_%28critic%29 "Dwight Garner (critic)"), reviewing Seife's book in *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, said that he himself had "been burned enough times by bad online information", including "Wikipedia howlers", to have adopted a very sceptical mindset.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/02/books/in\-virtual\-unreality\-charles\-seife\-unfriends\-gullibility.html\|title\=Online, the Lying Is Easy. In 'Virtual Unreality,' Charles Seife Unfriends Gullibility\|last\=Garner\|first\=Dwight\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=July 1, 2014\|access\-date\=June 4, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901155326/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/02/books/in\-virtual\-unreality\-charles\-seife\-unfriends\-gullibility.html\|archive\-date\=September 1, 2017\|url\-status\=live}}
In November 2012, judge [Brian Leveson](/wiki/Brian_Leveson "Brian Leveson") was accused of having forgotten "one of the elementary rules of journalism" when he named a "Brett Straub" as one of the founders of *[The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")* newspaper in [his report on the culture, practices and ethics of the British press](/wiki/Leveson_report "Leveson report"). The name had been added to the Wikipedia article on *The Independent* over a year prior, and turned out to be that of a 25\-year\-old Californian, whose friend had added his name to a string of Wikipedia pages as a prank.{{cite news \| url \= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/press/levesons\-wikipedia\-moment\-how\-internet\-research\-on\-the\-independents\-history\-left\-him\-redfaced\-8372446\.html \| last \= McSmith \| first \= Andy \| title \= Leveson's Wikipedia moment: how internet 'research' on The Independent's history left him red\-faced \| work \= The Independent \| date \= November 30, 2012 \| access\-date \= March 25, 2014 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20121204151536/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/press/levesons\-wikipedia\-moment\-how\-internet\-research\-on\-the\-independents\-history\-left\-him\-redfaced\-8372446\.html \| archive\-date \= December 4, 2012 \| url\-status \= live }} Straub was tracked down by *The Telegraph* and commented, "The fact someone, especially a judge, has believed something on Wikipedia is kind of shocking. My friend went on and edited a bunch of Wikipedia pages and put my name there. \[...] I knew my friend had done it but I didn't know how to change them back and I thought someone would. At one point I was the creator of Coca\-Cola or something. You know how easy it is to change Wikipedia. Every time he came across a red linked name he put my name in its place."{{cite news \| url \= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/leveson\-inquiry/9723296/Wikipedia\-the\-25\-year\-old\-student\-and\-the\-prank\-that\-fooled\-Leveson.html \| last \= Allen \| first \= Nick \| title \= Wikipedia, the 25\-year–old student and the prank that fooled Leveson \| work \= The Telegraph \| date \= December 5, 2012 \| access\-date \= March 25, 2014 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140131162315/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/leveson\-inquiry/9723296/Wikipedia\-the\-25\-year\-old\-student\-and\-the\-prank\-that\-fooled\-Leveson.html \| archive\-date \= January 31, 2014 \| url\-status \= live }}
A 2016 [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") article by Ciaran McCauley similarly noted that "plenty of mischievous, made\-up information has found its way" on to Wikipedia and that "many of these fake facts have fallen through the cracks and been taken as gospel by everyone from university academics to major newspapers and broadcasters." Listing examples of journalists being embarrassed by reproducing hoaxes and other falsifications from Wikipedia in their writing, including false information propagated by major news organizations in their obituaries of [Maurice Jarre](/wiki/Maurice_Jarre "Maurice Jarre") and [Ronnie Hazlehurst](/wiki/Ronnie_Hazlehurst "Ronnie Hazlehurst"), McCauley stated: "Any journalist in any newsroom will likely get a sharp slap across the head from an editor for treating Wikipedia with anything but total skepticism (you can imagine the kicking I've taken over this article)."{{cite news\|last\=McCauley\|first\=Ciaran\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-northern\-ireland\-37523772\|title\=Wikipedia hoaxes: From Breakdancing to Bilcholim\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=February 8, 2017\|access\-date\=June 4, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520210800/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-northern\-ireland\-37523772\|archive\-date\=May 20, 2017\|url\-status\=live}}
The *[Daily Mail](/wiki/Daily_Mail "Daily Mail")*—itself banned as a source on Wikipedia in 2017 because of its perceived unreliability—has publicly stated that it "banned all its journalists from using Wikipedia as a sole source in 2014 because of its unreliability".{{cite news\|last\=Jackson\|first\=Jasper\|title\=Wikipedia bans Daily Mail as 'unreliable' source\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/feb/08/wikipedia\-bans\-daily\-mail\-as\-unreliable\-source\-for\-website\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=October 3, 2016\|access\-date\=June 4, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118191343/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/feb/08/wikipedia\-bans\-daily\-mail\-as\-unreliable\-source\-for\-website\|archive\-date\=January 18, 2019\|url\-status\=live}}
*[Slate](/wiki/Slate_%28magazine%29 "Slate (magazine)")* said in 2022 that "Screenshots of vandalized Wikipedia articles, even when reverted within minutes, often have a much longer afterlife in news reports and on social media, creating the public impression that the platform is more vulnerable to abuse than it actually is."{{cite web \|last1\=Breslow \|first1\=Samuel \|title\=How a False Claim About Wikipedia Sparked a Right\-Wing Media Frenzy \|url\=https://slate.com/technology/2022/08/wikipedia\-recession\-article.html \|website\=Slate Magazine \|access\-date\=September 1, 2022 \|language\=en \|date\=August 11, 2022 \|archive\-date\=January 22, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122103526/https://slate.com/technology/2022/08/wikipedia\-recession\-article.html \|url\-status\=live }}
#### Science and medicine
{{main\|Health information on Wikipedia\|Science information on Wikipedia}}
Science and medicine are areas where accuracy is of high importance and [peer review](/wiki/Peer_review "Peer review") is the norm. While some of Wikipedia's content has passed a form of peer review, most has not.{{cite journal\|last1\=Heilman\|first1\=JM\|last2\=Kemmann\|first2\=E\|last3\=Bonert\|first3\=M\|last4\=Chatterjee\|first4\=A\|last5\=Ragar\|first5\=B\|last6\=Beards\|first6\=GM\|last7\=Iberri\|first7\=DJ\|last8\=Harvey\|first8\=M\|last9\=Thomas\|first9\=B\|last10\=Stomp\|first10\=W\|last11\=Martone\|first11\=MF\|last12\=Lodge\|first12\=DJ\|last13\=Vondracek\|first13\=A\|last14\=de Wolff\|first14\=JF\|last15\=Liber\|first15\=C\|last16\=Grover\|first16\=SC\|last17\=Vickers\|first17\=TJ\|last18\=Meskó\|first18\=B\|last19\=Laurent\|first19\=MR\|title\=Wikipedia: a key tool for global public health promotion\|journal\=Journal of Medical Internet Research\|date\=January 31, 2011\|volume\=13\|issue\=1\|pages\=e14\|pmid\=21282098\|doi\=10\.2196/jmir.1589\|pmc\=3221335 \|doi\-access\=free }}
A 2008 study examined 80 Wikipedia drug entries. The researchers found few factual errors in this set of articles, but determined that these articles were often missing important information, like [contraindications](/wiki/Contraindications "Contraindications") and [drug interactions](/wiki/Drug_interactions "Drug interactions"). One of the researchers noted that "If people went and used this as a sole or authoritative source without contacting a health professional...those are the types of negative impacts that can occur." The researchers also compared Wikipedia to [Medscape Drug Reference](/wiki/Medscape_Drug_Reference "Medscape Drug Reference") (MDR), by looking for answers to 80 different questions covering eight categories of drug information, including adverse drug events, dosages, and mechanism of action. They have determined that MDR provided answers to 82\.5 percent of the questions, while Wikipedia could only answer 40 percent, and that answers were less likely to be complete for Wikipedia as well. None of the answers from Wikipedia were determined factually inaccurate, while they found four inaccurate answers in MDR. But the researchers found 48 errors of omission in the Wikipedia entries, compared to 14 for MDR. The lead investigator concluded: "I think that these errors of omission can be just as dangerous \[as inaccuracies]", and he pointed out that drug company representatives have been caught deleting information from Wikipedia entries that make their drugs look unsafe.{{cite journal \|author1\=Clauson KA \|author2\=Polen HH \|author3\=\[\[Maged N. Kamel Boulos\|Kamel Boulos MN]] \|author4\=Dzenowagis JH \|title\=Scope, completeness, and accuracy of drug information in Wikipedia \|journal\=Annals of Pharmacotherapy \|volume\=42 \|issue\=12 \|year\=2008 \|pmid\=19017825 \|doi\=10\.1345/aph.1L474 \|url\=http://www.theannals.com/cgi/reprint/aph.1L474v1\.pdf \|pages\=1814–21 \|s2cid\=2072846 \|access\-date\=September 25, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325104236/http://www.theannals.com/cgi/reprint/aph.1L474v1\.pdf \|archive\-date\=March 25, 2009 }}
{{cite news \|author\=Anne Harding \|date\=November 25, 2008 \|title\=Wikipedia often omits important drug information: study \|work\=Reuters \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSTRE4AN7BO20081125 \|access\-date\=July 1, 2017 \|archive\-date\=October 5, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005123637/https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSTRE4AN7BO20081125 \|url\-status\=live }}
* A 2009 survey asked US toxicologists how accurately they rated the portrayal of health risks of chemicals in different media sources. It was based on the answers of 937 members of the [Society of Toxicology](/wiki/Society_of_Toxicology "Society of Toxicology") and found that these experts regarded Wikipedia's reliability in this area as far higher than that of all traditional news media:
{{blockquote\|In perhaps the most surprising finding in the entire study, all these national media outlets \[U.S. newspapers, news magazines, health magazines, broadcast and cable television networks] are easily eclipsed by two representatives of "new media": \[\[WebMD]] and Wikipedia. WebMD is the only news source whose coverage of chemical risk is regarded as accurate by a majority (56 percent) of toxicologists, closely followed by Wikipedia's 45 percent accuracy rating. By contrast, only 15 percent describe as accurate the portrayals of chemical risk found in ''The New York Times'', Washington Post, and Wall Street Journal.S. Robert Lichter, Ph.D,,: \[https://web.archive.org/web/20130824041907/http://stats.org/stories/2009/are\_chemicals\_killing\_us.html Are chemicals killing us?] Statistical Assessment Service, May 21, 2009}}
In 2010 researchers compared information about 10 types of cancer on Wikipedia to similar data from the [National Cancer Institute](/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute "National Cancer Institute")'s Physician Data Query and concluded "the Wiki resource had similar accuracy and depth to the professionally edited database" and that "sub\-analysis comparing common to uncommon cancers demonstrated no difference between the two", but that ease of readability was an issue.{{cite journal\|last\=Rajagopalan\|title\=Accuracy of cancer information on the Internet: A comparison of a Wiki with a professionally maintained database\|journal\=Journal of Clinical Oncology\|volume\=28\|issue\=15\_suppl\|page\=6058\|year\=2010\|url\=http://meeting.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/15\_suppl/6058\|access\-date\=June 5, 2010\|display\-authors\=etal\|doi\=10\.1200/jco.2010\.28\.15\_suppl.6058\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109220833/http://meeting.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/15\_suppl/6058\|archive\-date\=January 9, 2014\|url\-status\=live}}
A study in 2011 came to the result that categories most frequently absent in Wikipedia's drug articles are those of drug interactions and medication use in breastfeeding.{{Cite journal \| last1 \= Lavsa \| first1 \= S. M. \| last2 \= Corman \| first2 \= S. L. \| last3 \= Culley \| first3 \= C. M. \| last4 \= Pummer \| first4 \= T. L. \| title \= Reliability of Wikipedia as a medication information source for pharmacy students \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.cptl.2011\.01\.007 \| journal \= Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning \| volume \= 3 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 154–158 \| year \= 2011 }} Other categories with incomplete coverage were descriptions of off\-label indications, contraindications and precautions, adverse drug events and dosing. Information most frequently deviating from other sources used in the study were that of contraindications and precautions, drug absorption and adverse drug events.
A 2012 study reported that Wikipedia articles about pediatric [otolaryngology](/wiki/Otolaryngology "Otolaryngology") contained twice as many errors and omissions as the medical database [eMedicine](/wiki/EMedicine "EMedicine").{{cite journal\|last1\=Volsky\|first1\=Peter G.\|last2\=Baldassari\|first2\=Cristina M.\|last3\=Mushti\|first3\=Sirisha\|last4\=Derkay\|first4\=Craig S.\|title\=Quality of Internet information in pediatric otolaryngology: A comparison of three most referenced websites\|journal\=International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology\|date\=September 2012\|volume\=76\|issue\=9\|pages\=1312–1316\|doi\=10\.1016/j.ijporl.2012\.05\.026\|pmid\=22770592}}
In a U.S. study in 2014, 10 researchers examined 10 Wikipedia health articles of the most costly medical conditions in the United States and found that 90% of the entries contained errors and statements that contradicted latest medical research. However, according to Stevie Benton of Wikimedia UK the sample size used in the research may have been too small to be considered representative.{{cite news\|title\=Trust your doctor, not Wikipedia, say scientists\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/health\-27586356\|work\=BBC News\|access\-date\=May 27, 2014\|date\=May 27, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527152757/http://www.bbc.com/news/health\-27586356\|archive\-date\=May 27, 2014\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite journal\|title\=Wikipedia vs Peer\-Reviewed Medical Literature for Information About the 10 Most Costly Medical Conditions\|journal\=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association\|date\=May 1, 2014\|volume\=114\|issue\=5\|pages\=368–373\|doi\=10\.7556/jaoa.2014\.035\|pmid\=24778001 \| last1 \= Hasty \| first1 \= RT \| last2 \= Garbalosa \| first2 \= RC \| last3 \= Barbato \| first3 \= VA \| last4 \= Valdes \| first4 \= PJ Jr \| last5 \= Powers \| first5 \= DW \| last6 \= Hernandez \| first6 \= E \| last7 \= John \| first7 \= JS \| last8 \= Suciu \| first8 \= G \| last9 \= Qureshi \| first9 \= F \| last10 \= Popa\-Radu \| first10 \= M \| last11 \= San Jose \| first11 \= S \| last12 \= Drexler \| first12 \= N \| last13 \= Patankar \| first13 \= R \| last14 \= Paz \| first14 \= JR \| last15 \= King \| first15 \= CW \| last16 \= Gerber \| first16 \= HN \| last17 \= Valladares \| first17 \= MG \| last18 \= Somji \| first18 \= AA\| doi\-access \= free }}
Only part of the data was made public, and for two statements that were released for other researchers to examine, the claim that Wikipedia's statements were contradictory to the peer\-reviewed literature was called into question.{{Cite Q \| Q56888119 }}
A 2014 study published in *[PLOS One](/wiki/PLOS_One "PLOS One")* looked at the quality of Wikipedia articles on [pharmacology](/wiki/Pharmacology "Pharmacology"), comparing articles from English and German Wikipedia with academic textbooks. It found that "the collaborative and [participatory design](/wiki/Participatory_design "Participatory design") of Wikipedia does generate high quality information on pharmacology that is suitable for undergraduate medical education".{{Cite journal \| doi \= 10\.1371/journal.pone.0106930\| title \= Accuracy and Completeness of Drug Information in Wikipedia: A Comparison with Standard Textbooks of Pharmacology\| journal \= PLOS ONE\| volume \= 9\| issue \= 9\| pages \= e106930\| year \= 2014\| last1 \= Kräenbring \| first1 \= J. \| last2 \= Monzon Penza \| first2 \= T. \| last3 \= Gutmann \| first3 \= J. \| last4 \= Muehlich \| first4 \= S. \| last5 \= Zolk \| first5 \= O. \| last6 \= Wojnowski \| first6 \= L. \| last7 \= Maas \| first7 \= R. \| last8 \= Engelhardt \| first8 \= S. \| last9 \= Sarikas \| first9 \= A. \| pmid\=25250889 \| pmc\=4174509
\| bibcode \= 2014PLoSO...9j6930K\| doi\-access \= free}}
A 2024 review of online information sources for healthcare\-related research cautioned against using Wikipedia as a primary reference, and noted its value as a resource to identify sources of information.Banchik LH, Gray B. What happened to my Index Medicus? Nutr Clin Pract. 2024 Aug;39(4\):743\-750\. doi: 10\.1002/ncp.11173\. Epub 2024 Jun 12\. PMID: 38864650\. Jarry said in 2024 that evaluating Wikipedia's reliability on medicine or any subject is challenging and that researchers "have to pick a sample and hope it is representative.", saying also that "Wikipedia, overall, has no business being this good."
#### Judiciary
References to Wikipedia in United States judicial opinions have increased each year since 2004\. In a 2017 ruling, the [Supreme Court of Texas](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Texas "Supreme Court of Texas") advised against reliance on the information in Wikipedia for judicial rulings, arguing that its lack of reliability prevents using it as a source of authority in legal opinions.{{cite web \|last1\=Volokh \|first1\=Eugene \|author1\-link\=Eugene Volokh \|title\=When should courts rely on Wikipedia? \|url\=https://reason.com/volokh/2017/03/17/when\-should\-courts\-rely\-on\-wik/ \|publisher\=Reason \|date\=March 17, 2017 \|access\-date\=August 21, 2021 \|archive\-date\=August 21, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011846/https://reason.com/volokh/2017/03/17/when\-should\-courts\-rely\-on\-wik/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web\|author\=Texas Supreme Court\|title\=D Magazine Partners v. Rosenthal\|url\=http://www.txcourts.gov/media/1437551/150790\.pdf\|access\-date\=August 21, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 29, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629172812/http://www.txcourts.gov/media/1437551/150790\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}}
The Supreme Court of India in its judgment in *Commr. of Customs, Bangalore vs. ACER India Pvt.* (Citation 2007(12\)SCALE581\) held that "We have referred to Wikipedia, as the learned Counsel for the parties relied thereupon. It is an online encyclopaedia and information can be entered therein by any person and as such it may not be authentic."Sinham, B. [Appeal (civil) 2321 of 2007](http://www.judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.aspx?filename=29717) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410103840/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.aspx?filename\=29717 \|date\=April 10, 2009 }}. [Supreme Court of India](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India "Supreme Court of India").
#### Editors of *Encyclopædia Britannica*
In a 2004 piece called "The Faith\-Based Encyclopedia", [Robert McHenry](/wiki/Robert_McHenry "Robert McHenry"), a former editor\-in\-chief of *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica "Encyclopædia Britannica")*, stated that Wikipedia errs in billing itself as an encyclopedia, because that word implies a level of authority and accountability that he believes cannot be possessed by an openly editable reference. McHenry argued that "the typical user doesn't know how conventional encyclopedias achieve reliability, only that they do". He added:
{{blockquote\|\[H]owever closely a Wikipedia article may at some point in its life attain to reliability, it is forever open to the uninformed or semiliterate meddler... The user who visits Wikipedia to learn about some subject, to confirm some matter of fact, is rather in the position of a visitor to a public restroom. It may be obviously dirty, so that he knows to exercise great care, or it may seem fairly clean, so that he may be lulled into a false sense of security. What he certainly does not know is who has used the facilities before him."{{cite web\|title\=The Faith\-Based Encyclopedia \|first\=Robert \|last\=McHenry \|work\=\[\[Tech Central Station]] \|date\=November 15, 2004 \|url\=http://www.tcsdaily.com/article.aspx?id\=111504a \|access\-date\=2007\-10\-31 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613214340/http://www.tcsdaily.com/article.aspx?id\=111504A \|archive\-date\=June 13, 2006 \|author\-link\=Robert McHenry }}}}
Similarly, *Britannica*{{'}}s executive editor, [Ted Pappas](/wiki/Ted_Pappas "Ted Pappas"), was quoted in *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* as saying:
{{blockquote\|The premise of Wikipedia is that continuous improvement will lead to perfection. That premise is completely unproven.}}
In the September 12, 2006, edition of *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*, Jimmy Wales debated with [Dale Hoiberg](/wiki/Dale_Hoiberg "Dale Hoiberg"), editor\-in\-chief of *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica "Encyclopædia Britannica")*. Hoiberg focused on a need for expertise and control in an encyclopedia and cited [Lewis Mumford](/wiki/Lewis_Mumford "Lewis Mumford") that overwhelming information could "bring about a state of intellectual enervation and depletion hardly to be distinguished from massive ignorance". Wales emphasized Wikipedia's differences, and asserted that openness and transparency lead to quality. Hoiberg replied that he "had neither the time nor space to respond to \[criticisms]" and "could corral any number of links to articles alleging errors in Wikipedia", to which Wales responded: "No problem! Wikipedia to the rescue with a fine article", and included a link to the Wikipedia article *[Criticism of Wikipedia](/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia "Criticism of Wikipedia")*.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115756239753455284 \|title\=The Wall Street Journal Online \|access\-date\=September 13, 2006 \|date\=September 12, 2006 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809170821/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115756239753455284 \|archive\-date\=August 9, 2017 \|url\-status\=live }}
### Tools for testing the reliability of articles
[thumb\|Screenshot of Wiki\-Watch rating of the article *Reliability of Wikipedia* rated as *reliable source* and additional orange WikiTrust marks for questionable edits](/wiki/File:014-WW-Screenshot-Reliability_of_Wikipedia.png "014-WW-Screenshot-Reliability of Wikipedia.png")
While experienced editors can view the article history and discussion page, for normal users it is not so easy to check whether information from Wikipedia is reliable. University projects from California, Switzerland and Germany try to improve that by methods of formal analysis and data mining. [Wiki\-Watch](/wiki/Wiki-Watch "Wiki-Watch") from Germany, which was inspired by the [WikiBu](/wiki/WikiBu "WikiBu") from [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland"), shows an evaluation up to five\-stars for every English or German article in Wikipedia. Part of this rating is the tool [WikiTrust](/wiki/WikiTrust "WikiTrust") which shows the trustworthiness of single text parts of Wikipedia articles by white (trustworthy) or orange (not trustworthy) markings.Selena Mann: *[New tool used to evaluate Wikipedia.](http://www.itworldcanada.com/blogs/cooltools/2011/01/14/new-tool-used-to-evaluate-wikipedia/55979/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611194514/http://www.itworldcanada.com/blogs/cooltools/2011/01/14/new\-tool\-used\-to\-evaluate\-wikipedia/55979/ \|date\=June 11, 2011 }}* In: it\-World Canada. January 14, 2011\.
|
[
"Assessments\n-----------",
"{{Update\\|section\\|date\\=March 2022}}",
"### Criteria for evaluating reliability",
"The reliability of Wikipedia articles can be measured by the following criteria:[thumb\\|[Vandalism of a Wikipedia article](/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia \"Vandalism on Wikipedia\"). The section on the left is the normal, undamaged version; and on the right is the vandalized, damaged version.](/wiki/File:Wikipedia_vandalism.svg \"Wikipedia vandalism.svg\")\n* Accuracy of information provided within articles\n* Appropriateness of the images provided with the article\n* Appropriateness of the style and focus of the articles{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Stvilia \\|first1\\=Besiki \\|last2\\=Twidale \\|first2\\=Michael B. \\|last3\\=Smith \\|first3\\=Linda C. \\|last4\\=Gasser \\|first4\\=Les \\|date\\=April 2008 \\|title\\=Information Quality Work Organization in Wikipedia \\|url\\=http://mailer.fsu.edu/\\~bstvilia/papers/stvilia\\_wikipedia\\_infoWork\\_p.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology]] \\|volume\\=59 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=983–1001 \\|citeseerx\\=10\\.1\\.1\\.163\\.5109 \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/asi.20813 \\|s2cid\\=10156153 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820183345/http://mailer.fsu.edu/\\~bstvilia/papers/stvilia\\_wikipedia\\_infoWork\\_p.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=August 20, 2007}}\n* Susceptibility to, and exclusion and removal of, false information\n* Comprehensiveness, scope and coverage within articles and in the range of articles\n* Identification of reputable [third\\-party sources](/wiki/Source_text \"Source text\") as [citations](/wiki/Citation \"Citation\")\n* Verifiability of statements by respected sources\n* Stability of the articles\n* Susceptibility to editorial and [systemic bias](/wiki/Systemic_bias \"Systemic bias\")\n* Quality of writing",
"Several \"market\\-oriented\" extrinsic measures demonstrate that large audiences trust Wikipedia in one way or another. For instance, \"50 percent of \\[US] physicians report that they've consulted ... \\[Wikipedia] for information on health conditions\", according to a report from IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics.{{cite news \\|last\\=Fearnow \\|first\\=Benjamin \\|date\\=January 31, 2014 \\|title\\=Report: Wikipedia The Top Source Of Health Care Info For Doctors, Patients \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBS]] \\|url\\=http://connecticut.cbslocal.com/2014/01/29/report\\-wikipedia\\-the\\-top\\-source\\-of\\-health\\-care\\-info\\-for\\-doctors\\-patients/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131062756/http://connecticut.cbslocal.com/2014/01/29/report\\-wikipedia\\-the\\-top\\-source\\-of\\-health\\-care\\-info\\-for\\-doctors\\-patients/ \\|archive\\-date\\=January 31, 2014}}",
"### Comparative studies",
"On October 24, 2005, the British newspaper, *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*, published a story entitled \"Can you trust Wikipedia?\" in which a panel of experts were asked to review seven entries related to their fields, giving each article reviewed a number designation from 0 to 10\\. Most of these reviewed articles received marks between 5 and 8\\. The most common critiques were poor prose, or ease\\-of\\-reading issues (three mentions), omissions or inaccuracies, often small but including key omissions in some articles (three mentions), and poor balance, with less important areas being given more attention and vice versa (one mention). The most common praises were factually sound and correct, no glaring inaccuracies (four mentions), and much useful information, including well\\-selected links, making it possible to \"access much information quickly\" (three mentions).{{cite Q\\|Q110613135}}",
"In December 2005, the journal *[Nature](/wiki/Nature_%28journal%29 \"Nature (journal)\")* published results of an attempted blind study seeking reviewer evaluations of the accuracy of a small subset of articles from Wikipedia and *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica \"Encyclopædia Britannica\")*. The non\\-peer\\-reviewed study was based on *Nature*{{'}}s selection of 42 articles on scientific topics, including biographies of well\\-known scientists. Factual errors, omissions or misleading statements found in the sampled articles was 162 for Wikipedia and 123 for *Britannica* (4:3\\). For serious errors, such as misinterpretations of important concepts, 4 were found in Wikipedia, and 4 in *Britannica* (1:1\\). The study concluded that \"Wikipedia comes close to *Britannica* in terms of the accuracy of its science entries\", although Wikipedia's articles were often \"poorly structured\".",
"*Encyclopædia Britannica* expressed concerns, leading *Nature* to release further documentation of its survey method.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.nature.com/news/2005/051212/exref/supplementary\\_information.doc \\|work\\=Nature \\|title\\=Supplementary information to accompany Nature news article 'Internet encyclopedias go head to head' \\|date\\=December 22, 2005 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928012459/http://www.nature.com/news/2005/051212/exref/supplementary\\_information.doc \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2007 }} Based on this additional information, *Encyclopædia Britannica* denied the validity of the *Nature* study, stating that it was \"fatally flawed\". Among *Britannica*{{'}}s criticisms were that excerpts rather than the full texts of some of their articles were used, that some of the extracts were compilations that included articles written for the youth version, that *Nature* did not check the factual assertions of its reviewers, and that many points the reviewers labeled as errors were differences of editorial opinion. *Britannica* further stated that \"While the heading proclaimed that 'Wikipedia comes close to *Britannica* in terms of the accuracy of its science entries,' the numbers buried deep in the body of the article said precisely the opposite: Wikipedia in fact had a third more inaccuracies than *Britannica*. (As we demonstrate below, {{em\\|Nature}}'s research grossly exaggerated {{em\\|Britannica}}'s inaccuracies, so we cite this figure only to point out the slanted way in which the numbers were presented.)\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica\\_nature\\_response.pdf\\|title\\=Fatally Flawed – Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal ''Nature''\\|date\\=March 2006\\|publisher\\=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.\\|access\\-date\\=June 30, 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709053629/http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica\\_nature\\_response.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}} *Nature* acknowledged the compiled nature of some of the *Britannica* extracts, but denied that this invalidated the conclusions of the study.{{Cite journal\\| title \\= Britannica attacks \\| journal \\= \\[\\[Nature (journal)\\|Nature]]\\| volume \\= 440 \\| page \\= 582 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/440582b \\| date \\= March 30, 2006\\| pmid \\= 16572128 \\| issue \\= 7084 \\|bibcode \\= 2006Natur.440R.582\\. \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} *Encyclopædia Britannica* also argued that a breakdown of the errors indicated that the mistakes in Wikipedia were more often the inclusion of incorrect facts, while the mistakes in *Britannica* were \"errors of omission\", making \"*Britannica* far more accurate than *Wikipedia*, according to the figures\". *Nature* has since rejected the *Britannica* response,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4840340\\.stm\\|title\\=Wikipedia study 'fatally flawed'\\|date\\=March 24, 2006\\|work\\=BBC News\\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714210009/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4840340\\.stm\\|archive\\-date\\=July 14, 2006\\|url\\-status\\=live}} stating that any errors on the part of its reviewers were not biased in favor of either encyclopedia, that in some cases it used excerpts of articles from both encyclopedias, and that *Britannica* did not share particular concerns with *Nature* before publishing its \"open letter\" rebuttal.{{cite web\\| title\\=Encyclopædia Britannica and Nature: a response\\| work\\=\\[\\[Nature (journal)\\|Nature]]\\| date\\=March 23, 2006\\| url\\=http://www.nature.com/press\\_releases/Britannica\\_response.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=October 31, 2007\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031053055/http://www.nature.com/press\\_releases/Britannica\\_response.pdf\\| archive\\-date\\=October 31, 2007\\| url\\-status\\=live\\| df\\=mdy\\-all}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/eb\\_advert\\_response\\_final.pdf\\|work\\=Nature Press release\\|title\\=Encyclopædia Britannica and Nature: a response\\|date\\=March 23, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031052930/http://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/eb\\_advert\\_response\\_final.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=October 31, 2007\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The point\\-for\\-point disagreement between these two parties that addressed the compilation/text excerpting and very small sample size issues—argued to bias the outcome in favor of Wikipedia, versus a comprehensive, full article, large sample size study favoring the quality\\-controlled format of *Britannica*—have been echoed in online discussions,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://blog.sethroberts.net/2007/06/02/one\\-sided\\-critiques\\-of\\-the\\-day/ \\|title\\=Seth's Blog » Blog Archive » One\\-Sided Critiques of the Day \\|publisher\\=Blog.sethroberts.net \\|date\\=June 2, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=April 29, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428133142/http://blog.sethroberts.net/2007/06/02/one\\-sided\\-critiques\\-of\\-the\\-day/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 28, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://blog.wikimedia.org/2012/08/02/seven\\-years\\-after\\-nature\\-pilot\\-study\\-compares\\-wikipedia\\-favorably\\-to\\-other\\-encyclopedias\\-in\\-three\\-languages/ \\|title\\=Seven years after Nature, pilot study compares Wikipedia favorably to other encyclopedias in three languages — Wikimedia blog \\|date\\=August 2, 2012 \\|publisher\\=Blog.wikimedia.org \\|access\\-date\\=April 29, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615100445/http://blog.wikimedia.org/2012/08/02/seven\\-years\\-after\\-nature\\-pilot\\-study\\-compares\\-wikipedia\\-favorably\\-to\\-other\\-encyclopedias\\-in\\-three\\-languages/ \\|archive\\-date\\=June 15, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} including of articles citing the *Nature* study, e.g., where a \"flawed study design\" for manual selection of articles/article portions, the lack of study \"statistical power\" in its comparing 40 articles from over 100,000 *Britannica* and over 1 million English Wikipedia articles, and the absence of any study statistical analyses (e.g., reported [confidence intervals](/wiki/Confidence_interval \"Confidence interval\") for study results) has also been noted.See author\\-acknowledged comments in response to the citation of the *Nature* study, at *PLoS One*, 2014, [*Citation of fundamentally flawed* Nature *quality 'study{{'}}*](http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=80078), in response to T. Yasseri et al. (2012\\), *Dynamics of Conflicts in Wikipedia*, published June 20, 2012, DOI 10\\.1371/journal.pone.0038869\\. Retrieved July 21, 2014\\. {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116210930/http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root\\=80078 \\|date\\=January 16, 2016 }}. Science communicator [Jonathan Jarry](/wiki/Jonathan_Jarry \"Jonathan Jarry\") said in 2024 that the study was historically important, and had been cited in almost every science paper on Wikipedia's reliability since then, but that research of this kind will only provide a \"snapshot\" and quickly become unreliable.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Jarry \\|first1\\=Jonathan \\|author1\\-link\\=Jonathan Jarry \\|title\\=Can You Trust Dr. Wikipedia? \\|url\\=https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/critical\\-thinking\\-technology/can\\-you\\-trust\\-dr\\-wikipedia \\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2024 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Office for Science and Society]] \\|date\\=6 September 2024 \\|language\\=en}}",
"In June 2006, [Roy Rosenzweig](/wiki/Roy_Rosenzweig \"Roy Rosenzweig\"), a professor specializing in American history, published a comparison of the Wikipedia biographies of 25 Americans to the corresponding biographies found on Encarta and *American National Biography Online*. He wrote that Wikipedia is \"surprisingly accurate in reporting names, dates, and events in U.S. history\" and described some of the errors as \"widely held but inaccurate beliefs\". However, he stated that Wikipedia often fails to distinguish important from trivial details, and does not provide the best references. He also complained about Wikipedia's lack of \"persuasive analysis and interpretations, and clear and engaging prose\".{{Cite journal\\|first\\=Roy \\|last\\=Rosenzweig \\|author\\-link\\=Roy Rosenzweig \\|title\\=Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past \\|journal\\=The Journal of American History \\|volume\\=93 \\|issue\\=1 \\|date\\=June 2006 \\|pages\\=117–146 \\|url\\=http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays\\-on\\-history\\-new\\-media/essays/?essayid\\=42 \\|access\\-date\\=August 11, 2006 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/4486062 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425130754/http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays\\-on\\-history\\-new\\-media/essays/?essayid\\=42 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 25, 2010 \\|jstor\\=4486062 }} (Center for History and New Media){{refn\\|Wikipedia's policies on \\[\\[Wikipedia:No original research\\|original research]], including \\[\\[WP:SYNTH\\|unpublished synthesis of published data]], disallow new analysis and interpretation not found in \\[\\[Wikipedia:Reliable sources\\|reliable sources]].\\|group\\=nb}}",
"A web\\-based survey conducted from December 2005 to May 2006 by Larry Press, a professor of Information Systems at [California State University at Dominguez Hills](/wiki/California_State_University_at_Dominguez_Hills \"California State University at Dominguez Hills\"), assessed the \"accuracy and completeness of Wikipedia articles\".{{cite web\\| title\\=Survey of Wikipedia accuracy and completeness\\| work\\=\\[\\[California State University at Dominguez Hills]]\\| date\\=May 2006\\| url\\=http://bpastudio.csudh.edu/fac/lpress/wikieval/\\| access\\-date\\=December 10, 2012\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721105607/http://bpastudio.csudh.edu/fac/lpress/wikieval/\\| archive\\-date\\=July 21, 2014\\| url\\-status\\=live}} Fifty people accepted an invitation to assess an article. Of the fifty, seventy\\-six percent (76%) agreed or strongly agreed that the Wikipedia article was accurate, and forty\\-six percent (46%) agreed or strongly agreed that it was complete. Eighteen people compared the article they reviewed to the article on the same topic in the *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica \"Encyclopædia Britannica\")*. Opinions on accuracy were almost equal between the two encyclopedias (6 favoring *Britannica*, 7 favoring Wikipedia, 5 stating they were equal), and eleven of the eighteen (61%) found Wikipedia somewhat or substantially more complete, compared to seven of the eighteen (39%) for *Britannica*. The survey did not attempt a random selection of the participants, and it is not clear how the participants were invited.{{cite web\\| title\\=Survey of Wikipedia accuracy and completeness\\| publisher\\=Larry Press, Professor of Computer Information Systems, California State University\\| year\\=2006\\| url\\=http://bpastudio.csudh.edu/fac/lpress/wikieval\\| access\\-date\\=October 31, 2007\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205017/http://bpastudio.csudh.edu/fac/lpress/wikieval/\\| archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2011\\| url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The German computing magazine *[c't](/wiki/C%27t \"C't\")* performed a comparison of *[Brockhaus Multimedial](/wiki/Brockhaus_Multimedial_premium \"Brockhaus Multimedial premium\")*, *[Microsoft Encarta](/wiki/Encarta \"Encarta\")*, and the [German Wikipedia](/wiki/German_Wikipedia \"German Wikipedia\") in October 2004: Experts evaluated 66 articles in various fields. In overall score, Wikipedia was rated 3\\.6 out of 5 points (B\\-).Michael Kurzidim: Wissenswettstreit. Die kostenlose Wikipedia tritt gegen die Marktführer Encarta und Brockhaus an, in: [c't](/wiki/C%27t \"C't\") 21/2004, October 4, 2004, S. 132–139\\. A second test by *c't* in February 2007 used 150 search terms, of which 56 were closely evaluated, to compare four digital encyclopedias: [Bertelsmann](/wiki/Bertelsmann \"Bertelsmann\") Enzyklopädie 2007, Brockhaus Multimedial premium 2007, Encarta 2007 Enzyklopädie and Wikipedia. It concluded: \"We did not find more errors in the texts of the free encyclopedia than in those of its commercial competitors.\"Dorothee Wiegand: \"Entdeckungsreise. Digitale Enzyklopädien erklären die Welt.\" c't 6/2007, March 5, 2007, p. 136–145\\. Original quote: \"Wir haben in den Texten der freien Enzyklopädie nicht mehr Fehler gefunden als in denen der kommerziellen Konkurrenz\"",
"Viewing Wikipedia as fitting the economists' definition of a perfectly competitive marketplace of ideas, George Bragues ([University of Guelph\\-Humber](/wiki/University_of_Guelph-Humber \"University of Guelph-Humber\")), examined Wikipedia's articles on seven top Western philosophers: [Aristotle](/wiki/Aristotle \"Aristotle\"), [Plato](/wiki/Plato \"Plato\"), [Immanuel Kant](/wiki/Immanuel_Kant \"Immanuel Kant\"), [René Descartes](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes \"René Descartes\"), [Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel](/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel \"Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel\"), [Thomas Aquinas](/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas \"Thomas Aquinas\"), and [John Locke](/wiki/John_Locke \"John Locke\"). Wikipedia's articles were compared to a consensus list of themes culled from four reference works in philosophy. Bragues found that, on average, Wikipedia's articles only covered 52% of consensus themes. No errors were found, though there were significant omissions.{{cite SSRN \\|last\\=Bragues \\|first\\=George \\|title\\=Wiki\\-Philosophizing in a Marketplace of Ideas: Evaluating Wikipedia's Entries on Seven Great Minds \\|date\\=April 2007 \\|ssrn\\=978177 }}",
"*[PC Pro](/wiki/PC_Pro \"PC Pro\")* magazine (August 2007\\) asked experts to compare four articles (a small [sample](/wiki/Sample_size \"Sample size\")) in their scientific fields between Wikipedia, *Britannica* and Encarta. In each case Wikipedia was described as \"largely sound\", \"well handled\", \"performs well\", \"good for the bare facts\" and \"broadly accurate\". One article had \"a marked deterioration towards the end\" while another had \"clearer and more elegant\" writing, a third was assessed as less well written but better detailed than its competitors, and a fourth was \"of more benefit to the serious student than its Encarta or Britannica equivalents\". No serious errors were noted in Wikipedia articles, whereas serious errors were noted in one Encarta and one *Britannica* article.*PC Pro* magazine, August 2007, p. 136, \"Wikipedia Uncovered\".",
"In October 2007, the Australian magazine *PC Authority* published a feature article on the accuracy of Wikipedia. The article compared Wikipedia's content to other popular online encyclopedias, namely *[Britannica](/wiki/Britannica \"Britannica\")* and [Encarta](/wiki/Encarta \"Encarta\"). The magazine asked experts to evaluate articles pertaining to their field. A total of four articles were reviewed by three experts. Wikipedia was comparable to the other encyclopedias, topping the chemistry category.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pcauthority.com.au/Feature/93908,wikipedia\\-uncovered.aspx/1\\|title\\=''PC Authority'' – 'Wikipedia Uncovered'\\|access\\-date\\=December 31, 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226143321/http://www.pcauthority.com.au/Feature/93908,wikipedia\\-uncovered.aspx/1\\|archive\\-date\\=February 26, 2009\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In December 2007, German magazine *[Stern](/wiki/Stern_%28magazine%29 \"Stern (magazine)\")* published the results of a comparison between the German Wikipedia and the online version of the 15\\-volume edition of *[Brockhaus Enzyklopädie](/wiki/Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4die \"Brockhaus Enzyklopädie\")*. The test was commissioned to a research institute (Cologne\\-based *WIND GmbH*), whose analysts assessed 50 articles from each encyclopedia (covering politics, business, sports, science, culture, entertainment, geography, medicine, history and religion) on four criteria (accuracy, completeness, timeliness and clarity), and judged Wikipedia articles to be more accurate on the average (1\\.6 on a scale from 1 to 6 versus 2\\.3 for *Brockhaus*, with 1 as the best and 6 as the worst). Wikipedia's coverage was also found to be more complete and up to date; however, *Brockhaus* was judged to be more clearly written, while several Wikipedia articles were criticized as being too complicated for non\\-experts, and many as too lengthy.{{cite magazine \\|date\\=December 2007 \\|title\\=Wikipedia: Wissen für alle \\|trans\\-title\\=Wikipedia: Knowledge for Everyone \\|volume\\=2007 \\|issue\\=50 \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Stern (magazine)\\|Stern]] \\|pages\\=30–44 \\|quote\\=Einige Wikipedia\\-Artikel sind für Laien schlicht zu kompliziert, viele zu weitschweifig, urteilten die Tester. \\[Some Wikipedia articles are simply too complicated for laypersons, many too long\\-winded, judged the testers.] \\|language\\=de \\|last1\\=Schönert \\|first1\\=Ulf \\|last2\\=Güntheroth \\|first2\\=Horst \\|url\\=https://www.stern.de/digital/online/wikipedia\\-\\-wissen\\-fuer\\-alle\\-3217272\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=January 11, 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 11, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111175055/https://www.stern.de/digital/online/wikipedia\\-\\-wissen\\-fuer\\-alle\\-3217272\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite magazine \\|date\\=December 5, 2007 \\|title\\=Wikipedia schlägt Brockhaus \\|trans\\-title\\=Wikipedia beats Brockhaus \\|url\\=http://www.stern.de/computer\\-technik/internet/:stern\\-Test\\-Wikipedia\\-Brockhaus/604423\\.html \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Stern (magazine)\\|Stern]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Gruner \\+ Jahr]] \\|access\\-date\\=September 6, 2016 \\|language\\=de \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802143802/http://www.stern.de/computer\\-technik/internet/:stern\\-Test\\-Wikipedia\\-Brockhaus/604423\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=August 2, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}K.C. Jones: *[German Wikipedia Outranks Traditional Encyclopedia's Online Version](http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=204702694) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212231601/http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID\\=204702694 \\|date\\=December 12, 2007 }}*. [InformationWeek](/wiki/InformationWeek \"InformationWeek\"), December 7, 2007",
"In its April 2008 issue British computing magazine *[PC Plus](/wiki/PC_Plus \"PC Plus\")* compared the English Wikipedia with the DVD editions of *World Book Encyclopedia* and *Encyclopædia Britannica*, assessing for each the coverage of a series of random subjects. It concluded, \"The quality of content is good in all three cases\" and advised Wikipedia users \"Be aware that erroneous edits do occur, and check anything that seems outlandish with a second source. But the vast majority of Wikipedia is filled with valuable and accurate information.\"{{cite web \\|first\\=Simon \\|last\\=Williams \\|url\\=http://www.techradar.com/news/internet/web/wikipedia\\-vs\\-encyclopaedia\\-a\\-question\\-of\\-trust\\-316163 \\|title\\=Wikipedia vs Encyclopaedia: A question of trust? \\|website\\=Techradar.com \\|date\\=April 21, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=September 6, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705234729/http://www.techradar.com/news/internet/web/wikipedia\\-vs\\-encyclopaedia\\-a\\-question\\-of\\-trust\\-316163 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 5, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"A 2008 paper in *[Reference Services Review](/wiki/Reference_Services_Review \"Reference Services Review\")* compared nine Wikipedia entries on historical topics to their counterparts in *Encyclopædia Britannica*, *The Dictionary of American History* and *American National Biography Online*. The paper found that Wikipedia's entries had an overall accuracy rate of 80 percent, whereas the other encyclopedias had an accuracy rate of 95 to 96 percent.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Rector\\|first1\\=Lucy Holman\\|title\\=Comparison of ''Wikipedia'' and other encyclopedias for accuracy, breadth, and depth in historical articles\\|journal\\=Reference Services Review\\|volume\\=36\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=7–22\\|doi\\=10\\.1108/00907320810851998\\|year\\=2008}}",
"A 2010 study assessed the extent to which Wikipedia pages about the history of countries conformed to the site's policy of verifiability. It found that, in contradiction of this policy, many claims in these articles were not supported by citations, and that many of those that were, sourced to popular media and government websites rather than to academic journal articles.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Luyt \\|first1\\=Brendan \\|last2\\=Tan \\|first2\\=Daniel \\|date\\=April 1, 2010 \\|title\\=Improving Wikipedia's credibility: References and citations in a sample of history articles \\|journal\\=Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology \\|volume\\=61 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=715–722 \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/asi.21304 \\|hdl\\=10356/95416 \\|issn\\=1532\\-2890\\|hdl\\-access\\=free }}",
"In April 2011, a study was published by Adam Brown of [Brigham Young University](/wiki/Brigham_Young_University \"Brigham Young University\") in the journal *[PS Political Science \\& Politics](/wiki/PS_Political_Science_%26_Politics \"PS Political Science & Politics\")* which examined \"thousands of Wikipedia articles about candidates, elections, and officeholders\". The study found that while the information in these articles tended to be accurate, the articles examined contained many errors of omission.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Brown\\|first1\\=Adam R.\\|title\\=Wikipedia as a Data Source for Political Scientists: Accuracy and Completeness of Coverage\\|journal\\=PS: Political Science \\& Politics\\|date\\=April 8, 2011\\|volume\\=44\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=339–343\\|doi\\=10\\.1017/S1049096511000199\\|s2cid\\=154963796}}",
"A 2012 study co\\-authored by [Shane Greenstein](/wiki/Shane_Greenstein \"Shane Greenstein\") examined a decade of Wikipedia articles on United States politics and found that the more contributors there were to a given article, the more neutral it tended to be, in line with a narrow interpretation of [Linus's law](/wiki/Linus%27s_law \"Linus's law\").{{cite journal \\| doi\\=10\\.3386/w18167 \\| title\\=Collective Intelligence and Neutral Point of View: The Case of Wikipedia \\| journal\\=NBER Working Paper No. 18167 \\| date\\=June 2012 \\| last1\\=Greenstein \\| first1\\=Shane \\| last2\\=Zhu \\| first2\\=Feng \\| doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"Reavley et al. (2012\\) compared the quality of articles on select [mental health](/wiki/Mental_disorder \"Mental disorder\") topics on Wikipedia with corresponding articles in *Encyclopædia Britannica* and a psychiatry textbook. They asked experts to rate article content with regard to accuracy, up\\-to\\-dateness, breadth of coverage, referencing and readability. Wikipedia scored highest on all criteria except readability, and the authors concluded that Wikipedia is as good as or better than *Britannica* and a standard textbook.",
"A 2014 perspective piece in the *[New England Journal of Medicine](/wiki/New_England_Journal_of_Medicine \"New England Journal of Medicine\")* examined Wikipedia pages about 22 prescription drugs to determine if they had been updated to include the most recent FDA safety warnings. It found that 41% of these pages were updated within two weeks after the warning, 23% were updated more than two weeks later, and the remaining 36% had not been updated to include the warning as of more than 1 year later as of January 2014\\.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Hwang\\|first1\\=Thomas J.\\|last2\\=Bourgeois\\|first2\\=Florence T.\\|last3\\=Seeger\\|first3\\=John D.\\|title\\=Drug Safety in the Digital Age\\|journal\\=New England Journal of Medicine\\|date\\=June 26, 2014\\|volume\\=370\\|issue\\=26\\|pages\\=2460–2462\\|doi\\=10\\.1056/NEJMp1401767\\|pmid\\=24963564\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"A 2014 study in the *[Journal of the American Pharmacists Association](/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Pharmacists_Association \"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association\")* examined 19 Wikipedia articles about [herbal supplements](/wiki/Herbal_supplement \"Herbal supplement\"), and concluded that all of these articles contained information about their \"therapeutic uses and adverse effects\", but also concluded that \"several lacked information on drug interactions, pregnancy, and contraindications\". The study's authors therefore recommended that patients not rely solely on Wikipedia as a source for information about the herbal supplements in question.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Phillips\\|first1\\=Jennifer\\|last2\\=Lam\\|first2\\=Connie\\|last3\\=Palmisano\\|first3\\=Lisa\\|title\\=Analysis of the accuracy and readability of herbal supplement information on Wikipedia\\|journal\\=Journal of the American Pharmacists Association\\|date\\=July 1, 2014\\|volume\\=54\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=406–14\\|doi\\=10\\.1331/JAPhA.2014\\.13181\\|pmid\\=25063262}}",
"Another study published in 2014 in *[PLOS ONE](/wiki/PLOS_ONE \"PLOS ONE\")* found that Wikipedia's information about [pharmacology](/wiki/Pharmacology \"Pharmacology\") was 99\\.7% accurate when compared to a pharmacology textbook, and that the completeness of such information on Wikipedia was 83\\.8%. The study also determined that completeness of these Wikipedia articles was lowest (68%) in the category \"pharmacokinetics\" and highest (91\\.3%) in the category \"indication\". The authors concluded that \"Wikipedia is an accurate and comprehensive source of drug\\-related information for undergraduate medical education\".{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Kräenbring\\|first1\\=Jona\\|last2\\=Monzon Penza\\|first2\\=Tika\\|last3\\=Gutmann\\|first3\\=Joanna\\|last4\\=Muehlich\\|first4\\=Susanne\\|last5\\=Zolk\\|first5\\=Oliver\\|last6\\=Wojnowski\\|first6\\=Leszek\\|last7\\=Maas\\|first7\\=Renke\\|last8\\=Engelhardt\\|first8\\=Stefan\\|last9\\=Sarikas\\|first9\\=Antonio\\|last10\\=Lovis\\|first10\\=Christian\\|title\\=Accuracy and Completeness of Drug Information in Wikipedia: A Comparison with Standard Textbooks of Pharmacology\\|journal\\=PLOS ONE\\|date\\=September 24, 2014\\|volume\\=9\\|issue\\=9\\|pages\\=e106930\\|doi\\=10\\.1371/journal.pone.0106930\\|pmid\\=25250889\\|pmc\\=4174509\\|bibcode\\=2014PLoSO...9j6930K\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"### Expert opinion",
"{{update section\\|The views presented here are obsolete, attitude in academia, and related studies, have shifted in the last decade, but most sources cited here are over 10 years old\\|date\\=May 2021}}",
"#### Librarians' views",
"In a 2004 interview with *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*, self\\-described information specialist and Internet consultantSelf description taken from [blog](/wiki/Blog \"Blog\") biography, {{cite web\\| title\\=Phil Bradley – biography\\| publisher\\=Phil Bradley\\| year\\=2007\\| url\\=http://www.philb.com/philbiog.htm\\| access\\-date\\=October 31, 2007\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103141032/http://www.philb.com/philbiog.htm\\| archive\\-date\\=November 3, 2007\\| url\\-status\\=dead}} Philip Bradley said that he would not use Wikipedia and was \"not aware of a single librarian who would\". He then explained that \"the main problem is the lack of authority. With printed publications, the publishers have to ensure that their data are reliable, as their livelihood depends on it. But with something like this, all that goes out the window.\"{{cite news\\| title\\=Who knows?\\| first\\=Simon\\| last\\=Waldman\\| work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\| date\\=October 26, 2004\\| access\\-date\\=February 3, 2011\\| url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2004/oct/26/g2\\.onlinesupplement\\| location\\=London\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825234204/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2004/oct/26/g2\\.onlinesupplement\\| archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2014\\| url\\-status\\=live\\| df\\=mdy\\-all}}",
"In 2005, the library at [Trent University](/wiki/Trent_University \"Trent University\") in [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\") stated Wikipedia had many articles that are \"long and comprehensive\", but that there is \"a lot of room for misinformation and bias \\[and] a lot of variability in both the quality and depth of articles\". It adds that Wikipedia has advantages and limitations, that it has \"excellent coverage of technical topics\" and articles are \"often added quickly and, as a result, coverage of current events is quite good\", comparing this to traditional sources which are unable to achieve this task. It concludes that, depending upon the need, one should think critically and assess the appropriateness of one's sources, \"whether you are looking for fact or opinion, how in\\-depth you want to be as you explore a topic, the importance of reliability and accuracy, and the importance of timely or recent information\", and adds that Wikipedia can be used in any event as a \"starting point\".{{cite web\\|date\\=April 30, 2007\\|title\\=About Wikipedia\\|url\\=http://www.trentu.ca/library/help/wikipedia.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051204085922/http://www.trentu.ca/library/help/wikipedia.html\\|archive\\-date\\=December 4, 2005\\|access\\-date\\=April 13, 2010\\|website\\=Trent University Library\\|publisher\\=Trent University}}",
"A 2006 review of Wikipedia by *[Library Journal](/wiki/Library_Journal \"Library Journal\")*, using a panel of librarians, \"the toughest critics of reference materials, whatever their format\", asked \"long standing reviewers\" to evaluate three areas of Wikipedia (popular culture, current affairs, and science), and concluded: \"While there are still reasons to proceed with caution when using a resource that takes pride in limited professional management, many encouraging signs suggest that (at least for now) Wikipedia may be granted the librarian's seal of approval\". A reviewer who \"decided to explore controversial historical and current events, hoping to find glaring abuses\" said, \"I was pleased by Wikipedia's objective presentation of controversial subjects\" but that \"as with much information floating around in cyberspace, a healthy degree of skepticism and skill at winnowing fact from opinion are required\". Other reviewers noted that there is \"much variation\" but \"good content abounds\".{{cite magazine\\| title\\=I want my Wikipedia!\\| magazine\\=Library Journal\\| date\\=April 2006\\| url\\=http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2006/04/technology/i\\-want\\-my\\-wikipedia/\\| access\\-date\\=October 23, 2015\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204024637/http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2006/04/technology/i\\-want\\-my\\-wikipedia\\| archive\\-date\\=December 4, 2015\\| url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In 2007, [Michael Gorman](/wiki/Michael_Gorman_%28librarian%29 \"Michael Gorman (librarian)\"), former president of the [American Library Association (ALA)](/wiki/American_Library_Association_%28ALA%29 \"American Library Association (ALA)\") stated in an *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica \"Encyclopædia Britannica\")* blog that \"A professor who encourages the use of Wikipedia is the intellectual equivalent of a dietician who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything\".{{cite encyclopedia\\|last\\=Gorman\\|first\\=Michael\\|title\\=Jabberwiki: The Educational Response, Part II\\|url\\=http://blogs.britannica.com/2007/06/jabberwiki\\-the\\-educational\\-response\\-part\\-ii/\\|encyclopedia\\=Encyclopædia Britannica Blog\\|publisher\\=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.\\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424015841/http://blogs.britannica.com/2007/06/jabberwiki\\-the\\-educational\\-response\\-part\\-ii/\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"*[Information Today](/wiki/Information_Today \"Information Today\")* (March 2006\\) cites librarian Nancy O'Neill (principal librarian for Reference Services at the Santa Monica Public Library System) as saying that \"there is a good deal of skepticism about Wikipedia in the library community\" but that \"she also admits cheerfully that Wikipedia makes a good starting place for a search. You get terminology, names, and a feel for the subject.\"{{cite web\\|date\\=March 2006\\|title\\=Wikipedia and Britannica: The kid's all right\\|url\\=http://www.infotoday.com/searcher/mar06/berinstein.shtml\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104031002/http://www.infotoday.com/Searcher/mar06/berinstein.shtml\\|archive\\-date\\=November 4, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=October 31, 2007\\|website\\=Searcher\\|publisher\\=Information Today, Inc.}}",
"*PC Pro* (August 2007\\) cites the head of the European and American Collection at the [British Library](/wiki/British_Library \"British Library\"), Stephen Bury, as stating \"Wikipedia is potentially a good thing—it provides a speedier response to new events, and to new evidence on old items\". The article concludes: \"For \\[Bury], the problem isn't so much the reliability of Wikipedia's content so much as the way in which it's used.\" \"It's already become the first port of call for the researcher\", Bury says, before noting that this is \"not necessarily problematic except when they go no further\". According to Bury, the trick to using Wikipedia is to understand that \"just because it's in an encyclopedia (free, web or printed) doesn't mean it's true. Ask for evidence ... and contribute.\"",
"#### Articles on contentious issues",
"A 2006 article for the [Canadian Library Association](/wiki/Canadian_Library_Association \"Canadian Library Association\") (CLA){{cite Q\\|Q66411582}}. discussed the Wikipedia approach, process and outcome in depth, commenting for example that in controversial topics, \"what is most remarkable is that the two sides actually engaged each other and negotiated a version of the article that both can more or less live with\". The author comments that:\n{{blockquote\\|In fact Wikipedia has more institutional structure than at first appears. Some 800 experienced users are designated as administrators, with special powers of binding and loosing: they can protect and unprotect, \\[\\[Deletion of articles on Wikipedia\\|delete and undelete]] and revert articles, and block and unblock users. They are expected to use their powers in a neutral way, forming and implementing the consensus of the community. The effect of their intervention shows in the discussion pages of most contentious articles. Wikipedia has survived this long because it is easier to reverse vandalism than it is to commit it...}}",
"Shi *et al.* extended this analysis in discussing \"The wisdom of polarized crowds\" in 2017 based on [content analysis](/wiki/Content_analysis \"Content analysis\") of all edits to English Wikipedia articles relating to politics, social issues and science from its start to December 1, 2016\\. This included almost 233,000 articles representing approximately 5 percent of the English Wikipedia. They wrote: \"Political speech \\[at least in the United States] has become markedly more polarized in recent years ... . \\[D]espite early promise of the world\\-wide\\-web to democratize access to diverse information, increased media choice and social networking platforms ... \\[create] echo chambers that ... degrade the quality of individual decisions, ... discount identity\\-incongruent opinions, stimulate and reinforce polarizing information ... foment conflict and even make communication counter\\-productive. Nevertheless, a large literature documents the largely positive effect that social differences can exert on the collaborative production of information, goods and services. Research demonstrates that individuals from socially distinct groups embody diverse cognitive resources and perspectives that, when cooperatively combined ... outperform those from homogeneous groups.\" They translated edit histories of millions of Wikipedia editors into a 7\\-point political identification scale and compared that with Wikipedia's [six\\-level article quality score (stub, start, C, B, good, featured)](/wiki/Template:Grading_scheme \"Grading scheme\") assigned via a machine learning algorithm. They found that \"articles attracting more attention tend to have more balanced engagement ... \\[and] higher polarization is associated with higher quality.\"{{cite Q\\|Q47248083}}. They continued, \"To explore whether political diversity has an upper bound beyond which polarization hampers performance, we re\\-estimated the regression models of quality with a quadratic polarization term. Estimates suggest that quality may eventually decline with increasing polarization, but the optimal level of polarization is above that realized by 95% of the teams in this study. For the 5% most polarized teams, there is no statistically significant pattern between polarization and quality. In other words, we do not find evidence that very high levels of political polarization hampers Wikipedia performance.\" (p. 11\\)",
"#### Academia",
"Academics have also criticized Wikipedia for its perceived failure as a reliable source and because Wikipedia editors may have no expertise, competence, or credentials in the topics on which they contribute.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://media.www.dukechronicle.com/media/storage/paper884/news/2007/03/28/News/Several.Colleges.Push.To.Ban.Wikipedia.As.Resource\\-2809247\\.shtml\\|title\\=Several colleges push to ban Wikipedia as resource\\|work\\=Duke Chronicle\\|date\\=March 28, 2007\\|first\\=Lysa\\|last\\=Chen\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413092513/http://media.www.dukechronicle.com/media/storage/paper884/news/2007/03/28/News/Several.Colleges.Push.To.Ban.Wikipedia.As.Resource\\-2809247\\.shtml\\|archive\\-date\\=April 13, 2009}}{{Cite news\\|first \\= Susan\\|last \\= Youngwood\\|title \\= Wikipedia: What do they know; when do they know it, and when can we trust it?\\|url \\= http://www.vermonttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\\=/20070401/FEATURES/70330002\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20161108094637/http://www.vermonttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\\=%2F20070401%2FFEATURES%2F70330002\\|archive\\-date \\= November 8, 2016\\|work \\= \\[\\[Rutland Herald]]\\|date \\= April 1, 2007\\|quote \\= Perhaps the most important thing to understand about Wikipedia—both its genius and its Achilles heel—is that anyone can create or modify an entry. Anyone means your 10\\-year\\-old neighbor or a Nobel Prize winner—or an editor like me, who is itching to correct a grammar error in that Wikipedia entry that I just quoted. Entries can be edited by numerous people and be in constant flux. What you read now might change in five minutes. Five seconds, even.\\|access\\-date \\= May 16, 2019\\|url\\-status \\= live}} Adrian Riskin, a mathematician in [Whittier College](/wiki/Whittier_College \"Whittier College\") commented that while highly technical articles may be written by mathematicians for mathematicians, the more general maths topics, such as the article on [polynomials](/wiki/Polynomial \"Polynomial\"), are written in a very amateurish fashion with a number of obvious mistakes.{{cite web\\|last\\=Riskin\\|first\\=Adrian\\|title\\=Elementary Mathematics on Wikipedia\\|url\\=http://wikipediocracy.com/2013/10/20/elementary\\-mathematics\\-on\\-wikipedia\\-2/\\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2013\\|date\\=October 21, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021055906/http://wikipediocracy.com/2013/10/20/elementary\\-mathematics\\-on\\-wikipedia\\-2/\\|archive\\-date\\=October 21, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Because Wikipedia cannot be considered a reliable source, the use of Wikipedia is not accepted in many schools and universities in writing a formal paper, and some educational institutions have banned it as a primary source while others have limited its use to only a pointer to external sources.\"[A Stand Against Wikipedia](http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/26/wiki) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810033318/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/26/wiki \\|date\\=2012\\-08\\-10 }}\", *Inside Higher Ed* (January 26, 2007\\). Retrieved January 27, 2007\\.{{Cite news\\|author\\=McHenry, Robert \\|date\\=November 15, 2004 \\|url\\=http://www.tcsdaily.com/article.aspx?id\\=111504A \\|title\\=The Faith\\-Based Encyclopedia \\|publisher\\=Tech Central Station \\|access\\-date\\=October 12, 2008 \\|author\\-link\\=Robert McHenry \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613214340/http://www.tcsdaily.com/article.aspx?id\\=111504A \\|archive\\-date\\=June 13, 2006 }} The criticism of not being a reliable source, however, may not only apply to Wikipedia but to encyclopedias in general—some university [lecturers](/wiki/Lecturer \"Lecturer\") are not impressed when students cite print\\-based encyclopedias in assigned work.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2007/02/27/2003350261\\|title\\=Wikipedia on an academic hit list\\|first\\=Noam\\|last\\=Cohen\\|author\\-link \\= Noam Cohen\\|publisher\\=NY Times News Service\\|date\\=February 27, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=April 16, 2007\\|quote\\=Middlebury professor Thomas Beyer, of the Russian department, said: 'I guess I am not terribly impressed by anyone citing an encyclopedia as a reference point, but I am not against using it as a starting point.'\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305114213/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2007/02/27/2003350261\\|archive\\-date\\=March 5, 2007\\|url\\-status\\=live}} However, it seems that instructors have underestimated the use of Wikipedia in academia because of these concerns. Researchers and academics contend that while Wikipedia may not be used as a 100 percent accurate source for final papers, it is a valuable jumping off point for research that can lead to many possibilities if approached critically. What may be missing in academia is the emphasis on [critical analysis](/wiki/Critical_thinking \"Critical thinking\") in regards to the use of Wikipedia in secondary and higher education. We should not dismiss Wikipedia entirely (there are less inaccuracies than there are errors of omission) but rather begin to support it, and teach the use of Wikipedia as an education tool in tandem with critical thinking skills that will allow students to filter the information found on the online encyclopedia and help them critically analyze their findings.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Polk \\| first1 \\= Tracy \\|last2 \\= Johnston \\| first2 \\= Melissa P. \\| last3 \\= Evers \\| first3 \\= Stephanie \\| year \\= 2015 \\| title \\= Wikipedia Use in Research: Perceptions in Secondary Schools \\| journal \\= TechTrends: Linking Research \\& Practice to Improve Learning \\| volume \\= 59 \\| issue \\= 3\\| pages \\= 92–102 \\| doi\\=10\\.1007/s11528\\-015\\-0858\\-6\\| s2cid \\= 62595811 }}{{Attribution needed\\|date\\=October 2024}}",
"An empirical study conducted in 2006 by a Business School lecturer in Information Systems at the [University of Nottingham](/wiki/University_of_Nottingham \"University of Nottingham\"),{{cite journal\\|url\\=http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1413/1331\\|last\\=Chesney\\|first\\=Thomas\\|title\\=An empirical examination of Wikipedia's credibility\\|journal\\=First Monday\\|date\\=May 16, 2006\\|doi\\=10\\.5210/fm.v11i11\\.1413\\|access\\-date\\=January 20, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411055809/http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1413/1331\\|archive\\-date\\=April 11, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|doi\\-access\\= free\\|url\\-access\\=subscription}} the subject of a review on the technical website *[Ars Technica](/wiki/Ars_Technica \"Ars Technica\")*,Study cited in {{cite web\\| title\\=Experts rate Wikipedia's accuracy higher than non\\-experts\\| publisher\\='Ars Technica\\| date\\=November 27, 2006\\| url\\=https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20061127\\-8296\\.html\\| access\\-date\\=October 31, 2007\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105210223/http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20061127\\-8296\\.html\\| archive\\-date\\=November 5, 2007\\| url\\-status\\=live\\| df\\=mdy\\-all}} involving 55 academics asked to review specific Wikipedia articles that either were in their expert field (group 1\\) or chosen at random (group 2\\), concluded that: \"The experts found Wikipedia's articles to be more credible than the non\\-experts. This suggests that the accuracy of Wikipedia is high. However, the results should not be seen as support for Wikipedia as a totally reliable resource as, according to the experts, 13 percent of the articles contain mistakes (10% of the experts reported factual errors of an unspecified degree, 3% of them reported spelling errors).\"The study explains that \"In the survey, all respondents under Condition 1 were asked if there were any mistakes in the article they had been asked to read. Only five reported seeing mistakes and one of those five reported spelling mistakes rather than factual errors. This suggests that 13 percent of Wikipedia's articles have errors.\" Thus 80% of the 13% related to factual errors and 20% of the 13% related to spelling errors. {{cite journal\\|url\\=http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1413/1331\\|title\\=An empirical examination of Wikipedia's credibility\\|author\\=Chesney, Thomas\\|journal\\=First Monday\\|date\\=May 16, 2006\\|doi\\=10\\.5210/fm.v11i11\\.1413\\|access\\-date\\=January 20, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411055809/http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1413/1331\\|archive\\-date\\=April 11, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|doi\\-access\\= free\\|url\\-access\\=subscription}}",
"The Gould Library at [Carleton College](/wiki/Carleton_College \"Carleton College\") in [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota \"Minnesota\") has a web page describing the use of Wikipedia in academia. It asserts that \"Wikipedia is without question a valuable and informative resource\", but that \"there is an inherent lack of reliability and stability\" to its articles, again drawing attention to similar advantages and limitations as other sources. As with other reviews, it comments that one should assess one's sources and what is desired from them, and that \"Wikipedia may be an appropriate resource for some assignments, but not for others.\" It cited Wikipedia co\\-founder [Jimmy Wales](/wiki/Jimmy_Wales \"Jimmy Wales\")' view that Wikipedia may not be ideal as a source for all academic uses, and (as with other sources) suggests that at the least, one strength of Wikipedia is that it provides a good starting point for current information on a very wide range of topics.{{cite web\\| title\\=Using Wikipedia\\| first\\=Matt\\| last\\=Bailey\\| publisher\\=Lawrence McKinley Gould Library, Carleton College\\| date\\=October 2, 2007\\| url\\=http://apps.carleton.edu/campus/library/for\\_faculty/faculty\\_find/wikipedia/\\| access\\-date\\=October 31, 2007\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103095446/http://apps.carleton.edu/campus/library/for\\_faculty/faculty\\_find/wikipedia/\\| archive\\-date\\=November 3, 2007\\| url\\-status\\=dead\\| df\\=mdy\\-all}}",
"In 2007, the *[Chronicle of Higher Education](/wiki/Chronicle_of_Higher_Education \"Chronicle of Higher Education\")* published an article written by [Cathy Davidson](/wiki/Cathy_Davidson \"Cathy Davidson\"), Professor of Interdisciplinary Studies and English at [Duke University](/wiki/Duke_University \"Duke University\"), in which she asserts that Wikipedia should be used to teach students about the concepts of reliability and credibility.{{cite journal \\|title\\= We Can't Ignore the Influence of Digital Technologies \\|journal\\= The Chronicle of Higher Education \\|publisher\\= Chronicle of Higher Education \\|date\\= March 23, 2007 \\|url\\= http://chronicle.com/article/We\\-Can\\-t\\-Ignore\\-the\\-Influence/1762 \\|access\\-date\\= December 15, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160116210930/http://chronicle.com/article/We\\-Can\\-t\\-Ignore\\-the\\-Influence/1762 \\|archive\\-date\\= January 16, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\= live \\|df\\= mdy\\-all }}",
"In 2008, [Hamlet Isakhanli](/wiki/Hamlet_Isakhanli \"Hamlet Isakhanli\"), founder and president of [Khazar University](/wiki/Khazar_University \"Khazar University\"), compared the *Encyclopædia Britannica* and English Wikipedia articles on [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan \"Azerbaijan\") and related subjects. His study found that Wikipedia covered the subject much more widely, more accurately and in more detail, though with some lack of balance, and that Wikipedia was the best source for the first approximation.What is Happening in the Educational System of the Contemporary World and How \"The State Program on Reforms of the Higher Education System in the Republic of Azerbaijan for the Period of 2008–2012\" May Best be Carried Out (in Azeri). Khazar University Press, 2008",
"In 2011, Karl Kehm, associate professor of physics at [Washington College](/wiki/Washington_College \"Washington College\"), said: \"I do encourage \\[my students] to use \\[Wikipedia] as one of many launch points for pursuing original source material. The best Wikipedia entries are well researched with extensive citations\".{{cite news \\|last1\\=Burnsed \\|first1\\=Brian \\|title\\=Wikipedia Gradually Accepted in College Classrooms \\|url\\=https://www.usnews.com/education/best\\-colleges/articles/2011/06/20/wikipedia\\-gradually\\-accepted\\-in\\-college\\-classrooms \\|access\\-date\\=June 2, 2018 \\|work\\=\\[\\[U.S. News \\& World Report]] \\|date\\=June 20, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612212951/https://www.usnews.com/education/best\\-colleges/articles/2011/06/20/wikipedia\\-gradually\\-accepted\\-in\\-college\\-classrooms \\|archive\\-date\\=June 12, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Some academic journals do refer to Wikipedia articles, but are not elevating it to the same level as traditional references. For instance, Wikipedia articles have been referenced in \"enhanced perspectives\" provided on\\-line in the journal *[Science](/wiki/Science_%28journal%29 \"Science (journal)\")*. The first of these perspectives to provide a hyperlink to Wikipedia was \"A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light\" in 2002,{{cite journal\\|author\\=Linden, Hartmut\\|date\\=August 2, 2002\\|title\\=A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Science (journal)\\|Science]]\\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.1075485\\|volume\\=297\\|issue\\=5582\\|pages\\=777–778\\|pmid\\=12161636\\|s2cid\\=41282143}} (subscription access only) and dozens of enhanced perspectives have provided such links since then. The publisher of *Science* states that these enhanced perspectives \"include hypernotes—which link directly to websites of other relevant information available online—beyond the standard bibliographic references\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aaas.org/publications/books\\_reports/CCLI/PDFs/01\\_D\\_Perspectives.pdf\\|title\\=Perspectives from AAAS\\|publisher\\=American Association for the Advancement of Science\\|first1\\=Yolanda S.\\|last1\\=George\\|first2\\=Shirley S.\\|last2\\=Malcolm\\|name\\-list\\-style\\=amp\\|access\\-date\\=October 27, 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029115643/http://www.aaas.org/publications/books\\_reports/CCLI/PDFs/01\\_D\\_Perspectives.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=October 29, 2007\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Sverrir Steinsson{{who\\|date\\=November 2023}} investigated factors that influenced the credibility of English Wikipedia in 2023, and found that \"Wikipedia transformed from a dubious source of information in its early years to an increasingly reliable one over time.\"{{cite journal \\| last\\=Steinsson \\| first\\=Sverrir \\| title\\=Rule Ambiguity, Institutional Clashes, and Population Loss: How Wikipedia Became the Last Good Place on the Internet \\| journal\\=\\[\\[American Political Science Review]] \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Cambridge University Press]] \\| date\\=March 9, 2023 \\| volume\\=118 \\| issn\\=0003\\-0554 \\| doi\\=10\\.1017/s0003055423000138 \\| pages\\=235–251\\| s2cid\\=257434844 \\| doi\\-access\\=free }} This was due to it becoming \"an active fact\\-checker and anti\\-fringe\", with \"pro\\-fringe editors\" leaving the site as the Wikipedia community changed its interpretation of the NPOV policy and began to more accurately label misleading content as pseudoscience, conspiracy theory, etc., in harmony with the citations used to source that content.{{cite web \\| last\\=ShahBano Ijaz \\| first\\=Syeda \\| title\\=How Conflicts and Population Loss Led to the Rise of English Wikipedia's Credibility \\| website\\=Political Science Now \\| date\\=May 29, 2023 \\| url\\=https://politicalsciencenow.com/how\\-conflicts\\-and\\-population\\-loss\\-led\\-to\\-the\\-rise\\-of\\-english\\-wikipedias\\-credibility/ \\| access\\-date\\=June 20, 2023}} This reinterpretation of NPOV \"had meaningful consequences, turning an organization that used to lend credence and false balance to pseudoscience, conspiracy theories, and extremism into a proactive debunker, fact\\-checker and identifier of fringe discourse.\"",
"Educational and cognitive psychologist [Sam Wineburg](/wiki/Sam_Wineburg \"Sam Wineburg\") said in 2024 that \"No, Wikipedia isn’t an unreliable source that anyone can edit and that should be avoided. In 2024, it has become a remarkably rigorous self\\-correcting resource that all of us should be using more often.\"{{cite news \\|last1\\=Wineburg \\|first1\\=Sam \\|last2\\=Ziv \\|first2\\=Nadav \\|title\\=Go ahead and use Wikipedia for research \\- The Boston Globe \\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/10/17/opinion/use\\-wikipedia\\-reliable\\-source/ \\|access\\-date\\=18 October 2024 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Boston Globe]] \\|date\\=17 October 2024}}",
"",
"#### Journalism and use of Wikipedia in the newsroom",
"In his 2014 book *Virtual Unreality*, [Charles Seife](/wiki/Charles_Seife \"Charles Seife\"), a professor of journalism at [New York University](/wiki/New_York_University \"New York University\"), noted Wikipedia's susceptibility to hoaxes and misinformation, including manipulation by commercial and political organizations \"masquerading as common people\" making edits to Wikipedia. In conclusion, Seife presented the following advice:",
"{{blockquote\\|Wikipedia is like an old and eccentric uncle.",
"He can be a lot of fun—over the years he's seen a lot, and he can tell a great story. He's also no dummy; he's accumulated a lot of information and has some strong opinions about what he's gathered. You can learn quite a bit from him. But take everything he says with a grain of salt. A lot of the things he thinks he knows for sure aren't quite right or are taken out of context. And when it comes down to it, sometimes he believes things that are a little bit, well, nuts.",
"If it ever matters to you whether something he said is real or fictional, it's crucial to check it out with a more reliable source.{{cite book\\|first\\=Charles\\|last\\=Seife\\|title\\=Virtual Unreality: Just Because the Internet Told You, how Do You Know It's True?\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=cePyngEACAAJ\\|year\\=2014\\|publisher\\=Penguin Publishing Group\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-670\\-02608\\-1\\|pages\\=26–29, 32–34, 201\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-04\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331231601/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=cePyngEACAAJ\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-31\\|url\\-status\\=live}}}}",
"Seife observed that when false information from Wikipedia spreads to other publications, it sometimes alters truth itself. On June 28, 2012, for example, an anonymous Wikipedia contributor added the invented nickname \"Millville Meteor\" to the Wikipedia biography of baseball player [Mike Trout](/wiki/Mike_Trout \"Mike Trout\"). A couple of weeks later, a *[Newsday](/wiki/Newsday \"Newsday\")* sports writer reproduced the nickname in an article, and \"with that act, the fake nickname became real\". Seife pointed out that while Wikipedia, by some standards, could be described as \"roughly as accurate\" as traditional publications, and is more up to date, \"there's a difference between the kind of error one would find in Wikipedia and what one would in *Britannica* or *Collier's* or even in the now\\-defunct Microsoft Encarta encyclopedia ... the majority of hoaxes on Wikipedia could never have appeared in the old\\-fashioned encyclopedias.\" [Dwight Garner](/wiki/Dwight_Garner_%28critic%29 \"Dwight Garner (critic)\"), reviewing Seife's book in *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, said that he himself had \"been burned enough times by bad online information\", including \"Wikipedia howlers\", to have adopted a very sceptical mindset.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/02/books/in\\-virtual\\-unreality\\-charles\\-seife\\-unfriends\\-gullibility.html\\|title\\=Online, the Lying Is Easy. In 'Virtual Unreality,' Charles Seife Unfriends Gullibility\\|last\\=Garner\\|first\\=Dwight\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=July 1, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901155326/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/02/books/in\\-virtual\\-unreality\\-charles\\-seife\\-unfriends\\-gullibility.html\\|archive\\-date\\=September 1, 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In November 2012, judge [Brian Leveson](/wiki/Brian_Leveson \"Brian Leveson\") was accused of having forgotten \"one of the elementary rules of journalism\" when he named a \"Brett Straub\" as one of the founders of *[The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent \"The Independent\")* newspaper in [his report on the culture, practices and ethics of the British press](/wiki/Leveson_report \"Leveson report\"). The name had been added to the Wikipedia article on *The Independent* over a year prior, and turned out to be that of a 25\\-year\\-old Californian, whose friend had added his name to a string of Wikipedia pages as a prank.{{cite news \\| url \\= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/press/levesons\\-wikipedia\\-moment\\-how\\-internet\\-research\\-on\\-the\\-independents\\-history\\-left\\-him\\-redfaced\\-8372446\\.html \\| last \\= McSmith \\| first \\= Andy \\| title \\= Leveson's Wikipedia moment: how internet 'research' on The Independent's history left him red\\-faced \\| work \\= The Independent \\| date \\= November 30, 2012 \\| access\\-date \\= March 25, 2014 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121204151536/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/press/levesons\\-wikipedia\\-moment\\-how\\-internet\\-research\\-on\\-the\\-independents\\-history\\-left\\-him\\-redfaced\\-8372446\\.html \\| archive\\-date \\= December 4, 2012 \\| url\\-status \\= live }} Straub was tracked down by *The Telegraph* and commented, \"The fact someone, especially a judge, has believed something on Wikipedia is kind of shocking. My friend went on and edited a bunch of Wikipedia pages and put my name there. \\[...] I knew my friend had done it but I didn't know how to change them back and I thought someone would. At one point I was the creator of Coca\\-Cola or something. You know how easy it is to change Wikipedia. Every time he came across a red linked name he put my name in its place.\"{{cite news \\| url \\= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/leveson\\-inquiry/9723296/Wikipedia\\-the\\-25\\-year\\-old\\-student\\-and\\-the\\-prank\\-that\\-fooled\\-Leveson.html \\| last \\= Allen \\| first \\= Nick \\| title \\= Wikipedia, the 25\\-year–old student and the prank that fooled Leveson \\| work \\= The Telegraph \\| date \\= December 5, 2012 \\| access\\-date \\= March 25, 2014 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140131162315/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/leveson\\-inquiry/9723296/Wikipedia\\-the\\-25\\-year\\-old\\-student\\-and\\-the\\-prank\\-that\\-fooled\\-Leveson.html \\| archive\\-date \\= January 31, 2014 \\| url\\-status \\= live }}",
"A 2016 [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") article by Ciaran McCauley similarly noted that \"plenty of mischievous, made\\-up information has found its way\" on to Wikipedia and that \"many of these fake facts have fallen through the cracks and been taken as gospel by everyone from university academics to major newspapers and broadcasters.\" Listing examples of journalists being embarrassed by reproducing hoaxes and other falsifications from Wikipedia in their writing, including false information propagated by major news organizations in their obituaries of [Maurice Jarre](/wiki/Maurice_Jarre \"Maurice Jarre\") and [Ronnie Hazlehurst](/wiki/Ronnie_Hazlehurst \"Ronnie Hazlehurst\"), McCauley stated: \"Any journalist in any newsroom will likely get a sharp slap across the head from an editor for treating Wikipedia with anything but total skepticism (you can imagine the kicking I've taken over this article).\"{{cite news\\|last\\=McCauley\\|first\\=Ciaran\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-northern\\-ireland\\-37523772\\|title\\=Wikipedia hoaxes: From Breakdancing to Bilcholim\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=February 8, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520210800/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-northern\\-ireland\\-37523772\\|archive\\-date\\=May 20, 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The *[Daily Mail](/wiki/Daily_Mail \"Daily Mail\")*—itself banned as a source on Wikipedia in 2017 because of its perceived unreliability—has publicly stated that it \"banned all its journalists from using Wikipedia as a sole source in 2014 because of its unreliability\".{{cite news\\|last\\=Jackson\\|first\\=Jasper\\|title\\=Wikipedia bans Daily Mail as 'unreliable' source\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/feb/08/wikipedia\\-bans\\-daily\\-mail\\-as\\-unreliable\\-source\\-for\\-website\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=October 3, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118191343/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/feb/08/wikipedia\\-bans\\-daily\\-mail\\-as\\-unreliable\\-source\\-for\\-website\\|archive\\-date\\=January 18, 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"*[Slate](/wiki/Slate_%28magazine%29 \"Slate (magazine)\")* said in 2022 that \"Screenshots of vandalized Wikipedia articles, even when reverted within minutes, often have a much longer afterlife in news reports and on social media, creating the public impression that the platform is more vulnerable to abuse than it actually is.\"{{cite web \\|last1\\=Breslow \\|first1\\=Samuel \\|title\\=How a False Claim About Wikipedia Sparked a Right\\-Wing Media Frenzy \\|url\\=https://slate.com/technology/2022/08/wikipedia\\-recession\\-article.html \\|website\\=Slate Magazine \\|access\\-date\\=September 1, 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=August 11, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 22, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122103526/https://slate.com/technology/2022/08/wikipedia\\-recession\\-article.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### Science and medicine",
"{{main\\|Health information on Wikipedia\\|Science information on Wikipedia}}\nScience and medicine are areas where accuracy is of high importance and [peer review](/wiki/Peer_review \"Peer review\") is the norm. While some of Wikipedia's content has passed a form of peer review, most has not.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Heilman\\|first1\\=JM\\|last2\\=Kemmann\\|first2\\=E\\|last3\\=Bonert\\|first3\\=M\\|last4\\=Chatterjee\\|first4\\=A\\|last5\\=Ragar\\|first5\\=B\\|last6\\=Beards\\|first6\\=GM\\|last7\\=Iberri\\|first7\\=DJ\\|last8\\=Harvey\\|first8\\=M\\|last9\\=Thomas\\|first9\\=B\\|last10\\=Stomp\\|first10\\=W\\|last11\\=Martone\\|first11\\=MF\\|last12\\=Lodge\\|first12\\=DJ\\|last13\\=Vondracek\\|first13\\=A\\|last14\\=de Wolff\\|first14\\=JF\\|last15\\=Liber\\|first15\\=C\\|last16\\=Grover\\|first16\\=SC\\|last17\\=Vickers\\|first17\\=TJ\\|last18\\=Meskó\\|first18\\=B\\|last19\\=Laurent\\|first19\\=MR\\|title\\=Wikipedia: a key tool for global public health promotion\\|journal\\=Journal of Medical Internet Research\\|date\\=January 31, 2011\\|volume\\=13\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=e14\\|pmid\\=21282098\\|doi\\=10\\.2196/jmir.1589\\|pmc\\=3221335 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"A 2008 study examined 80 Wikipedia drug entries. The researchers found few factual errors in this set of articles, but determined that these articles were often missing important information, like [contraindications](/wiki/Contraindications \"Contraindications\") and [drug interactions](/wiki/Drug_interactions \"Drug interactions\"). One of the researchers noted that \"If people went and used this as a sole or authoritative source without contacting a health professional...those are the types of negative impacts that can occur.\" The researchers also compared Wikipedia to [Medscape Drug Reference](/wiki/Medscape_Drug_Reference \"Medscape Drug Reference\") (MDR), by looking for answers to 80 different questions covering eight categories of drug information, including adverse drug events, dosages, and mechanism of action. They have determined that MDR provided answers to 82\\.5 percent of the questions, while Wikipedia could only answer 40 percent, and that answers were less likely to be complete for Wikipedia as well. None of the answers from Wikipedia were determined factually inaccurate, while they found four inaccurate answers in MDR. But the researchers found 48 errors of omission in the Wikipedia entries, compared to 14 for MDR. The lead investigator concluded: \"I think that these errors of omission can be just as dangerous \\[as inaccuracies]\", and he pointed out that drug company representatives have been caught deleting information from Wikipedia entries that make their drugs look unsafe.{{cite journal \\|author1\\=Clauson KA \\|author2\\=Polen HH \\|author3\\=\\[\\[Maged N. Kamel Boulos\\|Kamel Boulos MN]] \\|author4\\=Dzenowagis JH \\|title\\=Scope, completeness, and accuracy of drug information in Wikipedia \\|journal\\=Annals of Pharmacotherapy \\|volume\\=42 \\|issue\\=12 \\|year\\=2008 \\|pmid\\=19017825 \\|doi\\=10\\.1345/aph.1L474 \\|url\\=http://www.theannals.com/cgi/reprint/aph.1L474v1\\.pdf \\|pages\\=1814–21 \\|s2cid\\=2072846 \\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325104236/http://www.theannals.com/cgi/reprint/aph.1L474v1\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=March 25, 2009 }}\n{{cite news \\|author\\=Anne Harding \\|date\\=November 25, 2008 \\|title\\=Wikipedia often omits important drug information: study \\|work\\=Reuters \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSTRE4AN7BO20081125 \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 5, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005123637/https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSTRE4AN7BO20081125 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"* A 2009 survey asked US toxicologists how accurately they rated the portrayal of health risks of chemicals in different media sources. It was based on the answers of 937 members of the [Society of Toxicology](/wiki/Society_of_Toxicology \"Society of Toxicology\") and found that these experts regarded Wikipedia's reliability in this area as far higher than that of all traditional news media:\n{{blockquote\\|In perhaps the most surprising finding in the entire study, all these national media outlets \\[U.S. newspapers, news magazines, health magazines, broadcast and cable television networks] are easily eclipsed by two representatives of \"new media\": \\[\\[WebMD]] and Wikipedia. WebMD is the only news source whose coverage of chemical risk is regarded as accurate by a majority (56 percent) of toxicologists, closely followed by Wikipedia's 45 percent accuracy rating. By contrast, only 15 percent describe as accurate the portrayals of chemical risk found in ''The New York Times'', Washington Post, and Wall Street Journal.S. Robert Lichter, Ph.D,,: \\[https://web.archive.org/web/20130824041907/http://stats.org/stories/2009/are\\_chemicals\\_killing\\_us.html Are chemicals killing us?] Statistical Assessment Service, May 21, 2009}}",
"In 2010 researchers compared information about 10 types of cancer on Wikipedia to similar data from the [National Cancer Institute](/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute \"National Cancer Institute\")'s Physician Data Query and concluded \"the Wiki resource had similar accuracy and depth to the professionally edited database\" and that \"sub\\-analysis comparing common to uncommon cancers demonstrated no difference between the two\", but that ease of readability was an issue.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Rajagopalan\\|title\\=Accuracy of cancer information on the Internet: A comparison of a Wiki with a professionally maintained database\\|journal\\=Journal of Clinical Oncology\\|volume\\=28\\|issue\\=15\\_suppl\\|page\\=6058\\|year\\=2010\\|url\\=http://meeting.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/15\\_suppl/6058\\|access\\-date\\=June 5, 2010\\|display\\-authors\\=etal\\|doi\\=10\\.1200/jco.2010\\.28\\.15\\_suppl.6058\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109220833/http://meeting.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/15\\_suppl/6058\\|archive\\-date\\=January 9, 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"A study in 2011 came to the result that categories most frequently absent in Wikipedia's drug articles are those of drug interactions and medication use in breastfeeding.{{Cite journal \\| last1 \\= Lavsa \\| first1 \\= S. M. \\| last2 \\= Corman \\| first2 \\= S. L. \\| last3 \\= Culley \\| first3 \\= C. M. \\| last4 \\= Pummer \\| first4 \\= T. L. \\| title \\= Reliability of Wikipedia as a medication information source for pharmacy students \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.cptl.2011\\.01\\.007 \\| journal \\= Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning \\| volume \\= 3 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 154–158 \\| year \\= 2011 }} Other categories with incomplete coverage were descriptions of off\\-label indications, contraindications and precautions, adverse drug events and dosing. Information most frequently deviating from other sources used in the study were that of contraindications and precautions, drug absorption and adverse drug events.",
"A 2012 study reported that Wikipedia articles about pediatric [otolaryngology](/wiki/Otolaryngology \"Otolaryngology\") contained twice as many errors and omissions as the medical database [eMedicine](/wiki/EMedicine \"EMedicine\").{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Volsky\\|first1\\=Peter G.\\|last2\\=Baldassari\\|first2\\=Cristina M.\\|last3\\=Mushti\\|first3\\=Sirisha\\|last4\\=Derkay\\|first4\\=Craig S.\\|title\\=Quality of Internet information in pediatric otolaryngology: A comparison of three most referenced websites\\|journal\\=International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology\\|date\\=September 2012\\|volume\\=76\\|issue\\=9\\|pages\\=1312–1316\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.ijporl.2012\\.05\\.026\\|pmid\\=22770592}}",
"In a U.S. study in 2014, 10 researchers examined 10 Wikipedia health articles of the most costly medical conditions in the United States and found that 90% of the entries contained errors and statements that contradicted latest medical research. However, according to Stevie Benton of Wikimedia UK the sample size used in the research may have been too small to be considered representative.{{cite news\\|title\\=Trust your doctor, not Wikipedia, say scientists\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/health\\-27586356\\|work\\=BBC News\\|access\\-date\\=May 27, 2014\\|date\\=May 27, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527152757/http://www.bbc.com/news/health\\-27586356\\|archive\\-date\\=May 27, 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite journal\\|title\\=Wikipedia vs Peer\\-Reviewed Medical Literature for Information About the 10 Most Costly Medical Conditions\\|journal\\=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association\\|date\\=May 1, 2014\\|volume\\=114\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=368–373\\|doi\\=10\\.7556/jaoa.2014\\.035\\|pmid\\=24778001 \\| last1 \\= Hasty \\| first1 \\= RT \\| last2 \\= Garbalosa \\| first2 \\= RC \\| last3 \\= Barbato \\| first3 \\= VA \\| last4 \\= Valdes \\| first4 \\= PJ Jr \\| last5 \\= Powers \\| first5 \\= DW \\| last6 \\= Hernandez \\| first6 \\= E \\| last7 \\= John \\| first7 \\= JS \\| last8 \\= Suciu \\| first8 \\= G \\| last9 \\= Qureshi \\| first9 \\= F \\| last10 \\= Popa\\-Radu \\| first10 \\= M \\| last11 \\= San Jose \\| first11 \\= S \\| last12 \\= Drexler \\| first12 \\= N \\| last13 \\= Patankar \\| first13 \\= R \\| last14 \\= Paz \\| first14 \\= JR \\| last15 \\= King \\| first15 \\= CW \\| last16 \\= Gerber \\| first16 \\= HN \\| last17 \\= Valladares \\| first17 \\= MG \\| last18 \\= Somji \\| first18 \\= AA\\| doi\\-access \\= free }}\nOnly part of the data was made public, and for two statements that were released for other researchers to examine, the claim that Wikipedia's statements were contradictory to the peer\\-reviewed literature was called into question.{{Cite Q \\| Q56888119 }}",
"A 2014 study published in *[PLOS One](/wiki/PLOS_One \"PLOS One\")* looked at the quality of Wikipedia articles on [pharmacology](/wiki/Pharmacology \"Pharmacology\"), comparing articles from English and German Wikipedia with academic textbooks. It found that \"the collaborative and [participatory design](/wiki/Participatory_design \"Participatory design\") of Wikipedia does generate high quality information on pharmacology that is suitable for undergraduate medical education\".{{Cite journal \\| doi \\= 10\\.1371/journal.pone.0106930\\| title \\= Accuracy and Completeness of Drug Information in Wikipedia: A Comparison with Standard Textbooks of Pharmacology\\| journal \\= PLOS ONE\\| volume \\= 9\\| issue \\= 9\\| pages \\= e106930\\| year \\= 2014\\| last1 \\= Kräenbring \\| first1 \\= J. \\| last2 \\= Monzon Penza \\| first2 \\= T. \\| last3 \\= Gutmann \\| first3 \\= J. \\| last4 \\= Muehlich \\| first4 \\= S. \\| last5 \\= Zolk \\| first5 \\= O. \\| last6 \\= Wojnowski \\| first6 \\= L. \\| last7 \\= Maas \\| first7 \\= R. \\| last8 \\= Engelhardt \\| first8 \\= S. \\| last9 \\= Sarikas \\| first9 \\= A. \\| pmid\\=25250889 \\| pmc\\=4174509\n\\| bibcode \\= 2014PLoSO...9j6930K\\| doi\\-access \\= free}}",
"A 2024 review of online information sources for healthcare\\-related research cautioned against using Wikipedia as a primary reference, and noted its value as a resource to identify sources of information.Banchik LH, Gray B. What happened to my Index Medicus? Nutr Clin Pract. 2024 Aug;39(4\\):743\\-750\\. doi: 10\\.1002/ncp.11173\\. Epub 2024 Jun 12\\. PMID: 38864650\\. Jarry said in 2024 that evaluating Wikipedia's reliability on medicine or any subject is challenging and that researchers \"have to pick a sample and hope it is representative.\", saying also that \"Wikipedia, overall, has no business being this good.\"",
"#### Judiciary",
"References to Wikipedia in United States judicial opinions have increased each year since 2004\\. In a 2017 ruling, the [Supreme Court of Texas](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Texas \"Supreme Court of Texas\") advised against reliance on the information in Wikipedia for judicial rulings, arguing that its lack of reliability prevents using it as a source of authority in legal opinions.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Volokh \\|first1\\=Eugene \\|author1\\-link\\=Eugene Volokh \\|title\\=When should courts rely on Wikipedia? \\|url\\=https://reason.com/volokh/2017/03/17/when\\-should\\-courts\\-rely\\-on\\-wik/ \\|publisher\\=Reason \\|date\\=March 17, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=August 21, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 21, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011846/https://reason.com/volokh/2017/03/17/when\\-should\\-courts\\-rely\\-on\\-wik/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web\\|author\\=Texas Supreme Court\\|title\\=D Magazine Partners v. Rosenthal\\|url\\=http://www.txcourts.gov/media/1437551/150790\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=August 21, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 29, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629172812/http://www.txcourts.gov/media/1437551/150790\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The Supreme Court of India in its judgment in *Commr. of Customs, Bangalore vs. ACER India Pvt.* (Citation 2007(12\\)SCALE581\\) held that \"We have referred to Wikipedia, as the learned Counsel for the parties relied thereupon. It is an online encyclopaedia and information can be entered therein by any person and as such it may not be authentic.\"Sinham, B. [Appeal (civil) 2321 of 2007](http://www.judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.aspx?filename=29717) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410103840/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.aspx?filename\\=29717 \\|date\\=April 10, 2009 }}. [Supreme Court of India](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India \"Supreme Court of India\").",
"#### Editors of *Encyclopædia Britannica*",
"In a 2004 piece called \"The Faith\\-Based Encyclopedia\", [Robert McHenry](/wiki/Robert_McHenry \"Robert McHenry\"), a former editor\\-in\\-chief of *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica \"Encyclopædia Britannica\")*, stated that Wikipedia errs in billing itself as an encyclopedia, because that word implies a level of authority and accountability that he believes cannot be possessed by an openly editable reference. McHenry argued that \"the typical user doesn't know how conventional encyclopedias achieve reliability, only that they do\". He added:\n{{blockquote\\|\\[H]owever closely a Wikipedia article may at some point in its life attain to reliability, it is forever open to the uninformed or semiliterate meddler... The user who visits Wikipedia to learn about some subject, to confirm some matter of fact, is rather in the position of a visitor to a public restroom. It may be obviously dirty, so that he knows to exercise great care, or it may seem fairly clean, so that he may be lulled into a false sense of security. What he certainly does not know is who has used the facilities before him.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=The Faith\\-Based Encyclopedia \\|first\\=Robert \\|last\\=McHenry \\|work\\=\\[\\[Tech Central Station]] \\|date\\=November 15, 2004 \\|url\\=http://www.tcsdaily.com/article.aspx?id\\=111504a \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-10\\-31 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613214340/http://www.tcsdaily.com/article.aspx?id\\=111504A \\|archive\\-date\\=June 13, 2006 \\|author\\-link\\=Robert McHenry }}}}\nSimilarly, *Britannica*{{'}}s executive editor, [Ted Pappas](/wiki/Ted_Pappas \"Ted Pappas\"), was quoted in *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")* as saying:\n{{blockquote\\|The premise of Wikipedia is that continuous improvement will lead to perfection. That premise is completely unproven.}}",
"In the September 12, 2006, edition of *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")*, Jimmy Wales debated with [Dale Hoiberg](/wiki/Dale_Hoiberg \"Dale Hoiberg\"), editor\\-in\\-chief of *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica \"Encyclopædia Britannica\")*. Hoiberg focused on a need for expertise and control in an encyclopedia and cited [Lewis Mumford](/wiki/Lewis_Mumford \"Lewis Mumford\") that overwhelming information could \"bring about a state of intellectual enervation and depletion hardly to be distinguished from massive ignorance\". Wales emphasized Wikipedia's differences, and asserted that openness and transparency lead to quality. Hoiberg replied that he \"had neither the time nor space to respond to \\[criticisms]\" and \"could corral any number of links to articles alleging errors in Wikipedia\", to which Wales responded: \"No problem! Wikipedia to the rescue with a fine article\", and included a link to the Wikipedia article *[Criticism of Wikipedia](/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia \"Criticism of Wikipedia\")*.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115756239753455284 \\|title\\=The Wall Street Journal Online \\|access\\-date\\=September 13, 2006 \\|date\\=September 12, 2006 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809170821/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115756239753455284 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 9, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### Tools for testing the reliability of articles",
"[thumb\\|Screenshot of Wiki\\-Watch rating of the article *Reliability of Wikipedia* rated as *reliable source* and additional orange WikiTrust marks for questionable edits](/wiki/File:014-WW-Screenshot-Reliability_of_Wikipedia.png \"014-WW-Screenshot-Reliability of Wikipedia.png\")\nWhile experienced editors can view the article history and discussion page, for normal users it is not so easy to check whether information from Wikipedia is reliable. University projects from California, Switzerland and Germany try to improve that by methods of formal analysis and data mining. [Wiki\\-Watch](/wiki/Wiki-Watch \"Wiki-Watch\") from Germany, which was inspired by the [WikiBu](/wiki/WikiBu \"WikiBu\") from [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\"), shows an evaluation up to five\\-stars for every English or German article in Wikipedia. Part of this rating is the tool [WikiTrust](/wiki/WikiTrust \"WikiTrust\") which shows the trustworthiness of single text parts of Wikipedia articles by white (trustworthy) or orange (not trustworthy) markings.Selena Mann: *[New tool used to evaluate Wikipedia.](http://www.itworldcanada.com/blogs/cooltools/2011/01/14/new-tool-used-to-evaluate-wikipedia/55979/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611194514/http://www.itworldcanada.com/blogs/cooltools/2011/01/14/new\\-tool\\-used\\-to\\-evaluate\\-wikipedia/55979/ \\|date\\=June 11, 2011 }}* In: it\\-World Canada. January 14, 2011\\.",
""
] |
Propagation of misinformation
-----------------------------
{{Update\|section\|date\=March 2022}}
Somewhat related to the "information loop" is the propagation of misinformation to other websites (Answers.com is just one of many) which will often quote misinformation from Wikipedia verbatim, and without mentioning that it has come from Wikipedia. A piece of misinformation originally taken from a Wikipedia article will live on in perhaps dozens of other websites, even if Wikipedia itself has deleted the unreliable material.{{cite book\|last\=Rosenzweig\|first\=Roy\|author\-link\=Roy Rosenzweig\|title\=Clio Wired: The Future of the Past in the Digital Age\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=4nivoPD7L40C\&pg\=PT97\|year\=2011\|publisher\=Columbia University Press\|location\=New York\|isbn\=978\-0\-231\-15085\-9\|access\-date\=September 25, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331142903/https://books.google.com/books?id\=4nivoPD7L40C\&pg\=PT97\|archive\-date\=March 31, 2019\|url\-status\=live}} page 71\.
### Other
In one article, *Information Today* (March 2006\) likens comparisons between Wikipedia and *Britannica* to "[apples and oranges](/wiki/Apples_and_oranges "Apples and oranges")":
{{blockquote\|Even the revered ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' is riddled with errors, not to mention the subtle yet pervasive biases of individual subjectivity and corporate correctness... There is no one perfect way. Britannica seems to claim that there is. Wikipedia acknowledges there's no such thing. Librarians and information professionals have always known this. That's why we always consult multiple sources and counsel our users to do the same.}}
[Andrew Orlowski](/wiki/Andrew_Orlowski "Andrew Orlowski"), a columnist for *[The Register](/wiki/The_Register "The Register")*, expressed similar criticisms in 2005, writing that the use of the term "encyclopedia" to describe Wikipedia may lead users into believing it is more reliable than it may be.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/12/12/wikipedia\_no\_responsibility/page2\.html\|title\=Who's responsible for Wikipedia?\|last\=Orlowski\|first\=Andrew\|date\=December 12, 2005\|quote\=The public has a firm idea of what an 'encyclopedia' is, and it's a place where information can generally be trusted, or at least slightly more trusted than what a labyrinthine, mysterious bureaucracy can agree upon, and surely more trustworthy than a piece of spontaneous graffiti—and Wikipedia is a king\-sized cocktail of the two.\|work\=The Register\|access\-date\=June 30, 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206173014/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/12/12/wikipedia\_no\_responsibility/page2\.html\|archive\-date\=February 6, 2009\|url\-status\=live}}
[BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") [technology](/wiki/Technology "Technology") specialist [Bill Thompson](/wiki/Bill_Thompson_%28technology_writer%29 "Bill Thompson (technology writer)") wrote that "Most Wikipedia entries are written and submitted in good faith, and we should not let the contentious areas such as politics, religion or biography shape our view of the project as a whole", that it forms a good starting point for serious research but that:{{cite news\| title\=What is it with Wikipedia?\| first\=Bill\| last\=Thompson\| publisher\=BBC\| date\=December 16, 2005\| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4534712\.stm\| access\-date\=October 31, 2007\| author\-link\=Bill Thompson (technology writer)\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816075532/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4534712\.stm\| archive\-date\=August 16, 2007\| url\-status\=live}}
{{blockquote\|No information source is guaranteed to be accurate, and we should not place complete faith in something which can so easily be undermined through malice or ignorance... That does not devalue the project entirely, it just means that we should be skeptical about Wikipedia entries as a primary source of information... It is the same with search engine results. Just because something comes up in the top 10 on \[\[MSN Search]] or \[\[Google]] does not automatically give it credibility or vouch for its accuracy or importance.}}
Thompson adds the observation that since most popular online sources are inherently unreliable in this way, one byproduct of the [information age](/wiki/Information_age "Information age") is a wiser audience who are learning to check information rather than take it on faith due to its source, leading to "a better sense of how to evaluate information sources".
In his 2007 *Guide to Military History on the Internet*, [Simon Fowler](/wiki/Simon_Fowler_%28author%29 "Simon Fowler (author)") rated Wikipedia as "the best general resource" for military history research, and stated that "the results are largely accurate and generally free of bias".[Fowler, Simon](/wiki/Simon_Fowler_%28author%29 "Simon Fowler (author)") *Guide to Military History on the Internet*, UK:Pen \& Sword, {{ISBN\|978\-1\-84415\-606\-1}}, p. 7 When rating Wikipedia as the No. 1 military site he mentioned that "Wikipedia is often criticised for its inaccuracy and bias, but in my experience the military history articles are spot on."[Fowler, Simon](/wiki/Simon_Fowler_%28author%29 "Simon Fowler (author)") *Guide to Military History on the Internet*, UK:Pen \& Sword, {{ISBN\|978\-1\-84415\-606\-1}}, p. 201
In July 2008, *[The Economist](/wiki/The_Economist "The Economist")* magazine described Wikipedia as "a user\-generated reference service" and noted that Wikipedia's "elaborate moderation rules put a limit to acrimony" generated by cyber\-nationalism.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.economist.com/world/international/displayStory.cfm?source\=hptextfeature\&story\_id\=11792535 \|title\=Cyber\-nationalism \| The brave new world of e\-hatred \|newspaper\=The Economist \|date\=July 24, 2008 \|access\-date\=April 13, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201134023/http://www.economist.com/world/international/displayStory.cfm?source\=hptextfeature\&story\_id\=11792535 \|archive\-date\=December 1, 2009 \|url\-status\=live }}
Jimmy Wales, a co\-founder of Wikipedia, stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate as primary sources, and should not be relied upon as being authoritative.[Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress"](http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421000522/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214\_441708\.htm \|date\=April 21, 2012 }}, *[BusinessWeek](/wiki/BusinessWeek "BusinessWeek")* (December 14, 2005\). Retrieved January 29, 2007\.
[Carnegie Mellon](/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University "Carnegie Mellon University") Professor [Randy Pausch](/wiki/Randy_Pausch "Randy Pausch") offered the following anecdote in his book *[The Last Lecture](/wiki/The_Last_Lecture "The Last Lecture")*. He was surprised that his entry to *[World Book Encyclopedia](/wiki/World_Book_Encyclopedia "World Book Encyclopedia")* on virtual reality was accepted without question, so he concluded, "I now believe Wikipedia is a perfectly fine source for your information, because I know what the quality control is for real encyclopedias."{{cite book\|first\=Randy\|last\=Pausch\|title\=The Last Lecture\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=mVqZAAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT42\|date\=April 8, 2008\|publisher\=Hachette Books\|isbn\=978\-1\-4013\-9551\-3\|page\=PT42\|access\-date\=September 25, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505192859/https://books.google.com/books?id\=mVqZAAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT42\|archive\-date\=May 5, 2016\|url\-status\=live}}
### Removal of false information
Fernanda Viégas of the MIT Media Lab and Martin Wattenberg and Kushal Dave of IBM Research studied the flow of editing in the Wikipedia model, with emphasis on breaks in flow (from vandalism or substantial rewrites), showing the dynamic flow of material over time.{{cite web\| title\=Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with history flow Visualizations\| first1\=Fernanda B.\| last1\=Viégas\| first2\=Martin\| last2\=Wattenberg\| first3\=Kushal\| last3\=Dave\| publisher\=CHI 2004, Vol. 6 No. 1\| date\=April 29, 2004\| url\=http://alumni.media.mit.edu/\~fviegas/papers/history\_flow.pdf\| access\-date\=October 31, 2007\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060125025047/http://alumni.media.mit.edu/\~fviegas/papers/history\_flow.pdf\| archive\-date\=January 25, 2006\| url\-status\=live}} From a sample of vandalism edits on the English Wikipedia during May 2003, they found that most such acts were repaired within minutes, summarizing:
{{blockquote\|We've examined many pages on Wikipedia that treat controversial topics, and have discovered that most have, in fact, been vandalized at some point in their history. But we've also found that vandalism is usually repaired extremely quickly—so quickly that most users will never see its effects.{{cite web\|title\=History flow: results \|first1\=Fernanda B. \|last1\=Viégas \|first2\=Martin \|last2\=Wattenberg \|first3\=Kushal \|last3\=Dave \|publisher\=IBM Collaborative User Experience Research Group \|year\=2003 \|website\=research.ibm.com \|url\=http://www.research.ibm.com/visual/projects/history\_flow/results.htm \|access\-date\=July 7, 2016 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102094447/http://www.research.ibm.com/visual/projects/history\_flow/results.htm \|archive\-date\=November 2, 2006 }}}}
They also stated that "it is essentially impossible to find a crisp definition of vandalism".
Lih (2004\) compared articles before and after they were mentioned in the press, and found that externally referenced articles are of higher quality work. An informal assessment by the popular IT magazine *PC Pro* for its 2007 article "Wikipedia Uncovered" tested Wikipedia by introducing 10 errors that "varied between bleeding obvious and deftly subtle" into articles (the researchers later corrected the articles they had edited). Labeling the results "impressive" it noted that all but one was noted and fixed within the hour, and that "the Wikipedians' tools and know\-how were just too much for our team." A second series of another 10 tests, using "far more subtle errors" and additional techniques to conceal their nature, met similar results: "despite our stealth attempts the vast majority... were discovered remarkably quickly... the ridiculously minor Jesse James error was corrected within a minute and a very slight change to Queen Anne's entry was put right within two minutes". Two of the latter series were not detected. The article concluded that "Wikipedia corrects the vast majority of errors within minutes, but if they're not spotted within the first day the chances... dwindle as you're then relying on someone to spot the errors while reading the article rather than reviewing the edits".
A study in late 2007 systematically inserted inaccuracies into Wikipedia entries about the lives of philosophers. Depending on how exactly the data are interpreted, either one third or one half of the inaccuracies were corrected within 48 hours.Magnus, P.D. [Early response to false claims in Wikipedia](http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/2115/2027) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203080013/http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/2115/2027 \|date\=December 3, 2010 }}. [First Monday](http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/index) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731112057/http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/index \|date\=July 31, 2009 }}, 13 (9\): September 1, 2008
A 2007 peer\-reviewed studyReid Priedhorsky, Jilin Chen, Shyong (Tony) K. Lam, Katherine Panciera, [Loren Terveen](/wiki/Loren_Terveen "Loren Terveen"), [John Riedl](/wiki/John_T._Riedl "John T. Riedl"), "Creating, destroying, and restoring value in wikipedia", Proc. GROUP 2007, doi: [ACM.org](http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1316624.1316663) that measured the actual number of page views with damaged content stated: "42% of damage is repaired almost immediately, i.e., before it can confuse, offend, or mislead anyone. Nonetheless, there are still hundreds of millions of damaged views."
[Loc Vu\-Quoc](/wiki/Loc_Vu-Quoc "Loc Vu-Quoc"), professor for Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the [University of Florida](/wiki/University_of_Florida "University of Florida"), stated in 2008 that "sometimes errors may go for years without being corrected as experts don't usually read Wikipedia articles in their own field to correct these errors".Vu\-Quoc, L. [Configuration integral](http://clesm.mae.ufl.edu/wiki.pub/index.php/Configuration_integral_%28statistical_mechanics%29) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428193950/http://clesm.mae.ufl.edu/wiki.pub/index.php/Configuration\_integral\_%28statistical\_mechanics%29 \|date\=April 28, 2012 }}, VQWiki, 2008\.
### Susceptibility to bias
#### Individual bias and the WikiScanner tool
{{main\|WikiScanner}}
In August 2007, WikiScanner, a tool developed by [Virgil Griffith](/wiki/Virgil_Griffith "Virgil Griffith") of the California Institute of Technology, was released to match anonymous IP edits in the encyclopedia with an extensive database of addresses. News stories appeared about IP addresses from various organizations such as the [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency"), the [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee](/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee "Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee"), [Diebold, Inc.](/wiki/Diebold "Diebold") and the [Australian government](/wiki/Government_of_Australia "Government of Australia") being used to make edits to Wikipedia articles, sometimes of an opinionated or questionable nature.{{cite news \|last\=Blakely \|first\=Rhys \|title\=Exposed: guess who has been polishing their Wikipedia entries? \|url\=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry\_sectors/media/article2264150\.ece \|work\=The Times of London \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612023406/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry\_sectors/media/article2264150\.ece \|archive\-date\=June 12, 2011 \|date\=August 15, 2007 \|url\-status\=dead}} The [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") quoted a Wikimedia spokesperson as praising the tool: "We really value transparency and the scanner really takes this to another level. Wikipedia Scanner may prevent an organization or individuals from editing articles that they're really not supposed to."{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6947532\.stm\|title\=Wikipedia 'shows CIA page edits'\|date\=August 15, 2007\|access\-date\=March 14, 2021\|work\=BBC News\|first\=Jonathan\|last\=Fildes\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111230821/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6947532\.stm\|archive\-date\=January 11, 2009\|url\-status\=live}}
The WikiScanner story was also covered by *[The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")*, which stated that many "censorial interventions" by editors with vested interests on a variety of articles in Wikipedia had been discovered:
{{blockquote\|\[Wikipedia] was hailed as a breakthrough in the democratisation of knowledge. But the online encyclopedia has since been hijacked by forces who decided that certain things were best left unknown... Now a website designed to monitor editorial changes made on Wikipedia has found thousands of self\-serving edits and traced them to their original source. It has turned out to be hugely embarrassing for armies of political spin doctors and corporate revisionists who believed their censorial interventions had gone unnoticed.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.independent.co.uk/sci\_tech/article2874112\.ece\|title\=Wikipedia and the art of censorship\|first\=Robert\|last\=Verkaik\|date\=2007\-08\-18\|newspaper\=The Independent\|access\-date\=2007\-10\-27\|location\=London\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109005336/http://news.independent.co.uk/sci\_tech/article2874112\.ece\|archive\-date\=2009\-01\-09\|url\-status\=dead}}}} Not everyone hailed WikiScanner as a success for Wikipedia. [Oliver Kamm](/wiki/Oliver_Kamm "Oliver Kamm"), in a column for *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times "The Times")*, argued instead that:
> The WikiScanner is thus an important development in bringing down a pernicious influence on our intellectual life. Critics of the web decry the medium as the cult of the amateur. Wikipedia is worse than that; it is the province of the covert lobby. The most constructive course is to stand on the sidelines and jeer at its pretensions.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/wisdom\-more\-like\-dumbness\-of\-the\-crowds\-2br5d8ndv9k\|title\=Wisdom? More like dumbness of the crowds\|first\=Oliver\|last\=Kamm\|work\=The Times\|location\=London\|date\=August 16, 2007\|access\-date\=March 14, 2021\|url\-access\=limited\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509094518/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest\_contributors/article2267665\.ece\|archive\-date\=May 9, 2009\|url\-status\=live}}
WikiScanner only reveals [conflict of interest](/wiki/Conflict_of_interest "Conflict of interest") when the editor does not have a Wikipedia account and their IP address is used instead. Conflict of interest editing done by editors with accounts is not detected, since those edits are anonymous to everyone—except for "a handful of privileged Wikipedia admins".{{cite web \|url\=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/12/18/the\_wikipedia\_paradox/ \|first\=Cade \|last\=Metz \|title\=Truth, anonymity and the Wikipedia Way: Why it's broke and how it can be fixed \|website\=The Register \|date\=December 18, 2007 \|access\-date\=March 14, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810142341/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/12/18/the\_wikipedia\_paradox/ \|archive\-date\=August 10, 2017 \|url\-status\=live }}
#### Coverage
{{see also\|Criticism of Wikipedia\#Systemic bias in coverage\|Academic studies about Wikipedia\#A minority of editors produce the majority of persistent content}}
Wikipedia has been accused of [systemic bias](/wiki/Systemic_bias "Systemic bias"), which is to say its general nature leads, without necessarily any conscious intention, to the propagation of various prejudices. Although many articles in newspapers have concentrated on minor, indeed trivial, factual errors in Wikipedia articles, there are also concerns about large\-scale, presumably unintentional effects from the increasing influence and use of Wikipedia as a research tool at all levels. In an article in the *[Times Higher Education](/wiki/Times_Higher_Education "Times Higher Education")* magazine (London) [philosopher](/wiki/Philosopher "Philosopher") Martin Cohen frames Wikipedia of having "become a monopoly" with "all the prejudices and ignorance of its creators", which he describes as a "youthful cab\-drivers" perspective.{{Cite journal \|title\=Encyclopaedia Idiotica \|first\=Martin \|last\=Cohen \|journal\=Times Higher Education \|issue\=August 28, 2008 \|page\=26 \|url\=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode\=403327 \|date\=August 27, 2008 \|access\-date\=May 31, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906163412/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode\=403327 \|archive\-date\=September 6, 2011 \|url\-status\=live }} Cohen's argument, however, finds a grave conclusion in these circumstances: "To control the reference sources that people use is to control the way people comprehend the world. Wikipedia may have a benign, even trivial face, but underneath may lie a more sinister and subtle threat to freedom of thought." That freedom is undermined by what he sees as what matters on Wikipedia, "not your sources but the 'support of the community'."
Critics also point to the tendency to cover topics in a detail disproportionate to their importance. For example, [Stephen Colbert](/wiki/Stephen_Colbert "Stephen Colbert") once mockingly praised Wikipedia for having a "longer entry on '[lightsabers](/wiki/Lightsaber "Lightsaber")' than it does on the '[printing press](/wiki/Printing_press "Printing press")'."Stephen Colbert, *The Colbert Report*, episode 3109, August 21, 2007\. In an interview with *The Guardian*, Dale Hoiberg, the editor\-in\-chief of *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica "Encyclopædia Britannica")*, noted:
> People write of things they're interested in, and so many subjects don't get covered; and news events get covered in great detail. In the past, the entry on [Hurricane Frances](/wiki/Hurricane_Frances "Hurricane Frances") was more than five times the length of that on [Chinese art](/wiki/Chinese_art "Chinese art"), and the entry on *[Coronation Street](/wiki/Coronation_Street "Coronation Street")* was twice as long as the article on [Tony Blair](/wiki/Tony_Blair "Tony Blair").
This critical approach has been satirised as "Wikigroaning", a term coined by Jon Hendren{{Cite journal \|title\=Oh, that John Locke \|first\=Jamin \|last\=Brophy\-Warren \|journal\=The Wall Street Journal \|date\=June 17, 2007 \|issue\=June 16, 2007 \|pages\=P3 \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118194482542637175 \|access\-date\=August 8, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904182902/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118194482542637175 \|archive\-date\=September 4, 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} of the website [Something Awful](/wiki/Something_Awful "Something Awful").{{cite web \|title\=The Art of Wikigroaning \|date\=June 5, 2007 \|first\=Johnny "DocEvil" \|last\=Hendren \|access\-date\=June 17, 2007 \|work\=Something Awful \|url\=http://www.somethingawful.com/d/news/wikigroaning.php \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616004859/http://www.somethingawful.com/d/news/wikigroaning.php \|archive\-date\=June 16, 2007 \|url\-status\=live }} In the game, two articles (preferably with similar names) are compared: one about an acknowledged serious or classical subject and the other about a popular topic or current event.{{Cite journal \| first\=Andrew \| last\=Brown \| issue\=June 14, 2007 \| title\=No amount of collaboration will make the sun orbit the Earth \| journal\=The Guardian \| url\=http://technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,2101810,00\.html \| location\=London \| date\=June 14, 2007 \| access\-date\=March 27, 2010 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623205917/http://technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,2101810,00\.html \| archive\-date\=June 23, 2007 \| url\-status\=live \| df\=mdy\-all }} Defenders of a broad inclusion criteria have held that the encyclopedia's coverage of pop culture does not impose space constraints on the coverage of more serious subjects (see "[Wiki is not paper](/wiki/Wiki_is_not_paper "Wiki is not paper")"). Ivor Tossell wrote:
> That Wikipedia is chock full of useless arcana (and did you know, by the way, that the article on "Debate" is shorter than the piece that weighs the relative merits of the 1978 and 2003 versions of Battlestar Galactica?) isn't a knock against it: Since it can grow infinitely, the silly articles aren't depriving the serious ones of space.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/duality\-of\-wikipedia/article1087547/\|title\=Duality of Wikipedia\|first\=Ivor\|last\=Tossell\|work\=\[\[The Globe and Mail]]\|date\=June 15, 2007\|access\-date\=October 4, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221014630/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/duality\-of\-wikipedia/article1087547/\|archive\-date\=December 21, 2012\|url\-status\=live}}
Wikipedia has been accused of deficiencies in comprehensiveness because of its voluntary nature, and of reflecting the systemic biases of its contributors. Wikipedia co\-founder [Larry Sanger](/wiki/Larry_Sanger "Larry Sanger") stated in 2004, "when it comes to relatively specialized topics (outside of the interests of most of the contributors), the project's credibility is very uneven."{{cite web\| title\=Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti\-Elitism\| first\=Larry\| last\=Sanger\| work\=\[\[Kuro5hin]]\| date\=December 31, 2004\| url\=http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25\| access\-date\=October 31, 2007\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104040708/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25\| archive\-date\=January 4, 2006\| url\-status\=live\| df\=mdy\-all\| author\-link\=Larry Sanger}} He expanded on this 16 years later in May 2020, by comparing how coverage impacts tone between the articles of U.S. presidents [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") (seen as negative) and [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") (seen as positive).{{Citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
In a [GamesRadar](/wiki/GamesRadar "GamesRadar") editorial, columnist Charlie Barrat juxtaposed Wikipedia's coverage of [video game](/wiki/Video_game "Video game")\-related topics with its smaller content about topics that have greater real\-world significance, such as God, World War II and former U.S. presidents.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.gamesradar.com/pc/f/the\-wtf\-world\-of\-wikipedia/a\-2008062510326553058 \| title\=The WTF World of Wikipedia \| access\-date\=February 20, 2009 \| first\=Charlie \| last\=Barratt \| date\=June 25, 2008 \| publisher\=\[\[Future Publishing]] \| pages\=1–5 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721014159/http://www.gamesradar.com/pc/f/the\-wtf\-world\-of\-wikipedia/a\-2008062510326553058 \| archive\-date\=July 21, 2008 \| url\-status\=live \| df\=mdy\-all }} Wikipedia has been praised for making it possible for articles to be updated or created in response to current events. Its editors have also argued that, as a website, Wikipedia is able to include articles on a greater number of subjects than print encyclopedias can."[Wikipedia:Replies to common objections](/wiki/Wikipedia:Replies_to_common_objections "Replies to common objections")", Wikipedia, 22:53 April 13, 2005\.
A 2011 study reported evidence of cultural bias in Wikipedia articles about famous people on both the English and Polish Wikipedias. These biases included those pertaining to the cultures of both the United States and Poland on each of the corresponding\-language Wikipedias, as well as a pro\-U.S./English\-language bias on both of them.{{cite journal\|last1\=Callahan\|first1\=Ewa S.\|last2\=Herring\|first2\=Susan C.\|title\=Cultural bias in Wikipedia content on famous persons\|journal\=Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology\|date\=October 2011\|volume\=62\|issue\=10\|pages\=1899–1915\|doi\=10\.1002/asi.21577\|s2cid\=14767483 }}
##### Notability of article topics
{{transcluded section\|Criticism of Wikipedia}}
{{trim\|{{\#section\-h:Criticism of Wikipedia\|Notability of article topics}}}}
##### Political bias
{{main\|Ideological bias on Wikipedia}}
Wikipedia co\-founder [Jimmy Wales](/wiki/Jimmy_Wales "Jimmy Wales") stated in 2006: "The Wikipedia community is very diverse, from [liberal](/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States "Modern liberalism in the United States") to [conservative](/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States "Conservatism in the United States") to [libertarian](/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States "Libertarianism in the United States") and beyond. If averages mattered, and due to the nature of the wiki software (no voting) they almost certainly don't, I would say that the Wikipedia community is slightly more liberal than the U.S. population on average, because we are global and the international community of English speakers is slightly more liberal than the U.S. population. There are no data or surveys to back that."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2006/04/email\_debatewales\_discusses\_po.html\|title\=Wales Discusses Political Bias on Wikipedia\|first\=Mark\|last\=Glaser\|publisher\=PBS Mediashift\|date\=April 21, 2006\|access\-date\=August 21, 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819200008/http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2006/04/email\_debatewales\_discusses\_po.html\|archive\-date\=August 19, 2007\|url\-status\=live}}
A number of politically conservative commentators have argued that [Wikipedia's coverage is affected by liberal bias](/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia%23Partisanship "Criticism of Wikipedia#Partisanship").{{cite news \| url\=https://slate.com/technology/2020/06/wikipedia\-george\-floyd\-neutrality.html \| last\=Harrison \| first\=Stephen \| title\=How Wikipedia Became a Battleground for Racial Justice \| work\=\[\[Slate (magazine)\|Slate]] \| date\=June 9, 2020 \| access\-date\=August 17, 2021 \| archive\-date\=November 3, 2021 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103084021/https://slate.com/technology/2020/06/wikipedia\-george\-floyd\-neutrality.html \| url\-status\=live }} [Andrew Schlafly](/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly "Andrew Schlafly") created [Conservapedia](/wiki/Conservapedia "Conservapedia") because he found Wikipedia "increasingly anti\-Christian and anti\-American" for its frequent use of [British spelling](/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences "American and British English spelling differences") and coverage of topics like [creationism](/wiki/Creationism "Creationism") and the effect of Christianity on [the Renaissance](/wiki/The_Renaissance "The Renaissance").{{Cite news \| last \= Johnson \| first \= Bobbie \| url \= https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,2024434,00\.html \| title \= Conservapedia—the US religious right's answer to Wikipedia \| work \= The Guardian \| date \= March 1, 2007 \| location \= London \| access\-date \= March 27, 2010 \| archive\-date \= February 17, 2022 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20220217233021/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/mar/01/wikipedia.news \| url\-status \= live }} In 2007, an article in *[The Christian Post](/wiki/The_Christian_Post "The Christian Post")* criticised Wikipedia's coverage of [intelligent design](/wiki/Intelligent_design "Intelligent design"), saying that it was biased and hypocritical.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.christianpost.com/news/design\-proponents\-accuse\-wikipedia\-of\-bias\-hypocrisy\-27307/ \|title\='Design' Proponents Accuse Wikipedia of Bias, Hypocrisy \|last\=Huntington \|first\=Doug \|date\=May 9, 2007 \|access\-date\=June 1, 2018 \|work\=The Christian Post \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514104736/https://www.christianpost.com/news/design\-proponents\-accuse\-wikipedia\-of\-bias\-hypocrisy\-27307/ \|archive\-date\=May 14, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead}} [Lawrence Solomon](/wiki/Lawrence_Solomon "Lawrence Solomon") of the *[National Review](/wiki/National_Review "National Review")* stated that Wikipedia articles on subjects like [global warming](/wiki/Global_warming "Global warming"), intelligent design, and *[Roe v. Wade](/wiki/Roe_v._Wade "Roe v. Wade")* are slanted in favor of liberal views.{{Cite news\|last\=Solomon\|first\=Lawrence\|title\=Wikipropaganda On Global Warming\|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/wikipropaganda\-on\-global\-warming/\|work\=National Review\|publisher\=CBS News\|date\=July 8, 2008\|access\-date\=July 20, 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828202634/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/07/08/opinion/main4241293\.shtml\|archive\-date\=August 28, 2008\|url\-status\=live}}{{primary source inline\|date\=August 2021}} In a September 2010 issue of the conservative weekly *[Human Events](/wiki/Human_Events "Human Events")*, [Rowan Scarborough](/wiki/Rowan_Scarborough "Rowan Scarborough") presented a critique of Wikipedia's coverage of American politicians prominent in the approaching [midterm elections](/wiki/United_States_midterm_election "United States midterm election") as evidence of systemic liberal bias. Scarborough compared the biographical articles of liberal and conservative opponents in Senate races in the Alaska Republican primary and the Delaware and Nevada general election, emphasizing the quantity of negative coverage of [Tea Party movement](/wiki/Tea_Party_movement "Tea Party movement")\-endorsed candidates. He also cites some criticism by Lawrence Solomon and quotes in full the lead section of Wikipedia's article on the conservative wiki [Conservapedia](/wiki/Conservapedia "Conservapedia") as evidence of an underlying bias.{{cite web\|last\=Scarborough\|first\=Rowan\|author\-link\=Rowan Scarborough\|url\=http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id\=39139\|title\=Wikipedia Whacks the Right\|date\=September 27, 2010\|access\-date\=October 3, 2010\|work\=\[\[Human Events]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207081401/http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id\=39139\|archive\-date\=December 7, 2010\|url\-status\=dead}}{{primary source inline\|date\=August 2021}} Jonathan Sidener of *[The San Diego Union\-Tribune](/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune "The San Diego Union-Tribune")* wrote that "vandalism and self\-serving misinformation \[are] common particularly in the political articles".{{cite web \| url\=http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20060923/news\_lz1n23wiki.html \| title\=Wikipedia co\-founder looks to add accountability, end anarchy \| work\=\[\[The San Diego Union\-Tribune]] \| date\=September 23, 2006 \| access\-date\=January 16, 2017 \| author\=Sidener, Jonathan \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117190455/http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20060923/news\_lz1n23wiki.html \| archive\-date\=January 17, 2018 \| url\-status\=live \| df\=mdy\-all }}{{primary source inline\|date\=August 2021}} A 2015 study found that negative facts are more likely to be removed from Wikipedia articles on U.S. senators than positive facts but did not find any significant difference relating to political affiliation.{{cite journal\|title \= Editorial Bias in Crowd\-Sourced Political Information\|journal \= PLOS ONE\|date \= September 2, 2015\|pmc \= 4558055\|pmid \= 26331611\|pages \= e0136327\|volume \= 10\|issue \= 9\|doi \= 10\.1371/journal.pone.0136327\|first1 \= Joshua L.\|last1 \= Kalla\|first2 \= Peter M.\|last2 \= Aronow\|bibcode \= 2015PLoSO..1036327K\|doi\-access \= free}}
Amid the [George Floyd protests](/wiki/George_Floyd_protests "George Floyd protests"), there were several disputes over [racial justice](/wiki/Racial_justice "Racial justice") on Wikipedia. The [Wikipedia community](/wiki/Wikipedia_community "Wikipedia community") voted against a proposal to black out the website in support of [Black Lives Matter](/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter") because it may have threatened Wikipedia's reputation for [neutrality](/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view "Neutral point of view").{{refn\|There was also a dispute on the "\[\[George Floyd]]", "\[\[George Floyd protests]]", and "\[\[Murder of George Floyd]]" articles on whether they should mention Floyd's prior criminal charges, use of the word ''riot'' (rejected because most \[\[Wikipedia:Reliable sources\|reliable sources]] did not refer to them as \[\[riot]]s), and change it from ''Death'' to ''Killing'', respectively. While ''death'' was the more neutral term, editors felt that ''killing'' was the more accurate term and ''neutral'' by definition. As for the criminal charges, those in favour cited in support that \[\[WP:NOTCENSORED\|Wikipedia is not censored]], while those opposed cited \[\[Wikipedia:Weight\|weight policy]], positing that it would be undue to add because his past criminal history did not have relevance to his murder.\|group\=nb}} It also led to the creation of the [WikiProject Black Lives Matter](/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Black_Lives_Matter "WikiProject Black Lives Matter"), in line with [AfroCROWD](/wiki/AfroCROWD "AfroCROWD")'s [Juneteenth](/wiki/Juneteenth "Juneteenth") efforts to improve the coverage of [civil rights movement](/wiki/Civil_rights_movement "Civil rights movement")\-related topics; the Black Lives Matter project was nominated for deletion on the grounds that it was "non\-neutral advocacy". In Wikipedia, neutrality is more of a process that is achieved through [consensus](/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus "Consensus"). Social scientist Jackie Koerner took issue with the word *neutrality* and said she preferred the word *balance* to neutrality because she believed that one of Wikipedia's goals should be [knowledge equity](/wiki/Knowledge_equity "Knowledge equity").
The [Japanese Wikipedia](/wiki/Japanese_Wikipedia "Japanese Wikipedia") has been accused of [right\-wing historical revisionism](/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversies "Japanese history textbook controversies"), particularly on articles related to its role in World War II and colonialism, by a number of scholars.{{Cite book \|last\=Schneider \|first\=Florian \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=DXBoDwAAQBAJ \|title\=China's Digital Nationalism \|date\=August 16, 2018 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-087681\-4 \|pages\=123–124 \|language\=en}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Gustafsson \|first\=Karl \|date\=July 18, 2019 \|title\=International reconciliation on the Internet? Ontological security, attribution and the construction of war memory narratives in Wikipedia \|journal\=International Relations \|language\=en \|volume\=34 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=3–24 \|doi\=10\.1177/0047117819864410 \|issn\=0047\-1178 \|s2cid\=200020669 \|doi\-access\=free}}{{Cite web \|last\=Sato \|first\=Yumiko \|date\=March 19, 2021 \|title\=Non\-English Editions of Wikipedia Have a Misinformation Problem \|url\=https://slate.com/technology/2021/03/japanese\-wikipedia\-misinformation\-non\-english\-editions.html \|access\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|website\=\[\[Slate (magazine)\|Slate]] \|publisher\=The Slate Group}}{{Cite web \|last\=Sato \|first\=Yumiko \|date\=January 9, 2021 \|script\-title\=ja:日本語版ウィキペディアで「歴史修正主義」が広がる理由と解決策 \|trans\-title\=Reasons Why "Historical Revisionism" is Widespread on Japanese Wikipedia and Solutions for It \|url\=https://yumikosato.com/2021/01/09/japanese\-wikipedia/ \|access\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|website\=Yumiko Sato's Music Therapy Journal \|language\=Japanese}} The issue has been the subject of research supported by the Wikimedia Foundation.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Kim \|first1\=Taehee \|last2\=Garcia \|first2\=David \|last3\=Aragón \|first3\=Pablo \|date\=May 11, 2023 \|title\=Controversies over Historical Revisionism in Wikipedia \|url\=https://wikiworkshop.org/2023/papers/WikiWorkshop2023\_paper\_22\.pdf \|journal\=Wiki Workshop 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}
### Reliability as a source in other contexts
Although Wikipedia is stated not to be a primary source, it has been used as evidence in legal cases. In January 2007, *The New York Times* reported that U.S. courts vary greatly in their treatment of Wikipedia as a source of information, with over 100 judicial rulings having relied on the encyclopedia, including those involving taxes, narcotics, and civil issues such as personal injury and matrimonial issues.Cohen, Noam (January 29, 2007\). ["Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively"](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/technology/29wikipedia.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318070416/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/technology/29wikipedia.html \|date\=March 18, 2017 }}. *The New York Times*.
In April 2012, *The Wall Street Journal* reported that in the five years since the 2007 *The New York Times* story, federal courts of appeals had cited Wikipedia about 95 times. The story also reported that the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit vacated convictions in a cockfighting case because a juror used Wikipedia to research an element of the crime, expressing in its decision concerns about Wikipedia's reliability.Palazzolo, Joe (April 23, 2012\). ["Which Federal Appeals Court Cites Wikipedia Most Often?"](https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2012/04/23/which-federal-appeals-court-cites-wikipedia-most/?KEYWORDS=wikipedia) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120091419/https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2012/04/23/which\-federal\-appeals\-court\-cites\-wikipedia\-most/?KEYWORDS\=wikipedia \|date\=November 20, 2018 }}. *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*.
In one notable case, the trademark of [Formula One](/wiki/Formula_One "Formula One") racing decision,{{cite web\| title\=Case ref. O\-169\-07: In the matter of application no 2277746C by Formula One Licensing B.V., to register the trade mark: "F1"\| publisher\=UK Government Intellectual Property Office\| date\=June 14, 2007\| url\=http://www.ipo.gov.uk/tm/t\-decisionmaking/t\-challenge/t\-challenge\-decision\-results/o16907\.pdf\| access\-date\=October 31, 2007\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031053106/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/tm/t\-decisionmaking/t\-challenge/t\-challenge\-decision\-results/o16907\.pdf\| archive\-date\=October 31, 2007\| url\-status\=live}} the [UK Intellectual Property Office](/wiki/UK_Intellectual_Property_Office "UK Intellectual Property Office") considered both the reliability of Wikipedia, and its usefulness as a reliable source of evidence:
{{blockquote\|Wikipedia has sometimes suffered from the self\-editing that is intrinsic to it, giving rise at times to potentially \[\[libel]]lous statements. However, inherently, I cannot see that what is in Wikipedia is any less likely to be true than what is published in a book or on the websites of news organizations. \[Formula One's lawyer] did not express any concerns about the Wikipedia evidence \[presented by the plaintiff]. I consider that the evidence from Wikipedia can be taken at face value." The case turned substantively upon evidence cited from Wikipedia in 2006 as to the usage and interpretation of the term ''\[\[Formula One]]''.}}
In the United States, the [United States Court of Federal Claims](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Federal_Claims "United States Court of Federal Claims") has ruled that "Wikipedia may not be a reliable source of information."Nordwall v. Secretary of Health \& Human Services, No. 05\-123V, 2008 WL 857661, at \*7 n.6 (Fed. Cl. February 19, 2008\) as cited in [Capcom Co., Ltd, et al. v. The MKR Group, Inc., No. C 08\-0904 RS](http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/california/candce/5:2008cv00904/204116/62/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927221002/http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district\-courts/california/candce/5:2008cv00904/204116/62/ \|date\=September 27, 2012 }} and "...Articles \[from Wikipedia] do not—at least on their face—remotely meet this reliability requirement...A review of the Wikipedia website reveals a pervasive and, for our purposes, disturbing [series of disclaimers](/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer "General disclaimer")...".Campbell v. Sec'y of Health \& Human Servs., 69 Fed. Cl. 775, 781 (Ct. Cl. 2006\) Such disclaimers include the Wikipedia not being able to guarantee the validity of the information on its articles and having no formal peer review.
Among other reasons for these statements about Wikipedia's reliability are the stability of the articles (which due to editing may cause new readers to find information that differs from the originally cited) and, according to Stephen Gillers, a professor at New York University Law School, "the most critical fact is public acceptance", therefore "a judge should not use Wikipedia when the public is not prepared to accept it as authority".{{Cite news\|title \= Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively\|url \= https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/technology/29wikipedia.html\|newspaper \= The New York Times\|date \= January 29, 2007\|access\-date \= December 8, 2015\|issn \= 0362\-4331\|first \= Noam\|last \= Cohen \|author\-link \= Noam Cohen\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20150922174408/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/technology/29wikipedia.html\|archive\-date \= September 22, 2015\|url\-status \= live}}
Wikipedia has also become a key source for some current news events such as the 2007 [Virginia Tech massacre](/wiki/Virginia_Tech_massacre "Virginia Tech massacre"), when *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* cites Wikimedia to report 750,000 page views of the article in the two days after the event:
{{blockquote\|Even ''\[\[The Roanoke Times]]'', which is published near \[\[Blacksburg, Virginia]], where the university is located, noted on Thursday that Wikipedia "has emerged as the clearinghouse for detailed information on the event".{{cite web\| title\=Wikipedia emerges as key source for Virginia Tech shootings\| publisher\=Cyberjournalist.net\| date\=24 April 2007\| url\=http://www.cyberjournalist.net/news/004178\.php\| access\-date\=2007\-10\-31\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022200632/http://cyberjournalist.net/news/004178\.php\| archive\-date\=22 October 2007\| url\-status\=dead}}—''cyberjournalist.net'' cites this article {{cite news\| title\=The Latest on Virginia Tech, From Wikipedia\| first\=Noam\| last\=Cohen \| author\-link\=Noam Cohen\| work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\| date\=April 23, 2007\| url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/23/technology/23link.html?\_r\=2\&oref\=slogin\&oref\=slogin\| access\-date\=October 31, 2007\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415231958/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/23/technology/23link.html?\_r\=2\&oref\=slogin\&oref\=slogin\| archive\-date\=April 15, 2009\| url\-status\=live}} for the above quote.}}
*[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* commented, in the context of [2008 presidential election](/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election "2008 United States presidential election") candidate biographies, that despite occasional brief vandalism, "it's hard to find a more up\-to\-date, detailed, thorough article on [Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") than Wikipedia's. As of Friday (14 September 2007\), Obama's article—more than 22 pages long, with 15 sections covering his personal and professional life—had a reference list of 167 sources."{{cite news\| title\=On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet\| first\=Jose Antonio \|last\=Vargas\| newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]], Page A01\| date\=September 17, 2007\| url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699\.html?hpid\=topnews\| access\-date\=October 31, 2007\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103053949/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699\.html?hpid\=topnews\| archive\-date\=November 3, 2012\| url\-status\=live\| df\=mdy\-all}}
### Broad opinions
Several commentators have drawn a middle ground, asserting that the project contains much valuable knowledge and has some reliability, even if the degree is not yet assessed with certainty. Others taking this view include [danah boyd](/wiki/Danah_boyd "Danah boyd"), \[sic] who in 2005 discussed Wikipedia as an academic source, concluding that "\[i]t will never be an encyclopedia, but it will contain extensive knowledge that is quite valuable for different purposes",{{cite web\| title\=Academia and Wikipedia\| first\=danah\| last\=boyd\| publisher\=Many\-to\-Many\| date\=January 4, 2005\| url\=http://www.corante.com/many/archives/2005/01/04/academia\_and\_wikipedia.php\| access\-date\=October 31, 2007\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060112003204/http://www.corante.com/many/archives/2005/01/04/academia\_and\_wikipedia.php\| archive\-date\=January 12, 2006\| url\-status\=dead\| df\=mdy\-all\| author\-link\=danah boyd}} and [Bill Thompson](/wiki/Bill_Thompson_%28technology_writer%29 "Bill Thompson (technology writer)") who stated "I use the Wikipedia a lot. It is a good starting point for serious research, but I would never accept something that I read there without checking."
*[Information Today](/wiki/Information_Today%2C_Inc. "Information Today, Inc.")'''s March 2006 article concludes on a similar theme:
{{blockquote\|The inconvenient reality is that people and their products are messy, whether produced in a top\-down or bottom\-up manner. Almost every source includes errors... Many non\-fiction books are produced via an appallingly sloppy process... In this author's opinion, the flap over Wikipedia was significantly overblown, but contained a silver lining: People are becoming more aware of the perils of accepting information at face value. They have learned not to consult just one source.}}*
[Dan Gillmor](/wiki/Dan_Gillmor "Dan Gillmor"), a [Silicon Valley](/wiki/Silicon_Valley "Silicon Valley") commentator and author commented in October 2004 that, "I don't think anyone is saying Wikipedia is an absolute replacement for a traditional encyclopedia. But in the topics I know something about, I've found Wikipedia to be as accurate as any other source I've found."
[Larry Sanger](/wiki/Larry_Sanger "Larry Sanger") stated on [Kuro5hin](/wiki/Kuro5hin "Kuro5hin") in 2001 that "Given enough eyeballs, all errors are shallow",{{cite web\| title\=Wikipedia is wide open. Why is it growing so fast? Why isn't it full of nonsense?\| first\=Larry\| last\=Sanger\| work\=\[\[Kuro5hin]]\| date\=September 24, 2001\| url\=http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2001/9/24/43858/2479\| access\-date\=October 31, 2007\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010041752/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2001/9/24/43858/2479\| archive\-date\=October 10, 2007\| url\-status\=live\| df\=mdy\-all\| author\-link\=Larry Sanger}} which is a paraphrase of [Linus' Law](/wiki/Linus%27_Law "Linus' Law") of open\-source development.
Likewise, technology figure [Joi Ito](/wiki/Joi_Ito "Joi Ito") wrote on Wikipedia's authority, "\[a]lthough it depends a bit on the field, the question is whether something is more likely to be true coming from a source whose resume sounds authoritative, or a source that has been viewed by hundreds of thousands of people (with the ability to comment) and has survived."{{cite web\| title\=Wikipedia attacked by ignorant reporter\| first\=Joi\| last\=Ito\| publisher\=Joi Ito's Web\| date\=August 29, 2004\| url\=http://joi.ito.com/archives/2004/08/29/wikipedia\_attacked\_by\_ignorant\_reporter.html\#c014592\| access\-date\=October 31, 2007\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928040536/http://joi.ito.com/archives/2004/08/29/wikipedia\_attacked\_by\_ignorant\_reporter.html\#c014592\| archive\-date\=September 28, 2007\| url\-status\=live\| df\=mdy\-all\| author\-link\=Joi Ito}}
In a 2008 letter to the editor of [Physics Today](/wiki/Physics_Today "Physics Today")*, Gregg Jaeger, an associate professor at [Boston University](/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University"),Jaeger, G.[professional webpage](http://people.bu.edu/jaeger) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030517163206/http://people.bu.edu/jaeger \|date\=May 17, 2003 }} has characterized Wikipedia as a medium that is susceptible to fostering "anarchy and distortions" in relation to scientific information.{{Cite magazine\|url\=https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10\.1063/1\.2962992 \|title\=Bits on Quantum Information \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111183353/https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10\.1063/1\.2962992 \|archive\-date\=January 11, 2023 \|url\-status\=live \|magazine\=Physics Today \|date\=July 2008 \|volume\=61 \|issue\=7 \|last\=Jaeger \|first\=Greg \|page\=10 \|doi\=10\.1063/1\.2962992}}{{refn\|The letter was in response to a review of his book ''Quantum Information: An Overview'', that had questioned "whether there is an audience for such encyclopedic texts, especially given the easy access to online sources of information such as the \[\[arXiv]] e\-print server and Wikipedia."\|group\=nb}}*
People known to use or recommend Wikipedia as a reference source include [film critic](/wiki/Film_critic "Film critic") [Roger Ebert](/wiki/Roger_Ebert "Roger Ebert"),{{Cite book\|url\=https://archive.org/details/rogerebertsmovie00roge\_0\|url\-access\=registration\|author\=Ebert, Roger\|title\=Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2009\|publisher\=Andrews McMeel Publishing\|page \=\[https://archive.org/details/rogerebertsmovie00roge\_0/page/529 529] \|date\= November 18, 2008\|isbn\=978\-0\-7407\-7745\-5}}Ebert, Roger (October 7, 2009\). [Review of *Good Hair*](http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091007/REVIEWS/910079997) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221122846/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\=%2F20091007%2FREVIEWS%2F910079997 \|date\=December 21, 2012 }}. [RogerEbert.com](/wiki/RogerEbert.com "RogerEbert.com").Ebert, Roger. ["Why 3D doesn't work and never will. Case closed."](http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2011/01/post_4.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501035944/http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2011/01/post\_4\.html \|date\=May 1, 2011 }} *[Chicago Sun\-Times](/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times "Chicago Sun-Times")*. January 23, 2011Ebert, Roger. ["The Last Mountain"](http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110622/REVIEWS/110629991/1001/reviews) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221122817/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\=%2F20110622%2FREVIEWS%2F110629991%2F1001%2Freviews \|date\=December 21, 2012 }}, rogerebert.com, June 22, 2011 comedian [Rosie O'Donnell](/wiki/Rosie_O%27Donnell "Rosie O'Donnell"),Hall, Sarah. ["Rosie vs. Donald: She Said, He Said"](http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b54017_rosie_vs_donald_she_said_said.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426035427/http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b54017\_rosie\_vs\_donald\_she\_said\_said.html \|date\=April 26, 2011 }}, [E! Online](/wiki/E%21_Online "E! Online"), December 21, 2006 [University of Maryland](/wiki/University_of_Maryland "University of Maryland") [physicist](/wiki/Physicist "Physicist") [Robert L. Park](/wiki/Robert_L._Park "Robert L. Park"),{{cite web\|url\=http://bobpark.physics.umd.edu/WN09/wn082809\.html\|first\=Robert L.\|last\=Park\|title\=What's New\|date\=August 28, 2009\|publisher\=bobpark.org\|access\-date\=July 13, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003003518/http://bobpark.physics.umd.edu/WN09/wn082809\.html\|archive\-date\=October 3, 2009\|url\-status\=dead\|author\-link\=Robert L. Park}} [Rutgers University](/wiki/Rutgers_University "Rutgers University") sociology professor Ted Goertzel{{cite journal \| last1 \= Goertzel \| first1 \= Ted \| year \= 2011 \| title \= Letters to the Editor: Conspiracy Thinking \| journal \= \[\[Skeptical Inquirer]] \| volume \= 35 \| issue \= 3\| page \= 64 }}"The Conspiracy Meme" (January/February 2011\). *Skeptical Inquirer*. Vol. 35 No. 1\. January/February 2011\. p. 37 and [scientific skepticism](/wiki/Scientific_skepticism "Scientific skepticism") promoter and investigator [James Randi](/wiki/James_Randi "James Randi").{{cite web\|author\=Randi, James\|date\=March 18, 2012\|publisher\=\[\[James Randi Educational Foundation]]\|title\=Popoff's Still At It\|url\=http://www.randi.org/site/index.php/swift\-blog/1660\-popoffs\-still\-at\-it.html\|access\-date\=March 22, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320170823/http://www.randi.org/site/index.php/swift\-blog/1660\-popoffs\-still\-at\-it.html\|archive\-date\=March 20, 2012\|url\-status\=live\|author\-link\=James Randi}} Periodicals that publish articles featuring citations of Wikipedia as a source include the American science magazines [Skeptic](/wiki/Skeptic_%28U.S._magazine%29 "Skeptic (U.S. magazine)")*{{cite journal \| last1 \= Hillshafer \| first1 \= David \| year \= 2013 \| title \= The Mass Murder Problem \| journal \= \[\[Skeptic (U.S. magazine)\|Skeptic]] \| volume \= 18 \| issue \= 1\| pages \= 24–32 }}[Lippard, Jim](/wiki/Jim_Lippard "Jim Lippard") (2012\). "The Decline and (Probable) Fall of the Scientology Empire!". *Skeptic* Vol. 17 No. 1\. pp. 18–27\. The citations in question are Citations 10, 14 and 16, as seen on page 27\. and* [Skeptical Inquirer](/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer "Skeptical Inquirer")*.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Sheaffer \| first1 \= Robert \| year \= 2014 \| title \= Between a Beer Joint and a Highway Warning Sign: The 'Classic' Cash\-Landrum Case Unravels". "Psychic Vibrations" \| journal \= \[\[Skeptical Inquirer]] \| volume \= 38 \| issue \= 2\| page \= 28 }} In the January 2013 episode of his talk show,* [Stossel](/wiki/Stossel_%28TV_series%29 "Stossel (TV series)")*, about how ideas can flourish without regulation, journalist [John Stossel](/wiki/John_Stossel "John Stossel") interviewed Wikipedia co\-founder Jimmy Wales, and discussed the success of Wikipedia's model versus that of Britannica, during which Stossel stated that [his own Wikipedia article](/wiki/John_Stossel "John Stossel") exhibited only one error.["Wikipedia Defies Need for Regulation"](http://www.foxbusiness.com/on-air/stossel/index.html#/v/2071803797001/wikipedia-defies-need-for-regulation/?playlist_id=87530) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506071103/http://www.foxbusiness.com/on\-air/stossel/index.html\#/v/2071803797001/wikipedia\-defies\-need\-for\-regulation/?playlist\_id\=87530 \|date\=May 6, 2015 }}. *[Stossel](/wiki/Stossel_%28TV_series%29 "Stossel (TV series)")*. [Fox Business](/wiki/Fox_Business "Fox Business"). January 4, 2013\.*
Jean Goodwin wrote on the reasons why Wikipedia may be trusted. According to him, while readers may not assess the actual expertise of the authors of a given article, they may assess the passion of Wikipedians, and in so far provide a reason for trust.Goodwin, Jean. (2010\). The authority of Wikipedia. In Juho Ritola (Ed.), Argument cultures: Proceedings of the Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation Conference. Windsor, ON, Canada: Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation. CD\-ROM. 24 pp.
[Dariusz Jemielniak](/wiki/Dariusz_Jemielniak "Dariusz Jemielniak"), a Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees member, suggested in 2019 that given the arrival of Wikipedia's 18th birthday, "maybe academics should start treating it as an adult".{{cite journal \|last1\=Jemielniak \|first1\=Dariusz \|title\=Wikipedia: Why Is the Common Knowledge Resource Still Neglected by Academics? \|journal\=GigaScience \|date\=2019 \|volume\=8 \|issue\=12\|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1093/gigascience/giz139\. \|access\-date\=22 August 2024}}
Notable incidents
-----------------
{{see also\|List of Wikipedia controversies}}
### False biographical information
[thumb\|upright\=1\.4\|Cached version of a deleted biographical hoax in the French Wikipedia. Created in January 2007, the article on the fictional 18th\-century naturalist Léon Robert de L'Astran was not deleted until June 2010, when a historian identified it as a hoax.["Ségolène Royal et Léon\-Robert de l'Astran, le savant qui n'a jamais existé"](http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2010/06/07/quand-segolene-royal-cite-un-personnage-historique-qui-n-a-jamais-existe_1369150_823448.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607185314/http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2010/06/07/quand\-segolene\-royal\-cite\-un\-personnage\-historique\-qui\-n\-a\-jamais\-existe\_1369150\_823448\.html \|date\=June 7, 2010 }}, *[Le Monde](/wiki/Le_Monde "Le Monde")*, June 7, 2010](/wiki/File:Astran.JPG "Astran.JPG")
Inaccurate information may persist in Wikipedia for a long time before it is challenged. The most prominent cases reported by mainstream media involved biographies of living persons. The [Seigenthaler incident](/wiki/Wikipedia_biography_controversy "Wikipedia biography controversy") demonstrated that the subject of a biographical article must sometimes fix blatant lies about his or her own life. In May 2005, a user edited the [biographical](/wiki/Biography "Biography") article on [John Seigenthaler Sr.](/wiki/John_Seigenthaler_Sr. "John Seigenthaler Sr.") so that it contained several false and [defamatory](/wiki/Defamation "Defamation") statements.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005\-11\-29\-wikipedia\-edit\_x.htm\|work\=USA Today\|date\=November 29, 2005\|title\=A false Wikipedia "biography"\|first\=John\|last\=Seigenthaler\|access\-date\=September 10, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106225139/http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005\-11\-29\-wikipedia\-edit\_x.htm\|archive\-date\=January 6, 2012\|url\-status\=live\|author\-link\=John Seigenthaler}} The inaccurate claims went unnoticed between May and September 2005 when they were discovered by [Victor S. Johnson, Jr.](/wiki/Victor_S._Johnson%2C_Jr. "Victor S. Johnson, Jr."), a friend of Seigenthaler. Wikipedia content is often mirrored at sites such as [Answers.com](/wiki/Answers.com "Answers.com"), which means that incorrect information can be replicated alongside correct information through a number of web sources. Such information can develop a misleading air of authority because of its presence at such sites: "Then \[Seigenthaler's] son discovered that his father's hoax biography also appeared on two other sites, Reference.com and Answers.com, which took direct feeds from Wikipedia. It was out there for four months before Seigenthaler realized and got the Wikipedia entry replaced with a more reliable account. The lies remained for another three weeks on the mirror sites downstream."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/scienceshow/mistakes\-and\-hoaxes\-on\-line/3330692\|title\=Mistakes and hoaxes on\-line\|publisher\=Australian Broadcasting Corporation\|date\=April 15, 2006\|access\-date\=April 28, 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113084903/http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/scienceshow/mistakes\-and\-hoaxes\-on\-line/3330692\|archive\-date\=November 13, 2012\|url\-status\=live}}
Seth Finkelstein reported in an article in [The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian") *on his efforts to remove his own biography page from Wikipedia, simply because it was subjected to [defamation](/wiki/Defamation "Defamation"): "Wikipedia has a short biography of me, originally added in February 2004, mostly concerned with my internet civil liberties achievements. After discovering in May 2006 that it had been vandalised in March, possibly by a long\-time opponent, and that the attack had been subsequently propagated to many other sites which (legally) repackage Wikipedia's content, the article's existence seemed to me overall to be harmful rather than helpful." He added: "For people who are not very prominent, Wikipedia biographies can be an '[attractive nuisance](/wiki/Attractive_nuisance "Attractive nuisance")'. It says, to every troll, vandal, and score\-settler: 'Here's an article about a person where you can, with no accountability whatsoever, write any libel, defamation, or smear. It won't be a marginal comment with the social status of an inconsequential rant, but rather will be made prominent about the person, and reputation\-laundered with the institutional status of an encyclopedia.{{'"}}Seth Finkelstein (September 28, 2006\) ["I'm on Wikipedia, get me out of here"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2006/sep/28/wikipedia.web20) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112180917/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2006/sep/28/wikipedia.web20 \|date\=November 12, 2016 }} The Guardian. Inside IT.*
In the same article, Finkelstein recounts how he voted his own biography as "not [notable](/wiki/Notability_in_Wikipedia "Notability in Wikipedia") enough" in order to have it removed from Wikipedia. He goes on to recount a similar story involving Angela Beesley, previously a prominent member of the foundation which runs Wikipedia. [Taner Akçam](/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am "Taner Akçam"), a [Turkish](/wiki/Turkish_people "Turkish people") history professor at the [University of Minnesota](/wiki/University_of_Minnesota "University of Minnesota"), was detained at the Montreal airport, as his article was vandalized by Turkish nationalists in 2007\. While this mistake was resolved, he was again arrested in US for the same suspicion two days later.{{cite magazine \| url\=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2042333\_2042334\_2042574,00\.html \| magazine\=Time \| title\=Top 10 Wikipedia Moments \| date\=January 13, 2011 \| access\-date\=August 21, 2011 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824015545/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2042333\_2042334\_2042574,00\.html \| archive\-date\=August 24, 2011 \| url\-status\=dead }}
On March 2, 2007, MSNBC reported that [Hillary Clinton](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton") had been incorrectly listed for 20 months in her Wikipedia biography as [valedictorian](/wiki/Valedictorian "Valedictorian") of her class of 1969 at [Wellesley College](/wiki/Wellesley_College "Wellesley College"). (Hillary Rodham was not the valedictorian, though she did speak at [commencement](/wiki/Graduation "Graduation").){{cite news\|first\=Bill\|last\=Dedman\|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna17388372\|title\=Reading Hillary Clinton's hidden thesis\|publisher\=NBC News\|date\=March 3, 2007\|access\-date\=March 17, 2007\|archive\-date\=July 12, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712085245/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17388372\|url\-status\=live}} The article included a link to the Wikipedia edit,{{cite web\|url\=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title\=Hillary\_Rodham\_Clinton\&diff\=18494301\&oldid\=18493966\|title\=Hillary Rodham Clinton\|publisher\=Wikipedia\|date\=July 9, 2005\|access\-date\=March 17, 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216104215/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title\=Hillary\_Rodham\_Clinton\&diff\=18494301\&oldid\=18493966\|archive\-date\=February 16, 2016\|url\-status\=live}} where the incorrect information was added on July 9, 2005\. After the msnbc.com report, the inaccurate information was removed the same day.{{cite web\|url\=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title\=Hillary\_Rodham\_Clinton\&diff\=112070224\&oldid\=111773323\|title\=Hillary Rodham Clinton\|publisher\=Wikipedia\|date\=March 2, 2007\|access\-date\=March 17, 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216104216/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title\=Hillary\_Rodham\_Clinton\&diff\=112070224\&oldid\=111773323\|archive\-date\=February 16, 2016\|url\-status\=live}}{{refn\|Between the two edits, the wrong information had stayed in the Clinton article while it was edited more than 4,800 times over 20 months.\|group\=nb}}
Attempts to perpetrate [hoaxes](/wiki/Hoax "Hoax") may not be confined to editing Wikipedia articles. In October 2005 [Alan Mcilwraith](/wiki/Alan_Mcilwraith "Alan Mcilwraith"), a former [call center](/wiki/Call_center "Call center") worker from Scotland created a Wikipedia article in which he claimed to be a highly decorated war hero. The article was quickly identified by other users as unreliable (see [*Wikipedia Signpost* article April 17, 2006](/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2006-04-17/Persistent_hoax "Wikipedia Signpost/2006-04-17/Persistent hoax")); however, Mcilwraith had also succeeded in convincing a number of charities and media organizations that he was who he claimed to be: "The 28\-year\-old, who calls himself Captain Sir Alan McIlwraith, KBE, DSO, MC, has mixed with celebrities for at least one fundraising event. But last night, an Army spokesman said: 'I can confirm he is a fraud. He has never been an officer, soldier or Army cadet.{{'"}}{{cite news \|url\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/tm\_objectid\=16929538\&method\=full\&siteid\=66633\&headline\=meet\-sir\-walter\-mitty\-\-name\_page.html \|title\=Exclusive: Meet the Real Sir Walter Mitty \|first\=Cara \|last\=Paige \|newspaper\=Daily Record \|date\=April 11, 2006 \|access\-date\=November 24, 2007 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014712/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/tm\_objectid%3D16929538%26method%3Dfull%26siteid%3D66633%26headline%3Dmeet\-sir\-walter\-mitty\-\-name\_page.html \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2007 }}
In May 2010, French politician [Ségolène Royal](/wiki/S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne_Royal "Ségolène Royal") publicly praised the memory of Léon\-Robert de l'Astran, an 18th\-century [naturalist](/wiki/Naturalist "Naturalist"), [humanist](/wiki/Humanist "Humanist") and son of a slave trader, who had opposed the slave trade. The newspaper [Sud\-Ouest](/wiki/Sud-Ouest_%28newspaper%29 "Sud-Ouest (newspaper)") *revealed a month later that de l'Astran had never existed—except as the subject of an article in the [French Wikipedia](/wiki/French_Wikipedia "French Wikipedia"). Historian Jean\-Louis Mahé discovered that de l'Astran was fictional after a student, interested by Royal's praise of him, asked Mahé about him. Mahé's research led him to realize that de l'Astran did not exist in any archives, and he traced the hoax back to the [Rotary Club](/wiki/Rotary_Club "Rotary Club") of [La Rochelle](/wiki/La_Rochelle "La Rochelle"). The article, created by members of the Club in January 2007, had thus remained online for three years—unsourced—before the hoax was uncovered. Upon* Sud\-Ouest'*s revelation—repeated in other major French newspapers—French Wikipedia administrator [DonCamillo](/wiki/Utilisateur:DonCamillo "DonCamillo") immediately deleted the article.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2547291\.ece \| title\=Ségolène Royal and Wikipedia duped by tale of anti\-slavery activist \| work\=The Times \| date\=June 9, 2010 \| access\-date\=June 17, 2011 \| location\=London \| first\=Adam \| last\=Sage \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728232255/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2547291\.ece \| archive\-date\=July 28, 2014 \| url\-status\=live \| df\=mdy\-all }}["Léon\-Robert de L'Astran, celui qui n'a jamais existé"](http://www.sudouest.fr/2010/06/07/leon-robert-de-l-astran-celui-qui-n-a-jamais-existe-110539-3415.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611054014/http://www.sudouest.fr/2010/06/07/leon\-robert\-de\-l\-astran\-celui\-qui\-n\-a\-jamais\-existe\-110539\-3415\.php \|date\=June 11, 2010 }}, *[Sud\-Ouest](/wiki/Sud-Ouest_%28newspaper%29 "Sud-Ouest (newspaper)")*, June 7, 2010["Ségolène Royal tombe dans le piège de Wikipédia"](http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2010/06/08/01002-20100608ARTFIG00346-segolene-royal-tombe-dans-le-piege-de-wikipedia.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610235048/http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2010/06/08/01002\-20100608ARTFIG00346\-segolene\-royal\-tombe\-dans\-le\-piege\-de\-wikipedia.php \|date\=June 10, 2010 }}, *[Le Figaro](/wiki/Le_Figaro "Le Figaro")*, June 8, 2010["Royal, toute une Histoire"](http://www.lejdd.fr/Politique/Actualite/Royal-toute-une-Histoire-198776/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610024220/http://www.lejdd.fr/Politique/Actualite/Royal\-toute\-une\-Histoire\-198776/ \|date\=June 10, 2010 }}, *[Le Journal du Dimanche](/wiki/Le_Journal_du_Dimanche "Le Journal du Dimanche")*, June 7, 2010{{Cite web\|url\=http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on\_Robert\_de\_L%27Astran \|title\=Léon Robert de L'Astran \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on\_Robert\_de\_L'Astran \|archive\-date\=September 13, 2006 \|url\-status\=live}}, article in the French Wikipedia, deleted on June 7, 2010*
There have also been instances of users deliberately inserting false information into Wikipedia in order to test the system and demonstrate its alleged unreliability. Journalist [Gene Weingarten](/wiki/Gene_Weingarten "Gene Weingarten") ran such a test in 2007 by anonymously inserting false information into his own biography. The fabrications were removed 27 hours later by a Wikipedia editor who was regularly watching changes to that article.{{cite news\|first\=Gene\|last\=Weingarten\|date\=March 16, 2007\|url\=http://www.newsobserver.com/105/story/553968\.html\|title\=A wickedly fun test of Wikipedia\|newspaper\=\[\[The News \& Observer]]\|access\-date\=April 8, 2006 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070320032706/http://www.newsobserver.com/105/story/553968\.html \|archive\-date \= March 20, 2007}} Television personality [Stephen Colbert](/wiki/Stephen_Colbert "Stephen Colbert") lampooned this drawback of Wikipedia, calling it [wikiality](/wiki/Wikipedia_in_popular_culture%23Wikiality "Wikipedia in popular culture#Wikiality").{{cite web \|last1\=McCarthy \|first1\=Caroline \|title\=Colbert speaks, America follows: All hail Wikiality! \|url\=https://www.cnet.com/culture/colbert\-speaks\-america\-follows\-all\-hail\-wikiality/ \|website\=\[\[CNET]] \|access\-date\=November 17, 2022 \|date\=August 1, 2006 \|archive\-date\=November 17, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117083359/https://www.cnet.com/culture/colbert\-speaks\-america\-follows\-all\-hail\-wikiality/ \|url\-status\=live }}
"Death by Wikipedia" is a phenomenon in which a person is erroneously proclaimed dead through vandalism. Articles about the comedian [Paul Reiser](/wiki/Paul_Reiser "Paul Reiser"), British television host [Vernon Kay](/wiki/Vernon_Kay "Vernon Kay"), French professor [Bertrand Meyer](/wiki/Bertrand_Meyer%23Wikipedia_hoax "Bertrand Meyer#Wikipedia hoax"), and the West Virginia Senator [Robert Byrd](/wiki/Robert_Byrd "Robert Byrd"), who died on June 28, 2010, have been vandalized in this way.{{cite web \|last\=Metz \|first\=Cade \|url\=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/01/22/wikipedia\_vandalism\_crackdown/ \|title\=Jimbo Wales ends death by Wikipedia \|work\=The Register \|date\=January 22, 2009 \|access\-date\=March 31, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427134821/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/01/22/wikipedia\_vandalism\_crackdown/ \|archive\-date\=April 27, 2010 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|last\=Goss \|first\=Patrick \|url\=http://www.techradar.com/news/internet/vernon\-kay\-shocked\-at\-death\-by\-wikipedia\-464838 \|title\=Vernon Kay shocked at death by Wikipedia \|publisher\=Techradar.com \|date\=September 15, 2008 \|access\-date\=March 31, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519230124/http://www.techradar.com/news/internet/vernon\-kay\-shocked\-at\-death\-by\-wikipedia\-464838 \|archive\-date\=May 19, 2011 \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite news \|last\=Pershing \|first\=Ben \|url\=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/capitol\-briefing/2009/01/kennedy\_the\_latest\_victim\_of\_w.html?hpid\=topnews \|title\=Kennedy, Byrd the Latest Victims of Wikipedia Errors \|newspaper\=The Washington Post \|date\=January 21, 2009 \|access\-date\=May 31, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811014259/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/capitol\-briefing/2009/01/kennedy\_the\_latest\_victim\_of\_w.html?hpid\=topnews \|archive\-date\=August 11, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{refn\|Wikipedia considers vandalism as "any addition, removal, or change of content in a deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of Wikipedia". The Wikipedia page "\[\[Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia\|Researching with Wikipedia]]" states: "Wikipedia's radical openness means that any given article may be, at any given moment, in a bad state: for example, it could be in the middle of a large edit or it could have been recently vandalized. While blatant vandalism is usually easily spotted and rapidly corrected, Wikipedia is certainly more subject to subtle vandalism than a typical reference work."\|group\=nb}}
### Other false information
In June 2007, an anonymous Wikipedia contributor became involved in the [Chris Benoit double murder and suicide](/wiki/Chris_Benoit_double_murder_and_suicide "Chris Benoit double murder and suicide") because of an unverified piece of information he added to the "[Chris Benoit](/wiki/Chris_Benoit "Chris Benoit")" [English Wikipedia](/wiki/English_Wikipedia "English Wikipedia") article. This information regarding Benoit's wife's death was added fourteen hours before police discovered the bodies of Benoit and his family.{{cite news \|first\=Blane \|last\=Bachelor \|title\=Web Time Stamps Indicate Benoit Death Reported About 14 Hours Before Police Found Bodies \|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,287194,00\.html \|publisher\=\[\[Fox News]] \|date\=June 28, 2007 \|access\-date\=May 21, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517070950/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,287194,00\.html \|archive\-date\=May 17, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead }} Police detectives seized computer equipment from the man held responsible for the postings, but believed he was uninvolved and did not press charges.{{cite news \|first\=David \|last\=Schoetz \|title\=Police: Wiki Confession an 'Unbelievable Hindrance' \|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/story?id\=3327310\&page\=1 \|publisher\=\[\[ABC News (United States)\|ABC News]] \|date\=June 29, 2007 \|access\-date\=May 21, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516121016/https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/story?id\=3327310\&page\=1 \|archive\-date\=May 16, 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} The [IP address](/wiki/IP_address "IP address") from which the edit was made was traced to earlier instances of Wikipedia vandalism. The contributor apologized on [Wikinews](/wiki/Wikinews "Wikinews"), saying: "I will never vandalize anything on Wikipedia or post wrongful information. I will never post anything here again unless it is pure fact ... ."{{cite news \|title\=The College Student Who 'Knew' About the Benoit Murder\-Suicide Before Police \|first\=Corey \|last\=Spring \|url\=http://spring.newsvine.com/\_news/2007/06/29/808872\-the\-college\-student\-who\-knew\-about\-the\-benoit\-murder\-suicide\-before\-police \|date\=June 29, 2007 \|access\-date\=May 21, 2008 \|publisher\=\[\[Newsvine]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911094254/http://spring.newsvine.com/\_news/2007/06/29/808872\-the\-college\-student\-who\-knew\-about\-the\-benoit\-murder\-suicide\-before\-police \|archive\-date\=September 11, 2016 \|url\-status\=live }}
On August 29, 2008, shortly after the first round draw was completed for [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League "UEFA Europa League") football cup, an edit was made to the article for the football club [AC Omonia](/wiki/AC_Omonia "AC Omonia"), apparently by users of the website [B3ta](/wiki/B3ta "B3ta").[Mirror duped by Wikipedia 'fact'](http://www.webuser.co.uk/news/news.php?id=268155) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217233024/http://subscribe.webuser.co.uk/?id\=268155 \|date\=February 17, 2022 }} (*Web User*, September 19, 2008\){{refn\|It added the following erroneous information to the section titled "The fans": "A small but loyal group of fans are lovingly called "The Zany Ones"—they like to wear hats made from discarded shoes and have a song about a little potato."\|group\=nb}} On September 18, 2008, David Anderson, a British journalist writing for the [Daily Mirror](/wiki/Daily_Mirror "Daily Mirror")*, quoted this in his match preview ahead of Omonia's game with [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. "Manchester City F.C."), which appeared in the web and print versions of the* Mirror *and the nickname was quoted in subsequent editions on September 19\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/2008/09/18/new\-look\-manchester\-city\-side\-begin\-their\-uefa\-cup\-campaign\-in\-earnest\-115875\-20741334/ \|title\=New\-look Manchester City side begin their UEFA Cup campaign in earnest \|work\=Daily Mirror \|date\=September 18, 2008 \|access\-date\=April 13, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819104710/http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/2008/09/18/new\-look\-manchester\-city\-side\-begin\-their\-uefa\-cup\-campaign\-in\-earnest\-115875\-20741334/ \|archive\-date\=August 19, 2009 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/match\-reports/2008/09/19/omonia\-nicosia\-1\-2\-manchester\-city\-goals\-start\-to\-flow\-for\-jo\-115875\-20743824/ \|title\=Omonia Nicosia 1–2 Manchester City: Goals start to flow for Jo \|work\=Daily Mirror \|date\=April 9, 2010 \|access\-date\=April 13, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813164321/http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/match\-reports/2008/09/19/omonia\-nicosia\-1\-2\-manchester\-city\-goals\-start\-to\-flow\-for\-jo\-115875\-20743824/ \|archive\-date\=August 13, 2009 \|url\-status\=live }}*
In May 2009, [University College Dublin](/wiki/University_College_Dublin "University College Dublin") sociology student Shane Fitzgerald added an incorrect quote to the article on the recently deceased composer [Maurice Jarre](/wiki/Maurice_Jarre "Maurice Jarre"). Fitzgerald wanted to demonstrate the potential dangers of news reporters' reliance on the internet for information.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/0507/1224246059241\.html \|title\=Lazy journalism exposed by online hoax \|date\=May 7, 2009 \|first\=Shane \|last\=Fitzgerald \|newspaper\=\[\[The Irish Times]] \|access\-date\=January 8, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101125154/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/0507/1224246059241\.html \|archive\-date\=November 1, 2011 \|url\-status\=live }} Although Fitzgerald's edits were removed three times from the Wikipedia article for [lack of sourcing](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability%23Responsibility_for_providing_citations "Verifiability#Responsibility for providing citations"),{{cite web \|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/AheadoftheCurve/wirestory?id\=7556738\&page\=1 \|title\=Irish Student Hoaxes World's Media With Fake Quote \|publisher\=\[\[ABC News (United States)\|ABC News]] \|first\=Shawn \|last\=Pogatchnik \|date\=May 11, 2009 \|access\-date\=January 8, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628211245/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/AheadoftheCurve/wirestory?id\=7556738\&page\=1 \|archive\-date\=June 28, 2011 }} they were nevertheless copied into obituary columns in newspapers worldwide.{{cite web \|url\=https://arstechnica.com/media/news/2009/05/wikipedia\-hoax\-reveals\-limits\-of\-journalists\-research.ars \|title\=Wikipedia hoax points to limits of journalists' research \|date\=May 8, 2009 \|publisher\=arstechnica.com \|access\-date\=January 8, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221221444/http://arstechnica.com/media/news/2009/05/wikipedia\-hoax\-reveals\-limits\-of\-journalists\-research.ars \|archive\-date\=February 21, 2010 \|url\-status\=live }} Fitzgerald believes that if he had not come forward his quote would have remained in history as fact.
The death of [Norman Wisdom](/wiki/Norman_Wisdom "Norman Wisdom") in October 2010 led several major newspapers to repeat the false claim, drawn from Wikipedia, that he was the author of the lyrics of the Second World War song "[(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover](/wiki/%28There%27ll_Be_Bluebirds_Over%29_The_White_Cliffs_of_Dover "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover")".{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/mediamonkeyblog/2010/oct/05/norman\-wisdom\-wikipedia\-mirror \|title\='Wikipedia vandals' strike again in Norman Wisdom obits \|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|date\=October 5, 2010 \|access\-date\=December 3, 2010 \|location\=London \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116210933/http://www.theguardian.com/media/mediamonkeyblog/2010/oct/05/norman\-wisdom\-wikipedia\-mirror \|archive\-date\=January 16, 2016 \|url\-status\=live }}
After the [2010 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup "2010 FIFA World Cup"), FIFA president [Sepp Blatter](/wiki/Sepp_Blatter "Sepp Blatter") was presented with the Order of the Companions of Oliver Reginald Tambo. The citation, however, read: "The Order of the Companions of OR Tambo in Gold—awarded to Joseph Sepp [Bellend](/wiki/wikt:Bellend "Bellend") Blatter (1936–) for his exceptional contribution to the field of football and support for the hosting of the Fifa World Cup on the African continent", after the name on his Wikipedia entry was vandalized.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/oddballs/835201\-sepp\-blatter\-called\-a\-bellend\-during\-award\-of\-south\-african\-medal \|title\=Sepp Blatter called a 'bellend' during award of South African medal \|work\=The Metro\|date\=July 15, 2010 \|access\-date\=August 11, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806080420/http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/oddballs/835201\-sepp\-blatter\-called\-a\-bellend\-during\-award\-of\-south\-african\-medal \|archive\-date\=August 6, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}
In October 2012, the [Asian Football Confederation](/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation "Asian Football Confederation") official website published an article about the [United Arab Emirates national football team](/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_national_football_team "United Arab Emirates national football team")'s bid to qualify for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup, in which the team's nickname was stated to be the "Sand Monkeys". This was the indirect result of vandalism of the Wikipedia article on the team, and the AFC was forced to apologise for what was perceived as a racist slur.{{cite news \| url \= https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/soccer\-dirty\-tackle/asian\-football\-confederation\-apologize\-calling\-uae\-national\-team\-182949385\-\-sow.html \| title \= Asian Football Confederation apologize for calling UAE national team 'Sand Monkeys' \| last \= Bailey \| first \= Ryan \| publisher \= Yahoo! Sports \| date \= October 25, 2012 \| access\-date \= March 25, 2014 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140325192044/http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/soccer\-dirty\-tackle/asian\-football\-confederation\-apologize\-calling\-uae\-national\-team\-182949385\-\-sow.html \| archive\-date \= March 25, 2014 \| url\-status \= live }}{{cite news \| url \= http://www.cbsnews.com/news/asian\-soccer\-body\-apologizes\-for\-sand\-monkeys\-slur\-of\-uae\-team/ \| title \= Asian soccer body apologizes for 'sand monkeys' slur of UAE team \| agency \= Associated Press \| publisher \= CBS News \| date \= October 15, 2012 \| access\-date \= March 25, 2014 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140325191605/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/asian\-soccer\-body\-apologizes\-for\-sand\-monkeys\-slur\-of\-uae\-team/ \| archive\-date \= March 25, 2014 \| url\-status \= live }}
[thumb\|The [Wikipedia hoax](/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_hoaxes_on_Wikipedia "List of hoaxes on Wikipedia") "Bicholim conflict"{{self\-reference link\|Wikipedia:List of hoaxes on Wikipedia/Bicholim conflict\|Archived copy of article at time of deletion}} which in 2007 won the status of "Good Article"](/wiki/File:A_photo_of_the_Wikipedia_hoax_%22Bicholim_conflict%22.jpeg "A photo of the Wikipedia hoax ")
In December 2012, an article titled "Bicholim conflict" was deleted after standing since 2007\.{{cite web\|title\=Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bicholim conflict\|url\=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title\=Wikipedia:Articles\_for\_deletion/Bicholim\_conflict\&oldid\=530321030\|publisher\=Wikipedia\|access\-date\=May 22, 2013\|archive\-date\=February 17, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217233023/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title\=Wikipedia%3AArticles\_for\_deletion%2FBicholim\_conflict\&oldid\=530321030\|url\-status\=live}} It talked about a war that took place in India between the years 1640 and 1641, but was later confirmed to be completely fictitious.{{cite news\|last\=Pfeiffer \|first\=Eric \|title\=War is over: Imaginary 'Bicholim Conflict' page removed from Wikipedia after five years \|url\=https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/sideshow/war\-over\-imaginary\-bicholim\-conflict\-page\-removed\-wikipedia\-234717353\.html \|access\-date\=January 8, 2013 \|publisher\=\[\[Yahoo! News]] \|date\=January 4, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109103905/http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/sideshow/war\-over\-imaginary\-bicholim\-conflict\-page\-removed\-wikipedia\-234717353\.html \|archive\-date\=January 9, 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} The hoax article had won Wikipedia's "Good Article" award, a status conferred on fewer than 1 percent of articles on the site, a few months after its creation in 2007, and held that status for five years.{{cite news \| url \= http://www.dailydot.com/news/wikipedia\-bicholim\-conflict\-hoax\-deleted/ \| last \= Morris \| first \= Kevin \| title \= After a half\-decade, massive Wikipedia hoax finally exposed \| work \= The Daily Dot \| date \= January 1, 2013 \| access\-date \= March 25, 2014 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140410195455/http://www.dailydot.com/news/wikipedia\-bicholim\-conflict\-hoax\-deleted/ \| archive\-date \= April 10, 2014 \| url\-status \= live }}
In March 2013, it was discovered that both Wikipedia and [IMDb](/wiki/IMDb "IMDb") had for three\-and\-a\-half years contained articles on a fictitious Russian filmmaker named Yuri Gadyukin. False information had been planted in both sites as part of a viral promotion campaign for an upcoming film.{{cite news \| url \= http://www.dailydot.com/entertainment/wikipedia\-hoax\-yuri\-gadyukin\-nitrate\-movie/ \| last \= Morris \| first \= Kevin \| title \= The greatest movie that never was \| work \= The Daily Dot \| date \= April 25, 2013 \| access\-date \= March 25, 2014 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130426183336/http://www.dailydot.com/entertainment/wikipedia\-hoax\-yuri\-gadyukin\-nitrate\-movie/ \| archive\-date \= April 26, 2013 \| url\-status \= live }}
In May 2014, [The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker") *reported that a 17\-year\-old student had added an invented nickname to the Wikipedia article on the [coati](/wiki/Coati "Coati") in 2008, saying coatis were also known as "Brazilian [aardvarks](/wiki/Aardvark "Aardvark")". The taxonomically false information, inserted as a private joke, lasted for six years in Wikipedia and over this time came to be propagated by hundreds of websites, several newspapers (one of which was later cited as a source in Wikipedia) and even books published by university presses. It was only removed from Wikipedia after publication of the* New Yorker *article, in which the student explained how the joke had come about.*
In March 2015, it became known that an article on Wikipedia entitled "[Jar'Edo Wens](/wiki/Jar%27Edo_Wens_hoax "Jar'Edo Wens hoax")", purportedly about an Australian aboriginal deity of that name, was a hoax. The article had survived for more than nine years before being deleted, making it one of the longest\-lived documented hoax articles in Wikipedia's history. The article spawned mentions of the fake god on numerous other websites as well as in a book titled Atheism and the Case Against Christ*.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the\-intersect/wp/2015/04/15/the\-great\-wikipedia\-hoax/ \| title\=The story behind Jar'Edo Wens, the longest\-running hoax in Wikipedia history \| newspaper\=The Washington Post \| date\=April 15, 2015 \| access\-date\=April 19, 2015 \| author\=Dewey, Caitlin \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419001603/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the\-intersect/wp/2015/04/15/the\-great\-wikipedia\-hoax/ \| archive\-date\=April 19, 2015 \| url\-status\=live }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.smh.com.au/digital\-life/digital\-life\-news/aussies\-jaredo\-wens\-prank\-sets\-new\-record\-as\-wikipedias\-longestrunning\-hoax\-20150323\-1m59c7\.html\|title\=Aussie's Jar'Edo Wens prank sets new record as Wikipedia's longest\-running hoax\|work\=The Sydney Morning Herald\|date\=March 23, 2015\|access\-date\=July 8, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701152353/http://www.smh.com.au/digital\-life/digital\-life\-news/aussies\-jaredo\-wens\-prank\-sets\-new\-record\-as\-wikipedias\-longestrunning\-hoax\-20150323\-1m59c7\.html\|archive\-date\=July 1, 2015\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://internet.gawker.com/how\-one\-man\-made\-himself\-into\-an\-aboriginal\-god\-with\-wi\-1692426415 \|title\=How One Man Made Himself Into an Aboriginal God With Wikipedia \|first\=Andy \|last\=Cush \|publisher\=Gawker Media \|work\=Weird Internet \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709193621/http://internet.gawker.com/how\-one\-man\-made\-himself\-into\-an\-aboriginal\-god\-with\-wi\-1692426415 \|archive\-date\=July 9, 2015 }}*
In August 2019, a discredited theory was removed from the article [Warsaw concentration camp](/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp "Warsaw concentration camp"), over 10 years after [it was debunked in mainstream scholarly literature](/wiki/Fringe_theory "Fringe theory"). The article was first drafted in August 2004 by an established editor who presented as fact [a fringe theory that the camp contained gas chambers in which 200,000 people perished](/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp%23Discredited_extermination_camp_story "Warsaw concentration camp#Discredited extermination camp story"). With the [misinformation](/wiki/Misinformation "Misinformation") presented as fact for 15 years, media sources dubbed it as "Wikipedia's longest\-standing hoax".{{cite news \|work\=\[\[Haaretz]] \|url\=https://www.haaretz.com/israel\-news/.premium.MAGAZINE\-the\-fake\-nazi\-death\-camp\-wikipedia\-s\-longest\-hoax\-exposed\-1\.7942233 \|title\=The Fake Nazi Death Camp: Wikipedia's Longest Hoax, Exposed \|date\=October 4, 2019 \|first\=Omer \|last\=Benjakob \|access\-date\=December 29, 2021 \|archive\-date\=October 19, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019175407/https://www.haaretz.com/israel\-news/.premium.MAGAZINE\-the\-fake\-nazi\-death\-camp\-wikipedia\-s\-longest\-hoax\-exposed\-1\.7942233 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news\|title\=Wikipedia's 'longest\-running hoax' about fake Warsaw death camp revealed\|newspaper\=\[\[Cleveland Jewish News]]\|url\=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/jns/wikipedia\-s\-longest\-running\-hoax\-about\-fake\-warsaw\-death\-camp/article\_856e66a1\-0289\-5e77\-a73f\-219a00536c54\.html\|date\=October 4, 2019\|access\-date\=December 29, 2021\|archive\-date\=November 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124182412/https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/jns/wikipedia\-s\-longest\-running\-hoax\-about\-fake\-warsaw\-death\-camp/article\_856e66a1\-0289\-5e77\-a73f\-219a00536c54\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|title\= Wikipedia page on fake Warsaw concentration camp was 15\-year hoax — report\|newspaper\= \[\[The Times of Israel]]\|url\= https://www.timesofisrael.com/wikipedia\-page\-on\-fake\-warsaw\-concentration\-camp\-was\-15\-year\-hoax\-report/\|date\= October 5, 2019\|access\-date\= December 29, 2021\|archive\-date\= November 7, 2021\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20211107183051/https://www.timesofisrael.com/wikipedia\-page\-on\-fake\-warsaw\-concentration\-camp\-was\-15\-year\-hoax\-report/\|url\-status\= live}}
In June 2022, it was discovered that an editor known as Zhemao ({{lang\-zh\|折毛}}) had created over 200 articles on the Chinese Wikipedia about fabricated events in medieval [Russian history](/wiki/Russian_history "Russian history").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkgbwm/chinese\-woman\-fake\-russian\-history\-wikipedia\|title\=A Bored Chinese Housewife Spent Years Falsifying Russian History on Wikipedia\|work\=Vice News\|date\=July 13, 2022\|access\-date\=July 13, 2022\|archive\-date\=July 17, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717231705/https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkgbwm/chinese\-woman\-fake\-russian\-history\-wikipedia\|url\-status\=live}} Dubbed the [Zhemao hoaxes](/wiki/Zhemao_hoaxes "Zhemao hoaxes"), the hoax articles combined research and fantasy, creating an [alternate history](/wiki/Alternate_history "Alternate history") centered around a "[Kashin](/wiki/Kashin_%28town%29 "Kashin (town)") silver mine" and political ties between "princes of Tver" and "dukes of Moscow".{{cite web \|last1\=Diamond \|first1\=Jonny \|title\=A "Chinese Borges" wrote millions of words of fake Russian history on Wikipedia for a decade. \|url\=https://lithub.com/a\-chinese\-borges\-wrote\-millions\-of\-words\-of\-fake\-russian\-history\-on\-wikipedia\-for\-a\-decade/ \|website\=Literary Hub \|access\-date\=August 6, 2022 \|date\=June 28, 2022 \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717130111/https://lithub.com/a\-chinese\-borges\-wrote\-millions\-of\-words\-of\-fake\-russian\-history\-on\-wikipedia\-for\-a\-decade/ \|url\-status\=live }}
{{anchor\|Alan MacMasters}}In August 2022, Wikipedia criticism site [Wikipediocracy](/wiki/Wikipediocracy "Wikipediocracy") published an interview with a hoaxer who ten years prior had added a hoax to Wikipedia, claiming that an "Alan MacMasters" had invented the [electric toaster](/wiki/Electric_toaster "Electric toaster"). The false information was widely reproduced online as well as in newspapers and books subsequently cited in Wikipedia.{{cite news \| url\=http://bbc.co.uk/news/the\-reporters\-63622746 \| title\=Alan MacMasters: How the great online toaster hoax was exposed \| work\=BBC News \| date\=November 19, 2022 \| access\-date\=November 20, 2022 \| archive\-date\=November 20, 2022 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120143621/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/the\-reporters\-63622746 \| url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|title\=Wikipedia's Credibility Is Toast {{!}} Wikipediocracy \|url\=https://wikipediocracy.com/2022/08/11/wikipedias\-credibility\-is\-toast/ \|access\-date\=September 11, 2022 \|website\=wikipediocracy.com \|archive\-date\=September 4, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904071848/https://wikipediocracy.com/2022/08/11/wikipedias\-credibility\-is\-toast/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Rauwerda \|first\=Annie \|title\=A long\-running Wikipedia hoax and the problem of circular reporting \|url\=https://www.inputmag.com/culture/wikipedia\-hoax\-alan\-macmasters\-toaster \|access\-date\=September 11, 2022 \|website\=Input \|date\=August 12, 2022 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=September 4, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904072741/https://www.inputmag.com/culture/wikipedia\-hoax\-alan\-macmasters\-toaster \|url\-status\=live }}
In 2023, [Jan Grabowski](/wiki/Jan_Grabowski "Jan Grabowski") and Shira Klein published an article in the [Journal of Holocaust Research](/wiki/The_Journal_of_Holocaust_Research "The Journal of Holocaust Research") *in which they claim to have discovered a "systematic, intentional distortion of Holocaust history" on the English\-language Wikipedia.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Grabowski \|first1\=Jan \|last2\=Klein \|first2\=Shira \|date\=February 9, 2023 \|title\=Wikipedia's Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust \|journal\=The Journal of Holocaust Research \|volume\=37 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=133–190 \|doi\=10\.1080/25785648\.2023\.2168939 \|s2cid\=257188267 \|issn\=2578\-5648 \|doi\-access\=free }} Analysing 25 Wikipedia articles and almost 300 back pages (including talk pages, noticeboards and arbitration cases), Grabowski and Klein believe they have shown how a small group of editors managed to impose a fringe narrative on Polish\-Jewish relations, informed by Polish nationalist propaganda and far removed from evidence\-driven historical research. In addition to the article on the Warsaw concentration camp, the authors claim that the activities of the editors' group had an effect on several articles, such as [History of the Jews in Poland](/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland "History of the Jews in Poland"), [Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust](/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust "Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust") and [Jew with a coin](/wiki/Jew_with_a_coin "Jew with a coin"). Supposed nationalist editing on these and other articles allegedly included content ranging "from minor errors to subtle manipulations and outright lies", examples of which the authors offer.*
### Conflict\-of\-interest editing on Wikipedia
{{main\|Conflict\-of\-interest editing on Wikipedia}}
#### Political interests and advocacy
While Wikipedia policy requires articles to have a neutral point of view, there have been attempts to place a [spin](/wiki/Spin_%28public_relations%29 "Spin (public relations)") on articles. In January 2006 several staffers of members of the [U.S. House of Representatives](/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives "U.S. House of Representatives") attempted to cleanse their respective bosses' biographies on Wikipedia, and to insert negative remarks on political opponents. References to a campaign promise by [Martin Meehan](/wiki/Marty_Meehan "Marty Meehan") to surrender his seat in 2000 were deleted, and negative comments were inserted into the articles on U.S. Senator [Bill Frist](/wiki/Bill_Frist "Bill Frist") and [Eric Cantor](/wiki/Eric_Cantor "Eric Cantor"), a congressman from [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia"). Numerous other changes were made from an [IP address](/wiki/IP_address "IP address") which is assigned to the House of Representatives.{{cite web\|first\=Margaret\|last\=Kane\|date\=January 30, 2006\|url\=http://news.cnet.com/2061\-11199\_3\-6032713\.html\|title\=Politicians notice Wikipedia\|website\=\[\[CNET\|Cnet news.com]]\|access\-date\=January 28, 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311014348/http://www.cnet.com/news/politicians\-notice\-wikipedia/\|archive\-date\=March 11, 2016}} In an interview, Jimmy Wales remarked that the changes were "not cool".{{cite web\|url\=http://lawnorder.blogspot.com/2006/01/senator\-staffers\-spam\-wikipedia.html\|title\=Senator staffers spam Wikipedia\|access\-date\=September 13, 2006\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060329061323/http://lawnorder.blogspot.com/2006/01/senator\-staffers\-spam\-wikipedia.html\|archive\-date\=March 29, 2006\|url\-status\=live}}
On August 31, 2008, The New York Times *ran an article detailing the edits made to the biography of [Sarah Palin](/wiki/Sarah_Palin "Sarah Palin") in the wake of her nomination as running mate of [John McCain](/wiki/John_McCain "John McCain"). During the 24 hours before the McCain campaign announcement, 30 edits, many of them flattering details, were made to the article by Wikipedia single\-purpose user identity Young Trigg. This person later acknowledged working on the McCain campaign, and having several Wikipedia user accounts.Noam Cohen (August 31, 2008\) ["Don't Like Palin's Wikipedia Story? Change It"](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/01/technology/01link.html?ex=1378008000&en=2690a3850cb270d0&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041708/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/01/technology/01link.html?ex\=1378008000\&en\=2690a3850cb270d0\&ei\=5124\&partner\=permalink\&exprod\=permalink \|date\=February 28, 2018 }} Technology. *The New York Times*.["Sarah Palins Wikipedia entry glossed over by mystery user hrs. before VP announcement"](http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/sarah-palins-wikipedia-entry-glossed-over-by-mystery-user-hrs-before-vp-announcement_10091497.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524085649/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india\-news/sarah\-palins\-wikipedia\-entry\-glossed\-over\-by\-mystery\-user\-hrs\-before\-vp\-announcement\_10091497\.html \|date\=May 24, 2011 }}, *Thaindian News* (September 2, 2008\)*
Larry Delay and Pablo Bachelet write that from their perspective, some articles dealing with Latin American history and groups (such as the [Sandinistas](/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front "Sandinista National Liberation Front") and [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba "Cuba")) lack political neutrality and are written from a sympathetic Marxist perspective which treats socialist dictatorships favorably at the expense of alternate positions.{{Cite news\|first\=Pablo\|last\=Bachelet\|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=MH\&p\_theme\=mh\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&s\_dispstring\=cuba%20wikipedia%20AND%20date(all)\&p\_field\_advanced\-0\=\&p\_text\_advanced\-0\=(cuba%20wikipedia)\&p\_sort\=\_rank\_:D\&xcal\_ranksort\=4\&xcal\_useweights\=yes\|title\=War of Words: Website Can't Define Cuba\|date\=May 3, 2006\|work\=\[\[The Miami Herald]]\|access\-date\=July 8, 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222150122/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=MH\&p\_theme\=mh\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&s\_dispstring\=cuba%20wikipedia%20AND%20date(all)\&p\_field\_advanced\-0\=\&p\_text\_advanced\-0\=(cuba%20wikipedia)\&p\_sort\=\_rank\_:D\&xcal\_ranksort\=4\&xcal\_useweights\=yes\|archive\-date\=December 22, 2012\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|first\=Larry\|last\=Delay\|url\=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/asce/pdfs/volume16/pdfs/program.pdf\|title\=A Pernicious Model for Control of the World Wide Web: The Cuba Case\|date\=August 3, 2006\|publisher\=Association for Study of the Cuban Economy(ASCE)\|access\-date\=July 8, 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910014641/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/asce/pdfs/volume16/pdfs/program.pdf\|archive\-date\=September 10, 2008\|url\-status\=dead}}
In November 2007, libelous accusations were made against two politicians from southwestern France, [Jean\-Pierre Grand](/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Grand "Jean-Pierre Grand") and [Hélène Mandroux\-Colas](/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Mandroux-Colas "Hélène Mandroux-Colas"), on their Wikipedia biographies. Jean\-Pierre Grand asked the president of the [French National Assembly](/wiki/French_National_Assembly "French National Assembly") and the [prime minister of France](/wiki/Prime_minister_of_France "Prime minister of France") to reinforce the legislation on the penal responsibility of Internet sites and of authors who peddle false information in order to cause harm.["Wikipédia en butte à une nouvelle affaire de calomnie"](http://www.vnunet.fr/fr/news/2007/11/28/wikipedia_en_butte_a_une_nouvelle_affaire_de_calomnie) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516003915/http://www.vnunet.fr/fr/news/2007/11/28/wikipedia\_en\_butte\_a\_une\_nouvelle\_affaire\_de\_calomnie \|date\=May 16, 2008 }}, Vnunet.fr, 28 novembre 2007\. Senator [Jean Louis Masson](/wiki/Jean-Louis_Masson_%28politician%2C_1947%29 "Jean-Louis Masson (politician, 1947)") then requested the Minister of Justice to tell him whether it would be possible to increase the criminal responsibilities of hosting providers, site operators, and authors of libelous content; the minister declined to do so, recalling the existing rules in the [LCEN](/wiki/Loi_pour_la_confiance_dans_l%27%C3%A9conomie_num%C3%A9rique "Loi pour la confiance dans l'économie numérique") law.{{cite web \|url\-status\=live \|url\=http://www.senat.fr/questions/base/2007/qSEQ071102679\.html \|title\=Responsabilité pénale des intervenants sur Internet : hébergeur du site, responsable du site et auteur d'allégations diffamatoires \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721022032/http://www.senat.fr/questions/base/2007/qSEQ071102679\.html \|archive\-date\=July 21, 2011 \|first1\=Jean\-Louis \|last1\=Masson \|date\=November 29, 2007 \|website\=Sénat }}
In 2009, Wikipedia banned the [Church of Scientology](/wiki/Church_of_Scientology "Church of Scientology") from editing any articles on its site. The Wikipedia articles concerning Scientology were edited by members of the group to improve its portrayal.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.mid\-day.com/lifestyle/2009/jun/030609\-Wikipedia\-Controversy\-Church\-of\-Scientology\-IT\-Adda\-Bangalore.htm\|title\=Handling controversy on Wikipedia\|first\=Balaji\|last\=Narasimhan\|newspaper\=\[\[MiD DAY]]\|date\=June 3, 2009\|access\-date\=November 7, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026012205/http://www.mid\-day.com/lifestyle/2009/jun/030609\-Wikipedia\-Controversy\-Church\-of\-Scientology\-IT\-Adda\-Bangalore.htm\|archive\-date\=October 26, 2011\|url\-status\=dead }}
On August 25, 2010, the [Toronto Star](/wiki/Toronto_Star "Toronto Star") *reported that the Canadian "government is now conducting two investigations into federal employees who have taken to Wikipedia to express their opinion on federal policies and bitter political debates."{{cite news \|url\=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/852228\-\-ottawa\-investigating\-wikipedia\-edits \|title\=Ottawa investigating Wikipedia edits \|first\=Allan \|last\=Woods \|date\=August 25, 2010 \|newspaper\=\[\[Toronto Star]] \|access\-date\=August 26, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827182851/http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/852228\-\-ottawa\-investigating\-wikipedia\-edits \|archive\-date\=August 27, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}*
In 2010, [Al Jazeera](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network "Al Jazeera Media Network")'s Teymoor Nabili suggested that the article [Cyrus Cylinder](/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder "Cyrus Cylinder") *had been edited for political purposes by "an apparent tussle of opinions in the shadowy world of hard drives and 'independent' editors that comprise the Wikipedia industry." He suggested that after the [Iranian presidential election, 2009](/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election%2C_2009 "Iranian presidential election, 2009") and the ensuing "anti\-Iranian activities" a "strenuous attempt to portray the cylinder as nothing more than the propaganda tool of an aggressive invader" was visible. The edits following his analysis of the edits during 2009 and 2010, represented "a complete dismissal of the suggestion that the cylinder, or Cyrus' actions, represent concern for human rights or any kind of enlightened intent", in stark contrast to [Cyrus](/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great "Cyrus the Great")' own reputation (among the people of Babylon) as written in the [Old Testament](/wiki/Old_Testament "Old Testament").{{cite web \|first\=Teymoor \|last\=Nabili \|url\=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle\-east/2010/09/11/cyrus\-cylinder\-wikipedia\-and\-iran\-conspiracies \|title\=The Cyrus Cylinder, Wikipedia and Iran conspiracies \|publisher\=Al Jazeera Blogs \|date\=September 11, 2010 \|access\-date\=March 19, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311004844/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle\-east/2010/09/11/cyrus\-cylinder\-wikipedia\-and\-iran\-conspiracies \|archive\-date\=March 11, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead }}*
##### Arab–Israeli conflict
In April 2008, the Boston\-based Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America ([CAMERA](/wiki/Committee_for_Accuracy_in_Middle_East_Reporting_in_America "Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America")) organized an e\-mail campaign to encourage readers to correct perceived Israel\-related biases and inconsistencies in Wikipedia.Metz, Cade, "[US Department of Justice banned from Wikipedia](https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/04/29/wikipedia_blocked_doj_ip/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810140158/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/04/29/wikipedia\_blocked\_doj\_ip/ \|date\=2017\-08\-10 }}, *The Register*, April 29, 2008\. Excerpts of some of the e\-mails were published in the July 2008 issue of [Harper's Magazine](/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine "Harper's Magazine") *under the title of "Candid camera".{{cite magazine\|url\=http://harpers.org/archive/2008/07/0082086/\|title\=Candid camera\|magazine\=\[\[Harper's Magazine]]\|date\=July 2008\|access\-date\=May 31, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615131311/http://harpers.org/archive/2008/07/0082086/\|archive\-date\=June 15, 2011\|url\-status\=live}}*
CAMERA argued the excerpts were unrepresentative and that it had explicitly campaigned merely "toward encouraging people to learn about and edit the online encyclopedia for accuracy".{{cite web \|url\=http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x\_context\=2\&x\_outlet\=32\&x\_article\=1525 \|title\=Letter in Harper's Magazine About Wikipedia Issues \|publisher\=Camera \|date\=August 14, 2008 \|access\-date\=March 31, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615234849/http://camera.org/index.asp?x\_context\=2\&x\_outlet\=32\&x\_article\=1525 \|archive\-date\=June 15, 2010 \|url\-status\=live }} According to some defenders of CAMERA, serious misrepresentations of CAMERA's role emanated from the competing [Electronic Intifada](/wiki/Electronic_Intifada "Electronic Intifada") group; moreover, it is said, some other Palestinian advocacy groups have been guilty of systematic misrepresentations and manipulative behaviors but have not suffered bans of editors amongst their staff or volunteers.{{cite web \|first\=Andre \|last\=Oboler \|title\=Exposed – Anti\-Israel Subversion on Wikipedia \|date\=May 14, 2008 \|work\=Media Critiques \|url\=http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/45884734/critiques/new/Exposed\_\-\_Anti\-Israeli\_Subversion\_on\_Wikipedia.asp \|access\-date\=May 31, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316193353/http://honestreporting.com/articles/45884734/critiques/new/Exposed\_\-\_Anti\-Israeli\_Subversion\_on\_Wikipedia.asp \|archive\-date\=March 16, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|first\=Andre \|last\=Oboler \|title\=Wiki Warfare: Battle for the on\-line encyclopedia \|date\= May 13, 2008 \|newspaper\=The Jerusalem Post \|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op\-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id\=101037\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629014224/http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op\-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id\=101037\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=June 29, 2011}}
Five editors involved in the campaign were sanctioned by Wikipedia administrators.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1934857/Israeli\-battles\-rage\-on\-Wikipedia.html\|title\=Israeli battles rage on Wikipedia\|work\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]]\|access\-date\=May 8, 2008\|date\=May 8, 2008\|last\=McElroy\|first\=Damien\|location\=London\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509185630/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1934857/Israeli\-battles\-rage\-on\-Wikipedia.html\|archive\-date\=May 9, 2008\|url\-status\=live}} Israeli diplomat David Saranga said that Wikipedia is generally fair in regard to Israel. When confronted with the fact that the entry on Israel mentioned the word "occupation" nine times, whereas the entry on the Palestinian people mentioned "terror" only once, he replied: "It means only one thing: Israelis should be more active on Wikipedia. Instead of blaming it, they should go on the site much more, and try and change it."[Your wiki entry counts](http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/your-wiki-entry-counts-1.235851) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605071013/http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts\-leisure/your\-wiki\-entry\-counts\-1\.235851 \|date\=June 5, 2011 }}, Haaretz, By Cnaan Liphshiz 25\.12\.07
Political commentator Haviv Rettig Gur, reviewing widespread perceptions in Israel of systemic bias in the English\-language Wikipedia articles, has argued that there are deeper structural problems creating this bias: anonymous editing favors biased results, especially if those Gur calls "pro\-Palestinian activists" organize concerted campaigns as has been putatively done in articles dealing with Arab\-Israeli issues, and current Wikipedia policies, while well\-meant, have proven ineffective in handling this.{{cite news \|first\=Haviv Rettig \|last\=Gur \|title\=Israeli\-Palestinian conflict rages on Wikipedia \|newspaper\=The Jerusalem Post \|date\=May 16, 2010 \|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id\=175660 \|access\-date\=May 31, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629014308/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id\=175660 \|archive\-date\=June 29, 2011 \|url\-status\=live }}
On August 3, 2010, it was reported that the Yesha Council together with Israel Sheli (My Israel), a network of online pro\-Israel activists committed to spreading Zionism online, were organizing people at a workshop in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem") to teach them how to edit Wikipedia articles in a pro\-Israeli way.{{Cite news\|title\=Wikipedia editing courses launched by Zionist groups\|first1\=Rachel\|last1\=Shabi\|first2\=Jemima\|last2\=Kiss\|newspaper\=The Guardian\|date\=August 18, 2010\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/18/wikipedia\-editing\-zionist\-groups\|location\=London\|access\-date\=December 16, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819031910/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/18/wikipedia\-editing\-zionist\-groups\|archive\-date\=August 19, 2013\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news \| last\=Benari \| first\=Elad \| title\=Zionist Internet Struggle to Hit Wikipedia \| url\=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/138917 \| publisher\=Arutz Sheva \| date\=August 3, 2010 \| access\-date\=August 18, 2010 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821104221/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/news.aspx/138917 \| archive\-date\=August 21, 2010 \| url\-status\=live }} Around 50 people took part in the course.{{cite web \|last\=Hasson \|first\=Nir \|url\=http://www.haaretz.com/print\-edition/news/the\-right\-s\-latest\-weapon\-zionist\-editing\-on\-wikipedia\-1\.308667 \|url\-access\=subscription \|title\=The right's latest weapon: 'Zionist editing' on Wikipedia \|work\=Haaretz \|date\=March 12, 2012 \|access\-date\=March 19, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524042839/http://www.haaretz.com/print\-edition/news/the\-right\-s\-latest\-weapon\-zionist\-editing\-on\-wikipedia\-1\.308667 \|archive\-date\=May 24, 2012 \|url\-status\=live }}
The project organiser, [Ayelet Shaked](/wiki/Ayelet_Shaked "Ayelet Shaked"), who has since been elected to Israel's parliament, was interviewed on [Arutz Sheva Radio](/wiki/Arutz_Sheva "Arutz Sheva"). She emphasized that the information has to be reliable and meet Wikipedia rules. She cited some examples such as the use of the term "occupation" in Wikipedia entries, as well as in the editing of entries that link Israel with [Judea and Samaria](/wiki/Judea_and_Samaria "Judea and Samaria") and [Jewish history](/wiki/Jewish_history "Jewish history")".{{cite web \|last\=Benari \|first\=Elad \|url\=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/138917 \|title\=Zionist Internet Struggle to Hit Wikipedia \|publisher\=Arutz Sheva \|date\=March 8, 2010 \|access\-date\=March 19, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211114634/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/138917 \|archive\-date\=December 11, 2011 \|url\-status\=live }}
"We don't want to change Wikipedia or turn it into a propaganda arm," commented [Naftali Bennett](/wiki/Naftali_Bennett "Naftali Bennett"), director of the Yesha Council. "We just want to show the other side. People think that Israelis are mean, evil people who only want to hurt Arabs all day."{{cite news \|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-3944937,00\.html \|title\=The battle for Wikipedia: Palestinians counter Israeli editing group \|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|date\=June 20, 1995 \|access\-date\=March 19, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108163334/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-3944937,00\.html \|archive\-date\=January 8, 2012 \|url\-status\=live }} "The idea is not to make Wikipedia rightist but for it to include our point of view," he said in another interview.
A course participant explained that the course is not a "Zionist conspiracy to take over Wikipedia"; rather, it is an attempt to balance information about disputed issues presented in the online encyclopedia.
> \[T]he goal of this workshop was to train a number of pro\-Israelis how to edit Wikipedia so that more people could present the Israeli side of things, and thus the content would be more balanced... Wikipedia is meant to be a fair and balanced source, and it is that way by having people from all across the spectrum contributing to the content.["Readers Discuss Wikipedia Editing Course That Aims for 'Balanced and Zionist' Entries"](http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/23/readers-discuss-wikipedia-editing-course-that-aims-for-balanced-and-zionist-entries/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509071716/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/23/readers\-discuss\-wikipedia\-editing\-course\-that\-aims\-for\-balanced\-and\-zionist\-entries/ \|date\=May 9, 2012 }} By Robert Mackey August 23, 2010, 1:12 p.m.
Following the course announcement, Abdul Nasser An\-Najar, the head of Palestinian Journalists Syndicate said there were plans to set up a counter group to ensure the Palestinian view is presented online as the "next regional war will be \[a] media war."
In 2011, Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales stated in retrospect about the course organized by Israel Sheli, "we saw absolutely no impact from that effort whatsoever. I don't think it ever—it was in the press but we never saw any impact."[Wikipedia founder: Israel\-Palestine is heavily debated, but we're vigilant on neutrality](http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/wikipedia-founder-israel-palestine-is-heavily-debated-but-we-re-vigilant-on-neutrality-1.377207) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529110910/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/wikipedia\-founder\-israel\-palestine\-is\-heavily\-debated\-but\-we\-re\-vigilant\-on\-neutrality\-1\.377207 \|date\=May 29, 2012 }}, Haaretz
##### Corporate public relations industry
In January 2012, members of the [public relations](/wiki/Public_relations "Public relations") industry created the [Corporate Representatives for Ethical Wikipedia Engagement](/wiki/Corporate_Representatives_for_Ethical_Wikipedia_Engagement "Corporate Representatives for Ethical Wikipedia Engagement") (CREWE) [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") group with the stated goal of maintaining accurate articles about corporations.{{cite news \|title\=Wikipedia \& the PR Pro: Friend or Foe? \|first\=Peter \|last\=Himler \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterhimler/2012/01/10/wikipedia\-the\-pr\-pro\-friend\-or\-foe/ \|newspaper\=\[\[Forbes]] \|date\=January 10, 2012 \|access\-date\=February 10, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210165540/http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterhimler/2012/01/10/wikipedia\-the\-pr\-pro\-friend\-or\-foe/ \|archive\-date\=February 10, 2012 \|url\-status\=live }}
#### Editing for financial rewards
In an October 2012 [Salon](/wiki/Salon_%28website%29 "Salon (website)") *story, Wikipedia co\-founder Jimmy Wales stated that he was against the practice of paid editing of Wikipedia, as are a number long\-time members of Wikipedia's community. Nonetheless, a number of organizations do pay employees to edit Wikipedia articles, with one writer, Soraya Field Fiorio, stating that she writes commissioned Wikipedia articles for writers and musicians for $30 an hour. According to Fiorio, her clients control the article's content in the same way that they control press releases, which function as part of publicity strategies.Ewing, Maura (October 23, 2012\). ["Is Wikipedia going commercial?"](http://www.salon.com/2012/10/23/is_wikipedia_going_commercial/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616063338/http://www.salon.com/2012/10/23/is\_wikipedia\_going\_commercial/ \|date\=June 16, 2013 }}. [Salon](/wiki/Salon_%28website%29 "Salon (website)"). In January 2007, Rick Jelliffe claimed in a story carried by [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS")[Brian Bergstein](/wiki/Brian_Bergstein "Brian Bergstein") (January 24, 2007\) [Microsoft Violates Wikipedia's Sacred Rule](https://web.archive.org/web/20070203093103/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/24/tech/main2392719.shtml) The Associated Press. Archived from [the original](https://web.archive.org/web/20070203093103/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/24/tech/main2392719.shtml) on June 4, 2011\. and [IDG](/wiki/International_Data_Group "International Data Group") News ServiceNancy Gohring (January 23, 2007\) ["Microsoft said to offer payment for Wikipedia edits"](http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9008842) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517023639/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command\=viewArticleBasic\&articleId\=9008842 \|date\=May 17, 2009 }} IDG News Service. Retrieved September 3, 2008\.Nancy Gohring ["Microsoft's step into Wikipedia prompts debate"](http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9008842) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517023639/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command\=viewArticleBasic\&articleId\=9008842 \|date\=May 17, 2009 }} IDG News Service. that [Microsoft](/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") had offered him compensation in exchange for his future editorial services on [OOXML](/wiki/OOXML "OOXML"). A Microsoft spokesperson, quoted by CBS, commented that "Microsoft and the writer, Rick Jelliffe, had not determined a price and no money had changed hands, but they had agreed that the company would not be allowed to review his writing before submission".*
In a story covered by the [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC"), Jeffrey Merkey claimed that in exchange for a donation his Wikipedia entry was edited in his favor. Jay Walsh, a spokesman for Wikipedia, flatly denied the allegations in an interview given to the [Daily Telegraph](/wiki/Daily_Telegraph "Daily Telegraph")*.March 12, 2008 [Wiki boss 'edited for donation'](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7291382.stm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080728030443/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7291382\.stm \|date\=July 28, 2008 }} Technology. BBC News.*
In a story covered by [InformationWeek](/wiki/InformationWeek "InformationWeek")*, [Eric Goldman](/wiki/Eric_Goldman "Eric Goldman"), assistant [law](/wiki/Law "Law") professor at [Santa Clara University](/wiki/Santa_Clara_University "Santa Clara University") in [California](/wiki/California "California") argued that "eventually, marketers will build scripts to edit Wikipedia pages to insert links and conduct automated attacks on Wikipedia",{{cite web\|url\=http://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2005/12/wikipedia\_will.htm\|first\=Eric\|last\=Goldman\|title\=Wikipedia Will Fail Within 5 Years\|date\=December 5, 2005\|access\-date\=January 16, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105223616/http://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2005/12/wikipedia\_will.htm\|archive\-date\=January 5, 2010\|url\-status\=live}} thus putting the encyclopedia beyond the ability of its editors to provide [countermeasures](/wiki/Countermeasure "Countermeasure") against the attackers, particularly because of a [vicious circle](/wiki/Virtuous_circle_and_vicious_circle "Virtuous circle and vicious circle") where the strain of responding to these attacks drives core contributors away, increasing the strain on those who remain.{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.informationweek.com/internet/showArticle.jhtml?articleID\=196601766\|first\=Thomas\|last\=Claburn\|title\=Law Professor Predicts Wikipedia's Demise\|magazine\=\[\[InformationWeek]]\|date\=December 5, 2006\|access\-date\=December 16, 2006\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905103606/http://www.informationweek.com/internet/showArticle.jhtml?articleID\=196601766\|archive\-date\=September 5, 2007\|url\-status\=live}}{{refn\|Wikipedia operates \[\[Wikipedia:Bots\|bots]] to aid in the detection and removal of vandalism, and uses \[\[nofollow]] and a \[\[CAPTCHA]] to discourage and filter additions of external links.\|group\=nb}}*
##### Conflicts involving Wikipedia policy makers
In February 2008, British technology news and opinion website [The Register](/wiki/The_Register "The Register") *stated that a prominent administrator of Wikipedia had edited a topic area where he had a conflict of interest to keep criticism to a bare minimum, as well as altering the Wikipedia policies regarding* personal biography *and* conflict of interest *to favour his editing.{{cite news \|last1\=Metz \|first1\=Cade \|title\=Wikipedia ruled by 'Lord of the Universe' \|url\=https://www.theregister.com/2008/02/06/the\_cult\_of\_wikipedia/ \|access\-date\=January 22, 2023 \|work\=The Register \|date\=February 6, 2008 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=January 22, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122073136/https://www.theregister.com/2008/02/06/the\_cult\_of\_wikipedia/ \|url\-status\=live }}*
Some of the most scathing criticism of Wikipedia's claimed neutrality came in The Register*, which in turn was allegedly criticized by founding members of the project. According to* The Register*: "In short, Wikipedia is a cult. Or at least, the inner circle is a cult. We aren't the first to make this observation. On the inside, they reinforce each other's beliefs. And if anyone on the outside questions those beliefs, they circle the wagons. They deny the facts. They attack the attacker. After our Jossi Fresco story, Fresco didn't refute our reporting. He simply accused us of 'yellow journalism'. After our Overstock.com article, Wales called us 'trash'."Cade Metz (March 6, 2008\). "[Why you should care that Jimmy Wales ignores reality](https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/03/06/a_model_wikipedian/page2.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220230900/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/03/06/a\_model\_wikipedian/page2\.html \|date\=December 20, 2012 }}". The Register. Retrieved April 27, 2010\.*
Charles Arthur in The Guardian *said that "Wikipedia, and so many other online activities, show all the outward characteristics of a [cult](/wiki/Cult "Cult")."{{cite news \| url \= http://technology.guardian.co.uk/online/insideit/story/0,,1667345,00\.html \| title \= Log on and join in, but beware the web cults \| last \= Arthur \| first \= Charles \| date \= December 15, 2005 \| access\-date \= July 14, 2006 \| work \= The Guardian \| location \= London \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20060503042626/http://technology.guardian.co.uk/online/insideit/story/0,,1667345,00\.html \| archive\-date \= May 3, 2006 \| url\-status \= live }}*
In February 2015, a longstanding Wikipedia administrator was site\-banned after Wikipedia's [Arbitration Committee](/wiki/Arbitration_Committee_%28Wikipedia%29 "Arbitration Committee (Wikipedia)") found that they had, over a period of several years, manipulated the content of Wikipedia articles to add positive content and remove negative content about the controversial [Indian Institute of Planning and Management](/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Planning_and_Management "Indian Institute of Planning and Management") and its dean, [Arindam Chaudhuri](/wiki/Arindam_Chaudhuri "Arindam Chaudhuri"). An Indian journalist commented in Newsweek *on the importance of the Wikipedia article to the institute's PR campaign and voiced the opinion that "by letting this go on for so long, Wikipedia has messed up perhaps 15,000 students' lives".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.newsweek.com/2015/04/03/manipulating\-wikipedia\-promote\-bogus\-business\-school\-316133\.html\|title\=Manipulating Wikipedia to Promote a Bogus Business School\|first\=Alastair Sloan On 3/24/15 at 12:20\|last\=PM\|date\=March 24, 2015\|website\=Newsweek\|access\-date\=July 8, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703213410/http://www.newsweek.com/2015/04/03/manipulating\-wikipedia\-promote\-bogus\-business\-school\-316133\.html\|archive\-date\=July 3, 2015\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://scroll.in/article/714291/Wikipedia\-bans\-editor\-for\-consistent\-bias\-in\-favour\-of\-Arindam\-Chaudhuri's\-IIPM\|title\=Wikipedia bans editor for consistent bias in favour of Arindam Chaudhuri's IIPM\|first\=Mridula\|last\=Chari\|work\=Scroll.in\|date\=March 25, 2015 \|access\-date\=July 8, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430081559/http://scroll.in/article/714291/Wikipedia\-bans\-editor\-for\-consistent\-bias\-in\-favour\-of\-Arindam\-Chaudhuri%27s\-IIPM\|archive\-date\=April 30, 2015\|url\-status\=live}}*
#### Scientific disputes
The 2005 Nature *study also gave two brief examples of challenges that Wikipedian science writers purportedly faced on Wikipedia. The first concerned the addition of a section on violence to the [schizophrenia](/wiki/Schizophrenia%23Violence "Schizophrenia#Violence") article, which exhibited the view of one of the article's regular editors, [neuropsychologist](/wiki/Neuropsychologist "Neuropsychologist") [Vaughan Bell](/wiki/Vaughan_Bell "Vaughan Bell"), that it was little more than a "rant" about the need to lock people up, and that editing it stimulated him to look up the literature on the topic.*
The second dispute reported by Nature *involved the climatologist [William Connolley](/wiki/William_Connolley "William Connolley") related to protracted disputes between editors of climate change topics, in which Connolley was placed on parole and several opponents banned from editing climate related articles for six months; a separate paper commented that this was more about etiquette than bias and that Connolley did "not [suffer fools gladly](/wiki/Suffer_fools_gladly "Suffer fools gladly")".{{cite journal \|first\=Mathieu \|last\=O'Neil \|url\=http://jcom.sissa.it/archive/09/01/Jcom0901(2010\)C01/Jcom0901(2010\)C04 \|title\=Shirky and Sanger, or the costs of crowdsourcing \|publisher\=Journal of Science Communication \|volume\=09 \|issue\=1 \|date\=March 2010 \|journal\=International School for Advanced Studies \|access\-date\=May 31, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429151027/http://jcom.sissa.it/archive/09/01/Jcom0901(2010\)C01/Jcom0901(2010\)C04 \|archive\-date\=April 29, 2011 \|url\-status\=live }}*
See also
--------
{{columns\-list\|colwidth\=20em\|
\* ''\[\[Bourgeois v. Peters]]'' (2004\), one of the earliest court opinions to cite and quote Wikipedia
\* \[\[Essjay controversy]]
\* \[\[Fictitious entry]]
\* \[\[Ideological bias on Wikipedia]]
\* \[\[Wikipedia:List of hoaxes on Wikipedia]]
\* ''\[\[The Truth According to Wikipedia]]'' (2008\)
\* ''\[\[Truth in Numbers?]]'' (2010\)
\* \[\[WikiTrust]], a \[\[reputation system]] for Wikipedia authors and content
\* \[\[Woozle effect]]
; In other Wikipedias
\* {{Slink\|Dutch Wikipedia\|Quality}}
\* {{Slink\|German Wikipedia\|Reviews and research}}
\* {{Slink\|Spanish Wikipedia\|Evaluation and criticism}}
}}
Further reading
---------------
{{cite Q\|Q108733210}}?
Notes
-----
{{reflist\|group\=nb}}
References
----------
{{reflist\|30em}}
External links
--------------
{{wikiversity\|Is Wikipedia a legitimate research source?}}
{{Scholia\|topic}}
[Librarians' Claims and Opinions Regarding Wikipedia](http://liswiki.org/wiki/Wikipedia) at LISWiki.
[*How pranks, hoaxes and manipulation undermine the reliability of Wikipedia*](http://wikipediocracy.com/2014/07/20/how-pranks-hoaxes-and-manipulation-undermine-the-reliability-of-wikipedia/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808220332/http://wikipediocracy.com/2014/07/20/how\-pranks\-hoaxes\-and\-manipulation\-undermine\-the\-reliability\-of\-wikipedia/ \|date\=August 8, 2014 }}, a harsh essay by Andreas Kolbe.
[Wikipedia has become a science reference source even though scientists don't cite it](https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/scicurious/wikipedia-science-reference-citations). * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * [Science News](/wiki/Science_News "Science News").'' February 5, 2018\.
### Wikipedia project pages
* {{self\-reference link\|Wikipedia:Press coverage\|Press coverage}}
* {{self\-reference link\|Wikipedia:Replies to common objections\|Replies to common objections}}
* {{self\-reference link\|Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia\|Researching with Wikipedia}}
* {{self\-reference link\|Wikipedia:Statistics\|Statistics}}
* {{self\-reference link\|Wikipedia:Wikipedia as a court source\|Wikipedia as a court source}} (list of cited uses)
* {{self\-reference link\|Wikipedia:Wikipedia as an academic source\|Wikipedia as an academic source}} (list of cited uses)
* {{self\-reference link\|Wikipedia:Academic studies of Wikipedia\|Wikipedia in academic studies}} (list of studies)
* {{self\-reference link\|Wikipedia:WikiProject Wikipedia reliability\|WikiProject Wikipedia reliability}}
* {{self\-reference link\|Wikipedia:America's Top Newspapers Use Wikipedia\|America's Top Newspapers Use Wikipedia}}
* {{self\-reference link\|Wikipedia:Comparison to Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy\|Comparison to ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''}}
* [Wikipedia:External peer review](/wiki/Wikipedia:External_peer_review "External peer review")
+ {{self\-reference link\|Wikipedia:External peer review/Nature December 2005\|External peer review/''Nature'' December 2005}}
{{Wikipedia}}
[Category:Wikipedia](/wiki/Category:Wikipedia "Wikipedia")
[Category:English Wikipedia](/wiki/Category:English_Wikipedia "English Wikipedia")
|
[
"Propagation of misinformation\n-----------------------------",
"{{Update\\|section\\|date\\=March 2022}}\nSomewhat related to the \"information loop\" is the propagation of misinformation to other websites (Answers.com is just one of many) which will often quote misinformation from Wikipedia verbatim, and without mentioning that it has come from Wikipedia. A piece of misinformation originally taken from a Wikipedia article will live on in perhaps dozens of other websites, even if Wikipedia itself has deleted the unreliable material.{{cite book\\|last\\=Rosenzweig\\|first\\=Roy\\|author\\-link\\=Roy Rosenzweig\\|title\\=Clio Wired: The Future of the Past in the Digital Age\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=4nivoPD7L40C\\&pg\\=PT97\\|year\\=2011\\|publisher\\=Columbia University Press\\|location\\=New York\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-231\\-15085\\-9\\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331142903/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=4nivoPD7L40C\\&pg\\=PT97\\|archive\\-date\\=March 31, 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}} page 71\\.",
"### Other",
"In one article, *Information Today* (March 2006\\) likens comparisons between Wikipedia and *Britannica* to \"[apples and oranges](/wiki/Apples_and_oranges \"Apples and oranges\")\":\n{{blockquote\\|Even the revered ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' is riddled with errors, not to mention the subtle yet pervasive biases of individual subjectivity and corporate correctness... There is no one perfect way. Britannica seems to claim that there is. Wikipedia acknowledges there's no such thing. Librarians and information professionals have always known this. That's why we always consult multiple sources and counsel our users to do the same.}}",
"[Andrew Orlowski](/wiki/Andrew_Orlowski \"Andrew Orlowski\"), a columnist for *[The Register](/wiki/The_Register \"The Register\")*, expressed similar criticisms in 2005, writing that the use of the term \"encyclopedia\" to describe Wikipedia may lead users into believing it is more reliable than it may be.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/12/12/wikipedia\\_no\\_responsibility/page2\\.html\\|title\\=Who's responsible for Wikipedia?\\|last\\=Orlowski\\|first\\=Andrew\\|date\\=December 12, 2005\\|quote\\=The public has a firm idea of what an 'encyclopedia' is, and it's a place where information can generally be trusted, or at least slightly more trusted than what a labyrinthine, mysterious bureaucracy can agree upon, and surely more trustworthy than a piece of spontaneous graffiti—and Wikipedia is a king\\-sized cocktail of the two.\\|work\\=The Register\\|access\\-date\\=June 30, 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206173014/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/12/12/wikipedia\\_no\\_responsibility/page2\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=February 6, 2009\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"[BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") [technology](/wiki/Technology \"Technology\") specialist [Bill Thompson](/wiki/Bill_Thompson_%28technology_writer%29 \"Bill Thompson (technology writer)\") wrote that \"Most Wikipedia entries are written and submitted in good faith, and we should not let the contentious areas such as politics, religion or biography shape our view of the project as a whole\", that it forms a good starting point for serious research but that:{{cite news\\| title\\=What is it with Wikipedia?\\| first\\=Bill\\| last\\=Thompson\\| publisher\\=BBC\\| date\\=December 16, 2005\\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4534712\\.stm\\| access\\-date\\=October 31, 2007\\| author\\-link\\=Bill Thompson (technology writer)\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816075532/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4534712\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\=August 16, 2007\\| url\\-status\\=live}}\n{{blockquote\\|No information source is guaranteed to be accurate, and we should not place complete faith in something which can so easily be undermined through malice or ignorance... That does not devalue the project entirely, it just means that we should be skeptical about Wikipedia entries as a primary source of information... It is the same with search engine results. Just because something comes up in the top 10 on \\[\\[MSN Search]] or \\[\\[Google]] does not automatically give it credibility or vouch for its accuracy or importance.}}\nThompson adds the observation that since most popular online sources are inherently unreliable in this way, one byproduct of the [information age](/wiki/Information_age \"Information age\") is a wiser audience who are learning to check information rather than take it on faith due to its source, leading to \"a better sense of how to evaluate information sources\".",
"In his 2007 *Guide to Military History on the Internet*, [Simon Fowler](/wiki/Simon_Fowler_%28author%29 \"Simon Fowler (author)\") rated Wikipedia as \"the best general resource\" for military history research, and stated that \"the results are largely accurate and generally free of bias\".[Fowler, Simon](/wiki/Simon_Fowler_%28author%29 \"Simon Fowler (author)\") *Guide to Military History on the Internet*, UK:Pen \\& Sword, {{ISBN\\|978\\-1\\-84415\\-606\\-1}}, p. 7 When rating Wikipedia as the No. 1 military site he mentioned that \"Wikipedia is often criticised for its inaccuracy and bias, but in my experience the military history articles are spot on.\"[Fowler, Simon](/wiki/Simon_Fowler_%28author%29 \"Simon Fowler (author)\") *Guide to Military History on the Internet*, UK:Pen \\& Sword, {{ISBN\\|978\\-1\\-84415\\-606\\-1}}, p. 201",
"In July 2008, *[The Economist](/wiki/The_Economist \"The Economist\")* magazine described Wikipedia as \"a user\\-generated reference service\" and noted that Wikipedia's \"elaborate moderation rules put a limit to acrimony\" generated by cyber\\-nationalism.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.economist.com/world/international/displayStory.cfm?source\\=hptextfeature\\&story\\_id\\=11792535 \\|title\\=Cyber\\-nationalism \\| The brave new world of e\\-hatred \\|newspaper\\=The Economist \\|date\\=July 24, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=April 13, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201134023/http://www.economist.com/world/international/displayStory.cfm?source\\=hptextfeature\\&story\\_id\\=11792535 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 1, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Jimmy Wales, a co\\-founder of Wikipedia, stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate as primary sources, and should not be relied upon as being authoritative.[Wikipedia: \"A Work in Progress\"](http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421000522/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214\\_441708\\.htm \\|date\\=April 21, 2012 }}, *[BusinessWeek](/wiki/BusinessWeek \"BusinessWeek\")* (December 14, 2005\\). Retrieved January 29, 2007\\.",
"[Carnegie Mellon](/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University \"Carnegie Mellon University\") Professor [Randy Pausch](/wiki/Randy_Pausch \"Randy Pausch\") offered the following anecdote in his book *[The Last Lecture](/wiki/The_Last_Lecture \"The Last Lecture\")*. He was surprised that his entry to *[World Book Encyclopedia](/wiki/World_Book_Encyclopedia \"World Book Encyclopedia\")* on virtual reality was accepted without question, so he concluded, \"I now believe Wikipedia is a perfectly fine source for your information, because I know what the quality control is for real encyclopedias.\"{{cite book\\|first\\=Randy\\|last\\=Pausch\\|title\\=The Last Lecture\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=mVqZAAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT42\\|date\\=April 8, 2008\\|publisher\\=Hachette Books\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4013\\-9551\\-3\\|page\\=PT42\\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505192859/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=mVqZAAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT42\\|archive\\-date\\=May 5, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Removal of false information",
"Fernanda Viégas of the MIT Media Lab and Martin Wattenberg and Kushal Dave of IBM Research studied the flow of editing in the Wikipedia model, with emphasis on breaks in flow (from vandalism or substantial rewrites), showing the dynamic flow of material over time.{{cite web\\| title\\=Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with history flow Visualizations\\| first1\\=Fernanda B.\\| last1\\=Viégas\\| first2\\=Martin\\| last2\\=Wattenberg\\| first3\\=Kushal\\| last3\\=Dave\\| publisher\\=CHI 2004, Vol. 6 No. 1\\| date\\=April 29, 2004\\| url\\=http://alumni.media.mit.edu/\\~fviegas/papers/history\\_flow.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=October 31, 2007\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060125025047/http://alumni.media.mit.edu/\\~fviegas/papers/history\\_flow.pdf\\| archive\\-date\\=January 25, 2006\\| url\\-status\\=live}} From a sample of vandalism edits on the English Wikipedia during May 2003, they found that most such acts were repaired within minutes, summarizing:\n{{blockquote\\|We've examined many pages on Wikipedia that treat controversial topics, and have discovered that most have, in fact, been vandalized at some point in their history. But we've also found that vandalism is usually repaired extremely quickly—so quickly that most users will never see its effects.{{cite web\\|title\\=History flow: results \\|first1\\=Fernanda B. \\|last1\\=Viégas \\|first2\\=Martin \\|last2\\=Wattenberg \\|first3\\=Kushal \\|last3\\=Dave \\|publisher\\=IBM Collaborative User Experience Research Group \\|year\\=2003 \\|website\\=research.ibm.com \\|url\\=http://www.research.ibm.com/visual/projects/history\\_flow/results.htm \\|access\\-date\\=July 7, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102094447/http://www.research.ibm.com/visual/projects/history\\_flow/results.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=November 2, 2006 }}}}\nThey also stated that \"it is essentially impossible to find a crisp definition of vandalism\".",
"Lih (2004\\) compared articles before and after they were mentioned in the press, and found that externally referenced articles are of higher quality work. An informal assessment by the popular IT magazine *PC Pro* for its 2007 article \"Wikipedia Uncovered\" tested Wikipedia by introducing 10 errors that \"varied between bleeding obvious and deftly subtle\" into articles (the researchers later corrected the articles they had edited). Labeling the results \"impressive\" it noted that all but one was noted and fixed within the hour, and that \"the Wikipedians' tools and know\\-how were just too much for our team.\" A second series of another 10 tests, using \"far more subtle errors\" and additional techniques to conceal their nature, met similar results: \"despite our stealth attempts the vast majority... were discovered remarkably quickly... the ridiculously minor Jesse James error was corrected within a minute and a very slight change to Queen Anne's entry was put right within two minutes\". Two of the latter series were not detected. The article concluded that \"Wikipedia corrects the vast majority of errors within minutes, but if they're not spotted within the first day the chances... dwindle as you're then relying on someone to spot the errors while reading the article rather than reviewing the edits\".",
"A study in late 2007 systematically inserted inaccuracies into Wikipedia entries about the lives of philosophers. Depending on how exactly the data are interpreted, either one third or one half of the inaccuracies were corrected within 48 hours.Magnus, P.D. [Early response to false claims in Wikipedia](http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/2115/2027) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203080013/http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/2115/2027 \\|date\\=December 3, 2010 }}. [First Monday](http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/index) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731112057/http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/index \\|date\\=July 31, 2009 }}, 13 (9\\): September 1, 2008",
"A 2007 peer\\-reviewed studyReid Priedhorsky, Jilin Chen, Shyong (Tony) K. Lam, Katherine Panciera, [Loren Terveen](/wiki/Loren_Terveen \"Loren Terveen\"), [John Riedl](/wiki/John_T._Riedl \"John T. Riedl\"), \"Creating, destroying, and restoring value in wikipedia\", Proc. GROUP 2007, doi: [ACM.org](http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1316624.1316663) that measured the actual number of page views with damaged content stated: \"42% of damage is repaired almost immediately, i.e., before it can confuse, offend, or mislead anyone. Nonetheless, there are still hundreds of millions of damaged views.\"",
"[Loc Vu\\-Quoc](/wiki/Loc_Vu-Quoc \"Loc Vu-Quoc\"), professor for Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the [University of Florida](/wiki/University_of_Florida \"University of Florida\"), stated in 2008 that \"sometimes errors may go for years without being corrected as experts don't usually read Wikipedia articles in their own field to correct these errors\".Vu\\-Quoc, L. [Configuration integral](http://clesm.mae.ufl.edu/wiki.pub/index.php/Configuration_integral_%28statistical_mechanics%29) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428193950/http://clesm.mae.ufl.edu/wiki.pub/index.php/Configuration\\_integral\\_%28statistical\\_mechanics%29 \\|date\\=April 28, 2012 }}, VQWiki, 2008\\.",
"### Susceptibility to bias",
"#### Individual bias and the WikiScanner tool",
"{{main\\|WikiScanner}}\nIn August 2007, WikiScanner, a tool developed by [Virgil Griffith](/wiki/Virgil_Griffith \"Virgil Griffith\") of the California Institute of Technology, was released to match anonymous IP edits in the encyclopedia with an extensive database of addresses. News stories appeared about IP addresses from various organizations such as the [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Central Intelligence Agency\"), the [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee](/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee \"Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee\"), [Diebold, Inc.](/wiki/Diebold \"Diebold\") and the [Australian government](/wiki/Government_of_Australia \"Government of Australia\") being used to make edits to Wikipedia articles, sometimes of an opinionated or questionable nature.{{cite news \\|last\\=Blakely \\|first\\=Rhys \\|title\\=Exposed: guess who has been polishing their Wikipedia entries? \\|url\\=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry\\_sectors/media/article2264150\\.ece \\|work\\=The Times of London \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612023406/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry\\_sectors/media/article2264150\\.ece \\|archive\\-date\\=June 12, 2011 \\|date\\=August 15, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") quoted a Wikimedia spokesperson as praising the tool: \"We really value transparency and the scanner really takes this to another level. Wikipedia Scanner may prevent an organization or individuals from editing articles that they're really not supposed to.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6947532\\.stm\\|title\\=Wikipedia 'shows CIA page edits'\\|date\\=August 15, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=March 14, 2021\\|work\\=BBC News\\|first\\=Jonathan\\|last\\=Fildes\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111230821/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6947532\\.stm\\|archive\\-date\\=January 11, 2009\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The WikiScanner story was also covered by *[The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent \"The Independent\")*, which stated that many \"censorial interventions\" by editors with vested interests on a variety of articles in Wikipedia had been discovered:\n{{blockquote\\|\\[Wikipedia] was hailed as a breakthrough in the democratisation of knowledge. But the online encyclopedia has since been hijacked by forces who decided that certain things were best left unknown... Now a website designed to monitor editorial changes made on Wikipedia has found thousands of self\\-serving edits and traced them to their original source. It has turned out to be hugely embarrassing for armies of political spin doctors and corporate revisionists who believed their censorial interventions had gone unnoticed.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.independent.co.uk/sci\\_tech/article2874112\\.ece\\|title\\=Wikipedia and the art of censorship\\|first\\=Robert\\|last\\=Verkaik\\|date\\=2007\\-08\\-18\\|newspaper\\=The Independent\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-10\\-27\\|location\\=London\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109005336/http://news.independent.co.uk/sci\\_tech/article2874112\\.ece\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-01\\-09\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}}} Not everyone hailed WikiScanner as a success for Wikipedia. [Oliver Kamm](/wiki/Oliver_Kamm \"Oliver Kamm\"), in a column for *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")*, argued instead that:",
"",
"> The WikiScanner is thus an important development in bringing down a pernicious influence on our intellectual life. Critics of the web decry the medium as the cult of the amateur. Wikipedia is worse than that; it is the province of the covert lobby. The most constructive course is to stand on the sidelines and jeer at its pretensions.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/wisdom\\-more\\-like\\-dumbness\\-of\\-the\\-crowds\\-2br5d8ndv9k\\|title\\=Wisdom? More like dumbness of the crowds\\|first\\=Oliver\\|last\\=Kamm\\|work\\=The Times\\|location\\=London\\|date\\=August 16, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=March 14, 2021\\|url\\-access\\=limited\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509094518/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest\\_contributors/article2267665\\.ece\\|archive\\-date\\=May 9, 2009\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"WikiScanner only reveals [conflict of interest](/wiki/Conflict_of_interest \"Conflict of interest\") when the editor does not have a Wikipedia account and their IP address is used instead. Conflict of interest editing done by editors with accounts is not detected, since those edits are anonymous to everyone—except for \"a handful of privileged Wikipedia admins\".{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/12/18/the\\_wikipedia\\_paradox/ \\|first\\=Cade \\|last\\=Metz \\|title\\=Truth, anonymity and the Wikipedia Way: Why it's broke and how it can be fixed \\|website\\=The Register \\|date\\=December 18, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=March 14, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810142341/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/12/18/the\\_wikipedia\\_paradox/ \\|archive\\-date\\=August 10, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### Coverage",
"{{see also\\|Criticism of Wikipedia\\#Systemic bias in coverage\\|Academic studies about Wikipedia\\#A minority of editors produce the majority of persistent content}}\nWikipedia has been accused of [systemic bias](/wiki/Systemic_bias \"Systemic bias\"), which is to say its general nature leads, without necessarily any conscious intention, to the propagation of various prejudices. Although many articles in newspapers have concentrated on minor, indeed trivial, factual errors in Wikipedia articles, there are also concerns about large\\-scale, presumably unintentional effects from the increasing influence and use of Wikipedia as a research tool at all levels. In an article in the *[Times Higher Education](/wiki/Times_Higher_Education \"Times Higher Education\")* magazine (London) [philosopher](/wiki/Philosopher \"Philosopher\") Martin Cohen frames Wikipedia of having \"become a monopoly\" with \"all the prejudices and ignorance of its creators\", which he describes as a \"youthful cab\\-drivers\" perspective.{{Cite journal \\|title\\=Encyclopaedia Idiotica \\|first\\=Martin \\|last\\=Cohen \\|journal\\=Times Higher Education \\|issue\\=August 28, 2008 \\|page\\=26 \\|url\\=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode\\=403327 \\|date\\=August 27, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906163412/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode\\=403327 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 6, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Cohen's argument, however, finds a grave conclusion in these circumstances: \"To control the reference sources that people use is to control the way people comprehend the world. Wikipedia may have a benign, even trivial face, but underneath may lie a more sinister and subtle threat to freedom of thought.\" That freedom is undermined by what he sees as what matters on Wikipedia, \"not your sources but the 'support of the community'.\"",
"Critics also point to the tendency to cover topics in a detail disproportionate to their importance. For example, [Stephen Colbert](/wiki/Stephen_Colbert \"Stephen Colbert\") once mockingly praised Wikipedia for having a \"longer entry on '[lightsabers](/wiki/Lightsaber \"Lightsaber\")' than it does on the '[printing press](/wiki/Printing_press \"Printing press\")'.\"Stephen Colbert, *The Colbert Report*, episode 3109, August 21, 2007\\. In an interview with *The Guardian*, Dale Hoiberg, the editor\\-in\\-chief of *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica \"Encyclopædia Britannica\")*, noted:\n> People write of things they're interested in, and so many subjects don't get covered; and news events get covered in great detail. In the past, the entry on [Hurricane Frances](/wiki/Hurricane_Frances \"Hurricane Frances\") was more than five times the length of that on [Chinese art](/wiki/Chinese_art \"Chinese art\"), and the entry on *[Coronation Street](/wiki/Coronation_Street \"Coronation Street\")* was twice as long as the article on [Tony Blair](/wiki/Tony_Blair \"Tony Blair\").",
"",
"This critical approach has been satirised as \"Wikigroaning\", a term coined by Jon Hendren{{Cite journal \\|title\\=Oh, that John Locke \\|first\\=Jamin \\|last\\=Brophy\\-Warren \\|journal\\=The Wall Street Journal \\|date\\=June 17, 2007 \\|issue\\=June 16, 2007 \\|pages\\=P3 \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118194482542637175 \\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904182902/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118194482542637175 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 4, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} of the website [Something Awful](/wiki/Something_Awful \"Something Awful\").{{cite web \\|title\\=The Art of Wikigroaning \\|date\\=June 5, 2007 \\|first\\=Johnny \"DocEvil\" \\|last\\=Hendren \\|access\\-date\\=June 17, 2007 \\|work\\=Something Awful \\|url\\=http://www.somethingawful.com/d/news/wikigroaning.php \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616004859/http://www.somethingawful.com/d/news/wikigroaning.php \\|archive\\-date\\=June 16, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In the game, two articles (preferably with similar names) are compared: one about an acknowledged serious or classical subject and the other about a popular topic or current event.{{Cite journal \\| first\\=Andrew \\| last\\=Brown \\| issue\\=June 14, 2007 \\| title\\=No amount of collaboration will make the sun orbit the Earth \\| journal\\=The Guardian \\| url\\=http://technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,2101810,00\\.html \\| location\\=London \\| date\\=June 14, 2007 \\| access\\-date\\=March 27, 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623205917/http://technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,2101810,00\\.html \\| archive\\-date\\=June 23, 2007 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }} Defenders of a broad inclusion criteria have held that the encyclopedia's coverage of pop culture does not impose space constraints on the coverage of more serious subjects (see \"[Wiki is not paper](/wiki/Wiki_is_not_paper \"Wiki is not paper\")\"). Ivor Tossell wrote:",
"",
"> That Wikipedia is chock full of useless arcana (and did you know, by the way, that the article on \"Debate\" is shorter than the piece that weighs the relative merits of the 1978 and 2003 versions of Battlestar Galactica?) isn't a knock against it: Since it can grow infinitely, the silly articles aren't depriving the serious ones of space.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/duality\\-of\\-wikipedia/article1087547/\\|title\\=Duality of Wikipedia\\|first\\=Ivor\\|last\\=Tossell\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Globe and Mail]]\\|date\\=June 15, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221014630/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/duality\\-of\\-wikipedia/article1087547/\\|archive\\-date\\=December 21, 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Wikipedia has been accused of deficiencies in comprehensiveness because of its voluntary nature, and of reflecting the systemic biases of its contributors. Wikipedia co\\-founder [Larry Sanger](/wiki/Larry_Sanger \"Larry Sanger\") stated in 2004, \"when it comes to relatively specialized topics (outside of the interests of most of the contributors), the project's credibility is very uneven.\"{{cite web\\| title\\=Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti\\-Elitism\\| first\\=Larry\\| last\\=Sanger\\| work\\=\\[\\[Kuro5hin]]\\| date\\=December 31, 2004\\| url\\=http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25\\| access\\-date\\=October 31, 2007\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104040708/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25\\| archive\\-date\\=January 4, 2006\\| url\\-status\\=live\\| df\\=mdy\\-all\\| author\\-link\\=Larry Sanger}} He expanded on this 16 years later in May 2020, by comparing how coverage impacts tone between the articles of U.S. presidents [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") (seen as negative) and [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") (seen as positive).{{Citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"In a [GamesRadar](/wiki/GamesRadar \"GamesRadar\") editorial, columnist Charlie Barrat juxtaposed Wikipedia's coverage of [video game](/wiki/Video_game \"Video game\")\\-related topics with its smaller content about topics that have greater real\\-world significance, such as God, World War II and former U.S. presidents.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.gamesradar.com/pc/f/the\\-wtf\\-world\\-of\\-wikipedia/a\\-2008062510326553058 \\| title\\=The WTF World of Wikipedia \\| access\\-date\\=February 20, 2009 \\| first\\=Charlie \\| last\\=Barratt \\| date\\=June 25, 2008 \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Future Publishing]] \\| pages\\=1–5 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721014159/http://www.gamesradar.com/pc/f/the\\-wtf\\-world\\-of\\-wikipedia/a\\-2008062510326553058 \\| archive\\-date\\=July 21, 2008 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }} Wikipedia has been praised for making it possible for articles to be updated or created in response to current events. Its editors have also argued that, as a website, Wikipedia is able to include articles on a greater number of subjects than print encyclopedias can.\"[Wikipedia:Replies to common objections](/wiki/Wikipedia:Replies_to_common_objections \"Replies to common objections\")\", Wikipedia, 22:53 April 13, 2005\\.",
"A 2011 study reported evidence of cultural bias in Wikipedia articles about famous people on both the English and Polish Wikipedias. These biases included those pertaining to the cultures of both the United States and Poland on each of the corresponding\\-language Wikipedias, as well as a pro\\-U.S./English\\-language bias on both of them.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Callahan\\|first1\\=Ewa S.\\|last2\\=Herring\\|first2\\=Susan C.\\|title\\=Cultural bias in Wikipedia content on famous persons\\|journal\\=Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology\\|date\\=October 2011\\|volume\\=62\\|issue\\=10\\|pages\\=1899–1915\\|doi\\=10\\.1002/asi.21577\\|s2cid\\=14767483 }}",
"##### Notability of article topics",
"{{transcluded section\\|Criticism of Wikipedia}}\n{{trim\\|{{\\#section\\-h:Criticism of Wikipedia\\|Notability of article topics}}}}",
"##### Political bias",
"{{main\\|Ideological bias on Wikipedia}}\nWikipedia co\\-founder [Jimmy Wales](/wiki/Jimmy_Wales \"Jimmy Wales\") stated in 2006: \"The Wikipedia community is very diverse, from [liberal](/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States \"Modern liberalism in the United States\") to [conservative](/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States \"Conservatism in the United States\") to [libertarian](/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States \"Libertarianism in the United States\") and beyond. If averages mattered, and due to the nature of the wiki software (no voting) they almost certainly don't, I would say that the Wikipedia community is slightly more liberal than the U.S. population on average, because we are global and the international community of English speakers is slightly more liberal than the U.S. population. There are no data or surveys to back that.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2006/04/email\\_debatewales\\_discusses\\_po.html\\|title\\=Wales Discusses Political Bias on Wikipedia\\|first\\=Mark\\|last\\=Glaser\\|publisher\\=PBS Mediashift\\|date\\=April 21, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=August 21, 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819200008/http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2006/04/email\\_debatewales\\_discusses\\_po.html\\|archive\\-date\\=August 19, 2007\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"A number of politically conservative commentators have argued that [Wikipedia's coverage is affected by liberal bias](/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia%23Partisanship \"Criticism of Wikipedia#Partisanship\").{{cite news \\| url\\=https://slate.com/technology/2020/06/wikipedia\\-george\\-floyd\\-neutrality.html \\| last\\=Harrison \\| first\\=Stephen \\| title\\=How Wikipedia Became a Battleground for Racial Justice \\| work\\=\\[\\[Slate (magazine)\\|Slate]] \\| date\\=June 9, 2020 \\| access\\-date\\=August 17, 2021 \\| archive\\-date\\=November 3, 2021 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103084021/https://slate.com/technology/2020/06/wikipedia\\-george\\-floyd\\-neutrality.html \\| url\\-status\\=live }} [Andrew Schlafly](/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly \"Andrew Schlafly\") created [Conservapedia](/wiki/Conservapedia \"Conservapedia\") because he found Wikipedia \"increasingly anti\\-Christian and anti\\-American\" for its frequent use of [British spelling](/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences \"American and British English spelling differences\") and coverage of topics like [creationism](/wiki/Creationism \"Creationism\") and the effect of Christianity on [the Renaissance](/wiki/The_Renaissance \"The Renaissance\").{{Cite news \\| last \\= Johnson \\| first \\= Bobbie \\| url \\= https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,2024434,00\\.html \\| title \\= Conservapedia—the US religious right's answer to Wikipedia \\| work \\= The Guardian \\| date \\= March 1, 2007 \\| location \\= London \\| access\\-date \\= March 27, 2010 \\| archive\\-date \\= February 17, 2022 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220217233021/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/mar/01/wikipedia.news \\| url\\-status \\= live }} In 2007, an article in *[The Christian Post](/wiki/The_Christian_Post \"The Christian Post\")* criticised Wikipedia's coverage of [intelligent design](/wiki/Intelligent_design \"Intelligent design\"), saying that it was biased and hypocritical.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.christianpost.com/news/design\\-proponents\\-accuse\\-wikipedia\\-of\\-bias\\-hypocrisy\\-27307/ \\|title\\='Design' Proponents Accuse Wikipedia of Bias, Hypocrisy \\|last\\=Huntington \\|first\\=Doug \\|date\\=May 9, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=June 1, 2018 \\|work\\=The Christian Post \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514104736/https://www.christianpost.com/news/design\\-proponents\\-accuse\\-wikipedia\\-of\\-bias\\-hypocrisy\\-27307/ \\|archive\\-date\\=May 14, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} [Lawrence Solomon](/wiki/Lawrence_Solomon \"Lawrence Solomon\") of the *[National Review](/wiki/National_Review \"National Review\")* stated that Wikipedia articles on subjects like [global warming](/wiki/Global_warming \"Global warming\"), intelligent design, and *[Roe v. Wade](/wiki/Roe_v._Wade \"Roe v. Wade\")* are slanted in favor of liberal views.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Solomon\\|first\\=Lawrence\\|title\\=Wikipropaganda On Global Warming\\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/wikipropaganda\\-on\\-global\\-warming/\\|work\\=National Review\\|publisher\\=CBS News\\|date\\=July 8, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=July 20, 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828202634/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/07/08/opinion/main4241293\\.shtml\\|archive\\-date\\=August 28, 2008\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{primary source inline\\|date\\=August 2021}} In a September 2010 issue of the conservative weekly *[Human Events](/wiki/Human_Events \"Human Events\")*, [Rowan Scarborough](/wiki/Rowan_Scarborough \"Rowan Scarborough\") presented a critique of Wikipedia's coverage of American politicians prominent in the approaching [midterm elections](/wiki/United_States_midterm_election \"United States midterm election\") as evidence of systemic liberal bias. Scarborough compared the biographical articles of liberal and conservative opponents in Senate races in the Alaska Republican primary and the Delaware and Nevada general election, emphasizing the quantity of negative coverage of [Tea Party movement](/wiki/Tea_Party_movement \"Tea Party movement\")\\-endorsed candidates. He also cites some criticism by Lawrence Solomon and quotes in full the lead section of Wikipedia's article on the conservative wiki [Conservapedia](/wiki/Conservapedia \"Conservapedia\") as evidence of an underlying bias.{{cite web\\|last\\=Scarborough\\|first\\=Rowan\\|author\\-link\\=Rowan Scarborough\\|url\\=http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id\\=39139\\|title\\=Wikipedia Whacks the Right\\|date\\=September 27, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2010\\|work\\=\\[\\[Human Events]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207081401/http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id\\=39139\\|archive\\-date\\=December 7, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{primary source inline\\|date\\=August 2021}} Jonathan Sidener of *[The San Diego Union\\-Tribune](/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune \"The San Diego Union-Tribune\")* wrote that \"vandalism and self\\-serving misinformation \\[are] common particularly in the political articles\".{{cite web \\| url\\=http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20060923/news\\_lz1n23wiki.html \\| title\\=Wikipedia co\\-founder looks to add accountability, end anarchy \\| work\\=\\[\\[The San Diego Union\\-Tribune]] \\| date\\=September 23, 2006 \\| access\\-date\\=January 16, 2017 \\| author\\=Sidener, Jonathan \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117190455/http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20060923/news\\_lz1n23wiki.html \\| archive\\-date\\=January 17, 2018 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }}{{primary source inline\\|date\\=August 2021}} A 2015 study found that negative facts are more likely to be removed from Wikipedia articles on U.S. senators than positive facts but did not find any significant difference relating to political affiliation.{{cite journal\\|title \\= Editorial Bias in Crowd\\-Sourced Political Information\\|journal \\= PLOS ONE\\|date \\= September 2, 2015\\|pmc \\= 4558055\\|pmid \\= 26331611\\|pages \\= e0136327\\|volume \\= 10\\|issue \\= 9\\|doi \\= 10\\.1371/journal.pone.0136327\\|first1 \\= Joshua L.\\|last1 \\= Kalla\\|first2 \\= Peter M.\\|last2 \\= Aronow\\|bibcode \\= 2015PLoSO..1036327K\\|doi\\-access \\= free}}",
"Amid the [George Floyd protests](/wiki/George_Floyd_protests \"George Floyd protests\"), there were several disputes over [racial justice](/wiki/Racial_justice \"Racial justice\") on Wikipedia. The [Wikipedia community](/wiki/Wikipedia_community \"Wikipedia community\") voted against a proposal to black out the website in support of [Black Lives Matter](/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter \"Black Lives Matter\") because it may have threatened Wikipedia's reputation for [neutrality](/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view \"Neutral point of view\").{{refn\\|There was also a dispute on the \"\\[\\[George Floyd]]\", \"\\[\\[George Floyd protests]]\", and \"\\[\\[Murder of George Floyd]]\" articles on whether they should mention Floyd's prior criminal charges, use of the word ''riot'' (rejected because most \\[\\[Wikipedia:Reliable sources\\|reliable sources]] did not refer to them as \\[\\[riot]]s), and change it from ''Death'' to ''Killing'', respectively. While ''death'' was the more neutral term, editors felt that ''killing'' was the more accurate term and ''neutral'' by definition. As for the criminal charges, those in favour cited in support that \\[\\[WP:NOTCENSORED\\|Wikipedia is not censored]], while those opposed cited \\[\\[Wikipedia:Weight\\|weight policy]], positing that it would be undue to add because his past criminal history did not have relevance to his murder.\\|group\\=nb}} It also led to the creation of the [WikiProject Black Lives Matter](/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Black_Lives_Matter \"WikiProject Black Lives Matter\"), in line with [AfroCROWD](/wiki/AfroCROWD \"AfroCROWD\")'s [Juneteenth](/wiki/Juneteenth \"Juneteenth\") efforts to improve the coverage of [civil rights movement](/wiki/Civil_rights_movement \"Civil rights movement\")\\-related topics; the Black Lives Matter project was nominated for deletion on the grounds that it was \"non\\-neutral advocacy\". In Wikipedia, neutrality is more of a process that is achieved through [consensus](/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus \"Consensus\"). Social scientist Jackie Koerner took issue with the word *neutrality* and said she preferred the word *balance* to neutrality because she believed that one of Wikipedia's goals should be [knowledge equity](/wiki/Knowledge_equity \"Knowledge equity\").",
"The [Japanese Wikipedia](/wiki/Japanese_Wikipedia \"Japanese Wikipedia\") has been accused of [right\\-wing historical revisionism](/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversies \"Japanese history textbook controversies\"), particularly on articles related to its role in World War II and colonialism, by a number of scholars.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Schneider \\|first\\=Florian \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DXBoDwAAQBAJ \\|title\\=China's Digital Nationalism \\|date\\=August 16, 2018 \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-087681\\-4 \\|pages\\=123–124 \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Gustafsson \\|first\\=Karl \\|date\\=July 18, 2019 \\|title\\=International reconciliation on the Internet? Ontological security, attribution and the construction of war memory narratives in Wikipedia \\|journal\\=International Relations \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=34 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=3–24 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0047117819864410 \\|issn\\=0047\\-1178 \\|s2cid\\=200020669 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sato \\|first\\=Yumiko \\|date\\=March 19, 2021 \\|title\\=Non\\-English Editions of Wikipedia Have a Misinformation Problem \\|url\\=https://slate.com/technology/2021/03/japanese\\-wikipedia\\-misinformation\\-non\\-english\\-editions.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Slate (magazine)\\|Slate]] \\|publisher\\=The Slate Group}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sato \\|first\\=Yumiko \\|date\\=January 9, 2021 \\|script\\-title\\=ja:日本語版ウィキペディアで「歴史修正主義」が広がる理由と解決策 \\|trans\\-title\\=Reasons Why \"Historical Revisionism\" is Widespread on Japanese Wikipedia and Solutions for It \\|url\\=https://yumikosato.com/2021/01/09/japanese\\-wikipedia/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|website\\=Yumiko Sato's Music Therapy Journal \\|language\\=Japanese}} The issue has been the subject of research supported by the Wikimedia Foundation.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Kim \\|first1\\=Taehee \\|last2\\=Garcia \\|first2\\=David \\|last3\\=Aragón \\|first3\\=Pablo \\|date\\=May 11, 2023 \\|title\\=Controversies over Historical Revisionism in Wikipedia \\|url\\=https://wikiworkshop.org/2023/papers/WikiWorkshop2023\\_paper\\_22\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Wiki Workshop 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}",
"### Reliability as a source in other contexts",
"Although Wikipedia is stated not to be a primary source, it has been used as evidence in legal cases. In January 2007, *The New York Times* reported that U.S. courts vary greatly in their treatment of Wikipedia as a source of information, with over 100 judicial rulings having relied on the encyclopedia, including those involving taxes, narcotics, and civil issues such as personal injury and matrimonial issues.Cohen, Noam (January 29, 2007\\). [\"Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/technology/29wikipedia.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318070416/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/technology/29wikipedia.html \\|date\\=March 18, 2017 }}. *The New York Times*.",
"In April 2012, *The Wall Street Journal* reported that in the five years since the 2007 *The New York Times* story, federal courts of appeals had cited Wikipedia about 95 times. The story also reported that the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit vacated convictions in a cockfighting case because a juror used Wikipedia to research an element of the crime, expressing in its decision concerns about Wikipedia's reliability.Palazzolo, Joe (April 23, 2012\\). [\"Which Federal Appeals Court Cites Wikipedia Most Often?\"](https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2012/04/23/which-federal-appeals-court-cites-wikipedia-most/?KEYWORDS=wikipedia) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120091419/https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2012/04/23/which\\-federal\\-appeals\\-court\\-cites\\-wikipedia\\-most/?KEYWORDS\\=wikipedia \\|date\\=November 20, 2018 }}. *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")*.",
"In one notable case, the trademark of [Formula One](/wiki/Formula_One \"Formula One\") racing decision,{{cite web\\| title\\=Case ref. O\\-169\\-07: In the matter of application no 2277746C by Formula One Licensing B.V., to register the trade mark: \"F1\"\\| publisher\\=UK Government Intellectual Property Office\\| date\\=June 14, 2007\\| url\\=http://www.ipo.gov.uk/tm/t\\-decisionmaking/t\\-challenge/t\\-challenge\\-decision\\-results/o16907\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=October 31, 2007\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031053106/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/tm/t\\-decisionmaking/t\\-challenge/t\\-challenge\\-decision\\-results/o16907\\.pdf\\| archive\\-date\\=October 31, 2007\\| url\\-status\\=live}} the [UK Intellectual Property Office](/wiki/UK_Intellectual_Property_Office \"UK Intellectual Property Office\") considered both the reliability of Wikipedia, and its usefulness as a reliable source of evidence:\n{{blockquote\\|Wikipedia has sometimes suffered from the self\\-editing that is intrinsic to it, giving rise at times to potentially \\[\\[libel]]lous statements. However, inherently, I cannot see that what is in Wikipedia is any less likely to be true than what is published in a book or on the websites of news organizations. \\[Formula One's lawyer] did not express any concerns about the Wikipedia evidence \\[presented by the plaintiff]. I consider that the evidence from Wikipedia can be taken at face value.\" The case turned substantively upon evidence cited from Wikipedia in 2006 as to the usage and interpretation of the term ''\\[\\[Formula One]]''.}}",
"In the United States, the [United States Court of Federal Claims](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Federal_Claims \"United States Court of Federal Claims\") has ruled that \"Wikipedia may not be a reliable source of information.\"Nordwall v. Secretary of Health \\& Human Services, No. 05\\-123V, 2008 WL 857661, at \\*7 n.6 (Fed. Cl. February 19, 2008\\) as cited in [Capcom Co., Ltd, et al. v. The MKR Group, Inc., No. C 08\\-0904 RS](http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/california/candce/5:2008cv00904/204116/62/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927221002/http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district\\-courts/california/candce/5:2008cv00904/204116/62/ \\|date\\=September 27, 2012 }} and \"...Articles \\[from Wikipedia] do not—at least on their face—remotely meet this reliability requirement...A review of the Wikipedia website reveals a pervasive and, for our purposes, disturbing [series of disclaimers](/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer \"General disclaimer\")...\".Campbell v. Sec'y of Health \\& Human Servs., 69 Fed. Cl. 775, 781 (Ct. Cl. 2006\\) Such disclaimers include the Wikipedia not being able to guarantee the validity of the information on its articles and having no formal peer review.",
"Among other reasons for these statements about Wikipedia's reliability are the stability of the articles (which due to editing may cause new readers to find information that differs from the originally cited) and, according to Stephen Gillers, a professor at New York University Law School, \"the most critical fact is public acceptance\", therefore \"a judge should not use Wikipedia when the public is not prepared to accept it as authority\".{{Cite news\\|title \\= Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively\\|url \\= https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/technology/29wikipedia.html\\|newspaper \\= The New York Times\\|date \\= January 29, 2007\\|access\\-date \\= December 8, 2015\\|issn \\= 0362\\-4331\\|first \\= Noam\\|last \\= Cohen \\|author\\-link \\= Noam Cohen\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150922174408/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/technology/29wikipedia.html\\|archive\\-date \\= September 22, 2015\\|url\\-status \\= live}}",
"Wikipedia has also become a key source for some current news events such as the 2007 [Virginia Tech massacre](/wiki/Virginia_Tech_massacre \"Virginia Tech massacre\"), when *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* cites Wikimedia to report 750,000 page views of the article in the two days after the event:",
"{{blockquote\\|Even ''\\[\\[The Roanoke Times]]'', which is published near \\[\\[Blacksburg, Virginia]], where the university is located, noted on Thursday that Wikipedia \"has emerged as the clearinghouse for detailed information on the event\".{{cite web\\| title\\=Wikipedia emerges as key source for Virginia Tech shootings\\| publisher\\=Cyberjournalist.net\\| date\\=24 April 2007\\| url\\=http://www.cyberjournalist.net/news/004178\\.php\\| access\\-date\\=2007\\-10\\-31\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022200632/http://cyberjournalist.net/news/004178\\.php\\| archive\\-date\\=22 October 2007\\| url\\-status\\=dead}}—''cyberjournalist.net'' cites this article {{cite news\\| title\\=The Latest on Virginia Tech, From Wikipedia\\| first\\=Noam\\| last\\=Cohen \\| author\\-link\\=Noam Cohen\\| work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\| date\\=April 23, 2007\\| url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/23/technology/23link.html?\\_r\\=2\\&oref\\=slogin\\&oref\\=slogin\\| access\\-date\\=October 31, 2007\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415231958/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/23/technology/23link.html?\\_r\\=2\\&oref\\=slogin\\&oref\\=slogin\\| archive\\-date\\=April 15, 2009\\| url\\-status\\=live}} for the above quote.}}",
"*[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")* commented, in the context of [2008 presidential election](/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election \"2008 United States presidential election\") candidate biographies, that despite occasional brief vandalism, \"it's hard to find a more up\\-to\\-date, detailed, thorough article on [Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") than Wikipedia's. As of Friday (14 September 2007\\), Obama's article—more than 22 pages long, with 15 sections covering his personal and professional life—had a reference list of 167 sources.\"{{cite news\\| title\\=On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet\\| first\\=Jose Antonio \\|last\\=Vargas\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]], Page A01\\| date\\=September 17, 2007\\| url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699\\.html?hpid\\=topnews\\| access\\-date\\=October 31, 2007\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103053949/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699\\.html?hpid\\=topnews\\| archive\\-date\\=November 3, 2012\\| url\\-status\\=live\\| df\\=mdy\\-all}}",
"### Broad opinions",
"Several commentators have drawn a middle ground, asserting that the project contains much valuable knowledge and has some reliability, even if the degree is not yet assessed with certainty. Others taking this view include [danah boyd](/wiki/Danah_boyd \"Danah boyd\"), \\[sic] who in 2005 discussed Wikipedia as an academic source, concluding that \"\\[i]t will never be an encyclopedia, but it will contain extensive knowledge that is quite valuable for different purposes\",{{cite web\\| title\\=Academia and Wikipedia\\| first\\=danah\\| last\\=boyd\\| publisher\\=Many\\-to\\-Many\\| date\\=January 4, 2005\\| url\\=http://www.corante.com/many/archives/2005/01/04/academia\\_and\\_wikipedia.php\\| access\\-date\\=October 31, 2007\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060112003204/http://www.corante.com/many/archives/2005/01/04/academia\\_and\\_wikipedia.php\\| archive\\-date\\=January 12, 2006\\| url\\-status\\=dead\\| df\\=mdy\\-all\\| author\\-link\\=danah boyd}} and [Bill Thompson](/wiki/Bill_Thompson_%28technology_writer%29 \"Bill Thompson (technology writer)\") who stated \"I use the Wikipedia a lot. It is a good starting point for serious research, but I would never accept something that I read there without checking.\"",
"*[Information Today](/wiki/Information_Today%2C_Inc. \"Information Today, Inc.\")'''s March 2006 article concludes on a similar theme:\n{{blockquote\\|The inconvenient reality is that people and their products are messy, whether produced in a top\\-down or bottom\\-up manner. Almost every source includes errors... Many non\\-fiction books are produced via an appallingly sloppy process... In this author's opinion, the flap over Wikipedia was significantly overblown, but contained a silver lining: People are becoming more aware of the perils of accepting information at face value. They have learned not to consult just one source.}}*",
"[Dan Gillmor](/wiki/Dan_Gillmor \"Dan Gillmor\"), a [Silicon Valley](/wiki/Silicon_Valley \"Silicon Valley\") commentator and author commented in October 2004 that, \"I don't think anyone is saying Wikipedia is an absolute replacement for a traditional encyclopedia. But in the topics I know something about, I've found Wikipedia to be as accurate as any other source I've found.\"\n[Larry Sanger](/wiki/Larry_Sanger \"Larry Sanger\") stated on [Kuro5hin](/wiki/Kuro5hin \"Kuro5hin\") in 2001 that \"Given enough eyeballs, all errors are shallow\",{{cite web\\| title\\=Wikipedia is wide open. Why is it growing so fast? Why isn't it full of nonsense?\\| first\\=Larry\\| last\\=Sanger\\| work\\=\\[\\[Kuro5hin]]\\| date\\=September 24, 2001\\| url\\=http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2001/9/24/43858/2479\\| access\\-date\\=October 31, 2007\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010041752/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2001/9/24/43858/2479\\| archive\\-date\\=October 10, 2007\\| url\\-status\\=live\\| df\\=mdy\\-all\\| author\\-link\\=Larry Sanger}} which is a paraphrase of [Linus' Law](/wiki/Linus%27_Law \"Linus' Law\") of open\\-source development.\nLikewise, technology figure [Joi Ito](/wiki/Joi_Ito \"Joi Ito\") wrote on Wikipedia's authority, \"\\[a]lthough it depends a bit on the field, the question is whether something is more likely to be true coming from a source whose resume sounds authoritative, or a source that has been viewed by hundreds of thousands of people (with the ability to comment) and has survived.\"{{cite web\\| title\\=Wikipedia attacked by ignorant reporter\\| first\\=Joi\\| last\\=Ito\\| publisher\\=Joi Ito's Web\\| date\\=August 29, 2004\\| url\\=http://joi.ito.com/archives/2004/08/29/wikipedia\\_attacked\\_by\\_ignorant\\_reporter.html\\#c014592\\| access\\-date\\=October 31, 2007\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928040536/http://joi.ito.com/archives/2004/08/29/wikipedia\\_attacked\\_by\\_ignorant\\_reporter.html\\#c014592\\| archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2007\\| url\\-status\\=live\\| df\\=mdy\\-all\\| author\\-link\\=Joi Ito}}\nIn a 2008 letter to the editor of [Physics Today](/wiki/Physics_Today \"Physics Today\")*, Gregg Jaeger, an associate professor at [Boston University](/wiki/Boston_University \"Boston University\"),Jaeger, G.[professional webpage](http://people.bu.edu/jaeger) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030517163206/http://people.bu.edu/jaeger \\|date\\=May 17, 2003 }} has characterized Wikipedia as a medium that is susceptible to fostering \"anarchy and distortions\" in relation to scientific information.{{Cite magazine\\|url\\=https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10\\.1063/1\\.2962992 \\|title\\=Bits on Quantum Information \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111183353/https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10\\.1063/1\\.2962992 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 11, 2023 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|magazine\\=Physics Today \\|date\\=July 2008 \\|volume\\=61 \\|issue\\=7 \\|last\\=Jaeger \\|first\\=Greg \\|page\\=10 \\|doi\\=10\\.1063/1\\.2962992}}{{refn\\|The letter was in response to a review of his book ''Quantum Information: An Overview'', that had questioned \"whether there is an audience for such encyclopedic texts, especially given the easy access to online sources of information such as the \\[\\[arXiv]] e\\-print server and Wikipedia.\"\\|group\\=nb}}*",
"People known to use or recommend Wikipedia as a reference source include [film critic](/wiki/Film_critic \"Film critic\") [Roger Ebert](/wiki/Roger_Ebert \"Roger Ebert\"),{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/rogerebertsmovie00roge\\_0\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|author\\=Ebert, Roger\\|title\\=Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2009\\|publisher\\=Andrews McMeel Publishing\\|page \\=\\[https://archive.org/details/rogerebertsmovie00roge\\_0/page/529 529] \\|date\\= November 18, 2008\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7407\\-7745\\-5}}Ebert, Roger (October 7, 2009\\). [Review of *Good Hair*](http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091007/REVIEWS/910079997) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221122846/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\\=%2F20091007%2FREVIEWS%2F910079997 \\|date\\=December 21, 2012 }}. [RogerEbert.com](/wiki/RogerEbert.com \"RogerEbert.com\").Ebert, Roger. [\"Why 3D doesn't work and never will. Case closed.\"](http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2011/01/post_4.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501035944/http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2011/01/post\\_4\\.html \\|date\\=May 1, 2011 }} *[Chicago Sun\\-Times](/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times \"Chicago Sun-Times\")*. January 23, 2011Ebert, Roger. [\"The Last Mountain\"](http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110622/REVIEWS/110629991/1001/reviews) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221122817/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\\=%2F20110622%2FREVIEWS%2F110629991%2F1001%2Freviews \\|date\\=December 21, 2012 }}, rogerebert.com, June 22, 2011 comedian [Rosie O'Donnell](/wiki/Rosie_O%27Donnell \"Rosie O'Donnell\"),Hall, Sarah. [\"Rosie vs. Donald: She Said, He Said\"](http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b54017_rosie_vs_donald_she_said_said.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426035427/http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b54017\\_rosie\\_vs\\_donald\\_she\\_said\\_said.html \\|date\\=April 26, 2011 }}, [E! Online](/wiki/E%21_Online \"E! Online\"), December 21, 2006 [University of Maryland](/wiki/University_of_Maryland \"University of Maryland\") [physicist](/wiki/Physicist \"Physicist\") [Robert L. Park](/wiki/Robert_L._Park \"Robert L. Park\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://bobpark.physics.umd.edu/WN09/wn082809\\.html\\|first\\=Robert L.\\|last\\=Park\\|title\\=What's New\\|date\\=August 28, 2009\\|publisher\\=bobpark.org\\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003003518/http://bobpark.physics.umd.edu/WN09/wn082809\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=October 3, 2009\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|author\\-link\\=Robert L. Park}} [Rutgers University](/wiki/Rutgers_University \"Rutgers University\") sociology professor Ted Goertzel{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Goertzel \\| first1 \\= Ted \\| year \\= 2011 \\| title \\= Letters to the Editor: Conspiracy Thinking \\| journal \\= \\[\\[Skeptical Inquirer]] \\| volume \\= 35 \\| issue \\= 3\\| page \\= 64 }}\"The Conspiracy Meme\" (January/February 2011\\). *Skeptical Inquirer*. Vol. 35 No. 1\\. January/February 2011\\. p. 37 and [scientific skepticism](/wiki/Scientific_skepticism \"Scientific skepticism\") promoter and investigator [James Randi](/wiki/James_Randi \"James Randi\").{{cite web\\|author\\=Randi, James\\|date\\=March 18, 2012\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[James Randi Educational Foundation]]\\|title\\=Popoff's Still At It\\|url\\=http://www.randi.org/site/index.php/swift\\-blog/1660\\-popoffs\\-still\\-at\\-it.html\\|access\\-date\\=March 22, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320170823/http://www.randi.org/site/index.php/swift\\-blog/1660\\-popoffs\\-still\\-at\\-it.html\\|archive\\-date\\=March 20, 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|author\\-link\\=James Randi}} Periodicals that publish articles featuring citations of Wikipedia as a source include the American science magazines [Skeptic](/wiki/Skeptic_%28U.S._magazine%29 \"Skeptic (U.S. magazine)\")*{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Hillshafer \\| first1 \\= David \\| year \\= 2013 \\| title \\= The Mass Murder Problem \\| journal \\= \\[\\[Skeptic (U.S. magazine)\\|Skeptic]] \\| volume \\= 18 \\| issue \\= 1\\| pages \\= 24–32 }}[Lippard, Jim](/wiki/Jim_Lippard \"Jim Lippard\") (2012\\). \"The Decline and (Probable) Fall of the Scientology Empire!\". *Skeptic* Vol. 17 No. 1\\. pp. 18–27\\. The citations in question are Citations 10, 14 and 16, as seen on page 27\\. and* [Skeptical Inquirer](/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer \"Skeptical Inquirer\")*.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Sheaffer \\| first1 \\= Robert \\| year \\= 2014 \\| title \\= Between a Beer Joint and a Highway Warning Sign: The 'Classic' Cash\\-Landrum Case Unravels\". \"Psychic Vibrations\" \\| journal \\= \\[\\[Skeptical Inquirer]] \\| volume \\= 38 \\| issue \\= 2\\| page \\= 28 }} In the January 2013 episode of his talk show,* [Stossel](/wiki/Stossel_%28TV_series%29 \"Stossel (TV series)\")*, about how ideas can flourish without regulation, journalist [John Stossel](/wiki/John_Stossel \"John Stossel\") interviewed Wikipedia co\\-founder Jimmy Wales, and discussed the success of Wikipedia's model versus that of Britannica, during which Stossel stated that [his own Wikipedia article](/wiki/John_Stossel \"John Stossel\") exhibited only one error.[\"Wikipedia Defies Need for Regulation\"](http://www.foxbusiness.com/on-air/stossel/index.html#/v/2071803797001/wikipedia-defies-need-for-regulation/?playlist_id=87530) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506071103/http://www.foxbusiness.com/on\\-air/stossel/index.html\\#/v/2071803797001/wikipedia\\-defies\\-need\\-for\\-regulation/?playlist\\_id\\=87530 \\|date\\=May 6, 2015 }}. *[Stossel](/wiki/Stossel_%28TV_series%29 \"Stossel (TV series)\")*. [Fox Business](/wiki/Fox_Business \"Fox Business\"). January 4, 2013\\.*",
"Jean Goodwin wrote on the reasons why Wikipedia may be trusted. According to him, while readers may not assess the actual expertise of the authors of a given article, they may assess the passion of Wikipedians, and in so far provide a reason for trust.Goodwin, Jean. (2010\\). The authority of Wikipedia. In Juho Ritola (Ed.), Argument cultures: Proceedings of the Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation Conference. Windsor, ON, Canada: Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation. CD\\-ROM. 24 pp.\n[Dariusz Jemielniak](/wiki/Dariusz_Jemielniak \"Dariusz Jemielniak\"), a Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees member, suggested in 2019 that given the arrival of Wikipedia's 18th birthday, \"maybe academics should start treating it as an adult\".{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Jemielniak \\|first1\\=Dariusz \\|title\\=Wikipedia: Why Is the Common Knowledge Resource Still Neglected by Academics? \\|journal\\=GigaScience \\|date\\=2019 \\|volume\\=8 \\|issue\\=12\\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1093/gigascience/giz139\\. \\|access\\-date\\=22 August 2024}}\nNotable incidents\n-----------------",
"{{see also\\|List of Wikipedia controversies}}\n### False biographical information",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.4\\|Cached version of a deleted biographical hoax in the French Wikipedia. Created in January 2007, the article on the fictional 18th\\-century naturalist Léon Robert de L'Astran was not deleted until June 2010, when a historian identified it as a hoax.[\"Ségolène Royal et Léon\\-Robert de l'Astran, le savant qui n'a jamais existé\"](http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2010/06/07/quand-segolene-royal-cite-un-personnage-historique-qui-n-a-jamais-existe_1369150_823448.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607185314/http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2010/06/07/quand\\-segolene\\-royal\\-cite\\-un\\-personnage\\-historique\\-qui\\-n\\-a\\-jamais\\-existe\\_1369150\\_823448\\.html \\|date\\=June 7, 2010 }}, *[Le Monde](/wiki/Le_Monde \"Le Monde\")*, June 7, 2010](/wiki/File:Astran.JPG \"Astran.JPG\")\nInaccurate information may persist in Wikipedia for a long time before it is challenged. The most prominent cases reported by mainstream media involved biographies of living persons. The [Seigenthaler incident](/wiki/Wikipedia_biography_controversy \"Wikipedia biography controversy\") demonstrated that the subject of a biographical article must sometimes fix blatant lies about his or her own life. In May 2005, a user edited the [biographical](/wiki/Biography \"Biography\") article on [John Seigenthaler Sr.](/wiki/John_Seigenthaler_Sr. \"John Seigenthaler Sr.\") so that it contained several false and [defamatory](/wiki/Defamation \"Defamation\") statements.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005\\-11\\-29\\-wikipedia\\-edit\\_x.htm\\|work\\=USA Today\\|date\\=November 29, 2005\\|title\\=A false Wikipedia \"biography\"\\|first\\=John\\|last\\=Seigenthaler\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106225139/http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005\\-11\\-29\\-wikipedia\\-edit\\_x.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=January 6, 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|author\\-link\\=John Seigenthaler}} The inaccurate claims went unnoticed between May and September 2005 when they were discovered by [Victor S. Johnson, Jr.](/wiki/Victor_S._Johnson%2C_Jr. \"Victor S. Johnson, Jr.\"), a friend of Seigenthaler. Wikipedia content is often mirrored at sites such as [Answers.com](/wiki/Answers.com \"Answers.com\"), which means that incorrect information can be replicated alongside correct information through a number of web sources. Such information can develop a misleading air of authority because of its presence at such sites: \"Then \\[Seigenthaler's] son discovered that his father's hoax biography also appeared on two other sites, Reference.com and Answers.com, which took direct feeds from Wikipedia. It was out there for four months before Seigenthaler realized and got the Wikipedia entry replaced with a more reliable account. The lies remained for another three weeks on the mirror sites downstream.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/scienceshow/mistakes\\-and\\-hoaxes\\-on\\-line/3330692\\|title\\=Mistakes and hoaxes on\\-line\\|publisher\\=Australian Broadcasting Corporation\\|date\\=April 15, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=April 28, 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113084903/http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/scienceshow/mistakes\\-and\\-hoaxes\\-on\\-line/3330692\\|archive\\-date\\=November 13, 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nSeth Finkelstein reported in an article in [The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\") *on his efforts to remove his own biography page from Wikipedia, simply because it was subjected to [defamation](/wiki/Defamation \"Defamation\"): \"Wikipedia has a short biography of me, originally added in February 2004, mostly concerned with my internet civil liberties achievements. After discovering in May 2006 that it had been vandalised in March, possibly by a long\\-time opponent, and that the attack had been subsequently propagated to many other sites which (legally) repackage Wikipedia's content, the article's existence seemed to me overall to be harmful rather than helpful.\" He added: \"For people who are not very prominent, Wikipedia biographies can be an '[attractive nuisance](/wiki/Attractive_nuisance \"Attractive nuisance\")'. It says, to every troll, vandal, and score\\-settler: 'Here's an article about a person where you can, with no accountability whatsoever, write any libel, defamation, or smear. It won't be a marginal comment with the social status of an inconsequential rant, but rather will be made prominent about the person, and reputation\\-laundered with the institutional status of an encyclopedia.{{'\"}}Seth Finkelstein (September 28, 2006\\) [\"I'm on Wikipedia, get me out of here\"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2006/sep/28/wikipedia.web20) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112180917/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2006/sep/28/wikipedia.web20 \\|date\\=November 12, 2016 }} The Guardian. Inside IT.*",
"In the same article, Finkelstein recounts how he voted his own biography as \"not [notable](/wiki/Notability_in_Wikipedia \"Notability in Wikipedia\") enough\" in order to have it removed from Wikipedia. He goes on to recount a similar story involving Angela Beesley, previously a prominent member of the foundation which runs Wikipedia. [Taner Akçam](/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am \"Taner Akçam\"), a [Turkish](/wiki/Turkish_people \"Turkish people\") history professor at the [University of Minnesota](/wiki/University_of_Minnesota \"University of Minnesota\"), was detained at the Montreal airport, as his article was vandalized by Turkish nationalists in 2007\\. While this mistake was resolved, he was again arrested in US for the same suspicion two days later.{{cite magazine \\| url\\=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2042333\\_2042334\\_2042574,00\\.html \\| magazine\\=Time \\| title\\=Top 10 Wikipedia Moments \\| date\\=January 13, 2011 \\| access\\-date\\=August 21, 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824015545/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2042333\\_2042334\\_2042574,00\\.html \\| archive\\-date\\=August 24, 2011 \\| url\\-status\\=dead }}\nOn March 2, 2007, MSNBC reported that [Hillary Clinton](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton \"Hillary Clinton\") had been incorrectly listed for 20 months in her Wikipedia biography as [valedictorian](/wiki/Valedictorian \"Valedictorian\") of her class of 1969 at [Wellesley College](/wiki/Wellesley_College \"Wellesley College\"). (Hillary Rodham was not the valedictorian, though she did speak at [commencement](/wiki/Graduation \"Graduation\").){{cite news\\|first\\=Bill\\|last\\=Dedman\\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna17388372\\|title\\=Reading Hillary Clinton's hidden thesis\\|publisher\\=NBC News\\|date\\=March 3, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=March 17, 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=July 12, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712085245/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17388372\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The article included a link to the Wikipedia edit,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title\\=Hillary\\_Rodham\\_Clinton\\&diff\\=18494301\\&oldid\\=18493966\\|title\\=Hillary Rodham Clinton\\|publisher\\=Wikipedia\\|date\\=July 9, 2005\\|access\\-date\\=March 17, 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216104215/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title\\=Hillary\\_Rodham\\_Clinton\\&diff\\=18494301\\&oldid\\=18493966\\|archive\\-date\\=February 16, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}} where the incorrect information was added on July 9, 2005\\. After the msnbc.com report, the inaccurate information was removed the same day.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title\\=Hillary\\_Rodham\\_Clinton\\&diff\\=112070224\\&oldid\\=111773323\\|title\\=Hillary Rodham Clinton\\|publisher\\=Wikipedia\\|date\\=March 2, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=March 17, 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216104216/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title\\=Hillary\\_Rodham\\_Clinton\\&diff\\=112070224\\&oldid\\=111773323\\|archive\\-date\\=February 16, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{refn\\|Between the two edits, the wrong information had stayed in the Clinton article while it was edited more than 4,800 times over 20 months.\\|group\\=nb}}\nAttempts to perpetrate [hoaxes](/wiki/Hoax \"Hoax\") may not be confined to editing Wikipedia articles. In October 2005 [Alan Mcilwraith](/wiki/Alan_Mcilwraith \"Alan Mcilwraith\"), a former [call center](/wiki/Call_center \"Call center\") worker from Scotland created a Wikipedia article in which he claimed to be a highly decorated war hero. The article was quickly identified by other users as unreliable (see [*Wikipedia Signpost* article April 17, 2006](/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2006-04-17/Persistent_hoax \"Wikipedia Signpost/2006-04-17/Persistent hoax\")); however, Mcilwraith had also succeeded in convincing a number of charities and media organizations that he was who he claimed to be: \"The 28\\-year\\-old, who calls himself Captain Sir Alan McIlwraith, KBE, DSO, MC, has mixed with celebrities for at least one fundraising event. But last night, an Army spokesman said: 'I can confirm he is a fraud. He has never been an officer, soldier or Army cadet.{{'\"}}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/tm\\_objectid\\=16929538\\&method\\=full\\&siteid\\=66633\\&headline\\=meet\\-sir\\-walter\\-mitty\\-\\-name\\_page.html \\|title\\=Exclusive: Meet the Real Sir Walter Mitty \\|first\\=Cara \\|last\\=Paige \\|newspaper\\=Daily Record \\|date\\=April 11, 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=November 24, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014712/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/tm\\_objectid%3D16929538%26method%3Dfull%26siteid%3D66633%26headline%3Dmeet\\-sir\\-walter\\-mitty\\-\\-name\\_page.html \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2007 }}\nIn May 2010, French politician [Ségolène Royal](/wiki/S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne_Royal \"Ségolène Royal\") publicly praised the memory of Léon\\-Robert de l'Astran, an 18th\\-century [naturalist](/wiki/Naturalist \"Naturalist\"), [humanist](/wiki/Humanist \"Humanist\") and son of a slave trader, who had opposed the slave trade. The newspaper [Sud\\-Ouest](/wiki/Sud-Ouest_%28newspaper%29 \"Sud-Ouest (newspaper)\") *revealed a month later that de l'Astran had never existed—except as the subject of an article in the [French Wikipedia](/wiki/French_Wikipedia \"French Wikipedia\"). Historian Jean\\-Louis Mahé discovered that de l'Astran was fictional after a student, interested by Royal's praise of him, asked Mahé about him. Mahé's research led him to realize that de l'Astran did not exist in any archives, and he traced the hoax back to the [Rotary Club](/wiki/Rotary_Club \"Rotary Club\") of [La Rochelle](/wiki/La_Rochelle \"La Rochelle\"). The article, created by members of the Club in January 2007, had thus remained online for three years—unsourced—before the hoax was uncovered. Upon* Sud\\-Ouest'*s revelation—repeated in other major French newspapers—French Wikipedia administrator [DonCamillo](/wiki/Utilisateur:DonCamillo \"DonCamillo\") immediately deleted the article.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2547291\\.ece \\| title\\=Ségolène Royal and Wikipedia duped by tale of anti\\-slavery activist \\| work\\=The Times \\| date\\=June 9, 2010 \\| access\\-date\\=June 17, 2011 \\| location\\=London \\| first\\=Adam \\| last\\=Sage \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728232255/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2547291\\.ece \\| archive\\-date\\=July 28, 2014 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }}[\"Léon\\-Robert de L'Astran, celui qui n'a jamais existé\"](http://www.sudouest.fr/2010/06/07/leon-robert-de-l-astran-celui-qui-n-a-jamais-existe-110539-3415.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611054014/http://www.sudouest.fr/2010/06/07/leon\\-robert\\-de\\-l\\-astran\\-celui\\-qui\\-n\\-a\\-jamais\\-existe\\-110539\\-3415\\.php \\|date\\=June 11, 2010 }}, *[Sud\\-Ouest](/wiki/Sud-Ouest_%28newspaper%29 \"Sud-Ouest (newspaper)\")*, June 7, 2010[\"Ségolène Royal tombe dans le piège de Wikipédia\"](http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2010/06/08/01002-20100608ARTFIG00346-segolene-royal-tombe-dans-le-piege-de-wikipedia.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610235048/http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2010/06/08/01002\\-20100608ARTFIG00346\\-segolene\\-royal\\-tombe\\-dans\\-le\\-piege\\-de\\-wikipedia.php \\|date\\=June 10, 2010 }}, *[Le Figaro](/wiki/Le_Figaro \"Le Figaro\")*, June 8, 2010[\"Royal, toute une Histoire\"](http://www.lejdd.fr/Politique/Actualite/Royal-toute-une-Histoire-198776/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610024220/http://www.lejdd.fr/Politique/Actualite/Royal\\-toute\\-une\\-Histoire\\-198776/ \\|date\\=June 10, 2010 }}, *[Le Journal du Dimanche](/wiki/Le_Journal_du_Dimanche \"Le Journal du Dimanche\")*, June 7, 2010{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on\\_Robert\\_de\\_L%27Astran \\|title\\=Léon Robert de L'Astran \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on\\_Robert\\_de\\_L'Astran \\|archive\\-date\\=September 13, 2006 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}, article in the French Wikipedia, deleted on June 7, 2010*",
"There have also been instances of users deliberately inserting false information into Wikipedia in order to test the system and demonstrate its alleged unreliability. Journalist [Gene Weingarten](/wiki/Gene_Weingarten \"Gene Weingarten\") ran such a test in 2007 by anonymously inserting false information into his own biography. The fabrications were removed 27 hours later by a Wikipedia editor who was regularly watching changes to that article.{{cite news\\|first\\=Gene\\|last\\=Weingarten\\|date\\=March 16, 2007\\|url\\=http://www.newsobserver.com/105/story/553968\\.html\\|title\\=A wickedly fun test of Wikipedia\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The News \\& Observer]]\\|access\\-date\\=April 8, 2006 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070320032706/http://www.newsobserver.com/105/story/553968\\.html \\|archive\\-date \\= March 20, 2007}} Television personality [Stephen Colbert](/wiki/Stephen_Colbert \"Stephen Colbert\") lampooned this drawback of Wikipedia, calling it [wikiality](/wiki/Wikipedia_in_popular_culture%23Wikiality \"Wikipedia in popular culture#Wikiality\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=McCarthy \\|first1\\=Caroline \\|title\\=Colbert speaks, America follows: All hail Wikiality! \\|url\\=https://www.cnet.com/culture/colbert\\-speaks\\-america\\-follows\\-all\\-hail\\-wikiality/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[CNET]] \\|access\\-date\\=November 17, 2022 \\|date\\=August 1, 2006 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 17, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117083359/https://www.cnet.com/culture/colbert\\-speaks\\-america\\-follows\\-all\\-hail\\-wikiality/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n\"Death by Wikipedia\" is a phenomenon in which a person is erroneously proclaimed dead through vandalism. Articles about the comedian [Paul Reiser](/wiki/Paul_Reiser \"Paul Reiser\"), British television host [Vernon Kay](/wiki/Vernon_Kay \"Vernon Kay\"), French professor [Bertrand Meyer](/wiki/Bertrand_Meyer%23Wikipedia_hoax \"Bertrand Meyer#Wikipedia hoax\"), and the West Virginia Senator [Robert Byrd](/wiki/Robert_Byrd \"Robert Byrd\"), who died on June 28, 2010, have been vandalized in this way.{{cite web \\|last\\=Metz \\|first\\=Cade \\|url\\=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/01/22/wikipedia\\_vandalism\\_crackdown/ \\|title\\=Jimbo Wales ends death by Wikipedia \\|work\\=The Register \\|date\\=January 22, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=March 31, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427134821/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/01/22/wikipedia\\_vandalism\\_crackdown/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 27, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|last\\=Goss \\|first\\=Patrick \\|url\\=http://www.techradar.com/news/internet/vernon\\-kay\\-shocked\\-at\\-death\\-by\\-wikipedia\\-464838 \\|title\\=Vernon Kay shocked at death by Wikipedia \\|publisher\\=Techradar.com \\|date\\=September 15, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=March 31, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519230124/http://www.techradar.com/news/internet/vernon\\-kay\\-shocked\\-at\\-death\\-by\\-wikipedia\\-464838 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 19, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Pershing \\|first\\=Ben \\|url\\=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/capitol\\-briefing/2009/01/kennedy\\_the\\_latest\\_victim\\_of\\_w.html?hpid\\=topnews \\|title\\=Kennedy, Byrd the Latest Victims of Wikipedia Errors \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\|date\\=January 21, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811014259/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/capitol\\-briefing/2009/01/kennedy\\_the\\_latest\\_victim\\_of\\_w.html?hpid\\=topnews \\|archive\\-date\\=August 11, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{refn\\|Wikipedia considers vandalism as \"any addition, removal, or change of content in a deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of Wikipedia\". The Wikipedia page \"\\[\\[Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia\\|Researching with Wikipedia]]\" states: \"Wikipedia's radical openness means that any given article may be, at any given moment, in a bad state: for example, it could be in the middle of a large edit or it could have been recently vandalized. While blatant vandalism is usually easily spotted and rapidly corrected, Wikipedia is certainly more subject to subtle vandalism than a typical reference work.\"\\|group\\=nb}}\n### Other false information",
"In June 2007, an anonymous Wikipedia contributor became involved in the [Chris Benoit double murder and suicide](/wiki/Chris_Benoit_double_murder_and_suicide \"Chris Benoit double murder and suicide\") because of an unverified piece of information he added to the \"[Chris Benoit](/wiki/Chris_Benoit \"Chris Benoit\")\" [English Wikipedia](/wiki/English_Wikipedia \"English Wikipedia\") article. This information regarding Benoit's wife's death was added fourteen hours before police discovered the bodies of Benoit and his family.{{cite news \\|first\\=Blane \\|last\\=Bachelor \\|title\\=Web Time Stamps Indicate Benoit Death Reported About 14 Hours Before Police Found Bodies \\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,287194,00\\.html \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Fox News]] \\|date\\=June 28, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517070950/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,287194,00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=May 17, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Police detectives seized computer equipment from the man held responsible for the postings, but believed he was uninvolved and did not press charges.{{cite news \\|first\\=David \\|last\\=Schoetz \\|title\\=Police: Wiki Confession an 'Unbelievable Hindrance' \\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/story?id\\=3327310\\&page\\=1 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ABC News (United States)\\|ABC News]] \\|date\\=June 29, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516121016/https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/story?id\\=3327310\\&page\\=1 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 16, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The [IP address](/wiki/IP_address \"IP address\") from which the edit was made was traced to earlier instances of Wikipedia vandalism. The contributor apologized on [Wikinews](/wiki/Wikinews \"Wikinews\"), saying: \"I will never vandalize anything on Wikipedia or post wrongful information. I will never post anything here again unless it is pure fact ... .\"{{cite news \\|title\\=The College Student Who 'Knew' About the Benoit Murder\\-Suicide Before Police \\|first\\=Corey \\|last\\=Spring \\|url\\=http://spring.newsvine.com/\\_news/2007/06/29/808872\\-the\\-college\\-student\\-who\\-knew\\-about\\-the\\-benoit\\-murder\\-suicide\\-before\\-police \\|date\\=June 29, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2008 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Newsvine]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911094254/http://spring.newsvine.com/\\_news/2007/06/29/808872\\-the\\-college\\-student\\-who\\-knew\\-about\\-the\\-benoit\\-murder\\-suicide\\-before\\-police \\|archive\\-date\\=September 11, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\nOn August 29, 2008, shortly after the first round draw was completed for [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League \"UEFA Europa League\") football cup, an edit was made to the article for the football club [AC Omonia](/wiki/AC_Omonia \"AC Omonia\"), apparently by users of the website [B3ta](/wiki/B3ta \"B3ta\").[Mirror duped by Wikipedia 'fact'](http://www.webuser.co.uk/news/news.php?id=268155) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217233024/http://subscribe.webuser.co.uk/?id\\=268155 \\|date\\=February 17, 2022 }} (*Web User*, September 19, 2008\\){{refn\\|It added the following erroneous information to the section titled \"The fans\": \"A small but loyal group of fans are lovingly called \"The Zany Ones\"—they like to wear hats made from discarded shoes and have a song about a little potato.\"\\|group\\=nb}} On September 18, 2008, David Anderson, a British journalist writing for the [Daily Mirror](/wiki/Daily_Mirror \"Daily Mirror\")*, quoted this in his match preview ahead of Omonia's game with [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. \"Manchester City F.C.\"), which appeared in the web and print versions of the* Mirror *and the nickname was quoted in subsequent editions on September 19\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/2008/09/18/new\\-look\\-manchester\\-city\\-side\\-begin\\-their\\-uefa\\-cup\\-campaign\\-in\\-earnest\\-115875\\-20741334/ \\|title\\=New\\-look Manchester City side begin their UEFA Cup campaign in earnest \\|work\\=Daily Mirror \\|date\\=September 18, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=April 13, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819104710/http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/2008/09/18/new\\-look\\-manchester\\-city\\-side\\-begin\\-their\\-uefa\\-cup\\-campaign\\-in\\-earnest\\-115875\\-20741334/ \\|archive\\-date\\=August 19, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/match\\-reports/2008/09/19/omonia\\-nicosia\\-1\\-2\\-manchester\\-city\\-goals\\-start\\-to\\-flow\\-for\\-jo\\-115875\\-20743824/ \\|title\\=Omonia Nicosia 1–2 Manchester City: Goals start to flow for Jo \\|work\\=Daily Mirror \\|date\\=April 9, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=April 13, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813164321/http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/match\\-reports/2008/09/19/omonia\\-nicosia\\-1\\-2\\-manchester\\-city\\-goals\\-start\\-to\\-flow\\-for\\-jo\\-115875\\-20743824/ \\|archive\\-date\\=August 13, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}*",
"In May 2009, [University College Dublin](/wiki/University_College_Dublin \"University College Dublin\") sociology student Shane Fitzgerald added an incorrect quote to the article on the recently deceased composer [Maurice Jarre](/wiki/Maurice_Jarre \"Maurice Jarre\"). Fitzgerald wanted to demonstrate the potential dangers of news reporters' reliance on the internet for information.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/0507/1224246059241\\.html \\|title\\=Lazy journalism exposed by online hoax \\|date\\=May 7, 2009 \\|first\\=Shane \\|last\\=Fitzgerald \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Irish Times]] \\|access\\-date\\=January 8, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101125154/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/0507/1224246059241\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=November 1, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Although Fitzgerald's edits were removed three times from the Wikipedia article for [lack of sourcing](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability%23Responsibility_for_providing_citations \"Verifiability#Responsibility for providing citations\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/AheadoftheCurve/wirestory?id\\=7556738\\&page\\=1 \\|title\\=Irish Student Hoaxes World's Media With Fake Quote \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ABC News (United States)\\|ABC News]] \\|first\\=Shawn \\|last\\=Pogatchnik \\|date\\=May 11, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=January 8, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628211245/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/AheadoftheCurve/wirestory?id\\=7556738\\&page\\=1 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 28, 2011 }} they were nevertheless copied into obituary columns in newspapers worldwide.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://arstechnica.com/media/news/2009/05/wikipedia\\-hoax\\-reveals\\-limits\\-of\\-journalists\\-research.ars \\|title\\=Wikipedia hoax points to limits of journalists' research \\|date\\=May 8, 2009 \\|publisher\\=arstechnica.com \\|access\\-date\\=January 8, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221221444/http://arstechnica.com/media/news/2009/05/wikipedia\\-hoax\\-reveals\\-limits\\-of\\-journalists\\-research.ars \\|archive\\-date\\=February 21, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Fitzgerald believes that if he had not come forward his quote would have remained in history as fact.\nThe death of [Norman Wisdom](/wiki/Norman_Wisdom \"Norman Wisdom\") in October 2010 led several major newspapers to repeat the false claim, drawn from Wikipedia, that he was the author of the lyrics of the Second World War song \"[(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover](/wiki/%28There%27ll_Be_Bluebirds_Over%29_The_White_Cliffs_of_Dover \"(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover\")\".{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/mediamonkeyblog/2010/oct/05/norman\\-wisdom\\-wikipedia\\-mirror \\|title\\='Wikipedia vandals' strike again in Norman Wisdom obits \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|date\\=October 5, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2010 \\|location\\=London \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116210933/http://www.theguardian.com/media/mediamonkeyblog/2010/oct/05/norman\\-wisdom\\-wikipedia\\-mirror \\|archive\\-date\\=January 16, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\nAfter the [2010 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup \"2010 FIFA World Cup\"), FIFA president [Sepp Blatter](/wiki/Sepp_Blatter \"Sepp Blatter\") was presented with the Order of the Companions of Oliver Reginald Tambo. The citation, however, read: \"The Order of the Companions of OR Tambo in Gold—awarded to Joseph Sepp [Bellend](/wiki/wikt:Bellend \"Bellend\") Blatter (1936–) for his exceptional contribution to the field of football and support for the hosting of the Fifa World Cup on the African continent\", after the name on his Wikipedia entry was vandalized.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/oddballs/835201\\-sepp\\-blatter\\-called\\-a\\-bellend\\-during\\-award\\-of\\-south\\-african\\-medal \\|title\\=Sepp Blatter called a 'bellend' during award of South African medal \\|work\\=The Metro\\|date\\=July 15, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=August 11, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806080420/http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/oddballs/835201\\-sepp\\-blatter\\-called\\-a\\-bellend\\-during\\-award\\-of\\-south\\-african\\-medal \\|archive\\-date\\=August 6, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\nIn October 2012, the [Asian Football Confederation](/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation \"Asian Football Confederation\") official website published an article about the [United Arab Emirates national football team](/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_national_football_team \"United Arab Emirates national football team\")'s bid to qualify for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup, in which the team's nickname was stated to be the \"Sand Monkeys\". This was the indirect result of vandalism of the Wikipedia article on the team, and the AFC was forced to apologise for what was perceived as a racist slur.{{cite news \\| url \\= https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/soccer\\-dirty\\-tackle/asian\\-football\\-confederation\\-apologize\\-calling\\-uae\\-national\\-team\\-182949385\\-\\-sow.html \\| title \\= Asian Football Confederation apologize for calling UAE national team 'Sand Monkeys' \\| last \\= Bailey \\| first \\= Ryan \\| publisher \\= Yahoo! Sports \\| date \\= October 25, 2012 \\| access\\-date \\= March 25, 2014 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140325192044/http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/soccer\\-dirty\\-tackle/asian\\-football\\-confederation\\-apologize\\-calling\\-uae\\-national\\-team\\-182949385\\-\\-sow.html \\| archive\\-date \\= March 25, 2014 \\| url\\-status \\= live }}{{cite news \\| url \\= http://www.cbsnews.com/news/asian\\-soccer\\-body\\-apologizes\\-for\\-sand\\-monkeys\\-slur\\-of\\-uae\\-team/ \\| title \\= Asian soccer body apologizes for 'sand monkeys' slur of UAE team \\| agency \\= Associated Press \\| publisher \\= CBS News \\| date \\= October 15, 2012 \\| access\\-date \\= March 25, 2014 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140325191605/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/asian\\-soccer\\-body\\-apologizes\\-for\\-sand\\-monkeys\\-slur\\-of\\-uae\\-team/ \\| archive\\-date \\= March 25, 2014 \\| url\\-status \\= live }}\n[thumb\\|The [Wikipedia hoax](/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_hoaxes_on_Wikipedia \"List of hoaxes on Wikipedia\") \"Bicholim conflict\"{{self\\-reference link\\|Wikipedia:List of hoaxes on Wikipedia/Bicholim conflict\\|Archived copy of article at time of deletion}} which in 2007 won the status of \"Good Article\"](/wiki/File:A_photo_of_the_Wikipedia_hoax_%22Bicholim_conflict%22.jpeg \"A photo of the Wikipedia hoax \")\nIn December 2012, an article titled \"Bicholim conflict\" was deleted after standing since 2007\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bicholim conflict\\|url\\=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title\\=Wikipedia:Articles\\_for\\_deletion/Bicholim\\_conflict\\&oldid\\=530321030\\|publisher\\=Wikipedia\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=February 17, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217233023/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title\\=Wikipedia%3AArticles\\_for\\_deletion%2FBicholim\\_conflict\\&oldid\\=530321030\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It talked about a war that took place in India between the years 1640 and 1641, but was later confirmed to be completely fictitious.{{cite news\\|last\\=Pfeiffer \\|first\\=Eric \\|title\\=War is over: Imaginary 'Bicholim Conflict' page removed from Wikipedia after five years \\|url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/sideshow/war\\-over\\-imaginary\\-bicholim\\-conflict\\-page\\-removed\\-wikipedia\\-234717353\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=January 8, 2013 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Yahoo! News]] \\|date\\=January 4, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109103905/http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/sideshow/war\\-over\\-imaginary\\-bicholim\\-conflict\\-page\\-removed\\-wikipedia\\-234717353\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=January 9, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The hoax article had won Wikipedia's \"Good Article\" award, a status conferred on fewer than 1 percent of articles on the site, a few months after its creation in 2007, and held that status for five years.{{cite news \\| url \\= http://www.dailydot.com/news/wikipedia\\-bicholim\\-conflict\\-hoax\\-deleted/ \\| last \\= Morris \\| first \\= Kevin \\| title \\= After a half\\-decade, massive Wikipedia hoax finally exposed \\| work \\= The Daily Dot \\| date \\= January 1, 2013 \\| access\\-date \\= March 25, 2014 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140410195455/http://www.dailydot.com/news/wikipedia\\-bicholim\\-conflict\\-hoax\\-deleted/ \\| archive\\-date \\= April 10, 2014 \\| url\\-status \\= live }}\nIn March 2013, it was discovered that both Wikipedia and [IMDb](/wiki/IMDb \"IMDb\") had for three\\-and\\-a\\-half years contained articles on a fictitious Russian filmmaker named Yuri Gadyukin. False information had been planted in both sites as part of a viral promotion campaign for an upcoming film.{{cite news \\| url \\= http://www.dailydot.com/entertainment/wikipedia\\-hoax\\-yuri\\-gadyukin\\-nitrate\\-movie/ \\| last \\= Morris \\| first \\= Kevin \\| title \\= The greatest movie that never was \\| work \\= The Daily Dot \\| date \\= April 25, 2013 \\| access\\-date \\= March 25, 2014 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130426183336/http://www.dailydot.com/entertainment/wikipedia\\-hoax\\-yuri\\-gadyukin\\-nitrate\\-movie/ \\| archive\\-date \\= April 26, 2013 \\| url\\-status \\= live }}\nIn May 2014, [The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\") *reported that a 17\\-year\\-old student had added an invented nickname to the Wikipedia article on the [coati](/wiki/Coati \"Coati\") in 2008, saying coatis were also known as \"Brazilian [aardvarks](/wiki/Aardvark \"Aardvark\")\". The taxonomically false information, inserted as a private joke, lasted for six years in Wikipedia and over this time came to be propagated by hundreds of websites, several newspapers (one of which was later cited as a source in Wikipedia) and even books published by university presses. It was only removed from Wikipedia after publication of the* New Yorker *article, in which the student explained how the joke had come about.*",
"In March 2015, it became known that an article on Wikipedia entitled \"[Jar'Edo Wens](/wiki/Jar%27Edo_Wens_hoax \"Jar'Edo Wens hoax\")\", purportedly about an Australian aboriginal deity of that name, was a hoax. The article had survived for more than nine years before being deleted, making it one of the longest\\-lived documented hoax articles in Wikipedia's history. The article spawned mentions of the fake god on numerous other websites as well as in a book titled Atheism and the Case Against Christ*.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the\\-intersect/wp/2015/04/15/the\\-great\\-wikipedia\\-hoax/ \\| title\\=The story behind Jar'Edo Wens, the longest\\-running hoax in Wikipedia history \\| newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\| date\\=April 15, 2015 \\| access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015 \\| author\\=Dewey, Caitlin \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419001603/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the\\-intersect/wp/2015/04/15/the\\-great\\-wikipedia\\-hoax/ \\| archive\\-date\\=April 19, 2015 \\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.smh.com.au/digital\\-life/digital\\-life\\-news/aussies\\-jaredo\\-wens\\-prank\\-sets\\-new\\-record\\-as\\-wikipedias\\-longestrunning\\-hoax\\-20150323\\-1m59c7\\.html\\|title\\=Aussie's Jar'Edo Wens prank sets new record as Wikipedia's longest\\-running hoax\\|work\\=The Sydney Morning Herald\\|date\\=March 23, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=July 8, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701152353/http://www.smh.com.au/digital\\-life/digital\\-life\\-news/aussies\\-jaredo\\-wens\\-prank\\-sets\\-new\\-record\\-as\\-wikipedias\\-longestrunning\\-hoax\\-20150323\\-1m59c7\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=July 1, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://internet.gawker.com/how\\-one\\-man\\-made\\-himself\\-into\\-an\\-aboriginal\\-god\\-with\\-wi\\-1692426415 \\|title\\=How One Man Made Himself Into an Aboriginal God With Wikipedia \\|first\\=Andy \\|last\\=Cush \\|publisher\\=Gawker Media \\|work\\=Weird Internet \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709193621/http://internet.gawker.com/how\\-one\\-man\\-made\\-himself\\-into\\-an\\-aboriginal\\-god\\-with\\-wi\\-1692426415 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2015 }}*",
"In August 2019, a discredited theory was removed from the article [Warsaw concentration camp](/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp \"Warsaw concentration camp\"), over 10 years after [it was debunked in mainstream scholarly literature](/wiki/Fringe_theory \"Fringe theory\"). The article was first drafted in August 2004 by an established editor who presented as fact [a fringe theory that the camp contained gas chambers in which 200,000 people perished](/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp%23Discredited_extermination_camp_story \"Warsaw concentration camp#Discredited extermination camp story\"). With the [misinformation](/wiki/Misinformation \"Misinformation\") presented as fact for 15 years, media sources dubbed it as \"Wikipedia's longest\\-standing hoax\".{{cite news \\|work\\=\\[\\[Haaretz]] \\|url\\=https://www.haaretz.com/israel\\-news/.premium.MAGAZINE\\-the\\-fake\\-nazi\\-death\\-camp\\-wikipedia\\-s\\-longest\\-hoax\\-exposed\\-1\\.7942233 \\|title\\=The Fake Nazi Death Camp: Wikipedia's Longest Hoax, Exposed \\|date\\=October 4, 2019 \\|first\\=Omer \\|last\\=Benjakob \\|access\\-date\\=December 29, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019175407/https://www.haaretz.com/israel\\-news/.premium.MAGAZINE\\-the\\-fake\\-nazi\\-death\\-camp\\-wikipedia\\-s\\-longest\\-hoax\\-exposed\\-1\\.7942233 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news\\|title\\=Wikipedia's 'longest\\-running hoax' about fake Warsaw death camp revealed\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Cleveland Jewish News]]\\|url\\=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/jns/wikipedia\\-s\\-longest\\-running\\-hoax\\-about\\-fake\\-warsaw\\-death\\-camp/article\\_856e66a1\\-0289\\-5e77\\-a73f\\-219a00536c54\\.html\\|date\\=October 4, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=December 29, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=November 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124182412/https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/jns/wikipedia\\-s\\-longest\\-running\\-hoax\\-about\\-fake\\-warsaw\\-death\\-camp/article\\_856e66a1\\-0289\\-5e77\\-a73f\\-219a00536c54\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|title\\= Wikipedia page on fake Warsaw concentration camp was 15\\-year hoax — report\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[The Times of Israel]]\\|url\\= https://www.timesofisrael.com/wikipedia\\-page\\-on\\-fake\\-warsaw\\-concentration\\-camp\\-was\\-15\\-year\\-hoax\\-report/\\|date\\= October 5, 2019\\|access\\-date\\= December 29, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\= November 7, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20211107183051/https://www.timesofisrael.com/wikipedia\\-page\\-on\\-fake\\-warsaw\\-concentration\\-camp\\-was\\-15\\-year\\-hoax\\-report/\\|url\\-status\\= live}}\nIn June 2022, it was discovered that an editor known as Zhemao ({{lang\\-zh\\|折毛}}) had created over 200 articles on the Chinese Wikipedia about fabricated events in medieval [Russian history](/wiki/Russian_history \"Russian history\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkgbwm/chinese\\-woman\\-fake\\-russian\\-history\\-wikipedia\\|title\\=A Bored Chinese Housewife Spent Years Falsifying Russian History on Wikipedia\\|work\\=Vice News\\|date\\=July 13, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717231705/https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkgbwm/chinese\\-woman\\-fake\\-russian\\-history\\-wikipedia\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Dubbed the [Zhemao hoaxes](/wiki/Zhemao_hoaxes \"Zhemao hoaxes\"), the hoax articles combined research and fantasy, creating an [alternate history](/wiki/Alternate_history \"Alternate history\") centered around a \"[Kashin](/wiki/Kashin_%28town%29 \"Kashin (town)\") silver mine\" and political ties between \"princes of Tver\" and \"dukes of Moscow\".{{cite web \\|last1\\=Diamond \\|first1\\=Jonny \\|title\\=A \"Chinese Borges\" wrote millions of words of fake Russian history on Wikipedia for a decade. \\|url\\=https://lithub.com/a\\-chinese\\-borges\\-wrote\\-millions\\-of\\-words\\-of\\-fake\\-russian\\-history\\-on\\-wikipedia\\-for\\-a\\-decade/ \\|website\\=Literary Hub \\|access\\-date\\=August 6, 2022 \\|date\\=June 28, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717130111/https://lithub.com/a\\-chinese\\-borges\\-wrote\\-millions\\-of\\-words\\-of\\-fake\\-russian\\-history\\-on\\-wikipedia\\-for\\-a\\-decade/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n{{anchor\\|Alan MacMasters}}In August 2022, Wikipedia criticism site [Wikipediocracy](/wiki/Wikipediocracy \"Wikipediocracy\") published an interview with a hoaxer who ten years prior had added a hoax to Wikipedia, claiming that an \"Alan MacMasters\" had invented the [electric toaster](/wiki/Electric_toaster \"Electric toaster\"). The false information was widely reproduced online as well as in newspapers and books subsequently cited in Wikipedia.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://bbc.co.uk/news/the\\-reporters\\-63622746 \\| title\\=Alan MacMasters: How the great online toaster hoax was exposed \\| work\\=BBC News \\| date\\=November 19, 2022 \\| access\\-date\\=November 20, 2022 \\| archive\\-date\\=November 20, 2022 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120143621/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/the\\-reporters\\-63622746 \\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Wikipedia's Credibility Is Toast {{!}} Wikipediocracy \\|url\\=https://wikipediocracy.com/2022/08/11/wikipedias\\-credibility\\-is\\-toast/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 11, 2022 \\|website\\=wikipediocracy.com \\|archive\\-date\\=September 4, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904071848/https://wikipediocracy.com/2022/08/11/wikipedias\\-credibility\\-is\\-toast/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Rauwerda \\|first\\=Annie \\|title\\=A long\\-running Wikipedia hoax and the problem of circular reporting \\|url\\=https://www.inputmag.com/culture/wikipedia\\-hoax\\-alan\\-macmasters\\-toaster \\|access\\-date\\=September 11, 2022 \\|website\\=Input \\|date\\=August 12, 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=September 4, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904072741/https://www.inputmag.com/culture/wikipedia\\-hoax\\-alan\\-macmasters\\-toaster \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\nIn 2023, [Jan Grabowski](/wiki/Jan_Grabowski \"Jan Grabowski\") and Shira Klein published an article in the [Journal of Holocaust Research](/wiki/The_Journal_of_Holocaust_Research \"The Journal of Holocaust Research\") *in which they claim to have discovered a \"systematic, intentional distortion of Holocaust history\" on the English\\-language Wikipedia.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Grabowski \\|first1\\=Jan \\|last2\\=Klein \\|first2\\=Shira \\|date\\=February 9, 2023 \\|title\\=Wikipedia's Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust \\|journal\\=The Journal of Holocaust Research \\|volume\\=37 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=133–190 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/25785648\\.2023\\.2168939 \\|s2cid\\=257188267 \\|issn\\=2578\\-5648 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} Analysing 25 Wikipedia articles and almost 300 back pages (including talk pages, noticeboards and arbitration cases), Grabowski and Klein believe they have shown how a small group of editors managed to impose a fringe narrative on Polish\\-Jewish relations, informed by Polish nationalist propaganda and far removed from evidence\\-driven historical research. In addition to the article on the Warsaw concentration camp, the authors claim that the activities of the editors' group had an effect on several articles, such as [History of the Jews in Poland](/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland \"History of the Jews in Poland\"), [Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust](/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust \"Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust\") and [Jew with a coin](/wiki/Jew_with_a_coin \"Jew with a coin\"). Supposed nationalist editing on these and other articles allegedly included content ranging \"from minor errors to subtle manipulations and outright lies\", examples of which the authors offer.*",
"### Conflict\\-of\\-interest editing on Wikipedia",
"{{main\\|Conflict\\-of\\-interest editing on Wikipedia}}\n#### Political interests and advocacy",
"While Wikipedia policy requires articles to have a neutral point of view, there have been attempts to place a [spin](/wiki/Spin_%28public_relations%29 \"Spin (public relations)\") on articles. In January 2006 several staffers of members of the [U.S. House of Representatives](/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives \"U.S. House of Representatives\") attempted to cleanse their respective bosses' biographies on Wikipedia, and to insert negative remarks on political opponents. References to a campaign promise by [Martin Meehan](/wiki/Marty_Meehan \"Marty Meehan\") to surrender his seat in 2000 were deleted, and negative comments were inserted into the articles on U.S. Senator [Bill Frist](/wiki/Bill_Frist \"Bill Frist\") and [Eric Cantor](/wiki/Eric_Cantor \"Eric Cantor\"), a congressman from [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\"). Numerous other changes were made from an [IP address](/wiki/IP_address \"IP address\") which is assigned to the House of Representatives.{{cite web\\|first\\=Margaret\\|last\\=Kane\\|date\\=January 30, 2006\\|url\\=http://news.cnet.com/2061\\-11199\\_3\\-6032713\\.html\\|title\\=Politicians notice Wikipedia\\|website\\=\\[\\[CNET\\|Cnet news.com]]\\|access\\-date\\=January 28, 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311014348/http://www.cnet.com/news/politicians\\-notice\\-wikipedia/\\|archive\\-date\\=March 11, 2016}} In an interview, Jimmy Wales remarked that the changes were \"not cool\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://lawnorder.blogspot.com/2006/01/senator\\-staffers\\-spam\\-wikipedia.html\\|title\\=Senator staffers spam Wikipedia\\|access\\-date\\=September 13, 2006\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060329061323/http://lawnorder.blogspot.com/2006/01/senator\\-staffers\\-spam\\-wikipedia.html\\|archive\\-date\\=March 29, 2006\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nOn August 31, 2008, The New York Times *ran an article detailing the edits made to the biography of [Sarah Palin](/wiki/Sarah_Palin \"Sarah Palin\") in the wake of her nomination as running mate of [John McCain](/wiki/John_McCain \"John McCain\"). During the 24 hours before the McCain campaign announcement, 30 edits, many of them flattering details, were made to the article by Wikipedia single\\-purpose user identity Young Trigg. This person later acknowledged working on the McCain campaign, and having several Wikipedia user accounts.Noam Cohen (August 31, 2008\\) [\"Don't Like Palin's Wikipedia Story? Change It\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/01/technology/01link.html?ex=1378008000&en=2690a3850cb270d0&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041708/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/01/technology/01link.html?ex\\=1378008000\\&en\\=2690a3850cb270d0\\&ei\\=5124\\&partner\\=permalink\\&exprod\\=permalink \\|date\\=February 28, 2018 }} Technology. *The New York Times*.[\"Sarah Palins Wikipedia entry glossed over by mystery user hrs. before VP announcement\"](http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/sarah-palins-wikipedia-entry-glossed-over-by-mystery-user-hrs-before-vp-announcement_10091497.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524085649/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india\\-news/sarah\\-palins\\-wikipedia\\-entry\\-glossed\\-over\\-by\\-mystery\\-user\\-hrs\\-before\\-vp\\-announcement\\_10091497\\.html \\|date\\=May 24, 2011 }}, *Thaindian News* (September 2, 2008\\)*",
"Larry Delay and Pablo Bachelet write that from their perspective, some articles dealing with Latin American history and groups (such as the [Sandinistas](/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front \"Sandinista National Liberation Front\") and [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\")) lack political neutrality and are written from a sympathetic Marxist perspective which treats socialist dictatorships favorably at the expense of alternate positions.{{Cite news\\|first\\=Pablo\\|last\\=Bachelet\\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=MH\\&p\\_theme\\=mh\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&s\\_dispstring\\=cuba%20wikipedia%20AND%20date(all)\\&p\\_field\\_advanced\\-0\\=\\&p\\_text\\_advanced\\-0\\=(cuba%20wikipedia)\\&p\\_sort\\=\\_rank\\_:D\\&xcal\\_ranksort\\=4\\&xcal\\_useweights\\=yes\\|title\\=War of Words: Website Can't Define Cuba\\|date\\=May 3, 2006\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Miami Herald]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 8, 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222150122/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=MH\\&p\\_theme\\=mh\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&s\\_dispstring\\=cuba%20wikipedia%20AND%20date(all)\\&p\\_field\\_advanced\\-0\\=\\&p\\_text\\_advanced\\-0\\=(cuba%20wikipedia)\\&p\\_sort\\=\\_rank\\_:D\\&xcal\\_ranksort\\=4\\&xcal\\_useweights\\=yes\\|archive\\-date\\=December 22, 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|first\\=Larry\\|last\\=Delay\\|url\\=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/asce/pdfs/volume16/pdfs/program.pdf\\|title\\=A Pernicious Model for Control of the World Wide Web: The Cuba Case\\|date\\=August 3, 2006\\|publisher\\=Association for Study of the Cuban Economy(ASCE)\\|access\\-date\\=July 8, 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910014641/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/asce/pdfs/volume16/pdfs/program.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=September 10, 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\nIn November 2007, libelous accusations were made against two politicians from southwestern France, [Jean\\-Pierre Grand](/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Grand \"Jean-Pierre Grand\") and [Hélène Mandroux\\-Colas](/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Mandroux-Colas \"Hélène Mandroux-Colas\"), on their Wikipedia biographies. Jean\\-Pierre Grand asked the president of the [French National Assembly](/wiki/French_National_Assembly \"French National Assembly\") and the [prime minister of France](/wiki/Prime_minister_of_France \"Prime minister of France\") to reinforce the legislation on the penal responsibility of Internet sites and of authors who peddle false information in order to cause harm.[\"Wikipédia en butte à une nouvelle affaire de calomnie\"](http://www.vnunet.fr/fr/news/2007/11/28/wikipedia_en_butte_a_une_nouvelle_affaire_de_calomnie) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516003915/http://www.vnunet.fr/fr/news/2007/11/28/wikipedia\\_en\\_butte\\_a\\_une\\_nouvelle\\_affaire\\_de\\_calomnie \\|date\\=May 16, 2008 }}, Vnunet.fr, 28 novembre 2007\\. Senator [Jean Louis Masson](/wiki/Jean-Louis_Masson_%28politician%2C_1947%29 \"Jean-Louis Masson (politician, 1947)\") then requested the Minister of Justice to tell him whether it would be possible to increase the criminal responsibilities of hosting providers, site operators, and authors of libelous content; the minister declined to do so, recalling the existing rules in the [LCEN](/wiki/Loi_pour_la_confiance_dans_l%27%C3%A9conomie_num%C3%A9rique \"Loi pour la confiance dans l'économie numérique\") law.{{cite web \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|url\\=http://www.senat.fr/questions/base/2007/qSEQ071102679\\.html \\|title\\=Responsabilité pénale des intervenants sur Internet : hébergeur du site, responsable du site et auteur d'allégations diffamatoires \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721022032/http://www.senat.fr/questions/base/2007/qSEQ071102679\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=July 21, 2011 \\|first1\\=Jean\\-Louis \\|last1\\=Masson \\|date\\=November 29, 2007 \\|website\\=Sénat }}\nIn 2009, Wikipedia banned the [Church of Scientology](/wiki/Church_of_Scientology \"Church of Scientology\") from editing any articles on its site. The Wikipedia articles concerning Scientology were edited by members of the group to improve its portrayal.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.mid\\-day.com/lifestyle/2009/jun/030609\\-Wikipedia\\-Controversy\\-Church\\-of\\-Scientology\\-IT\\-Adda\\-Bangalore.htm\\|title\\=Handling controversy on Wikipedia\\|first\\=Balaji\\|last\\=Narasimhan\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[MiD DAY]]\\|date\\=June 3, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=November 7, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026012205/http://www.mid\\-day.com/lifestyle/2009/jun/030609\\-Wikipedia\\-Controversy\\-Church\\-of\\-Scientology\\-IT\\-Adda\\-Bangalore.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=October 26, 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\nOn August 25, 2010, the [Toronto Star](/wiki/Toronto_Star \"Toronto Star\") *reported that the Canadian \"government is now conducting two investigations into federal employees who have taken to Wikipedia to express their opinion on federal policies and bitter political debates.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/852228\\-\\-ottawa\\-investigating\\-wikipedia\\-edits \\|title\\=Ottawa investigating Wikipedia edits \\|first\\=Allan \\|last\\=Woods \\|date\\=August 25, 2010 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Toronto Star]] \\|access\\-date\\=August 26, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827182851/http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/852228\\-\\-ottawa\\-investigating\\-wikipedia\\-edits \\|archive\\-date\\=August 27, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}*",
"In 2010, [Al Jazeera](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network \"Al Jazeera Media Network\")'s Teymoor Nabili suggested that the article [Cyrus Cylinder](/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder \"Cyrus Cylinder\") *had been edited for political purposes by \"an apparent tussle of opinions in the shadowy world of hard drives and 'independent' editors that comprise the Wikipedia industry.\" He suggested that after the [Iranian presidential election, 2009](/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election%2C_2009 \"Iranian presidential election, 2009\") and the ensuing \"anti\\-Iranian activities\" a \"strenuous attempt to portray the cylinder as nothing more than the propaganda tool of an aggressive invader\" was visible. The edits following his analysis of the edits during 2009 and 2010, represented \"a complete dismissal of the suggestion that the cylinder, or Cyrus' actions, represent concern for human rights or any kind of enlightened intent\", in stark contrast to [Cyrus](/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great \"Cyrus the Great\")' own reputation (among the people of Babylon) as written in the [Old Testament](/wiki/Old_Testament \"Old Testament\").{{cite web \\|first\\=Teymoor \\|last\\=Nabili \\|url\\=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle\\-east/2010/09/11/cyrus\\-cylinder\\-wikipedia\\-and\\-iran\\-conspiracies \\|title\\=The Cyrus Cylinder, Wikipedia and Iran conspiracies \\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera Blogs \\|date\\=September 11, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311004844/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle\\-east/2010/09/11/cyrus\\-cylinder\\-wikipedia\\-and\\-iran\\-conspiracies \\|archive\\-date\\=March 11, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}*",
"##### Arab–Israeli conflict",
"In April 2008, the Boston\\-based Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America ([CAMERA](/wiki/Committee_for_Accuracy_in_Middle_East_Reporting_in_America \"Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America\")) organized an e\\-mail campaign to encourage readers to correct perceived Israel\\-related biases and inconsistencies in Wikipedia.Metz, Cade, \"[US Department of Justice banned from Wikipedia](https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/04/29/wikipedia_blocked_doj_ip/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810140158/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/04/29/wikipedia\\_blocked\\_doj\\_ip/ \\|date\\=2017\\-08\\-10 }}, *The Register*, April 29, 2008\\. Excerpts of some of the e\\-mails were published in the July 2008 issue of [Harper's Magazine](/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine \"Harper's Magazine\") *under the title of \"Candid camera\".{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://harpers.org/archive/2008/07/0082086/\\|title\\=Candid camera\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Harper's Magazine]]\\|date\\=July 2008\\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615131311/http://harpers.org/archive/2008/07/0082086/\\|archive\\-date\\=June 15, 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live}}*",
"CAMERA argued the excerpts were unrepresentative and that it had explicitly campaigned merely \"toward encouraging people to learn about and edit the online encyclopedia for accuracy\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x\\_context\\=2\\&x\\_outlet\\=32\\&x\\_article\\=1525 \\|title\\=Letter in Harper's Magazine About Wikipedia Issues \\|publisher\\=Camera \\|date\\=August 14, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=March 31, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615234849/http://camera.org/index.asp?x\\_context\\=2\\&x\\_outlet\\=32\\&x\\_article\\=1525 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 15, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} According to some defenders of CAMERA, serious misrepresentations of CAMERA's role emanated from the competing [Electronic Intifada](/wiki/Electronic_Intifada \"Electronic Intifada\") group; moreover, it is said, some other Palestinian advocacy groups have been guilty of systematic misrepresentations and manipulative behaviors but have not suffered bans of editors amongst their staff or volunteers.{{cite web \\|first\\=Andre \\|last\\=Oboler \\|title\\=Exposed – Anti\\-Israel Subversion on Wikipedia \\|date\\=May 14, 2008 \\|work\\=Media Critiques \\|url\\=http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/45884734/critiques/new/Exposed\\_\\-\\_Anti\\-Israeli\\_Subversion\\_on\\_Wikipedia.asp \\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316193353/http://honestreporting.com/articles/45884734/critiques/new/Exposed\\_\\-\\_Anti\\-Israeli\\_Subversion\\_on\\_Wikipedia.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=March 16, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|first\\=Andre \\|last\\=Oboler \\|title\\=Wiki Warfare: Battle for the on\\-line encyclopedia \\|date\\= May 13, 2008 \\|newspaper\\=The Jerusalem Post \\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op\\-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id\\=101037\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629014224/http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op\\-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id\\=101037\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=June 29, 2011}}\nFive editors involved in the campaign were sanctioned by Wikipedia administrators.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1934857/Israeli\\-battles\\-rage\\-on\\-Wikipedia.html\\|title\\=Israeli battles rage on Wikipedia\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]]\\|access\\-date\\=May 8, 2008\\|date\\=May 8, 2008\\|last\\=McElroy\\|first\\=Damien\\|location\\=London\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509185630/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1934857/Israeli\\-battles\\-rage\\-on\\-Wikipedia.html\\|archive\\-date\\=May 9, 2008\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Israeli diplomat David Saranga said that Wikipedia is generally fair in regard to Israel. When confronted with the fact that the entry on Israel mentioned the word \"occupation\" nine times, whereas the entry on the Palestinian people mentioned \"terror\" only once, he replied: \"It means only one thing: Israelis should be more active on Wikipedia. Instead of blaming it, they should go on the site much more, and try and change it.\"[Your wiki entry counts](http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/your-wiki-entry-counts-1.235851) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605071013/http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts\\-leisure/your\\-wiki\\-entry\\-counts\\-1\\.235851 \\|date\\=June 5, 2011 }}, Haaretz, By Cnaan Liphshiz 25\\.12\\.07\nPolitical commentator Haviv Rettig Gur, reviewing widespread perceptions in Israel of systemic bias in the English\\-language Wikipedia articles, has argued that there are deeper structural problems creating this bias: anonymous editing favors biased results, especially if those Gur calls \"pro\\-Palestinian activists\" organize concerted campaigns as has been putatively done in articles dealing with Arab\\-Israeli issues, and current Wikipedia policies, while well\\-meant, have proven ineffective in handling this.{{cite news \\|first\\=Haviv Rettig \\|last\\=Gur \\|title\\=Israeli\\-Palestinian conflict rages on Wikipedia \\|newspaper\\=The Jerusalem Post \\|date\\=May 16, 2010 \\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id\\=175660 \\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629014308/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id\\=175660 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 29, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\nOn August 3, 2010, it was reported that the Yesha Council together with Israel Sheli (My Israel), a network of online pro\\-Israel activists committed to spreading Zionism online, were organizing people at a workshop in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\") to teach them how to edit Wikipedia articles in a pro\\-Israeli way.{{Cite news\\|title\\=Wikipedia editing courses launched by Zionist groups\\|first1\\=Rachel\\|last1\\=Shabi\\|first2\\=Jemima\\|last2\\=Kiss\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=August 18, 2010\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/18/wikipedia\\-editing\\-zionist\\-groups\\|location\\=London\\|access\\-date\\=December 16, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819031910/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/18/wikipedia\\-editing\\-zionist\\-groups\\|archive\\-date\\=August 19, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news \\| last\\=Benari \\| first\\=Elad \\| title\\=Zionist Internet Struggle to Hit Wikipedia \\| url\\=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/138917 \\| publisher\\=Arutz Sheva \\| date\\=August 3, 2010 \\| access\\-date\\=August 18, 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821104221/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/news.aspx/138917 \\| archive\\-date\\=August 21, 2010 \\| url\\-status\\=live }} Around 50 people took part in the course.{{cite web \\|last\\=Hasson \\|first\\=Nir \\|url\\=http://www.haaretz.com/print\\-edition/news/the\\-right\\-s\\-latest\\-weapon\\-zionist\\-editing\\-on\\-wikipedia\\-1\\.308667 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|title\\=The right's latest weapon: 'Zionist editing' on Wikipedia \\|work\\=Haaretz \\|date\\=March 12, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524042839/http://www.haaretz.com/print\\-edition/news/the\\-right\\-s\\-latest\\-weapon\\-zionist\\-editing\\-on\\-wikipedia\\-1\\.308667 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 24, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\nThe project organiser, [Ayelet Shaked](/wiki/Ayelet_Shaked \"Ayelet Shaked\"), who has since been elected to Israel's parliament, was interviewed on [Arutz Sheva Radio](/wiki/Arutz_Sheva \"Arutz Sheva\"). She emphasized that the information has to be reliable and meet Wikipedia rules. She cited some examples such as the use of the term \"occupation\" in Wikipedia entries, as well as in the editing of entries that link Israel with [Judea and Samaria](/wiki/Judea_and_Samaria \"Judea and Samaria\") and [Jewish history](/wiki/Jewish_history \"Jewish history\")\".{{cite web \\|last\\=Benari \\|first\\=Elad \\|url\\=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/138917 \\|title\\=Zionist Internet Struggle to Hit Wikipedia \\|publisher\\=Arutz Sheva \\|date\\=March 8, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211114634/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/138917 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 11, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n\"We don't want to change Wikipedia or turn it into a propaganda arm,\" commented [Naftali Bennett](/wiki/Naftali_Bennett \"Naftali Bennett\"), director of the Yesha Council. \"We just want to show the other side. People think that Israelis are mean, evil people who only want to hurt Arabs all day.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-3944937,00\\.html \\|title\\=The battle for Wikipedia: Palestinians counter Israeli editing group \\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|date\\=June 20, 1995 \\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108163334/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-3944937,00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=January 8, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} \"The idea is not to make Wikipedia rightist but for it to include our point of view,\" he said in another interview.\nA course participant explained that the course is not a \"Zionist conspiracy to take over Wikipedia\"; rather, it is an attempt to balance information about disputed issues presented in the online encyclopedia.",
"> \\[T]he goal of this workshop was to train a number of pro\\-Israelis how to edit Wikipedia so that more people could present the Israeli side of things, and thus the content would be more balanced... Wikipedia is meant to be a fair and balanced source, and it is that way by having people from all across the spectrum contributing to the content.[\"Readers Discuss Wikipedia Editing Course That Aims for 'Balanced and Zionist' Entries\"](http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/23/readers-discuss-wikipedia-editing-course-that-aims-for-balanced-and-zionist-entries/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509071716/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/23/readers\\-discuss\\-wikipedia\\-editing\\-course\\-that\\-aims\\-for\\-balanced\\-and\\-zionist\\-entries/ \\|date\\=May 9, 2012 }} By Robert Mackey August 23, 2010, 1:12 p.m.",
"Following the course announcement, Abdul Nasser An\\-Najar, the head of Palestinian Journalists Syndicate said there were plans to set up a counter group to ensure the Palestinian view is presented online as the \"next regional war will be \\[a] media war.\"\nIn 2011, Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales stated in retrospect about the course organized by Israel Sheli, \"we saw absolutely no impact from that effort whatsoever. I don't think it ever—it was in the press but we never saw any impact.\"[Wikipedia founder: Israel\\-Palestine is heavily debated, but we're vigilant on neutrality](http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/wikipedia-founder-israel-palestine-is-heavily-debated-but-we-re-vigilant-on-neutrality-1.377207) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529110910/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/wikipedia\\-founder\\-israel\\-palestine\\-is\\-heavily\\-debated\\-but\\-we\\-re\\-vigilant\\-on\\-neutrality\\-1\\.377207 \\|date\\=May 29, 2012 }}, Haaretz\n##### Corporate public relations industry",
"In January 2012, members of the [public relations](/wiki/Public_relations \"Public relations\") industry created the [Corporate Representatives for Ethical Wikipedia Engagement](/wiki/Corporate_Representatives_for_Ethical_Wikipedia_Engagement \"Corporate Representatives for Ethical Wikipedia Engagement\") (CREWE) [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") group with the stated goal of maintaining accurate articles about corporations.{{cite news \\|title\\=Wikipedia \\& the PR Pro: Friend or Foe? \\|first\\=Peter \\|last\\=Himler \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterhimler/2012/01/10/wikipedia\\-the\\-pr\\-pro\\-friend\\-or\\-foe/ \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Forbes]] \\|date\\=January 10, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=February 10, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210165540/http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterhimler/2012/01/10/wikipedia\\-the\\-pr\\-pro\\-friend\\-or\\-foe/ \\|archive\\-date\\=February 10, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n#### Editing for financial rewards",
"In an October 2012 [Salon](/wiki/Salon_%28website%29 \"Salon (website)\") *story, Wikipedia co\\-founder Jimmy Wales stated that he was against the practice of paid editing of Wikipedia, as are a number long\\-time members of Wikipedia's community. Nonetheless, a number of organizations do pay employees to edit Wikipedia articles, with one writer, Soraya Field Fiorio, stating that she writes commissioned Wikipedia articles for writers and musicians for $30 an hour. According to Fiorio, her clients control the article's content in the same way that they control press releases, which function as part of publicity strategies.Ewing, Maura (October 23, 2012\\). [\"Is Wikipedia going commercial?\"](http://www.salon.com/2012/10/23/is_wikipedia_going_commercial/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616063338/http://www.salon.com/2012/10/23/is\\_wikipedia\\_going\\_commercial/ \\|date\\=June 16, 2013 }}. [Salon](/wiki/Salon_%28website%29 \"Salon (website)\"). In January 2007, Rick Jelliffe claimed in a story carried by [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\")[Brian Bergstein](/wiki/Brian_Bergstein \"Brian Bergstein\") (January 24, 2007\\) [Microsoft Violates Wikipedia's Sacred Rule](https://web.archive.org/web/20070203093103/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/24/tech/main2392719.shtml) The Associated Press. Archived from [the original](https://web.archive.org/web/20070203093103/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/24/tech/main2392719.shtml) on June 4, 2011\\. and [IDG](/wiki/International_Data_Group \"International Data Group\") News ServiceNancy Gohring (January 23, 2007\\) [\"Microsoft said to offer payment for Wikipedia edits\"](http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9008842) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517023639/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command\\=viewArticleBasic\\&articleId\\=9008842 \\|date\\=May 17, 2009 }} IDG News Service. Retrieved September 3, 2008\\.Nancy Gohring [\"Microsoft's step into Wikipedia prompts debate\"](http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9008842) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517023639/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command\\=viewArticleBasic\\&articleId\\=9008842 \\|date\\=May 17, 2009 }} IDG News Service. that [Microsoft](/wiki/Microsoft \"Microsoft\") had offered him compensation in exchange for his future editorial services on [OOXML](/wiki/OOXML \"OOXML\"). A Microsoft spokesperson, quoted by CBS, commented that \"Microsoft and the writer, Rick Jelliffe, had not determined a price and no money had changed hands, but they had agreed that the company would not be allowed to review his writing before submission\".*",
"In a story covered by the [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\"), Jeffrey Merkey claimed that in exchange for a donation his Wikipedia entry was edited in his favor. Jay Walsh, a spokesman for Wikipedia, flatly denied the allegations in an interview given to the [Daily Telegraph](/wiki/Daily_Telegraph \"Daily Telegraph\")*.March 12, 2008 [Wiki boss 'edited for donation'](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7291382.stm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080728030443/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7291382\\.stm \\|date\\=July 28, 2008 }} Technology. BBC News.*",
"In a story covered by [InformationWeek](/wiki/InformationWeek \"InformationWeek\")*, [Eric Goldman](/wiki/Eric_Goldman \"Eric Goldman\"), assistant [law](/wiki/Law \"Law\") professor at [Santa Clara University](/wiki/Santa_Clara_University \"Santa Clara University\") in [California](/wiki/California \"California\") argued that \"eventually, marketers will build scripts to edit Wikipedia pages to insert links and conduct automated attacks on Wikipedia\",{{cite web\\|url\\=http://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2005/12/wikipedia\\_will.htm\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Goldman\\|title\\=Wikipedia Will Fail Within 5 Years\\|date\\=December 5, 2005\\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105223616/http://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2005/12/wikipedia\\_will.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=January 5, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=live}} thus putting the encyclopedia beyond the ability of its editors to provide [countermeasures](/wiki/Countermeasure \"Countermeasure\") against the attackers, particularly because of a [vicious circle](/wiki/Virtuous_circle_and_vicious_circle \"Virtuous circle and vicious circle\") where the strain of responding to these attacks drives core contributors away, increasing the strain on those who remain.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.informationweek.com/internet/showArticle.jhtml?articleID\\=196601766\\|first\\=Thomas\\|last\\=Claburn\\|title\\=Law Professor Predicts Wikipedia's Demise\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[InformationWeek]]\\|date\\=December 5, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=December 16, 2006\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905103606/http://www.informationweek.com/internet/showArticle.jhtml?articleID\\=196601766\\|archive\\-date\\=September 5, 2007\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{refn\\|Wikipedia operates \\[\\[Wikipedia:Bots\\|bots]] to aid in the detection and removal of vandalism, and uses \\[\\[nofollow]] and a \\[\\[CAPTCHA]] to discourage and filter additions of external links.\\|group\\=nb}}*",
"##### Conflicts involving Wikipedia policy makers",
"In February 2008, British technology news and opinion website [The Register](/wiki/The_Register \"The Register\") *stated that a prominent administrator of Wikipedia had edited a topic area where he had a conflict of interest to keep criticism to a bare minimum, as well as altering the Wikipedia policies regarding* personal biography *and* conflict of interest *to favour his editing.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Metz \\|first1\\=Cade \\|title\\=Wikipedia ruled by 'Lord of the Universe' \\|url\\=https://www.theregister.com/2008/02/06/the\\_cult\\_of\\_wikipedia/ \\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2023 \\|work\\=The Register \\|date\\=February 6, 2008 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=January 22, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122073136/https://www.theregister.com/2008/02/06/the\\_cult\\_of\\_wikipedia/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}*",
"Some of the most scathing criticism of Wikipedia's claimed neutrality came in The Register*, which in turn was allegedly criticized by founding members of the project. According to* The Register*: \"In short, Wikipedia is a cult. Or at least, the inner circle is a cult. We aren't the first to make this observation. On the inside, they reinforce each other's beliefs. And if anyone on the outside questions those beliefs, they circle the wagons. They deny the facts. They attack the attacker. After our Jossi Fresco story, Fresco didn't refute our reporting. He simply accused us of 'yellow journalism'. After our Overstock.com article, Wales called us 'trash'.\"Cade Metz (March 6, 2008\\). \"[Why you should care that Jimmy Wales ignores reality](https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/03/06/a_model_wikipedian/page2.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220230900/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/03/06/a\\_model\\_wikipedian/page2\\.html \\|date\\=December 20, 2012 }}\". The Register. Retrieved April 27, 2010\\.*",
"Charles Arthur in The Guardian *said that \"Wikipedia, and so many other online activities, show all the outward characteristics of a [cult](/wiki/Cult \"Cult\").\"{{cite news \\| url \\= http://technology.guardian.co.uk/online/insideit/story/0,,1667345,00\\.html \\| title \\= Log on and join in, but beware the web cults \\| last \\= Arthur \\| first \\= Charles \\| date \\= December 15, 2005 \\| access\\-date \\= July 14, 2006 \\| work \\= The Guardian \\| location \\= London \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20060503042626/http://technology.guardian.co.uk/online/insideit/story/0,,1667345,00\\.html \\| archive\\-date \\= May 3, 2006 \\| url\\-status \\= live }}*",
"In February 2015, a longstanding Wikipedia administrator was site\\-banned after Wikipedia's [Arbitration Committee](/wiki/Arbitration_Committee_%28Wikipedia%29 \"Arbitration Committee (Wikipedia)\") found that they had, over a period of several years, manipulated the content of Wikipedia articles to add positive content and remove negative content about the controversial [Indian Institute of Planning and Management](/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Planning_and_Management \"Indian Institute of Planning and Management\") and its dean, [Arindam Chaudhuri](/wiki/Arindam_Chaudhuri \"Arindam Chaudhuri\"). An Indian journalist commented in Newsweek *on the importance of the Wikipedia article to the institute's PR campaign and voiced the opinion that \"by letting this go on for so long, Wikipedia has messed up perhaps 15,000 students' lives\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.newsweek.com/2015/04/03/manipulating\\-wikipedia\\-promote\\-bogus\\-business\\-school\\-316133\\.html\\|title\\=Manipulating Wikipedia to Promote a Bogus Business School\\|first\\=Alastair Sloan On 3/24/15 at 12:20\\|last\\=PM\\|date\\=March 24, 2015\\|website\\=Newsweek\\|access\\-date\\=July 8, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703213410/http://www.newsweek.com/2015/04/03/manipulating\\-wikipedia\\-promote\\-bogus\\-business\\-school\\-316133\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=July 3, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://scroll.in/article/714291/Wikipedia\\-bans\\-editor\\-for\\-consistent\\-bias\\-in\\-favour\\-of\\-Arindam\\-Chaudhuri's\\-IIPM\\|title\\=Wikipedia bans editor for consistent bias in favour of Arindam Chaudhuri's IIPM\\|first\\=Mridula\\|last\\=Chari\\|work\\=Scroll.in\\|date\\=March 25, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=July 8, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430081559/http://scroll.in/article/714291/Wikipedia\\-bans\\-editor\\-for\\-consistent\\-bias\\-in\\-favour\\-of\\-Arindam\\-Chaudhuri%27s\\-IIPM\\|archive\\-date\\=April 30, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live}}*",
"#### Scientific disputes",
"The 2005 Nature *study also gave two brief examples of challenges that Wikipedian science writers purportedly faced on Wikipedia. The first concerned the addition of a section on violence to the [schizophrenia](/wiki/Schizophrenia%23Violence \"Schizophrenia#Violence\") article, which exhibited the view of one of the article's regular editors, [neuropsychologist](/wiki/Neuropsychologist \"Neuropsychologist\") [Vaughan Bell](/wiki/Vaughan_Bell \"Vaughan Bell\"), that it was little more than a \"rant\" about the need to lock people up, and that editing it stimulated him to look up the literature on the topic.*",
"The second dispute reported by Nature *involved the climatologist [William Connolley](/wiki/William_Connolley \"William Connolley\") related to protracted disputes between editors of climate change topics, in which Connolley was placed on parole and several opponents banned from editing climate related articles for six months; a separate paper commented that this was more about etiquette than bias and that Connolley did \"not [suffer fools gladly](/wiki/Suffer_fools_gladly \"Suffer fools gladly\")\".{{cite journal \\|first\\=Mathieu \\|last\\=O'Neil \\|url\\=http://jcom.sissa.it/archive/09/01/Jcom0901(2010\\)C01/Jcom0901(2010\\)C04 \\|title\\=Shirky and Sanger, or the costs of crowdsourcing \\|publisher\\=Journal of Science Communication \\|volume\\=09 \\|issue\\=1 \\|date\\=March 2010 \\|journal\\=International School for Advanced Studies \\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429151027/http://jcom.sissa.it/archive/09/01/Jcom0901(2010\\)C01/Jcom0901(2010\\)C04 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 29, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}*",
"See also\n--------",
"{{columns\\-list\\|colwidth\\=20em\\|\n\\* ''\\[\\[Bourgeois v. Peters]]'' (2004\\), one of the earliest court opinions to cite and quote Wikipedia\n\\* \\[\\[Essjay controversy]]\n\\* \\[\\[Fictitious entry]]\n\\* \\[\\[Ideological bias on Wikipedia]]\n\\* \\[\\[Wikipedia:List of hoaxes on Wikipedia]]\n\\* ''\\[\\[The Truth According to Wikipedia]]'' (2008\\)\n\\* ''\\[\\[Truth in Numbers?]]'' (2010\\)\n\\* \\[\\[WikiTrust]], a \\[\\[reputation system]] for Wikipedia authors and content\n\\* \\[\\[Woozle effect]]\n; In other Wikipedias\n\\* {{Slink\\|Dutch Wikipedia\\|Quality}}\n\\* {{Slink\\|German Wikipedia\\|Reviews and research}}\n\\* {{Slink\\|Spanish Wikipedia\\|Evaluation and criticism}}\n}}\nFurther reading\n---------------",
"{{cite Q\\|Q108733210}}?\nNotes\n-----",
"{{reflist\\|group\\=nb}}\nReferences\n----------",
"{{reflist\\|30em}}\nExternal links\n--------------",
"{{wikiversity\\|Is Wikipedia a legitimate research source?}}\n{{Scholia\\|topic}}\n [Librarians' Claims and Opinions Regarding Wikipedia](http://liswiki.org/wiki/Wikipedia) at LISWiki.\n [*How pranks, hoaxes and manipulation undermine the reliability of Wikipedia*](http://wikipediocracy.com/2014/07/20/how-pranks-hoaxes-and-manipulation-undermine-the-reliability-of-wikipedia/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808220332/http://wikipediocracy.com/2014/07/20/how\\-pranks\\-hoaxes\\-and\\-manipulation\\-undermine\\-the\\-reliability\\-of\\-wikipedia/ \\|date\\=August 8, 2014 }}, a harsh essay by Andreas Kolbe.\n [Wikipedia has become a science reference source even though scientists don't cite it](https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/scicurious/wikipedia-science-reference-citations). * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * [Science News](/wiki/Science_News \"Science News\").'' February 5, 2018\\.",
"### Wikipedia project pages",
"* {{self\\-reference link\\|Wikipedia:Press coverage\\|Press coverage}}\n* {{self\\-reference link\\|Wikipedia:Replies to common objections\\|Replies to common objections}}\n* {{self\\-reference link\\|Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia\\|Researching with Wikipedia}}\n* {{self\\-reference link\\|Wikipedia:Statistics\\|Statistics}}\n* {{self\\-reference link\\|Wikipedia:Wikipedia as a court source\\|Wikipedia as a court source}} (list of cited uses)\n* {{self\\-reference link\\|Wikipedia:Wikipedia as an academic source\\|Wikipedia as an academic source}} (list of cited uses)\n* {{self\\-reference link\\|Wikipedia:Academic studies of Wikipedia\\|Wikipedia in academic studies}} (list of studies)\n* {{self\\-reference link\\|Wikipedia:WikiProject Wikipedia reliability\\|WikiProject Wikipedia reliability}}\n* {{self\\-reference link\\|Wikipedia:America's Top Newspapers Use Wikipedia\\|America's Top Newspapers Use Wikipedia}}\n* {{self\\-reference link\\|Wikipedia:Comparison to Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy\\|Comparison to ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''}}\n* [Wikipedia:External peer review](/wiki/Wikipedia:External_peer_review \"External peer review\")\n\t+ {{self\\-reference link\\|Wikipedia:External peer review/Nature December 2005\\|External peer review/''Nature'' December 2005}}",
"{{Wikipedia}}",
"",
"[Category:Wikipedia](/wiki/Category:Wikipedia \"Wikipedia\")\n[Category:English Wikipedia](/wiki/Category:English_Wikipedia \"English Wikipedia\")",
""
] |
Brief biography
---------------
Volodymyr Sosiura was born in a settlement of Debaltseve railway station (today the city of [Debaltseve](/wiki/Debaltseve "Debaltseve")).Halchenko, Serhiy Anastasiyovych. *[(СОСЮРА ВОЛОДИМИР МИКОЛАЙОВИЧ)](http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Sosiura_V)*. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine.
He started to work in 1909 at the Donets Soda Factory in a settlement Verkhnee (today part of [Lysychansk](/wiki/Lysychansk "Lysychansk")) where he worked for couple of years. In 1914–1918 he studied in an agricultural school (uchilische) in a settlement of Yama train station (today [Siversk](/wiki/Siversk "Siversk")). In 1918 Sosiura was a member of the Donets Soda Factory insurgent workers group.
Sosiura fought in [Petliura's](/wiki/Symon_Petliura "Symon Petliura") [Ukrainian People's Army](/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Army "Ukrainian People's Army") (the 3rd Haidamaka Regiment that was quartered in [Bakhmut](/wiki/Bakhmut "Bakhmut"))Tynchenko, Ya. *[Bakhmut Cossacks. Who are they? (Бахмутські козаки. Хто вони?)](https://web.archive.org/web/20161030112745/http://tyzhden.ua/History/164896)*. [The Ukrainian Week](/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Week "The Ukrainian Week"). 14 May 2016 during the winter of 1918 to the autumn of 1919, before being taken prisoner by [Denikin](/wiki/Denikin "Denikin")'s [Volunteer Army](/wiki/Volunteer_Army "Volunteer Army"). He was sentenced to death by shooting, but he survived because the wound turned out to be non\-fatal and managed to escape. Later, after the [UPR](/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic "Ukrainian People's Republic") was overrun, he joined the [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army "Red Army").
[thumb\|left\|Sosiura in the 1920s](/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80.3.jpg "Сосюра Володимир.3.jpg")
After the [Russian Civil War](/wiki/Russian_Civil_War "Russian Civil War") in Ukraine ended (see [Ukraine after Russian Revolution](/wiki/Ukraine_after_Russian_Revolution "Ukraine after Russian Revolution")), he studied at the [Artem Communist University](/wiki/Artem_Communist_University "Artem Communist University") in [Kharkiv](/wiki/Kharkiv "Kharkiv") from 1922 to 1923, then at the workers' faculty of the [Public Education Institute](/wiki/Public_Education_Institute_%28Kharkiv%29 "Public Education Institute (Kharkiv)") ([Kharkiv](/wiki/Kharkiv "Kharkiv")) from 1923 to 1925\. Sosiura belonged to the [Ukrainian](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine") literary organizations [Pluh](/wiki/Pluh "Pluh"), [Hart](/wiki/Hart_%28Ukraine%29 "Hart (Ukraine)"), [VAPLITE](/wiki/VAPLITE "VAPLITE"), and the [All\-Ukrainian Association of Proletarian Writers](/wiki/All-Ukrainian_Association_of_Proletarian_Writers "All-Ukrainian Association of Proletarian Writers").
In the 1920s–30s Sosiura became very popular, but his ideological loyalties were torn between patriotic feelings for [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine") and those for the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") and its often\-changing ideologies. Even though he had long been a member of the [CPU(b)](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_%28Soviet_Union%29 "Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)"), he was frequently in conflict with it, and was twice expelled for "nationalistic undertones," he was even forced to undergo a "reeducation" at a factory in 1930–1931\. Many of Sosiura's poems were not published.
In 1948 he was awarded the highest honors of the [Stalin Prize](/wiki/State_Stalin_Prize "State Stalin Prize"), but then he came under harsh criticism for his poem entitled *Love Ukraine* (*Любіть Україну*), which was deemed too nationalistic in its tone by several [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") news\-media including [Pravda](/wiki/Pravda "Pravda"). Afterwards his wife was arrested and spent six years in [NKVD](/wiki/NKVD "NKVD") prisons. In 1963, he won the [Shevchenko Prize](/wiki/Shevchenko_Prize "Shevchenko Prize") for *Swallows on the sun* and *Happiness of a working family*.
Sosiura died in Kyiv at the age of 67\.
|
[
"Brief biography\n---------------",
"Volodymyr Sosiura was born in a settlement of Debaltseve railway station (today the city of [Debaltseve](/wiki/Debaltseve \"Debaltseve\")).Halchenko, Serhiy Anastasiyovych. *[(СОСЮРА ВОЛОДИМИР МИКОЛАЙОВИЧ)](http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Sosiura_V)*. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine.",
"He started to work in 1909 at the Donets Soda Factory in a settlement Verkhnee (today part of [Lysychansk](/wiki/Lysychansk \"Lysychansk\")) where he worked for couple of years. In 1914–1918 he studied in an agricultural school (uchilische) in a settlement of Yama train station (today [Siversk](/wiki/Siversk \"Siversk\")). In 1918 Sosiura was a member of the Donets Soda Factory insurgent workers group.",
"Sosiura fought in [Petliura's](/wiki/Symon_Petliura \"Symon Petliura\") [Ukrainian People's Army](/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Army \"Ukrainian People's Army\") (the 3rd Haidamaka Regiment that was quartered in [Bakhmut](/wiki/Bakhmut \"Bakhmut\"))Tynchenko, Ya. *[Bakhmut Cossacks. Who are they? (Бахмутські козаки. Хто вони?)](https://web.archive.org/web/20161030112745/http://tyzhden.ua/History/164896)*. [The Ukrainian Week](/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Week \"The Ukrainian Week\"). 14 May 2016 during the winter of 1918 to the autumn of 1919, before being taken prisoner by [Denikin](/wiki/Denikin \"Denikin\")'s [Volunteer Army](/wiki/Volunteer_Army \"Volunteer Army\"). He was sentenced to death by shooting, but he survived because the wound turned out to be non\\-fatal and managed to escape. Later, after the [UPR](/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic \"Ukrainian People's Republic\") was overrun, he joined the [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army \"Red Army\").\n[thumb\\|left\\|Sosiura in the 1920s](/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80.3.jpg \"Сосюра Володимир.3.jpg\")\nAfter the [Russian Civil War](/wiki/Russian_Civil_War \"Russian Civil War\") in Ukraine ended (see [Ukraine after Russian Revolution](/wiki/Ukraine_after_Russian_Revolution \"Ukraine after Russian Revolution\")), he studied at the [Artem Communist University](/wiki/Artem_Communist_University \"Artem Communist University\") in [Kharkiv](/wiki/Kharkiv \"Kharkiv\") from 1922 to 1923, then at the workers' faculty of the [Public Education Institute](/wiki/Public_Education_Institute_%28Kharkiv%29 \"Public Education Institute (Kharkiv)\") ([Kharkiv](/wiki/Kharkiv \"Kharkiv\")) from 1923 to 1925\\. Sosiura belonged to the [Ukrainian](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\") literary organizations [Pluh](/wiki/Pluh \"Pluh\"), [Hart](/wiki/Hart_%28Ukraine%29 \"Hart (Ukraine)\"), [VAPLITE](/wiki/VAPLITE \"VAPLITE\"), and the [All\\-Ukrainian Association of Proletarian Writers](/wiki/All-Ukrainian_Association_of_Proletarian_Writers \"All-Ukrainian Association of Proletarian Writers\").",
"In the 1920s–30s Sosiura became very popular, but his ideological loyalties were torn between patriotic feelings for [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\") and those for the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") and its often\\-changing ideologies. Even though he had long been a member of the [CPU(b)](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)\"), he was frequently in conflict with it, and was twice expelled for \"nationalistic undertones,\" he was even forced to undergo a \"reeducation\" at a factory in 1930–1931\\. Many of Sosiura's poems were not published.",
"In 1948 he was awarded the highest honors of the [Stalin Prize](/wiki/State_Stalin_Prize \"State Stalin Prize\"), but then he came under harsh criticism for his poem entitled *Love Ukraine* (*Любіть Україну*), which was deemed too nationalistic in its tone by several [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") news\\-media including [Pravda](/wiki/Pravda \"Pravda\"). Afterwards his wife was arrested and spent six years in [NKVD](/wiki/NKVD \"NKVD\") prisons. In 1963, he won the [Shevchenko Prize](/wiki/Shevchenko_Prize \"Shevchenko Prize\") for *Swallows on the sun* and *Happiness of a working family*.",
"Sosiura died in Kyiv at the age of 67\\.",
""
] |
Location
--------
[thumb\|View from the summit of [Praděd](/wiki/Prad%C4%9Bd "Praděd") towards the mountains: {{Interlanguage link\|Vřesník (mountain)\|lt\=Vřesník\|pl\|Vřesník (Wysoki Jesionik)}}, [Dlouhé stráně](/wiki/Dlouh%C3%A9_str%C3%A1n%C4%9B "Dlouhé stráně") (above it the summit of {{Interlanguage link\|Mravenečník\|pl\|Mravenečník (Wysoki Jesionik)}}), {{Interlanguage link\|Kamenec (mountain)\|lt\=Kamenec\|pl\|Kamenec (1250 m)}}, and Medvědí hora (with the summit of Ucháč barely visible)](/wiki/File:VresnikZPradeda.jpg "VresnikZPradeda.jpg")
[thumb\|View from the lower road around the peak of [Dlouhé stráně](/wiki/Dlouh%C3%A9_str%C3%A1n%C4%9B "Dlouhé stráně") towards the summits: Kamenec and Medvědí hora, above it [Černá stráň](/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%A1_str%C3%A1%C5%88 "Černá stráň"), {{Interlanguage link\|Polom (mountain)\|lt\=Polom\|pl\|Polom (Wysoki Jesionik)}}, and {{Interlanguage link\|Vozka\|pl\|Vozka (Wysoki Jesionik)}}, below it Suchá hora and Šindelná hora–JZ (in the distance to the left, the peaks of the [Králický Sněžník Mountains](/wiki/Kr%C3%A1lick%C3%BD_Sn%C4%9B%C5%BEn%C3%ADk_Mountains "Králický Sněžník Mountains"))](/wiki/File:%C4%8Cern%C3%A1Str%C3%A1%C5%88PolomVozkaZDlouh%C3%A9Str%C3%A1n%C4%9B.jpg "ČernáStráňPolomVozkaZDlouhéStráně.jpg")
Medvědí hora is located in the central\-western region of the [Hrubý Jeseník](/wiki/Hrub%C3%BD_Jesen%C3%ADk "Hrubý Jeseník") range, situated in the north\-western area ([microregion](/wiki/Microregion "Microregion")) called the Praděd Mountains and positioned on a branch extending from the side ridge of the Praděd Mountains, stretching from {{Interlanguage link\|Hubertka\|pl\|Hubertka (Wysoki Jesionik)}} mountain to the Vlčí sedlo pass. For this reason, it is an indistinct summit, difficult to recognize against the backdrop of the entire [Dlouhé stráně](/wiki/Dlouh%C3%A9_str%C3%A1n%C4%9B "Dlouhé stráně") massif. A certain element that allows the summit to be located is the three visible towers – [wind turbines](/wiki/Wind_turbine "Wind turbine") located close to the summit, which are part of the *Mravenečník* [wind farm](/wiki/Wind_farm "Wind farm").{{Cite web \|title\=Medvědí hora (1163 m) 1:12 000 \|url\=https://mapy.cz/turisticka?x\=17\.1468936\&y\=50\.0876454\&z\=15\&source\=base\&id\=1715580 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-03 \|website\=Mapy.cz \|language\=cs}} The summit is visible from the road surrounding the summit area of [Praděd](/wiki/Prad%C4%9Bd "Praděd") mountain,{{Cite web \|title\=View \|url\=http://www.heywhatsthat.com/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-03 \|website\=heywhatsthat.com}} where it emerges below the line of sight towards [Ucháč](/wiki/Uch%C3%A1%C4%8D "Ucháč") mountain. Moreover, it is very well visible from another characteristic viewpoint – from the road surrounding the summit of Dlouhé stráně (visible above the *Salaš* mountain hut) and from some other places, e.g., from road no. 44 on the slope of [Velký Klínovec](/wiki/Velk%C3%BD_Kl%C3%ADnovec "Velký Klínovec") mountain.
The summit and its slopes are bounded by:
* to the north by the valley of the Divoká Desná river
* to the east and southeast by the valley of the Borový potok stream
* to the south by a pass at an altitude of 1160 m above sea level towards the summit of {{Interlanguage link\|Kamenec (mountain)\|lt\=Kamenec (1\)\|pl\|Kamenec (1250 m)}}The designation is indexed to distinguish it from two other peaks in the same range with the same name: Kamenec (2\), located 3\.3 km southeast of the {{Interlanguage link\|Skřítek (pass)\|lt\=Skřítek\|pl\|Skřítek (przełęcz)}} pass, and Kamenec (3\), located 1\.7 km east of the village of [Bělá](/wiki/B%C4%9Bl%C3%A1_pod_Prad%C4%9Bdem "Bělá pod Pradědem"). and the valley of the Tříramenný potok stream
* to the west by a pass at an altitude of 913 m above sea level towards the summit of Dlouhý vrch.
In the vicinity of Medvědí hora, the following summits are located:
* to the east {{Interlanguage link\|Tupý vrch\|pl\|Tupý vrch}}
* to the southeast Dlouhé stráně
* to the south {{Interlanguage link\|Mravenečník\|pl\|Mravenečník (Wysoki Jesionik)}}
* to the southwest Kamenec (1\) and Jedlový vrch
* to the west Skály (2\)The designation is indexed to distinguish it from another peak in the same range with the same name, Skály (1\), located 4\.5 km west of the village of [Vrbno pod Pradědem](/wiki/Vrbno_pod_Prad%C4%9Bdem "Vrbno pod Pradědem"). and Dlouhý vrch
* to the northwest Suchá hora
* to the north Skalký u Červenohorského sedla–JZ and Skalký u Červenohorského sedla
* to the northeast Hřbety–JZ and {{Interlanguage link\|Rysí skála\|pl\|Rysí skála (Wysoki Jesionik)}}.
### Slopes
[thumb\|Viewpoint on the rock group {{Interlanguage link\|Rysí skála\|pl\|Rysí skála (Wysoki Jesionik)}} named *Vyhlídka Rysí skála*](/wiki/File:Vyhl%C3%ADdkaRys%C3%ADSk%C3%A1la.jpg "VyhlídkaRysíSkála.jpg")
Within the peak, five main slopes can be distinguished:
* eastern
* northeastern
* northern
* northwestern
* western, named *U tří potoků*
All types of forestation can be found here: spruce forest, [mixed forest](/wiki/Mixed_coniferous_forest "Mixed coniferous forest"),The forest stand of the entire Jeseníky Protected Landscape Area includes: [European spruce](/wiki/Picea_abies "Picea abies") 84%, [European beech](/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica "Fagus sylvatica") 10%, [European larch](/wiki/Larix_decidua "Larix decidua") 1\.5%, [sycamore maple](/wiki/Acer_pseudoplatanus "Acer pseudoplatanus") 1\.1%, [birch](/wiki/Birch "Birch") 1%, [common alder](/wiki/Alnus_glutinosa "Alnus glutinosa") 0\.8%, [dwarf mountain pine](/wiki/Pinus_mugo "Pinus mugo") 0\.4%, [grey alder](/wiki/Alnus_incana "Alnus incana") 0\.3%, ([European silver fir](/wiki/Abies_alba "Abies alba"), [European ash](/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior "Fraxinus excelsior"), and [linden](/wiki/Tilia "Tilia")) 0\.2%, [Scotch pine](/wiki/Pinus_sylvestris "Pinus sylvestris") 0\.1%, and others (*[Pinus mugo](/wiki/Pinus_mugo "Pinus mugo")*, [oak](/wiki/Oak "Oak"), [hornbeam](/wiki/Hornbeam "Hornbeam"), [Norway maple](/wiki/Acer_platanoides "Acer platanoides"), [elm](/wiki/Elm "Elm"), [rowan](/wiki/Sorbus "Sorbus"), [green alder](/wiki/Alnus_alnobetula "Alnus alnobetula"), [aspen](/wiki/Populus_tremula "Populus tremula"), [poplar](/wiki/Populus "Populus"), and [goat willow](/wiki/Salix_caprea "Salix caprea")) 0\.2%. and [deciduous forest](/wiki/Deciduous_forest "Deciduous forest").{{Cite web \|title\=Geoprohlížeč – ZÚ (Geoportal Czech) \|url\=https://ags.cuzk.cz/geoprohlizec/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-03 \|publisher\=State Administration of Land Surveying and Cadastre\|language\=cs}}{{Cite web \|title\=Medvědí hora (1163 m) 1:12 000 \|url\=https://mapy.cz/turisticka?x\=17\.1468936\&y\=50\.0876454\&z\=15\&base\=ophoto\&source\=base\&id\=1715580 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-03 \|website\=Mapy.cz \|language\=cs}} The upper parts of all slopes near the summit area are mostly covered by spruce forest, while descending in altitude, they transition into mixed forest and deciduous forest. Nearly all slopes are characterized by significant variability in forest height (from 3 to 30 metREs), with clearings, cut\-throughs for *[pistes](/wiki/Piste "Piste")* and associated [ski lifts](/wiki/Ski_lift "Ski lift"), and extensive [glades](/wiki/Glade_%28geography%29 "Glade (geography)"). At the base of the northeastern and northwestern slopes, there is a significant clearing for a 400 kV [overhead power line](/wiki/Overhead_power_line "Overhead power line") from the [Dlouhé stráně Hydro Power Plant](/wiki/Dlouh%C3%A9_str%C3%A1n%C4%9B_Hydro_Power_Plant "Dlouhé stráně Hydro Power Plant"). On the steep eastern slope, there is a rock group named *Skalý Medvědí hory*,{{Cite web \|title\=Skály Medvědí hory \|url\=https://www.turistika.cz/mista/skaly\-medvedi\-hory/detail \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-03 \|website\=turistika.cz \|language\=cs}} stretching from the summit to about 850 metres above sea level. Other rock groups, such as {{Interlanguage link\|Rysí skála\|pl\|Rysí skála (Wysoki Jesionik)}}, and individual rock formations are also found on this slope, as well as on the northwestern slope. About 100 metres northeast of the summit, near the *Medvědí hora (Rysí skála)* tourist stop, there are two twin tourist [canopies](/wiki/Canopy_%28architecture%29 "Canopy (architecture)"), next to which, on the Rysí skála rock group, there is a viewpoint named *Vyhlídka Rysí skála*{{Cite web \|title\=Vyhlídka na Medvědí hoře \|url\=https://www.turistika.cz/mista/vyhlidka\-na\-medvedi\-hore/detail \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-03 \|website\=turistika.cz \|language\=cs}} with a platform surrounded by railings on two sides, offering views towards the Praděd mountain.
The slopes have relatively uneven, generally steep, and varied inclinations. The average slope inclinations range from 10° (western slopes) to 30° (eastern slope). The average inclination of all slopes ([weighted arithmetic mean](/wiki/Weighted_arithmetic_mean "Weighted arithmetic mean") of slope inclinations) is about 17°. The maximum average inclination of the eastern slope, near the rock group at elevations around 950 metres above sea level over a 50\-metre section, does not exceed 55°. At the base of the northwestern slope, near the [Kouty nad Desnou](/wiki/Lou%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_nad_Desnou "Loučná nad Desnou") settlement, runs the I/44 road from [Šumperk](/wiki/%C5%A0umperk "Šumperk") to [Jeseník](/wiki/Jesen%C3%ADk "Jeseník"). The slopes are covered with a network of roads with designated cycling routes (e.g., *Uhlířská cesta*) and generally unmarked paths and trails. Additionally, an [observation tower](/wiki/Observation_tower "Observation tower") has been built on the western slope.
#### Observation tower
[thumb\|160px\|*U Tetřeví chaty* observation tower](/wiki/File:Rozhledna_u_Tet%C5%99ev%C3%AD_chaty.jpg "Rozhledna u Tetřeví chaty.jpg")
To enhance the attractiveness of the mountain tourist area near the village of [Loučná nad Desnou](/wiki/Lou%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_nad_Desnou "Loučná nad Desnou"), following the earlier construction of a [chairlift](/wiki/Chairlift "Chairlift"){{Cite web \|title\=Lanovka \|url\=https://kouty.cz/lanovka/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-03 \|website\=kouty.cz \|language\=cs\-CZ}}{{Cite web \|title\=Sedačková lanovka Kouty nad Desnou – Dlouhé stráně \|url\=http://www.lanove\-drahy.cz/?page\=lan\&lan\=79 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104140753/http://www.lanove\-drahy.cz/?page\=lan\&lan\=79 \|archive\-date\=2021\-11\-04 \|website\=Lanové dráhy v Česke republice \|language\=cs}} and the establishment of the *NS Rysí skála* educational trail, the state enterprise Lesy ČR decided to build an observation tower called *U Tetřeví chaty* near the upper terminal of the chairlift.{{Cite web \|last\=Boublík \|first\=Zbyněk \|date\=5 November 2014 \|title\=Lesy ČR: nová Rozhledna u Tetřeví chaty v Jeseníkách je hotová \|url\=https://lesycr.cz/tiskova\-zprava/lesy\-cr\-nova\-rozhledna\-u\-tetrevi\-chaty\-v\-jesenikach\-je\-hotova/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210094643/https://lesycr.cz/tiskova\-zprava/lesy\-cr\-nova\-rozhledna\-u\-tetrevi\-chaty\-v\-jesenikach\-je\-hotova/ \|archive\-date\=2021\-02\-10 \|website\=lesycr.cz \|language\=cs}}
The tower is located about 550 metres southwest of the peak, at an altitude of 1,095 metres above sea level, and approximately 50 metres from the upper chairlift station. It was built between June and October 2014 and opened on 23 October.{{Cite web \|date\=7 November 2014 \|title\=Na Medvědí hoře v Jeseníkach byla otevřena nová rozhledna \|url\=https://www.archiweb.cz/n/home/na\-medvedi\-hore\-v\-jesenikach\-byla\-otevrena\-nova\-rozhledna \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119065817/https://www.archiweb.cz/n/home/na\-medvedi\-hore\-v\-jesenikach\-byla\-otevrena\-nova\-rozhledna \|archive\-date\=2021\-01\-19 \|website\=archiweb.cz \|language\=cs}} The tower has a [cuboid](/wiki/Cuboid "Cuboid") shape with dimensions 4\.1 × 4\.1 × 18 metres and features a steel skeleton structure with internal circular stairs around the walls, mounted on a concrete foundation.{{Cite web \|title\=Rozhledna u Tetřeví chaty na Medvědí hoře u Koutů nad Desnou \|url\=https://rozhledny.webzdarma.cz/medvhora.htm \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812122404/https://rozhledny.webzdarma.cz/medvhora.htm \|archive\-date\=2022\-08\-12 \|website\=rozhledny.webzdarma.cz \|language\=cs}} It is clad in vertical wooden slats and has window openings and viewing balconies situated at different heights on some walls, along with a main platform under the roof. The tower may be closed in adverse weather conditions such as icing or storms. Access to the tower is via the chairlift from the settlement of Kouty nad Desnou. The tower offers panoramic views from the west to the north, including the area of some peaks of the {{Interlanguage link\|Keprník Mountains\|cs\|Keprnická hornatina}}. A fast food outlet *Bar u Medvěda* in the form of a [rotunda](/wiki/Rotunda_%28architecture%29 "Rotunda (architecture)") is located on the platform near the tower. The total cost of the tower and nearby facilities and their connections was approximately 8,300,000 [CZK](/wiki/Czech_koruna "Czech koruna") (including about 2,800,000 CZK for the tower).
### Summit
[thumb\|Summit plateau of Medvědí hora](/wiki/File:Medv%C4%9Bd%C3%ADHoraVrchol%28Hrub%C3%BDJesen%C3%ADk%29.jpg "MedvědíHoraVrchol(HrubýJeseník).jpg")
[thumb\|[Triangulation station](/wiki/Triangulation_station "Triangulation station") ([benchmark](/wiki/Benchmark_%28surveying%29 "Benchmark (surveying)")) on the summit plateau of Medvědí hora](/wiki/File:Medv%C4%9Bd%C3%ADHoraPktGeo.jpg "MedvědíHoraPktGeo.jpg")
[thumb\|Summit rock group of Medvědí hora](/wiki/File:Medv%C4%9Bd%C3%ADHoraSk%C3%A1laVrchol.jpg "MedvědíHoraSkálaVrchol.jpg")
The summit plateau is traversed by a main path from the *Tetřeví chata* tourist intersection, marked with an informational board indicating an elevation of 1,165 m, to the *Medvědí hora (Rysí skála)* tourist stop, marked with an informational board indicating an elevation of 1,162 m. The summit plateau is forested with spruce forest and covered with alpine grass. There is a secondary [triangulation station](/wiki/Triangulation_station "Triangulation station") on the summit plateau in the form of a [benchmark](/wiki/Benchmark_%28surveying%29 "Benchmark (surveying)"), marked on geodetic maps with the number 22\.3, at an elevation of 1,162\.20 m and geographical coordinates {{Coord\|50\|05\|19\.06\|N\|17\|08\|49\.05\|E}}, located about 20 m northwest of the summit. On the summit, there is a rock group that serves as a limited viewpoint, offering restricted views towards [Dlouhé stráně](/wiki/Dlouh%C3%A9_str%C3%A1n%C4%9B "Dlouhé stráně") mountain. The State Administration of Land Surveying and Cadastre lists the highest point – the summit – at an elevation of 1,163\.6 m with geographical coordinates {{Coord\|50\|05\|15\.9\|N\|17\|08\|49\.8\|E}}.
Access to the summit is via a marked green educational trail from the *Tetřeví chata* tourist intersection. Walking towards the *Medvědí hora (Rysí skála)* tourist stop for about 400 metres, one needs to turn right onto an unmarked path and after about 20 metres, one will reach the summit rock group.
### Geology
Geologically, the summit and slopes of Medvědí hora belong to the unit known as the {{Interlanguage link\|Vrbno layers\|pl\|Warstwy vrbneńskie}}, and partly to the unit known as the {{Interlanguage link\|Desná Dome\|pl\|Kopuła Desny}}.{{Cite journal \|last\=Cymerman \|first\=Z. \|year\=1998 \|title\=Spory o podział geologiczny Sudetów \|url\=https://geojournals.pgi.gov.pl/pg/article/viewFile/16266/13503 \|journal\=Przegląd Geologiczny \|language\=pl \|volume\=46 \|issue\=6 \|page\=531 \|issn\=0033\-2151 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010544/https://geojournals.pgi.gov.pl/pg/article/viewFile/16266/13503 \|archive\-date\=2018\-12\-11}} They are composed of [metamorphic rocks](/wiki/Metamorphic_rock "Metamorphic rock"), primarily [gneisses](/wiki/Gneiss "Gneiss") ([plagioclases](/wiki/Plagioclase "Plagioclase")), [phyllites](/wiki/Phyllite "Phyllite"), {{Interlanguage link\|Phyllonite\|lt\=phyllonites\|pl\|Fyllonit}} ([biotites](/wiki/Biotite "Biotite"), [muscovites](/wiki/Muscovite "Muscovite"), [chlorites](/wiki/Chlorite "Chlorite")), [amphibolites](/wiki/Amphibolite "Amphibolite"), stromatites, and [migmatites](/wiki/Migmatite "Migmatite"), as well as [Sedimentary rocks](/wiki/Sedimentary_rock "Sedimentary rock"), primarily [quartzites](/wiki/Quartzite "Quartzite") and meta\-[conglomerates](/wiki/Conglomerate_%28geology%29 "Conglomerate (geology)").{{Cite web \|title\=Geologická mapa 1:50 000 \|url\=https://mapy.geology.cz/geocr50/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-15 \|website\=mapy.geology.cz \|language\=cs}}
### Waters
The summit and its slopes are located southwest of the [European watershed](/wiki/European_watershed "European watershed") boundary, thus belonging to the [Black Sea](/wiki/Black_Sea "Black Sea") basin. Waters from this part of the Hrubý Jeseník mountains flow into the [Danube](/wiki/Danube "Danube") river basin, which is an extension of the rivers and mountain streams originating here, including the Divoká Desná river and streams such as Borový potok and Tříramenný potok. From the northwestern and northern slopes, several short, unnamed streams originate, feeding into the Divoká Desná river. Approximately 920 m west of the summit, on the Borový potok stream, at an elevation of about 810 m, there is a waterfall named *Vodopád na Borovém potoce* with a total height of 14 m.{{Cite web \|title\=Vodopády Jesníků a okolí. Borové vodopády \|url\=http://www.vodopady.info/cz/jeseniky/Jeseniky.php?page\=borovy \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303082658/http://www.vodopady.info/cz/jeseniky/Jeseniky.php?page\=borovy \|archive\-date\=2023\-03\-03 \|website\=vodopady.info\|language\=cs}}{{Cite web \|title\=K vodopádům na Borovém potoce \|url\=https://www.turistika.cz/mista/k\-vodopadum\-na\-borovem\-potoce/detail \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-03 \|website\=turistika.cz \|language\=cs}} Access to it is from the blue tourist trail running from the *Pod Medvědí horou* tourist intersection. Additionally, at the foot of the northwest slope, close to the flowing Divoká Desná river, there are two oval connected water reservoirs, measuring 40 m and 95 m in length.{{Cite web \|title\=Plávka v Koutech nad Desnou \|url\=https://www.turistika.cz/mista/plavka\-v\-koutech\-nad\-desnou/detail \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-03 \|website\=turistika.cz \|language\=cs}}
|
[
"Location\n--------",
"[thumb\\|View from the summit of [Praděd](/wiki/Prad%C4%9Bd \"Praděd\") towards the mountains: {{Interlanguage link\\|Vřesník (mountain)\\|lt\\=Vřesník\\|pl\\|Vřesník (Wysoki Jesionik)}}, [Dlouhé stráně](/wiki/Dlouh%C3%A9_str%C3%A1n%C4%9B \"Dlouhé stráně\") (above it the summit of {{Interlanguage link\\|Mravenečník\\|pl\\|Mravenečník (Wysoki Jesionik)}}), {{Interlanguage link\\|Kamenec (mountain)\\|lt\\=Kamenec\\|pl\\|Kamenec (1250 m)}}, and Medvědí hora (with the summit of Ucháč barely visible)](/wiki/File:VresnikZPradeda.jpg \"VresnikZPradeda.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|View from the lower road around the peak of [Dlouhé stráně](/wiki/Dlouh%C3%A9_str%C3%A1n%C4%9B \"Dlouhé stráně\") towards the summits: Kamenec and Medvědí hora, above it [Černá stráň](/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%A1_str%C3%A1%C5%88 \"Černá stráň\"), {{Interlanguage link\\|Polom (mountain)\\|lt\\=Polom\\|pl\\|Polom (Wysoki Jesionik)}}, and {{Interlanguage link\\|Vozka\\|pl\\|Vozka (Wysoki Jesionik)}}, below it Suchá hora and Šindelná hora–JZ (in the distance to the left, the peaks of the [Králický Sněžník Mountains](/wiki/Kr%C3%A1lick%C3%BD_Sn%C4%9B%C5%BEn%C3%ADk_Mountains \"Králický Sněžník Mountains\"))](/wiki/File:%C4%8Cern%C3%A1Str%C3%A1%C5%88PolomVozkaZDlouh%C3%A9Str%C3%A1n%C4%9B.jpg \"ČernáStráňPolomVozkaZDlouhéStráně.jpg\")\nMedvědí hora is located in the central\\-western region of the [Hrubý Jeseník](/wiki/Hrub%C3%BD_Jesen%C3%ADk \"Hrubý Jeseník\") range, situated in the north\\-western area ([microregion](/wiki/Microregion \"Microregion\")) called the Praděd Mountains and positioned on a branch extending from the side ridge of the Praděd Mountains, stretching from {{Interlanguage link\\|Hubertka\\|pl\\|Hubertka (Wysoki Jesionik)}} mountain to the Vlčí sedlo pass. For this reason, it is an indistinct summit, difficult to recognize against the backdrop of the entire [Dlouhé stráně](/wiki/Dlouh%C3%A9_str%C3%A1n%C4%9B \"Dlouhé stráně\") massif. A certain element that allows the summit to be located is the three visible towers – [wind turbines](/wiki/Wind_turbine \"Wind turbine\") located close to the summit, which are part of the *Mravenečník* [wind farm](/wiki/Wind_farm \"Wind farm\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Medvědí hora (1163 m) 1:12 000 \\|url\\=https://mapy.cz/turisticka?x\\=17\\.1468936\\&y\\=50\\.0876454\\&z\\=15\\&source\\=base\\&id\\=1715580 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-03 \\|website\\=Mapy.cz \\|language\\=cs}} The summit is visible from the road surrounding the summit area of [Praděd](/wiki/Prad%C4%9Bd \"Praděd\") mountain,{{Cite web \\|title\\=View \\|url\\=http://www.heywhatsthat.com/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-03 \\|website\\=heywhatsthat.com}} where it emerges below the line of sight towards [Ucháč](/wiki/Uch%C3%A1%C4%8D \"Ucháč\") mountain. Moreover, it is very well visible from another characteristic viewpoint – from the road surrounding the summit of Dlouhé stráně (visible above the *Salaš* mountain hut) and from some other places, e.g., from road no. 44 on the slope of [Velký Klínovec](/wiki/Velk%C3%BD_Kl%C3%ADnovec \"Velký Klínovec\") mountain.",
"The summit and its slopes are bounded by:",
"* to the north by the valley of the Divoká Desná river\n* to the east and southeast by the valley of the Borový potok stream\n* to the south by a pass at an altitude of 1160 m above sea level towards the summit of {{Interlanguage link\\|Kamenec (mountain)\\|lt\\=Kamenec (1\\)\\|pl\\|Kamenec (1250 m)}}The designation is indexed to distinguish it from two other peaks in the same range with the same name: Kamenec (2\\), located 3\\.3 km southeast of the {{Interlanguage link\\|Skřítek (pass)\\|lt\\=Skřítek\\|pl\\|Skřítek (przełęcz)}} pass, and Kamenec (3\\), located 1\\.7 km east of the village of [Bělá](/wiki/B%C4%9Bl%C3%A1_pod_Prad%C4%9Bdem \"Bělá pod Pradědem\"). and the valley of the Tříramenný potok stream\n* to the west by a pass at an altitude of 913 m above sea level towards the summit of Dlouhý vrch.",
"In the vicinity of Medvědí hora, the following summits are located:\n* to the east {{Interlanguage link\\|Tupý vrch\\|pl\\|Tupý vrch}}\n* to the southeast Dlouhé stráně\n* to the south {{Interlanguage link\\|Mravenečník\\|pl\\|Mravenečník (Wysoki Jesionik)}}\n* to the southwest Kamenec (1\\) and Jedlový vrch\n* to the west Skály (2\\)The designation is indexed to distinguish it from another peak in the same range with the same name, Skály (1\\), located 4\\.5 km west of the village of [Vrbno pod Pradědem](/wiki/Vrbno_pod_Prad%C4%9Bdem \"Vrbno pod Pradědem\"). and Dlouhý vrch\n* to the northwest Suchá hora\n* to the north Skalký u Červenohorského sedla–JZ and Skalký u Červenohorského sedla\n* to the northeast Hřbety–JZ and {{Interlanguage link\\|Rysí skála\\|pl\\|Rysí skála (Wysoki Jesionik)}}.",
"### Slopes",
"[thumb\\|Viewpoint on the rock group {{Interlanguage link\\|Rysí skála\\|pl\\|Rysí skála (Wysoki Jesionik)}} named *Vyhlídka Rysí skála*](/wiki/File:Vyhl%C3%ADdkaRys%C3%ADSk%C3%A1la.jpg \"VyhlídkaRysíSkála.jpg\")\nWithin the peak, five main slopes can be distinguished:\n* eastern\n* northeastern\n* northern\n* northwestern\n* western, named *U tří potoků*",
"All types of forestation can be found here: spruce forest, [mixed forest](/wiki/Mixed_coniferous_forest \"Mixed coniferous forest\"),The forest stand of the entire Jeseníky Protected Landscape Area includes: [European spruce](/wiki/Picea_abies \"Picea abies\") 84%, [European beech](/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica \"Fagus sylvatica\") 10%, [European larch](/wiki/Larix_decidua \"Larix decidua\") 1\\.5%, [sycamore maple](/wiki/Acer_pseudoplatanus \"Acer pseudoplatanus\") 1\\.1%, [birch](/wiki/Birch \"Birch\") 1%, [common alder](/wiki/Alnus_glutinosa \"Alnus glutinosa\") 0\\.8%, [dwarf mountain pine](/wiki/Pinus_mugo \"Pinus mugo\") 0\\.4%, [grey alder](/wiki/Alnus_incana \"Alnus incana\") 0\\.3%, ([European silver fir](/wiki/Abies_alba \"Abies alba\"), [European ash](/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior \"Fraxinus excelsior\"), and [linden](/wiki/Tilia \"Tilia\")) 0\\.2%, [Scotch pine](/wiki/Pinus_sylvestris \"Pinus sylvestris\") 0\\.1%, and others (*[Pinus mugo](/wiki/Pinus_mugo \"Pinus mugo\")*, [oak](/wiki/Oak \"Oak\"), [hornbeam](/wiki/Hornbeam \"Hornbeam\"), [Norway maple](/wiki/Acer_platanoides \"Acer platanoides\"), [elm](/wiki/Elm \"Elm\"), [rowan](/wiki/Sorbus \"Sorbus\"), [green alder](/wiki/Alnus_alnobetula \"Alnus alnobetula\"), [aspen](/wiki/Populus_tremula \"Populus tremula\"), [poplar](/wiki/Populus \"Populus\"), and [goat willow](/wiki/Salix_caprea \"Salix caprea\")) 0\\.2%. and [deciduous forest](/wiki/Deciduous_forest \"Deciduous forest\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Geoprohlížeč – ZÚ (Geoportal Czech) \\|url\\=https://ags.cuzk.cz/geoprohlizec/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-03 \\|publisher\\=State Administration of Land Surveying and Cadastre\\|language\\=cs}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Medvědí hora (1163 m) 1:12 000 \\|url\\=https://mapy.cz/turisticka?x\\=17\\.1468936\\&y\\=50\\.0876454\\&z\\=15\\&base\\=ophoto\\&source\\=base\\&id\\=1715580 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-03 \\|website\\=Mapy.cz \\|language\\=cs}} The upper parts of all slopes near the summit area are mostly covered by spruce forest, while descending in altitude, they transition into mixed forest and deciduous forest. Nearly all slopes are characterized by significant variability in forest height (from 3 to 30 metREs), with clearings, cut\\-throughs for *[pistes](/wiki/Piste \"Piste\")* and associated [ski lifts](/wiki/Ski_lift \"Ski lift\"), and extensive [glades](/wiki/Glade_%28geography%29 \"Glade (geography)\"). At the base of the northeastern and northwestern slopes, there is a significant clearing for a 400 kV [overhead power line](/wiki/Overhead_power_line \"Overhead power line\") from the [Dlouhé stráně Hydro Power Plant](/wiki/Dlouh%C3%A9_str%C3%A1n%C4%9B_Hydro_Power_Plant \"Dlouhé stráně Hydro Power Plant\"). On the steep eastern slope, there is a rock group named *Skalý Medvědí hory*,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Skály Medvědí hory \\|url\\=https://www.turistika.cz/mista/skaly\\-medvedi\\-hory/detail \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-03 \\|website\\=turistika.cz \\|language\\=cs}} stretching from the summit to about 850 metres above sea level. Other rock groups, such as {{Interlanguage link\\|Rysí skála\\|pl\\|Rysí skála (Wysoki Jesionik)}}, and individual rock formations are also found on this slope, as well as on the northwestern slope. About 100 metres northeast of the summit, near the *Medvědí hora (Rysí skála)* tourist stop, there are two twin tourist [canopies](/wiki/Canopy_%28architecture%29 \"Canopy (architecture)\"), next to which, on the Rysí skála rock group, there is a viewpoint named *Vyhlídka Rysí skála*{{Cite web \\|title\\=Vyhlídka na Medvědí hoře \\|url\\=https://www.turistika.cz/mista/vyhlidka\\-na\\-medvedi\\-hore/detail \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-03 \\|website\\=turistika.cz \\|language\\=cs}} with a platform surrounded by railings on two sides, offering views towards the Praděd mountain.",
"The slopes have relatively uneven, generally steep, and varied inclinations. The average slope inclinations range from 10° (western slopes) to 30° (eastern slope). The average inclination of all slopes ([weighted arithmetic mean](/wiki/Weighted_arithmetic_mean \"Weighted arithmetic mean\") of slope inclinations) is about 17°. The maximum average inclination of the eastern slope, near the rock group at elevations around 950 metres above sea level over a 50\\-metre section, does not exceed 55°. At the base of the northwestern slope, near the [Kouty nad Desnou](/wiki/Lou%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_nad_Desnou \"Loučná nad Desnou\") settlement, runs the I/44 road from [Šumperk](/wiki/%C5%A0umperk \"Šumperk\") to [Jeseník](/wiki/Jesen%C3%ADk \"Jeseník\"). The slopes are covered with a network of roads with designated cycling routes (e.g., *Uhlířská cesta*) and generally unmarked paths and trails. Additionally, an [observation tower](/wiki/Observation_tower \"Observation tower\") has been built on the western slope.",
"#### Observation tower",
"[thumb\\|160px\\|*U Tetřeví chaty* observation tower](/wiki/File:Rozhledna_u_Tet%C5%99ev%C3%AD_chaty.jpg \"Rozhledna u Tetřeví chaty.jpg\")\nTo enhance the attractiveness of the mountain tourist area near the village of [Loučná nad Desnou](/wiki/Lou%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_nad_Desnou \"Loučná nad Desnou\"), following the earlier construction of a [chairlift](/wiki/Chairlift \"Chairlift\"){{Cite web \\|title\\=Lanovka \\|url\\=https://kouty.cz/lanovka/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-03 \\|website\\=kouty.cz \\|language\\=cs\\-CZ}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Sedačková lanovka Kouty nad Desnou – Dlouhé stráně \\|url\\=http://www.lanove\\-drahy.cz/?page\\=lan\\&lan\\=79 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104140753/http://www.lanove\\-drahy.cz/?page\\=lan\\&lan\\=79 \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-04 \\|website\\=Lanové dráhy v Česke republice \\|language\\=cs}} and the establishment of the *NS Rysí skála* educational trail, the state enterprise Lesy ČR decided to build an observation tower called *U Tetřeví chaty* near the upper terminal of the chairlift.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Boublík \\|first\\=Zbyněk \\|date\\=5 November 2014 \\|title\\=Lesy ČR: nová Rozhledna u Tetřeví chaty v Jeseníkách je hotová \\|url\\=https://lesycr.cz/tiskova\\-zprava/lesy\\-cr\\-nova\\-rozhledna\\-u\\-tetrevi\\-chaty\\-v\\-jesenikach\\-je\\-hotova/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210094643/https://lesycr.cz/tiskova\\-zprava/lesy\\-cr\\-nova\\-rozhledna\\-u\\-tetrevi\\-chaty\\-v\\-jesenikach\\-je\\-hotova/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-10 \\|website\\=lesycr.cz \\|language\\=cs}}",
"The tower is located about 550 metres southwest of the peak, at an altitude of 1,095 metres above sea level, and approximately 50 metres from the upper chairlift station. It was built between June and October 2014 and opened on 23 October.{{Cite web \\|date\\=7 November 2014 \\|title\\=Na Medvědí hoře v Jeseníkach byla otevřena nová rozhledna \\|url\\=https://www.archiweb.cz/n/home/na\\-medvedi\\-hore\\-v\\-jesenikach\\-byla\\-otevrena\\-nova\\-rozhledna \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119065817/https://www.archiweb.cz/n/home/na\\-medvedi\\-hore\\-v\\-jesenikach\\-byla\\-otevrena\\-nova\\-rozhledna \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-19 \\|website\\=archiweb.cz \\|language\\=cs}} The tower has a [cuboid](/wiki/Cuboid \"Cuboid\") shape with dimensions 4\\.1 × 4\\.1 × 18 metres and features a steel skeleton structure with internal circular stairs around the walls, mounted on a concrete foundation.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Rozhledna u Tetřeví chaty na Medvědí hoře u Koutů nad Desnou \\|url\\=https://rozhledny.webzdarma.cz/medvhora.htm \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812122404/https://rozhledny.webzdarma.cz/medvhora.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-12 \\|website\\=rozhledny.webzdarma.cz \\|language\\=cs}} It is clad in vertical wooden slats and has window openings and viewing balconies situated at different heights on some walls, along with a main platform under the roof. The tower may be closed in adverse weather conditions such as icing or storms. Access to the tower is via the chairlift from the settlement of Kouty nad Desnou. The tower offers panoramic views from the west to the north, including the area of some peaks of the {{Interlanguage link\\|Keprník Mountains\\|cs\\|Keprnická hornatina}}. A fast food outlet *Bar u Medvěda* in the form of a [rotunda](/wiki/Rotunda_%28architecture%29 \"Rotunda (architecture)\") is located on the platform near the tower. The total cost of the tower and nearby facilities and their connections was approximately 8,300,000 [CZK](/wiki/Czech_koruna \"Czech koruna\") (including about 2,800,000 CZK for the tower).",
"### Summit",
"[thumb\\|Summit plateau of Medvědí hora](/wiki/File:Medv%C4%9Bd%C3%ADHoraVrchol%28Hrub%C3%BDJesen%C3%ADk%29.jpg \"MedvědíHoraVrchol(HrubýJeseník).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[Triangulation station](/wiki/Triangulation_station \"Triangulation station\") ([benchmark](/wiki/Benchmark_%28surveying%29 \"Benchmark (surveying)\")) on the summit plateau of Medvědí hora](/wiki/File:Medv%C4%9Bd%C3%ADHoraPktGeo.jpg \"MedvědíHoraPktGeo.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Summit rock group of Medvědí hora](/wiki/File:Medv%C4%9Bd%C3%ADHoraSk%C3%A1laVrchol.jpg \"MedvědíHoraSkálaVrchol.jpg\")\nThe summit plateau is traversed by a main path from the *Tetřeví chata* tourist intersection, marked with an informational board indicating an elevation of 1,165 m, to the *Medvědí hora (Rysí skála)* tourist stop, marked with an informational board indicating an elevation of 1,162 m. The summit plateau is forested with spruce forest and covered with alpine grass. There is a secondary [triangulation station](/wiki/Triangulation_station \"Triangulation station\") on the summit plateau in the form of a [benchmark](/wiki/Benchmark_%28surveying%29 \"Benchmark (surveying)\"), marked on geodetic maps with the number 22\\.3, at an elevation of 1,162\\.20 m and geographical coordinates {{Coord\\|50\\|05\\|19\\.06\\|N\\|17\\|08\\|49\\.05\\|E}}, located about 20 m northwest of the summit. On the summit, there is a rock group that serves as a limited viewpoint, offering restricted views towards [Dlouhé stráně](/wiki/Dlouh%C3%A9_str%C3%A1n%C4%9B \"Dlouhé stráně\") mountain. The State Administration of Land Surveying and Cadastre lists the highest point – the summit – at an elevation of 1,163\\.6 m with geographical coordinates {{Coord\\|50\\|05\\|15\\.9\\|N\\|17\\|08\\|49\\.8\\|E}}.",
"Access to the summit is via a marked green educational trail from the *Tetřeví chata* tourist intersection. Walking towards the *Medvědí hora (Rysí skála)* tourist stop for about 400 metres, one needs to turn right onto an unmarked path and after about 20 metres, one will reach the summit rock group.",
"### Geology",
"Geologically, the summit and slopes of Medvědí hora belong to the unit known as the {{Interlanguage link\\|Vrbno layers\\|pl\\|Warstwy vrbneńskie}}, and partly to the unit known as the {{Interlanguage link\\|Desná Dome\\|pl\\|Kopuła Desny}}.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Cymerman \\|first\\=Z. \\|year\\=1998 \\|title\\=Spory o podział geologiczny Sudetów \\|url\\=https://geojournals.pgi.gov.pl/pg/article/viewFile/16266/13503 \\|journal\\=Przegląd Geologiczny \\|language\\=pl \\|volume\\=46 \\|issue\\=6 \\|page\\=531 \\|issn\\=0033\\-2151 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010544/https://geojournals.pgi.gov.pl/pg/article/viewFile/16266/13503 \\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-11}} They are composed of [metamorphic rocks](/wiki/Metamorphic_rock \"Metamorphic rock\"), primarily [gneisses](/wiki/Gneiss \"Gneiss\") ([plagioclases](/wiki/Plagioclase \"Plagioclase\")), [phyllites](/wiki/Phyllite \"Phyllite\"), {{Interlanguage link\\|Phyllonite\\|lt\\=phyllonites\\|pl\\|Fyllonit}} ([biotites](/wiki/Biotite \"Biotite\"), [muscovites](/wiki/Muscovite \"Muscovite\"), [chlorites](/wiki/Chlorite \"Chlorite\")), [amphibolites](/wiki/Amphibolite \"Amphibolite\"), stromatites, and [migmatites](/wiki/Migmatite \"Migmatite\"), as well as [Sedimentary rocks](/wiki/Sedimentary_rock \"Sedimentary rock\"), primarily [quartzites](/wiki/Quartzite \"Quartzite\") and meta\\-[conglomerates](/wiki/Conglomerate_%28geology%29 \"Conglomerate (geology)\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Geologická mapa 1:50 000 \\|url\\=https://mapy.geology.cz/geocr50/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-15 \\|website\\=mapy.geology.cz \\|language\\=cs}}",
"### Waters",
"The summit and its slopes are located southwest of the [European watershed](/wiki/European_watershed \"European watershed\") boundary, thus belonging to the [Black Sea](/wiki/Black_Sea \"Black Sea\") basin. Waters from this part of the Hrubý Jeseník mountains flow into the [Danube](/wiki/Danube \"Danube\") river basin, which is an extension of the rivers and mountain streams originating here, including the Divoká Desná river and streams such as Borový potok and Tříramenný potok. From the northwestern and northern slopes, several short, unnamed streams originate, feeding into the Divoká Desná river. Approximately 920 m west of the summit, on the Borový potok stream, at an elevation of about 810 m, there is a waterfall named *Vodopád na Borovém potoce* with a total height of 14 m.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Vodopády Jesníků a okolí. Borové vodopády \\|url\\=http://www.vodopady.info/cz/jeseniky/Jeseniky.php?page\\=borovy \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303082658/http://www.vodopady.info/cz/jeseniky/Jeseniky.php?page\\=borovy \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-03 \\|website\\=vodopady.info\\|language\\=cs}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=K vodopádům na Borovém potoce \\|url\\=https://www.turistika.cz/mista/k\\-vodopadum\\-na\\-borovem\\-potoce/detail \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-03 \\|website\\=turistika.cz \\|language\\=cs}} Access to it is from the blue tourist trail running from the *Pod Medvědí horou* tourist intersection. Additionally, at the foot of the northwest slope, close to the flowing Divoká Desná river, there are two oval connected water reservoirs, measuring 40 m and 95 m in length.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Plávka v Koutech nad Desnou \\|url\\=https://www.turistika.cz/mista/plavka\\-v\\-koutech\\-nad\\-desnou/detail \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-03 \\|website\\=turistika.cz \\|language\\=cs}}",
""
] |
Other versions and uses
-----------------------
Numerous [hip hop](/wiki/Hip_hop_music "Hip hop music") musicians and groups have [sampled](/wiki/Sampling_%28music%29 "Sampling (music)") "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud", including [Eric B. and Rakim](/wiki/Eric_B._and_Rakim "Eric B. and Rakim"), [Big Daddy Kane](/wiki/Big_Daddy_Kane "Big Daddy Kane"), [Full Force](/wiki/Full_Force "Full Force"), [LL Cool J](/wiki/LL_Cool_J "LL Cool J") and [2 Live Crew](/wiki/2_Live_Crew "2 Live Crew") in the states and [Akil Ammar](/wiki/Akil_Ammar "Akil Ammar") for the Mexican underground scene.
A few performers have recorded [cover versions](/wiki/Cover_version "Cover version") of the song, including [jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") [saxophonist](/wiki/Saxophonist "Saxophonist") [Lou Donaldson](/wiki/Lou_Donaldson "Lou Donaldson") (on his 1969 album *[Say It Loud!](/wiki/Say_It_Loud%21 "Say It Loud!")*), [reggae](/wiki/Reggae "Reggae") singer [Bob Marley](/wiki/Bob_Marley "Bob Marley") (in a [medley](/wiki/Medley_%28music%29 "Medley (music)") with "Black Progress") and the [punk rock](/wiki/Punk_rock "Punk rock") band [Black Randy and the Metrosquad](/wiki/Black_Randy_and_the_Metrosquad "Black Randy and the Metrosquad").
A slightly modified version of the [bassline](/wiki/Bassline "Bassline") of "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud" appears in long sections of the track "Yesternow" on the [Miles Davis](/wiki/Miles_Davis "Miles Davis") album *[A Tribute to Jack Johnson](/wiki/A_Tribute_to_Jack_Johnson "A Tribute to Jack Johnson")*.
Jazz pianist [Jaki Byard](/wiki/Jaki_Byard "Jaki Byard") recites the title phrase at the onset of "Parisian Thoroughfare", the opening track of his album *[The Jaki Byard Experience](/wiki/The_Jaki_Byard_Experience "The Jaki Byard Experience")*. However, the recitation is only audible when the track is played at a high volume.
The song is referenced in an episode of *[The Fresh Prince of Bel\-Air](/wiki/The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air")*, inspired by [Black Power](/wiki/Black_Power "Black Power") protests, Will, the African\-American male lead attempts to hold a protest (ironically, Will and his cousin Carlton are the only black people in the room) to get a popular teacher reinstated, he inspires "Cornflake", a white fellow student, who stands up and shouts passionately "Fight the Power Will! Sing it loud, I'm black and I'm proud", to which Will replies "See, my man Cornflake's got the spirit. He's a little confused but he's got the spirit".
The song is also referenced in the [Temptations](/wiki/Temptations "Temptations") song "[Message From a Black Man](/wiki/Message_From_a_Black_Man "Message From a Black Man")".
"Let's Take it to the Stage" by [Funkadelic](/wiki/Funkadelic "Funkadelic") gives a nod to this song with the lyric "Say it loud, I'm funky and I'm proud."
R\&B/Rock artist [Meshell Ndegeocello](/wiki/Meshell_Ndegeocello "Meshell Ndegeocello") covers the song during her live performances.
|
[
"Other versions and uses\n-----------------------",
"Numerous [hip hop](/wiki/Hip_hop_music \"Hip hop music\") musicians and groups have [sampled](/wiki/Sampling_%28music%29 \"Sampling (music)\") \"Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud\", including [Eric B. and Rakim](/wiki/Eric_B._and_Rakim \"Eric B. and Rakim\"), [Big Daddy Kane](/wiki/Big_Daddy_Kane \"Big Daddy Kane\"), [Full Force](/wiki/Full_Force \"Full Force\"), [LL Cool J](/wiki/LL_Cool_J \"LL Cool J\") and [2 Live Crew](/wiki/2_Live_Crew \"2 Live Crew\") in the states and [Akil Ammar](/wiki/Akil_Ammar \"Akil Ammar\") for the Mexican underground scene.",
"A few performers have recorded [cover versions](/wiki/Cover_version \"Cover version\") of the song, including [jazz](/wiki/Jazz \"Jazz\") [saxophonist](/wiki/Saxophonist \"Saxophonist\") [Lou Donaldson](/wiki/Lou_Donaldson \"Lou Donaldson\") (on his 1969 album *[Say It Loud!](/wiki/Say_It_Loud%21 \"Say It Loud!\")*), [reggae](/wiki/Reggae \"Reggae\") singer [Bob Marley](/wiki/Bob_Marley \"Bob Marley\") (in a [medley](/wiki/Medley_%28music%29 \"Medley (music)\") with \"Black Progress\") and the [punk rock](/wiki/Punk_rock \"Punk rock\") band [Black Randy and the Metrosquad](/wiki/Black_Randy_and_the_Metrosquad \"Black Randy and the Metrosquad\").",
"A slightly modified version of the [bassline](/wiki/Bassline \"Bassline\") of \"Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud\" appears in long sections of the track \"Yesternow\" on the [Miles Davis](/wiki/Miles_Davis \"Miles Davis\") album *[A Tribute to Jack Johnson](/wiki/A_Tribute_to_Jack_Johnson \"A Tribute to Jack Johnson\")*.",
"Jazz pianist [Jaki Byard](/wiki/Jaki_Byard \"Jaki Byard\") recites the title phrase at the onset of \"Parisian Thoroughfare\", the opening track of his album *[The Jaki Byard Experience](/wiki/The_Jaki_Byard_Experience \"The Jaki Byard Experience\")*. However, the recitation is only audible when the track is played at a high volume.",
"The song is referenced in an episode of *[The Fresh Prince of Bel\\-Air](/wiki/The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\")*, inspired by [Black Power](/wiki/Black_Power \"Black Power\") protests, Will, the African\\-American male lead attempts to hold a protest (ironically, Will and his cousin Carlton are the only black people in the room) to get a popular teacher reinstated, he inspires \"Cornflake\", a white fellow student, who stands up and shouts passionately \"Fight the Power Will! Sing it loud, I'm black and I'm proud\", to which Will replies \"See, my man Cornflake's got the spirit. He's a little confused but he's got the spirit\".",
"The song is also referenced in the [Temptations](/wiki/Temptations \"Temptations\") song \"[Message From a Black Man](/wiki/Message_From_a_Black_Man \"Message From a Black Man\")\".",
"\"Let's Take it to the Stage\" by [Funkadelic](/wiki/Funkadelic \"Funkadelic\") gives a nod to this song with the lyric \"Say it loud, I'm funky and I'm proud.\"",
"R\\&B/Rock artist [Meshell Ndegeocello](/wiki/Meshell_Ndegeocello \"Meshell Ndegeocello\") covers the song during her live performances.",
""
] |
History
-------
The idea of the site appeared in the first weeks of the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine"), during the development of other projects related to alerting the population about alarms.
So, on March 2, 2022, the "Lviv Siren" [bot](/wiki/Internet_bot "Internet bot") was created, which reported on air alarms in [Lviv](/wiki/Lviv "Lviv") on [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter "Twitter").{{cite tweet \|author\=Львівська Сирена \|user\=LvivCivilAlert \|number\=1499089981050134538 \|date\=2022\-03\-02 \|title\=🟢 20:31 повітряна тривога! \#львів. Негайно прямуйте до найближчого укриття \|trans\-title\=🟢 20:31 air alert! \#Lviv. Head to the nearest shelter immediately \|language\=uk \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-23 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302183129/https://twitter.com/LvivCivilAlert/status/1499089981050134538 \|archive\-date\=2022\-03\-02 \|url\-status\=live}} Later, the idea arose to monitor alarms all over Ukraine and display them on a map. However, the lack of a single official source reporting alarms made this task much more difficult.
On March 15, 2022, the Ajax Systems company announced the creation of the official Telegram channel "Air Alarm". This channel receives signals from the "Air Alarm" application and instantly publishes messages about the start and end of alarms in different [regions of Ukraine](/wiki/Regions_of_Ukraine "Regions of Ukraine").{{Cite web \|title\=Нове у застосунку "Повітряна тривога": налаштування гучності, нульовий трафік та окремий Telegram\-канал {{!}} Блог Ajax Systems \|url\=https://ajax.systems/ua/blog/air\-alert\-telegram\-channel/ \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-02 \|website\=Ajax Systems \|language\=uk}} This immediately solved the problem with the source of information and gave impetus to the further implementation of the project.
On March 22, 2022, the first version of the "Air Alarm Map" website was published, located on the war.ukrzen.in.ua domain.
The map quickly gained popularity in social networks. It, like several other similar projects, began to be widely distributed by the mass media: [Suspilne](/wiki/Suspilne "Suspilne"),{{Cite web \|title\=Ukrainian specialists have created online maps to track air alarms simultaneously in all regions. \|url\=https://suspilne.media/222147\-ukrainski\-fahivci\-stvorili\-onlajn\-karti\-dla\-vidstezenna\-povitranih\-trivog\-odnocasno\-v\-usih\-oblastah/ \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-02 \|website\=Social News}} [Novyi Kanal](/wiki/Novyi_Kanal "Novyi Kanal"),{{Cite web \|title\=Online map of air alarms in Ukraine: the status of sirens in all regions can now be checked in one click. \|url\=https://novy.tv/ua/news/2022/10/05/onlajn\-karta\-vozdushnyh\-trevog\-v\-ukrayne\-status\-syren\-vo\-vseh\-oblastyah\-teper\-mozhno\-proveryt\-v\-odyn\-klyk/ \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-02 \|website\=Novy Kanal}} [UNIAN](/wiki/Ukrainian_Independent_Information_Agency "Ukrainian Independent Information Agency"),{{Cite web \|title\=Де в Україні повітряна тривога: онлайн\-карти і додатки на телефон \|url\=https://www.unian.ua/war/povitryana\-trivoga\-onlayn\-karta\-dodatki\-na\-telefon\-novini\-vtorgnennya\-rosiji\-v\-ukrajinu\-11873106\.html \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-02 \|website\=www.unian.ua \|language\=uk}} [DW](/wiki/Deutsche_Welle "Deutsche Welle"),{{Cite web \|title\=Технології, що рятують життя – DW – 29\.03\.2022 \|url\=https://www.dw.com/uk/tekhnolohii\-shcho\-riatuiut\-zhyttia\-iak\-diznatysia\-pro\-povitriani\-tryvohy\-v\-ukraini\-a\-61283288/a\-61283288 \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-02 \|website\=dw.com \|language\=uk}} Fakty ICTV,{{Cite web \|title\=Map of air alerts of Ukraine online: where there is a threat of a missile strike \|url\=https://fakty.com.ua/ua/ukraine/suspilstvo/20221005\-onlajn\-karta\-povitryanyh\-tryvog\-v\-ukrayini\-de\-ye\-zagroza\-raketnogo\-udaru/ \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-02 \|website\=Fakty ICTV}} Vikna TV,{{Cite web \|title\=Where is the threat now! Online map of air alert throughout Ukraine in real time \|url\=https://vikna.tv/styl\-zhyttya/cze\-mozhe\-tobi\-znadobytysya\-sajty\-dlya\-vidstezhuvannya\-povitryanoyi\-tryvogy\-onlajn/ \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-02 \|website\=Vikna TV}} [Ukrainian Radio](/wiki/Ukrainian_Radio "Ukrainian Radio"),{{Cite web \|title\=Українські фахівці створили онлайн\-карти для відстеження повітряних тривог одночасно в усіх областях {{!}} Новини {{!}} Українське радіо \|url\=http://www.nrcu.gov.ua/news.html?newsID\=98332 \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-02 \|website\=www.nrcu.gov.ua \|language\=uk}} [STB](/wiki/STB_%28TV_channel%29 "STB (TV channel)"),{{Cite web \|title\=Online air alert map \- how to see where the threat is. \|url\=https://www.stb.ua/ua/2022/10/05/karta\-povitryanoyi\-tryvogy\-onlajn\-yak\-podyvytysya\-de\-zagroza/ \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-02 \|website\=STB}} [Espresso](/wiki/Espreso_TV "Espreso TV"),{{Cite web \|title\=Двоє українських розробників створили мапи повітряних тривог в Україні. Еспресо. Захід \|url\=https://zahid.espreso.tv/dvoe\-ukrainskikh\-rozrobnikiv\-stvorili\-mapi\-povitryanikh\-trivog\-v\-ukraini \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-02 \|website\=zahid.espreso.tv \|language\=uk}} dev.ua,{{Cite web \|title\=Карта повітряних тривог України онлайн єМапа для оповіщення по областям України та інші мапи\-оповіщення \|url\=https://dev.ua/news/emapa \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-02 \|website\=dev.ua \|language\=uk\-UA}} itc.ua{{Cite web \|last\=Скрипін \|first\=Володимир Скрипін Володимир \|title\=Українські розробники створили онлайн\-карти для відстежування повітряних тривог одночасно у всіх областях \|url\=https://itc.ua/ua/novini/ukrayinski\-rozrobniki\-rozrobili\-onlajn\-karti\-dlya\-vidstezhuvannya\-povitryanih\-trivog\-odnochasno\-u\-vsih\-oblastyah/ \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-02 \|website\=ITC.ua}} and state bodies: [Center for Countering Disinformation at the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine](/wiki/Center_for_Countering_Disinformation_at_the_National_Security_and_Defense_Council_of_Ukraine "Center for Countering Disinformation at the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine"),{{Cite web \|title\=ЦЕНТР ПРОТИДІЇ ДЕЗІНФОРМАЦІЇ \|url\=https://t.me/CenterCounteringDisinformation/945 \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-02 \|website\=Telegram}} [Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine](/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada "Verkhovna Rada"),{{Cite web \|title\=Верховна Рада України \|url\=https://t.me/verkhovnaradaukrainy/17056 \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-02 \|website\=Telegram}} [Khmelnytska OVA](/wiki/Khmelnytska_ova "Khmelnytska ova"),{{Cite web \|title\=В Україні створили онлайн\-мапи повітряних тривог {{!}} Хмельницька обласна військова адміністрація — Офіційне інтернет\-представництво \|url\=https://www.adm\-km.gov.ua/?p\=110418 \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-02 \|website\=www.adm\-km.gov.ua}} etc.
On April 8, 2022, the site moved to the alerts.in.ua domain, where it is still available today.{{Cite web \|title\=Карта повітряних тривог {{!}} Новини \|url\=https://t.me/alerts\_in\_ua/15 \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-02 \|website\=Telegram}}
On August 25, 2022, the service began monitoring local official channels in addition to the main "Air Alarm".{{Cite web \|title\=Карта повітряних тривог {{!}} Новини \|url\=https://t.me/alerts\_in\_ua/83 \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-02 \|website\=Telegram}}
On September 11, 2022, the English version of the site was published.{{Cite web \|title\=Карта повітряних тривог {{!}} Новини \|url\=https://t.me/alerts\_in\_ua/89 \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-02 \|website\=Telegram}}
On March 22, 2023, its [own Android application](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.ukrzen.alertsinua) was published.{{Cite web \|date\=2023\-03\-22 \|title\=Офіційний застосунок для Android {{!}} Блог "Мапи тривог" \|url\=https://blog.alerts.in.ua//p/android\-app \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-23 \|website\=alerts.in.ua {{!}} Блог \|language\=en}}
The project is actively developing and has its own community.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The idea of the site appeared in the first weeks of the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\"), during the development of other projects related to alerting the population about alarms.",
"So, on March 2, 2022, the \"Lviv Siren\" [bot](/wiki/Internet_bot \"Internet bot\") was created, which reported on air alarms in [Lviv](/wiki/Lviv \"Lviv\") on [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\").{{cite tweet \\|author\\=Львівська Сирена \\|user\\=LvivCivilAlert \\|number\\=1499089981050134538 \\|date\\=2022\\-03\\-02 \\|title\\=🟢 20:31 повітряна тривога! \\#львів. Негайно прямуйте до найближчого укриття \\|trans\\-title\\=🟢 20:31 air alert! \\#Lviv. Head to the nearest shelter immediately \\|language\\=uk \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-23 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302183129/https://twitter.com/LvivCivilAlert/status/1499089981050134538 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-02 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Later, the idea arose to monitor alarms all over Ukraine and display them on a map. However, the lack of a single official source reporting alarms made this task much more difficult.",
"On March 15, 2022, the Ajax Systems company announced the creation of the official Telegram channel \"Air Alarm\". This channel receives signals from the \"Air Alarm\" application and instantly publishes messages about the start and end of alarms in different [regions of Ukraine](/wiki/Regions_of_Ukraine \"Regions of Ukraine\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Нове у застосунку \"Повітряна тривога\": налаштування гучності, нульовий трафік та окремий Telegram\\-канал {{!}} Блог Ajax Systems \\|url\\=https://ajax.systems/ua/blog/air\\-alert\\-telegram\\-channel/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-02 \\|website\\=Ajax Systems \\|language\\=uk}} This immediately solved the problem with the source of information and gave impetus to the further implementation of the project.",
"On March 22, 2022, the first version of the \"Air Alarm Map\" website was published, located on the war.ukrzen.in.ua domain.",
"The map quickly gained popularity in social networks. It, like several other similar projects, began to be widely distributed by the mass media: [Suspilne](/wiki/Suspilne \"Suspilne\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Ukrainian specialists have created online maps to track air alarms simultaneously in all regions. \\|url\\=https://suspilne.media/222147\\-ukrainski\\-fahivci\\-stvorili\\-onlajn\\-karti\\-dla\\-vidstezenna\\-povitranih\\-trivog\\-odnocasno\\-v\\-usih\\-oblastah/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-02 \\|website\\=Social News}} [Novyi Kanal](/wiki/Novyi_Kanal \"Novyi Kanal\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Online map of air alarms in Ukraine: the status of sirens in all regions can now be checked in one click. \\|url\\=https://novy.tv/ua/news/2022/10/05/onlajn\\-karta\\-vozdushnyh\\-trevog\\-v\\-ukrayne\\-status\\-syren\\-vo\\-vseh\\-oblastyah\\-teper\\-mozhno\\-proveryt\\-v\\-odyn\\-klyk/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-02 \\|website\\=Novy Kanal}} [UNIAN](/wiki/Ukrainian_Independent_Information_Agency \"Ukrainian Independent Information Agency\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Де в Україні повітряна тривога: онлайн\\-карти і додатки на телефон \\|url\\=https://www.unian.ua/war/povitryana\\-trivoga\\-onlayn\\-karta\\-dodatki\\-na\\-telefon\\-novini\\-vtorgnennya\\-rosiji\\-v\\-ukrajinu\\-11873106\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-02 \\|website\\=www.unian.ua \\|language\\=uk}} [DW](/wiki/Deutsche_Welle \"Deutsche Welle\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Технології, що рятують життя – DW – 29\\.03\\.2022 \\|url\\=https://www.dw.com/uk/tekhnolohii\\-shcho\\-riatuiut\\-zhyttia\\-iak\\-diznatysia\\-pro\\-povitriani\\-tryvohy\\-v\\-ukraini\\-a\\-61283288/a\\-61283288 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-02 \\|website\\=dw.com \\|language\\=uk}} Fakty ICTV,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Map of air alerts of Ukraine online: where there is a threat of a missile strike \\|url\\=https://fakty.com.ua/ua/ukraine/suspilstvo/20221005\\-onlajn\\-karta\\-povitryanyh\\-tryvog\\-v\\-ukrayini\\-de\\-ye\\-zagroza\\-raketnogo\\-udaru/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-02 \\|website\\=Fakty ICTV}} Vikna TV,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Where is the threat now! Online map of air alert throughout Ukraine in real time \\|url\\=https://vikna.tv/styl\\-zhyttya/cze\\-mozhe\\-tobi\\-znadobytysya\\-sajty\\-dlya\\-vidstezhuvannya\\-povitryanoyi\\-tryvogy\\-onlajn/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-02 \\|website\\=Vikna TV}} [Ukrainian Radio](/wiki/Ukrainian_Radio \"Ukrainian Radio\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Українські фахівці створили онлайн\\-карти для відстеження повітряних тривог одночасно в усіх областях {{!}} Новини {{!}} Українське радіо \\|url\\=http://www.nrcu.gov.ua/news.html?newsID\\=98332 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-02 \\|website\\=www.nrcu.gov.ua \\|language\\=uk}} [STB](/wiki/STB_%28TV_channel%29 \"STB (TV channel)\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Online air alert map \\- how to see where the threat is. \\|url\\=https://www.stb.ua/ua/2022/10/05/karta\\-povitryanoyi\\-tryvogy\\-onlajn\\-yak\\-podyvytysya\\-de\\-zagroza/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-02 \\|website\\=STB}} [Espresso](/wiki/Espreso_TV \"Espreso TV\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Двоє українських розробників створили мапи повітряних тривог в Україні. Еспресо. Захід \\|url\\=https://zahid.espreso.tv/dvoe\\-ukrainskikh\\-rozrobnikiv\\-stvorili\\-mapi\\-povitryanikh\\-trivog\\-v\\-ukraini \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-02 \\|website\\=zahid.espreso.tv \\|language\\=uk}} dev.ua,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Карта повітряних тривог України онлайн єМапа для оповіщення по областям України та інші мапи\\-оповіщення \\|url\\=https://dev.ua/news/emapa \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-02 \\|website\\=dev.ua \\|language\\=uk\\-UA}} itc.ua{{Cite web \\|last\\=Скрипін \\|first\\=Володимир Скрипін Володимир \\|title\\=Українські розробники створили онлайн\\-карти для відстежування повітряних тривог одночасно у всіх областях \\|url\\=https://itc.ua/ua/novini/ukrayinski\\-rozrobniki\\-rozrobili\\-onlajn\\-karti\\-dlya\\-vidstezhuvannya\\-povitryanih\\-trivog\\-odnochasno\\-u\\-vsih\\-oblastyah/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-02 \\|website\\=ITC.ua}} and state bodies: [Center for Countering Disinformation at the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine](/wiki/Center_for_Countering_Disinformation_at_the_National_Security_and_Defense_Council_of_Ukraine \"Center for Countering Disinformation at the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=ЦЕНТР ПРОТИДІЇ ДЕЗІНФОРМАЦІЇ \\|url\\=https://t.me/CenterCounteringDisinformation/945 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-02 \\|website\\=Telegram}} [Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine](/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada \"Verkhovna Rada\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Верховна Рада України \\|url\\=https://t.me/verkhovnaradaukrainy/17056 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-02 \\|website\\=Telegram}} [Khmelnytska OVA](/wiki/Khmelnytska_ova \"Khmelnytska ova\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=В Україні створили онлайн\\-мапи повітряних тривог {{!}} Хмельницька обласна військова адміністрація — Офіційне інтернет\\-представництво \\|url\\=https://www.adm\\-km.gov.ua/?p\\=110418 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-02 \\|website\\=www.adm\\-km.gov.ua}} etc.",
"On April 8, 2022, the site moved to the alerts.in.ua domain, where it is still available today.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Карта повітряних тривог {{!}} Новини \\|url\\=https://t.me/alerts\\_in\\_ua/15 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-02 \\|website\\=Telegram}}",
"On August 25, 2022, the service began monitoring local official channels in addition to the main \"Air Alarm\".{{Cite web \\|title\\=Карта повітряних тривог {{!}} Новини \\|url\\=https://t.me/alerts\\_in\\_ua/83 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-02 \\|website\\=Telegram}}",
"On September 11, 2022, the English version of the site was published.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Карта повітряних тривог {{!}} Новини \\|url\\=https://t.me/alerts\\_in\\_ua/89 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-02 \\|website\\=Telegram}}",
"On March 22, 2023, its [own Android application](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.ukrzen.alertsinua) was published.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023\\-03\\-22 \\|title\\=Офіційний застосунок для Android {{!}} Блог \"Мапи тривог\" \\|url\\=https://blog.alerts.in.ua//p/android\\-app \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-23 \\|website\\=alerts.in.ua {{!}} Блог \\|language\\=en}}",
"The project is actively developing and has its own community.",
""
] |
Design and development
----------------------
The Bernard 20 was almost entirely constructed out of wood, except for several of the fittings. It consisted of three primary sections: a one\-piece wing (the raised middle section of which formed the middle section of the fuselage), a rear section that carried the tail unit, the forward section containing the engine mount, and the [landing gear](/wiki/Landing_gear "Landing gear"). All four sections were assembled using quickly detachable joints, facilitating their easy dismantling for repair, replacement, or ground transport.
Structurally. the wing consisted of narrow juxtaposed box [girders](/wiki/Girder "Girder") with [plywood](/wiki/Plywood "Plywood") webs and [spruce](/wiki/Spruce "Spruce") [flanges](/wiki/Flange "Flange") that also formed the surface of the wing. Additional framework elements including the [leading edge](/wiki/Leading_edge "Leading edge") and [trailing edge](/wiki/Trailing_edge "Trailing edge") sections, box [ribs](/wiki/Rib "Rib") and wooden strips. In order to validate the wing’s strength, a series of successful static tests were conducted, including a partial bending test with a load factor of 8, a [torsional](/wiki/Torsion_%28mechanics%29 "Torsion (mechanics)") test with a load factor of 2\.5, and a bending test to the point of failure that gave a safety factor of 13\.2\.NACA 1929, pp. 1\-2\. Relatively rigid flight controls were used to actuate the slender [ailerons](/wiki/Aileron "Aileron").NACA 1929, p. 2\.
At the centre of the wing, these members crossed at a height to form the middle portion of the fuselage; this arrangement made the primary wing structure a continuous girder of considerable strength while also reserving a central space of sufficient dimensions that accommodated the forward portion of the cockpit. Additionally, a steel tube traverses this block at each corner along with attachment points for both the engine mount within the forward portion of the fuselage and the rear fuselage section.NACA 1929, p. 1\.
The framework of the rear fuselage section comprised a pair of vertical box girders that worked in conjunction with a pair of [longerons](/wiki/Longeron "Longeron") with uprights, cross pieces and transverse formers. It featured a double covering, the inside of which was reinforced via a series of narrow longitudinal strips. The forward fuselage was attached to the wing section via four fittings. The rear section was perforated to permit the passage of the aircraft’s one\-piece stabilizer, which had four points of fixation. The tail surfaces, which included a two\-part [elevator](/wiki/Elevator_%28aeronautics%29 "Elevator (aeronautics)"), had a similar structure to that of the wing.
The Bernard 20 was powered by a single direct\-drive [Hispano\-Suiza 12Jb](/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_12J "Hispano-Suiza 12J") [V\-12](/wiki/V-12_engine "V-12 engine") engine, capable of generating up to 400 hp. Access to the engine was achieved via a series of large panels mounted on longitudinal hinges. The fuel tanks were located within the wing section on both sides of the fuselage; a fuel dump facility was present for handling an emergency situation. The oil tank was within the engine section, being effectively combined with the oil radiator, which is flush with the outside of the fuselage. The water radiator was located underneath the wing. The engine bay was covered by a [duralumin](/wiki/Duralumin "Duralumin") shell that formed the nose of the aircraft; it was attached via four bolts to tubes that traversed the central portion of the wing.
The primary members of the [landing gear](/wiki/Landing_gear "Landing gear") were a pair of [laminated](/wiki/Lamination "Lamination") wooden panels, one of which was directly attached to either side of the enlarged central section of the wing. The lower ends were connected by a pair of tubes, between which were the two half\-axles. Bechereau [shock absorbers](/wiki/Shock_absorber "Shock absorber") worked in combination with [elastic](/wiki/Elastic_deformation "Elastic deformation") cords that were enclosed within panels.NACA 1929, p. 3\.
The cockpit was furnished with a single adjustable seat, complete with a large reinforced head rest, for the pilot.NACA 1929, pp. 3, 6\. Protection against capsizing was achieved via a relatively high windshield comprising steel tubes that were capable of withstanding stresses of up to 5000 kg (11000 lb.); an opening was also provided so that the pilot could escape from the aircraft if it were to completely overturn on the ground. Ground transportation of the aircraft was to be eased by the adoption of a special steel\-tubing support to achieve the disassembling of the fuselage and wing with relative ease; a false central section, likewise made of steel tubing, would be substituted for transit. The assembly of the engine block, fuselage, tail surfaces and landing gear could be taken along the road on its own wheels while the wing would have to be separately transported on a trailer.NACA 1929, pp. 3, 5\.
|
[
"Design and development\n----------------------",
"The Bernard 20 was almost entirely constructed out of wood, except for several of the fittings. It consisted of three primary sections: a one\\-piece wing (the raised middle section of which formed the middle section of the fuselage), a rear section that carried the tail unit, the forward section containing the engine mount, and the [landing gear](/wiki/Landing_gear \"Landing gear\"). All four sections were assembled using quickly detachable joints, facilitating their easy dismantling for repair, replacement, or ground transport.",
"Structurally. the wing consisted of narrow juxtaposed box [girders](/wiki/Girder \"Girder\") with [plywood](/wiki/Plywood \"Plywood\") webs and [spruce](/wiki/Spruce \"Spruce\") [flanges](/wiki/Flange \"Flange\") that also formed the surface of the wing. Additional framework elements including the [leading edge](/wiki/Leading_edge \"Leading edge\") and [trailing edge](/wiki/Trailing_edge \"Trailing edge\") sections, box [ribs](/wiki/Rib \"Rib\") and wooden strips. In order to validate the wing’s strength, a series of successful static tests were conducted, including a partial bending test with a load factor of 8, a [torsional](/wiki/Torsion_%28mechanics%29 \"Torsion (mechanics)\") test with a load factor of 2\\.5, and a bending test to the point of failure that gave a safety factor of 13\\.2\\.NACA 1929, pp. 1\\-2\\. Relatively rigid flight controls were used to actuate the slender [ailerons](/wiki/Aileron \"Aileron\").NACA 1929, p. 2\\.",
"At the centre of the wing, these members crossed at a height to form the middle portion of the fuselage; this arrangement made the primary wing structure a continuous girder of considerable strength while also reserving a central space of sufficient dimensions that accommodated the forward portion of the cockpit. Additionally, a steel tube traverses this block at each corner along with attachment points for both the engine mount within the forward portion of the fuselage and the rear fuselage section.NACA 1929, p. 1\\.",
"The framework of the rear fuselage section comprised a pair of vertical box girders that worked in conjunction with a pair of [longerons](/wiki/Longeron \"Longeron\") with uprights, cross pieces and transverse formers. It featured a double covering, the inside of which was reinforced via a series of narrow longitudinal strips. The forward fuselage was attached to the wing section via four fittings. The rear section was perforated to permit the passage of the aircraft’s one\\-piece stabilizer, which had four points of fixation. The tail surfaces, which included a two\\-part [elevator](/wiki/Elevator_%28aeronautics%29 \"Elevator (aeronautics)\"), had a similar structure to that of the wing.",
"The Bernard 20 was powered by a single direct\\-drive [Hispano\\-Suiza 12Jb](/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_12J \"Hispano-Suiza 12J\") [V\\-12](/wiki/V-12_engine \"V-12 engine\") engine, capable of generating up to 400 hp. Access to the engine was achieved via a series of large panels mounted on longitudinal hinges. The fuel tanks were located within the wing section on both sides of the fuselage; a fuel dump facility was present for handling an emergency situation. The oil tank was within the engine section, being effectively combined with the oil radiator, which is flush with the outside of the fuselage. The water radiator was located underneath the wing. The engine bay was covered by a [duralumin](/wiki/Duralumin \"Duralumin\") shell that formed the nose of the aircraft; it was attached via four bolts to tubes that traversed the central portion of the wing.",
"The primary members of the [landing gear](/wiki/Landing_gear \"Landing gear\") were a pair of [laminated](/wiki/Lamination \"Lamination\") wooden panels, one of which was directly attached to either side of the enlarged central section of the wing. The lower ends were connected by a pair of tubes, between which were the two half\\-axles. Bechereau [shock absorbers](/wiki/Shock_absorber \"Shock absorber\") worked in combination with [elastic](/wiki/Elastic_deformation \"Elastic deformation\") cords that were enclosed within panels.NACA 1929, p. 3\\.",
"The cockpit was furnished with a single adjustable seat, complete with a large reinforced head rest, for the pilot.NACA 1929, pp. 3, 6\\. Protection against capsizing was achieved via a relatively high windshield comprising steel tubes that were capable of withstanding stresses of up to 5000 kg (11000 lb.); an opening was also provided so that the pilot could escape from the aircraft if it were to completely overturn on the ground. Ground transportation of the aircraft was to be eased by the adoption of a special steel\\-tubing support to achieve the disassembling of the fuselage and wing with relative ease; a false central section, likewise made of steel tubing, would be substituted for transit. The assembly of the engine block, fuselage, tail surfaces and landing gear could be taken along the road on its own wheels while the wing would have to be separately transported on a trailer.NACA 1929, pp. 3, 5\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
{{More citations needed section\|date\=July 2017}}
### WCEC\-FM/WFMA
In 1947, Mel Warner and his father\-in\-law, *Rocky Mount Evening Telegram* founder Josh Horne, signed on WCEC 810 AM and WCEC\-FM 100\.7 FM in Rocky Mount. The stations hired legendary agricultural broadcaster Ray Wilkinson in 1948, and along with WRAL\-FM Raleigh and WGBR Goldsboro, started the Tobacco Network. It was sold to WRAL\-FM owner A. J. Fletcher, and has grown into what is now known as the [North Carolina News Network](/wiki/North_Carolina_News_Network "North Carolina News Network"). Two years after its first sign on, the WCEC\-FM call sign was changed to WFMA.
### WTRG\-FM
WFMA had a country format when Ken Johnson's [Mobile, Alabama](/wiki/Mobile%2C_Alabama "Mobile, Alabama")\-based Capital Broadcasting (no relation to Raleigh's [Capitol Broadcasting Company](/wiki/Capitol_Broadcasting_Company "Capitol Broadcasting Company")) bought it and moved its studios to Raleigh. The call sign was changed to WTRG around August 1986\. (WCEC 810, now a stand\-alone which was authorized for daytime operation only, went dark and its license was subsequently returned to the FCC.) Along with the studio move, WTRG was upgraded to a 100,000\-watt signal using one of the tallest towers in North Carolina. The station, now with a {{convert\|10227\|sqmi\|km2\|adj\=on}} coverage area, claimed the 17th largest coverage area of any FM station in America. WTRG signed on with the fight songs from Duke, UNC, and NC State before debuting with an [oldies](/wiki/Oldies "Oldies") format, only to quickly change to an [adult contemporary](/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music "Adult contemporary music") format. They returned to oldies in 1989 as "Oldies 100\.7".
[Tom Joyner](/wiki/Tom_Joyner_%28WPTF_host%29 "Tom Joyner (WPTF host)") purchased WTRG in 1991 and built a community\-minded station which took editorial stances: an example of this was the station's 1993 effort for increased rights of victims of violent crimes. With the relaxation of dual ownership rules, WTRG was sold in 1994 to Hicks Muse of Dallas, along with Carl Venters' [WRDU](/wiki/WTKK "WTKK"), a move\-in from nearby Wilson. That same year, WTRG picked up [UNC Tar Heels](/wiki/UNC_Tar_Heels "UNC Tar Heels") radio broadcasts from [WZZU](/wiki/WNCB "WNCB").
Through several mergers, WTRG, WRDU and three other local stations became part of Clear Channel Communications, which would itself become [iHeartMedia](/wiki/IHeartMedia "IHeartMedia") in 2014\. On November 8, 2004, WTRG axed its longtime oldies format and began stunting with simulcasts of Clear Channel sister stations WRSN (now WNCB), WDCG, WDUR and WRDU (now WTKK). At 5 p.m. on November 12, the station switched to country as "100\.7 The Bull".{{Citation needed\|date\=December 2011}}
### WRVA\-FM
[thumb\|WRVA\-FM's logo under "100\.7 The River" branding](/wiki/Image:WRVA-FM.jpg "WRVA-FM.jpg")
However, "The Bull" also turned out to be a stunt, as three days later, on November 15, at 5 p.m., the station became [adult album alternative](/wiki/Adult_album_alternative "Adult album alternative")\-formatted "100\.7 The River", with the new call sign WRVA\-FM following shortly thereafter. Even though it shared the same call sign as fellow [Clear Channel](/wiki/IHeartMedia "IHeartMedia") station [WRVA](/wiki/WRVA_%28AM%29 "WRVA (AM)"), a 50,000\-watt AM station licensed to serve [Richmond, Virginia](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia "Richmond, Virginia"), the station was programmed independently. Per FCC requirements, the \-FM suffix was attached to the call sign.
On September 25, 2006, The River shifted to a rock adult contemporary (Rock AC) format, albeit with the same branding and logo. In anticipation of sister station and heritage rocker WRDU's switch to a [country](/wiki/Country_music "Country music") format, which took place on October 6 of that year, "The River" shifted to [classic hits](/wiki/Classic_hits "Classic hits").
In 2010, WRVA\-FM changed its city of license from Rocky Mount to Wake Forest in part of a multi\-station agreement that allowed Capitol Broadcasting sports outlet WCMC\-FM 99\.9 to increase its coverage.
During 2011, WRVA shifted toward more of a mainstream classic hits/Rock\-leaning Gold AC format, including more 1960s rock music and non\-disco pop music from the 1970s, while continuing to play 1980s music.
On November 11, 2011, at 6:00{{nbsp}}p.m., after playing The Beatles' "[Ticket to Ride](/wiki/Ticket_to_Ride_%28song%29 "Ticket to Ride (song)")" and going into Bobby Helms' "[Jingle Bell Rock](/wiki/Jingle_Bell_Rock "Jingle Bell Rock")", WRVA\-FM made the switch to all\-[Christmas music](/wiki/Christmas_music "Christmas music"). It became the third station in the Clear Channel Raleigh cluster to make such a change. WRSN/WKSL made the holiday switch on an annual basis until 2007, and WRDU did likewise in 2009 when it switched from country music to [talk radio](/wiki/Talk_radio "Talk radio") (as that station lost the ratings and revenue battle to [WQDR\-FM](/wiki/WQDR-FM "WQDR-FM")). The switch led to rumors of a format change. On December 26, 2011, 100\.7 The River returned with more of a mainstream classic hits format, including more 1960s and 1970s pop/R\&B music, and less classic rock and 1980s music. This put the station in competition with Curtis Media's [WKIX\-FM](/wiki/WKIX-FM "WKIX-FM").
Another format change took effect on June 8, 2012, with the station this time going in a more general [classic rock](/wiki/Classic_rock "Classic rock") direction, with artists such as [Guns N' Roses](/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses "Guns N' Roses"), [Van Halen](/wiki/Van_Halen "Van Halen"), [Pink Floyd](/wiki/Pink_Floyd "Pink Floyd"), and [ZZ Top](/wiki/ZZ_Top "ZZ Top"). As of November 7, 2012, the River changed to a harder brand of classic rock, similar to [WBBB](/wiki/WBBB "WBBB"), who switched formats to [adult hits](/wiki/Adult_hits "Adult hits") in November 2011, and longtime classic rocker [106\.1 RDU](/wiki/WTKK "WTKK").
### WTKK/WRDU
On March 27, 2013, WRVA\-FM changed its call sign to WTKK.{{cite web\|url\=http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/netgnomes/81331/call\-change\-leading\-to\-more\-in\-raleigh/\|title\=WRDU Returns To Rock Raleigh\|date\=April 1, 2013\|first\=Lance\|last\=Venta\|publisher\=Radio Insight\|access\-date\=April 6, 2013}} On March 28, the station released morning host Kitty Kinnin. The next day, the station began running liners promoting that "The River has dried up" and a change would happen on April 1 at 9:00 AM. At that time, after a 3\-hour [stunt](/wiki/Stunting_%28broadcasting%29 "Stunting (broadcasting)") with a loop of "[Back in Black](/wiki/Back_in_Black_%28song%29 "Back in Black (song)")" by [AC/DC](/wiki/AC/DC "AC/DC") and audio of a scene from *[School of Rock](/wiki/School_of_Rock "School of Rock")*, the station relaunched as "Classic Rock, 100\.7 WRDU", with actor/[Tenacious D](/wiki/Tenacious_D "Tenacious D") member Jack Black relaunching WRDU with the words "LET'S GET ROCKIN'!" The first song after the relaunch was "[Eruption](/wiki/Eruption_%28song%29 "Eruption (song)")" by [Van Halen](/wiki/Van_Halen "Van Halen").{{cite web\|url\=http://formatchange.com/the\-river\-returns\-wrdu/\|title\=The River Returns WRDU – Format Change Archive\|access\-date\=21 August 2016}} The WTKK call sign was moved to 106\.1, which rebranded itself as "106\.1 WTKK" with the slogan "More Stimulating Talk Radio", while the WRDU call sign was moved to 100\.7\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{More citations needed section\\|date\\=July 2017}}",
"### WCEC\\-FM/WFMA",
"In 1947, Mel Warner and his father\\-in\\-law, *Rocky Mount Evening Telegram* founder Josh Horne, signed on WCEC 810 AM and WCEC\\-FM 100\\.7 FM in Rocky Mount. The stations hired legendary agricultural broadcaster Ray Wilkinson in 1948, and along with WRAL\\-FM Raleigh and WGBR Goldsboro, started the Tobacco Network. It was sold to WRAL\\-FM owner A. J. Fletcher, and has grown into what is now known as the [North Carolina News Network](/wiki/North_Carolina_News_Network \"North Carolina News Network\"). Two years after its first sign on, the WCEC\\-FM call sign was changed to WFMA.",
"### WTRG\\-FM",
"WFMA had a country format when Ken Johnson's [Mobile, Alabama](/wiki/Mobile%2C_Alabama \"Mobile, Alabama\")\\-based Capital Broadcasting (no relation to Raleigh's [Capitol Broadcasting Company](/wiki/Capitol_Broadcasting_Company \"Capitol Broadcasting Company\")) bought it and moved its studios to Raleigh. The call sign was changed to WTRG around August 1986\\. (WCEC 810, now a stand\\-alone which was authorized for daytime operation only, went dark and its license was subsequently returned to the FCC.) Along with the studio move, WTRG was upgraded to a 100,000\\-watt signal using one of the tallest towers in North Carolina. The station, now with a {{convert\\|10227\\|sqmi\\|km2\\|adj\\=on}} coverage area, claimed the 17th largest coverage area of any FM station in America. WTRG signed on with the fight songs from Duke, UNC, and NC State before debuting with an [oldies](/wiki/Oldies \"Oldies\") format, only to quickly change to an [adult contemporary](/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music \"Adult contemporary music\") format. They returned to oldies in 1989 as \"Oldies 100\\.7\".",
"[Tom Joyner](/wiki/Tom_Joyner_%28WPTF_host%29 \"Tom Joyner (WPTF host)\") purchased WTRG in 1991 and built a community\\-minded station which took editorial stances: an example of this was the station's 1993 effort for increased rights of victims of violent crimes. With the relaxation of dual ownership rules, WTRG was sold in 1994 to Hicks Muse of Dallas, along with Carl Venters' [WRDU](/wiki/WTKK \"WTKK\"), a move\\-in from nearby Wilson. That same year, WTRG picked up [UNC Tar Heels](/wiki/UNC_Tar_Heels \"UNC Tar Heels\") radio broadcasts from [WZZU](/wiki/WNCB \"WNCB\").",
"Through several mergers, WTRG, WRDU and three other local stations became part of Clear Channel Communications, which would itself become [iHeartMedia](/wiki/IHeartMedia \"IHeartMedia\") in 2014\\. On November 8, 2004, WTRG axed its longtime oldies format and began stunting with simulcasts of Clear Channel sister stations WRSN (now WNCB), WDCG, WDUR and WRDU (now WTKK). At 5 p.m. on November 12, the station switched to country as \"100\\.7 The Bull\".{{Citation needed\\|date\\=December 2011}}",
"### WRVA\\-FM",
"[thumb\\|WRVA\\-FM's logo under \"100\\.7 The River\" branding](/wiki/Image:WRVA-FM.jpg \"WRVA-FM.jpg\")\nHowever, \"The Bull\" also turned out to be a stunt, as three days later, on November 15, at 5 p.m., the station became [adult album alternative](/wiki/Adult_album_alternative \"Adult album alternative\")\\-formatted \"100\\.7 The River\", with the new call sign WRVA\\-FM following shortly thereafter. Even though it shared the same call sign as fellow [Clear Channel](/wiki/IHeartMedia \"IHeartMedia\") station [WRVA](/wiki/WRVA_%28AM%29 \"WRVA (AM)\"), a 50,000\\-watt AM station licensed to serve [Richmond, Virginia](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia \"Richmond, Virginia\"), the station was programmed independently. Per FCC requirements, the \\-FM suffix was attached to the call sign.",
"On September 25, 2006, The River shifted to a rock adult contemporary (Rock AC) format, albeit with the same branding and logo. In anticipation of sister station and heritage rocker WRDU's switch to a [country](/wiki/Country_music \"Country music\") format, which took place on October 6 of that year, \"The River\" shifted to [classic hits](/wiki/Classic_hits \"Classic hits\").",
"In 2010, WRVA\\-FM changed its city of license from Rocky Mount to Wake Forest in part of a multi\\-station agreement that allowed Capitol Broadcasting sports outlet WCMC\\-FM 99\\.9 to increase its coverage.",
"During 2011, WRVA shifted toward more of a mainstream classic hits/Rock\\-leaning Gold AC format, including more 1960s rock music and non\\-disco pop music from the 1970s, while continuing to play 1980s music.",
"On November 11, 2011, at 6:00{{nbsp}}p.m., after playing The Beatles' \"[Ticket to Ride](/wiki/Ticket_to_Ride_%28song%29 \"Ticket to Ride (song)\")\" and going into Bobby Helms' \"[Jingle Bell Rock](/wiki/Jingle_Bell_Rock \"Jingle Bell Rock\")\", WRVA\\-FM made the switch to all\\-[Christmas music](/wiki/Christmas_music \"Christmas music\"). It became the third station in the Clear Channel Raleigh cluster to make such a change. WRSN/WKSL made the holiday switch on an annual basis until 2007, and WRDU did likewise in 2009 when it switched from country music to [talk radio](/wiki/Talk_radio \"Talk radio\") (as that station lost the ratings and revenue battle to [WQDR\\-FM](/wiki/WQDR-FM \"WQDR-FM\")). The switch led to rumors of a format change. On December 26, 2011, 100\\.7 The River returned with more of a mainstream classic hits format, including more 1960s and 1970s pop/R\\&B music, and less classic rock and 1980s music. This put the station in competition with Curtis Media's [WKIX\\-FM](/wiki/WKIX-FM \"WKIX-FM\").",
"Another format change took effect on June 8, 2012, with the station this time going in a more general [classic rock](/wiki/Classic_rock \"Classic rock\") direction, with artists such as [Guns N' Roses](/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses \"Guns N' Roses\"), [Van Halen](/wiki/Van_Halen \"Van Halen\"), [Pink Floyd](/wiki/Pink_Floyd \"Pink Floyd\"), and [ZZ Top](/wiki/ZZ_Top \"ZZ Top\"). As of November 7, 2012, the River changed to a harder brand of classic rock, similar to [WBBB](/wiki/WBBB \"WBBB\"), who switched formats to [adult hits](/wiki/Adult_hits \"Adult hits\") in November 2011, and longtime classic rocker [106\\.1 RDU](/wiki/WTKK \"WTKK\").",
"### WTKK/WRDU",
"On March 27, 2013, WRVA\\-FM changed its call sign to WTKK.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/netgnomes/81331/call\\-change\\-leading\\-to\\-more\\-in\\-raleigh/\\|title\\=WRDU Returns To Rock Raleigh\\|date\\=April 1, 2013\\|first\\=Lance\\|last\\=Venta\\|publisher\\=Radio Insight\\|access\\-date\\=April 6, 2013}} On March 28, the station released morning host Kitty Kinnin. The next day, the station began running liners promoting that \"The River has dried up\" and a change would happen on April 1 at 9:00 AM. At that time, after a 3\\-hour [stunt](/wiki/Stunting_%28broadcasting%29 \"Stunting (broadcasting)\") with a loop of \"[Back in Black](/wiki/Back_in_Black_%28song%29 \"Back in Black (song)\")\" by [AC/DC](/wiki/AC/DC \"AC/DC\") and audio of a scene from *[School of Rock](/wiki/School_of_Rock \"School of Rock\")*, the station relaunched as \"Classic Rock, 100\\.7 WRDU\", with actor/[Tenacious D](/wiki/Tenacious_D \"Tenacious D\") member Jack Black relaunching WRDU with the words \"LET'S GET ROCKIN'!\" The first song after the relaunch was \"[Eruption](/wiki/Eruption_%28song%29 \"Eruption (song)\")\" by [Van Halen](/wiki/Van_Halen \"Van Halen\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://formatchange.com/the\\-river\\-returns\\-wrdu/\\|title\\=The River Returns WRDU – Format Change Archive\\|access\\-date\\=21 August 2016}} The WTKK call sign was moved to 106\\.1, which rebranded itself as \"106\\.1 WTKK\" with the slogan \"More Stimulating Talk Radio\", while the WRDU call sign was moved to 100\\.7\\.",
""
] |
### WRVA\-FM
[thumb\|WRVA\-FM's logo under "100\.7 The River" branding](/wiki/Image:WRVA-FM.jpg "WRVA-FM.jpg")
However, "The Bull" also turned out to be a stunt, as three days later, on November 15, at 5 p.m., the station became [adult album alternative](/wiki/Adult_album_alternative "Adult album alternative")\-formatted "100\.7 The River", with the new call sign WRVA\-FM following shortly thereafter. Even though it shared the same call sign as fellow [Clear Channel](/wiki/IHeartMedia "IHeartMedia") station [WRVA](/wiki/WRVA_%28AM%29 "WRVA (AM)"), a 50,000\-watt AM station licensed to serve [Richmond, Virginia](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia "Richmond, Virginia"), the station was programmed independently. Per FCC requirements, the \-FM suffix was attached to the call sign.
On September 25, 2006, The River shifted to a rock adult contemporary (Rock AC) format, albeit with the same branding and logo. In anticipation of sister station and heritage rocker WRDU's switch to a [country](/wiki/Country_music "Country music") format, which took place on October 6 of that year, "The River" shifted to [classic hits](/wiki/Classic_hits "Classic hits").
In 2010, WRVA\-FM changed its city of license from Rocky Mount to Wake Forest in part of a multi\-station agreement that allowed Capitol Broadcasting sports outlet WCMC\-FM 99\.9 to increase its coverage.
During 2011, WRVA shifted toward more of a mainstream classic hits/Rock\-leaning Gold AC format, including more 1960s rock music and non\-disco pop music from the 1970s, while continuing to play 1980s music.
On November 11, 2011, at 6:00{{nbsp}}p.m., after playing The Beatles' "[Ticket to Ride](/wiki/Ticket_to_Ride_%28song%29 "Ticket to Ride (song)")" and going into Bobby Helms' "[Jingle Bell Rock](/wiki/Jingle_Bell_Rock "Jingle Bell Rock")", WRVA\-FM made the switch to all\-[Christmas music](/wiki/Christmas_music "Christmas music"). It became the third station in the Clear Channel Raleigh cluster to make such a change. WRSN/WKSL made the holiday switch on an annual basis until 2007, and WRDU did likewise in 2009 when it switched from country music to [talk radio](/wiki/Talk_radio "Talk radio") (as that station lost the ratings and revenue battle to [WQDR\-FM](/wiki/WQDR-FM "WQDR-FM")). The switch led to rumors of a format change. On December 26, 2011, 100\.7 The River returned with more of a mainstream classic hits format, including more 1960s and 1970s pop/R\&B music, and less classic rock and 1980s music. This put the station in competition with Curtis Media's [WKIX\-FM](/wiki/WKIX-FM "WKIX-FM").
Another format change took effect on June 8, 2012, with the station this time going in a more general [classic rock](/wiki/Classic_rock "Classic rock") direction, with artists such as [Guns N' Roses](/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses "Guns N' Roses"), [Van Halen](/wiki/Van_Halen "Van Halen"), [Pink Floyd](/wiki/Pink_Floyd "Pink Floyd"), and [ZZ Top](/wiki/ZZ_Top "ZZ Top"). As of November 7, 2012, the River changed to a harder brand of classic rock, similar to [WBBB](/wiki/WBBB "WBBB"), who switched formats to [adult hits](/wiki/Adult_hits "Adult hits") in November 2011, and longtime classic rocker [106\.1 RDU](/wiki/WTKK "WTKK").
|
[
"### WRVA\\-FM",
"[thumb\\|WRVA\\-FM's logo under \"100\\.7 The River\" branding](/wiki/Image:WRVA-FM.jpg \"WRVA-FM.jpg\")\nHowever, \"The Bull\" also turned out to be a stunt, as three days later, on November 15, at 5 p.m., the station became [adult album alternative](/wiki/Adult_album_alternative \"Adult album alternative\")\\-formatted \"100\\.7 The River\", with the new call sign WRVA\\-FM following shortly thereafter. Even though it shared the same call sign as fellow [Clear Channel](/wiki/IHeartMedia \"IHeartMedia\") station [WRVA](/wiki/WRVA_%28AM%29 \"WRVA (AM)\"), a 50,000\\-watt AM station licensed to serve [Richmond, Virginia](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia \"Richmond, Virginia\"), the station was programmed independently. Per FCC requirements, the \\-FM suffix was attached to the call sign.",
"On September 25, 2006, The River shifted to a rock adult contemporary (Rock AC) format, albeit with the same branding and logo. In anticipation of sister station and heritage rocker WRDU's switch to a [country](/wiki/Country_music \"Country music\") format, which took place on October 6 of that year, \"The River\" shifted to [classic hits](/wiki/Classic_hits \"Classic hits\").",
"In 2010, WRVA\\-FM changed its city of license from Rocky Mount to Wake Forest in part of a multi\\-station agreement that allowed Capitol Broadcasting sports outlet WCMC\\-FM 99\\.9 to increase its coverage.",
"During 2011, WRVA shifted toward more of a mainstream classic hits/Rock\\-leaning Gold AC format, including more 1960s rock music and non\\-disco pop music from the 1970s, while continuing to play 1980s music.",
"On November 11, 2011, at 6:00{{nbsp}}p.m., after playing The Beatles' \"[Ticket to Ride](/wiki/Ticket_to_Ride_%28song%29 \"Ticket to Ride (song)\")\" and going into Bobby Helms' \"[Jingle Bell Rock](/wiki/Jingle_Bell_Rock \"Jingle Bell Rock\")\", WRVA\\-FM made the switch to all\\-[Christmas music](/wiki/Christmas_music \"Christmas music\"). It became the third station in the Clear Channel Raleigh cluster to make such a change. WRSN/WKSL made the holiday switch on an annual basis until 2007, and WRDU did likewise in 2009 when it switched from country music to [talk radio](/wiki/Talk_radio \"Talk radio\") (as that station lost the ratings and revenue battle to [WQDR\\-FM](/wiki/WQDR-FM \"WQDR-FM\")). The switch led to rumors of a format change. On December 26, 2011, 100\\.7 The River returned with more of a mainstream classic hits format, including more 1960s and 1970s pop/R\\&B music, and less classic rock and 1980s music. This put the station in competition with Curtis Media's [WKIX\\-FM](/wiki/WKIX-FM \"WKIX-FM\").",
"Another format change took effect on June 8, 2012, with the station this time going in a more general [classic rock](/wiki/Classic_rock \"Classic rock\") direction, with artists such as [Guns N' Roses](/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses \"Guns N' Roses\"), [Van Halen](/wiki/Van_Halen \"Van Halen\"), [Pink Floyd](/wiki/Pink_Floyd \"Pink Floyd\"), and [ZZ Top](/wiki/ZZ_Top \"ZZ Top\"). As of November 7, 2012, the River changed to a harder brand of classic rock, similar to [WBBB](/wiki/WBBB \"WBBB\"), who switched formats to [adult hits](/wiki/Adult_hits \"Adult hits\") in November 2011, and longtime classic rocker [106\\.1 RDU](/wiki/WTKK \"WTKK\").",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1860\= 198
\|1870\= 235
\|1880\= 306
\|1890\= 521
\|1900\= 480
\|1910\= 555
\|1920\= 566
\|1930\= 905
\|1940\= 664
\|1950\= 677
\|1960\= 696
\|1970\= 961
\|1980\= 1293
\|1990\= 2608
\|2000\= 5060
\|2010\= 6323
\|2020\= 6241
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}}
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=January 25, 2013}} of 2010, there were 6,323 people, 2,415 households, and 1,658 families living in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|1982\.1\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 2,500 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|783\.7\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 94\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 2\.0% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.3% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.4% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.9% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.5% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 3\.0% of the population.
There were 2,415 households, of which 42\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 11\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 4\.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31\.3% were non\-families. 26\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.62 and the average family size was 3\.20\.
The median age in the town was 35\.2 years. 28\.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 7\.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 30\.1% were from 25 to 44; 23\.9% were from 45 to 64; and 9\.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 47\.3% male and 52\.7% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=January 31, 2008\|title\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 5,060 people, 1,787 households, and 1,327 families living in the town. The population density was {{convert\|1,887\.1\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 1,851 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|690\.3\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 97\.79% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.79% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.06% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.51% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.06% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 0\.79% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.09% of the population.
There were 1,787 households, out of which 50\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 11\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25\.7% were non\-families. 21\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.83 and the average family size was 3\.32\.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 34\.7% under the age of 18, 5\.8% from 18 to 24, 39\.5% from 25 to 44, 14\.2% from 45 to 64, and 5\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 94\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88\.0 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $56,655, and the median income for a family was $62,460\. Males had a median income of $45,000 versus $30,407 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the town was $22,730\. About 1\.3% of families and 2\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 1\.5% of those under age 18 and 6\.4% of those age 65 or over.
[thumb\|left\|Hampstead Elementary School](/wiki/Image:Hampstead_Elementary_School%2C_Hampstead%2C_Maryland.jpg "Hampstead Elementary School, Hampstead, Maryland.jpg")
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1860\\= 198\n\\|1870\\= 235\n\\|1880\\= 306\n\\|1890\\= 521\n\\|1900\\= 480\n\\|1910\\= 555\n\\|1920\\= 566\n\\|1930\\= 905\n\\|1940\\= 664\n\\|1950\\= 677\n\\|1960\\= 696\n\\|1970\\= 961\n\\|1980\\= 1293\n\\|1990\\= 2608\n\\|2000\\= 5060\n\\|2010\\= 6323\n\\|2020\\= 6241\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=January 25, 2013}} of 2010, there were 6,323 people, 2,415 households, and 1,658 families living in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|1982\\.1\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 2,500 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|783\\.7\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 94\\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 2\\.0% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.3% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.4% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.9% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.5% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 3\\.0% of the population.",
"There were 2,415 households, of which 42\\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52\\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 11\\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 4\\.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31\\.3% were non\\-families. 26\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.62 and the average family size was 3\\.20\\.",
"The median age in the town was 35\\.2 years. 28\\.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 7\\.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 30\\.1% were from 25 to 44; 23\\.9% were from 45 to 64; and 9\\.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 47\\.3% male and 52\\.7% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=January 31, 2008\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 5,060 people, 1,787 households, and 1,327 families living in the town. The population density was {{convert\\|1,887\\.1\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 1,851 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|690\\.3\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 97\\.79% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.79% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.06% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.51% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.06% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.79% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.09% of the population.",
"There were 1,787 households, out of which 50\\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59\\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 11\\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25\\.7% were non\\-families. 21\\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.83 and the average family size was 3\\.32\\.",
"In the town, the population was spread out, with 34\\.7% under the age of 18, 5\\.8% from 18 to 24, 39\\.5% from 25 to 44, 14\\.2% from 45 to 64, and 5\\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 94\\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88\\.0 males.",
"The median income for a household in the town was $56,655, and the median income for a family was $62,460\\. Males had a median income of $45,000 versus $30,407 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the town was $22,730\\. About 1\\.3% of families and 2\\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 1\\.5% of those under age 18 and 6\\.4% of those age 65 or over.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Hampstead Elementary School](/wiki/Image:Hampstead_Elementary_School%2C_Hampstead%2C_Maryland.jpg \"Hampstead Elementary School, Hampstead, Maryland.jpg\")",
""
] |
History
-------
{{Main\|French Army\|Compagnie Ordinaire de la Mer\|Troupes de la marine}}
[right\|thumb\|250px\|Soldier of the [Compagnies Franches de la Marine](/wiki/Compagnies_Franches_de_la_Marine "Compagnies Franches de la Marine") during the [Seven Years' War](/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War "Seven Years' War"). {{lang\|fr\|\[\[Musée de l'Armée]]}} (*Armed Forces Museum*).](/wiki/File:Regiment_de_la_marine_1757.jpeg "Regiment de la marine 1757.jpeg")
The {{lang\|fr\|Troupes de marine}} were formerly known as the {{lang\|fr\|\[\[Troupes coloniales]]}}, with origins dating back to the French Navy's {{lang\|fr\|\[\[Troupes de la marine]]}}. The French colonies were under the control of the {{lang\|fr\|\[\[Ministère de la Marine]]}} (the equivalent of the [British Admiralty](/wiki/British_Admiralty "British Admiralty")), accordingly, Marines defended the colonies.
### Ancien Régime
#### Origin
Renamed {{lang\|fr\|Troupes d'Outre\-Mer}} then {{lang\|fr\|Troupes de Marine}} during the dismantling of the [French Union](/wiki/French_Union "French Union") (1958\), their origin can actually be found in the {{lang\|fr\|\[\[Compagnie Ordinaire de la Mer\|Compagnies Ordinaires de la Mer]]}} ({{lang\-fr\|\[\[:fr:compagnie ordinaire de la mer\|Compagnies Ordinaires de la Mer]]}}) (*Ordinary Sea Companies*), created in 1622 by [Cardinal Richelieu](/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu "Cardinal Richelieu"). These companies were used to embark on royal naval ships to serve the [naval artillery](/wiki/Naval_artillery "Naval artillery") and participate in the boarding of enemy ships. These companies were also in charge of guarding the various sea ports. Despite the fact that the artillery of the marines was limited in numbers compared to those of the infantry marines (fusiliers and grenadiers), the ship's marine artillerymen were the determining factor for the {{lang\|fr\|Troupes de la marine}}, being in charge of displacing and mounting the naval guns under the orders of the respective marine artillery officer in charge. In the 18th century, they constituted the {{lang\|fr\|\[\[Compagnies Franches de la Marine]]}} who essentially spread to {{lang\|fr\|Nouvelle France}} (in particular: these marines were recruited in Europe, with marine officers recruiting them on the spot due to an excellent knowledge of the local environment). Since then the anchor has been with the Troupes as their official symbol because of the former links to the French Royal Navy.
Following France's defeat in the [Seven Years' War](/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War "Seven Years' War"), these troops, along with the rest of the Marines, were transferred to the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army "French Army") under the Choiseul ministries, and after their emancipation at the end of 1760, they retained a large number of officers issued from the [Ministère de la Guerre](/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_%28France%29 "Minister of Defence (France)"), which would reproduce and compensate for the losses endured assisting the colonies during the [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War "American Revolutionary War"). An evolution in the mentality of the troops and an increasingly pronounced separation between the marines and their officers followed. A tentative close\-up merger was attempted by two naval ship corps and their troops in 1786 with the companies of naval gunners assigned to ships of the Navy; however, the experiment came to little conclusion.
#### Ordinary Sea Companies and Troupes de la marine (1622–1673\)
{{Main\|Compagnie ordinaire de la mer\|Troupes de la marine}}
The separate companies of the {{lang\|fr\|\[\[Régiment Royal–La Marine]]}} and the {{lang\|fr\|\[\[Régiment de Vermandois\|Régiment de l'Amiral de France]]}} founded by [Colbert](/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert "Jean-Baptiste Colbert") were based in [Dunkerque](/wiki/Dunkirk "Dunkirk"), [Le Havre](/wiki/Le_Havre "Le Havre"), [Brest](/wiki/Brest%2C_France "Brest, France"), [Rochefort](/wiki/Rochefort%2C_Charente-Maritime "Rochefort, Charente-Maritime") and [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon "Toulon"). They wore an off\-white/grey uniform with blue [facings](/wiki/Facings "Facings") .
The 1670s saw significant changes in the organisation of the new corps, administered by Ministers [Colbert](/wiki/List_of_Naval_Ministers_of_France "List of Naval Ministers of France") and [François\-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Michel_le_Tellier%2C_Marquis_de_Louvois "François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois"), respectively [Naval State Secretary](/wiki/List_of_Naval_Ministers_of_France "List of Naval Ministers of France") and the [Secretary of State of War](/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_%28France%29 "Minister of Defence (France)"). The four regiments of the [la marine](/wiki/Troupes_de_la_marine "Troupes de la marine") were transferred from the [secretariat of La Marine](/wiki/French_Navy "French Navy") to that of the [secretariat of La Guerre](/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_%28France%29 "Minister of Defence (France)"). The regiments were no longer directly part of the [French Navy](/wiki/French_Navy "French Navy") although the designation {{lang\|fr\|Troupes de marine}} was retained. During the [Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution "French Revolution"), the La Marine, [Royal\-Marine](/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_Royal%E2%80%93La_Marine "Régiment Royal–La Marine"), Royal\-Vaisseux, and the {{lang\|fr\|Régiment de l'Amiral}} ( re\-baptized {{lang\|fr\|Régiment de Vermandois}}) regiments were integrated definitively into the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army "French Army"), becoming respectively, the 11e, 60e, 43e and 61e regiments of [de Ligne](/wiki/Line_Infantry "Line Infantry") in 1791\.
The [Marine Royale](/wiki/French_Navy "French Navy") was a substantial force in 1671, consisting of 196 naval vessels. Colbert decided to create 100 companies of "guardian\-soldiers" intended to form part of the crews of the larger naval vessels ({{lang\-fr\|\[\[:fr:Vaisseau (marine)\|Vaisseau]]}}). However, these men were redirected towards the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army "French Army") by Louvois in 1673\. Starting from this date, senior naval and marine officers were obliged to separately recruit crews and marines for each ship. Using a system of «levées» (selective conscription) in the various sea ports, similar to the « [marine press](/wiki/Impressment "Impressment") », the naval and marine officers were able to man their ships. However, the system reached its limitations quickly. The recruits often lacked discipline and experience, and were discharged or deserted following their first voyage, wasting months of training. Until 1682 there was a serious shortage of experienced sailors and soldiers in the French Navy.
#### Free Marine Companies and Marine Artillery Corps (1690–1761\)
{{Main\|Compagnies franches de la marine}}
The Marine units were recreated at the end of the 17th century by re\-organization of the infantry units dedicated to guarding military harbors (the Warden\-Soldiers Companies or {{lang\|fr\|compagnies de soldats\-gardiens}}, created in 1671\) and the artillery units dedicated to coastal battery service (Bomb Companies or {{lang\|fr\|compagnies de bombardiers}}, created in 1689\), naval artillery training (Apprentice Gunner Companies or {{lang\|fr\|compagnies d'apprentis\-cannoniers}}, created in 1689\) and naval artillery administration (Artillery Commissaries or {{lang\|fr\|Commissaires d'artillerie}}, created in 1631\).
* {{lang\|fr\|Compagnies franches de la Marine}} (Free Marine Companies) created in 1690\. Each company was tasked to guard a military harbor and its immediate coastline. Beginning in 1695, the Companies were organized in battalions around the major harbors ([Brest](/wiki/Brest%2C_France "Brest, France"), [Rochefort](/wiki/Rochefort%2C_Charente-Maritime "Rochefort, Charente-Maritime"), [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon "Toulon")). The Marine Companies and Battalions were dissolved in 1761\.
* {{lang\|fr\|Corps d'artillerie de Marine}} (Marine Artillery Corps), created in 1692 to oversee the training and use of coastal artillery. The Corps was disbanded in 1761\.
#### Royal Marine Corps (1769–1786\)
The infantry and marine artillery units were briefly merged into a single marine corps in 1769\. Some colonial units were created at the same time, organized along the same lines of artillery and infantry units.
* {{lang\|fr\|Corps royal d'artillerie et d'infanterie de Marine}} (Royal Marine Artillery and Infantry Corps), created in 1769\. Its name was changed in 1772 to {{lang\|fr\|Corps royal de la Marine}} (Royal Marine Corps). The Corps was organized in eight regiments, each centered on a harbor: ([Bayonne](/wiki/Bayonne "Bayonne"), [Bordeaux](/wiki/Bordeaux "Bordeaux"), [Brest](/wiki/Brest%2C_France "Brest, France"), [Le Havre](/wiki/Le_Havre "Le Havre"), [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille "Marseille"), [Rochefort](/wiki/Rochefort%2C_Charente-Maritime "Rochefort, Charente-Maritime"), [Saint\-Malo](/wiki/Saint-Malo "Saint-Malo") and [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon "Toulon")). The corps was broken down in 1774, in line with [Antoine de Sartine](/wiki/Antoine_de_Sartine "Antoine de Sartine")'s reform of the navy.
* {{lang\|fr\|Corps royal d'infanterie de la marine}} ("Royal Marine Infantry Corps), created in 1774 with the infantry units of the Royal Marine Corps, organized in three *divisions* centered on the only three military harbors remaining: Brest, Rochefort and Toulon. The Corps' name was changed to {{lang\|fr\|Corps royal de la Marine}} in 1782, but it remained an infantry\-only unit. The corps was disbanded in 1786\.
* {{lang\|fr\|Artillerie de Marine}} (Marine Artillery), created in 1774 with the artillery units of the Royal Marine Corps, organized in three *divisions* centered on the same three military harbors: Brest, Rochefort and Toulon. The Marine Artillerymen were tasked to serve aboard Navy ships as well as manning the coastal batteries. The commanding officers of the Marine Artillery were naval officers. The corps was dispanded in 1786\.
* Colonial Regiments
+ "Cap", created 1766, became the [106th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/106th_Infantry_Regiment "106th Infantry Regiment")
+ "Pondichéry", set up 1772, became the [107th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/107th_Infantry_Regiment_%28France%29 "107th Infantry Regiment (France)")
+ "Martinique et Guadeloupe", created 1772, became the [109th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/109th_Infantry_Regiment_%28France%29 "109th Infantry Regiment (France)")
+ "Port\-au\-Prince", created 1773, became [110th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/110th_Infantry_Regiment "110th Infantry Regiment")
### Revolution and First French Empire (1786–1816\)
After 1786, the Marine units were often reduced to artillery units, except for some short\-lived infantry regiments (1792–1794\).
* {{lang\|fr\|Corps royal de cannoniers\-matelots}} (Royal Sailors\-Gunners Corps), created on 1 January 1786\. The {{lang\|fr\|Corps royal de canonniers\-matelots}} was an early attempt to use sailors for duties previously done by marines – soldiers specializing in naval and amphibious combat. This naval artillery corps was suppressed in 1792 and its duties transferred to a new marine unit.
* {{lang\|fr\|Corps d'artillerie et d'infanterie de marine}} (Marine Artillery and Infantry Corps), created in 1792\. The Corps had four infantry regiments, two artillery regiments, two engineer companies and two training companies. The infantry units were transferred to the Army in 1794\.
* {{lang\|fr\|Corps d'artillerie de marine}} (Marine Artillery Corps), created in 1794 from the artillery units of the Artillery and Infantry Corps. It was organized in seven [half\-brigades](/wiki/Half-brigade "Half-brigade") and re\-organized in four regiments in 1803\. The Corps gained the title *Impérial* at [Napoléon I](/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_I "Napoléon I")'s coronation (1804\) and *Royal* at [Louis XVIII](/wiki/Louis_XVIII "Louis XVIII")'s return (1814 and 1815\).
These units fought for France during the [French Revolutionary Wars](/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars "French Revolutionary Wars") and in all the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars "Napoleonic Wars").
### 19th century
The colonial expansion of the 19th century saw the extensive use of French sailors and marines serving together in Southeast Asia, the Pacific, and West Africa. The {{lang\|fr\|troupes de marine}} were tasked with insuring the French presence in its Asian, African, and American colonies.
The revolutionary period saw a definite division in 1792 between the reconstituted {{lang\|fr\|troupes de marine}} and the ships of the navy. Under Napoleon, the {{lang\|fr\|troupes de marine}} were used primarily as [line infantry](/wiki/Line_infantry "Line infantry"). Following the disbandment of the [Imperial Guard](/wiki/Imperial_Guard_%28Napoleon_I%29 "Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)"), under the [Restoration](/wiki/First_Restoration "First Restoration"), separate marine artillery ({{lang\|fr\|Artillerie de Marine}}) and marine infantry ({{lang\|fr\|Infanterie de Marine}}) units were created as part of a reorganization between 1818 and 1822\. These two corps were popularly known as « bigors » and « marsouins » respectively. Starting in 1831, these two arms ceased to serve on board naval ships and were exclusively armed with regular army equipment and weapons. Their role was now to serve on land in the new French colonial territories, as well as defending the large naval ports and bases in France itself.
The diverse colonial or exterior operations administered by the [July Monarchy](/wiki/July_Monarchy "July Monarchy"), essentially conducted by the Marines and their troops, led to the rehabilitation and the increase of the latter in 1846\. The revolution of 1848 led to a draconian reduction in size. The [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War "Crimean War") saw them, along with the equipment of naval vessels of the [fleet](/wiki/Naval_fleet "Naval fleet"), illustrating their capability during the [Siege of Sevastopol](/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_%281854%E2%80%9355%29 "Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)") while aiding the heavy artillery pieces ( to constitute a siege artillery ) to disembark from the naval vessels under the orders of [Admiral](/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Navy "Ranks in the French Navy") [Charles Rigault de Genouilly](/wiki/Charles_Rigault_de_Genouilly "Charles Rigault de Genouilly").
Honored since 1855, with the return of their staff of 1846, the marines demonstrated their capability during the expeditions of the [Second French Empire](/wiki/Second_French_Empire "Second French Empire").
In 1870, marine artillery and infantry were for the first time regrouped in a grand unit: [Blue Division](/wiki/Blue_Division_%28Second_French_Empire%29 "Blue Division (Second French Empire)") of general Élie de Vassoigne, named after the blue uniforms worn by the soldiers to differentiate them from the line troops. Following the [Franco\-Prussian War](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War "Franco-Prussian War"), the marines participated to the construction of the [second colonial empire of France](/wiki/French_colonial_empire "French colonial empire").
#### Marine Infantry and Marine Artillery Regiments (1816–1900\)
The 21 February 1816, royal ordinance of Louis XVIII re\-establishing {{lang\|fr\|L'infanterie de marine}} authorized two regiments. This was increased to three regiments in 1838 and four in 1854\. The 1st Regiment was located in Cherbourg, the 2nd in Brest, the 3rd in Rochefort and the 4th in Toulon. In 1890, {{lang\|fr\|L'infanterie de marine}} was increased to eight regiments. {{lang\|fr\|L'artillerie de marine}}, created in 1793, was formed into a single regiment in 1814\. A second was added on 8 July 1893\. Battles fought in this era included [Bomarsund](/wiki/Battle_of_Bomarsund "Battle of Bomarsund") (1854\) in the Baltic, Sea of Azoff and the Crimea (1855\-56\), Ki Hoa in China (1860\), and the [Battle of Puebla](/wiki/Battle_of_Puebla "Battle of Puebla") in Mexico (1863\). Their most famous battle was [Bazeilles](/wiki/Battle_of_Bazeilles "Battle of Bazeilles") (1870\) in the Franco\-Prussian War.
The {{lang\|fr\|Troupes de marine}} fought in the [Sino\-French War](/wiki/Sino-French_War "Sino-French War") (August 1884 to April 1885\) and during the period of undeclared hostilities in Tonkin (northern Vietnam) that preceded it. Between June 1883 and April 1886 the [Tonkin Expeditionary Corps](/wiki/Tonkin_Expeditionary_Corps "Tonkin Expeditionary Corps") included several marine infantry battalions and marine artillery batteries. These units saw service in the [Sơn Tây Campaign](/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%C3%A2y_Campaign "Sơn Tây Campaign") (December 1883\), the [Bắc Ninh Campaign](/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Ninh_Campaign "Bắc Ninh Campaign") (March 1884\), the [Capture of Hưng Hóa](/wiki/Capture_of_H%C6%B0ng_H%C3%B3a "Capture of Hưng Hóa") (April 1884\), the [Bắc Lệ ambush](/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_L%E1%BB%87_ambush "Bắc Lệ ambush") (June 1884\), the [Keelung Campaign](/wiki/Keelung_Campaign "Keelung Campaign") (October 1884 to June 1885\), the [Battle of Yu Oc](/wiki/Battle_of_Yu_Oc "Battle of Yu Oc") (November 1884\), the [Battle of Núi Bop](/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%BAi_Bop "Battle of Núi Bop") (January 1885\), the [Lạng Sơn Campaign](/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n_Campaign "Lạng Sơn Campaign") (February 1885\) and the [Pescadores Campaign](/wiki/Pescadores_campaign_%281885%29 "Pescadores campaign (1885)") (March 1885\). In March 1885 the two marine infantry battalions in Lieutenant\-Colonel Ange\-Laurent Giovanninelli's 1st Brigade suffered heavy casualties storming the Chinese trenches at the [Battle of Hòa Mộc](/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%B2a_M%E1%BB%99c "Battle of Hòa Mộc"). The French victory at Hòa Mộc relieved the [Siege of Tuyên Quang](/wiki/Siege_of_Tuy%C3%AAn_Quang "Siege of Tuyên Quang"), and was commemorated thereafter in an annual ceremony at Tuyên Quang in which a soldier of the French Foreign Legion (representing the besieged garrison) and a marine infantryman (representing the relief column) solemnly presented arms on the anniversary of the relief of the beleaguered French post.
The French Navy itself, due to the trouble it was having in obtaining naval infantry detachments from the Ministry of the Navy, established the [Fusiliers Marins](/wiki/Fusiliers_Marins "Fusiliers Marins") in 1856\. The {{lang\|fr\|Fusiliers\-Marins}} were initially composed of sailors, senior rates and naval officers who undertook special infantry training to form the "marine" detachments aboard ships and conduct small scale landings. Unlike their anglophone contemporaries, they are graded by [naval rates](/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Navy "Ranks in the French Navy") rather than adopting [army ranks](/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Army "Ranks in the French Army").
### Transformation to Troupes Coloniales
{{Main\|Troupes coloniales}}
[150px\|thumb\|Helmet of Colonial Troupes.](/wiki/Image:Casque_coloniale.jpg "Casque coloniale.jpg")
In 1890 the Ministry of Colonies was separated from that of the [Ministère de la Marine](/wiki/Minist%C3%A8re_de_la_Marine "Ministère de la Marine"). This raised the question of to which authority the {{lang\|fr\|troupes de Marine}}, who only now served in the colonies, should be responsible. By a decree dated 7 July 1900 the renamed [troops](/wiki/Troupes_coloniales "Troupes coloniales") were placed under the {{lang\|fr\|\[\[Minister of Defence (France)\|Département de la Guerre]]}} and were thus rebadged, now as part of the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army "French Army"), under one name – the {{lang\|fr\|\[\[Troupes coloniales]]}}, retaining the anchor badge as a reminder of their naval heritage.
The {{lang\|fr\|Troupes coloniales}} were composed of two distinct corps. One was the colonial forces in metropolitan France, composed of Europeans who had voluntarily enlisted for successive service engagements of five years duration. These regulars (as opposed to [conscripts](/wiki/Conscription_in_France "Conscription in France")) were assigned in small contingents to undertake tours of duty in the various French colonies outside North Africa. There they served either in {{lang\|fr\|blanches}} (all white) units, or were employed as officers and NCOs in the recruitment, training and leadership of locally recruited indigenous troops ([tirailleurs](/wiki/Tirailleurs "Tirailleurs"), [cipayes](/wiki/Sepoy%23Sepoys_in_French_service "Sepoy#Sepoys in French service") etc.). The proportion of European to "native" colonial troops were progressively reduced as additional locally recruited units were created during the late 19th and earlier 20th centuries.
One problem of this system was the differences between the training and equipment required for colonial and European warfare. Service conditions in turn would differ between the various colonial territories in Africa and South East Asia. The two types of colonial troupes were however successfully employed in [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") and [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), as well as the [Indochina War](/wiki/Indochina_War "Indochina War") and the [Algerian War](/wiki/Algerian_War "Algerian War").
The Construction Service of the marine artillery (which designed and engineered the naval artillery guns in the metropolitan arsenals), became an integral part of the colonial artillery following the reorganisation of 1900\. In 1909 those colonial artillery officers who specialised in artillery design and manufacture work were transferred into the newly created "Engineers of [Naval Artillery](/wiki/Naval_Artillery "Naval Artillery")"; a newly created corps of the French Navy which subsequently merged with the Naval Engineer Corps (responsible for the construction of naval ships) during the Second World War.
In 1905, the strength of the {{lang\|fr\|Troupes coloniales}} stationed in (the 19 military districts of metropolitan) France was marked at 2,123 officers and 26,581 other ranks. The strength maintained in the colonies amounts to 1,743 officers, 21,516 European troops and 47,868 native soldiers.{{Cite book \| title\=Les armées du XXe Siècle, supplement illustré\| work\=Pages Perso SFR\|publisher \=Le Petit Journal Militaire, Maritime, Colonial\| location \=Paris\| chapter\=L'Armée Coloniale Française.\| date\=1905 \| language\=fr\| url\=http://vinny03\.perso.neuf.fr/gg/massiges/histocolo.htm\| url\-status\=dead\| archive\-url\=https://forum.pages14\-18\.com/viewtopic.php?f\=12\&t\=16162\&p\=132668\#p132668\| archive\-date\=21 November 2016\| access\-date\=20 August 2020 }}
#### Troupes Coloniales (1900–1958\)
By the time the Troupes were transferred to the Army the unit names changed from "Marine" to "Colonial" while the {{lang\|fr\|Fusiliers\-Marins}} remained part of the French Navy. The {{lang\|fr\|Troupes Coloniale}} were still used in occasional amphibious landings but this was because of the ready availability of units normally based near naval embarkation ports or in colonial garrisons.{{cite book\|first\=Charles\|last\=Lavauzelle\|pages\=346 \& 364\|title\=Les Troupes de Marine 1622–1984\|year\=1991 \|isbn\=978\-2\-7025\-0316\-4}} In the World War I [Gallipoli campaign](/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign "Gallipoli campaign") in the [Dardanelles](/wiki/Dardanelles "Dardanelles"), the [Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient](/wiki/Corps_exp%C3%A9ditionnaire_d%27Orient "Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient") was more than two\-thirds{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2020}} {{lang\|fr\|Troupes Coloniale}} including the 4th, 6th, 7th and 8th Colonial Infantry Regiments and Colonial Artillery. (The artillery element at Gallipoli did not contain any artillery units from the {{lang\|fr\|Troupes Coloniales}}.{{cite web\|url\=https://forum.pages14\-18\.com/viewtopic.php?f\=32\&t\=51852\#p535930\|title\=Artillerie et expédition d'Orient \|date\=5 July 2020\|website\=Forum pages14\-18\| language \=fr\|access\-date\=18 August 2020\|quote\=There were no units of Artillerie Coloniale at Gallipoli in 1915}}) The {{lang\|fr\|Troupes Coloniales}} were however far more likely to see action in African or Asian land campaigns or, during both World Wars, in France itself.{{Definition\|date\=August 2020}}
In World War II, one Colonial unit did have "Marine" in its title – The Bataillon d'Infanterie de Marine du Pacifique (BIMP). Two divisions of the {{lang\|fr\|Troupes Coloniale}} were trained in amphibious tactics by the Americans and performed amphibious landings at [Corsica](/wiki/1_Army_Corps_%28France%29 "1 Army Corps (France)") (6th Moroccan Mountain Division) and [Elba](/wiki/1_Army_Corps_%28France%29 "1 Army Corps (France)") (9th Colonial Infantry Division – 9e DIC). Both these divisions also landed in southern France in the follow\-on echelons of Operation Dragoon. The French wanted the United States to transport these two divisions to the Pacific to fight against the Japanese and later retake French Indochina, but transport was a problem.
The {{lang\|fr\|Troupes coloniales}} distinguished themselves in both World Wars.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2020}} The most decorated regimental colors of the [French Armed Forces](/wiki/French_Armed_Forces "French Armed Forces") are those of the [Colonial Infantry Regiment of Morocco](/wiki/Colonial_Infantry_Regiment_of_Morocco "Colonial Infantry Regiment of Morocco") (RICM) and the regimental colors of the [2nd Marine Infantry Regiment](/wiki/2nd_Marine_Infantry_Regiment "2nd Marine Infantry Regiment") 2e RIMa. After 1945 the decolonization wars involved the colonial troops in [Indochina](/wiki/French_Indochina "French Indochina"), [Algeria](/wiki/French_Algeria "French Algeria"), and [Madagascar](/wiki/French_Madagascar "French Madagascar"). Following 1962, operations in Africa were undertaken by the again renamed {{lang\|fr\|troupes de Marine}} and the *Légion étrangère* which were the only units mainly or entirely composed of "engaged" (non\-conscript) soldiers. This was also the case in [Tchad](/wiki/Tchad "Tchad") and in [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon "Lebanon") and the former [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia "Yugoslavia") before metropolitan troops started also to recruit volunteer soldiers. The cessation of obligatory military service after 2001 permitted the deployment of the remainder of the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army "French Army") in overseas operations.
### End of Troupes Coloniales and recreation of Troupes de Marine
#### Troupes de Marine (1958– present)
[thumb\|upright\|A "marsouin" standing guard at the [Gare de Lyon](/wiki/Gare_de_Lyon "Gare de Lyon") in 2016\.](/wiki/File:Marsouin-IMG_5081.jpg "Marsouin-IMG 5081.jpg")
With France divesting itself of its colonies, on 1 December 1958 the title of {{lang\|fr\|Troupes d' Outre\-Mer}} (Overseas Troops) replaced that of {{lang\|fr\|Troupes Coloniales}}. Finally, on 4 May 1961, the historic designation of "Troupes de marine" was readopted, this time for all the {{lang\|fr\|Troupes Coloniales}}. They became a major component in France's {{lang\|fr\|Forces d'Intervention}}. In July 1963 the [9th Marine Infantry Brigade](/wiki/9th_Light_Armoured_Marine_Brigade_%28France%29 "9th Light Armoured Marine Brigade (France)") (9e Brigade d'Infanterie de Marine) (9e BIMa) of the {{lang\|fr\|Troupes de marine}} was formed a French {{lang\|fr\|Force d'Intervention}}. It was named after and carried the insignia of the [9th Colonial Infantry Division](/wiki/9th_Colonial_Infantry_Division "9th Colonial Infantry Division") (9e DIC) that had performed a successful amphibious assault on Elba in World War II. The {{lang\|fr\|Troupes de marine}} remaining overseas became part of the {{lang\|fr\|Forces d'outre mer}}. In 1964 the {{lang\|fr\|Force d'Intervention}} was expanded by adding two [airborne brigades](/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units "List of French paratrooper units") and one motorized brigade and formed into the 11th {{lang\|fr\|Division d'Intervention}}, which became the [11th Parachute Division](/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units "List of French paratrooper units") in 1971\. The {{lang\|fr\|Troupes de marine}} were removed from this division in 1976 to form a separate intervention force, and the {{lang\|fr\|9e Brigade d'Infanterie de Marine}} was expanded on 1 January 1976 to form the {{lang\|fr\|9e Division d'Infanterie de Marine}} (9e DIMa). This division was the amphibious component of the Force d'Intervention, which was renamed the Force d'Action Rapide (FAR) in 1983\.
Because of their overseas heritage and their use in the {{lang\|fr\|Force d'Intervention}}, the {{lang\|fr\|Troupes de marine}} were mostly volunteer regulars, as in France, draftees are legally exempt from overseas duty. The conversion of the French Army into a smaller professional force led to the French Army's decision to make the brigade its largest formation and the {{lang\|fr\|9e Division d'Infanterie de Marine}} was reduced in size on 1 July 1999 and became the [9th Light Armoured Marine Brigade (France)](/wiki/9th_Light_Armoured_Marine_Brigade_%28France%29 "9th Light Armoured Marine Brigade (France)") ({{lang\|fr\|9e Brigade Légère Blindée de Marine}}) and then back to the 9th Marine Infantry Brigade ({{lang\|fr\|9ème Brigade d'Infanterie de Marine}}) in 2016\.
The {{lang\|fr\|Troupes de marine}} are one of the "{{lang\|fr\|armes}}" (corps) of the French Army, which includes specialties associated with other corps (artillery, cavalry, signals, armour, [paratroopers](/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units "List of French paratrooper units")) but with overseas deployment as a specialisation.
### Gallery
File:Marsouins 1870\.gif\|Marsouin in full \[\[Metropolitan France\|metropolitan]] dress, as worn until 1914\.
File:Troupes de marine detail.jpg\|Officer and Marsouin (private) in colonial dress, late 19th century.
Image:FrenchMarsouinsIndochina1888\.jpg\|Marine infantrymen \[\[Tonkin Campaign\|in Tonkin]], 1888\.
File:LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg\|French Marines \[\[Second Madagascar expedition\|in Madagascar]] (1894–1895\).
File:French Colonial army in Congo 1905\.jpg\|French colonial soldier in \[\[French Congo\|Congo]] (1905\)
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{Main\\|French Army\\|Compagnie Ordinaire de la Mer\\|Troupes de la marine}}\n[right\\|thumb\\|250px\\|Soldier of the [Compagnies Franches de la Marine](/wiki/Compagnies_Franches_de_la_Marine \"Compagnies Franches de la Marine\") during the [Seven Years' War](/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War \"Seven Years' War\"). {{lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[Musée de l'Armée]]}} (*Armed Forces Museum*).](/wiki/File:Regiment_de_la_marine_1757.jpeg \"Regiment de la marine 1757.jpeg\")\nThe {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes de marine}} were formerly known as the {{lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[Troupes coloniales]]}}, with origins dating back to the French Navy's {{lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[Troupes de la marine]]}}. The French colonies were under the control of the {{lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[Ministère de la Marine]]}} (the equivalent of the [British Admiralty](/wiki/British_Admiralty \"British Admiralty\")), accordingly, Marines defended the colonies.",
"### Ancien Régime",
"#### Origin",
"Renamed {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes d'Outre\\-Mer}} then {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes de Marine}} during the dismantling of the [French Union](/wiki/French_Union \"French Union\") (1958\\), their origin can actually be found in the {{lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[Compagnie Ordinaire de la Mer\\|Compagnies Ordinaires de la Mer]]}} ({{lang\\-fr\\|\\[\\[:fr:compagnie ordinaire de la mer\\|Compagnies Ordinaires de la Mer]]}}) (*Ordinary Sea Companies*), created in 1622 by [Cardinal Richelieu](/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu \"Cardinal Richelieu\"). These companies were used to embark on royal naval ships to serve the [naval artillery](/wiki/Naval_artillery \"Naval artillery\") and participate in the boarding of enemy ships. These companies were also in charge of guarding the various sea ports. Despite the fact that the artillery of the marines was limited in numbers compared to those of the infantry marines (fusiliers and grenadiers), the ship's marine artillerymen were the determining factor for the {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes de la marine}}, being in charge of displacing and mounting the naval guns under the orders of the respective marine artillery officer in charge. In the 18th century, they constituted the {{lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[Compagnies Franches de la Marine]]}} who essentially spread to {{lang\\|fr\\|Nouvelle France}} (in particular: these marines were recruited in Europe, with marine officers recruiting them on the spot due to an excellent knowledge of the local environment). Since then the anchor has been with the Troupes as their official symbol because of the former links to the French Royal Navy.",
"Following France's defeat in the [Seven Years' War](/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War \"Seven Years' War\"), these troops, along with the rest of the Marines, were transferred to the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army \"French Army\") under the Choiseul ministries, and after their emancipation at the end of 1760, they retained a large number of officers issued from the [Ministère de la Guerre](/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_%28France%29 \"Minister of Defence (France)\"), which would reproduce and compensate for the losses endured assisting the colonies during the [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\"). An evolution in the mentality of the troops and an increasingly pronounced separation between the marines and their officers followed. A tentative close\\-up merger was attempted by two naval ship corps and their troops in 1786 with the companies of naval gunners assigned to ships of the Navy; however, the experiment came to little conclusion.",
"#### Ordinary Sea Companies and Troupes de la marine (1622–1673\\)",
"{{Main\\|Compagnie ordinaire de la mer\\|Troupes de la marine}} \nThe separate companies of the {{lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[Régiment Royal–La Marine]]}} and the {{lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[Régiment de Vermandois\\|Régiment de l'Amiral de France]]}} founded by [Colbert](/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert \"Jean-Baptiste Colbert\") were based in [Dunkerque](/wiki/Dunkirk \"Dunkirk\"), [Le Havre](/wiki/Le_Havre \"Le Havre\"), [Brest](/wiki/Brest%2C_France \"Brest, France\"), [Rochefort](/wiki/Rochefort%2C_Charente-Maritime \"Rochefort, Charente-Maritime\") and [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon \"Toulon\"). They wore an off\\-white/grey uniform with blue [facings](/wiki/Facings \"Facings\") .",
"The 1670s saw significant changes in the organisation of the new corps, administered by Ministers [Colbert](/wiki/List_of_Naval_Ministers_of_France \"List of Naval Ministers of France\") and [François\\-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Michel_le_Tellier%2C_Marquis_de_Louvois \"François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois\"), respectively [Naval State Secretary](/wiki/List_of_Naval_Ministers_of_France \"List of Naval Ministers of France\") and the [Secretary of State of War](/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_%28France%29 \"Minister of Defence (France)\"). The four regiments of the [la marine](/wiki/Troupes_de_la_marine \"Troupes de la marine\") were transferred from the [secretariat of La Marine](/wiki/French_Navy \"French Navy\") to that of the [secretariat of La Guerre](/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_%28France%29 \"Minister of Defence (France)\"). The regiments were no longer directly part of the [French Navy](/wiki/French_Navy \"French Navy\") although the designation {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes de marine}} was retained. During the [Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\"), the La Marine, [Royal\\-Marine](/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_Royal%E2%80%93La_Marine \"Régiment Royal–La Marine\"), Royal\\-Vaisseux, and the {{lang\\|fr\\|Régiment de l'Amiral}} ( re\\-baptized {{lang\\|fr\\|Régiment de Vermandois}}) regiments were integrated definitively into the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army \"French Army\"), becoming respectively, the 11e, 60e, 43e and 61e regiments of [de Ligne](/wiki/Line_Infantry \"Line Infantry\") in 1791\\.",
"The [Marine Royale](/wiki/French_Navy \"French Navy\") was a substantial force in 1671, consisting of 196 naval vessels. Colbert decided to create 100 companies of \"guardian\\-soldiers\" intended to form part of the crews of the larger naval vessels ({{lang\\-fr\\|\\[\\[:fr:Vaisseau (marine)\\|Vaisseau]]}}). However, these men were redirected towards the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army \"French Army\") by Louvois in 1673\\. Starting from this date, senior naval and marine officers were obliged to separately recruit crews and marines for each ship. Using a system of «levées» (selective conscription) in the various sea ports, similar to the « [marine press](/wiki/Impressment \"Impressment\") », the naval and marine officers were able to man their ships. However, the system reached its limitations quickly. The recruits often lacked discipline and experience, and were discharged or deserted following their first voyage, wasting months of training. Until 1682 there was a serious shortage of experienced sailors and soldiers in the French Navy.",
"#### Free Marine Companies and Marine Artillery Corps (1690–1761\\)",
"{{Main\\|Compagnies franches de la marine}}\nThe Marine units were recreated at the end of the 17th century by re\\-organization of the infantry units dedicated to guarding military harbors (the Warden\\-Soldiers Companies or {{lang\\|fr\\|compagnies de soldats\\-gardiens}}, created in 1671\\) and the artillery units dedicated to coastal battery service (Bomb Companies or {{lang\\|fr\\|compagnies de bombardiers}}, created in 1689\\), naval artillery training (Apprentice Gunner Companies or {{lang\\|fr\\|compagnies d'apprentis\\-cannoniers}}, created in 1689\\) and naval artillery administration (Artillery Commissaries or {{lang\\|fr\\|Commissaires d'artillerie}}, created in 1631\\). \n* {{lang\\|fr\\|Compagnies franches de la Marine}} (Free Marine Companies) created in 1690\\. Each company was tasked to guard a military harbor and its immediate coastline. Beginning in 1695, the Companies were organized in battalions around the major harbors ([Brest](/wiki/Brest%2C_France \"Brest, France\"), [Rochefort](/wiki/Rochefort%2C_Charente-Maritime \"Rochefort, Charente-Maritime\"), [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon \"Toulon\")). The Marine Companies and Battalions were dissolved in 1761\\.\n* {{lang\\|fr\\|Corps d'artillerie de Marine}} (Marine Artillery Corps), created in 1692 to oversee the training and use of coastal artillery. The Corps was disbanded in 1761\\.",
"#### Royal Marine Corps (1769–1786\\)",
"The infantry and marine artillery units were briefly merged into a single marine corps in 1769\\. Some colonial units were created at the same time, organized along the same lines of artillery and infantry units.\n* {{lang\\|fr\\|Corps royal d'artillerie et d'infanterie de Marine}} (Royal Marine Artillery and Infantry Corps), created in 1769\\. Its name was changed in 1772 to {{lang\\|fr\\|Corps royal de la Marine}} (Royal Marine Corps). The Corps was organized in eight regiments, each centered on a harbor: ([Bayonne](/wiki/Bayonne \"Bayonne\"), [Bordeaux](/wiki/Bordeaux \"Bordeaux\"), [Brest](/wiki/Brest%2C_France \"Brest, France\"), [Le Havre](/wiki/Le_Havre \"Le Havre\"), [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille \"Marseille\"), [Rochefort](/wiki/Rochefort%2C_Charente-Maritime \"Rochefort, Charente-Maritime\"), [Saint\\-Malo](/wiki/Saint-Malo \"Saint-Malo\") and [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon \"Toulon\")). The corps was broken down in 1774, in line with [Antoine de Sartine](/wiki/Antoine_de_Sartine \"Antoine de Sartine\")'s reform of the navy.\n* {{lang\\|fr\\|Corps royal d'infanterie de la marine}} (\"Royal Marine Infantry Corps), created in 1774 with the infantry units of the Royal Marine Corps, organized in three *divisions* centered on the only three military harbors remaining: Brest, Rochefort and Toulon. The Corps' name was changed to {{lang\\|fr\\|Corps royal de la Marine}} in 1782, but it remained an infantry\\-only unit. The corps was disbanded in 1786\\.\n* {{lang\\|fr\\|Artillerie de Marine}} (Marine Artillery), created in 1774 with the artillery units of the Royal Marine Corps, organized in three *divisions* centered on the same three military harbors: Brest, Rochefort and Toulon. The Marine Artillerymen were tasked to serve aboard Navy ships as well as manning the coastal batteries. The commanding officers of the Marine Artillery were naval officers. The corps was dispanded in 1786\\.\n* Colonial Regiments\n\t+ \"Cap\", created 1766, became the [106th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/106th_Infantry_Regiment \"106th Infantry Regiment\")\n\t+ \"Pondichéry\", set up 1772, became the [107th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/107th_Infantry_Regiment_%28France%29 \"107th Infantry Regiment (France)\")\n\t+ \"Martinique et Guadeloupe\", created 1772, became the [109th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/109th_Infantry_Regiment_%28France%29 \"109th Infantry Regiment (France)\")\n\t+ \"Port\\-au\\-Prince\", created 1773, became [110th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/110th_Infantry_Regiment \"110th Infantry Regiment\")",
"### Revolution and First French Empire (1786–1816\\)",
"After 1786, the Marine units were often reduced to artillery units, except for some short\\-lived infantry regiments (1792–1794\\). \n* {{lang\\|fr\\|Corps royal de cannoniers\\-matelots}} (Royal Sailors\\-Gunners Corps), created on 1 January 1786\\. The {{lang\\|fr\\|Corps royal de canonniers\\-matelots}} was an early attempt to use sailors for duties previously done by marines – soldiers specializing in naval and amphibious combat. This naval artillery corps was suppressed in 1792 and its duties transferred to a new marine unit.\n* {{lang\\|fr\\|Corps d'artillerie et d'infanterie de marine}} (Marine Artillery and Infantry Corps), created in 1792\\. The Corps had four infantry regiments, two artillery regiments, two engineer companies and two training companies. The infantry units were transferred to the Army in 1794\\.\n* {{lang\\|fr\\|Corps d'artillerie de marine}} (Marine Artillery Corps), created in 1794 from the artillery units of the Artillery and Infantry Corps. It was organized in seven [half\\-brigades](/wiki/Half-brigade \"Half-brigade\") and re\\-organized in four regiments in 1803\\. The Corps gained the title *Impérial* at [Napoléon I](/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_I \"Napoléon I\")'s coronation (1804\\) and *Royal* at [Louis XVIII](/wiki/Louis_XVIII \"Louis XVIII\")'s return (1814 and 1815\\).",
"These units fought for France during the [French Revolutionary Wars](/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars \"French Revolutionary Wars\") and in all the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars \"Napoleonic Wars\").",
"### 19th century",
"The colonial expansion of the 19th century saw the extensive use of French sailors and marines serving together in Southeast Asia, the Pacific, and West Africa. The {{lang\\|fr\\|troupes de marine}} were tasked with insuring the French presence in its Asian, African, and American colonies.",
"The revolutionary period saw a definite division in 1792 between the reconstituted {{lang\\|fr\\|troupes de marine}} and the ships of the navy. Under Napoleon, the {{lang\\|fr\\|troupes de marine}} were used primarily as [line infantry](/wiki/Line_infantry \"Line infantry\"). Following the disbandment of the [Imperial Guard](/wiki/Imperial_Guard_%28Napoleon_I%29 \"Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)\"), under the [Restoration](/wiki/First_Restoration \"First Restoration\"), separate marine artillery ({{lang\\|fr\\|Artillerie de Marine}}) and marine infantry ({{lang\\|fr\\|Infanterie de Marine}}) units were created as part of a reorganization between 1818 and 1822\\. These two corps were popularly known as « bigors » and « marsouins » respectively. Starting in 1831, these two arms ceased to serve on board naval ships and were exclusively armed with regular army equipment and weapons. Their role was now to serve on land in the new French colonial territories, as well as defending the large naval ports and bases in France itself.",
"The diverse colonial or exterior operations administered by the [July Monarchy](/wiki/July_Monarchy \"July Monarchy\"), essentially conducted by the Marines and their troops, led to the rehabilitation and the increase of the latter in 1846\\. The revolution of 1848 led to a draconian reduction in size. The [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War \"Crimean War\") saw them, along with the equipment of naval vessels of the [fleet](/wiki/Naval_fleet \"Naval fleet\"), illustrating their capability during the [Siege of Sevastopol](/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_%281854%E2%80%9355%29 \"Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)\") while aiding the heavy artillery pieces ( to constitute a siege artillery ) to disembark from the naval vessels under the orders of [Admiral](/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Navy \"Ranks in the French Navy\") [Charles Rigault de Genouilly](/wiki/Charles_Rigault_de_Genouilly \"Charles Rigault de Genouilly\").",
"Honored since 1855, with the return of their staff of 1846, the marines demonstrated their capability during the expeditions of the [Second French Empire](/wiki/Second_French_Empire \"Second French Empire\").",
"In 1870, marine artillery and infantry were for the first time regrouped in a grand unit: [Blue Division](/wiki/Blue_Division_%28Second_French_Empire%29 \"Blue Division (Second French Empire)\") of general Élie de Vassoigne, named after the blue uniforms worn by the soldiers to differentiate them from the line troops. Following the [Franco\\-Prussian War](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War \"Franco-Prussian War\"), the marines participated to the construction of the [second colonial empire of France](/wiki/French_colonial_empire \"French colonial empire\").",
"#### Marine Infantry and Marine Artillery Regiments (1816–1900\\)",
"The 21 February 1816, royal ordinance of Louis XVIII re\\-establishing {{lang\\|fr\\|L'infanterie de marine}} authorized two regiments. This was increased to three regiments in 1838 and four in 1854\\. The 1st Regiment was located in Cherbourg, the 2nd in Brest, the 3rd in Rochefort and the 4th in Toulon. In 1890, {{lang\\|fr\\|L'infanterie de marine}} was increased to eight regiments. {{lang\\|fr\\|L'artillerie de marine}}, created in 1793, was formed into a single regiment in 1814\\. A second was added on 8 July 1893\\. Battles fought in this era included [Bomarsund](/wiki/Battle_of_Bomarsund \"Battle of Bomarsund\") (1854\\) in the Baltic, Sea of Azoff and the Crimea (1855\\-56\\), Ki Hoa in China (1860\\), and the [Battle of Puebla](/wiki/Battle_of_Puebla \"Battle of Puebla\") in Mexico (1863\\). Their most famous battle was [Bazeilles](/wiki/Battle_of_Bazeilles \"Battle of Bazeilles\") (1870\\) in the Franco\\-Prussian War.",
"The {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes de marine}} fought in the [Sino\\-French War](/wiki/Sino-French_War \"Sino-French War\") (August 1884 to April 1885\\) and during the period of undeclared hostilities in Tonkin (northern Vietnam) that preceded it. Between June 1883 and April 1886 the [Tonkin Expeditionary Corps](/wiki/Tonkin_Expeditionary_Corps \"Tonkin Expeditionary Corps\") included several marine infantry battalions and marine artillery batteries. These units saw service in the [Sơn Tây Campaign](/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%C3%A2y_Campaign \"Sơn Tây Campaign\") (December 1883\\), the [Bắc Ninh Campaign](/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Ninh_Campaign \"Bắc Ninh Campaign\") (March 1884\\), the [Capture of Hưng Hóa](/wiki/Capture_of_H%C6%B0ng_H%C3%B3a \"Capture of Hưng Hóa\") (April 1884\\), the [Bắc Lệ ambush](/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_L%E1%BB%87_ambush \"Bắc Lệ ambush\") (June 1884\\), the [Keelung Campaign](/wiki/Keelung_Campaign \"Keelung Campaign\") (October 1884 to June 1885\\), the [Battle of Yu Oc](/wiki/Battle_of_Yu_Oc \"Battle of Yu Oc\") (November 1884\\), the [Battle of Núi Bop](/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%BAi_Bop \"Battle of Núi Bop\") (January 1885\\), the [Lạng Sơn Campaign](/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n_Campaign \"Lạng Sơn Campaign\") (February 1885\\) and the [Pescadores Campaign](/wiki/Pescadores_campaign_%281885%29 \"Pescadores campaign (1885)\") (March 1885\\). In March 1885 the two marine infantry battalions in Lieutenant\\-Colonel Ange\\-Laurent Giovanninelli's 1st Brigade suffered heavy casualties storming the Chinese trenches at the [Battle of Hòa Mộc](/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%B2a_M%E1%BB%99c \"Battle of Hòa Mộc\"). The French victory at Hòa Mộc relieved the [Siege of Tuyên Quang](/wiki/Siege_of_Tuy%C3%AAn_Quang \"Siege of Tuyên Quang\"), and was commemorated thereafter in an annual ceremony at Tuyên Quang in which a soldier of the French Foreign Legion (representing the besieged garrison) and a marine infantryman (representing the relief column) solemnly presented arms on the anniversary of the relief of the beleaguered French post.",
"The French Navy itself, due to the trouble it was having in obtaining naval infantry detachments from the Ministry of the Navy, established the [Fusiliers Marins](/wiki/Fusiliers_Marins \"Fusiliers Marins\") in 1856\\. The {{lang\\|fr\\|Fusiliers\\-Marins}} were initially composed of sailors, senior rates and naval officers who undertook special infantry training to form the \"marine\" detachments aboard ships and conduct small scale landings. Unlike their anglophone contemporaries, they are graded by [naval rates](/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Navy \"Ranks in the French Navy\") rather than adopting [army ranks](/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Army \"Ranks in the French Army\").",
"### Transformation to Troupes Coloniales",
"{{Main\\|Troupes coloniales}}\n[150px\\|thumb\\|Helmet of Colonial Troupes.](/wiki/Image:Casque_coloniale.jpg \"Casque coloniale.jpg\")",
"In 1890 the Ministry of Colonies was separated from that of the [Ministère de la Marine](/wiki/Minist%C3%A8re_de_la_Marine \"Ministère de la Marine\"). This raised the question of to which authority the {{lang\\|fr\\|troupes de Marine}}, who only now served in the colonies, should be responsible. By a decree dated 7 July 1900 the renamed [troops](/wiki/Troupes_coloniales \"Troupes coloniales\") were placed under the {{lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[Minister of Defence (France)\\|Département de la Guerre]]}} and were thus rebadged, now as part of the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army \"French Army\"), under one name – the {{lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[Troupes coloniales]]}}, retaining the anchor badge as a reminder of their naval heritage.",
"The {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes coloniales}} were composed of two distinct corps. One was the colonial forces in metropolitan France, composed of Europeans who had voluntarily enlisted for successive service engagements of five years duration. These regulars (as opposed to [conscripts](/wiki/Conscription_in_France \"Conscription in France\")) were assigned in small contingents to undertake tours of duty in the various French colonies outside North Africa. There they served either in {{lang\\|fr\\|blanches}} (all white) units, or were employed as officers and NCOs in the recruitment, training and leadership of locally recruited indigenous troops ([tirailleurs](/wiki/Tirailleurs \"Tirailleurs\"), [cipayes](/wiki/Sepoy%23Sepoys_in_French_service \"Sepoy#Sepoys in French service\") etc.). The proportion of European to \"native\" colonial troops were progressively reduced as additional locally recruited units were created during the late 19th and earlier 20th centuries.",
"One problem of this system was the differences between the training and equipment required for colonial and European warfare. Service conditions in turn would differ between the various colonial territories in Africa and South East Asia. The two types of colonial troupes were however successfully employed in [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") and [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), as well as the [Indochina War](/wiki/Indochina_War \"Indochina War\") and the [Algerian War](/wiki/Algerian_War \"Algerian War\").",
"The Construction Service of the marine artillery (which designed and engineered the naval artillery guns in the metropolitan arsenals), became an integral part of the colonial artillery following the reorganisation of 1900\\. In 1909 those colonial artillery officers who specialised in artillery design and manufacture work were transferred into the newly created \"Engineers of [Naval Artillery](/wiki/Naval_Artillery \"Naval Artillery\")\"; a newly created corps of the French Navy which subsequently merged with the Naval Engineer Corps (responsible for the construction of naval ships) during the Second World War.",
"In 1905, the strength of the {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes coloniales}} stationed in (the 19 military districts of metropolitan) France was marked at 2,123 officers and 26,581 other ranks. The strength maintained in the colonies amounts to 1,743 officers, 21,516 European troops and 47,868 native soldiers.{{Cite book \\| title\\=Les armées du XXe Siècle, supplement illustré\\| work\\=Pages Perso SFR\\|publisher \\=Le Petit Journal Militaire, Maritime, Colonial\\| location \\=Paris\\| chapter\\=L'Armée Coloniale Française.\\| date\\=1905 \\| language\\=fr\\| url\\=http://vinny03\\.perso.neuf.fr/gg/massiges/histocolo.htm\\| url\\-status\\=dead\\| archive\\-url\\=https://forum.pages14\\-18\\.com/viewtopic.php?f\\=12\\&t\\=16162\\&p\\=132668\\#p132668\\| archive\\-date\\=21 November 2016\\| access\\-date\\=20 August 2020 }}",
"#### Troupes Coloniales (1900–1958\\)",
"By the time the Troupes were transferred to the Army the unit names changed from \"Marine\" to \"Colonial\" while the {{lang\\|fr\\|Fusiliers\\-Marins}} remained part of the French Navy. The {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes Coloniale}} were still used in occasional amphibious landings but this was because of the ready availability of units normally based near naval embarkation ports or in colonial garrisons.{{cite book\\|first\\=Charles\\|last\\=Lavauzelle\\|pages\\=346 \\& 364\\|title\\=Les Troupes de Marine 1622–1984\\|year\\=1991 \\|isbn\\=978\\-2\\-7025\\-0316\\-4}} In the World War I [Gallipoli campaign](/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign \"Gallipoli campaign\") in the [Dardanelles](/wiki/Dardanelles \"Dardanelles\"), the [Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient](/wiki/Corps_exp%C3%A9ditionnaire_d%27Orient \"Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient\") was more than two\\-thirds{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}} {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes Coloniale}} including the 4th, 6th, 7th and 8th Colonial Infantry Regiments and Colonial Artillery. (The artillery element at Gallipoli did not contain any artillery units from the {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes Coloniales}}.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://forum.pages14\\-18\\.com/viewtopic.php?f\\=32\\&t\\=51852\\#p535930\\|title\\=Artillerie et expédition d'Orient \\|date\\=5 July 2020\\|website\\=Forum pages14\\-18\\| language \\=fr\\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2020\\|quote\\=There were no units of Artillerie Coloniale at Gallipoli in 1915}}) The {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes Coloniales}} were however far more likely to see action in African or Asian land campaigns or, during both World Wars, in France itself.{{Definition\\|date\\=August 2020}}",
"In World War II, one Colonial unit did have \"Marine\" in its title – The Bataillon d'Infanterie de Marine du Pacifique (BIMP). Two divisions of the {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes Coloniale}} were trained in amphibious tactics by the Americans and performed amphibious landings at [Corsica](/wiki/1_Army_Corps_%28France%29 \"1 Army Corps (France)\") (6th Moroccan Mountain Division) and [Elba](/wiki/1_Army_Corps_%28France%29 \"1 Army Corps (France)\") (9th Colonial Infantry Division – 9e DIC). Both these divisions also landed in southern France in the follow\\-on echelons of Operation Dragoon. The French wanted the United States to transport these two divisions to the Pacific to fight against the Japanese and later retake French Indochina, but transport was a problem.",
"The {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes coloniales}} distinguished themselves in both World Wars.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}} The most decorated regimental colors of the [French Armed Forces](/wiki/French_Armed_Forces \"French Armed Forces\") are those of the [Colonial Infantry Regiment of Morocco](/wiki/Colonial_Infantry_Regiment_of_Morocco \"Colonial Infantry Regiment of Morocco\") (RICM) and the regimental colors of the [2nd Marine Infantry Regiment](/wiki/2nd_Marine_Infantry_Regiment \"2nd Marine Infantry Regiment\") 2e RIMa. After 1945 the decolonization wars involved the colonial troops in [Indochina](/wiki/French_Indochina \"French Indochina\"), [Algeria](/wiki/French_Algeria \"French Algeria\"), and [Madagascar](/wiki/French_Madagascar \"French Madagascar\"). Following 1962, operations in Africa were undertaken by the again renamed {{lang\\|fr\\|troupes de Marine}} and the *Légion étrangère* which were the only units mainly or entirely composed of \"engaged\" (non\\-conscript) soldiers. This was also the case in [Tchad](/wiki/Tchad \"Tchad\") and in [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\") and the former [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia \"Yugoslavia\") before metropolitan troops started also to recruit volunteer soldiers. The cessation of obligatory military service after 2001 permitted the deployment of the remainder of the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army \"French Army\") in overseas operations.",
"### End of Troupes Coloniales and recreation of Troupes de Marine",
"#### Troupes de Marine (1958– present)",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|A \"marsouin\" standing guard at the [Gare de Lyon](/wiki/Gare_de_Lyon \"Gare de Lyon\") in 2016\\.](/wiki/File:Marsouin-IMG_5081.jpg \"Marsouin-IMG 5081.jpg\")\nWith France divesting itself of its colonies, on 1 December 1958 the title of {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes d' Outre\\-Mer}} (Overseas Troops) replaced that of {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes Coloniales}}. Finally, on 4 May 1961, the historic designation of \"Troupes de marine\" was readopted, this time for all the {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes Coloniales}}. They became a major component in France's {{lang\\|fr\\|Forces d'Intervention}}. In July 1963 the [9th Marine Infantry Brigade](/wiki/9th_Light_Armoured_Marine_Brigade_%28France%29 \"9th Light Armoured Marine Brigade (France)\") (9e Brigade d'Infanterie de Marine) (9e BIMa) of the {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes de marine}} was formed a French {{lang\\|fr\\|Force d'Intervention}}. It was named after and carried the insignia of the [9th Colonial Infantry Division](/wiki/9th_Colonial_Infantry_Division \"9th Colonial Infantry Division\") (9e DIC) that had performed a successful amphibious assault on Elba in World War II. The {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes de marine}} remaining overseas became part of the {{lang\\|fr\\|Forces d'outre mer}}. In 1964 the {{lang\\|fr\\|Force d'Intervention}} was expanded by adding two [airborne brigades](/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units \"List of French paratrooper units\") and one motorized brigade and formed into the 11th {{lang\\|fr\\|Division d'Intervention}}, which became the [11th Parachute Division](/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units \"List of French paratrooper units\") in 1971\\. The {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes de marine}} were removed from this division in 1976 to form a separate intervention force, and the {{lang\\|fr\\|9e Brigade d'Infanterie de Marine}} was expanded on 1 January 1976 to form the {{lang\\|fr\\|9e Division d'Infanterie de Marine}} (9e DIMa). This division was the amphibious component of the Force d'Intervention, which was renamed the Force d'Action Rapide (FAR) in 1983\\.",
"Because of their overseas heritage and their use in the {{lang\\|fr\\|Force d'Intervention}}, the {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes de marine}} were mostly volunteer regulars, as in France, draftees are legally exempt from overseas duty. The conversion of the French Army into a smaller professional force led to the French Army's decision to make the brigade its largest formation and the {{lang\\|fr\\|9e Division d'Infanterie de Marine}} was reduced in size on 1 July 1999 and became the [9th Light Armoured Marine Brigade (France)](/wiki/9th_Light_Armoured_Marine_Brigade_%28France%29 \"9th Light Armoured Marine Brigade (France)\") ({{lang\\|fr\\|9e Brigade Légère Blindée de Marine}}) and then back to the 9th Marine Infantry Brigade ({{lang\\|fr\\|9ème Brigade d'Infanterie de Marine}}) in 2016\\.",
"The {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes de marine}} are one of the \"{{lang\\|fr\\|armes}}\" (corps) of the French Army, which includes specialties associated with other corps (artillery, cavalry, signals, armour, [paratroopers](/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units \"List of French paratrooper units\")) but with overseas deployment as a specialisation.",
"### Gallery",
"",
"File:Marsouins 1870\\.gif\\|Marsouin in full \\[\\[Metropolitan France\\|metropolitan]] dress, as worn until 1914\\.\nFile:Troupes de marine detail.jpg\\|Officer and Marsouin (private) in colonial dress, late 19th century.\nImage:FrenchMarsouinsIndochina1888\\.jpg\\|Marine infantrymen \\[\\[Tonkin Campaign\\|in Tonkin]], 1888\\.\nFile:LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg\\|French Marines \\[\\[Second Madagascar expedition\\|in Madagascar]] (1894–1895\\).\nFile:French Colonial army in Congo 1905\\.jpg\\|French colonial soldier in \\[\\[French Congo\\|Congo]] (1905\\)",
"",
""
] |
### 19th century
The colonial expansion of the 19th century saw the extensive use of French sailors and marines serving together in Southeast Asia, the Pacific, and West Africa. The {{lang\|fr\|troupes de marine}} were tasked with insuring the French presence in its Asian, African, and American colonies.
The revolutionary period saw a definite division in 1792 between the reconstituted {{lang\|fr\|troupes de marine}} and the ships of the navy. Under Napoleon, the {{lang\|fr\|troupes de marine}} were used primarily as [line infantry](/wiki/Line_infantry "Line infantry"). Following the disbandment of the [Imperial Guard](/wiki/Imperial_Guard_%28Napoleon_I%29 "Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)"), under the [Restoration](/wiki/First_Restoration "First Restoration"), separate marine artillery ({{lang\|fr\|Artillerie de Marine}}) and marine infantry ({{lang\|fr\|Infanterie de Marine}}) units were created as part of a reorganization between 1818 and 1822\. These two corps were popularly known as « bigors » and « marsouins » respectively. Starting in 1831, these two arms ceased to serve on board naval ships and were exclusively armed with regular army equipment and weapons. Their role was now to serve on land in the new French colonial territories, as well as defending the large naval ports and bases in France itself.
The diverse colonial or exterior operations administered by the [July Monarchy](/wiki/July_Monarchy "July Monarchy"), essentially conducted by the Marines and their troops, led to the rehabilitation and the increase of the latter in 1846\. The revolution of 1848 led to a draconian reduction in size. The [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War "Crimean War") saw them, along with the equipment of naval vessels of the [fleet](/wiki/Naval_fleet "Naval fleet"), illustrating their capability during the [Siege of Sevastopol](/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_%281854%E2%80%9355%29 "Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)") while aiding the heavy artillery pieces ( to constitute a siege artillery ) to disembark from the naval vessels under the orders of [Admiral](/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Navy "Ranks in the French Navy") [Charles Rigault de Genouilly](/wiki/Charles_Rigault_de_Genouilly "Charles Rigault de Genouilly").
Honored since 1855, with the return of their staff of 1846, the marines demonstrated their capability during the expeditions of the [Second French Empire](/wiki/Second_French_Empire "Second French Empire").
In 1870, marine artillery and infantry were for the first time regrouped in a grand unit: [Blue Division](/wiki/Blue_Division_%28Second_French_Empire%29 "Blue Division (Second French Empire)") of general Élie de Vassoigne, named after the blue uniforms worn by the soldiers to differentiate them from the line troops. Following the [Franco\-Prussian War](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War "Franco-Prussian War"), the marines participated to the construction of the [second colonial empire of France](/wiki/French_colonial_empire "French colonial empire").
#### Marine Infantry and Marine Artillery Regiments (1816–1900\)
The 21 February 1816, royal ordinance of Louis XVIII re\-establishing {{lang\|fr\|L'infanterie de marine}} authorized two regiments. This was increased to three regiments in 1838 and four in 1854\. The 1st Regiment was located in Cherbourg, the 2nd in Brest, the 3rd in Rochefort and the 4th in Toulon. In 1890, {{lang\|fr\|L'infanterie de marine}} was increased to eight regiments. {{lang\|fr\|L'artillerie de marine}}, created in 1793, was formed into a single regiment in 1814\. A second was added on 8 July 1893\. Battles fought in this era included [Bomarsund](/wiki/Battle_of_Bomarsund "Battle of Bomarsund") (1854\) in the Baltic, Sea of Azoff and the Crimea (1855\-56\), Ki Hoa in China (1860\), and the [Battle of Puebla](/wiki/Battle_of_Puebla "Battle of Puebla") in Mexico (1863\). Their most famous battle was [Bazeilles](/wiki/Battle_of_Bazeilles "Battle of Bazeilles") (1870\) in the Franco\-Prussian War.
The {{lang\|fr\|Troupes de marine}} fought in the [Sino\-French War](/wiki/Sino-French_War "Sino-French War") (August 1884 to April 1885\) and during the period of undeclared hostilities in Tonkin (northern Vietnam) that preceded it. Between June 1883 and April 1886 the [Tonkin Expeditionary Corps](/wiki/Tonkin_Expeditionary_Corps "Tonkin Expeditionary Corps") included several marine infantry battalions and marine artillery batteries. These units saw service in the [Sơn Tây Campaign](/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%C3%A2y_Campaign "Sơn Tây Campaign") (December 1883\), the [Bắc Ninh Campaign](/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Ninh_Campaign "Bắc Ninh Campaign") (March 1884\), the [Capture of Hưng Hóa](/wiki/Capture_of_H%C6%B0ng_H%C3%B3a "Capture of Hưng Hóa") (April 1884\), the [Bắc Lệ ambush](/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_L%E1%BB%87_ambush "Bắc Lệ ambush") (June 1884\), the [Keelung Campaign](/wiki/Keelung_Campaign "Keelung Campaign") (October 1884 to June 1885\), the [Battle of Yu Oc](/wiki/Battle_of_Yu_Oc "Battle of Yu Oc") (November 1884\), the [Battle of Núi Bop](/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%BAi_Bop "Battle of Núi Bop") (January 1885\), the [Lạng Sơn Campaign](/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n_Campaign "Lạng Sơn Campaign") (February 1885\) and the [Pescadores Campaign](/wiki/Pescadores_campaign_%281885%29 "Pescadores campaign (1885)") (March 1885\). In March 1885 the two marine infantry battalions in Lieutenant\-Colonel Ange\-Laurent Giovanninelli's 1st Brigade suffered heavy casualties storming the Chinese trenches at the [Battle of Hòa Mộc](/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%B2a_M%E1%BB%99c "Battle of Hòa Mộc"). The French victory at Hòa Mộc relieved the [Siege of Tuyên Quang](/wiki/Siege_of_Tuy%C3%AAn_Quang "Siege of Tuyên Quang"), and was commemorated thereafter in an annual ceremony at Tuyên Quang in which a soldier of the French Foreign Legion (representing the besieged garrison) and a marine infantryman (representing the relief column) solemnly presented arms on the anniversary of the relief of the beleaguered French post.
The French Navy itself, due to the trouble it was having in obtaining naval infantry detachments from the Ministry of the Navy, established the [Fusiliers Marins](/wiki/Fusiliers_Marins "Fusiliers Marins") in 1856\. The {{lang\|fr\|Fusiliers\-Marins}} were initially composed of sailors, senior rates and naval officers who undertook special infantry training to form the "marine" detachments aboard ships and conduct small scale landings. Unlike their anglophone contemporaries, they are graded by [naval rates](/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Navy "Ranks in the French Navy") rather than adopting [army ranks](/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Army "Ranks in the French Army").
|
[
"### 19th century",
"The colonial expansion of the 19th century saw the extensive use of French sailors and marines serving together in Southeast Asia, the Pacific, and West Africa. The {{lang\\|fr\\|troupes de marine}} were tasked with insuring the French presence in its Asian, African, and American colonies.",
"The revolutionary period saw a definite division in 1792 between the reconstituted {{lang\\|fr\\|troupes de marine}} and the ships of the navy. Under Napoleon, the {{lang\\|fr\\|troupes de marine}} were used primarily as [line infantry](/wiki/Line_infantry \"Line infantry\"). Following the disbandment of the [Imperial Guard](/wiki/Imperial_Guard_%28Napoleon_I%29 \"Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)\"), under the [Restoration](/wiki/First_Restoration \"First Restoration\"), separate marine artillery ({{lang\\|fr\\|Artillerie de Marine}}) and marine infantry ({{lang\\|fr\\|Infanterie de Marine}}) units were created as part of a reorganization between 1818 and 1822\\. These two corps were popularly known as « bigors » and « marsouins » respectively. Starting in 1831, these two arms ceased to serve on board naval ships and were exclusively armed with regular army equipment and weapons. Their role was now to serve on land in the new French colonial territories, as well as defending the large naval ports and bases in France itself.",
"The diverse colonial or exterior operations administered by the [July Monarchy](/wiki/July_Monarchy \"July Monarchy\"), essentially conducted by the Marines and their troops, led to the rehabilitation and the increase of the latter in 1846\\. The revolution of 1848 led to a draconian reduction in size. The [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War \"Crimean War\") saw them, along with the equipment of naval vessels of the [fleet](/wiki/Naval_fleet \"Naval fleet\"), illustrating their capability during the [Siege of Sevastopol](/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_%281854%E2%80%9355%29 \"Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)\") while aiding the heavy artillery pieces ( to constitute a siege artillery ) to disembark from the naval vessels under the orders of [Admiral](/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Navy \"Ranks in the French Navy\") [Charles Rigault de Genouilly](/wiki/Charles_Rigault_de_Genouilly \"Charles Rigault de Genouilly\").",
"Honored since 1855, with the return of their staff of 1846, the marines demonstrated their capability during the expeditions of the [Second French Empire](/wiki/Second_French_Empire \"Second French Empire\").",
"In 1870, marine artillery and infantry were for the first time regrouped in a grand unit: [Blue Division](/wiki/Blue_Division_%28Second_French_Empire%29 \"Blue Division (Second French Empire)\") of general Élie de Vassoigne, named after the blue uniforms worn by the soldiers to differentiate them from the line troops. Following the [Franco\\-Prussian War](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War \"Franco-Prussian War\"), the marines participated to the construction of the [second colonial empire of France](/wiki/French_colonial_empire \"French colonial empire\").",
"#### Marine Infantry and Marine Artillery Regiments (1816–1900\\)",
"The 21 February 1816, royal ordinance of Louis XVIII re\\-establishing {{lang\\|fr\\|L'infanterie de marine}} authorized two regiments. This was increased to three regiments in 1838 and four in 1854\\. The 1st Regiment was located in Cherbourg, the 2nd in Brest, the 3rd in Rochefort and the 4th in Toulon. In 1890, {{lang\\|fr\\|L'infanterie de marine}} was increased to eight regiments. {{lang\\|fr\\|L'artillerie de marine}}, created in 1793, was formed into a single regiment in 1814\\. A second was added on 8 July 1893\\. Battles fought in this era included [Bomarsund](/wiki/Battle_of_Bomarsund \"Battle of Bomarsund\") (1854\\) in the Baltic, Sea of Azoff and the Crimea (1855\\-56\\), Ki Hoa in China (1860\\), and the [Battle of Puebla](/wiki/Battle_of_Puebla \"Battle of Puebla\") in Mexico (1863\\). Their most famous battle was [Bazeilles](/wiki/Battle_of_Bazeilles \"Battle of Bazeilles\") (1870\\) in the Franco\\-Prussian War.",
"The {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes de marine}} fought in the [Sino\\-French War](/wiki/Sino-French_War \"Sino-French War\") (August 1884 to April 1885\\) and during the period of undeclared hostilities in Tonkin (northern Vietnam) that preceded it. Between June 1883 and April 1886 the [Tonkin Expeditionary Corps](/wiki/Tonkin_Expeditionary_Corps \"Tonkin Expeditionary Corps\") included several marine infantry battalions and marine artillery batteries. These units saw service in the [Sơn Tây Campaign](/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%C3%A2y_Campaign \"Sơn Tây Campaign\") (December 1883\\), the [Bắc Ninh Campaign](/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Ninh_Campaign \"Bắc Ninh Campaign\") (March 1884\\), the [Capture of Hưng Hóa](/wiki/Capture_of_H%C6%B0ng_H%C3%B3a \"Capture of Hưng Hóa\") (April 1884\\), the [Bắc Lệ ambush](/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_L%E1%BB%87_ambush \"Bắc Lệ ambush\") (June 1884\\), the [Keelung Campaign](/wiki/Keelung_Campaign \"Keelung Campaign\") (October 1884 to June 1885\\), the [Battle of Yu Oc](/wiki/Battle_of_Yu_Oc \"Battle of Yu Oc\") (November 1884\\), the [Battle of Núi Bop](/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%BAi_Bop \"Battle of Núi Bop\") (January 1885\\), the [Lạng Sơn Campaign](/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n_Campaign \"Lạng Sơn Campaign\") (February 1885\\) and the [Pescadores Campaign](/wiki/Pescadores_campaign_%281885%29 \"Pescadores campaign (1885)\") (March 1885\\). In March 1885 the two marine infantry battalions in Lieutenant\\-Colonel Ange\\-Laurent Giovanninelli's 1st Brigade suffered heavy casualties storming the Chinese trenches at the [Battle of Hòa Mộc](/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%B2a_M%E1%BB%99c \"Battle of Hòa Mộc\"). The French victory at Hòa Mộc relieved the [Siege of Tuyên Quang](/wiki/Siege_of_Tuy%C3%AAn_Quang \"Siege of Tuyên Quang\"), and was commemorated thereafter in an annual ceremony at Tuyên Quang in which a soldier of the French Foreign Legion (representing the besieged garrison) and a marine infantryman (representing the relief column) solemnly presented arms on the anniversary of the relief of the beleaguered French post.",
"The French Navy itself, due to the trouble it was having in obtaining naval infantry detachments from the Ministry of the Navy, established the [Fusiliers Marins](/wiki/Fusiliers_Marins \"Fusiliers Marins\") in 1856\\. The {{lang\\|fr\\|Fusiliers\\-Marins}} were initially composed of sailors, senior rates and naval officers who undertook special infantry training to form the \"marine\" detachments aboard ships and conduct small scale landings. Unlike their anglophone contemporaries, they are graded by [naval rates](/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Navy \"Ranks in the French Navy\") rather than adopting [army ranks](/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Army \"Ranks in the French Army\").",
""
] |
### Transformation to Troupes Coloniales
{{Main\|Troupes coloniales}}
[150px\|thumb\|Helmet of Colonial Troupes.](/wiki/Image:Casque_coloniale.jpg "Casque coloniale.jpg")
In 1890 the Ministry of Colonies was separated from that of the [Ministère de la Marine](/wiki/Minist%C3%A8re_de_la_Marine "Ministère de la Marine"). This raised the question of to which authority the {{lang\|fr\|troupes de Marine}}, who only now served in the colonies, should be responsible. By a decree dated 7 July 1900 the renamed [troops](/wiki/Troupes_coloniales "Troupes coloniales") were placed under the {{lang\|fr\|\[\[Minister of Defence (France)\|Département de la Guerre]]}} and were thus rebadged, now as part of the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army "French Army"), under one name – the {{lang\|fr\|\[\[Troupes coloniales]]}}, retaining the anchor badge as a reminder of their naval heritage.
The {{lang\|fr\|Troupes coloniales}} were composed of two distinct corps. One was the colonial forces in metropolitan France, composed of Europeans who had voluntarily enlisted for successive service engagements of five years duration. These regulars (as opposed to [conscripts](/wiki/Conscription_in_France "Conscription in France")) were assigned in small contingents to undertake tours of duty in the various French colonies outside North Africa. There they served either in {{lang\|fr\|blanches}} (all white) units, or were employed as officers and NCOs in the recruitment, training and leadership of locally recruited indigenous troops ([tirailleurs](/wiki/Tirailleurs "Tirailleurs"), [cipayes](/wiki/Sepoy%23Sepoys_in_French_service "Sepoy#Sepoys in French service") etc.). The proportion of European to "native" colonial troops were progressively reduced as additional locally recruited units were created during the late 19th and earlier 20th centuries.
One problem of this system was the differences between the training and equipment required for colonial and European warfare. Service conditions in turn would differ between the various colonial territories in Africa and South East Asia. The two types of colonial troupes were however successfully employed in [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") and [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), as well as the [Indochina War](/wiki/Indochina_War "Indochina War") and the [Algerian War](/wiki/Algerian_War "Algerian War").
The Construction Service of the marine artillery (which designed and engineered the naval artillery guns in the metropolitan arsenals), became an integral part of the colonial artillery following the reorganisation of 1900\. In 1909 those colonial artillery officers who specialised in artillery design and manufacture work were transferred into the newly created "Engineers of [Naval Artillery](/wiki/Naval_Artillery "Naval Artillery")"; a newly created corps of the French Navy which subsequently merged with the Naval Engineer Corps (responsible for the construction of naval ships) during the Second World War.
In 1905, the strength of the {{lang\|fr\|Troupes coloniales}} stationed in (the 19 military districts of metropolitan) France was marked at 2,123 officers and 26,581 other ranks. The strength maintained in the colonies amounts to 1,743 officers, 21,516 European troops and 47,868 native soldiers.{{Cite book \| title\=Les armées du XXe Siècle, supplement illustré\| work\=Pages Perso SFR\|publisher \=Le Petit Journal Militaire, Maritime, Colonial\| location \=Paris\| chapter\=L'Armée Coloniale Française.\| date\=1905 \| language\=fr\| url\=http://vinny03\.perso.neuf.fr/gg/massiges/histocolo.htm\| url\-status\=dead\| archive\-url\=https://forum.pages14\-18\.com/viewtopic.php?f\=12\&t\=16162\&p\=132668\#p132668\| archive\-date\=21 November 2016\| access\-date\=20 August 2020 }}
#### Troupes Coloniales (1900–1958\)
By the time the Troupes were transferred to the Army the unit names changed from "Marine" to "Colonial" while the {{lang\|fr\|Fusiliers\-Marins}} remained part of the French Navy. The {{lang\|fr\|Troupes Coloniale}} were still used in occasional amphibious landings but this was because of the ready availability of units normally based near naval embarkation ports or in colonial garrisons.{{cite book\|first\=Charles\|last\=Lavauzelle\|pages\=346 \& 364\|title\=Les Troupes de Marine 1622–1984\|year\=1991 \|isbn\=978\-2\-7025\-0316\-4}} In the World War I [Gallipoli campaign](/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign "Gallipoli campaign") in the [Dardanelles](/wiki/Dardanelles "Dardanelles"), the [Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient](/wiki/Corps_exp%C3%A9ditionnaire_d%27Orient "Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient") was more than two\-thirds{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2020}} {{lang\|fr\|Troupes Coloniale}} including the 4th, 6th, 7th and 8th Colonial Infantry Regiments and Colonial Artillery. (The artillery element at Gallipoli did not contain any artillery units from the {{lang\|fr\|Troupes Coloniales}}.{{cite web\|url\=https://forum.pages14\-18\.com/viewtopic.php?f\=32\&t\=51852\#p535930\|title\=Artillerie et expédition d'Orient \|date\=5 July 2020\|website\=Forum pages14\-18\| language \=fr\|access\-date\=18 August 2020\|quote\=There were no units of Artillerie Coloniale at Gallipoli in 1915}}) The {{lang\|fr\|Troupes Coloniales}} were however far more likely to see action in African or Asian land campaigns or, during both World Wars, in France itself.{{Definition\|date\=August 2020}}
In World War II, one Colonial unit did have "Marine" in its title – The Bataillon d'Infanterie de Marine du Pacifique (BIMP). Two divisions of the {{lang\|fr\|Troupes Coloniale}} were trained in amphibious tactics by the Americans and performed amphibious landings at [Corsica](/wiki/1_Army_Corps_%28France%29 "1 Army Corps (France)") (6th Moroccan Mountain Division) and [Elba](/wiki/1_Army_Corps_%28France%29 "1 Army Corps (France)") (9th Colonial Infantry Division – 9e DIC). Both these divisions also landed in southern France in the follow\-on echelons of Operation Dragoon. The French wanted the United States to transport these two divisions to the Pacific to fight against the Japanese and later retake French Indochina, but transport was a problem.
The {{lang\|fr\|Troupes coloniales}} distinguished themselves in both World Wars.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2020}} The most decorated regimental colors of the [French Armed Forces](/wiki/French_Armed_Forces "French Armed Forces") are those of the [Colonial Infantry Regiment of Morocco](/wiki/Colonial_Infantry_Regiment_of_Morocco "Colonial Infantry Regiment of Morocco") (RICM) and the regimental colors of the [2nd Marine Infantry Regiment](/wiki/2nd_Marine_Infantry_Regiment "2nd Marine Infantry Regiment") 2e RIMa. After 1945 the decolonization wars involved the colonial troops in [Indochina](/wiki/French_Indochina "French Indochina"), [Algeria](/wiki/French_Algeria "French Algeria"), and [Madagascar](/wiki/French_Madagascar "French Madagascar"). Following 1962, operations in Africa were undertaken by the again renamed {{lang\|fr\|troupes de Marine}} and the *Légion étrangère* which were the only units mainly or entirely composed of "engaged" (non\-conscript) soldiers. This was also the case in [Tchad](/wiki/Tchad "Tchad") and in [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon "Lebanon") and the former [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia "Yugoslavia") before metropolitan troops started also to recruit volunteer soldiers. The cessation of obligatory military service after 2001 permitted the deployment of the remainder of the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army "French Army") in overseas operations.
|
[
"### Transformation to Troupes Coloniales",
"{{Main\\|Troupes coloniales}}\n[150px\\|thumb\\|Helmet of Colonial Troupes.](/wiki/Image:Casque_coloniale.jpg \"Casque coloniale.jpg\")",
"In 1890 the Ministry of Colonies was separated from that of the [Ministère de la Marine](/wiki/Minist%C3%A8re_de_la_Marine \"Ministère de la Marine\"). This raised the question of to which authority the {{lang\\|fr\\|troupes de Marine}}, who only now served in the colonies, should be responsible. By a decree dated 7 July 1900 the renamed [troops](/wiki/Troupes_coloniales \"Troupes coloniales\") were placed under the {{lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[Minister of Defence (France)\\|Département de la Guerre]]}} and were thus rebadged, now as part of the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army \"French Army\"), under one name – the {{lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[Troupes coloniales]]}}, retaining the anchor badge as a reminder of their naval heritage.",
"The {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes coloniales}} were composed of two distinct corps. One was the colonial forces in metropolitan France, composed of Europeans who had voluntarily enlisted for successive service engagements of five years duration. These regulars (as opposed to [conscripts](/wiki/Conscription_in_France \"Conscription in France\")) were assigned in small contingents to undertake tours of duty in the various French colonies outside North Africa. There they served either in {{lang\\|fr\\|blanches}} (all white) units, or were employed as officers and NCOs in the recruitment, training and leadership of locally recruited indigenous troops ([tirailleurs](/wiki/Tirailleurs \"Tirailleurs\"), [cipayes](/wiki/Sepoy%23Sepoys_in_French_service \"Sepoy#Sepoys in French service\") etc.). The proportion of European to \"native\" colonial troops were progressively reduced as additional locally recruited units were created during the late 19th and earlier 20th centuries.",
"One problem of this system was the differences between the training and equipment required for colonial and European warfare. Service conditions in turn would differ between the various colonial territories in Africa and South East Asia. The two types of colonial troupes were however successfully employed in [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") and [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), as well as the [Indochina War](/wiki/Indochina_War \"Indochina War\") and the [Algerian War](/wiki/Algerian_War \"Algerian War\").",
"The Construction Service of the marine artillery (which designed and engineered the naval artillery guns in the metropolitan arsenals), became an integral part of the colonial artillery following the reorganisation of 1900\\. In 1909 those colonial artillery officers who specialised in artillery design and manufacture work were transferred into the newly created \"Engineers of [Naval Artillery](/wiki/Naval_Artillery \"Naval Artillery\")\"; a newly created corps of the French Navy which subsequently merged with the Naval Engineer Corps (responsible for the construction of naval ships) during the Second World War.",
"In 1905, the strength of the {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes coloniales}} stationed in (the 19 military districts of metropolitan) France was marked at 2,123 officers and 26,581 other ranks. The strength maintained in the colonies amounts to 1,743 officers, 21,516 European troops and 47,868 native soldiers.{{Cite book \\| title\\=Les armées du XXe Siècle, supplement illustré\\| work\\=Pages Perso SFR\\|publisher \\=Le Petit Journal Militaire, Maritime, Colonial\\| location \\=Paris\\| chapter\\=L'Armée Coloniale Française.\\| date\\=1905 \\| language\\=fr\\| url\\=http://vinny03\\.perso.neuf.fr/gg/massiges/histocolo.htm\\| url\\-status\\=dead\\| archive\\-url\\=https://forum.pages14\\-18\\.com/viewtopic.php?f\\=12\\&t\\=16162\\&p\\=132668\\#p132668\\| archive\\-date\\=21 November 2016\\| access\\-date\\=20 August 2020 }}",
"#### Troupes Coloniales (1900–1958\\)",
"By the time the Troupes were transferred to the Army the unit names changed from \"Marine\" to \"Colonial\" while the {{lang\\|fr\\|Fusiliers\\-Marins}} remained part of the French Navy. The {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes Coloniale}} were still used in occasional amphibious landings but this was because of the ready availability of units normally based near naval embarkation ports or in colonial garrisons.{{cite book\\|first\\=Charles\\|last\\=Lavauzelle\\|pages\\=346 \\& 364\\|title\\=Les Troupes de Marine 1622–1984\\|year\\=1991 \\|isbn\\=978\\-2\\-7025\\-0316\\-4}} In the World War I [Gallipoli campaign](/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign \"Gallipoli campaign\") in the [Dardanelles](/wiki/Dardanelles \"Dardanelles\"), the [Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient](/wiki/Corps_exp%C3%A9ditionnaire_d%27Orient \"Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient\") was more than two\\-thirds{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}} {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes Coloniale}} including the 4th, 6th, 7th and 8th Colonial Infantry Regiments and Colonial Artillery. (The artillery element at Gallipoli did not contain any artillery units from the {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes Coloniales}}.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://forum.pages14\\-18\\.com/viewtopic.php?f\\=32\\&t\\=51852\\#p535930\\|title\\=Artillerie et expédition d'Orient \\|date\\=5 July 2020\\|website\\=Forum pages14\\-18\\| language \\=fr\\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2020\\|quote\\=There were no units of Artillerie Coloniale at Gallipoli in 1915}}) The {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes Coloniales}} were however far more likely to see action in African or Asian land campaigns or, during both World Wars, in France itself.{{Definition\\|date\\=August 2020}}",
"In World War II, one Colonial unit did have \"Marine\" in its title – The Bataillon d'Infanterie de Marine du Pacifique (BIMP). Two divisions of the {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes Coloniale}} were trained in amphibious tactics by the Americans and performed amphibious landings at [Corsica](/wiki/1_Army_Corps_%28France%29 \"1 Army Corps (France)\") (6th Moroccan Mountain Division) and [Elba](/wiki/1_Army_Corps_%28France%29 \"1 Army Corps (France)\") (9th Colonial Infantry Division – 9e DIC). Both these divisions also landed in southern France in the follow\\-on echelons of Operation Dragoon. The French wanted the United States to transport these two divisions to the Pacific to fight against the Japanese and later retake French Indochina, but transport was a problem.",
"The {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes coloniales}} distinguished themselves in both World Wars.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}} The most decorated regimental colors of the [French Armed Forces](/wiki/French_Armed_Forces \"French Armed Forces\") are those of the [Colonial Infantry Regiment of Morocco](/wiki/Colonial_Infantry_Regiment_of_Morocco \"Colonial Infantry Regiment of Morocco\") (RICM) and the regimental colors of the [2nd Marine Infantry Regiment](/wiki/2nd_Marine_Infantry_Regiment \"2nd Marine Infantry Regiment\") 2e RIMa. After 1945 the decolonization wars involved the colonial troops in [Indochina](/wiki/French_Indochina \"French Indochina\"), [Algeria](/wiki/French_Algeria \"French Algeria\"), and [Madagascar](/wiki/French_Madagascar \"French Madagascar\"). Following 1962, operations in Africa were undertaken by the again renamed {{lang\\|fr\\|troupes de Marine}} and the *Légion étrangère* which were the only units mainly or entirely composed of \"engaged\" (non\\-conscript) soldiers. This was also the case in [Tchad](/wiki/Tchad \"Tchad\") and in [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\") and the former [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia \"Yugoslavia\") before metropolitan troops started also to recruit volunteer soldiers. The cessation of obligatory military service after 2001 permitted the deployment of the remainder of the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army \"French Army\") in overseas operations.",
""
] |
Uniform
-------
The modern {{lang\|fr\|Troupes de marine}} uniform is the same as for other units of the French Army (light beige, plain green or woodland or desert camouflage according to circumstances). Distinctive features are a gold metal fouled anchor badge on a dark blue [beret](/wiki/Beret "Beret") (Marine paratroopers wear [red berets](/wiki/Red_beret "Red beret") and their badge is a composite of the gold metal anchor and the silver wing of airborne units). This is worn either on the beret or embroidered on the front of the [kepi](/wiki/Kepi "Kepi").
The modern full dress includes a dark blue [kepi](/wiki/Kepi "Kepi"), yellow fringed [epaulettes](/wiki/Epaulette "Epaulette") (official colour name is daffodil) and a navy blue cravat (scarf worn around the neck). A red waist [sash](/wiki/Sash "Sash") is also sometimes worn by certain units with a history of colonial service in Africa and Indo\-China.
Historically, the uniform consisted of a blue kepi with red piping, double breasted navy blue tunic, lighter blue trousers, and yellow epaulettes. Worn by all ranks until 1914, the blue uniform was reissued for regular personnel in 1930 and is still worn by bandsmen. This traditional uniform gave the nickname of "the Blue Division" to the {{lang\|fr\|Troupes de marine}} units involved in the 1870 [Franco\-Prussian War](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War "Franco-Prussian War"). The [pith helmet](/wiki/Pith_helmet "Pith helmet") was worn overseas during the colonial period, with blue, khaki or white uniforms according to circumstances. Until the early 1960s a dark blue {{lang\|fr\|calot}} (forage/side cap) with red piping and anchor badge was the usual distinction of the {{lang\|fr\|Troupes de marine}}.
### Gallery
File:Marche\_du\_Tchad\_15\-08\-11\.jpg\|Troupes de marine on parade
File:Béret des T.D.M.jpg\|Beret of all the French Army's {{lang\|fr\|Troupes de marine}}, except paratroopers.
File:Fourragere 1er RIMa 2007 07 14\.jpg\|The distinctive badge with an anchor and the yellow epaulettes of the {{lang\|fr\|Troupes de marine}}. This uniform is only used for parades.
File:Calot des troupes coloniales.jpg\|"Traditional" \[\[side cap\|garrison cap]] (calot)
File:Insigne infanterie de marine.png\|Shoulder Patch of all marines (and infantry, paratroopers and light cavalry before the 2000s).
File:Artillerie de Marine.jpg\|Shoulder patch of the marine artillery before the 2000s. This patch is sometimes still worn but not official anymore.
File:Képi troupe de marine de caporal \- chef ou de sergent.JPG\|Képi of a first sergeant in the TDM with gold piping
### Kepi and traditional epaulettes
The modern [kepi](/wiki/Kepi "Kepi") is presented to new recruits in a solemn ceremony. It is worn by officers and non\-commissioned officers when another headdress is not prescribed. The kepi is entirely dark blue – a very dark blue, often mistaken for black – with a red (privates and corporals) or gold (non\-commissioned officers and officers) trimming. All kepis display the anchor insignia of the Marines. When not being worn the kepi is expected to be positioned so that the anchor is always visible.
The "traditional" [epaulettes](/wiki/Epaulettes "Epaulettes") used by the TdM are gold for officers and NCOs and wool of "daffodil" yellow for other ranks. This colour and pattern is derived from the historic epaulettes of the light infantry formations in mainland France.
### Golden Spurs
The officers of marine "mounted" units (that is to say those formerly using horses, or currently armored vehicles) have the privilege of wearing gold spurs for certain occasions. This differs from the usual French cavalry practice of wearing silver spurs. Tradition has it that Queen [Victoria of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Queen_Victoria "Queen Victoria") requested this distinction for the marine troops from Emperor [Napoleon III](/wiki/Napoleon_III "Napoleon III") to honor the branch after the [Battle of Balaclava](/wiki/Battle_of_Balaclava "Battle of Balaclava") in the Crimea (1854\) where marine infantry saved British troops from destruction{{citation needed\|date\=October 2014}}.
[right\|80px\|thumb\|Badges and rank of Corporal and Corporal Chief of Marine troops](/wiki/File:Insigne_puis_galons_de_caporal_puis_caporal_chef_des_troupes_de_marine.jpg "Insigne puis galons de caporal puis caporal chef des troupes de marine.jpg")
### Sword
The officers and senior non\-commissioned\-officer can wear, in special circumstances, a sword as a part of their dress uniform. This sword has a straight\-edge blade, in contrast to other Army Corps' curved sabers and thus similar to those of the Royal Marines and the rest of the British Armed Forces. Since the Second World War, the sword is very rarely used.
### Red Beret
{{Main\|List of French paratrooper units}}
The armored, artillery and infantry regiments of the Marines wear dark blue berets with golden anchor insignia. The parachute regiments of the Marines ([1e RPIMa](/wiki/1st_Marine_Infantry_Paratroopers_Regiment "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment"), [2e RPIMa](/wiki/2nd_Marine_Infantry_Parachute_Regiment "2nd Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment"), [3e RPIMa](/wiki/3rd_Marine_Infantry_Parachute_Regiment "3rd Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment"), [8e RPIMa](/wiki/8th_Marine_Infantry_Parachute_Regiment "8th Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment")) wear a red beret with anchor and wing insignia, except the [1e RPIMa](/wiki/1st_Marine_Infantry_Paratroopers_Regiment "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment"), a Special Forces regiment, where soldiers wear a purple beret.
The red beret was first introduced to the [Free French Paratroopers of the SAS](/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units "List of French paratrooper units") in August 1944, at the [2e RCP](/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units "List of French paratrooper units") during a parade on 11 November 1944, this regiment for a first time dressed this beret with the insignia of the SAS. However, these paratroopers then belonged to the Air Force. In Indochina, the Infantry Metropolitan SAS Demi\-Brigade retained the practice, which was readopted by the [1st SAS Parachute Demi\-Brigade](/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units "List of French paratrooper units") in 1948\. The red beret, which was officially introduced as the standard uniform headdress on all [Paratroopers](/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units "List of French paratrooper units") in Indochina in 1952 by [Général](/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral "Général") [Jean de Lattre de Tassigny](/wiki/Jean_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny "Jean de Lattre de Tassigny") (except for the [Legion](/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion "French Foreign Legion")), became the norm for all [airborne contingents](/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units "List of French paratrooper units") of the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army "French Army") in 1957, with [legionnaires](/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion "French Foreign Legion") [paratroopers](/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units "List of French paratrooper units") retaining their traditional [green beret](/wiki/Green_beret "Green beret"), and the [1e RPIMa](/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units "List of French paratrooper units") which transitioned to a purple beret in 2015\.
File:Parachutistes coloniaux\-béret modèle 1962\.jpg\|Beret badge worn by the paratroops of the French colonial troops.(Obsolete)
File:Parachutistes coloniaux\-béret.jpg\| Current Beret badge worn by the Marine paratroops
File:Béret de parachutiste des troupes de marine (france).jpg\|red beret (Amaranth) of marine paratroops (France).
Image:French milouf DF\-ST\-99\-05514\.JPEG\|Marine parachutists in Rwanda.
File:Compagnies du 1er RPIMa.JPG\|The companies of the 1st Parachute Regiment of Marine Infantry, in 2008 in Bayonne.
File:Garde du drapeau du 1er RPIMa.JPG\|Color Guard of the 1st Parachute Regiment of Marine Infantry November 11, 2008, in Bayonne.
File:RPIM\-img 1026\.jpg\|Jumping uniform and equipment worn by parachutists of the Marine paratroops.
File:Prise d'arme des compagnie du 1er RPIMa.JPG\| Ceremonial parade of companies of the 1st Parachute Regiment of Marine Infantry, in 2008 at Bayonne.
File:Colonel Harivongs , colonel Vidaud ..JPG\|Change of command of Colonel of the 1st Parachute Regiment of Marine Infantry, in 2008 at Bayonne.
File:Brevet Parachutiste.jpg\|French military parachutist badge
|
[
"Uniform\n-------",
"The modern {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes de marine}} uniform is the same as for other units of the French Army (light beige, plain green or woodland or desert camouflage according to circumstances). Distinctive features are a gold metal fouled anchor badge on a dark blue [beret](/wiki/Beret \"Beret\") (Marine paratroopers wear [red berets](/wiki/Red_beret \"Red beret\") and their badge is a composite of the gold metal anchor and the silver wing of airborne units). This is worn either on the beret or embroidered on the front of the [kepi](/wiki/Kepi \"Kepi\").",
"The modern full dress includes a dark blue [kepi](/wiki/Kepi \"Kepi\"), yellow fringed [epaulettes](/wiki/Epaulette \"Epaulette\") (official colour name is daffodil) and a navy blue cravat (scarf worn around the neck). A red waist [sash](/wiki/Sash \"Sash\") is also sometimes worn by certain units with a history of colonial service in Africa and Indo\\-China.",
"Historically, the uniform consisted of a blue kepi with red piping, double breasted navy blue tunic, lighter blue trousers, and yellow epaulettes. Worn by all ranks until 1914, the blue uniform was reissued for regular personnel in 1930 and is still worn by bandsmen. This traditional uniform gave the nickname of \"the Blue Division\" to the {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes de marine}} units involved in the 1870 [Franco\\-Prussian War](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War \"Franco-Prussian War\"). The [pith helmet](/wiki/Pith_helmet \"Pith helmet\") was worn overseas during the colonial period, with blue, khaki or white uniforms according to circumstances. Until the early 1960s a dark blue {{lang\\|fr\\|calot}} (forage/side cap) with red piping and anchor badge was the usual distinction of the {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes de marine}}.",
"### Gallery",
"",
"File:Marche\\_du\\_Tchad\\_15\\-08\\-11\\.jpg\\|Troupes de marine on parade\nFile:Béret des T.D.M.jpg\\|Beret of all the French Army's {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes de marine}}, except paratroopers.\nFile:Fourragere 1er RIMa 2007 07 14\\.jpg\\|The distinctive badge with an anchor and the yellow epaulettes of the {{lang\\|fr\\|Troupes de marine}}. This uniform is only used for parades.\nFile:Calot des troupes coloniales.jpg\\|\"Traditional\" \\[\\[side cap\\|garrison cap]] (calot)\nFile:Insigne infanterie de marine.png\\|Shoulder Patch of all marines (and infantry, paratroopers and light cavalry before the 2000s).\nFile:Artillerie de Marine.jpg\\|Shoulder patch of the marine artillery before the 2000s. This patch is sometimes still worn but not official anymore.\nFile:Képi troupe de marine de caporal \\- chef ou de sergent.JPG\\|Képi of a first sergeant in the TDM with gold piping",
"",
"### Kepi and traditional epaulettes",
"The modern [kepi](/wiki/Kepi \"Kepi\") is presented to new recruits in a solemn ceremony. It is worn by officers and non\\-commissioned officers when another headdress is not prescribed. The kepi is entirely dark blue – a very dark blue, often mistaken for black – with a red (privates and corporals) or gold (non\\-commissioned officers and officers) trimming. All kepis display the anchor insignia of the Marines. When not being worn the kepi is expected to be positioned so that the anchor is always visible.",
"The \"traditional\" [epaulettes](/wiki/Epaulettes \"Epaulettes\") used by the TdM are gold for officers and NCOs and wool of \"daffodil\" yellow for other ranks. This colour and pattern is derived from the historic epaulettes of the light infantry formations in mainland France.",
"### Golden Spurs",
"The officers of marine \"mounted\" units (that is to say those formerly using horses, or currently armored vehicles) have the privilege of wearing gold spurs for certain occasions. This differs from the usual French cavalry practice of wearing silver spurs. Tradition has it that Queen [Victoria of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Queen_Victoria \"Queen Victoria\") requested this distinction for the marine troops from Emperor [Napoleon III](/wiki/Napoleon_III \"Napoleon III\") to honor the branch after the [Battle of Balaclava](/wiki/Battle_of_Balaclava \"Battle of Balaclava\") in the Crimea (1854\\) where marine infantry saved British troops from destruction{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2014}}.\n[right\\|80px\\|thumb\\|Badges and rank of Corporal and Corporal Chief of Marine troops](/wiki/File:Insigne_puis_galons_de_caporal_puis_caporal_chef_des_troupes_de_marine.jpg \"Insigne puis galons de caporal puis caporal chef des troupes de marine.jpg\")",
"### Sword",
"The officers and senior non\\-commissioned\\-officer can wear, in special circumstances, a sword as a part of their dress uniform. This sword has a straight\\-edge blade, in contrast to other Army Corps' curved sabers and thus similar to those of the Royal Marines and the rest of the British Armed Forces. Since the Second World War, the sword is very rarely used.",
"### Red Beret",
"{{Main\\|List of French paratrooper units}}",
"The armored, artillery and infantry regiments of the Marines wear dark blue berets with golden anchor insignia. The parachute regiments of the Marines ([1e RPIMa](/wiki/1st_Marine_Infantry_Paratroopers_Regiment \"1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment\"), [2e RPIMa](/wiki/2nd_Marine_Infantry_Parachute_Regiment \"2nd Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment\"), [3e RPIMa](/wiki/3rd_Marine_Infantry_Parachute_Regiment \"3rd Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment\"), [8e RPIMa](/wiki/8th_Marine_Infantry_Parachute_Regiment \"8th Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment\")) wear a red beret with anchor and wing insignia, except the [1e RPIMa](/wiki/1st_Marine_Infantry_Paratroopers_Regiment \"1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment\"), a Special Forces regiment, where soldiers wear a purple beret.",
"The red beret was first introduced to the [Free French Paratroopers of the SAS](/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units \"List of French paratrooper units\") in August 1944, at the [2e RCP](/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units \"List of French paratrooper units\") during a parade on 11 November 1944, this regiment for a first time dressed this beret with the insignia of the SAS. However, these paratroopers then belonged to the Air Force. In Indochina, the Infantry Metropolitan SAS Demi\\-Brigade retained the practice, which was readopted by the [1st SAS Parachute Demi\\-Brigade](/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units \"List of French paratrooper units\") in 1948\\. The red beret, which was officially introduced as the standard uniform headdress on all [Paratroopers](/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units \"List of French paratrooper units\") in Indochina in 1952 by [Général](/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral \"Général\") [Jean de Lattre de Tassigny](/wiki/Jean_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny \"Jean de Lattre de Tassigny\") (except for the [Legion](/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion \"French Foreign Legion\")), became the norm for all [airborne contingents](/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units \"List of French paratrooper units\") of the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army \"French Army\") in 1957, with [legionnaires](/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion \"French Foreign Legion\") [paratroopers](/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units \"List of French paratrooper units\") retaining their traditional [green beret](/wiki/Green_beret \"Green beret\"), and the [1e RPIMa](/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units \"List of French paratrooper units\") which transitioned to a purple beret in 2015\\.",
"",
"File:Parachutistes coloniaux\\-béret modèle 1962\\.jpg\\|Beret badge worn by the paratroops of the French colonial troops.(Obsolete)\nFile:Parachutistes coloniaux\\-béret.jpg\\| Current Beret badge worn by the Marine paratroops\nFile:Béret de parachutiste des troupes de marine (france).jpg\\|red beret (Amaranth) of marine paratroops (France).\nImage:French milouf DF\\-ST\\-99\\-05514\\.JPEG\\|Marine parachutists in Rwanda.\nFile:Compagnies du 1er RPIMa.JPG\\|The companies of the 1st Parachute Regiment of Marine Infantry, in 2008 in Bayonne.\nFile:Garde du drapeau du 1er RPIMa.JPG\\|Color Guard of the 1st Parachute Regiment of Marine Infantry November 11, 2008, in Bayonne.\nFile:RPIM\\-img 1026\\.jpg\\|Jumping uniform and equipment worn by parachutists of the Marine paratroops.\nFile:Prise d'arme des compagnie du 1er RPIMa.JPG\\| Ceremonial parade of companies of the 1st Parachute Regiment of Marine Infantry, in 2008 at Bayonne.\nFile:Colonel Harivongs , colonel Vidaud ..JPG\\|Change of command of Colonel of the 1st Parachute Regiment of Marine Infantry, in 2008 at Bayonne.\nFile:Brevet Parachutiste.jpg\\|French military parachutist badge",
""
] |
Plot
----
A group of eight young [medical interns](/wiki/Internship_%28medicine%29 "Internship (medicine)") join the City Hospital surgery staff run by Dr. Prang, a brash and cynical surgeon leading an expensive and dissolute lifestyle.
Meanwhile, old [mafioso](/wiki/American_Mafia "American Mafia") Sal Bonafetti is admitted to the same hospital under an assumed name after suffering a [stroke](/wiki/Stroke "Stroke"); his son Angelo [disguises himself as a woman](/wiki/Cross-dressing "Cross-dressing") or 'Angela' in order to watch over Sal, fearing retaliation by rival crime syndicates.
Professional hitman Malamud is admitted to a bed next to Sal's in order to assassinate him, but his every attempt fails, causing Malamud himself to undergo painful and unnecessary treatment.
The resident who regularly checks in with Sal and Angela is Dr. Walter Rist. Over time he seems to develop feelings for "her", not knowing it's Sal's son in disguise.
Residents Dr. Stephanie Brody and Dr. Simon August develop a relationship as the film progresses. Out to dinner, she has a strong pain in her side, but shakes it off, insisting it's nothing.
As Dr. Phil Burns is working two other jobs to afford the residency, he's half\-asleep when a dirty note is passed to him by head Nurse Norine Sprockett. Taken from a patient, Phil mistakens it as a come on. When he makes a pass at her, Norine slaps him. As a way of apologizing, he shows her the fox step, as his second job is as a dance instructor. Phil discovers Norine wears the key to the medications cabinet around her neck when he convinces her to get him an upper.
Dr. Prang schedules Simon for a basic surgery, but Simon panics when he's assigned an appendectomy. He has a flashback to a joke played on him with a piñata on his birthday. Stephanie has sex with Simon on the operating table to cure him of his panic of the room.
Months pass, Sal continues to thwart Malamud's assassination attempts. At the hospital Christmas party, Stephanie and Simon announce their engagement and she collapses shortly afterwards. It's discovered that she is afflicted with a condition requiring a labor\-intensive procedure. Simon forces a reluctant Dr. Prang to go ahead with the operation. Because it's complicated, the surgeons practise on a dummy.
In the meantime Phil, who illegally sells drugs stolen from the hospital, is arrested by the police after Norine discovers his scheme.
Stephanie's operation is scheduled, but at the last minute both the nurses go on strike and Dr. Prang becomes distraught when his accountant tells him that he has to declare bankruptcy. Simon must operate without him, using his fellow residents as support.
After some scares, the operation is ultimately a success.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"A group of eight young [medical interns](/wiki/Internship_%28medicine%29 \"Internship (medicine)\") join the City Hospital surgery staff run by Dr. Prang, a brash and cynical surgeon leading an expensive and dissolute lifestyle.",
"Meanwhile, old [mafioso](/wiki/American_Mafia \"American Mafia\") Sal Bonafetti is admitted to the same hospital under an assumed name after suffering a [stroke](/wiki/Stroke \"Stroke\"); his son Angelo [disguises himself as a woman](/wiki/Cross-dressing \"Cross-dressing\") or 'Angela' in order to watch over Sal, fearing retaliation by rival crime syndicates.",
"Professional hitman Malamud is admitted to a bed next to Sal's in order to assassinate him, but his every attempt fails, causing Malamud himself to undergo painful and unnecessary treatment.",
"The resident who regularly checks in with Sal and Angela is Dr. Walter Rist. Over time he seems to develop feelings for \"her\", not knowing it's Sal's son in disguise.",
"Residents Dr. Stephanie Brody and Dr. Simon August develop a relationship as the film progresses. Out to dinner, she has a strong pain in her side, but shakes it off, insisting it's nothing.",
"As Dr. Phil Burns is working two other jobs to afford the residency, he's half\\-asleep when a dirty note is passed to him by head Nurse Norine Sprockett. Taken from a patient, Phil mistakens it as a come on. When he makes a pass at her, Norine slaps him. As a way of apologizing, he shows her the fox step, as his second job is as a dance instructor. Phil discovers Norine wears the key to the medications cabinet around her neck when he convinces her to get him an upper.",
"Dr. Prang schedules Simon for a basic surgery, but Simon panics when he's assigned an appendectomy. He has a flashback to a joke played on him with a piñata on his birthday. Stephanie has sex with Simon on the operating table to cure him of his panic of the room.",
"Months pass, Sal continues to thwart Malamud's assassination attempts. At the hospital Christmas party, Stephanie and Simon announce their engagement and she collapses shortly afterwards. It's discovered that she is afflicted with a condition requiring a labor\\-intensive procedure. Simon forces a reluctant Dr. Prang to go ahead with the operation. Because it's complicated, the surgeons practise on a dummy.",
"In the meantime Phil, who illegally sells drugs stolen from the hospital, is arrested by the police after Norine discovers his scheme.",
"Stephanie's operation is scheduled, but at the last minute both the nurses go on strike and Dr. Prang becomes distraught when his accountant tells him that he has to declare bankruptcy. Simon must operate without him, using his fellow residents as support.",
"After some scares, the operation is ultimately a success.",
""
] |
Career
------
### WWII
After completing her instructor's certification in July 1941, Milstead gave flight lessons to both military personnel and private citizens at [Barker Field](/wiki/Barker_Field "Barker Field") in Toronto. Soon, however, wartime rationing effectively ended her instructing job.
In 1943, learning that the [Air Transport Auxiliary](/wiki/Air_Transport_Auxiliary "Air Transport Auxiliary") (ATA) needed experienced pilots, Milstead travelled to England with fellow aviator [Marion Orr](/wiki/Marion_Alice_Orr "Marion Alice Orr"). She was one of only four Canadian women who worked at the ATA,{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=AWA5zy7oxjgC\&q\=violet\+milstead\+pilot\&pg\=PA116\|title\=She Dared: True Stories of Heroines, Scoundrels, and Renegades\|last\=Butts\|first\=Ed\|date\=June 5, 2009\|publisher\=Tundra\|isbn\=9781770490086\|language\=en}} and she earned the rank of [first officer](/wiki/Air_Transport_Auxiliary%23Ranks "Air Transport Auxiliary#Ranks"), ferrying various twin\-engine aircraft between factories and military sites.
[left\|thumb\|A World War II [de Havilland Mosquito](/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito "De Havilland Mosquito") combat aircraft](/wiki/File:Mosquito_600pix.jpg "Mosquito 600pix.jpg")
Milstead flew at least 47 types of aircraft during her wartime ferrying work, including [Spitfires](/wiki/Spitfires "Spitfires"), [de Havilland Mosquitos](/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito "De Havilland Mosquito"), [Beaufighters](/wiki/Bristol_Beaufighter "Bristol Beaufighter"), [Hawker Tempests](/wiki/Hawker_Tempest "Hawker Tempest") and [Grumman Hellcats](/wiki/Grumman_Hellcat "Grumman Hellcat"). She had to learn the controls and system of each new aircraft rapidly, and to assist with this Milstead relied on the "Blue Bible", a book of instruction cards on the inspection, take\-off and landing procedures for each type of aircraft. ATA pilots were not allowed to use radio contact during flights, due to the risk of being overheard, so Milstead often had to navigate by dead reckoning, flying through storms, smog and darkness with little more than maps and compasses.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZEG9BgAAQBAJ\&q\=violet\+milstead\+pilot\&pg\=PA142\|title\=Canadian Women in the Sky: 100 Years of Flight\|last\=Muir\|first\=Elizabeth Gillan\|date\=November 14, 2015\|publisher\=Dundurn\|isbn\=9781459731882\|pages\=142\|language\=en}} Ground crews on airfields said that they knew how to recognise ATA pilots approaching, because "no one else would dare to fly in such bad weather". Milstead worked in cycles of two weeks, with four days off for rest, and typically flew up to eight flights per day. Despite carrying the same workload as her male ATA co\-workers, she was paid 20 per cent less. Just over five feet tall, Milstead sometimes had to sit atop a packaged parachute in order to see out the windows of her aircraft.
Milstead logged over 600 hours of flight time and was the longest serving female Canadian pilot with the ATA.
### Post\-war years
[thumb\|A [Fairchild Husky](/wiki/Fairchild_Husky "Fairchild Husky") bushplane](/wiki/File:Husky.JPG "Husky.JPG")
When the ATA was disbanded in 1945, Milstead returned to Canada and worked as a flight instructor at Leavens Brothers Air Services at Barker Field. Here, she met her future husband, pilot Arnold Warren. She moved to [Sudbury](/wiki/Sudbury%2C_Ontario "Sudbury, Ontario") next, to work at Nickel Belt Airways teaching and flying as a bush pilot. Milstead transported prospectors, miners, lumber personnel, hunters and fishermen in and out of northern Ontario, and also watched for forest fires. She was the first female Canadian bush pilot,{{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309203517/https://books.google.com/books?id\=Wu\_V\_4H\-940s. \|date\=March 9, 2023 access\-date\=2023\-04\-02}}{{dead link\|date\=April 2023}}{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=XhHUzUwJtA4C\&q\=violet\+milstead\+pilot\&pg\=PA146\|title\=Inspiring Women: A Celebration of Herstory\|last1\=Youngberg\|first1\=Gail\|last2\=Holmlund\|first2\=Mona\|date\=2003\|publisher\=Coteau Books\|isbn\=9781550502046\|pages\=146\|language\=en}} Milstead often flew the [Fairchild Husky](/wiki/Fairchild_Husky "Fairchild Husky") in her bush work.
She sometimes encountered difficulties with men. In one incident, before their aircraft took off, a male co\-pilot attempted to kiss her, and she "spun him around and kicked him out the door". Things improved with time, however. "When the boys got over fainting spells from seeing a girl climb out of the airplane, they became very helpful," Milstead later recalled.
Following a two\-year stint in Indonesia – where Milstead's husband taught aviation but where she herself was forbidden from teaching – the couple returned to Canada, where Milstead eventually found work as a librarian at Orlenda and the Ontario Water Commission. She retired in 1973, and she and her husband continued to fly for recreation in their own [Piper Cub](/wiki/Piper_Cub "Piper Cub").
Milstead taught several notable Canadians how to fly during her time as an instructor, including author [June Callwood](/wiki/June_Callwood "June Callwood"){{Cite encyclopedia\|url\=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/june\-callwood/\|title\=June Callwood\|last\=Pedersen\|first\=Anne\-Marie\|encyclopedia\=The Canadian Encyclopedia\|access\-date\=November 27, 2017\|language\=en}} and commercial pilot [Molly Reilly](/wiki/Molly_Reilly "Molly Reilly").{{Cite book\|url\=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00rosa/page/180\|title\=Encyclopedia of women in aviation and space\|last\=Rosanne.\|first\=Welch\|date\=1998\|publisher\=ABC\-CLIO\|isbn\=0874369584\|location\=Santa Barbara, Calif.\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00rosa/page/180 180]\|oclc\=39209984\|url\-access\=registration}} Impressed by Milstead's skills, Callwood described her as a "Bush Angel", later writing an article about Milstead for a women's magazine.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### WWII",
"After completing her instructor's certification in July 1941, Milstead gave flight lessons to both military personnel and private citizens at [Barker Field](/wiki/Barker_Field \"Barker Field\") in Toronto. Soon, however, wartime rationing effectively ended her instructing job.",
"In 1943, learning that the [Air Transport Auxiliary](/wiki/Air_Transport_Auxiliary \"Air Transport Auxiliary\") (ATA) needed experienced pilots, Milstead travelled to England with fellow aviator [Marion Orr](/wiki/Marion_Alice_Orr \"Marion Alice Orr\"). She was one of only four Canadian women who worked at the ATA,{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=AWA5zy7oxjgC\\&q\\=violet\\+milstead\\+pilot\\&pg\\=PA116\\|title\\=She Dared: True Stories of Heroines, Scoundrels, and Renegades\\|last\\=Butts\\|first\\=Ed\\|date\\=June 5, 2009\\|publisher\\=Tundra\\|isbn\\=9781770490086\\|language\\=en}} and she earned the rank of [first officer](/wiki/Air_Transport_Auxiliary%23Ranks \"Air Transport Auxiliary#Ranks\"), ferrying various twin\\-engine aircraft between factories and military sites.\n[left\\|thumb\\|A World War II [de Havilland Mosquito](/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito \"De Havilland Mosquito\") combat aircraft](/wiki/File:Mosquito_600pix.jpg \"Mosquito 600pix.jpg\")\nMilstead flew at least 47 types of aircraft during her wartime ferrying work, including [Spitfires](/wiki/Spitfires \"Spitfires\"), [de Havilland Mosquitos](/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito \"De Havilland Mosquito\"), [Beaufighters](/wiki/Bristol_Beaufighter \"Bristol Beaufighter\"), [Hawker Tempests](/wiki/Hawker_Tempest \"Hawker Tempest\") and [Grumman Hellcats](/wiki/Grumman_Hellcat \"Grumman Hellcat\"). She had to learn the controls and system of each new aircraft rapidly, and to assist with this Milstead relied on the \"Blue Bible\", a book of instruction cards on the inspection, take\\-off and landing procedures for each type of aircraft. ATA pilots were not allowed to use radio contact during flights, due to the risk of being overheard, so Milstead often had to navigate by dead reckoning, flying through storms, smog and darkness with little more than maps and compasses.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZEG9BgAAQBAJ\\&q\\=violet\\+milstead\\+pilot\\&pg\\=PA142\\|title\\=Canadian Women in the Sky: 100 Years of Flight\\|last\\=Muir\\|first\\=Elizabeth Gillan\\|date\\=November 14, 2015\\|publisher\\=Dundurn\\|isbn\\=9781459731882\\|pages\\=142\\|language\\=en}} Ground crews on airfields said that they knew how to recognise ATA pilots approaching, because \"no one else would dare to fly in such bad weather\". Milstead worked in cycles of two weeks, with four days off for rest, and typically flew up to eight flights per day. Despite carrying the same workload as her male ATA co\\-workers, she was paid 20 per cent less. Just over five feet tall, Milstead sometimes had to sit atop a packaged parachute in order to see out the windows of her aircraft.",
"Milstead logged over 600 hours of flight time and was the longest serving female Canadian pilot with the ATA.",
"### Post\\-war years",
"[thumb\\|A [Fairchild Husky](/wiki/Fairchild_Husky \"Fairchild Husky\") bushplane](/wiki/File:Husky.JPG \"Husky.JPG\")\nWhen the ATA was disbanded in 1945, Milstead returned to Canada and worked as a flight instructor at Leavens Brothers Air Services at Barker Field. Here, she met her future husband, pilot Arnold Warren. She moved to [Sudbury](/wiki/Sudbury%2C_Ontario \"Sudbury, Ontario\") next, to work at Nickel Belt Airways teaching and flying as a bush pilot. Milstead transported prospectors, miners, lumber personnel, hunters and fishermen in and out of northern Ontario, and also watched for forest fires. She was the first female Canadian bush pilot,{{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309203517/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Wu\\_V\\_4H\\-940s. \\|date\\=March 9, 2023 access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-02}}{{dead link\\|date\\=April 2023}}{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=XhHUzUwJtA4C\\&q\\=violet\\+milstead\\+pilot\\&pg\\=PA146\\|title\\=Inspiring Women: A Celebration of Herstory\\|last1\\=Youngberg\\|first1\\=Gail\\|last2\\=Holmlund\\|first2\\=Mona\\|date\\=2003\\|publisher\\=Coteau Books\\|isbn\\=9781550502046\\|pages\\=146\\|language\\=en}} Milstead often flew the [Fairchild Husky](/wiki/Fairchild_Husky \"Fairchild Husky\") in her bush work.",
"She sometimes encountered difficulties with men. In one incident, before their aircraft took off, a male co\\-pilot attempted to kiss her, and she \"spun him around and kicked him out the door\". Things improved with time, however. \"When the boys got over fainting spells from seeing a girl climb out of the airplane, they became very helpful,\" Milstead later recalled.",
"Following a two\\-year stint in Indonesia – where Milstead's husband taught aviation but where she herself was forbidden from teaching – the couple returned to Canada, where Milstead eventually found work as a librarian at Orlenda and the Ontario Water Commission. She retired in 1973, and she and her husband continued to fly for recreation in their own [Piper Cub](/wiki/Piper_Cub \"Piper Cub\").",
"Milstead taught several notable Canadians how to fly during her time as an instructor, including author [June Callwood](/wiki/June_Callwood \"June Callwood\"){{Cite encyclopedia\\|url\\=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/june\\-callwood/\\|title\\=June Callwood\\|last\\=Pedersen\\|first\\=Anne\\-Marie\\|encyclopedia\\=The Canadian Encyclopedia\\|access\\-date\\=November 27, 2017\\|language\\=en}} and commercial pilot [Molly Reilly](/wiki/Molly_Reilly \"Molly Reilly\").{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00rosa/page/180\\|title\\=Encyclopedia of women in aviation and space\\|last\\=Rosanne.\\|first\\=Welch\\|date\\=1998\\|publisher\\=ABC\\-CLIO\\|isbn\\=0874369584\\|location\\=Santa Barbara, Calif.\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00rosa/page/180 180]\\|oclc\\=39209984\\|url\\-access\\=registration}} Impressed by Milstead's skills, Callwood described her as a \"Bush Angel\", later writing an article about Milstead for a women's magazine.",
""
] |
Career
------
### 1999–2005: Debut and *Mamani*
[thumb\|Denalane in 1999](/wiki/File:Joy_Denalane_Soundcheck.jpg "Joy Denalane Soundcheck.jpg")
Around the same time, Denalane came in first contact with [hip hop](/wiki/Hip_hop_music "Hip hop music") group [Freundeskreis](/wiki/Freundeskreis "Freundeskreis"), who searched for a female counterpart to lead singer [Max Herre](/wiki/Max_Herre "Max Herre")'s voice on their track "Mit Dir" then.{{cite web\|last1\=Buchanan\|first1\=John D.\|title\=Joy Denalane – Biography\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/joy\-denalane\-mn0000293700/biography\|website\=Allmusic\|accessdate\=20 September 2014}} However, the duet was released as a single in July 1999 and made the top 10 in Germany, the top 30 in Austria, and the top 15 in Switzerland—pushed by the fact Denalane and Herre had become a couple.
Afterwards Denalane joined the [FK Allstars](/wiki/Freundeskreis%23FK_Allstars "Freundeskreis#FK Allstars"), which also consisted of [Afrob](/wiki/Afrob "Afrob"), [Gentleman](/wiki/Gentleman_%28musician%29 "Gentleman (musician)"), Sekou, and Brooke Russell, among others, and went on tour with them for more than two years. Later on she signed a contract with [Four Music](/wiki/Four_Music "Four Music") (founded by [Die Fantastischen Vier](/wiki/Die_Fantastischen_Vier "Die Fantastischen Vier")) and began working on her debut album *[Mamani](/wiki/Mamani "Mamani")*, which was released in June 2002 and debuted at number eight on the [German Albums Chart](/wiki/Media_Control_Charts "Media Control Charts"). Inspired by [African](/wiki/Music_of_Africa "Music of Africa") roots, the album was primarily produced by husband Max Herre. In total *Mamani* spawned six singles, including the lead single "Sag's Mir", the socially critical track "Im Ghetto von Soweto" (featuring her uncle, South African [flugelhorn](/wiki/Flugelhorn "Flugelhorn") legend [Hugh Masekela](/wiki/Hugh_Masekela "Hugh Masekela")), and "Kinderlied", a song dedicated to her oldest son Isaiah.
[thumb\|upright\=1\.5\|Denalane onstage with [Freundeskreis](/wiki/Freundeskreis "Freundeskreis") at the Gurtenfestival in Bern, Switzerland in 2000](/wiki/File:Freundeskreis.jpg "Freundeskreis.jpg")
In 2003, Denalane went on a solo tour and finished collaborations with [Youssou N'Dour](/wiki/Youssou_N%27Dour "Youssou N'Dour"), [ASD](/wiki/Afrob "Afrob"), and [Till Brönner](/wiki/Till_Br%C3%B6nner "Till Brönner"). She also performed in New York City and [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia") for the first time and eventually received a Comet for Best Hip\-Hop/R\&B National and three [ECHO](/wiki/ECHO_%28music_award%29 "ECHO (music award)") nominations, including Best Female Artist. Soon after she released a live edition of *Mamani* on CD and DVD, which was recorded during a special performance at Berlin's Tränenpalast and involved a set of previously unreleased remakes. In summer 2005 Denalane contributed vocals to the German version of [Common](/wiki/Common_%28rapper%29 "Common (rapper)")'s 2005 single "[Go!](/wiki/Go%21_%28Common_song%29 "Go! (Common song)")".
### 2006–2015: *Born and Raised* and *Maureen*
In April 2006, Denalane and Herre founded their own label, Nesola. Simultaneously Denalane prepared the release of her second album, *Born \& Raised*, her first record in English. Pre\-programmed in Germany, the album was entirely recorded in Philadelphia and features appearances by American rappers [Lupe Fiasco](/wiki/Lupe_Fiasco "Lupe Fiasco"), [Raekwon](/wiki/Raekwon "Raekwon"), and [Governor](/wiki/Governor_%28singer%29 "Governor (singer)").{{cite web\|last1\=Schlockermann\|first1\=Ilka\|title\=Joy Denalane Born and Raised Review\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/gf8c\|website\=BBC\|accessdate\=20 September 2014}} While its lead single "Let Go" reached a moderately successful number 40 on the German Singles Chart, the critically acclaimed *Born \& Raised* (released in August 2006\) debuted at number two (behind [Christina Aguilera](/wiki/Christina_Aguilera "Christina Aguilera")'s *[Back to Basics](/wiki/Back_to_Basics_%28Christina_Aguilera_album%29 "Back to Basics (Christina Aguilera album)")*) on the national albums chart, making it Denalane's highest chart entry to date. Further singles from the album, "Heaven or Hell" and "Sometimes Love", failed to chart within the top one hundred. In early 2007, Denalane released the single "Change" (featuring [Lupe Fiasco](/wiki/Lupe_Fiasco "Lupe Fiasco")) in the United Kingdom, which failed to chart; however, it was featured in the 2008 blockbuster film, *[Taken](/wiki/Taken_%28film%29 "Taken (film)")*, starring [Liam Neeson](/wiki/Liam_Neeson "Liam Neeson").
In 2008, Denalane worked with [Tweet](/wiki/Tweet_%28singer%29 "Tweet (singer)"), [Dwele](/wiki/Dwele "Dwele") and [Bilal](/wiki/Bilal_%28American_singer%29 "Bilal (American singer)") on the project [The Dresden Soul Symphony](/wiki/The_Dresden_Soul_Symphony "The Dresden Soul Symphony") in [Dresden](/wiki/Dresden "Dresden"), Germany. They performed classic soul cuts like "Let's Stay Together", "Natural Woman", "[It's a Man's Man's Man's World](/wiki/It%27s_a_Man%27s_Man%27s_Man%27s_World "It's a Man's Man's Man's World")", "Ain't Nothing Like a Real Thing", etc. with the [MDR Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/MDR_Symphony_Orchestra "MDR Symphony Orchestra"). An album, *[The Dresden Soul Symphony](/wiki/The_Dresden_Soul_Symphony "The Dresden Soul Symphony")*, and DVD were later released on 24 October 2008\.
Denalane's third studio *[Maureen](/wiki/Maureen_%28album%29 "Maureen (album)")*, titled after her middle name, was released May 2011\. Her first German\-language studio album since *[Mamani](/wiki/Mamani_%28album%29 "Mamani (album)")* (2002\), it received a positive response from critics and reached number eight on the [German Albums Chart](/wiki/German_Albums_Chart "German Albums Chart"). Elsewhere the album peaked at number thirty\-six in Austria and number eleven on the [Swiss Albums Chart](/wiki/Swiss_Albums_Chart "Swiss Albums Chart"), becoming both her highest and lowest\-charting album yet, respectively. Spawning four singles, an English language version of *Maureen* was released in March 2012\.
In August 2014, Denalane became a judge on the debut season of the [RTL](/wiki/RTL_Television "RTL Television") reality program, *[Rising Star](/wiki/Rising_Star_%28TV_series%29 "Rising Star (TV series)")* along with [Sasha](/wiki/Sasha_%28German_singer%29 "Sasha (German singer)"), [Gentleman](/wiki/Gentleman_%28musician%29 "Gentleman (musician)"), and [Anastacia](/wiki/Anastacia "Anastacia").
### 2016–present: *Gleisdreieck* and *Let Yourself Be Loved*
In 2017, Denalane released her fourth studio album, *[Gleisdreieck](/wiki/Gleisdreieck_%28album%29 "Gleisdreieck (album)")*, her third German\-language album.
On 4 September 2020, Denalane released her fifth studio album, *[Let Yourself Be Loved](/wiki/Let_Yourself_Be_Loved "Let Yourself Be Loved")*, via [Motown Records](/wiki/Motown_Records "Motown Records"). It is her second English\-language album.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### 1999–2005: Debut and *Mamani*",
"[thumb\\|Denalane in 1999](/wiki/File:Joy_Denalane_Soundcheck.jpg \"Joy Denalane Soundcheck.jpg\")\nAround the same time, Denalane came in first contact with [hip hop](/wiki/Hip_hop_music \"Hip hop music\") group [Freundeskreis](/wiki/Freundeskreis \"Freundeskreis\"), who searched for a female counterpart to lead singer [Max Herre](/wiki/Max_Herre \"Max Herre\")'s voice on their track \"Mit Dir\" then.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Buchanan\\|first1\\=John D.\\|title\\=Joy Denalane – Biography\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/joy\\-denalane\\-mn0000293700/biography\\|website\\=Allmusic\\|accessdate\\=20 September 2014}} However, the duet was released as a single in July 1999 and made the top 10 in Germany, the top 30 in Austria, and the top 15 in Switzerland—pushed by the fact Denalane and Herre had become a couple.",
"Afterwards Denalane joined the [FK Allstars](/wiki/Freundeskreis%23FK_Allstars \"Freundeskreis#FK Allstars\"), which also consisted of [Afrob](/wiki/Afrob \"Afrob\"), [Gentleman](/wiki/Gentleman_%28musician%29 \"Gentleman (musician)\"), Sekou, and Brooke Russell, among others, and went on tour with them for more than two years. Later on she signed a contract with [Four Music](/wiki/Four_Music \"Four Music\") (founded by [Die Fantastischen Vier](/wiki/Die_Fantastischen_Vier \"Die Fantastischen Vier\")) and began working on her debut album *[Mamani](/wiki/Mamani \"Mamani\")*, which was released in June 2002 and debuted at number eight on the [German Albums Chart](/wiki/Media_Control_Charts \"Media Control Charts\"). Inspired by [African](/wiki/Music_of_Africa \"Music of Africa\") roots, the album was primarily produced by husband Max Herre. In total *Mamani* spawned six singles, including the lead single \"Sag's Mir\", the socially critical track \"Im Ghetto von Soweto\" (featuring her uncle, South African [flugelhorn](/wiki/Flugelhorn \"Flugelhorn\") legend [Hugh Masekela](/wiki/Hugh_Masekela \"Hugh Masekela\")), and \"Kinderlied\", a song dedicated to her oldest son Isaiah.\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.5\\|Denalane onstage with [Freundeskreis](/wiki/Freundeskreis \"Freundeskreis\") at the Gurtenfestival in Bern, Switzerland in 2000](/wiki/File:Freundeskreis.jpg \"Freundeskreis.jpg\")\nIn 2003, Denalane went on a solo tour and finished collaborations with [Youssou N'Dour](/wiki/Youssou_N%27Dour \"Youssou N'Dour\"), [ASD](/wiki/Afrob \"Afrob\"), and [Till Brönner](/wiki/Till_Br%C3%B6nner \"Till Brönner\"). She also performed in New York City and [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") for the first time and eventually received a Comet for Best Hip\\-Hop/R\\&B National and three [ECHO](/wiki/ECHO_%28music_award%29 \"ECHO (music award)\") nominations, including Best Female Artist. Soon after she released a live edition of *Mamani* on CD and DVD, which was recorded during a special performance at Berlin's Tränenpalast and involved a set of previously unreleased remakes. In summer 2005 Denalane contributed vocals to the German version of [Common](/wiki/Common_%28rapper%29 \"Common (rapper)\")'s 2005 single \"[Go!](/wiki/Go%21_%28Common_song%29 \"Go! (Common song)\")\".",
"### 2006–2015: *Born and Raised* and *Maureen*",
"In April 2006, Denalane and Herre founded their own label, Nesola. Simultaneously Denalane prepared the release of her second album, *Born \\& Raised*, her first record in English. Pre\\-programmed in Germany, the album was entirely recorded in Philadelphia and features appearances by American rappers [Lupe Fiasco](/wiki/Lupe_Fiasco \"Lupe Fiasco\"), [Raekwon](/wiki/Raekwon \"Raekwon\"), and [Governor](/wiki/Governor_%28singer%29 \"Governor (singer)\").{{cite web\\|last1\\=Schlockermann\\|first1\\=Ilka\\|title\\=Joy Denalane Born and Raised Review\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/gf8c\\|website\\=BBC\\|accessdate\\=20 September 2014}} While its lead single \"Let Go\" reached a moderately successful number 40 on the German Singles Chart, the critically acclaimed *Born \\& Raised* (released in August 2006\\) debuted at number two (behind [Christina Aguilera](/wiki/Christina_Aguilera \"Christina Aguilera\")'s *[Back to Basics](/wiki/Back_to_Basics_%28Christina_Aguilera_album%29 \"Back to Basics (Christina Aguilera album)\")*) on the national albums chart, making it Denalane's highest chart entry to date. Further singles from the album, \"Heaven or Hell\" and \"Sometimes Love\", failed to chart within the top one hundred. In early 2007, Denalane released the single \"Change\" (featuring [Lupe Fiasco](/wiki/Lupe_Fiasco \"Lupe Fiasco\")) in the United Kingdom, which failed to chart; however, it was featured in the 2008 blockbuster film, *[Taken](/wiki/Taken_%28film%29 \"Taken (film)\")*, starring [Liam Neeson](/wiki/Liam_Neeson \"Liam Neeson\").",
"In 2008, Denalane worked with [Tweet](/wiki/Tweet_%28singer%29 \"Tweet (singer)\"), [Dwele](/wiki/Dwele \"Dwele\") and [Bilal](/wiki/Bilal_%28American_singer%29 \"Bilal (American singer)\") on the project [The Dresden Soul Symphony](/wiki/The_Dresden_Soul_Symphony \"The Dresden Soul Symphony\") in [Dresden](/wiki/Dresden \"Dresden\"), Germany. They performed classic soul cuts like \"Let's Stay Together\", \"Natural Woman\", \"[It's a Man's Man's Man's World](/wiki/It%27s_a_Man%27s_Man%27s_Man%27s_World \"It's a Man's Man's Man's World\")\", \"Ain't Nothing Like a Real Thing\", etc. with the [MDR Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/MDR_Symphony_Orchestra \"MDR Symphony Orchestra\"). An album, *[The Dresden Soul Symphony](/wiki/The_Dresden_Soul_Symphony \"The Dresden Soul Symphony\")*, and DVD were later released on 24 October 2008\\.",
"Denalane's third studio *[Maureen](/wiki/Maureen_%28album%29 \"Maureen (album)\")*, titled after her middle name, was released May 2011\\. Her first German\\-language studio album since *[Mamani](/wiki/Mamani_%28album%29 \"Mamani (album)\")* (2002\\), it received a positive response from critics and reached number eight on the [German Albums Chart](/wiki/German_Albums_Chart \"German Albums Chart\"). Elsewhere the album peaked at number thirty\\-six in Austria and number eleven on the [Swiss Albums Chart](/wiki/Swiss_Albums_Chart \"Swiss Albums Chart\"), becoming both her highest and lowest\\-charting album yet, respectively. Spawning four singles, an English language version of *Maureen* was released in March 2012\\.",
"In August 2014, Denalane became a judge on the debut season of the [RTL](/wiki/RTL_Television \"RTL Television\") reality program, *[Rising Star](/wiki/Rising_Star_%28TV_series%29 \"Rising Star (TV series)\")* along with [Sasha](/wiki/Sasha_%28German_singer%29 \"Sasha (German singer)\"), [Gentleman](/wiki/Gentleman_%28musician%29 \"Gentleman (musician)\"), and [Anastacia](/wiki/Anastacia \"Anastacia\").",
"### 2016–present: *Gleisdreieck* and *Let Yourself Be Loved*",
"In 2017, Denalane released her fourth studio album, *[Gleisdreieck](/wiki/Gleisdreieck_%28album%29 \"Gleisdreieck (album)\")*, her third German\\-language album.",
"On 4 September 2020, Denalane released her fifth studio album, *[Let Yourself Be Loved](/wiki/Let_Yourself_Be_Loved \"Let Yourself Be Loved\")*, via [Motown Records](/wiki/Motown_Records \"Motown Records\"). It is her second English\\-language album.",
""
] |
History
-------
{{Multiple image
\| align \=
\| direction \= vertical
\| width \=
\| image1 \= Flag of Prince George's County, Maryland (1696\-1963\).svg
\| caption1 \= {{FIAV\|historical}} The flag of Prince George's County, from 1696 to 1963\.
\| image2 \= Seal of Prince George's County, Maryland (1958\-1971\).svg
\| caption2 \= The official seal of Prince George's County, from 1958 to 1971\. Note the lack of apostrophe in "GEORGES" and the spelling of "county" as "COVNTY".
}}
The [Cretaceous](/wiki/Cretaceous "Cretaceous") Era brought dinosaurs to the area that left fossils now preserved in a {{convert\|7\.5\|acre\|adj\=on}} park in [Laurel](/wiki/Laurel%2C_Maryland "Laurel, Maryland").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.pgparks.com/About\-Parks\-and\-Recreation/HomePage\_Read\_More/Dinosaur\_Park\_Officially\_Dedicated\_and\_Opened\_To\_the\_Public.htm \|title\=Dinosaur Park Officially Dedicated and Opened To the Public \|work\=pgparks.com \|publisher\=Prince George's County Department of Parks and Recreation \|access\-date\=October 28, 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125115904/http://www.pgparks.com/About\-Parks\-and\-Recreation/HomePage\_Read\_More/Dinosaur\_Park\_Officially\_Dedicated\_and\_Opened\_To\_the\_Public.htm \|archive\-date\=November 25, 2009 }} The site, which among other finds has yielded fossilized teeth from *[Astrodon](/wiki/Astrodon "Astrodon")* and *[Priconodon](/wiki/Priconodon "Priconodon")* species, has been called the most prolific in the eastern United States.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bal\-md.dinosaur25oct25,0,2758500\.story \|title\=Where dinosaurs once walked \|last\=Roylance \|first\=Frank D. \|date\=October 29, 2009 \|work\=The Baltimore Sun \|access\-date\=October 28, 2009 }}{{dead link\|date\=March 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
In the mid to late [Holocene](/wiki/Holocene "Holocene") era, the area was occupied by Paleo\-Native Americans and then, later, Native Americans. When the first European settlers arrived, what is now Prince George's County was inhabited by people of the [Piscataway Indian Nation](/wiki/Piscataway_tribe "Piscataway tribe"). Three branches of the tribe are still living today, two of which are headquartered in Prince George's County.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs\-md\-piscataway\-history\-20120116\-story.html \|title\=Md. recognition of Piscataways adds happy note to complicated history \|last\=Walker \|first\=Childs \|date\=January 16, 2012 \|newspaper\=The Baltimore Sun \|access\-date\=November 25, 2018 \|archive\-date\=November 26, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126092711/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs\-md\-piscataway\-history\-20120116\-story.html \|url\-status\=dead }}
### 17th century
Prince George's County was created by the English [Council of Maryland](/wiki/Maryland_General_Assembly%23History "Maryland General Assembly#History") in the [Province of Maryland](/wiki/Province_of_Maryland "Province of Maryland") in April 1696 from portions of [Charles](/wiki/Charles_County%2C_Maryland "Charles County, Maryland") and [Calvert](/wiki/Calvert_County%2C_Maryland "Calvert County, Maryland") counties. The county was divided into six districts referred to as "Hundreds": [Mattapany](/wiki/Mattapony "Mattapony"), [Petuxant](/wiki/Patuxent%2C_Maryland "Patuxent, Maryland"), [Collington](/wiki/Collington%2C_Maryland "Collington, Maryland"), Mount Calvert, [Piscattoway](/wiki/Piscataway%2C_Maryland "Piscataway, Maryland") and New Scotland.{{cite web
\|title\=Proceedings of the Council of Maryland, 1696/7:1698, Volume 23, Page 23
\|publisher\=\[\[Maryland State Archives]]
\|url\=http://aomol.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000023/html/am23\-\-23\.html
\|access\-date\=May 4, 2007
\|url\-status\=dead
\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928075931/http://aomol.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000023/html/am23\-\-23\.html
\|archive\-date\=September 28, 2007
}}
### 18th century
A portion was detached in 1748 to form [Frederick County](/wiki/Frederick_County%2C_Maryland "Frederick County, Maryland"). Because Frederick County was subsequently divided to form the present [Allegany](/wiki/Allegany_County%2C_Maryland "Allegany County, Maryland"), [Garrett](/wiki/Garrett_County%2C_Maryland "Garrett County, Maryland"), [Montgomery](/wiki/Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland "Montgomery County, Maryland"), and [Washington](/wiki/Washington_County%2C_Maryland "Washington County, Maryland") counties, all of these counties in addition were derived from what had up to 1748 been Prince George's County.
In 1791, portions of Prince George's County were ceded to form the new [District of Columbia](/wiki/District_of_Columbia "District of Columbia") (along with portions of [Montgomery County, Maryland](/wiki/Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland "Montgomery County, Maryland") and parts of [Northern Virginia](/wiki/Northern_Virginia "Northern Virginia") that were later [returned to Virginia](/wiki/Retrocession_%28District_of_Columbia%29 "Retrocession (District of Columbia)")).
### 19th century
During the [War of 1812](/wiki/War_of_1812 "War of 1812"), the British marched through the county by way of [Bladensburg](/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg "Battle of Bladensburg") to burn the White House. On their return, they kidnapped a prominent doctor, [William Beanes](/wiki/William_Beanes "William Beanes"). Lawyer [Francis Scott Key](/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key "Francis Scott Key") was asked to negotiate for his release, which resulted in his writing "[The Star\-Spangled Banner](/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner "The Star-Spangled Banner")".
Prince George's County had the highest population of slaves within the state of Maryland. These enslaved Africans engaged in forced labor on tobacco farms and plantations throughout Prince George's County.{{cite web \| title\=Flight to Freedom: Slavery and the Underground Railroad in Maryland from the Maryland State Archives \| url\=http://www.mdslavery.net/html/antebellum/pg.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040820075152/http://www.mdslavery.net/html/antebellum/pg.html \|archive\-date\=August 20, 2004 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \|title\=Beneath the Underground: The Flight to Freedom (Prince Georges County) \|url\=http://slavery.msa.maryland.gov/html/antebellum/pg.html \|website\=Maryland State Archives \|access\-date\=October 29, 2021 }}
During the Civil War, hundreds of enslaved black men in Prince George's County were given freedom in exchange for joining the Union Army and fighting in Colored units against Confederate Forces. When Abraham Lincoln ordered the end of slavery in America, he did not free the slaves in Maryland because he was concerned that slave owning Maryland would revolt and Washington D.C. would then be surrounded by Confederate forces. However [John Pendleton Kennedy](/wiki/John_Pendleton_Kennedy "John Pendleton Kennedy"), a Maryland politician who became an abolitionist after watching a speech by [Frederick Douglass](/wiki/Frederick_Douglass "Frederick Douglass"), led a referendum campaign to end slavery in the state. In 1864, the citizens of Maryland voted to end slavery. However the state was so divided that the referendum won by only 1,000 votes. Lincoln then ordered the Union Army to enforce the ban in Maryland and all enslaved people in the state were freed.
After the Civil War, many African Americans attempted to become part of Maryland politics, but were met with violent repression after the fall of [Reconstruction](/wiki/Reconstruction_Era "Reconstruction Era").Records \& Recollections – Early Black History in Prince George's County, Maryland by Bianca P. Floyd, [M\-NCPPC](/wiki/M-NCPPC "M-NCPPC") ©1989{{verify source\|date\=July 2015\|reason\=since "violent repression after the fall of Reconstruction" was added but the source stayed the same}}
In April 1865, [John Wilkes Booth](/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth "John Wilkes Booth") made his escape through Prince George's County while en route to [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia") after killing President [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln").
### 20th century
The proportion of African Americans declined during the first half of the 20th century, but was renewed to over 50% in the early 1990s when the county again became majority African American.PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY HITTING 300 Washington Post – Friday, April 19, 1996, Author: Larry Fox The first African American County Executive was [Wayne K. Curry](/wiki/Wayne_K._Curry "Wayne K. Curry"), elected in 1994\.
On July 1, 1997, the Prince George's County section of the city of [Takoma Park](/wiki/Takoma_Park%2C_Maryland "Takoma Park, Maryland"), which straddled the boundary between Prince George's and Montgomery counties, was transferred to [Montgomery County](/wiki/Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland "Montgomery County, Maryland").{{cite web\|title\=Substantial Changes to Counties and County Equivalent Entities: 1970–Present \|url\=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/tiger/ctychng.html \|publisher\=Census Bureau \|access\-date\=August 8, 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506234535/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/tiger/ctychng.html \|archive\-date\= May 6, 2009 }} This was done after city residents voted in a referendum to be under the sole jurisdiction of Montgomery County, and subsequent approval by both counties and the [Maryland General Assembly](/wiki/Maryland_General_Assembly "Maryland General Assembly"). This was the first change in Montgomery/Prince George's County line boundaries since 1968, when the City of [Laurel](/wiki/Laurel%2C_Maryland "Laurel, Maryland") was unified in Prince George's County; additional legislation was proposed in 1990 for a technical correction, though may not have achieved enactment.{{cite web \|url\=http://mappingmd.msa.maryland.gov/pdf/sha\_boundary\_review\_final.pdf\#page\=7 \|title\=Phase 2: SHA County Boundary Review Updates Through 2009 \|date\=February 2, 2011 \|website\=\[\[Maryland State Archives]] \|pages\=6–7 \|publisher\=Maryland State Geographic Information Committee \|access\-date\=July 25, 2022 \|archive\-date\=December 7, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207072527/http://mappingmd.msa.maryland.gov/pdf/sha\_boundary\_review\_final.pdf\#page\=7 \|url\-status\=dead }}
### 21st century
The county's population nearly reached one million residents in the 2020 census. It is the largest and highest\-income black\-majority county in the United States.{{cite web \|author\=American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau \|url\=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?\_bm\=y\&\-geo\_id\=05000US24033\&\-qr\_name\=ACS\_2008\_3YR\_G00\_DP3YR3\&\-ds\_name\=ACS\_2008\_3YR\_G00\_\&\-\_lang\=en\&\-redoLog\=false\&\-\_sse\=on \|title\=Prince George's County, Maryland \- Selected Economic Characteristics: 2006–2008 \|publisher\=Factfinder.census.gov \|access\-date\=December 10, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20200211182230/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?\_bm\=y\&\-geo\_id\=05000US24033\&\-qr\_name\=ACS\_2008\_3YR\_G00\_DP3YR3\&\-ds\_name\=ACS\_2008\_3YR\_G00\_\&\-\_lang\=en\&\-redoLog\=false\&\-\_sse\=on \|archive\-date\=February 11, 2020 \|url\-status\=dead }} Hispanic residents grew in number to 21% of the total population.
The county experienced a dramatic drop in crime,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.gazette.net/stories/01142010/prinnew162102\_32559\.php \|title\=Crime in Prince George's is at lowest level since 1975, police say \|publisher\=Gazette.net \|date\=January 14, 2010 \|access\-date\=December 10, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040358/http://www.gazette.net/stories/01142010/prinnew162102\_32559\.php \|archive\-date\=September 24, 2015 \|url\-status\=dead }} including record drops in violent crime,{{cite news \| first \= Brad \| last \= Bell \| title \= Prince George's County violent crime drops for 3rd straight year \| date \= January 2, 2014 \| url \= http://www.wjla.com/articles/2014/01/prince\-george\-s\-county\-violent\-crime\-drops\-for\-3rd\-straight\-year\-98790\.html \| work \= WJLA\-TV \| access\-date \= March 3, 2014 \| archive\-date \= January 7, 2014 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140107081535/http://www.wjla.com/articles/2014/01/prince\-george\-s\-county\-violent\-crime\-drops\-for\-3rd\-straight\-year\-98790\.html \| url\-status \= dead }} although in 2021 and 2022, violent crime increased by 30%.{{cite web \|title\=Prince George's County residents express frustration in community meeting addressing crime increase \|url\=https://www.wusa9\.com/article/news/local/maryland/residents\-in\-prince\-georges\-county\-express\-frustration\-over\-increase\-in\-violent\-crimes/65\-37e29897\-2c29\-42c7\-9837\-6a8137101c54 \|website\=WUSA9 \|publisher\=WUSA9 News \|access\-date\=July 25, 2022 \|language\=English \|date\=April 15, 2022}} From 2020 to mid\-2022 over 2,200 residents died of COVID\-19,{{cite web \|title\=Prince George's COVID19 Dashboard \|url\=https://princegeorges.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid\=82fa5c47b1f542849ca6162ab1564453 \|website\=Prince George's County, Maryland \|publisher\=Prince Georges County Department of Health \|access\-date\=July 25, 2022 \|date\=July 25, 2022}} over 19,000 county residents were left with long\-term post\-COVID symptoms{{cite web \|title\=Long COVID: Some COVID\-19 symptoms last for months \|url\=https://health.ucdavis.edu/coronavirus/covid\-19\-information/covid\-19\-long\-haulers \|publisher\=University of California Davis Health \|access\-date\=July 25, 2022 \|language\=English \|date\=February 10, 2022}}
and over 193,000 COVID infections had been recorded.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{Multiple image\n\\| align \\= \n\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\| width \\= \n\\| image1 \\= Flag of Prince George's County, Maryland (1696\\-1963\\).svg\n\\| caption1 \\= {{FIAV\\|historical}} The flag of Prince George's County, from 1696 to 1963\\.\n\\| image2 \\= Seal of Prince George's County, Maryland (1958\\-1971\\).svg\n\\| caption2 \\= The official seal of Prince George's County, from 1958 to 1971\\. Note the lack of apostrophe in \"GEORGES\" and the spelling of \"county\" as \"COVNTY\".\n}}\nThe [Cretaceous](/wiki/Cretaceous \"Cretaceous\") Era brought dinosaurs to the area that left fossils now preserved in a {{convert\\|7\\.5\\|acre\\|adj\\=on}} park in [Laurel](/wiki/Laurel%2C_Maryland \"Laurel, Maryland\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pgparks.com/About\\-Parks\\-and\\-Recreation/HomePage\\_Read\\_More/Dinosaur\\_Park\\_Officially\\_Dedicated\\_and\\_Opened\\_To\\_the\\_Public.htm \\|title\\=Dinosaur Park Officially Dedicated and Opened To the Public \\|work\\=pgparks.com \\|publisher\\=Prince George's County Department of Parks and Recreation \\|access\\-date\\=October 28, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125115904/http://www.pgparks.com/About\\-Parks\\-and\\-Recreation/HomePage\\_Read\\_More/Dinosaur\\_Park\\_Officially\\_Dedicated\\_and\\_Opened\\_To\\_the\\_Public.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=November 25, 2009 }} The site, which among other finds has yielded fossilized teeth from *[Astrodon](/wiki/Astrodon \"Astrodon\")* and *[Priconodon](/wiki/Priconodon \"Priconodon\")* species, has been called the most prolific in the eastern United States.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bal\\-md.dinosaur25oct25,0,2758500\\.story \\|title\\=Where dinosaurs once walked \\|last\\=Roylance \\|first\\=Frank D. \\|date\\=October 29, 2009 \\|work\\=The Baltimore Sun \\|access\\-date\\=October 28, 2009 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=March 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"In the mid to late [Holocene](/wiki/Holocene \"Holocene\") era, the area was occupied by Paleo\\-Native Americans and then, later, Native Americans. When the first European settlers arrived, what is now Prince George's County was inhabited by people of the [Piscataway Indian Nation](/wiki/Piscataway_tribe \"Piscataway tribe\"). Three branches of the tribe are still living today, two of which are headquartered in Prince George's County.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs\\-md\\-piscataway\\-history\\-20120116\\-story.html \\|title\\=Md. recognition of Piscataways adds happy note to complicated history \\|last\\=Walker \\|first\\=Childs \\|date\\=January 16, 2012 \\|newspaper\\=The Baltimore Sun \\|access\\-date\\=November 25, 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 26, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126092711/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs\\-md\\-piscataway\\-history\\-20120116\\-story.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"### 17th century",
"Prince George's County was created by the English [Council of Maryland](/wiki/Maryland_General_Assembly%23History \"Maryland General Assembly#History\") in the [Province of Maryland](/wiki/Province_of_Maryland \"Province of Maryland\") in April 1696 from portions of [Charles](/wiki/Charles_County%2C_Maryland \"Charles County, Maryland\") and [Calvert](/wiki/Calvert_County%2C_Maryland \"Calvert County, Maryland\") counties. The county was divided into six districts referred to as \"Hundreds\": [Mattapany](/wiki/Mattapony \"Mattapony\"), [Petuxant](/wiki/Patuxent%2C_Maryland \"Patuxent, Maryland\"), [Collington](/wiki/Collington%2C_Maryland \"Collington, Maryland\"), Mount Calvert, [Piscattoway](/wiki/Piscataway%2C_Maryland \"Piscataway, Maryland\") and New Scotland.{{cite web\n \\|title\\=Proceedings of the Council of Maryland, 1696/7:1698, Volume 23, Page 23\n \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Maryland State Archives]]\n \\|url\\=http://aomol.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000023/html/am23\\-\\-23\\.html\n \\|access\\-date\\=May 4, 2007\n\\|url\\-status\\=dead\n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928075931/http://aomol.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000023/html/am23\\-\\-23\\.html\n \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2007\n}}",
"### 18th century",
"A portion was detached in 1748 to form [Frederick County](/wiki/Frederick_County%2C_Maryland \"Frederick County, Maryland\"). Because Frederick County was subsequently divided to form the present [Allegany](/wiki/Allegany_County%2C_Maryland \"Allegany County, Maryland\"), [Garrett](/wiki/Garrett_County%2C_Maryland \"Garrett County, Maryland\"), [Montgomery](/wiki/Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland \"Montgomery County, Maryland\"), and [Washington](/wiki/Washington_County%2C_Maryland \"Washington County, Maryland\") counties, all of these counties in addition were derived from what had up to 1748 been Prince George's County.",
"In 1791, portions of Prince George's County were ceded to form the new [District of Columbia](/wiki/District_of_Columbia \"District of Columbia\") (along with portions of [Montgomery County, Maryland](/wiki/Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland \"Montgomery County, Maryland\") and parts of [Northern Virginia](/wiki/Northern_Virginia \"Northern Virginia\") that were later [returned to Virginia](/wiki/Retrocession_%28District_of_Columbia%29 \"Retrocession (District of Columbia)\")).",
"### 19th century",
"During the [War of 1812](/wiki/War_of_1812 \"War of 1812\"), the British marched through the county by way of [Bladensburg](/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg \"Battle of Bladensburg\") to burn the White House. On their return, they kidnapped a prominent doctor, [William Beanes](/wiki/William_Beanes \"William Beanes\"). Lawyer [Francis Scott Key](/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key \"Francis Scott Key\") was asked to negotiate for his release, which resulted in his writing \"[The Star\\-Spangled Banner](/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner \"The Star-Spangled Banner\")\".",
"Prince George's County had the highest population of slaves within the state of Maryland. These enslaved Africans engaged in forced labor on tobacco farms and plantations throughout Prince George's County.{{cite web \\| title\\=Flight to Freedom: Slavery and the Underground Railroad in Maryland from the Maryland State Archives \\| url\\=http://www.mdslavery.net/html/antebellum/pg.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040820075152/http://www.mdslavery.net/html/antebellum/pg.html \\|archive\\-date\\=August 20, 2004 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Beneath the Underground: The Flight to Freedom (Prince Georges County) \\|url\\=http://slavery.msa.maryland.gov/html/antebellum/pg.html \\|website\\=Maryland State Archives \\|access\\-date\\=October 29, 2021 }}",
"During the Civil War, hundreds of enslaved black men in Prince George's County were given freedom in exchange for joining the Union Army and fighting in Colored units against Confederate Forces. When Abraham Lincoln ordered the end of slavery in America, he did not free the slaves in Maryland because he was concerned that slave owning Maryland would revolt and Washington D.C. would then be surrounded by Confederate forces. However [John Pendleton Kennedy](/wiki/John_Pendleton_Kennedy \"John Pendleton Kennedy\"), a Maryland politician who became an abolitionist after watching a speech by [Frederick Douglass](/wiki/Frederick_Douglass \"Frederick Douglass\"), led a referendum campaign to end slavery in the state. In 1864, the citizens of Maryland voted to end slavery. However the state was so divided that the referendum won by only 1,000 votes. Lincoln then ordered the Union Army to enforce the ban in Maryland and all enslaved people in the state were freed.",
"After the Civil War, many African Americans attempted to become part of Maryland politics, but were met with violent repression after the fall of [Reconstruction](/wiki/Reconstruction_Era \"Reconstruction Era\").Records \\& Recollections – Early Black History in Prince George's County, Maryland by Bianca P. Floyd, [M\\-NCPPC](/wiki/M-NCPPC \"M-NCPPC\") ©1989{{verify source\\|date\\=July 2015\\|reason\\=since \"violent repression after the fall of Reconstruction\" was added but the source stayed the same}}",
"In April 1865, [John Wilkes Booth](/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth \"John Wilkes Booth\") made his escape through Prince George's County while en route to [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\") after killing President [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln \"Abraham Lincoln\").",
"### 20th century",
"The proportion of African Americans declined during the first half of the 20th century, but was renewed to over 50% in the early 1990s when the county again became majority African American.PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY HITTING 300 Washington Post – Friday, April 19, 1996, Author: Larry Fox The first African American County Executive was [Wayne K. Curry](/wiki/Wayne_K._Curry \"Wayne K. Curry\"), elected in 1994\\.",
"On July 1, 1997, the Prince George's County section of the city of [Takoma Park](/wiki/Takoma_Park%2C_Maryland \"Takoma Park, Maryland\"), which straddled the boundary between Prince George's and Montgomery counties, was transferred to [Montgomery County](/wiki/Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland \"Montgomery County, Maryland\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Substantial Changes to Counties and County Equivalent Entities: 1970–Present \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/tiger/ctychng.html \\|publisher\\=Census Bureau \\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506234535/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/tiger/ctychng.html \\|archive\\-date\\= May 6, 2009 }} This was done after city residents voted in a referendum to be under the sole jurisdiction of Montgomery County, and subsequent approval by both counties and the [Maryland General Assembly](/wiki/Maryland_General_Assembly \"Maryland General Assembly\"). This was the first change in Montgomery/Prince George's County line boundaries since 1968, when the City of [Laurel](/wiki/Laurel%2C_Maryland \"Laurel, Maryland\") was unified in Prince George's County; additional legislation was proposed in 1990 for a technical correction, though may not have achieved enactment.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://mappingmd.msa.maryland.gov/pdf/sha\\_boundary\\_review\\_final.pdf\\#page\\=7 \\|title\\=Phase 2: SHA County Boundary Review Updates Through 2009 \\|date\\=February 2, 2011 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Maryland State Archives]] \\|pages\\=6–7 \\|publisher\\=Maryland State Geographic Information Committee \\|access\\-date\\=July 25, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 7, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207072527/http://mappingmd.msa.maryland.gov/pdf/sha\\_boundary\\_review\\_final.pdf\\#page\\=7 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"### 21st century",
"The county's population nearly reached one million residents in the 2020 census. It is the largest and highest\\-income black\\-majority county in the United States.{{cite web \\|author\\=American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau \\|url\\=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?\\_bm\\=y\\&\\-geo\\_id\\=05000US24033\\&\\-qr\\_name\\=ACS\\_2008\\_3YR\\_G00\\_DP3YR3\\&\\-ds\\_name\\=ACS\\_2008\\_3YR\\_G00\\_\\&\\-\\_lang\\=en\\&\\-redoLog\\=false\\&\\-\\_sse\\=on \\|title\\=Prince George's County, Maryland \\- Selected Economic Characteristics: 2006–2008 \\|publisher\\=Factfinder.census.gov \\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20200211182230/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?\\_bm\\=y\\&\\-geo\\_id\\=05000US24033\\&\\-qr\\_name\\=ACS\\_2008\\_3YR\\_G00\\_DP3YR3\\&\\-ds\\_name\\=ACS\\_2008\\_3YR\\_G00\\_\\&\\-\\_lang\\=en\\&\\-redoLog\\=false\\&\\-\\_sse\\=on \\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Hispanic residents grew in number to 21% of the total population.",
"The county experienced a dramatic drop in crime,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.gazette.net/stories/01142010/prinnew162102\\_32559\\.php \\|title\\=Crime in Prince George's is at lowest level since 1975, police say \\|publisher\\=Gazette.net \\|date\\=January 14, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040358/http://www.gazette.net/stories/01142010/prinnew162102\\_32559\\.php \\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} including record drops in violent crime,{{cite news \\| first \\= Brad \\| last \\= Bell \\| title \\= Prince George's County violent crime drops for 3rd straight year \\| date \\= January 2, 2014 \\| url \\= http://www.wjla.com/articles/2014/01/prince\\-george\\-s\\-county\\-violent\\-crime\\-drops\\-for\\-3rd\\-straight\\-year\\-98790\\.html \\| work \\= WJLA\\-TV \\| access\\-date \\= March 3, 2014 \\| archive\\-date \\= January 7, 2014 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140107081535/http://www.wjla.com/articles/2014/01/prince\\-george\\-s\\-county\\-violent\\-crime\\-drops\\-for\\-3rd\\-straight\\-year\\-98790\\.html \\| url\\-status \\= dead }} although in 2021 and 2022, violent crime increased by 30%.{{cite web \\|title\\=Prince George's County residents express frustration in community meeting addressing crime increase \\|url\\=https://www.wusa9\\.com/article/news/local/maryland/residents\\-in\\-prince\\-georges\\-county\\-express\\-frustration\\-over\\-increase\\-in\\-violent\\-crimes/65\\-37e29897\\-2c29\\-42c7\\-9837\\-6a8137101c54 \\|website\\=WUSA9 \\|publisher\\=WUSA9 News \\|access\\-date\\=July 25, 2022 \\|language\\=English \\|date\\=April 15, 2022}} From 2020 to mid\\-2022 over 2,200 residents died of COVID\\-19,{{cite web \\|title\\=Prince George's COVID19 Dashboard \\|url\\=https://princegeorges.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid\\=82fa5c47b1f542849ca6162ab1564453 \\|website\\=Prince George's County, Maryland \\|publisher\\=Prince Georges County Department of Health \\|access\\-date\\=July 25, 2022 \\|date\\=July 25, 2022}} over 19,000 county residents were left with long\\-term post\\-COVID symptoms{{cite web \\|title\\=Long COVID: Some COVID\\-19 symptoms last for months \\|url\\=https://health.ucdavis.edu/coronavirus/covid\\-19\\-information/covid\\-19\\-long\\-haulers \\|publisher\\=University of California Davis Health \\|access\\-date\\=July 25, 2022 \\|language\\=English \\|date\\=February 10, 2022}}\nand over 193,000 COVID infections had been recorded.",
""
] |
Geography
---------
According to the [U.S. Census Bureau](/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau "U.S. Census Bureau"), the county has a total area of {{convert\|499\|sqmi}}, of which {{convert\|483\|sqmi}} is land and {{convert\|16\|sqmi}} (3\.2%) is water.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/geo/maps\-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties\_list\_24\.txt \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913171515/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps\-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties\_list\_24\.txt \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=September 13, 2014 \|publisher\=United States Census Bureau \|access\-date\=September 12, 2014 \|date\=August 22, 2012 \|title\=2010 Census Gazetteer Files }}
Prince George's County lies in the [Atlantic coastal plain](/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_plain "Atlantic coastal plain"), and its landscape is characterized by gently rolling hills and valleys. Along its western border with Montgomery County, [Adelphi](/wiki/Adelphi%2C_Maryland "Adelphi, Maryland"), [Calverton](/wiki/Calverton%2C_Maryland "Calverton, Maryland") and [West Laurel](/wiki/West_Laurel%2C_Maryland "West Laurel, Maryland") rise into the [piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont_%28United_States%29 "Piedmont (United States)"), exceeding {{convert\|300\|ft}} in elevation.
The [Patuxent River](/wiki/Patuxent_River "Patuxent River") forms the county's eastern border with [Howard](/wiki/Howard_County%2C_Maryland "Howard County, Maryland"), [Anne Arundel](/wiki/Anne_Arundel_County%2C_Maryland "Anne Arundel County, Maryland"), [Charles](/wiki/Charles_County%2C_Maryland "Charles County, Maryland") and [Calvert](/wiki/Calvert_County%2C_Maryland "Calvert County, Maryland") counties.
### Regions
[thumb\|right\|267px\|The five regions of Prince George's County.
{{Color box\|\#FF0000\|border\=darkgray}} \= North County
{{Color box\|\#FF7F00\|border\=darkgray}} \= Central County
{{Color box\|\#FFFF00\|border\=darkgray}} \= Rural Tier
{{Color box\|\#228B22\|border\=darkgray}} \= Inner Beltway
{{Color box\|\#0000FF\|border\=darkgray}} \= South County](/wiki/Image:Prince_George%27s_County_Maryland_Regions.JPG "Prince George's County Maryland Regions.JPG")
Terrain, culture, and demographics differ significantly by location within the county. There are five key regions to Prince George's County: North County, Central County, the Rural Tier, the Inner Beltway, and South County. These regions are not formally defined, however, and the terms used to describe each area can vary greatly.{{cite web \|url\=https://ggwash.org/view/67562/what\-do\-you\-call\-different\-regions\-of\-prince\-georges\-county \|title\=What do you call different regions of Prince George's County? Even for locals, it's complicated. \|first\=D.W. \|last\=Rowlands \|date\=May 8, 2018 \|work\=Greater Greater Washington \|access\-date\=June 20, 2018 }} In the broadest terms, the county is generally divided into North County and South County with [U.S. Route 50](/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_Maryland "U.S. Route 50 in Maryland") serving as the dividing line.{{cite web \|url\=https://ggwash.org/view/67614/here\-are\-our\-readers\-names\-for\-regions\-of\-prince\-georges\-county \|title\=We asked, you answered: here are our readers' names for regions of Prince George's County \|first\=D.W. \|last\=Rowlands \|date\=May 25, 2018 \|work\=Greater Greater Washington \|access\-date\=June 20, 2018 }}
Southern Prince George's County is also considered to be a part of the [Southern Maryland](/wiki/Southern_Maryland "Southern Maryland") region.
#### North County
Northern Prince George's County includes [Laurel](/wiki/Laurel%2C_Maryland "Laurel, Maryland"), [Beltsville](/wiki/Beltsville%2C_Maryland "Beltsville, Maryland"), [Adelphi](/wiki/Adelphi%2C_Maryland "Adelphi, Maryland"), [College Park](/wiki/College_Park%2C_Maryland "College Park, Maryland") and [Greenbelt](/wiki/Greenbelt%2C_Maryland "Greenbelt, Maryland"). This area of the county is anchored by the [Capital Beltway](/wiki/Interstate_495_%28Capital_Beltway%29 "Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway)") and the [Baltimore–Washington Parkway](/wiki/Baltimore%E2%80%93Washington_Parkway "Baltimore–Washington Parkway"). Laurel is experiencing a population boom with the construction of the [Inter\-County Connector](/wiki/Maryland_Route_200 "Maryland Route 200"). The key employers in this region are the [University of Maryland](/wiki/University_of_Maryland "University of Maryland"), [Beltsville Agricultural Research Center](/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace_Beltsville_Agricultural_Research_Center "Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center"), and [NASA\-Goddard Space Flight Center](/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center "Goddard Space Flight Center"). Areas of geographic distinction include [Greenbelt Park](/wiki/Greenbelt_Park "Greenbelt Park"), a wooded reserve adjacent to the planned environmental community of Greenbelt, and [University Park](/wiki/University_Park%2C_Maryland "University Park, Maryland"), a collection of historic homes adjacent to the University of Maryland. [Riversdale Mansion](/wiki/Riversdale_%28Riverdale_Park%2C_Maryland%29 "Riversdale (Riverdale Park, Maryland)"), along with the historic homes of [Berwyn Heights](/wiki/Berwyn_Heights%2C_Maryland "Berwyn Heights, Maryland"), [Mt. Rainier](/wiki/Mt._Rainier%2C_Maryland "Mt. Rainier, Maryland") and [Hyattsville](/wiki/Hyattsville%2C_Maryland "Hyattsville, Maryland"), along with [Langley Park](/wiki/Langley_Park%2C_Maryland "Langley Park, Maryland") are also located in this area. [Lake Artemesia](/wiki/Lake_Artemesia "Lake Artemesia") and the surrounding park were constructed during the completion of the [Washington Metro Green Line](/wiki/Green_Line_%28Washington_Metro%29 "Green Line (Washington Metro)"), and it incorporates a stocked fishing lake and serves as the trail\-head for an extensive [Anacostia Tributary Trails](/wiki/Anacostia_Tributary_Trails "Anacostia Tributary Trails") system that runs along the [Anacostia River](/wiki/Anacostia_River "Anacostia River") and its tributaries. The south and central tracts of the [Patuxent Wildlife Research Center](/wiki/Patuxent_Wildlife_Research_Center "Patuxent Wildlife Research Center") also lie in this part of the county; the north tract lies north of the [Patuxent River](/wiki/Patuxent_River "Patuxent River") in [Anne Arundel County](/wiki/Anne_Arundel_County%2C_Maryland "Anne Arundel County, Maryland").
#### Central County
Central County, located on the eastern outskirts of the Capital Beltway, consists of [Mitchellville](/wiki/Mitchellville%2C_Maryland "Mitchellville, Maryland"), [Woodmore](/wiki/Woodmore%2C_Maryland "Woodmore, Maryland"), [Greater Upper Marlboro](/wiki/Greater_Upper_Marlboro%2C_Maryland "Greater Upper Marlboro, Maryland"), [Springdale](/wiki/Springdale%2C_Maryland "Springdale, Maryland"), [Largo](/wiki/Largo%2C_Maryland "Largo, Maryland"), and [Bowie](/wiki/Bowie%2C_Maryland "Bowie, Maryland"). According to the 2010 census, it has generally been the fastest growing region of the county.{{cite news\|last1\=Bloch\|first1\=Matthew\|last2\=Carter\|first2\=Shan\|last3\=McLean\|first3\=Alan\|title\=Mapping the 2010 U.S. Census\|url\=http://projects.nytimes.com/census/2010/map?nl\=todaysheadlines\&emc\=thab1%3DV\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|access\-date\=November 2, 2011\|date\=December 13, 2010}} Mitchellville is named for a wealthy African American family, the Mitchells, who owned a large portion of land in this area of the county.{{cite web \|last\=Dwyer \|first\=Michael F \|title\=Mitchell Cemetery \|url\=http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/018000/018700/018782/pdf/msa\_se5\_18782\.pdf \|work\=Inventory Form for State Historic Sites \#PG\-71B\-8 \|publisher\=\[\[Maryland Historical Trust]] \|access\-date\=September 16, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225043409/http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/018000/018700/018782/pdf/msa\_se5\_18782\.pdf \|archive\-date\=February 25, 2017}} [Central Avenue](/wiki/Maryland_Route_214 "Maryland Route 214"), a major exit off the I\-95 beltway, running east to west, is one of two main roads in this portion of the county. The other major roadway is [Old Crain Highway](/wiki/U.S._Route_301_in_Maryland "U.S. Route 301 in Maryland"), which runs north to south along the eastern portion of the county. The [Newton White Mansion](/wiki/Newton_White_Mansion "Newton White Mansion") on the grounds is a popular site for weddings and political events. [Bowie State University](/wiki/Bowie_State_University "Bowie State University") and [Prince George's Community College](/wiki/Prince_George%27s_Community_College "Prince George's Community College") are in the Central region.
#### Inner Beltway
The inner beltway communities of [Capitol Heights](/wiki/Capitol_Heights%2C_Maryland "Capitol Heights, Maryland"), [District Heights](/wiki/District_Heights%2C_Maryland "District Heights, Maryland"), [Fairmont Heights](/wiki/Fairmount_Heights%2C_Maryland "Fairmount Heights, Maryland"), [Forestville](/wiki/Forestville%2C_Maryland "Forestville, Maryland"), [Suitland](/wiki/Suitland%2C_Maryland "Suitland, Maryland"), and [Seat Pleasant](/wiki/Seat_Pleasant%2C_Maryland "Seat Pleasant, Maryland") border the neighboring District of Columbia's northeastern and southeastern quadrants. The area has easy access to [Metro's blue line](/wiki/Blue_Line_%28Washington_Metro%29 "Blue Line (Washington Metro)"), commercial centers, Maryland Route 214, Interstate 95/Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway). Protected bike trails connect residents to the Bladensburg waterfront, Kenilworth parks, and downtown D.C. Fairmont Heights is the second oldest African\-American\-majority municipality in Prince George's County. The Fairmount Heights Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011\.{{cite news\|last1\=Downs\|first1\=Kat\|last2\=Keating\|first2\=Dan\|last3\=Vaughn Kelso\|first3\=Nathaniel\|title\=Segregation Receding\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-srv/special/nation/census/2010/?custommap\=0,4,2,0,38\.89511,\-77\.0363,11,0\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|access\-date\=November 2, 2011\|archive\-date\=September 4, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904044041/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-srv/special/nation/census/2010/?custommap\=0,4,2,0,38\.89511,\-77\.0363,11,0\|url\-status\=dead}}
[Bowie](/wiki/Bowie%2C_Maryland "Bowie, Maryland") is best known as a planned [Levittown](/wiki/Levittown "Levittown").{{cite book \|last \= Baltz \|first \= Shirley Vlasak \|title \= A Chronicle of Belair \|publisher \=Bowie Heritage Committee \|year \= 1984 \|location \=Bowie, Maryland \|pages \= 84–88 \|lccn \= 85165028}} [William Levitt](/wiki/William_Levitt "William Levitt") in the 1960s built traditional homes, as well as California contemporaries along [U.S. Route 50](/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_Maryland "U.S. Route 50 in Maryland"), the key highway to the eastern shore and the state capital of [Annapolis](/wiki/Annapolis%2C_Maryland "Annapolis, Maryland"). Bowie has currently grown to be the largest city in Prince George's County, with more than 50,000 people. It also has a large Caucasian population, compared to much of the county (48% of the population).{{cite web \|url\=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?\_event\=\&geo\_id\=16000US2408775\&\_geoContext\=01000US%7c04000US24%7c16000US2408775\&\_street\=\&\_county\=bowie\&\_cityTown\=bowie\&\_state\=04000US24\&\_zip\=\&\_lang\=en\&\_sse\=on\&ActiveGeoDiv\=\&\_useEV\=\&pctxt\=fph\&pgsl\=160\&\_submenuId\=factsheet\_1\&ds\_name\=null\&\_ci\_nbr\=null\&qr\_name\=null®\=null:null\&\_keyword\=\&\_industry\= \|title\=Bowie city, Maryland – Fact Sheet – American FactFinder \|publisher\=Factfinder.census.gov \|access\-date\=December 10, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20200210224014/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?\_event\=\&geo\_id\=16000US2408775\&\_geoContext\=01000US%7C04000US24%7C16000US2408775\&\_street\=\&\_county\=bowie\&\_cityTown\=bowie\&\_state\=04000US24\&\_zip\=\&\_lang\=en\&\_sse\=on\&ActiveGeoDiv\=\&\_useEV\=\&pctxt\=fph\&pgsl\=160\&\_submenuId\=factsheet\_1\&ds\_name\=null\&\_ci\_nbr\=null\&qr\_name\=null®\=null:null\&\_keyword\=\&\_industry\= \|archive\-date\=February 10, 2020 \|url\-status\=dead }} Housing styles vary from the most contemporary to century\-old homes in Bowie's antique district (formerly known as Huntingtown), where the town of Bowie began as a haven for thoroughbred horse racing. Areas of geographic distinction include the [Oden Bowie Mansion](/wiki/Belair_Mansion_%28Bowie%2C_Maryland%29 "Belair Mansion (Bowie, Maryland)"), Allen Pond, key segments of the [Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Trail](/wiki/Washington%2C_Baltimore_and_Annapolis_Trail "Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Trail"), as well as planned parks, lakes and walking trails.
#### Rural Tier
Prince George's rural tier was designated "in the 2002 General Plan as an area where residential growth would be minimal";{{cite web \|url\=http://planning.maryland.gov/pdf/ourwork/septicsbill/info/prin\_info.pdf \|title\=Submittal to the Maryland Department of Planning Regarding Conformance with SB 236 \|page\=7 \|publisher\=Prince George's County, Maryland \|date\=January 22, 2013 \|access\-date\=September 13, 2013 }} it may be found in the area just beyond the Beltway to the west and south of central county, though with direct access by Route 210, while bounded on the west by the communities [Accokeek](/wiki/Accokeek%2C_Maryland "Accokeek, Maryland") and [Fort Washington](/wiki/Fort_Washington%2C_Maryland "Fort Washington, Maryland"), and the east by the [Patuxent River](/wiki/Patuxent_River "Patuxent River"). Prince George's origins are in this part of the county. Most of this area contains the unincorporated parishes, villages and lost towns of Prince George's County. Largely under postal designations of "[Upper Marlboro](/wiki/Upper_Marlboro%2C_Maryland "Upper Marlboro, Maryland")" or "[Brandywine](/wiki/Brandywine%2C_Maryland "Brandywine, Maryland")", in truth the town of Upper Marlboro is more central county in character, though it is the post office location for various rural settlements. (The names of these unincorporated areas are listed below in the towns section of this article). Since 1721 Upper Marlboro has been the county seat of government, with families that trace their lineage back to Prince George's initial land grants and earliest governing officials. Names like Clagett, [Sasscer](/wiki/Sasscer "Sasscer"), King James and Queen Anne pepper the streets.
The rural tier has been the focus of orchestrated efforts by residents and county government to preserve its rural character and environmental integrity.{{cite web\|title\=Prince George's County Planning \|url\=http://smartergrowth.net/anx/index.cfm/1,231,0,0,html/Supportive\-Plans\-amp\-Zoning \|work\=Coalition for Smart Growth \|access\-date\=November 3, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415151438/http://smartergrowth.net/anx/index.cfm/1%2C231%2C0%2C0%2Chtml/Supportive\-Plans\-amp\-Zoning \|archive\-date\=April 15, 2012 }}{{failed verification\|date\=September 2013}} Under the [Maryland\-National Capital Park and Planning Commission (M\-NCPPC)](/wiki/Maryland-National_Capital_Park_and_Planning_Commission "Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission"), [Patuxent River Park](/wiki/Patuxent_River_Park "Patuxent River Park") is the largest natural preserve and provides public access for birdwatching and viewing the rural tier's natural waterfront vistas. In season, the park's Jug Bay Natural Area and the Patuxent Riverkeeper in [Queen Anne](/wiki/Queen_Anne%2C_Maryland "Queen Anne, Maryland") both offer canoeing and kayaking rentals on the Patuxent. The county's largest collection of tobacco planter mansions and preserved homes are in the rural tier, some managed by the M\-NCPPC. Many rural tier roads have scenic highway preservation status. [Rosaryville State Park](/wiki/Rosaryville_State_Park "Rosaryville State Park") is in the county, not far from the county seat.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2010}}
#### South County
South County is a blend of the greenery of the rural tier and the new development of central county. The communities of [Clinton](/wiki/Clinton%2C_Maryland "Clinton, Maryland"), [Oxon Hill](/wiki/Oxon_Hill%2C_Maryland "Oxon Hill, Maryland"), [Temple Hills](/wiki/Temple_Hills%2C_Maryland "Temple Hills, Maryland") and [Fort Washington](/wiki/Fort_Washington%2C_Maryland "Fort Washington, Maryland") are the largest areas of south county. It is the only portion of Prince George's County to enjoy the Potomac River waterfront, and that geographic distinction has yielded the rise of the [National Harbor](/wiki/National_Harbor%2C_Maryland "National Harbor, Maryland") project: a town center and riverside shopping and living development on the Potomac. The National Harbor, and its associated entertainment ([MGM National Harbor](/wiki/MGM_National_Harbor "MGM National Harbor")) and shopping ([Tanger Outlets](/wiki/Tanger_Outlets "Tanger Outlets")) districts, have become a major tourist and convention attraction, with significant hotel accommodations, eateries and shopping. Together, these projects were built on land formerly occupied by the Salubria plantation, where a 14\-year\-old slave girl poisoned her owner, [John H. Bayne](/wiki/John_H._Bayne "John H. Bayne"), and his family in 1831\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/National\_News\_2/article\_8591\.shtml \|title\=Plantation where 14\-year\-old slave was hung to become outlet mall \|first\=Askia \|last\=Muhammad \|date\=February 3, 2012 \|publisher\=TheFinalCall \|access\-date\=November 17, 2020}} [Water taxi](/wiki/Water_taxi "Water taxi") service connects National Harbor to other destinations along the Potomac.{{cite web \|url\=https://wtop.com/business\-finance/2018/03/wharf\-water\-taxi\-service\-national\-harbor\-starts\-march\-1/ \|title\=The Wharf water taxi service to National Harbor starts \|first\=Jeff \|last\=Calbaugh \|date\=March 1, 2018 \|publisher\=WTOP \|access\-date\=June 20, 2018}} Several historic sites, including Jones Point Lighthouse, can be viewed from the harbor front. Piscataway Park in Accokeek preserves many acres of woodland and wetlands along the Potomac River opposite Mount Vernon, Virginia. River Road in Fort Washington also yields great views of the Potomac. [Fort Washington Park](/wiki/Fort_Washington_Park "Fort Washington Park") was a major battery and gives access to the public for tours of the fort, scenic access to the river and other picnic grounds. [Oxon Hill Manor](/wiki/Oxon_Hill_Manor "Oxon Hill Manor") offers a working farm and plantation mansion for touring; [His Lordship's Kindness](/wiki/His_Lordship%27s_Kindness "His Lordship's Kindness") is another major historic home. Also, [Fort Foote](/wiki/Fort_Foote "Fort Foote") is an old [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") fort and tourist destination.
### Adjacent counties and independent cities
* [Anne Arundel County](/wiki/Anne_Arundel_County%2C_Maryland "Anne Arundel County, Maryland") (east)
* [Calvert County](/wiki/Calvert_County%2C_Maryland "Calvert County, Maryland") (southeast)
* [Charles County](/wiki/Charles_County%2C_Maryland "Charles County, Maryland") (south)
* [Howard County](/wiki/Howard_County%2C_Maryland "Howard County, Maryland") (north)
* [Montgomery County](/wiki/Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland "Montgomery County, Maryland") (northwest)
* [Fairfax County, Virginia](/wiki/Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia "Fairfax County, Virginia") (southwest)
* [Alexandria, Virginia](/wiki/Alexandria%2C_Virginia "Alexandria, Virginia") (southwest)
* [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") (west)
Prince George's and Montgomery Counties share a bi\-county planning and parks agency in the [M\-NCPPC](/wiki/Maryland-National_Capital_Park_and_Planning_Commission "Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission") and a public bi\-county water and sewer utility in the [Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission](/wiki/Washington_Suburban_Sanitary_Commission "Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission")
### National protected areas
* [Fort Washington Park](/wiki/Fort_Washington_Park "Fort Washington Park")
* [Greenbelt Park](/wiki/Greenbelt_Park "Greenbelt Park")
* [Patuxent Wildlife Research Refuge](/wiki/Patuxent_Wildlife_Research_Center "Patuxent Wildlife Research Center") (part)
* [Piscataway Park](/wiki/Piscataway_Park "Piscataway Park")
* [Cedarville State Forest](/wiki/Cedarville_State_Forest "Cedarville State Forest") (whose main entrance is in Prince George's County)
|
[
"Geography\n---------",
"According to the [U.S. Census Bureau](/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau \"U.S. Census Bureau\"), the county has a total area of {{convert\\|499\\|sqmi}}, of which {{convert\\|483\\|sqmi}} is land and {{convert\\|16\\|sqmi}} (3\\.2%) is water.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/geo/maps\\-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties\\_list\\_24\\.txt \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913171515/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps\\-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties\\_list\\_24\\.txt \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=September 13, 2014 \\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau \\|access\\-date\\=September 12, 2014 \\|date\\=August 22, 2012 \\|title\\=2010 Census Gazetteer Files }}",
"Prince George's County lies in the [Atlantic coastal plain](/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_plain \"Atlantic coastal plain\"), and its landscape is characterized by gently rolling hills and valleys. Along its western border with Montgomery County, [Adelphi](/wiki/Adelphi%2C_Maryland \"Adelphi, Maryland\"), [Calverton](/wiki/Calverton%2C_Maryland \"Calverton, Maryland\") and [West Laurel](/wiki/West_Laurel%2C_Maryland \"West Laurel, Maryland\") rise into the [piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont_%28United_States%29 \"Piedmont (United States)\"), exceeding {{convert\\|300\\|ft}} in elevation.",
"The [Patuxent River](/wiki/Patuxent_River \"Patuxent River\") forms the county's eastern border with [Howard](/wiki/Howard_County%2C_Maryland \"Howard County, Maryland\"), [Anne Arundel](/wiki/Anne_Arundel_County%2C_Maryland \"Anne Arundel County, Maryland\"), [Charles](/wiki/Charles_County%2C_Maryland \"Charles County, Maryland\") and [Calvert](/wiki/Calvert_County%2C_Maryland \"Calvert County, Maryland\") counties.",
"### Regions",
"[thumb\\|right\\|267px\\|The five regions of Prince George's County.",
"{{Color box\\|\\#FF0000\\|border\\=darkgray}} \\= North County",
"{{Color box\\|\\#FF7F00\\|border\\=darkgray}} \\= Central County",
"{{Color box\\|\\#FFFF00\\|border\\=darkgray}} \\= Rural Tier",
"{{Color box\\|\\#228B22\\|border\\=darkgray}} \\= Inner Beltway",
"{{Color box\\|\\#0000FF\\|border\\=darkgray}} \\= South County](/wiki/Image:Prince_George%27s_County_Maryland_Regions.JPG \"Prince George's County Maryland Regions.JPG\")\nTerrain, culture, and demographics differ significantly by location within the county. There are five key regions to Prince George's County: North County, Central County, the Rural Tier, the Inner Beltway, and South County. These regions are not formally defined, however, and the terms used to describe each area can vary greatly.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://ggwash.org/view/67562/what\\-do\\-you\\-call\\-different\\-regions\\-of\\-prince\\-georges\\-county \\|title\\=What do you call different regions of Prince George's County? Even for locals, it's complicated. \\|first\\=D.W. \\|last\\=Rowlands \\|date\\=May 8, 2018 \\|work\\=Greater Greater Washington \\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2018 }} In the broadest terms, the county is generally divided into North County and South County with [U.S. Route 50](/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_Maryland \"U.S. Route 50 in Maryland\") serving as the dividing line.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://ggwash.org/view/67614/here\\-are\\-our\\-readers\\-names\\-for\\-regions\\-of\\-prince\\-georges\\-county \\|title\\=We asked, you answered: here are our readers' names for regions of Prince George's County \\|first\\=D.W. \\|last\\=Rowlands \\|date\\=May 25, 2018 \\|work\\=Greater Greater Washington \\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2018 }}",
"Southern Prince George's County is also considered to be a part of the [Southern Maryland](/wiki/Southern_Maryland \"Southern Maryland\") region.",
"#### North County",
"Northern Prince George's County includes [Laurel](/wiki/Laurel%2C_Maryland \"Laurel, Maryland\"), [Beltsville](/wiki/Beltsville%2C_Maryland \"Beltsville, Maryland\"), [Adelphi](/wiki/Adelphi%2C_Maryland \"Adelphi, Maryland\"), [College Park](/wiki/College_Park%2C_Maryland \"College Park, Maryland\") and [Greenbelt](/wiki/Greenbelt%2C_Maryland \"Greenbelt, Maryland\"). This area of the county is anchored by the [Capital Beltway](/wiki/Interstate_495_%28Capital_Beltway%29 \"Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway)\") and the [Baltimore–Washington Parkway](/wiki/Baltimore%E2%80%93Washington_Parkway \"Baltimore–Washington Parkway\"). Laurel is experiencing a population boom with the construction of the [Inter\\-County Connector](/wiki/Maryland_Route_200 \"Maryland Route 200\"). The key employers in this region are the [University of Maryland](/wiki/University_of_Maryland \"University of Maryland\"), [Beltsville Agricultural Research Center](/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace_Beltsville_Agricultural_Research_Center \"Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center\"), and [NASA\\-Goddard Space Flight Center](/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center \"Goddard Space Flight Center\"). Areas of geographic distinction include [Greenbelt Park](/wiki/Greenbelt_Park \"Greenbelt Park\"), a wooded reserve adjacent to the planned environmental community of Greenbelt, and [University Park](/wiki/University_Park%2C_Maryland \"University Park, Maryland\"), a collection of historic homes adjacent to the University of Maryland. [Riversdale Mansion](/wiki/Riversdale_%28Riverdale_Park%2C_Maryland%29 \"Riversdale (Riverdale Park, Maryland)\"), along with the historic homes of [Berwyn Heights](/wiki/Berwyn_Heights%2C_Maryland \"Berwyn Heights, Maryland\"), [Mt. Rainier](/wiki/Mt._Rainier%2C_Maryland \"Mt. Rainier, Maryland\") and [Hyattsville](/wiki/Hyattsville%2C_Maryland \"Hyattsville, Maryland\"), along with [Langley Park](/wiki/Langley_Park%2C_Maryland \"Langley Park, Maryland\") are also located in this area. [Lake Artemesia](/wiki/Lake_Artemesia \"Lake Artemesia\") and the surrounding park were constructed during the completion of the [Washington Metro Green Line](/wiki/Green_Line_%28Washington_Metro%29 \"Green Line (Washington Metro)\"), and it incorporates a stocked fishing lake and serves as the trail\\-head for an extensive [Anacostia Tributary Trails](/wiki/Anacostia_Tributary_Trails \"Anacostia Tributary Trails\") system that runs along the [Anacostia River](/wiki/Anacostia_River \"Anacostia River\") and its tributaries. The south and central tracts of the [Patuxent Wildlife Research Center](/wiki/Patuxent_Wildlife_Research_Center \"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center\") also lie in this part of the county; the north tract lies north of the [Patuxent River](/wiki/Patuxent_River \"Patuxent River\") in [Anne Arundel County](/wiki/Anne_Arundel_County%2C_Maryland \"Anne Arundel County, Maryland\").",
"#### Central County",
"Central County, located on the eastern outskirts of the Capital Beltway, consists of [Mitchellville](/wiki/Mitchellville%2C_Maryland \"Mitchellville, Maryland\"), [Woodmore](/wiki/Woodmore%2C_Maryland \"Woodmore, Maryland\"), [Greater Upper Marlboro](/wiki/Greater_Upper_Marlboro%2C_Maryland \"Greater Upper Marlboro, Maryland\"), [Springdale](/wiki/Springdale%2C_Maryland \"Springdale, Maryland\"), [Largo](/wiki/Largo%2C_Maryland \"Largo, Maryland\"), and [Bowie](/wiki/Bowie%2C_Maryland \"Bowie, Maryland\"). According to the 2010 census, it has generally been the fastest growing region of the county.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Bloch\\|first1\\=Matthew\\|last2\\=Carter\\|first2\\=Shan\\|last3\\=McLean\\|first3\\=Alan\\|title\\=Mapping the 2010 U.S. Census\\|url\\=http://projects.nytimes.com/census/2010/map?nl\\=todaysheadlines\\&emc\\=thab1%3DV\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=November 2, 2011\\|date\\=December 13, 2010}} Mitchellville is named for a wealthy African American family, the Mitchells, who owned a large portion of land in this area of the county.{{cite web \\|last\\=Dwyer \\|first\\=Michael F \\|title\\=Mitchell Cemetery \\|url\\=http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/018000/018700/018782/pdf/msa\\_se5\\_18782\\.pdf \\|work\\=Inventory Form for State Historic Sites \\#PG\\-71B\\-8 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Maryland Historical Trust]] \\|access\\-date\\=September 16, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225043409/http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/018000/018700/018782/pdf/msa\\_se5\\_18782\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=February 25, 2017}} [Central Avenue](/wiki/Maryland_Route_214 \"Maryland Route 214\"), a major exit off the I\\-95 beltway, running east to west, is one of two main roads in this portion of the county. The other major roadway is [Old Crain Highway](/wiki/U.S._Route_301_in_Maryland \"U.S. Route 301 in Maryland\"), which runs north to south along the eastern portion of the county. The [Newton White Mansion](/wiki/Newton_White_Mansion \"Newton White Mansion\") on the grounds is a popular site for weddings and political events. [Bowie State University](/wiki/Bowie_State_University \"Bowie State University\") and [Prince George's Community College](/wiki/Prince_George%27s_Community_College \"Prince George's Community College\") are in the Central region.",
"#### Inner Beltway",
"The inner beltway communities of [Capitol Heights](/wiki/Capitol_Heights%2C_Maryland \"Capitol Heights, Maryland\"), [District Heights](/wiki/District_Heights%2C_Maryland \"District Heights, Maryland\"), [Fairmont Heights](/wiki/Fairmount_Heights%2C_Maryland \"Fairmount Heights, Maryland\"), [Forestville](/wiki/Forestville%2C_Maryland \"Forestville, Maryland\"), [Suitland](/wiki/Suitland%2C_Maryland \"Suitland, Maryland\"), and [Seat Pleasant](/wiki/Seat_Pleasant%2C_Maryland \"Seat Pleasant, Maryland\") border the neighboring District of Columbia's northeastern and southeastern quadrants. The area has easy access to [Metro's blue line](/wiki/Blue_Line_%28Washington_Metro%29 \"Blue Line (Washington Metro)\"), commercial centers, Maryland Route 214, Interstate 95/Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway). Protected bike trails connect residents to the Bladensburg waterfront, Kenilworth parks, and downtown D.C. Fairmont Heights is the second oldest African\\-American\\-majority municipality in Prince George's County. The Fairmount Heights Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Downs\\|first1\\=Kat\\|last2\\=Keating\\|first2\\=Dan\\|last3\\=Vaughn Kelso\\|first3\\=Nathaniel\\|title\\=Segregation Receding\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-srv/special/nation/census/2010/?custommap\\=0,4,2,0,38\\.89511,\\-77\\.0363,11,0\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|access\\-date\\=November 2, 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=September 4, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904044041/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-srv/special/nation/census/2010/?custommap\\=0,4,2,0,38\\.89511,\\-77\\.0363,11,0\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"[Bowie](/wiki/Bowie%2C_Maryland \"Bowie, Maryland\") is best known as a planned [Levittown](/wiki/Levittown \"Levittown\").{{cite book \\|last \\= Baltz \\|first \\= Shirley Vlasak \\|title \\= A Chronicle of Belair \\|publisher \\=Bowie Heritage Committee \\|year \\= 1984 \\|location \\=Bowie, Maryland \\|pages \\= 84–88 \\|lccn \\= 85165028}} [William Levitt](/wiki/William_Levitt \"William Levitt\") in the 1960s built traditional homes, as well as California contemporaries along [U.S. Route 50](/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_Maryland \"U.S. Route 50 in Maryland\"), the key highway to the eastern shore and the state capital of [Annapolis](/wiki/Annapolis%2C_Maryland \"Annapolis, Maryland\"). Bowie has currently grown to be the largest city in Prince George's County, with more than 50,000 people. It also has a large Caucasian population, compared to much of the county (48% of the population).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?\\_event\\=\\&geo\\_id\\=16000US2408775\\&\\_geoContext\\=01000US%7c04000US24%7c16000US2408775\\&\\_street\\=\\&\\_county\\=bowie\\&\\_cityTown\\=bowie\\&\\_state\\=04000US24\\&\\_zip\\=\\&\\_lang\\=en\\&\\_sse\\=on\\&ActiveGeoDiv\\=\\&\\_useEV\\=\\&pctxt\\=fph\\&pgsl\\=160\\&\\_submenuId\\=factsheet\\_1\\&ds\\_name\\=null\\&\\_ci\\_nbr\\=null\\&qr\\_name\\=null®\\=null:null\\&\\_keyword\\=\\&\\_industry\\= \\|title\\=Bowie city, Maryland – Fact Sheet – American FactFinder \\|publisher\\=Factfinder.census.gov \\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20200210224014/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?\\_event\\=\\&geo\\_id\\=16000US2408775\\&\\_geoContext\\=01000US%7C04000US24%7C16000US2408775\\&\\_street\\=\\&\\_county\\=bowie\\&\\_cityTown\\=bowie\\&\\_state\\=04000US24\\&\\_zip\\=\\&\\_lang\\=en\\&\\_sse\\=on\\&ActiveGeoDiv\\=\\&\\_useEV\\=\\&pctxt\\=fph\\&pgsl\\=160\\&\\_submenuId\\=factsheet\\_1\\&ds\\_name\\=null\\&\\_ci\\_nbr\\=null\\&qr\\_name\\=null®\\=null:null\\&\\_keyword\\=\\&\\_industry\\= \\|archive\\-date\\=February 10, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Housing styles vary from the most contemporary to century\\-old homes in Bowie's antique district (formerly known as Huntingtown), where the town of Bowie began as a haven for thoroughbred horse racing. Areas of geographic distinction include the [Oden Bowie Mansion](/wiki/Belair_Mansion_%28Bowie%2C_Maryland%29 \"Belair Mansion (Bowie, Maryland)\"), Allen Pond, key segments of the [Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Trail](/wiki/Washington%2C_Baltimore_and_Annapolis_Trail \"Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Trail\"), as well as planned parks, lakes and walking trails.",
"#### Rural Tier",
"Prince George's rural tier was designated \"in the 2002 General Plan as an area where residential growth would be minimal\";{{cite web \\|url\\=http://planning.maryland.gov/pdf/ourwork/septicsbill/info/prin\\_info.pdf \\|title\\=Submittal to the Maryland Department of Planning Regarding Conformance with SB 236 \\|page\\=7 \\|publisher\\=Prince George's County, Maryland \\|date\\=January 22, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=September 13, 2013 }} it may be found in the area just beyond the Beltway to the west and south of central county, though with direct access by Route 210, while bounded on the west by the communities [Accokeek](/wiki/Accokeek%2C_Maryland \"Accokeek, Maryland\") and [Fort Washington](/wiki/Fort_Washington%2C_Maryland \"Fort Washington, Maryland\"), and the east by the [Patuxent River](/wiki/Patuxent_River \"Patuxent River\"). Prince George's origins are in this part of the county. Most of this area contains the unincorporated parishes, villages and lost towns of Prince George's County. Largely under postal designations of \"[Upper Marlboro](/wiki/Upper_Marlboro%2C_Maryland \"Upper Marlboro, Maryland\")\" or \"[Brandywine](/wiki/Brandywine%2C_Maryland \"Brandywine, Maryland\")\", in truth the town of Upper Marlboro is more central county in character, though it is the post office location for various rural settlements. (The names of these unincorporated areas are listed below in the towns section of this article). Since 1721 Upper Marlboro has been the county seat of government, with families that trace their lineage back to Prince George's initial land grants and earliest governing officials. Names like Clagett, [Sasscer](/wiki/Sasscer \"Sasscer\"), King James and Queen Anne pepper the streets.",
"The rural tier has been the focus of orchestrated efforts by residents and county government to preserve its rural character and environmental integrity.{{cite web\\|title\\=Prince George's County Planning \\|url\\=http://smartergrowth.net/anx/index.cfm/1,231,0,0,html/Supportive\\-Plans\\-amp\\-Zoning \\|work\\=Coalition for Smart Growth \\|access\\-date\\=November 3, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415151438/http://smartergrowth.net/anx/index.cfm/1%2C231%2C0%2C0%2Chtml/Supportive\\-Plans\\-amp\\-Zoning \\|archive\\-date\\=April 15, 2012 }}{{failed verification\\|date\\=September 2013}} Under the [Maryland\\-National Capital Park and Planning Commission (M\\-NCPPC)](/wiki/Maryland-National_Capital_Park_and_Planning_Commission \"Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission\"), [Patuxent River Park](/wiki/Patuxent_River_Park \"Patuxent River Park\") is the largest natural preserve and provides public access for birdwatching and viewing the rural tier's natural waterfront vistas. In season, the park's Jug Bay Natural Area and the Patuxent Riverkeeper in [Queen Anne](/wiki/Queen_Anne%2C_Maryland \"Queen Anne, Maryland\") both offer canoeing and kayaking rentals on the Patuxent. The county's largest collection of tobacco planter mansions and preserved homes are in the rural tier, some managed by the M\\-NCPPC. Many rural tier roads have scenic highway preservation status. [Rosaryville State Park](/wiki/Rosaryville_State_Park \"Rosaryville State Park\") is in the county, not far from the county seat.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2010}}",
"#### South County",
"South County is a blend of the greenery of the rural tier and the new development of central county. The communities of [Clinton](/wiki/Clinton%2C_Maryland \"Clinton, Maryland\"), [Oxon Hill](/wiki/Oxon_Hill%2C_Maryland \"Oxon Hill, Maryland\"), [Temple Hills](/wiki/Temple_Hills%2C_Maryland \"Temple Hills, Maryland\") and [Fort Washington](/wiki/Fort_Washington%2C_Maryland \"Fort Washington, Maryland\") are the largest areas of south county. It is the only portion of Prince George's County to enjoy the Potomac River waterfront, and that geographic distinction has yielded the rise of the [National Harbor](/wiki/National_Harbor%2C_Maryland \"National Harbor, Maryland\") project: a town center and riverside shopping and living development on the Potomac. The National Harbor, and its associated entertainment ([MGM National Harbor](/wiki/MGM_National_Harbor \"MGM National Harbor\")) and shopping ([Tanger Outlets](/wiki/Tanger_Outlets \"Tanger Outlets\")) districts, have become a major tourist and convention attraction, with significant hotel accommodations, eateries and shopping. Together, these projects were built on land formerly occupied by the Salubria plantation, where a 14\\-year\\-old slave girl poisoned her owner, [John H. Bayne](/wiki/John_H._Bayne \"John H. Bayne\"), and his family in 1831\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/National\\_News\\_2/article\\_8591\\.shtml \\|title\\=Plantation where 14\\-year\\-old slave was hung to become outlet mall \\|first\\=Askia \\|last\\=Muhammad \\|date\\=February 3, 2012 \\|publisher\\=TheFinalCall \\|access\\-date\\=November 17, 2020}} [Water taxi](/wiki/Water_taxi \"Water taxi\") service connects National Harbor to other destinations along the Potomac.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://wtop.com/business\\-finance/2018/03/wharf\\-water\\-taxi\\-service\\-national\\-harbor\\-starts\\-march\\-1/ \\|title\\=The Wharf water taxi service to National Harbor starts \\|first\\=Jeff \\|last\\=Calbaugh \\|date\\=March 1, 2018 \\|publisher\\=WTOP \\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2018}} Several historic sites, including Jones Point Lighthouse, can be viewed from the harbor front. Piscataway Park in Accokeek preserves many acres of woodland and wetlands along the Potomac River opposite Mount Vernon, Virginia. River Road in Fort Washington also yields great views of the Potomac. [Fort Washington Park](/wiki/Fort_Washington_Park \"Fort Washington Park\") was a major battery and gives access to the public for tours of the fort, scenic access to the river and other picnic grounds. [Oxon Hill Manor](/wiki/Oxon_Hill_Manor \"Oxon Hill Manor\") offers a working farm and plantation mansion for touring; [His Lordship's Kindness](/wiki/His_Lordship%27s_Kindness \"His Lordship's Kindness\") is another major historic home. Also, [Fort Foote](/wiki/Fort_Foote \"Fort Foote\") is an old [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") fort and tourist destination.",
"### Adjacent counties and independent cities",
"* [Anne Arundel County](/wiki/Anne_Arundel_County%2C_Maryland \"Anne Arundel County, Maryland\") (east)\n* [Calvert County](/wiki/Calvert_County%2C_Maryland \"Calvert County, Maryland\") (southeast)\n* [Charles County](/wiki/Charles_County%2C_Maryland \"Charles County, Maryland\") (south)\n* [Howard County](/wiki/Howard_County%2C_Maryland \"Howard County, Maryland\") (north)\n* [Montgomery County](/wiki/Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland \"Montgomery County, Maryland\") (northwest)\n* [Fairfax County, Virginia](/wiki/Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia \"Fairfax County, Virginia\") (southwest)\n* [Alexandria, Virginia](/wiki/Alexandria%2C_Virginia \"Alexandria, Virginia\") (southwest)\n* [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") (west)",
"Prince George's and Montgomery Counties share a bi\\-county planning and parks agency in the [M\\-NCPPC](/wiki/Maryland-National_Capital_Park_and_Planning_Commission \"Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission\") and a public bi\\-county water and sewer utility in the [Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission](/wiki/Washington_Suburban_Sanitary_Commission \"Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission\")",
"### National protected areas",
"* [Fort Washington Park](/wiki/Fort_Washington_Park \"Fort Washington Park\")\n* [Greenbelt Park](/wiki/Greenbelt_Park \"Greenbelt Park\")\n* [Patuxent Wildlife Research Refuge](/wiki/Patuxent_Wildlife_Research_Center \"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center\") (part)\n* [Piscataway Park](/wiki/Piscataway_Park \"Piscataway Park\")\n* [Cedarville State Forest](/wiki/Cedarville_State_Forest \"Cedarville State Forest\") (whose main entrance is in Prince George's County)"
] |
### Regions
[thumb\|right\|267px\|The five regions of Prince George's County.
{{Color box\|\#FF0000\|border\=darkgray}} \= North County
{{Color box\|\#FF7F00\|border\=darkgray}} \= Central County
{{Color box\|\#FFFF00\|border\=darkgray}} \= Rural Tier
{{Color box\|\#228B22\|border\=darkgray}} \= Inner Beltway
{{Color box\|\#0000FF\|border\=darkgray}} \= South County](/wiki/Image:Prince_George%27s_County_Maryland_Regions.JPG "Prince George's County Maryland Regions.JPG")
Terrain, culture, and demographics differ significantly by location within the county. There are five key regions to Prince George's County: North County, Central County, the Rural Tier, the Inner Beltway, and South County. These regions are not formally defined, however, and the terms used to describe each area can vary greatly.{{cite web \|url\=https://ggwash.org/view/67562/what\-do\-you\-call\-different\-regions\-of\-prince\-georges\-county \|title\=What do you call different regions of Prince George's County? Even for locals, it's complicated. \|first\=D.W. \|last\=Rowlands \|date\=May 8, 2018 \|work\=Greater Greater Washington \|access\-date\=June 20, 2018 }} In the broadest terms, the county is generally divided into North County and South County with [U.S. Route 50](/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_Maryland "U.S. Route 50 in Maryland") serving as the dividing line.{{cite web \|url\=https://ggwash.org/view/67614/here\-are\-our\-readers\-names\-for\-regions\-of\-prince\-georges\-county \|title\=We asked, you answered: here are our readers' names for regions of Prince George's County \|first\=D.W. \|last\=Rowlands \|date\=May 25, 2018 \|work\=Greater Greater Washington \|access\-date\=June 20, 2018 }}
Southern Prince George's County is also considered to be a part of the [Southern Maryland](/wiki/Southern_Maryland "Southern Maryland") region.
#### North County
Northern Prince George's County includes [Laurel](/wiki/Laurel%2C_Maryland "Laurel, Maryland"), [Beltsville](/wiki/Beltsville%2C_Maryland "Beltsville, Maryland"), [Adelphi](/wiki/Adelphi%2C_Maryland "Adelphi, Maryland"), [College Park](/wiki/College_Park%2C_Maryland "College Park, Maryland") and [Greenbelt](/wiki/Greenbelt%2C_Maryland "Greenbelt, Maryland"). This area of the county is anchored by the [Capital Beltway](/wiki/Interstate_495_%28Capital_Beltway%29 "Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway)") and the [Baltimore–Washington Parkway](/wiki/Baltimore%E2%80%93Washington_Parkway "Baltimore–Washington Parkway"). Laurel is experiencing a population boom with the construction of the [Inter\-County Connector](/wiki/Maryland_Route_200 "Maryland Route 200"). The key employers in this region are the [University of Maryland](/wiki/University_of_Maryland "University of Maryland"), [Beltsville Agricultural Research Center](/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace_Beltsville_Agricultural_Research_Center "Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center"), and [NASA\-Goddard Space Flight Center](/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center "Goddard Space Flight Center"). Areas of geographic distinction include [Greenbelt Park](/wiki/Greenbelt_Park "Greenbelt Park"), a wooded reserve adjacent to the planned environmental community of Greenbelt, and [University Park](/wiki/University_Park%2C_Maryland "University Park, Maryland"), a collection of historic homes adjacent to the University of Maryland. [Riversdale Mansion](/wiki/Riversdale_%28Riverdale_Park%2C_Maryland%29 "Riversdale (Riverdale Park, Maryland)"), along with the historic homes of [Berwyn Heights](/wiki/Berwyn_Heights%2C_Maryland "Berwyn Heights, Maryland"), [Mt. Rainier](/wiki/Mt._Rainier%2C_Maryland "Mt. Rainier, Maryland") and [Hyattsville](/wiki/Hyattsville%2C_Maryland "Hyattsville, Maryland"), along with [Langley Park](/wiki/Langley_Park%2C_Maryland "Langley Park, Maryland") are also located in this area. [Lake Artemesia](/wiki/Lake_Artemesia "Lake Artemesia") and the surrounding park were constructed during the completion of the [Washington Metro Green Line](/wiki/Green_Line_%28Washington_Metro%29 "Green Line (Washington Metro)"), and it incorporates a stocked fishing lake and serves as the trail\-head for an extensive [Anacostia Tributary Trails](/wiki/Anacostia_Tributary_Trails "Anacostia Tributary Trails") system that runs along the [Anacostia River](/wiki/Anacostia_River "Anacostia River") and its tributaries. The south and central tracts of the [Patuxent Wildlife Research Center](/wiki/Patuxent_Wildlife_Research_Center "Patuxent Wildlife Research Center") also lie in this part of the county; the north tract lies north of the [Patuxent River](/wiki/Patuxent_River "Patuxent River") in [Anne Arundel County](/wiki/Anne_Arundel_County%2C_Maryland "Anne Arundel County, Maryland").
#### Central County
Central County, located on the eastern outskirts of the Capital Beltway, consists of [Mitchellville](/wiki/Mitchellville%2C_Maryland "Mitchellville, Maryland"), [Woodmore](/wiki/Woodmore%2C_Maryland "Woodmore, Maryland"), [Greater Upper Marlboro](/wiki/Greater_Upper_Marlboro%2C_Maryland "Greater Upper Marlboro, Maryland"), [Springdale](/wiki/Springdale%2C_Maryland "Springdale, Maryland"), [Largo](/wiki/Largo%2C_Maryland "Largo, Maryland"), and [Bowie](/wiki/Bowie%2C_Maryland "Bowie, Maryland"). According to the 2010 census, it has generally been the fastest growing region of the county.{{cite news\|last1\=Bloch\|first1\=Matthew\|last2\=Carter\|first2\=Shan\|last3\=McLean\|first3\=Alan\|title\=Mapping the 2010 U.S. Census\|url\=http://projects.nytimes.com/census/2010/map?nl\=todaysheadlines\&emc\=thab1%3DV\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|access\-date\=November 2, 2011\|date\=December 13, 2010}} Mitchellville is named for a wealthy African American family, the Mitchells, who owned a large portion of land in this area of the county.{{cite web \|last\=Dwyer \|first\=Michael F \|title\=Mitchell Cemetery \|url\=http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/018000/018700/018782/pdf/msa\_se5\_18782\.pdf \|work\=Inventory Form for State Historic Sites \#PG\-71B\-8 \|publisher\=\[\[Maryland Historical Trust]] \|access\-date\=September 16, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225043409/http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/018000/018700/018782/pdf/msa\_se5\_18782\.pdf \|archive\-date\=February 25, 2017}} [Central Avenue](/wiki/Maryland_Route_214 "Maryland Route 214"), a major exit off the I\-95 beltway, running east to west, is one of two main roads in this portion of the county. The other major roadway is [Old Crain Highway](/wiki/U.S._Route_301_in_Maryland "U.S. Route 301 in Maryland"), which runs north to south along the eastern portion of the county. The [Newton White Mansion](/wiki/Newton_White_Mansion "Newton White Mansion") on the grounds is a popular site for weddings and political events. [Bowie State University](/wiki/Bowie_State_University "Bowie State University") and [Prince George's Community College](/wiki/Prince_George%27s_Community_College "Prince George's Community College") are in the Central region.
#### Inner Beltway
The inner beltway communities of [Capitol Heights](/wiki/Capitol_Heights%2C_Maryland "Capitol Heights, Maryland"), [District Heights](/wiki/District_Heights%2C_Maryland "District Heights, Maryland"), [Fairmont Heights](/wiki/Fairmount_Heights%2C_Maryland "Fairmount Heights, Maryland"), [Forestville](/wiki/Forestville%2C_Maryland "Forestville, Maryland"), [Suitland](/wiki/Suitland%2C_Maryland "Suitland, Maryland"), and [Seat Pleasant](/wiki/Seat_Pleasant%2C_Maryland "Seat Pleasant, Maryland") border the neighboring District of Columbia's northeastern and southeastern quadrants. The area has easy access to [Metro's blue line](/wiki/Blue_Line_%28Washington_Metro%29 "Blue Line (Washington Metro)"), commercial centers, Maryland Route 214, Interstate 95/Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway). Protected bike trails connect residents to the Bladensburg waterfront, Kenilworth parks, and downtown D.C. Fairmont Heights is the second oldest African\-American\-majority municipality in Prince George's County. The Fairmount Heights Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011\.{{cite news\|last1\=Downs\|first1\=Kat\|last2\=Keating\|first2\=Dan\|last3\=Vaughn Kelso\|first3\=Nathaniel\|title\=Segregation Receding\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-srv/special/nation/census/2010/?custommap\=0,4,2,0,38\.89511,\-77\.0363,11,0\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|access\-date\=November 2, 2011\|archive\-date\=September 4, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904044041/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-srv/special/nation/census/2010/?custommap\=0,4,2,0,38\.89511,\-77\.0363,11,0\|url\-status\=dead}}
[Bowie](/wiki/Bowie%2C_Maryland "Bowie, Maryland") is best known as a planned [Levittown](/wiki/Levittown "Levittown").{{cite book \|last \= Baltz \|first \= Shirley Vlasak \|title \= A Chronicle of Belair \|publisher \=Bowie Heritage Committee \|year \= 1984 \|location \=Bowie, Maryland \|pages \= 84–88 \|lccn \= 85165028}} [William Levitt](/wiki/William_Levitt "William Levitt") in the 1960s built traditional homes, as well as California contemporaries along [U.S. Route 50](/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_Maryland "U.S. Route 50 in Maryland"), the key highway to the eastern shore and the state capital of [Annapolis](/wiki/Annapolis%2C_Maryland "Annapolis, Maryland"). Bowie has currently grown to be the largest city in Prince George's County, with more than 50,000 people. It also has a large Caucasian population, compared to much of the county (48% of the population).{{cite web \|url\=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?\_event\=\&geo\_id\=16000US2408775\&\_geoContext\=01000US%7c04000US24%7c16000US2408775\&\_street\=\&\_county\=bowie\&\_cityTown\=bowie\&\_state\=04000US24\&\_zip\=\&\_lang\=en\&\_sse\=on\&ActiveGeoDiv\=\&\_useEV\=\&pctxt\=fph\&pgsl\=160\&\_submenuId\=factsheet\_1\&ds\_name\=null\&\_ci\_nbr\=null\&qr\_name\=null®\=null:null\&\_keyword\=\&\_industry\= \|title\=Bowie city, Maryland – Fact Sheet – American FactFinder \|publisher\=Factfinder.census.gov \|access\-date\=December 10, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20200210224014/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?\_event\=\&geo\_id\=16000US2408775\&\_geoContext\=01000US%7C04000US24%7C16000US2408775\&\_street\=\&\_county\=bowie\&\_cityTown\=bowie\&\_state\=04000US24\&\_zip\=\&\_lang\=en\&\_sse\=on\&ActiveGeoDiv\=\&\_useEV\=\&pctxt\=fph\&pgsl\=160\&\_submenuId\=factsheet\_1\&ds\_name\=null\&\_ci\_nbr\=null\&qr\_name\=null®\=null:null\&\_keyword\=\&\_industry\= \|archive\-date\=February 10, 2020 \|url\-status\=dead }} Housing styles vary from the most contemporary to century\-old homes in Bowie's antique district (formerly known as Huntingtown), where the town of Bowie began as a haven for thoroughbred horse racing. Areas of geographic distinction include the [Oden Bowie Mansion](/wiki/Belair_Mansion_%28Bowie%2C_Maryland%29 "Belair Mansion (Bowie, Maryland)"), Allen Pond, key segments of the [Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Trail](/wiki/Washington%2C_Baltimore_and_Annapolis_Trail "Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Trail"), as well as planned parks, lakes and walking trails.
#### Rural Tier
Prince George's rural tier was designated "in the 2002 General Plan as an area where residential growth would be minimal";{{cite web \|url\=http://planning.maryland.gov/pdf/ourwork/septicsbill/info/prin\_info.pdf \|title\=Submittal to the Maryland Department of Planning Regarding Conformance with SB 236 \|page\=7 \|publisher\=Prince George's County, Maryland \|date\=January 22, 2013 \|access\-date\=September 13, 2013 }} it may be found in the area just beyond the Beltway to the west and south of central county, though with direct access by Route 210, while bounded on the west by the communities [Accokeek](/wiki/Accokeek%2C_Maryland "Accokeek, Maryland") and [Fort Washington](/wiki/Fort_Washington%2C_Maryland "Fort Washington, Maryland"), and the east by the [Patuxent River](/wiki/Patuxent_River "Patuxent River"). Prince George's origins are in this part of the county. Most of this area contains the unincorporated parishes, villages and lost towns of Prince George's County. Largely under postal designations of "[Upper Marlboro](/wiki/Upper_Marlboro%2C_Maryland "Upper Marlboro, Maryland")" or "[Brandywine](/wiki/Brandywine%2C_Maryland "Brandywine, Maryland")", in truth the town of Upper Marlboro is more central county in character, though it is the post office location for various rural settlements. (The names of these unincorporated areas are listed below in the towns section of this article). Since 1721 Upper Marlboro has been the county seat of government, with families that trace their lineage back to Prince George's initial land grants and earliest governing officials. Names like Clagett, [Sasscer](/wiki/Sasscer "Sasscer"), King James and Queen Anne pepper the streets.
The rural tier has been the focus of orchestrated efforts by residents and county government to preserve its rural character and environmental integrity.{{cite web\|title\=Prince George's County Planning \|url\=http://smartergrowth.net/anx/index.cfm/1,231,0,0,html/Supportive\-Plans\-amp\-Zoning \|work\=Coalition for Smart Growth \|access\-date\=November 3, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415151438/http://smartergrowth.net/anx/index.cfm/1%2C231%2C0%2C0%2Chtml/Supportive\-Plans\-amp\-Zoning \|archive\-date\=April 15, 2012 }}{{failed verification\|date\=September 2013}} Under the [Maryland\-National Capital Park and Planning Commission (M\-NCPPC)](/wiki/Maryland-National_Capital_Park_and_Planning_Commission "Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission"), [Patuxent River Park](/wiki/Patuxent_River_Park "Patuxent River Park") is the largest natural preserve and provides public access for birdwatching and viewing the rural tier's natural waterfront vistas. In season, the park's Jug Bay Natural Area and the Patuxent Riverkeeper in [Queen Anne](/wiki/Queen_Anne%2C_Maryland "Queen Anne, Maryland") both offer canoeing and kayaking rentals on the Patuxent. The county's largest collection of tobacco planter mansions and preserved homes are in the rural tier, some managed by the M\-NCPPC. Many rural tier roads have scenic highway preservation status. [Rosaryville State Park](/wiki/Rosaryville_State_Park "Rosaryville State Park") is in the county, not far from the county seat.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2010}}
#### South County
South County is a blend of the greenery of the rural tier and the new development of central county. The communities of [Clinton](/wiki/Clinton%2C_Maryland "Clinton, Maryland"), [Oxon Hill](/wiki/Oxon_Hill%2C_Maryland "Oxon Hill, Maryland"), [Temple Hills](/wiki/Temple_Hills%2C_Maryland "Temple Hills, Maryland") and [Fort Washington](/wiki/Fort_Washington%2C_Maryland "Fort Washington, Maryland") are the largest areas of south county. It is the only portion of Prince George's County to enjoy the Potomac River waterfront, and that geographic distinction has yielded the rise of the [National Harbor](/wiki/National_Harbor%2C_Maryland "National Harbor, Maryland") project: a town center and riverside shopping and living development on the Potomac. The National Harbor, and its associated entertainment ([MGM National Harbor](/wiki/MGM_National_Harbor "MGM National Harbor")) and shopping ([Tanger Outlets](/wiki/Tanger_Outlets "Tanger Outlets")) districts, have become a major tourist and convention attraction, with significant hotel accommodations, eateries and shopping. Together, these projects were built on land formerly occupied by the Salubria plantation, where a 14\-year\-old slave girl poisoned her owner, [John H. Bayne](/wiki/John_H._Bayne "John H. Bayne"), and his family in 1831\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/National\_News\_2/article\_8591\.shtml \|title\=Plantation where 14\-year\-old slave was hung to become outlet mall \|first\=Askia \|last\=Muhammad \|date\=February 3, 2012 \|publisher\=TheFinalCall \|access\-date\=November 17, 2020}} [Water taxi](/wiki/Water_taxi "Water taxi") service connects National Harbor to other destinations along the Potomac.{{cite web \|url\=https://wtop.com/business\-finance/2018/03/wharf\-water\-taxi\-service\-national\-harbor\-starts\-march\-1/ \|title\=The Wharf water taxi service to National Harbor starts \|first\=Jeff \|last\=Calbaugh \|date\=March 1, 2018 \|publisher\=WTOP \|access\-date\=June 20, 2018}} Several historic sites, including Jones Point Lighthouse, can be viewed from the harbor front. Piscataway Park in Accokeek preserves many acres of woodland and wetlands along the Potomac River opposite Mount Vernon, Virginia. River Road in Fort Washington also yields great views of the Potomac. [Fort Washington Park](/wiki/Fort_Washington_Park "Fort Washington Park") was a major battery and gives access to the public for tours of the fort, scenic access to the river and other picnic grounds. [Oxon Hill Manor](/wiki/Oxon_Hill_Manor "Oxon Hill Manor") offers a working farm and plantation mansion for touring; [His Lordship's Kindness](/wiki/His_Lordship%27s_Kindness "His Lordship's Kindness") is another major historic home. Also, [Fort Foote](/wiki/Fort_Foote "Fort Foote") is an old [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") fort and tourist destination.
|
[
"### Regions",
"[thumb\\|right\\|267px\\|The five regions of Prince George's County.",
"{{Color box\\|\\#FF0000\\|border\\=darkgray}} \\= North County",
"{{Color box\\|\\#FF7F00\\|border\\=darkgray}} \\= Central County",
"{{Color box\\|\\#FFFF00\\|border\\=darkgray}} \\= Rural Tier",
"{{Color box\\|\\#228B22\\|border\\=darkgray}} \\= Inner Beltway",
"{{Color box\\|\\#0000FF\\|border\\=darkgray}} \\= South County](/wiki/Image:Prince_George%27s_County_Maryland_Regions.JPG \"Prince George's County Maryland Regions.JPG\")\nTerrain, culture, and demographics differ significantly by location within the county. There are five key regions to Prince George's County: North County, Central County, the Rural Tier, the Inner Beltway, and South County. These regions are not formally defined, however, and the terms used to describe each area can vary greatly.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://ggwash.org/view/67562/what\\-do\\-you\\-call\\-different\\-regions\\-of\\-prince\\-georges\\-county \\|title\\=What do you call different regions of Prince George's County? Even for locals, it's complicated. \\|first\\=D.W. \\|last\\=Rowlands \\|date\\=May 8, 2018 \\|work\\=Greater Greater Washington \\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2018 }} In the broadest terms, the county is generally divided into North County and South County with [U.S. Route 50](/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_Maryland \"U.S. Route 50 in Maryland\") serving as the dividing line.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://ggwash.org/view/67614/here\\-are\\-our\\-readers\\-names\\-for\\-regions\\-of\\-prince\\-georges\\-county \\|title\\=We asked, you answered: here are our readers' names for regions of Prince George's County \\|first\\=D.W. \\|last\\=Rowlands \\|date\\=May 25, 2018 \\|work\\=Greater Greater Washington \\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2018 }}",
"Southern Prince George's County is also considered to be a part of the [Southern Maryland](/wiki/Southern_Maryland \"Southern Maryland\") region.",
"#### North County",
"Northern Prince George's County includes [Laurel](/wiki/Laurel%2C_Maryland \"Laurel, Maryland\"), [Beltsville](/wiki/Beltsville%2C_Maryland \"Beltsville, Maryland\"), [Adelphi](/wiki/Adelphi%2C_Maryland \"Adelphi, Maryland\"), [College Park](/wiki/College_Park%2C_Maryland \"College Park, Maryland\") and [Greenbelt](/wiki/Greenbelt%2C_Maryland \"Greenbelt, Maryland\"). This area of the county is anchored by the [Capital Beltway](/wiki/Interstate_495_%28Capital_Beltway%29 \"Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway)\") and the [Baltimore–Washington Parkway](/wiki/Baltimore%E2%80%93Washington_Parkway \"Baltimore–Washington Parkway\"). Laurel is experiencing a population boom with the construction of the [Inter\\-County Connector](/wiki/Maryland_Route_200 \"Maryland Route 200\"). The key employers in this region are the [University of Maryland](/wiki/University_of_Maryland \"University of Maryland\"), [Beltsville Agricultural Research Center](/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace_Beltsville_Agricultural_Research_Center \"Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center\"), and [NASA\\-Goddard Space Flight Center](/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center \"Goddard Space Flight Center\"). Areas of geographic distinction include [Greenbelt Park](/wiki/Greenbelt_Park \"Greenbelt Park\"), a wooded reserve adjacent to the planned environmental community of Greenbelt, and [University Park](/wiki/University_Park%2C_Maryland \"University Park, Maryland\"), a collection of historic homes adjacent to the University of Maryland. [Riversdale Mansion](/wiki/Riversdale_%28Riverdale_Park%2C_Maryland%29 \"Riversdale (Riverdale Park, Maryland)\"), along with the historic homes of [Berwyn Heights](/wiki/Berwyn_Heights%2C_Maryland \"Berwyn Heights, Maryland\"), [Mt. Rainier](/wiki/Mt._Rainier%2C_Maryland \"Mt. Rainier, Maryland\") and [Hyattsville](/wiki/Hyattsville%2C_Maryland \"Hyattsville, Maryland\"), along with [Langley Park](/wiki/Langley_Park%2C_Maryland \"Langley Park, Maryland\") are also located in this area. [Lake Artemesia](/wiki/Lake_Artemesia \"Lake Artemesia\") and the surrounding park were constructed during the completion of the [Washington Metro Green Line](/wiki/Green_Line_%28Washington_Metro%29 \"Green Line (Washington Metro)\"), and it incorporates a stocked fishing lake and serves as the trail\\-head for an extensive [Anacostia Tributary Trails](/wiki/Anacostia_Tributary_Trails \"Anacostia Tributary Trails\") system that runs along the [Anacostia River](/wiki/Anacostia_River \"Anacostia River\") and its tributaries. The south and central tracts of the [Patuxent Wildlife Research Center](/wiki/Patuxent_Wildlife_Research_Center \"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center\") also lie in this part of the county; the north tract lies north of the [Patuxent River](/wiki/Patuxent_River \"Patuxent River\") in [Anne Arundel County](/wiki/Anne_Arundel_County%2C_Maryland \"Anne Arundel County, Maryland\").",
"#### Central County",
"Central County, located on the eastern outskirts of the Capital Beltway, consists of [Mitchellville](/wiki/Mitchellville%2C_Maryland \"Mitchellville, Maryland\"), [Woodmore](/wiki/Woodmore%2C_Maryland \"Woodmore, Maryland\"), [Greater Upper Marlboro](/wiki/Greater_Upper_Marlboro%2C_Maryland \"Greater Upper Marlboro, Maryland\"), [Springdale](/wiki/Springdale%2C_Maryland \"Springdale, Maryland\"), [Largo](/wiki/Largo%2C_Maryland \"Largo, Maryland\"), and [Bowie](/wiki/Bowie%2C_Maryland \"Bowie, Maryland\"). According to the 2010 census, it has generally been the fastest growing region of the county.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Bloch\\|first1\\=Matthew\\|last2\\=Carter\\|first2\\=Shan\\|last3\\=McLean\\|first3\\=Alan\\|title\\=Mapping the 2010 U.S. Census\\|url\\=http://projects.nytimes.com/census/2010/map?nl\\=todaysheadlines\\&emc\\=thab1%3DV\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=November 2, 2011\\|date\\=December 13, 2010}} Mitchellville is named for a wealthy African American family, the Mitchells, who owned a large portion of land in this area of the county.{{cite web \\|last\\=Dwyer \\|first\\=Michael F \\|title\\=Mitchell Cemetery \\|url\\=http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/018000/018700/018782/pdf/msa\\_se5\\_18782\\.pdf \\|work\\=Inventory Form for State Historic Sites \\#PG\\-71B\\-8 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Maryland Historical Trust]] \\|access\\-date\\=September 16, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225043409/http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/018000/018700/018782/pdf/msa\\_se5\\_18782\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=February 25, 2017}} [Central Avenue](/wiki/Maryland_Route_214 \"Maryland Route 214\"), a major exit off the I\\-95 beltway, running east to west, is one of two main roads in this portion of the county. The other major roadway is [Old Crain Highway](/wiki/U.S._Route_301_in_Maryland \"U.S. Route 301 in Maryland\"), which runs north to south along the eastern portion of the county. The [Newton White Mansion](/wiki/Newton_White_Mansion \"Newton White Mansion\") on the grounds is a popular site for weddings and political events. [Bowie State University](/wiki/Bowie_State_University \"Bowie State University\") and [Prince George's Community College](/wiki/Prince_George%27s_Community_College \"Prince George's Community College\") are in the Central region.",
"#### Inner Beltway",
"The inner beltway communities of [Capitol Heights](/wiki/Capitol_Heights%2C_Maryland \"Capitol Heights, Maryland\"), [District Heights](/wiki/District_Heights%2C_Maryland \"District Heights, Maryland\"), [Fairmont Heights](/wiki/Fairmount_Heights%2C_Maryland \"Fairmount Heights, Maryland\"), [Forestville](/wiki/Forestville%2C_Maryland \"Forestville, Maryland\"), [Suitland](/wiki/Suitland%2C_Maryland \"Suitland, Maryland\"), and [Seat Pleasant](/wiki/Seat_Pleasant%2C_Maryland \"Seat Pleasant, Maryland\") border the neighboring District of Columbia's northeastern and southeastern quadrants. The area has easy access to [Metro's blue line](/wiki/Blue_Line_%28Washington_Metro%29 \"Blue Line (Washington Metro)\"), commercial centers, Maryland Route 214, Interstate 95/Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway). Protected bike trails connect residents to the Bladensburg waterfront, Kenilworth parks, and downtown D.C. Fairmont Heights is the second oldest African\\-American\\-majority municipality in Prince George's County. The Fairmount Heights Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Downs\\|first1\\=Kat\\|last2\\=Keating\\|first2\\=Dan\\|last3\\=Vaughn Kelso\\|first3\\=Nathaniel\\|title\\=Segregation Receding\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-srv/special/nation/census/2010/?custommap\\=0,4,2,0,38\\.89511,\\-77\\.0363,11,0\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|access\\-date\\=November 2, 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=September 4, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904044041/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-srv/special/nation/census/2010/?custommap\\=0,4,2,0,38\\.89511,\\-77\\.0363,11,0\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"[Bowie](/wiki/Bowie%2C_Maryland \"Bowie, Maryland\") is best known as a planned [Levittown](/wiki/Levittown \"Levittown\").{{cite book \\|last \\= Baltz \\|first \\= Shirley Vlasak \\|title \\= A Chronicle of Belair \\|publisher \\=Bowie Heritage Committee \\|year \\= 1984 \\|location \\=Bowie, Maryland \\|pages \\= 84–88 \\|lccn \\= 85165028}} [William Levitt](/wiki/William_Levitt \"William Levitt\") in the 1960s built traditional homes, as well as California contemporaries along [U.S. Route 50](/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_Maryland \"U.S. Route 50 in Maryland\"), the key highway to the eastern shore and the state capital of [Annapolis](/wiki/Annapolis%2C_Maryland \"Annapolis, Maryland\"). Bowie has currently grown to be the largest city in Prince George's County, with more than 50,000 people. It also has a large Caucasian population, compared to much of the county (48% of the population).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?\\_event\\=\\&geo\\_id\\=16000US2408775\\&\\_geoContext\\=01000US%7c04000US24%7c16000US2408775\\&\\_street\\=\\&\\_county\\=bowie\\&\\_cityTown\\=bowie\\&\\_state\\=04000US24\\&\\_zip\\=\\&\\_lang\\=en\\&\\_sse\\=on\\&ActiveGeoDiv\\=\\&\\_useEV\\=\\&pctxt\\=fph\\&pgsl\\=160\\&\\_submenuId\\=factsheet\\_1\\&ds\\_name\\=null\\&\\_ci\\_nbr\\=null\\&qr\\_name\\=null®\\=null:null\\&\\_keyword\\=\\&\\_industry\\= \\|title\\=Bowie city, Maryland – Fact Sheet – American FactFinder \\|publisher\\=Factfinder.census.gov \\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20200210224014/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?\\_event\\=\\&geo\\_id\\=16000US2408775\\&\\_geoContext\\=01000US%7C04000US24%7C16000US2408775\\&\\_street\\=\\&\\_county\\=bowie\\&\\_cityTown\\=bowie\\&\\_state\\=04000US24\\&\\_zip\\=\\&\\_lang\\=en\\&\\_sse\\=on\\&ActiveGeoDiv\\=\\&\\_useEV\\=\\&pctxt\\=fph\\&pgsl\\=160\\&\\_submenuId\\=factsheet\\_1\\&ds\\_name\\=null\\&\\_ci\\_nbr\\=null\\&qr\\_name\\=null®\\=null:null\\&\\_keyword\\=\\&\\_industry\\= \\|archive\\-date\\=February 10, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Housing styles vary from the most contemporary to century\\-old homes in Bowie's antique district (formerly known as Huntingtown), where the town of Bowie began as a haven for thoroughbred horse racing. Areas of geographic distinction include the [Oden Bowie Mansion](/wiki/Belair_Mansion_%28Bowie%2C_Maryland%29 \"Belair Mansion (Bowie, Maryland)\"), Allen Pond, key segments of the [Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Trail](/wiki/Washington%2C_Baltimore_and_Annapolis_Trail \"Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Trail\"), as well as planned parks, lakes and walking trails.",
"#### Rural Tier",
"Prince George's rural tier was designated \"in the 2002 General Plan as an area where residential growth would be minimal\";{{cite web \\|url\\=http://planning.maryland.gov/pdf/ourwork/septicsbill/info/prin\\_info.pdf \\|title\\=Submittal to the Maryland Department of Planning Regarding Conformance with SB 236 \\|page\\=7 \\|publisher\\=Prince George's County, Maryland \\|date\\=January 22, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=September 13, 2013 }} it may be found in the area just beyond the Beltway to the west and south of central county, though with direct access by Route 210, while bounded on the west by the communities [Accokeek](/wiki/Accokeek%2C_Maryland \"Accokeek, Maryland\") and [Fort Washington](/wiki/Fort_Washington%2C_Maryland \"Fort Washington, Maryland\"), and the east by the [Patuxent River](/wiki/Patuxent_River \"Patuxent River\"). Prince George's origins are in this part of the county. Most of this area contains the unincorporated parishes, villages and lost towns of Prince George's County. Largely under postal designations of \"[Upper Marlboro](/wiki/Upper_Marlboro%2C_Maryland \"Upper Marlboro, Maryland\")\" or \"[Brandywine](/wiki/Brandywine%2C_Maryland \"Brandywine, Maryland\")\", in truth the town of Upper Marlboro is more central county in character, though it is the post office location for various rural settlements. (The names of these unincorporated areas are listed below in the towns section of this article). Since 1721 Upper Marlboro has been the county seat of government, with families that trace their lineage back to Prince George's initial land grants and earliest governing officials. Names like Clagett, [Sasscer](/wiki/Sasscer \"Sasscer\"), King James and Queen Anne pepper the streets.",
"The rural tier has been the focus of orchestrated efforts by residents and county government to preserve its rural character and environmental integrity.{{cite web\\|title\\=Prince George's County Planning \\|url\\=http://smartergrowth.net/anx/index.cfm/1,231,0,0,html/Supportive\\-Plans\\-amp\\-Zoning \\|work\\=Coalition for Smart Growth \\|access\\-date\\=November 3, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415151438/http://smartergrowth.net/anx/index.cfm/1%2C231%2C0%2C0%2Chtml/Supportive\\-Plans\\-amp\\-Zoning \\|archive\\-date\\=April 15, 2012 }}{{failed verification\\|date\\=September 2013}} Under the [Maryland\\-National Capital Park and Planning Commission (M\\-NCPPC)](/wiki/Maryland-National_Capital_Park_and_Planning_Commission \"Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission\"), [Patuxent River Park](/wiki/Patuxent_River_Park \"Patuxent River Park\") is the largest natural preserve and provides public access for birdwatching and viewing the rural tier's natural waterfront vistas. In season, the park's Jug Bay Natural Area and the Patuxent Riverkeeper in [Queen Anne](/wiki/Queen_Anne%2C_Maryland \"Queen Anne, Maryland\") both offer canoeing and kayaking rentals on the Patuxent. The county's largest collection of tobacco planter mansions and preserved homes are in the rural tier, some managed by the M\\-NCPPC. Many rural tier roads have scenic highway preservation status. [Rosaryville State Park](/wiki/Rosaryville_State_Park \"Rosaryville State Park\") is in the county, not far from the county seat.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2010}}",
"#### South County",
"South County is a blend of the greenery of the rural tier and the new development of central county. The communities of [Clinton](/wiki/Clinton%2C_Maryland \"Clinton, Maryland\"), [Oxon Hill](/wiki/Oxon_Hill%2C_Maryland \"Oxon Hill, Maryland\"), [Temple Hills](/wiki/Temple_Hills%2C_Maryland \"Temple Hills, Maryland\") and [Fort Washington](/wiki/Fort_Washington%2C_Maryland \"Fort Washington, Maryland\") are the largest areas of south county. It is the only portion of Prince George's County to enjoy the Potomac River waterfront, and that geographic distinction has yielded the rise of the [National Harbor](/wiki/National_Harbor%2C_Maryland \"National Harbor, Maryland\") project: a town center and riverside shopping and living development on the Potomac. The National Harbor, and its associated entertainment ([MGM National Harbor](/wiki/MGM_National_Harbor \"MGM National Harbor\")) and shopping ([Tanger Outlets](/wiki/Tanger_Outlets \"Tanger Outlets\")) districts, have become a major tourist and convention attraction, with significant hotel accommodations, eateries and shopping. Together, these projects were built on land formerly occupied by the Salubria plantation, where a 14\\-year\\-old slave girl poisoned her owner, [John H. Bayne](/wiki/John_H._Bayne \"John H. Bayne\"), and his family in 1831\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/National\\_News\\_2/article\\_8591\\.shtml \\|title\\=Plantation where 14\\-year\\-old slave was hung to become outlet mall \\|first\\=Askia \\|last\\=Muhammad \\|date\\=February 3, 2012 \\|publisher\\=TheFinalCall \\|access\\-date\\=November 17, 2020}} [Water taxi](/wiki/Water_taxi \"Water taxi\") service connects National Harbor to other destinations along the Potomac.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://wtop.com/business\\-finance/2018/03/wharf\\-water\\-taxi\\-service\\-national\\-harbor\\-starts\\-march\\-1/ \\|title\\=The Wharf water taxi service to National Harbor starts \\|first\\=Jeff \\|last\\=Calbaugh \\|date\\=March 1, 2018 \\|publisher\\=WTOP \\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2018}} Several historic sites, including Jones Point Lighthouse, can be viewed from the harbor front. Piscataway Park in Accokeek preserves many acres of woodland and wetlands along the Potomac River opposite Mount Vernon, Virginia. River Road in Fort Washington also yields great views of the Potomac. [Fort Washington Park](/wiki/Fort_Washington_Park \"Fort Washington Park\") was a major battery and gives access to the public for tours of the fort, scenic access to the river and other picnic grounds. [Oxon Hill Manor](/wiki/Oxon_Hill_Manor \"Oxon Hill Manor\") offers a working farm and plantation mansion for touring; [His Lordship's Kindness](/wiki/His_Lordship%27s_Kindness \"His Lordship's Kindness\") is another major historic home. Also, [Fort Foote](/wiki/Fort_Foote \"Fort Foote\") is an old [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") fort and tourist destination.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1790\= 21344
\|1800\= 21175
\|1810\= 20589
\|1820\= 20216
\|1830\= 20474
\|1840\= 19539
\|1850\= 21549
\|1860\= 23327
\|1870\= 21138
\|1880\= 26451
\|1890\= 26080
\|1900\= 29898
\|1910\= 36147
\|1920\= 43347
\|1930\= 60095
\|1940\= 89490
\|1950\= 194182
\|1960\= 357395
\|1970\= 660567
\|1980\= 665071
\|1990\= 729268
\|2000\= 801515
\|2010\= 863420
\|2020\= 967201
\|estyear\=2023
\|estimate\=947430
\|estref\={{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/popest/data/tables.html\|title\=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|access\-date\=April 3, 2024}}
\|align\-fn\=center
\|footnote\=\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census/decade.html\|title\=Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades\|publisher\=\[\[US Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=}}
1790–1960{{cite web\|url\=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/\|title\=Historical Census Browser\|publisher\=University of Virginia Library\|access\-date\=September 12, 2014\|archive\-date\=August 11, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811110448/http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/\|url\-status\=dead}} 1900–1990{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/md190090\.txt\|title\=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|access\-date\=September 12, 2014}}
1990–2000{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc\-t4/tables/tab02\.pdf\|title\=Census 2000 PHC\-T\-4\. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|access\-date\=September 12, 2014}} 2010–2020
}}
### 2020 census
| \+**Prince George's County, Maryland – Racial and ethnic composition**{{nobold\|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}} | Race / Ethnicity (*NH \= Non\-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000{{Cite web\|title\=P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Prince George's County, Maryland\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table?q\=p004\&g\=0500000US24033\&tid\=DECENNIALSF12000\.P004\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | Pop 2010{{Cite web\|title\=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\-171\) – Prince George's County, Maryland\|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\=p2\&g\=0500000US24033\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2010\.P2\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | {{partial\|Pop 2020}}{{Cite web\|title\=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\-171\) – Prince George's County, Maryland\|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\=p2\&g\=0500000US24033\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | % 2000 | % 2010 | {{partial\|% 2020}} |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites "Non-Hispanic or Latino whites") alone (NH) | 194,836 | 128,853 |109,060
24\.31% |
14\.92% |
11\.28%
| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans "Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans") alone (NH) | 498,301 | 548,439 |571,866
62\.17% |
63\.52% |
59\.13%
| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native "Alaska Native") alone (NH) | 2,274 | 2,156 |1,887
0\.28% |
0\.25% |
0\.20%
| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") alone (NH) | 30,803 | 34,815 |41,436
3\.84% |
4\.03% |
4\.28%
| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans "Pacific Islander Americans") alone (NH) | 318 | 330 |335
0\.04% |
0\.04% |
0\.03%
| [Other race](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States census") alone (NH) | 1,706 | 2,167 |5,746
0\.21% |
0\.25% |
0\.59%
| [Mixed race or Multiracial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans") (NH) | 16,220 | 17,688 |31,408
2\.02% |
2\.05% |
3\.25%
| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") (any race) | 57,057 | 128,972 |205,463
7\.12% |
14\.94% |
21\.24%
| **Total** | **801,515** | **863,420** |**967,201**
**100\.00%** |
**100\.00%** |
**100\.00%**
The Hispanic population continues to grow in the county with several cities and CDPs reaching a Latino majority ([Adelphi](/wiki/Adelphi%2C_Maryland%23Demographics "Adelphi, Maryland#Demographics"), [Brentwood](/wiki/Brentwood%2C_Maryland%23Demographics "Brentwood, Maryland#Demographics"), [Chillum](/wiki/Chillum%2C_Maryland%23Demographics "Chillum, Maryland#Demographics"), [Colmar Manor](/wiki/Colmar_Manor%2C_Maryland%23Demographics "Colmar Manor, Maryland#Demographics"), [East Riverdale](/wiki/East_Riverdale%2C_Maryland%23Demographics "East Riverdale, Maryland#Demographics"), [Langley Park](/wiki/Langley_Park%2C_Maryland%23Demographics "Langley Park, Maryland#Demographics"), [Landover Hills](/wiki/Landover_Hills%2C_Maryland%23Demographics "Landover Hills, Maryland#Demographics"), [Woodlawn](/wiki/Woodlawn%2C_Prince_George%27s_County%2C_Maryland%23Demographics "Woodlawn, Prince George's County, Maryland#Demographics")).
### 2010 census
As of the [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census "2010 United States Census"), there were 863,420 people, 304,042 households, and 203,520 families residing in the county.{{cite web
\|url\=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/DEC/10\_DP/DPDP1/0500000US24033
\|title\=DP\-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data
\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016
\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]
\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20200213020423/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/DEC/10\_DP/DPDP1/0500000US24033
\|archive\-date\=February 13, 2020
\|url\-status\=dead
}} The population density was {{convert\|1,788\.8\|PD/sqmi}}. There were 328,182 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|679\.9\|/sqmi}}.{{cite web
\|url\=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/DEC/10\_SF1/GCTPH1\.CY07/0500000US24033
\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016
\|title\=Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 – County
\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]
\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20200213185139/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/DEC/10\_SF1/GCTPH1\.CY07/0500000US24033
\|archive\-date\=February 13, 2020
\|url\-status\=dead
}} The racial and ancestral makeup of the county was:{{Cite web \|title\=The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States \- Statistical Atlas \|url\=https://statisticalatlas.com/county/Maryland/Prince\-Georges\-County/Ancestry \|access\-date\=April 26, 2023 \|website\=statisticalatlas.com}}
* 64\.5% black or African American (1\.9% Nigerian, 1\.5% Jamaican, 0\.5% Ethiopian)
* 14\.9% White (3\.3% German, 3% Irish, 2% English, 1\.5% Italian, 0\.7% Polish)
* 0\.5% American Indian
* 14\.9% Hispanic or Latino (any race) (7\.67% Salvadoran, 2\.52% Mexican, 2\.19% Guatemalan, 0\.92% Honduran, 0\.66% Puerto Rican, 0\.56% Dominican)
* 4\.1% Asian (1\.08% Filipino, 0\.9% Indian, 0\.79% Chinese, 0\.35% Korean, 0\.3% Vietnamese, 0\.26% Pakistani, 0\.14% Bangladeshi)
* 0\.1% Pacific islander
* 8\.5% from other races
* 3\.2% from two or more races.
Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 14\.9% of the population, an equal percentage to Whites of indeterminate origin. In terms of ancestry, 6\.5% were [Subsaharan African](/wiki/Subsaharan_Africa "Subsaharan Africa"), and 2\.0% were [American](/wiki/Americans "Americans").{{cite web
\|url\=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/ACS/10\_5YR/DP02/0500000US24033
\|title\=DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States – 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5\-Year Estimates
\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016
\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]
\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20200213021927/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/ACS/10\_5YR/DP02/0500000US24033
\|archive\-date\=February 13, 2020
\|url\-status\=dead
}}
Of the 304,042 households, 36\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40\.1% were married couples living together, 20\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 33\.1% were non\-families, and 26\.1% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2\.78 and the average family size was 3\.31\. The median age was 34\.9 years.
The median income for a household in the county was $71,260 and the median income for a family was $82,580\. Males had a median income of $49,471 versus $49,478 for females. The per capita income for the county was $31,215\. About 5\.0% of families and 7\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 9\.6% of those under age 18 and 6\.7% of those age 65 or over.{{cite web
\|url\=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/ACS/10\_5YR/DP03/0500000US24033
\|title\=DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5\-Year Estimates
\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016
\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]
\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20200213030433/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/ACS/10\_5YR/DP03/0500000US24033
\|archive\-date\=February 13, 2020
\|url\-status\=dead
}}
### 2000 Census
In 2000, there were 801,515 people living in Prince George's County; the ethnic makeup of the county was as of 2000:
* 62\.70% [black](/wiki/African_American "African American")
* 27\.04% [white](/wiki/White_American "White American")
* 0\.35% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States")
* 7\.12% [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") (of any race)
* 3\.87% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_American "Asian American")
* 0\.06% [Native Hawaiian](/wiki/Native_Hawaiian "Native Hawaiian") or [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American "Pacific Islander American")
* 3\.38% [Some other race](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)")
* 2\.61% [Two or more races](/wiki/Multiracial_American "Multiracial American")
By the 2008 estimates there were 298,439 households, out of which 65\.1% were family households and 34\.9% were non\-family households. 36\.4% of households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44\.00% were married couples living together, 19\.60% had a female householder with no husband present. 24\.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4\.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.74 persons and the average family size was 3\.25 persons.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 26\.80% under the age of 18, 10\.40% from 18 to 24, 33\.00% from 25 to 44, 22\.10% from 45 to 64, and 7\.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 91\.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87\.20 males.
The median income for a household in the county in 2008 was $71,696,{{cite web\|title\=State \& County QuickFacts \|url\=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/24033\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20010703084757/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/24033\.html \|archive\-date\=July 3, 2001 \|publisher\=United States Census Bureau \|access\-date\=August 24, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead }} and the median income for a family was $81,908\. The 2008 mean income for a family in the county was $94,360\. As of 2000, males had a median income of $38,904 versus $35,718 for females. The 2008 per capita income for the county was $23,360\. About 4\.70% of families and 7\.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9\.2% of those under age 18 and 7\.1% of those age 65 or over. Prince George's County is the 70th most affluent county in the United States by median income for families and the most affluent county in the United States with an African\-American majority. Almost 38\.8% of all households in Prince George's County, earned over $100,000 in 2008\.
### Educational
"30\.1% of all residents over the age of 25 had graduated from college and obtained a bachelor's degree (17\.8%) or professional degree (12\.2%). 86\.2% of all residents over the age of 25 were high school graduates or higher."{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ereferencedesk.com/resources/counties/maryland/prince\-georges.html\|title\=Prince George's County, Maryland: History and Information\|website\=www.ereferencedesk.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=April 10, 2018}}
### Religion
Prince George's County is relatively religious compared to the rest of Maryland,{{cite news \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/some\-are\-swapping\-mega\-churches\-for\-tiny\-ones/2012/02/29/gIQARdjjmR\_story.html \|title\=Some are swapping mega\-churches for tiny ones \|date\=March 2, 2012 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post \|first\=Hamil R. \|last\=Harris \|access\-date\=April 6, 2023 }} hosting more than 800 churches, including 12 [megachurches](/wiki/Megachurch "Megachurch"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.partnershippgc.org/about/history.php \|title\=The Partnership for Prince George's About Us \|access\-date\=September 30, 2011 \|author\=The Partnership for Prince George's \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930000028/http://www.partnershippgc.org/about/history.php \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2011 }} as well as a number of mosques, synagogues, and [Hindu](/wiki/Hinduism "Hinduism") and [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism") temples. Property belonging to religious entities makes up {{convert\|3450\|acre\|km2}} of land in the county, or 1\.8% of the total area of the county.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/articles/A32382\-2005Mar13\.html\|title\=Tax Exempt and Growing, Churches Worry Pr. George's \|last1\=Harris \|first1\=Sudarsan \|last2\=Harris \|first2\=Hamil R. \|date\=March 14, 2005 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post \|access\-date\=March 26, 2008 }}{{cite web \| url\=https://wtop.com/prince\-georges\-county/2020/06/prince\-georges\-county\-megachurch\-reflects\-on\-potential\-reopening\-plans/ \| title\=Prince George's County megachurch faces dilemma on how to reopen \| date\=June 9, 2020 }}
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1790\\= 21344\n\\|1800\\= 21175\n\\|1810\\= 20589\n\\|1820\\= 20216\n\\|1830\\= 20474\n\\|1840\\= 19539\n\\|1850\\= 21549\n\\|1860\\= 23327\n\\|1870\\= 21138\n\\|1880\\= 26451\n\\|1890\\= 26080\n\\|1900\\= 29898\n\\|1910\\= 36147\n\\|1920\\= 43347\n\\|1930\\= 60095\n\\|1940\\= 89490\n\\|1950\\= 194182\n\\|1960\\= 357395\n\\|1970\\= 660567\n\\|1980\\= 665071\n\\|1990\\= 729268\n\\|2000\\= 801515\n\\|2010\\= 863420\n\\|2020\\= 967201\n\\|estyear\\=2023\n\\|estimate\\=947430\n\\|estref\\={{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/popest/data/tables.html\\|title\\=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=April 3, 2024}}\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census/decade.html\\|title\\=Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[US Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=}} \n1790–1960{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/\\|title\\=Historical Census Browser\\|publisher\\=University of Virginia Library\\|access\\-date\\=September 12, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=August 11, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811110448/http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} 1900–1990{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/md190090\\.txt\\|title\\=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=September 12, 2014}} \n1990–2000{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc\\-t4/tables/tab02\\.pdf\\|title\\=Census 2000 PHC\\-T\\-4\\. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=September 12, 2014}} 2010–2020\n}}",
"### 2020 census",
"",
"| \\+**Prince George's County, Maryland – Racial and ethnic composition**{{nobold\\|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}} | Race / Ethnicity (*NH \\= Non\\-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000{{Cite web\\|title\\=P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Prince George's County, Maryland\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table?q\\=p004\\&g\\=0500000US24033\\&tid\\=DECENNIALSF12000\\.P004\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | Pop 2010{{Cite web\\|title\\=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\\-171\\) – Prince George's County, Maryland\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\\=p2\\&g\\=0500000US24033\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2010\\.P2\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | {{partial\\|Pop 2020}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\\-171\\) – Prince George's County, Maryland\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\\=p2\\&g\\=0500000US24033\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | % 2000 | % 2010 | {{partial\\|% 2020}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites \"Non-Hispanic or Latino whites\") alone (NH) | 194,836 | 128,853 |109,060",
"24\\.31% |\n 14\\.92% |\n11\\.28%",
"| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans \"Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans\") alone (NH) | 498,301 | 548,439 |571,866",
"62\\.17% |\n 63\\.52% |\n59\\.13%",
"| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native \"Alaska Native\") alone (NH) | 2,274 | 2,156 |1,887",
"0\\.28% |\n 0\\.25% |\n0\\.20%",
"| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\") alone (NH) | 30,803 | 34,815 |41,436",
"3\\.84% |\n 4\\.03% |\n4\\.28%",
"| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans \"Pacific Islander Americans\") alone (NH) | 318 | 330 |335",
"0\\.04% |\n 0\\.04% |\n0\\.03%",
"| [Other race](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census\") alone (NH) | 1,706 | 2,167 |5,746",
"0\\.21% |\n 0\\.25% |\n0\\.59%",
"| [Mixed race or Multiracial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\") (NH) | 16,220 | 17,688 |31,408",
"2\\.02% |\n 2\\.05% |\n3\\.25%",
"| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") (any race) | 57,057 | 128,972 |205,463",
"7\\.12% |\n 14\\.94% |\n21\\.24%",
"| **Total** | **801,515** | **863,420** |**967,201**",
"**100\\.00%** |\n **100\\.00%** |\n**100\\.00%**",
"",
"The Hispanic population continues to grow in the county with several cities and CDPs reaching a Latino majority ([Adelphi](/wiki/Adelphi%2C_Maryland%23Demographics \"Adelphi, Maryland#Demographics\"), [Brentwood](/wiki/Brentwood%2C_Maryland%23Demographics \"Brentwood, Maryland#Demographics\"), [Chillum](/wiki/Chillum%2C_Maryland%23Demographics \"Chillum, Maryland#Demographics\"), [Colmar Manor](/wiki/Colmar_Manor%2C_Maryland%23Demographics \"Colmar Manor, Maryland#Demographics\"), [East Riverdale](/wiki/East_Riverdale%2C_Maryland%23Demographics \"East Riverdale, Maryland#Demographics\"), [Langley Park](/wiki/Langley_Park%2C_Maryland%23Demographics \"Langley Park, Maryland#Demographics\"), [Landover Hills](/wiki/Landover_Hills%2C_Maryland%23Demographics \"Landover Hills, Maryland#Demographics\"), [Woodlawn](/wiki/Woodlawn%2C_Prince_George%27s_County%2C_Maryland%23Demographics \"Woodlawn, Prince George's County, Maryland#Demographics\")).",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census \"2010 United States Census\"), there were 863,420 people, 304,042 households, and 203,520 families residing in the county.{{cite web\n \\|url\\=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/DEC/10\\_DP/DPDP1/0500000US24033\n \\|title\\=DP\\-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data\n \\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016\n\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20200213020423/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/DEC/10\\_DP/DPDP1/0500000US24033\n \\|archive\\-date\\=February 13, 2020\n\\|url\\-status\\=dead\n }} The population density was {{convert\\|1,788\\.8\\|PD/sqmi}}. There were 328,182 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|679\\.9\\|/sqmi}}.{{cite web\n \\|url\\=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/DEC/10\\_SF1/GCTPH1\\.CY07/0500000US24033\n \\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016\n\\|title\\=Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 – County\n \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20200213185139/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/DEC/10\\_SF1/GCTPH1\\.CY07/0500000US24033\n \\|archive\\-date\\=February 13, 2020\n\\|url\\-status\\=dead\n }} The racial and ancestral makeup of the county was:{{Cite web \\|title\\=The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States \\- Statistical Atlas \\|url\\=https://statisticalatlas.com/county/Maryland/Prince\\-Georges\\-County/Ancestry \\|access\\-date\\=April 26, 2023 \\|website\\=statisticalatlas.com}}\n* 64\\.5% black or African American (1\\.9% Nigerian, 1\\.5% Jamaican, 0\\.5% Ethiopian)\n* 14\\.9% White (3\\.3% German, 3% Irish, 2% English, 1\\.5% Italian, 0\\.7% Polish)\n* 0\\.5% American Indian\n* 14\\.9% Hispanic or Latino (any race) (7\\.67% Salvadoran, 2\\.52% Mexican, 2\\.19% Guatemalan, 0\\.92% Honduran, 0\\.66% Puerto Rican, 0\\.56% Dominican)\n* 4\\.1% Asian (1\\.08% Filipino, 0\\.9% Indian, 0\\.79% Chinese, 0\\.35% Korean, 0\\.3% Vietnamese, 0\\.26% Pakistani, 0\\.14% Bangladeshi)\n* 0\\.1% Pacific islander\n* 8\\.5% from other races\n* 3\\.2% from two or more races. \nThose of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 14\\.9% of the population, an equal percentage to Whites of indeterminate origin. In terms of ancestry, 6\\.5% were [Subsaharan African](/wiki/Subsaharan_Africa \"Subsaharan Africa\"), and 2\\.0% were [American](/wiki/Americans \"Americans\").{{cite web\n \\|url\\=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/ACS/10\\_5YR/DP02/0500000US24033\n \\|title\\=DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States – 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5\\-Year Estimates\n \\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016\n\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20200213021927/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/ACS/10\\_5YR/DP02/0500000US24033\n \\|archive\\-date\\=February 13, 2020\n\\|url\\-status\\=dead\n }}",
"Of the 304,042 households, 36\\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40\\.1% were married couples living together, 20\\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 33\\.1% were non\\-families, and 26\\.1% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2\\.78 and the average family size was 3\\.31\\. The median age was 34\\.9 years.",
"The median income for a household in the county was $71,260 and the median income for a family was $82,580\\. Males had a median income of $49,471 versus $49,478 for females. The per capita income for the county was $31,215\\. About 5\\.0% of families and 7\\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 9\\.6% of those under age 18 and 6\\.7% of those age 65 or over.{{cite web\n \\|url\\=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/ACS/10\\_5YR/DP03/0500000US24033\n \\|title\\=DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5\\-Year Estimates\n \\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016\n\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20200213030433/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/ACS/10\\_5YR/DP03/0500000US24033\n \\|archive\\-date\\=February 13, 2020\n\\|url\\-status\\=dead\n }}",
"### 2000 Census",
"In 2000, there were 801,515 people living in Prince George's County; the ethnic makeup of the county was as of 2000:\n* 62\\.70% [black](/wiki/African_American \"African American\")\n* 27\\.04% [white](/wiki/White_American \"White American\")\n* 0\\.35% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\")\n* 7\\.12% [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") (of any race)\n* 3\\.87% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_American \"Asian American\")\n* 0\\.06% [Native Hawaiian](/wiki/Native_Hawaiian \"Native Hawaiian\") or [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American \"Pacific Islander American\")\n* 3\\.38% [Some other race](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\")\n* 2\\.61% [Two or more races](/wiki/Multiracial_American \"Multiracial American\")",
"By the 2008 estimates there were 298,439 households, out of which 65\\.1% were family households and 34\\.9% were non\\-family households. 36\\.4% of households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44\\.00% were married couples living together, 19\\.60% had a female householder with no husband present. 24\\.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4\\.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.74 persons and the average family size was 3\\.25 persons.",
"In the county, the population was spread out, with 26\\.80% under the age of 18, 10\\.40% from 18 to 24, 33\\.00% from 25 to 44, 22\\.10% from 45 to 64, and 7\\.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 91\\.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87\\.20 males.",
"The median income for a household in the county in 2008 was $71,696,{{cite web\\|title\\=State \\& County QuickFacts \\|url\\=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/24033\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20010703084757/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/24033\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=July 3, 2001 \\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau \\|access\\-date\\=August 24, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and the median income for a family was $81,908\\. The 2008 mean income for a family in the county was $94,360\\. As of 2000, males had a median income of $38,904 versus $35,718 for females. The 2008 per capita income for the county was $23,360\\. About 4\\.70% of families and 7\\.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9\\.2% of those under age 18 and 7\\.1% of those age 65 or over. Prince George's County is the 70th most affluent county in the United States by median income for families and the most affluent county in the United States with an African\\-American majority. Almost 38\\.8% of all households in Prince George's County, earned over $100,000 in 2008\\.",
"### Educational",
"\"30\\.1% of all residents over the age of 25 had graduated from college and obtained a bachelor's degree (17\\.8%) or professional degree (12\\.2%). 86\\.2% of all residents over the age of 25 were high school graduates or higher.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ereferencedesk.com/resources/counties/maryland/prince\\-georges.html\\|title\\=Prince George's County, Maryland: History and Information\\|website\\=www.ereferencedesk.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2018}}",
"### Religion",
"Prince George's County is relatively religious compared to the rest of Maryland,{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/some\\-are\\-swapping\\-mega\\-churches\\-for\\-tiny\\-ones/2012/02/29/gIQARdjjmR\\_story.html \\|title\\=Some are swapping mega\\-churches for tiny ones \\|date\\=March 2, 2012 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\|first\\=Hamil R. \\|last\\=Harris \\|access\\-date\\=April 6, 2023 }} hosting more than 800 churches, including 12 [megachurches](/wiki/Megachurch \"Megachurch\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.partnershippgc.org/about/history.php \\|title\\=The Partnership for Prince George's About Us \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2011 \\|author\\=The Partnership for Prince George's \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930000028/http://www.partnershippgc.org/about/history.php \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2011 }} as well as a number of mosques, synagogues, and [Hindu](/wiki/Hinduism \"Hinduism\") and [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\") temples. Property belonging to religious entities makes up {{convert\\|3450\\|acre\\|km2}} of land in the county, or 1\\.8% of the total area of the county.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/articles/A32382\\-2005Mar13\\.html\\|title\\=Tax Exempt and Growing, Churches Worry Pr. George's \\|last1\\=Harris \\|first1\\=Sudarsan \\|last2\\=Harris \\|first2\\=Hamil R. \\|date\\=March 14, 2005 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\|access\\-date\\=March 26, 2008 }}{{cite web \\| url\\=https://wtop.com/prince\\-georges\\-county/2020/06/prince\\-georges\\-county\\-megachurch\\-reflects\\-on\\-potential\\-reopening\\-plans/ \\| title\\=Prince George's County megachurch faces dilemma on how to reopen \\| date\\=June 9, 2020 }}",
""
] |
Earthquake
----------
The Coalinga quake was caused by an 0\.5\-meter [uplift](/wiki/Tectonic_uplift "Tectonic uplift") of an [anticline ridge](/wiki/Anticline "Anticline") northeast of Coalinga, but surface faulting was not observed. Ground and aerial reconnaissance immediately after the quake revealed ground cracks and fissures within about {{convert\|10\|km\|mi\|sp\=us}} of the [epicenter](/wiki/Epicenter "Epicenter"), none of which appeared to represent movement on deeply rooted fault structures. About five weeks later, on June 11, an aftershock caused surface faulting about {{convert\|12\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} northwest of Coalinga.{{cite web\|url\=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1983\_05\_02\.php\|publisher\=\[\[United States Geological Survey]]\|title\=Earthquake's destruction\| archiveurl\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080626170722/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1983\_05\_02\.php\| archivedate\= 26 June 2008 \| url\-status\= live}}
### Damage
The earthquake caused an estimated $10 million in property damage (according to the [American Red Cross](/wiki/American_Red_Cross "American Red Cross")) and injured 94 people. Damage was most severe in Coalinga, where the eight\-block downtown commercial district was almost destroyed. Here, buildings having unreinforced brick walls sustained the heaviest damage. Newer buildings, such as the [Bank of America](/wiki/Bank_of_America "Bank of America") and the Guarantee Savings and Loan, sustained only superficial damage. The most significant damage outside the Coalinga area was at [Avenal](/wiki/Avenal%2C_California "Avenal, California"), {{convert\|31\|km\|mi\|sp\=us}} southeast of the epicenter.
A disaster assessment by the [American Red Cross](/wiki/American_Red_Cross "American Red Cross") listed the following statistics on damage in the area: almost destroyed – 309 single\-family houses and 33 apartment buildings; major damage – 558 single\-family houses, 94 mobile homes, and 39 apartment buildings; and minor damage – 811 single\-family houses, 22 mobile homes, and 70 apartment buildings. Most public buildings, including the City Hall, hospital, schools, fire house, post office, and police station, sustained only minor damage.
{{multiple image
\| align \= right
\| image1 \= USGS Shakemap \- 1983 Coalinga earthquake (mainshock).jpg
\| image2 \= USGS Shakemap \- 1983 Coalinga earthquake (aftershock).jpg
\| footer \= USGS ShakeMaps for the mainshock (left) and the July 22 aftershock
}}
Six bridges of 60 in the area sustained measurable structural damage, which consisted of hairline cracks and [spalling](/wiki/Spall "Spall") at the top of the support columns, fracturing and displacement of [wing walls](/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering%23Cantilever_walls "Geotechnical engineering#Cantilever walls") and [parapets](/wiki/Parapet%23Bridge_parapets "Parapet#Bridge parapets"), and settlement of [fill](/wiki/Fill_dirt "Fill dirt").
All public utilities were damaged, but the water system continued to function despite many leaks in its transmission piping. Gas was shut off for several days because of broken piping and leaks, but only temporary interruptions of electric and telephone services were reported. One large section of old concrete sewerage west of the downtown area partly collapsed but continued to function.
In the [oil fields near Coalinga](/wiki/Coalinga_Oil_Field "Coalinga Oil Field"), surface facilities such as pumping units, storage tanks, pipelines, and support buildings were all damaged to some degree. One oil company administration building, about {{convert\|7\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} north of Coalinga, sustained major structural damage, and its two brick chimneys were toppled. Subsurface damage, including collapsed or parted [well casing](/wiki/Casing_%28borehole%29 "Casing (borehole)"), was observed on fourteen of 1,725 active wells.
### Ground effects
The earthquake triggered thousands of [rock falls](/wiki/Rock_fall "Rock fall") and [rock slides](/wiki/Landslide "Landslide") as far as {{convert\|34\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} northwest, {{convert\|15\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} south, and {{convert\|26\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} southwest of the epicenter. Only a few slope failures occurred east of the epicenter because of the absence of steep slopes in that direction.{{clear}}
|
[
"Earthquake\n----------",
"The Coalinga quake was caused by an 0\\.5\\-meter [uplift](/wiki/Tectonic_uplift \"Tectonic uplift\") of an [anticline ridge](/wiki/Anticline \"Anticline\") northeast of Coalinga, but surface faulting was not observed. Ground and aerial reconnaissance immediately after the quake revealed ground cracks and fissures within about {{convert\\|10\\|km\\|mi\\|sp\\=us}} of the [epicenter](/wiki/Epicenter \"Epicenter\"), none of which appeared to represent movement on deeply rooted fault structures. About five weeks later, on June 11, an aftershock caused surface faulting about {{convert\\|12\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} northwest of Coalinga.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1983\\_05\\_02\\.php\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Geological Survey]]\\|title\\=Earthquake's destruction\\| archiveurl\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080626170722/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1983\\_05\\_02\\.php\\| archivedate\\= 26 June 2008 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}",
"### Damage",
"The earthquake caused an estimated $10 million in property damage (according to the [American Red Cross](/wiki/American_Red_Cross \"American Red Cross\")) and injured 94 people. Damage was most severe in Coalinga, where the eight\\-block downtown commercial district was almost destroyed. Here, buildings having unreinforced brick walls sustained the heaviest damage. Newer buildings, such as the [Bank of America](/wiki/Bank_of_America \"Bank of America\") and the Guarantee Savings and Loan, sustained only superficial damage. The most significant damage outside the Coalinga area was at [Avenal](/wiki/Avenal%2C_California \"Avenal, California\"), {{convert\\|31\\|km\\|mi\\|sp\\=us}} southeast of the epicenter.",
"A disaster assessment by the [American Red Cross](/wiki/American_Red_Cross \"American Red Cross\") listed the following statistics on damage in the area: almost destroyed – 309 single\\-family houses and 33 apartment buildings; major damage – 558 single\\-family houses, 94 mobile homes, and 39 apartment buildings; and minor damage – 811 single\\-family houses, 22 mobile homes, and 70 apartment buildings. Most public buildings, including the City Hall, hospital, schools, fire house, post office, and police station, sustained only minor damage.",
"{{multiple image\n \\| align \\= right\n \\| image1 \\= USGS Shakemap \\- 1983 Coalinga earthquake (mainshock).jpg\n \\| image2 \\= USGS Shakemap \\- 1983 Coalinga earthquake (aftershock).jpg\n \\| footer \\= USGS ShakeMaps for the mainshock (left) and the July 22 aftershock\n}}",
"Six bridges of 60 in the area sustained measurable structural damage, which consisted of hairline cracks and [spalling](/wiki/Spall \"Spall\") at the top of the support columns, fracturing and displacement of [wing walls](/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering%23Cantilever_walls \"Geotechnical engineering#Cantilever walls\") and [parapets](/wiki/Parapet%23Bridge_parapets \"Parapet#Bridge parapets\"), and settlement of [fill](/wiki/Fill_dirt \"Fill dirt\").",
"All public utilities were damaged, but the water system continued to function despite many leaks in its transmission piping. Gas was shut off for several days because of broken piping and leaks, but only temporary interruptions of electric and telephone services were reported. One large section of old concrete sewerage west of the downtown area partly collapsed but continued to function.",
"In the [oil fields near Coalinga](/wiki/Coalinga_Oil_Field \"Coalinga Oil Field\"), surface facilities such as pumping units, storage tanks, pipelines, and support buildings were all damaged to some degree. One oil company administration building, about {{convert\\|7\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} north of Coalinga, sustained major structural damage, and its two brick chimneys were toppled. Subsurface damage, including collapsed or parted [well casing](/wiki/Casing_%28borehole%29 \"Casing (borehole)\"), was observed on fourteen of 1,725 active wells.",
"### Ground effects",
"The earthquake triggered thousands of [rock falls](/wiki/Rock_fall \"Rock fall\") and [rock slides](/wiki/Landslide \"Landslide\") as far as {{convert\\|34\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} northwest, {{convert\\|15\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} south, and {{convert\\|26\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} southwest of the epicenter. Only a few slope failures occurred east of the epicenter because of the absence of steep slopes in that direction.{{clear}}",
""
] |
### Damage
The earthquake caused an estimated $10 million in property damage (according to the [American Red Cross](/wiki/American_Red_Cross "American Red Cross")) and injured 94 people. Damage was most severe in Coalinga, where the eight\-block downtown commercial district was almost destroyed. Here, buildings having unreinforced brick walls sustained the heaviest damage. Newer buildings, such as the [Bank of America](/wiki/Bank_of_America "Bank of America") and the Guarantee Savings and Loan, sustained only superficial damage. The most significant damage outside the Coalinga area was at [Avenal](/wiki/Avenal%2C_California "Avenal, California"), {{convert\|31\|km\|mi\|sp\=us}} southeast of the epicenter.
A disaster assessment by the [American Red Cross](/wiki/American_Red_Cross "American Red Cross") listed the following statistics on damage in the area: almost destroyed – 309 single\-family houses and 33 apartment buildings; major damage – 558 single\-family houses, 94 mobile homes, and 39 apartment buildings; and minor damage – 811 single\-family houses, 22 mobile homes, and 70 apartment buildings. Most public buildings, including the City Hall, hospital, schools, fire house, post office, and police station, sustained only minor damage.
{{multiple image
\| align \= right
\| image1 \= USGS Shakemap \- 1983 Coalinga earthquake (mainshock).jpg
\| image2 \= USGS Shakemap \- 1983 Coalinga earthquake (aftershock).jpg
\| footer \= USGS ShakeMaps for the mainshock (left) and the July 22 aftershock
}}
Six bridges of 60 in the area sustained measurable structural damage, which consisted of hairline cracks and [spalling](/wiki/Spall "Spall") at the top of the support columns, fracturing and displacement of [wing walls](/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering%23Cantilever_walls "Geotechnical engineering#Cantilever walls") and [parapets](/wiki/Parapet%23Bridge_parapets "Parapet#Bridge parapets"), and settlement of [fill](/wiki/Fill_dirt "Fill dirt").
All public utilities were damaged, but the water system continued to function despite many leaks in its transmission piping. Gas was shut off for several days because of broken piping and leaks, but only temporary interruptions of electric and telephone services were reported. One large section of old concrete sewerage west of the downtown area partly collapsed but continued to function.
In the [oil fields near Coalinga](/wiki/Coalinga_Oil_Field "Coalinga Oil Field"), surface facilities such as pumping units, storage tanks, pipelines, and support buildings were all damaged to some degree. One oil company administration building, about {{convert\|7\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} north of Coalinga, sustained major structural damage, and its two brick chimneys were toppled. Subsurface damage, including collapsed or parted [well casing](/wiki/Casing_%28borehole%29 "Casing (borehole)"), was observed on fourteen of 1,725 active wells.
|
[
"### Damage",
"The earthquake caused an estimated $10 million in property damage (according to the [American Red Cross](/wiki/American_Red_Cross \"American Red Cross\")) and injured 94 people. Damage was most severe in Coalinga, where the eight\\-block downtown commercial district was almost destroyed. Here, buildings having unreinforced brick walls sustained the heaviest damage. Newer buildings, such as the [Bank of America](/wiki/Bank_of_America \"Bank of America\") and the Guarantee Savings and Loan, sustained only superficial damage. The most significant damage outside the Coalinga area was at [Avenal](/wiki/Avenal%2C_California \"Avenal, California\"), {{convert\\|31\\|km\\|mi\\|sp\\=us}} southeast of the epicenter.",
"A disaster assessment by the [American Red Cross](/wiki/American_Red_Cross \"American Red Cross\") listed the following statistics on damage in the area: almost destroyed – 309 single\\-family houses and 33 apartment buildings; major damage – 558 single\\-family houses, 94 mobile homes, and 39 apartment buildings; and minor damage – 811 single\\-family houses, 22 mobile homes, and 70 apartment buildings. Most public buildings, including the City Hall, hospital, schools, fire house, post office, and police station, sustained only minor damage.",
"{{multiple image\n \\| align \\= right\n \\| image1 \\= USGS Shakemap \\- 1983 Coalinga earthquake (mainshock).jpg\n \\| image2 \\= USGS Shakemap \\- 1983 Coalinga earthquake (aftershock).jpg\n \\| footer \\= USGS ShakeMaps for the mainshock (left) and the July 22 aftershock\n}}",
"Six bridges of 60 in the area sustained measurable structural damage, which consisted of hairline cracks and [spalling](/wiki/Spall \"Spall\") at the top of the support columns, fracturing and displacement of [wing walls](/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering%23Cantilever_walls \"Geotechnical engineering#Cantilever walls\") and [parapets](/wiki/Parapet%23Bridge_parapets \"Parapet#Bridge parapets\"), and settlement of [fill](/wiki/Fill_dirt \"Fill dirt\").",
"All public utilities were damaged, but the water system continued to function despite many leaks in its transmission piping. Gas was shut off for several days because of broken piping and leaks, but only temporary interruptions of electric and telephone services were reported. One large section of old concrete sewerage west of the downtown area partly collapsed but continued to function.",
"In the [oil fields near Coalinga](/wiki/Coalinga_Oil_Field \"Coalinga Oil Field\"), surface facilities such as pumping units, storage tanks, pipelines, and support buildings were all damaged to some degree. One oil company administration building, about {{convert\\|7\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} north of Coalinga, sustained major structural damage, and its two brick chimneys were toppled. Subsurface damage, including collapsed or parted [well casing](/wiki/Casing_%28borehole%29 \"Casing (borehole)\"), was observed on fourteen of 1,725 active wells.",
""
] |
History
-------
The club was founded in 1902 by workmen from the [Great North of Scotland Railway](/wiki/Great_North_of_Scotland_Railway "Great North of Scotland Railway") (GNSR) who had their [Locomotive, and Carriage and Wagon Workshops](/wiki/Inverurie_Locomotive_Works "Inverurie Locomotive Works") in Inverurie, from where the football club got its name. On National Railway Company 'Grouping' in 1923, the GNSR became part of the [London \& North Eastern Railway](/wiki/London_%26_North_Eastern_Railway "London & North Eastern Railway"), one of the UK's big four railway companies at that time, and the football club lived on.
In the 1945\-46 Aberdeenshire \& District Junior League, Inverurie Locos scored 146 goals in 22 games, averaging 6\.64 goals per game. They won the league that season, remaining unbeaten throughout the entire league campaign.
The Locomotive Workshops themselves were formally closed in 1970 on the forming of [British Rail Engineering Limited](/wiki/British_Rail_Engineering_Limited "British Rail Engineering Limited") (BREL), a wholly owned subsidiary of the [British Railways Board](/wiki/British_Railways_Board "British Railways Board") at that time. Despite the closure, Inverurie Loco Works F.C. continued to play in the Aberdeenshire and [North East Junior Leagues](/wiki/North_Junior_Football_League "North Junior Football League") for many years.
Rising up from successful years in [junior](/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_Association "Scottish Junior Football Association") football, in 2001 the Locos applied for membership of the [Highland League](/wiki/Highland_Football_League "Highland Football League") and were successful. In the [2003–04 season](/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_in_Scottish_football "2003–04 in Scottish football"), the Locos came second in the league, two further consecutive 2nd\-place finishes followed in the seasons to come. In 2005, they first got their hands on silverware by winning the [Scottish Qualifying Cup](/wiki/Scottish_Qualifying_Cup "Scottish Qualifying Cup"), then repeated the feat the next year. They also won the [Aberdeenshire Shield](/wiki/Aberdeenshire_Shield "Aberdeenshire Shield") after being runners up three times before winning the trophy. Then they won the Fosters Cup (League Cup) twice in two years, in [2007–08](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_in_Scottish_football "2007–08 in Scottish football") and [2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_in_Scottish_football "2008–09 in Scottish football"). They also won the [SFA](/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association "Scottish Football Association") North Region Challenge Cup in 2008–09\.
In the [2008–09 Scottish Cup](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Scottish_Cup%23Fourth_round "2008–09 Scottish Cup#Fourth round"), the club were paired with [Scottish Premier League](/wiki/Scottish_Premier_League "Scottish Premier League") side [Motherwell](/wiki/Motherwell_F.C. "Motherwell F.C.") at home. They reached the fourth round of the competition that season. After four postponements, the match was finally played at the fifth time of asking. Despite a capacity crowd watching, the Highland League outfit could not prevent a 3–0 loss to their top\-flight opponents.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The club was founded in 1902 by workmen from the [Great North of Scotland Railway](/wiki/Great_North_of_Scotland_Railway \"Great North of Scotland Railway\") (GNSR) who had their [Locomotive, and Carriage and Wagon Workshops](/wiki/Inverurie_Locomotive_Works \"Inverurie Locomotive Works\") in Inverurie, from where the football club got its name. On National Railway Company 'Grouping' in 1923, the GNSR became part of the [London \\& North Eastern Railway](/wiki/London_%26_North_Eastern_Railway \"London & North Eastern Railway\"), one of the UK's big four railway companies at that time, and the football club lived on.",
"In the 1945\\-46 Aberdeenshire \\& District Junior League, Inverurie Locos scored 146 goals in 22 games, averaging 6\\.64 goals per game. They won the league that season, remaining unbeaten throughout the entire league campaign.",
"The Locomotive Workshops themselves were formally closed in 1970 on the forming of [British Rail Engineering Limited](/wiki/British_Rail_Engineering_Limited \"British Rail Engineering Limited\") (BREL), a wholly owned subsidiary of the [British Railways Board](/wiki/British_Railways_Board \"British Railways Board\") at that time. Despite the closure, Inverurie Loco Works F.C. continued to play in the Aberdeenshire and [North East Junior Leagues](/wiki/North_Junior_Football_League \"North Junior Football League\") for many years.",
"Rising up from successful years in [junior](/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_Association \"Scottish Junior Football Association\") football, in 2001 the Locos applied for membership of the [Highland League](/wiki/Highland_Football_League \"Highland Football League\") and were successful. In the [2003–04 season](/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_in_Scottish_football \"2003–04 in Scottish football\"), the Locos came second in the league, two further consecutive 2nd\\-place finishes followed in the seasons to come. In 2005, they first got their hands on silverware by winning the [Scottish Qualifying Cup](/wiki/Scottish_Qualifying_Cup \"Scottish Qualifying Cup\"), then repeated the feat the next year. They also won the [Aberdeenshire Shield](/wiki/Aberdeenshire_Shield \"Aberdeenshire Shield\") after being runners up three times before winning the trophy. Then they won the Fosters Cup (League Cup) twice in two years, in [2007–08](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_in_Scottish_football \"2007–08 in Scottish football\") and [2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_in_Scottish_football \"2008–09 in Scottish football\"). They also won the [SFA](/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association \"Scottish Football Association\") North Region Challenge Cup in 2008–09\\.",
"In the [2008–09 Scottish Cup](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Scottish_Cup%23Fourth_round \"2008–09 Scottish Cup#Fourth round\"), the club were paired with [Scottish Premier League](/wiki/Scottish_Premier_League \"Scottish Premier League\") side [Motherwell](/wiki/Motherwell_F.C. \"Motherwell F.C.\") at home. They reached the fourth round of the competition that season. After four postponements, the match was finally played at the fifth time of asking. Despite a capacity crowd watching, the Highland League outfit could not prevent a 3–0 loss to their top\\-flight opponents.",
""
] |
Harlaw Park
-----------
{{cite web \|title\=Inverurie Loco Works FC History \|url\=https://inverurielocos.com/club\-history/ \|website\=Inverurie Locos \|publisher\=Inverurie Loco Works FC \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-13}}
Inverurie Loco Works have played at Harlaw Park for their entire history. Originally, it was an open field, but now it is a fully\-enclosed football ground with a seated grandstand and a standing shelter.
It currently has an approximate overall [capacity](/wiki/Seating_capacity "Seating capacity") of 2,500; 175 seated, and the rest standing.
In March 1931, a pavilion and a grandstand was opened and in 1950 the installation of new dressing rooms was completed. Harlaw Park got new turnstiles in 1962\.
In 1981, the Banchory Golf Club clubhouse was re\-located to Harlaw Park as the Social Club.
Floodlights which were surplus to requirements at [Aberdeen Airport](/wiki/Aberdeen_Airport "Aberdeen Airport") were installed, and new dugouts were created in August 1983\. New changing rooms were built in 1992\.
In preparation for Inverurie Locos first Highland League season (2001/02\) £75,000 was spent on upgrading Harlaw Park and a new enclosure was opened for the 2002/03 season.
The 2012/13 season saw the current grandstand erected, replacing the old one.
Harlaw Park hosted 3 matches in the [2014 UEFA Women's Under\-17 Championship qualification](/wiki/2014_UEFA_Women%27s_Under-17_Championship_qualification "2014 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship qualification") in August 2013\.
|
[
"Harlaw Park\n-----------",
"{{cite web \\|title\\=Inverurie Loco Works FC History \\|url\\=https://inverurielocos.com/club\\-history/ \\|website\\=Inverurie Locos \\|publisher\\=Inverurie Loco Works FC \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-13}}\nInverurie Loco Works have played at Harlaw Park for their entire history. Originally, it was an open field, but now it is a fully\\-enclosed football ground with a seated grandstand and a standing shelter.",
"It currently has an approximate overall [capacity](/wiki/Seating_capacity \"Seating capacity\") of 2,500; 175 seated, and the rest standing.",
"In March 1931, a pavilion and a grandstand was opened and in 1950 the installation of new dressing rooms was completed. Harlaw Park got new turnstiles in 1962\\.",
"In 1981, the Banchory Golf Club clubhouse was re\\-located to Harlaw Park as the Social Club.",
"Floodlights which were surplus to requirements at [Aberdeen Airport](/wiki/Aberdeen_Airport \"Aberdeen Airport\") were installed, and new dugouts were created in August 1983\\. New changing rooms were built in 1992\\.",
"In preparation for Inverurie Locos first Highland League season (2001/02\\) £75,000 was spent on upgrading Harlaw Park and a new enclosure was opened for the 2002/03 season.",
"The 2012/13 season saw the current grandstand erected, replacing the old one.",
"Harlaw Park hosted 3 matches in the [2014 UEFA Women's Under\\-17 Championship qualification](/wiki/2014_UEFA_Women%27s_Under-17_Championship_qualification \"2014 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship qualification\") in August 2013\\.",
""
] |
Life
----
Gurney was the only son of [Joseph John Gurney](/wiki/Joseph_John_Gurney "Joseph John Gurney") of [Earlham Hall](/wiki/Earlham_Hall "Earlham Hall"), [Norwich](/wiki/Norwich "Norwich"), [Norfolk](/wiki/Norfolk "Norfolk"). At the age of ten he was sent to a private tutor at [Leytonstone](/wiki/Leytonstone "Leytonstone") near the [Epping Forest](/wiki/Epping_Forest "Epping Forest"), where he met [Henry Doubleday](/wiki/Henry_Doubleday_%281808%E2%80%931875%29 "Henry Doubleday (1808–1875)"), and commenced his first [natural history](/wiki/Natural_history "Natural history") collection. From there he moved to the [Friends' School](/wiki/Friends%27_School "Friends' School") at [Tottenham](/wiki/Tottenham "Tottenham"), and whilst there met [William Yarrell](/wiki/William_Yarrell "William Yarrell"). At the age of seventeen he joined [the family's banking business](/wiki/Gurney%27s_Bank "Gurney's Bank") in [Norwich](/wiki/Norwich "Norwich").
Gurney published a number of articles in *[The Zoologist](/wiki/The_Zoologist "The Zoologist")* on the birds of Norfolk, for instance 'An Account of the Birds of Norfolk', with W.R. Fisher (1846\-1848\).{{sfnp\|Mullens\|Swann\|1917\|pp\=257–259}} Gurney also commenced a collection of [birds of prey](/wiki/Birds_of_prey "Birds of prey"). In 1864 he published Part I. of his *Descriptive Catalogue* of this collection, and in 1872 he edited *The Birds of Damara Land* ([Damaraland](/wiki/Damaraland "Damaraland"), [South\-West Africa](/wiki/South-West_Africa "South-West Africa")) from the notes of his friend [Charles John Andersson](/wiki/Charles_John_Andersson "Charles John Andersson").
Between 1875 and 1882 he produced a series of notes in *[The Ibis](/wiki/Ibis_%28journal%29 "Ibis (journal)")* on the first volume of the *Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum*, and in 1884 brought out a *List of Diurnal Birds of Prey, with References and Annotations*. The archives of [Cambridge University Museum of Zoology](/wiki/Cambridge_University_Museum_of_Zoology "Cambridge University Museum of Zoology") contains five volumes of correspondence between [Alfred Newton](/wiki/Alfred_Newton "Alfred Newton") and Gurney, who was a founding member of the [Norfolk Naturalists Trust](/wiki/Norfolk_Naturalists_Trust "Norfolk Naturalists Trust").{{cite web\|title\=Cambridge University Museum of Zoology: Histories \& Archives\|url\=http://www.museum.zoo.cam.ac.uk/collections.archives/histories.archives/\|access\-date\=22 March 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119055339/http://www.museum.zoo.cam.ac.uk/collections.archives/histories.archives/\|archive\-date\=19 November 2010\|url\-status\=dead}}
For the last twenty years of his life he resided at the family's home at [Northrepps](/wiki/Northrepps "Northrepps"), near [Cromer](/wiki/Cromer "Cromer").
His son, [John Henry Gurney Jr.](/wiki/John_Henry_Gurney_Jr. "John Henry Gurney Jr."), was also an ornithologist, and his great\-great\-grandson, Henry Richard Gurney of Heggatt Hall has continued the family tradition.
The southern African race of the [black\-necked grebe](/wiki/Black-necked_grebe "Black-necked grebe"), *Podiceps nigricollis gurneyi*, was named by [South African](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa") zoologist and author [Austin Roberts](/wiki/Austin_Roberts_%28zoologist%29 "Austin Roberts (zoologist)") in 1919 in honour of the father and son.
John Henry Gurney Jr.'s daughter Agatha Gurney (1881–1937\) married [Sir Edward Ruggles\-Brise, 1st Baronet](/wiki/Sir_Edward_Ruggles-Brise%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir Edward Ruggles-Brise, 1st Baronet"). He was appointed a [High Sheriff of Norfolk](/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Norfolk "High Sheriff of Norfolk").
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Gurney was the only son of [Joseph John Gurney](/wiki/Joseph_John_Gurney \"Joseph John Gurney\") of [Earlham Hall](/wiki/Earlham_Hall \"Earlham Hall\"), [Norwich](/wiki/Norwich \"Norwich\"), [Norfolk](/wiki/Norfolk \"Norfolk\"). At the age of ten he was sent to a private tutor at [Leytonstone](/wiki/Leytonstone \"Leytonstone\") near the [Epping Forest](/wiki/Epping_Forest \"Epping Forest\"), where he met [Henry Doubleday](/wiki/Henry_Doubleday_%281808%E2%80%931875%29 \"Henry Doubleday (1808–1875)\"), and commenced his first [natural history](/wiki/Natural_history \"Natural history\") collection. From there he moved to the [Friends' School](/wiki/Friends%27_School \"Friends' School\") at [Tottenham](/wiki/Tottenham \"Tottenham\"), and whilst there met [William Yarrell](/wiki/William_Yarrell \"William Yarrell\"). At the age of seventeen he joined [the family's banking business](/wiki/Gurney%27s_Bank \"Gurney's Bank\") in [Norwich](/wiki/Norwich \"Norwich\").",
"Gurney published a number of articles in *[The Zoologist](/wiki/The_Zoologist \"The Zoologist\")* on the birds of Norfolk, for instance 'An Account of the Birds of Norfolk', with W.R. Fisher (1846\\-1848\\).{{sfnp\\|Mullens\\|Swann\\|1917\\|pp\\=257–259}} Gurney also commenced a collection of [birds of prey](/wiki/Birds_of_prey \"Birds of prey\"). In 1864 he published Part I. of his *Descriptive Catalogue* of this collection, and in 1872 he edited *The Birds of Damara Land* ([Damaraland](/wiki/Damaraland \"Damaraland\"), [South\\-West Africa](/wiki/South-West_Africa \"South-West Africa\")) from the notes of his friend [Charles John Andersson](/wiki/Charles_John_Andersson \"Charles John Andersson\").",
"Between 1875 and 1882 he produced a series of notes in *[The Ibis](/wiki/Ibis_%28journal%29 \"Ibis (journal)\")* on the first volume of the *Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum*, and in 1884 brought out a *List of Diurnal Birds of Prey, with References and Annotations*. The archives of [Cambridge University Museum of Zoology](/wiki/Cambridge_University_Museum_of_Zoology \"Cambridge University Museum of Zoology\") contains five volumes of correspondence between [Alfred Newton](/wiki/Alfred_Newton \"Alfred Newton\") and Gurney, who was a founding member of the [Norfolk Naturalists Trust](/wiki/Norfolk_Naturalists_Trust \"Norfolk Naturalists Trust\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Cambridge University Museum of Zoology: Histories \\& Archives\\|url\\=http://www.museum.zoo.cam.ac.uk/collections.archives/histories.archives/\\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119055339/http://www.museum.zoo.cam.ac.uk/collections.archives/histories.archives/\\|archive\\-date\\=19 November 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"For the last twenty years of his life he resided at the family's home at [Northrepps](/wiki/Northrepps \"Northrepps\"), near [Cromer](/wiki/Cromer \"Cromer\").",
"His son, [John Henry Gurney Jr.](/wiki/John_Henry_Gurney_Jr. \"John Henry Gurney Jr.\"), was also an ornithologist, and his great\\-great\\-grandson, Henry Richard Gurney of Heggatt Hall has continued the family tradition.",
"The southern African race of the [black\\-necked grebe](/wiki/Black-necked_grebe \"Black-necked grebe\"), *Podiceps nigricollis gurneyi*, was named by [South African](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\") zoologist and author [Austin Roberts](/wiki/Austin_Roberts_%28zoologist%29 \"Austin Roberts (zoologist)\") in 1919 in honour of the father and son.",
"John Henry Gurney Jr.'s daughter Agatha Gurney (1881–1937\\) married [Sir Edward Ruggles\\-Brise, 1st Baronet](/wiki/Sir_Edward_Ruggles-Brise%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir Edward Ruggles-Brise, 1st Baronet\"). He was appointed a [High Sheriff of Norfolk](/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Norfolk \"High Sheriff of Norfolk\").",
""
] |
Television career
-----------------
McAdorey joined the fledgling [Global Television Network](/wiki/Global_Television_Network "Global Television Network") in Ontario in 1976 on contract producing humorous pieces for Global's newscast, and hosted a late\-night satirical news commentary show, *Mac*, from 1979 to 1980\.Anita Latner, "Taking a lighthearted look at the news". *[Toronto Star](/wiki/Toronto_Star "Toronto Star")*, July 5, 1980\.
Beginning in 1981 he appeared as co\-anchor with John Dawe and [Mike Anscombe](/wiki/Mike_Anscombe "Mike Anscombe") of the station's *News at Noon*."Global's entertainment force, Bob McAdorey, retiring after 25 years". *[Waterloo Region Record](/wiki/Waterloo_Region_Record "Waterloo Region Record")*, July 6, 2000\. The show's concept was to reinvent the idea of a noon\-hour newscast, adding entertainment and lifestyle features instead of just rehashing the headlines; by 1983 the show was being hailed for its "three nice guys" vibe and was attracting unusually strong ratings for a noon\-hour newscast.Stephen Brunt, "Noon hour ratings are big news at Global". *[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail "The Globe and Mail")*, June 2, 1983\. McAdorey was briefly fired from the station in 1983 for filing a report which management deemed inappropriately humorous and unprofessional,Stephen Godfrey, "Global fires McAdorey for 'negative attitude'". *[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail "The Globe and Mail")*, April 28, 1983\. but was hired back within days after many of the station's viewers called and wrote letters in protest."Bob McAdorey returns to Global". *[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail "The Globe and Mail")*, May 7, 1983\. He was also a contributor to the station's other newscasts as an entertainment reporter.Ross McLean, "Global news: more likes than dislikes"]. *[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail "The Globe and Mail")*, February 2, 1985\.
From 1991 to 1997 he also hosted *Entertainment Desk*, a half\-hour daytime entertainment news show. In 1995, when Stamford Collegiate launched a new media production program, it named a production studio in honour of McAdorey, alongside facilities named in honour of Frum and another famous alumnus, [James Cameron](/wiki/James_Cameron "James Cameron").John Law, "Hollywood comes to Niagara". *[Niagara Falls Review](/wiki/Niagara_Falls_Review "Niagara Falls Review")*, May 12, 1995\. In late 1996 he was forced to take a medical leave of absence for several weeks after suffering a head injury in a fall."Global's McAdorey extends on\-air leave". *[St. Catharines Standard](/wiki/St._Catharines_Standard "St. Catharines Standard")*, January 31, 1997\.
In July 2000, he retired, against his wishes, from Global due to the station's policy at the time of [mandatory retirement](/wiki/Mandatory_retirement "Mandatory retirement") at 65\.Jim Bawden, "Mac's not ready to go ; Entertainment newsman reluctantly retiring after 26 years with Global network". *[Toronto Star](/wiki/Toronto_Star "Toronto Star")*, July 28, 2000\.
McAdorey returned briefly in 2001 to give movie reviews, but spent most of his final years in [Niagara\-on\-the\-Lake, Ontario](/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake%2C_Ontario "Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario").
|
[
"Television career\n-----------------",
"McAdorey joined the fledgling [Global Television Network](/wiki/Global_Television_Network \"Global Television Network\") in Ontario in 1976 on contract producing humorous pieces for Global's newscast, and hosted a late\\-night satirical news commentary show, *Mac*, from 1979 to 1980\\.Anita Latner, \"Taking a lighthearted look at the news\". *[Toronto Star](/wiki/Toronto_Star \"Toronto Star\")*, July 5, 1980\\.",
"Beginning in 1981 he appeared as co\\-anchor with John Dawe and [Mike Anscombe](/wiki/Mike_Anscombe \"Mike Anscombe\") of the station's *News at Noon*.\"Global's entertainment force, Bob McAdorey, retiring after 25 years\". *[Waterloo Region Record](/wiki/Waterloo_Region_Record \"Waterloo Region Record\")*, July 6, 2000\\. The show's concept was to reinvent the idea of a noon\\-hour newscast, adding entertainment and lifestyle features instead of just rehashing the headlines; by 1983 the show was being hailed for its \"three nice guys\" vibe and was attracting unusually strong ratings for a noon\\-hour newscast.Stephen Brunt, \"Noon hour ratings are big news at Global\". *[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail \"The Globe and Mail\")*, June 2, 1983\\. McAdorey was briefly fired from the station in 1983 for filing a report which management deemed inappropriately humorous and unprofessional,Stephen Godfrey, \"Global fires McAdorey for 'negative attitude'\". *[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail \"The Globe and Mail\")*, April 28, 1983\\. but was hired back within days after many of the station's viewers called and wrote letters in protest.\"Bob McAdorey returns to Global\". *[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail \"The Globe and Mail\")*, May 7, 1983\\. He was also a contributor to the station's other newscasts as an entertainment reporter.Ross McLean, \"Global news: more likes than dislikes\"]. *[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail \"The Globe and Mail\")*, February 2, 1985\\.",
"From 1991 to 1997 he also hosted *Entertainment Desk*, a half\\-hour daytime entertainment news show. In 1995, when Stamford Collegiate launched a new media production program, it named a production studio in honour of McAdorey, alongside facilities named in honour of Frum and another famous alumnus, [James Cameron](/wiki/James_Cameron \"James Cameron\").John Law, \"Hollywood comes to Niagara\". *[Niagara Falls Review](/wiki/Niagara_Falls_Review \"Niagara Falls Review\")*, May 12, 1995\\. In late 1996 he was forced to take a medical leave of absence for several weeks after suffering a head injury in a fall.\"Global's McAdorey extends on\\-air leave\". *[St. Catharines Standard](/wiki/St._Catharines_Standard \"St. Catharines Standard\")*, January 31, 1997\\.",
"In July 2000, he retired, against his wishes, from Global due to the station's policy at the time of [mandatory retirement](/wiki/Mandatory_retirement \"Mandatory retirement\") at 65\\.Jim Bawden, \"Mac's not ready to go ; Entertainment newsman reluctantly retiring after 26 years with Global network\". *[Toronto Star](/wiki/Toronto_Star \"Toronto Star\")*, July 28, 2000\\.",
"McAdorey returned briefly in 2001 to give movie reviews, but spent most of his final years in [Niagara\\-on\\-the\\-Lake, Ontario](/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake%2C_Ontario \"Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario\").",
""
] |
Themes
------
The novel has two main narrative lines involving two separate characters (Clarissa Dalloway and Septimus Smith); within each narrative there is a particular time and place in the past that the main characters keep returning to in their minds. For Clarissa, the "continuous present" ([Gertrude Stein](/wiki/Gertrude_Stein "Gertrude Stein")'s phrase) of her charmed youth at Bourton keeps intruding into her thoughts on this day in London. For Septimus, the "continuous present" of his time as a soldier during the "Great War" keeps intruding, especially in the form of Evans, his fallen comrade.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2023}}
### Time and secular living
{{unreferenced section\|date\=May 2020}}
Time plays an integral role in the theme of faith and doubt in Mrs Dalloway. The overwhelming presence of the passing of time and the impending fate of death for each of the characters is felt throughout the novel. As Big Ben towers over the city of London and rings for each half\-hour, characters cannot help but stop and notice the loss of life to time in regular intervals throughout the story. For Septimus, who has experienced the vicious war, the notion of death constantly floats in his mind as he continues to see his friend Evans talking of such things. The constant stream of consciousness perspective of the characters, especially Clarissa, serves as a distraction from this passing of time and the ultimate march towards death, but each character is constantly reminded of the inevitability of these facts. Further emphasizing the passage of time is the time\-frame of the novel, which takes place in the course of a single day, like Joyce's *Ulysses*.
The idea that there can be meaning in every detail of life, and a deeper appreciation of life as a result, is emphasized by the constant connection of characters to memories and to simple ideas and things. Clarissa even feels that her job (throwing her parties) is to offer "the gift" of connectedness to the inhabitants of London. Woolf's writing style crosses the boundaries of the past, present and future, emphasizing her idea of time as a constant flow, connected only by some force (or divinity) within each person. An evident contrast can be found between the constant passing of time—symbolized by Big Ben—and the seemingly random crossings of time\-lines in Woolf's writing. Yet, although these crossings seem random, they only demonstrate the infinite possibilities that the world can offer once it is interconnected by the individual character of each person.
### Mental illness
Septimus, as the [shell\-shocked](/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder "Post-traumatic stress disorder") war hero, operates as a pointed criticism of the treatment of [mental illness](/wiki/Mental_illness "Mental illness") and depression. Woolf criticises medical discourse through Septimus' decline and suicide; his doctors make snap judgments about his condition, talk to him mainly through his wife, and dismiss his urgent confessions before he can make them. Rezia remarks that Septimus "was not ill. Dr Holmes said there was nothing the matter with him."Woolf, Virginia. "Mrs Dalloway." Oxford University Press. 2009\. Print.
Woolf goes beyond commenting on the treatment of mental illness. Using the characters of Clarissa and Rezia, she makes the argument that people can only interpret Septimus' shell shock according to their cultural norms.Joyes, Kaley. "Failed Witnessing in Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway." *Woolf Studies Annual* vol 14 (2008\) pp. 69–87 Throughout the course of the novel Clarissa does not meet Septimus. Clarissa's reality is vastly different from that of Septimus; his presence in London is unknown to Clarissa until his death becomes the subject of idle chatter at her party. By never having these characters meet, Woolf is suggesting that mental illness can be contained to the individuals who suffer from it without others, who remain unaffected, ever having to witness it.Guth, Deborah. "What A Lark! What a Plunge! Fiction as Self\-Evasion in Mrs Dalloway." University of Tel Aviv 19–25\. This allows Woolf to weave her criticism of the treatment of the [mentally ill](/wiki/Mentally_ill "Mentally ill") with her larger argument, which is the criticism of society's class structure. Her use of Septimus as the stereotypically traumatised veteran is her way of showing that there were still reminders of the First World War in London in 1923\. These ripples affect Mrs. Dalloway and readers spanning generations. Shell shock, or [post traumatic stress disorder](/wiki/Post_traumatic_stress_disorder "Post traumatic stress disorder"), is an important addition to the early 20th century canon of post\-war British literature.Lord, Catherine M. "The Frames of Septimus Smith: Through Twenty Four Hours in the City of Mrs. Dalloway, 1923, and of Millennial London: Art is a Shocking Experience." parallax 5\.3 (1999\): 36–46\.
There are similarities in Septimus' condition to Woolf's struggles with [bipolar disorder](/wiki/Bipolar_disorder "Bipolar disorder"). Both [hallucinate](/wiki/Hallucination "Hallucination") that birds sing in [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language "Greek language"), and Woolf once attempted to throw herself out of a window as Septimus does. Woolf had also been treated for her condition at various asylums, from which her antipathy towards doctors developed. Woolf committed suicide by drowning, sixteen years after the publication of *Mrs Dalloway*.{{cite web \|url\=http://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/Virginia\_Woolf \|title\=Virginia Woolf – Modernism Lab Essays \|publisher\=Modernism.research.yale.edu \|access\-date\=17 August 2012 \|archive\-date\=16 July 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716053622/http://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/Virginia\_Woolf \|url\-status\=dead }}
Woolf's original plan for her novel called for Clarissa to kill herself during her party. In this original version, Septimus (whom Woolf called Mrs. Dalloway's "double") did not appear at all.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=NBvFfI7g5y8C\&pg\=PA10\|title\=The Mrs. Dalloway Reader\|first\=Virginia\|last\=Woolf\|date\=15 September 2004\|publisher\=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt\|isbn\=0156030152\|via\=Google Books}}
### Existential issues
When Peter Walsh sees a girl on the street and [stalks](/wiki/Stalking "Stalking") her for half an hour, he notes that his relationship to the girl was "made up, as one makes up the better part of life." By focusing on characters' thoughts and perceptions, Woolf emphasizes the significance of private thoughts on [existential crisis](/wiki/Existential_crisis "Existential crisis") rather than concrete events in a person's life. Most of the plot in *Mrs Dalloway* consists of realizations that the characters subjectively make.
Clarissa Dalloway is depicted as a woman who appreciates life. Her love of party\-throwing comes from a desire to bring people together and create happy moments. Her charm, according to Peter Walsh, who loves her, is a sense of *joie de vivre*, always summarized by the sentence: "There she was." She interprets Septimus Smith's death as an act of embracing life and her mood remains light, even though she hears about it in the midst of the party. {{citation needed\|date\=July 2023}}
### Feminism
As a commentary on inter\-war society, Clarissa's character highlights the role of women as the proverbial "[Angel in the House](/wiki/Angel_in_the_House "Angel in the House")" and embodies sexual and [economic repression](/wiki/Economic_repression "Economic repression") and the [narcissism](/wiki/Narcissism "Narcissism") of bourgeois women who have never known the hunger and insecurity of working women. She keeps up with and even embraces the social expectations of the wife of a patrician politician, but she is still able to express herself and find distinction in the parties she throws.
Her old friend Sally Seton, whom Clarissa admires dearly, is remembered as a great independent woman – she smoked cigars, once ran down a corridor naked to fetch her sponge\-bag, and made bold, unladylike statements to get a reaction from people. When Clarissa meets her in the present day, Sally turns out to be a perfect housewife, having accepted her lot as a rich woman ("Yes, I have ten thousand a year"\-whether before the tax was paid, or after, she couldn't remember...), married, and given birth to five sons.
### Homosexuality
Clarissa Dalloway felt a strong bond to Sally Seton at Bourton, and those feelings seem to extend beyond friendship. Thirty\-four years later, Clarissa still considers the kiss they shared to be the "most exquisite" moment of her life, and she remembers feeling about Sally "as men feel."from *Mrs Dalloway*, Penguin Popular Classics 1996, page 36 OR Harcourt, Inc. (2005\), Page 35 Clarissa even goes so far as to compare her feelings to those that Shakespeare's character Othello feels for Desdemona—and when she looks back and ponders those emotions, the narration remarks, "But this question of love (she thought, putting her coat away), this falling in love with women. Take Sally Seton; her relation in the old days with Sally Seton. Had not that, after all, been love?" from *Mrs Dalloway*, OUP Oxford 2000, page 30 Clarissa then recalls Sally's visit and how others seemed "indifferent" to Sally's presence, and she thinks to herself, "But nothing is so strange when one is in love (and what was this except being in love?) as the complete indifference of other people."
Clarissa also recalls Sally's visit—specifically the experience of seeing Sally at dinner—as "the most happy" moment of her life. Nevertheless, scholar Kate Haffey observes that some critics have attempted to gloss over the narrative's erotic qualities and reframe Clarissa and Sally's early relationship as a fanciful yet ultimately platonic phase of heterosexual female development: "Despite the quite sexual nature of Clarissa's descriptions of her affections for women, her feelings for Sally are most often constructed as representing a period of girlhood innocence that is sharply contrasted with the adult self \[…] When this love is not described in terms of its 'innocence,' it is positioned as part of that 'unruly' phase of adolescence, a period incompatible with female maturity."Haffey, Kate. Exquisite Moments and the Temporality of the Kiss in "Mrs. Dalloway" and "The Hours.” Narrative, Vol. 18\. 2010\. Yet in the novel itself, memories of the kiss are rendered in passionate language (Clarissa compares the kiss to "a diamond, something infinitely precious"), and this moment of the past drifts back powerfully into Clarissa's present, creating a sense of timelessness. The kiss thus underlines the novel's theme of temporality, as the experience is a moment that seems to stand outside or suspend ordinary time.Stockton, Kathryn Bond. "Growing Sideways, or Versions of the Queer Child: The Ghost, the Homosexual, the Freudian, the Innocent, and the Interval of Animal." Univ. of Minnesota Press, 2004
Similarly, Septimus is haunted by the image of his dear friend and commanding officer, Evans, who is described as being "undemonstrative in the company of women."Woolf, Virginia. Mrs. Dalloway (1925; Harcourt Brace, and Worl, Inc, 1953\), p. 130 The narrator describes Septimus and Evans behaving together like "two dogs playing on a hearth\-rug" who, inseparable, "had to be together, share with each other, fight with each other, quarrel with each other...." Jean E. Kennard notes that the word "share" could easily be read in a [Forsteran](/wiki/E.M._Forster "E.M. Forster") manner, perhaps as in Forster's *[Maurice](/wiki/Maurice_%28novel%29 "Maurice (novel)")*; "The word 'share' \[…] was often used in this period to describe sexual relations between men."Kennard, Jean E. “Power and Sexual Ambiguity: The ‘Dreadnought’ Hoax, ‘The Voyage out, Mrs. Dalloway’ and ‘Orlando.’” Journal of Modern Literature, vol. 20, no. 2, 1996, pp. 149–64 Kennard also notes Septimus' "increasing revulsion at the idea of heterosexual sex," abstaining from sex with Rezia and feeling that "the business of copulation was filth to him before the end."Woolf, Virginia. Mrs. Dalloway (1925; Harcourt Brace, and Worl, Inc, 1953\), p. 134
|
[
"Themes\n------",
"The novel has two main narrative lines involving two separate characters (Clarissa Dalloway and Septimus Smith); within each narrative there is a particular time and place in the past that the main characters keep returning to in their minds. For Clarissa, the \"continuous present\" ([Gertrude Stein](/wiki/Gertrude_Stein \"Gertrude Stein\")'s phrase) of her charmed youth at Bourton keeps intruding into her thoughts on this day in London. For Septimus, the \"continuous present\" of his time as a soldier during the \"Great War\" keeps intruding, especially in the form of Evans, his fallen comrade.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2023}}",
"### Time and secular living",
"{{unreferenced section\\|date\\=May 2020}}\nTime plays an integral role in the theme of faith and doubt in Mrs Dalloway. The overwhelming presence of the passing of time and the impending fate of death for each of the characters is felt throughout the novel. As Big Ben towers over the city of London and rings for each half\\-hour, characters cannot help but stop and notice the loss of life to time in regular intervals throughout the story. For Septimus, who has experienced the vicious war, the notion of death constantly floats in his mind as he continues to see his friend Evans talking of such things. The constant stream of consciousness perspective of the characters, especially Clarissa, serves as a distraction from this passing of time and the ultimate march towards death, but each character is constantly reminded of the inevitability of these facts. Further emphasizing the passage of time is the time\\-frame of the novel, which takes place in the course of a single day, like Joyce's *Ulysses*.",
"The idea that there can be meaning in every detail of life, and a deeper appreciation of life as a result, is emphasized by the constant connection of characters to memories and to simple ideas and things. Clarissa even feels that her job (throwing her parties) is to offer \"the gift\" of connectedness to the inhabitants of London. Woolf's writing style crosses the boundaries of the past, present and future, emphasizing her idea of time as a constant flow, connected only by some force (or divinity) within each person. An evident contrast can be found between the constant passing of time—symbolized by Big Ben—and the seemingly random crossings of time\\-lines in Woolf's writing. Yet, although these crossings seem random, they only demonstrate the infinite possibilities that the world can offer once it is interconnected by the individual character of each person.",
"### Mental illness",
"Septimus, as the [shell\\-shocked](/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder \"Post-traumatic stress disorder\") war hero, operates as a pointed criticism of the treatment of [mental illness](/wiki/Mental_illness \"Mental illness\") and depression. Woolf criticises medical discourse through Septimus' decline and suicide; his doctors make snap judgments about his condition, talk to him mainly through his wife, and dismiss his urgent confessions before he can make them. Rezia remarks that Septimus \"was not ill. Dr Holmes said there was nothing the matter with him.\"Woolf, Virginia. \"Mrs Dalloway.\" Oxford University Press. 2009\\. Print.",
"Woolf goes beyond commenting on the treatment of mental illness. Using the characters of Clarissa and Rezia, she makes the argument that people can only interpret Septimus' shell shock according to their cultural norms.Joyes, Kaley. \"Failed Witnessing in Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway.\" *Woolf Studies Annual* vol 14 (2008\\) pp. 69–87 Throughout the course of the novel Clarissa does not meet Septimus. Clarissa's reality is vastly different from that of Septimus; his presence in London is unknown to Clarissa until his death becomes the subject of idle chatter at her party. By never having these characters meet, Woolf is suggesting that mental illness can be contained to the individuals who suffer from it without others, who remain unaffected, ever having to witness it.Guth, Deborah. \"What A Lark! What a Plunge! Fiction as Self\\-Evasion in Mrs Dalloway.\" University of Tel Aviv 19–25\\. This allows Woolf to weave her criticism of the treatment of the [mentally ill](/wiki/Mentally_ill \"Mentally ill\") with her larger argument, which is the criticism of society's class structure. Her use of Septimus as the stereotypically traumatised veteran is her way of showing that there were still reminders of the First World War in London in 1923\\. These ripples affect Mrs. Dalloway and readers spanning generations. Shell shock, or [post traumatic stress disorder](/wiki/Post_traumatic_stress_disorder \"Post traumatic stress disorder\"), is an important addition to the early 20th century canon of post\\-war British literature.Lord, Catherine M. \"The Frames of Septimus Smith: Through Twenty Four Hours in the City of Mrs. Dalloway, 1923, and of Millennial London: Art is a Shocking Experience.\" parallax 5\\.3 (1999\\): 36–46\\.",
"There are similarities in Septimus' condition to Woolf's struggles with [bipolar disorder](/wiki/Bipolar_disorder \"Bipolar disorder\"). Both [hallucinate](/wiki/Hallucination \"Hallucination\") that birds sing in [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language \"Greek language\"), and Woolf once attempted to throw herself out of a window as Septimus does. Woolf had also been treated for her condition at various asylums, from which her antipathy towards doctors developed. Woolf committed suicide by drowning, sixteen years after the publication of *Mrs Dalloway*.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/Virginia\\_Woolf \\|title\\=Virginia Woolf – Modernism Lab Essays \\|publisher\\=Modernism.research.yale.edu \\|access\\-date\\=17 August 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 July 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716053622/http://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/Virginia\\_Woolf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"Woolf's original plan for her novel called for Clarissa to kill herself during her party. In this original version, Septimus (whom Woolf called Mrs. Dalloway's \"double\") did not appear at all.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=NBvFfI7g5y8C\\&pg\\=PA10\\|title\\=The Mrs. Dalloway Reader\\|first\\=Virginia\\|last\\=Woolf\\|date\\=15 September 2004\\|publisher\\=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt\\|isbn\\=0156030152\\|via\\=Google Books}}",
"### Existential issues",
"When Peter Walsh sees a girl on the street and [stalks](/wiki/Stalking \"Stalking\") her for half an hour, he notes that his relationship to the girl was \"made up, as one makes up the better part of life.\" By focusing on characters' thoughts and perceptions, Woolf emphasizes the significance of private thoughts on [existential crisis](/wiki/Existential_crisis \"Existential crisis\") rather than concrete events in a person's life. Most of the plot in *Mrs Dalloway* consists of realizations that the characters subjectively make.",
"Clarissa Dalloway is depicted as a woman who appreciates life. Her love of party\\-throwing comes from a desire to bring people together and create happy moments. Her charm, according to Peter Walsh, who loves her, is a sense of *joie de vivre*, always summarized by the sentence: \"There she was.\" She interprets Septimus Smith's death as an act of embracing life and her mood remains light, even though she hears about it in the midst of the party. {{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2023}}",
"### Feminism",
"As a commentary on inter\\-war society, Clarissa's character highlights the role of women as the proverbial \"[Angel in the House](/wiki/Angel_in_the_House \"Angel in the House\")\" and embodies sexual and [economic repression](/wiki/Economic_repression \"Economic repression\") and the [narcissism](/wiki/Narcissism \"Narcissism\") of bourgeois women who have never known the hunger and insecurity of working women. She keeps up with and even embraces the social expectations of the wife of a patrician politician, but she is still able to express herself and find distinction in the parties she throws.",
"Her old friend Sally Seton, whom Clarissa admires dearly, is remembered as a great independent woman – she smoked cigars, once ran down a corridor naked to fetch her sponge\\-bag, and made bold, unladylike statements to get a reaction from people. When Clarissa meets her in the present day, Sally turns out to be a perfect housewife, having accepted her lot as a rich woman (\"Yes, I have ten thousand a year\"\\-whether before the tax was paid, or after, she couldn't remember...), married, and given birth to five sons.",
"### Homosexuality",
"Clarissa Dalloway felt a strong bond to Sally Seton at Bourton, and those feelings seem to extend beyond friendship. Thirty\\-four years later, Clarissa still considers the kiss they shared to be the \"most exquisite\" moment of her life, and she remembers feeling about Sally \"as men feel.\"from *Mrs Dalloway*, Penguin Popular Classics 1996, page 36 OR Harcourt, Inc. (2005\\), Page 35 Clarissa even goes so far as to compare her feelings to those that Shakespeare's character Othello feels for Desdemona—and when she looks back and ponders those emotions, the narration remarks, \"But this question of love (she thought, putting her coat away), this falling in love with women. Take Sally Seton; her relation in the old days with Sally Seton. Had not that, after all, been love?\" from *Mrs Dalloway*, OUP Oxford 2000, page 30 Clarissa then recalls Sally's visit and how others seemed \"indifferent\" to Sally's presence, and she thinks to herself, \"But nothing is so strange when one is in love (and what was this except being in love?) as the complete indifference of other people.\"",
"Clarissa also recalls Sally's visit—specifically the experience of seeing Sally at dinner—as \"the most happy\" moment of her life. Nevertheless, scholar Kate Haffey observes that some critics have attempted to gloss over the narrative's erotic qualities and reframe Clarissa and Sally's early relationship as a fanciful yet ultimately platonic phase of heterosexual female development: \"Despite the quite sexual nature of Clarissa's descriptions of her affections for women, her feelings for Sally are most often constructed as representing a period of girlhood innocence that is sharply contrasted with the adult self \\[…] When this love is not described in terms of its 'innocence,' it is positioned as part of that 'unruly' phase of adolescence, a period incompatible with female maturity.\"Haffey, Kate. Exquisite Moments and the Temporality of the Kiss in \"Mrs. Dalloway\" and \"The Hours.” Narrative, Vol. 18\\. 2010\\. Yet in the novel itself, memories of the kiss are rendered in passionate language (Clarissa compares the kiss to \"a diamond, something infinitely precious\"), and this moment of the past drifts back powerfully into Clarissa's present, creating a sense of timelessness. The kiss thus underlines the novel's theme of temporality, as the experience is a moment that seems to stand outside or suspend ordinary time.Stockton, Kathryn Bond. \"Growing Sideways, or Versions of the Queer Child: The Ghost, the Homosexual, the Freudian, the Innocent, and the Interval of Animal.\" Univ. of Minnesota Press, 2004",
"Similarly, Septimus is haunted by the image of his dear friend and commanding officer, Evans, who is described as being \"undemonstrative in the company of women.\"Woolf, Virginia. Mrs. Dalloway (1925; Harcourt Brace, and Worl, Inc, 1953\\), p. 130 The narrator describes Septimus and Evans behaving together like \"two dogs playing on a hearth\\-rug\" who, inseparable, \"had to be together, share with each other, fight with each other, quarrel with each other....\" Jean E. Kennard notes that the word \"share\" could easily be read in a [Forsteran](/wiki/E.M._Forster \"E.M. Forster\") manner, perhaps as in Forster's *[Maurice](/wiki/Maurice_%28novel%29 \"Maurice (novel)\")*; \"The word 'share' \\[…] was often used in this period to describe sexual relations between men.\"Kennard, Jean E. “Power and Sexual Ambiguity: The ‘Dreadnought’ Hoax, ‘The Voyage out, Mrs. Dalloway’ and ‘Orlando.’” Journal of Modern Literature, vol. 20, no. 2, 1996, pp. 149–64 Kennard also notes Septimus' \"increasing revulsion at the idea of heterosexual sex,\" abstaining from sex with Rezia and feeling that \"the business of copulation was filth to him before the end.\"Woolf, Virginia. Mrs. Dalloway (1925; Harcourt Brace, and Worl, Inc, 1953\\), p. 134",
""
] |
History
-------
Daufuskie Island has been inhabited for thousands of years, as evidenced by ancient piles of discarded oyster shells exhibiting pottery shards from all phases of the hunter\-gathering period.*[An Archeological Reconnaissance Survey of the Haig Point, Webb, and Oak Ridge Tracts, Daufuskie Island, South Carolina](http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth_books/179) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025043419/https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth\_books/179/ \|date\=October 25, 2020 }}*, James L. Michie, (1983\) Research Manuscript Series, Book 179 Prior to European arrival numerous Indian tribes inhabited the [Lowcountry](/wiki/Lowcountry "Lowcountry") and islands. Culturally and linguistically these tribes were of [Muskogean](/wiki/Muskogean "Muskogean") stock.Rowland, Lawrence S.; Moore, Alexander; Rodgers, George C.: *The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina; Volume 1, 1514\-1861* (1996\) USC Press, p. 12 *Daufuskie* comes from the [Muscogee language](/wiki/Muscogee_language "Muscogee language") and means "sharp feather", for the island's distinctive shape.Burn, Billie, *An Island Named Daufuskie* (1991\). Billie Burn Books, p. 3
As early as 1523, [Spanish explorers](/wiki/Exploration%23European_Age_of_Discovery "Exploration#European Age of Discovery") were sailing the southeastern coast of North America in search of potential settlements.Lyon, Eugene, *The Enterprise of Florida: Pedro Menendez de Aviles and Spanish Conquest of 1565\-1568* (1974\). University Press of Florida, p. 6 By 1565, the Spanish had settled in [St. Augustine, Florida](/wiki/St._Augustine%2C_Florida "St. Augustine, Florida"), and were pushing up the coast establishing and maintaining additional colonies. Concurrent with these 16th\-century ambitions for settlement, the French also made attempts at colonization in [South Carolina Lowcountry](/wiki/South_Carolina_Lowcountry "South Carolina Lowcountry") areas. By the mid\-1600s the English began to explore the southern coast. Prosperous Caribbean planters sponsored several expeditions to South Carolina. Captain William Hilton and [Robert Sandford](/wiki/Robert_Sandford_%28explorer%29 "Robert Sandford (explorer)") both made voyages to [Port Royal Sound](/wiki/Port_Royal_Sound "Port Royal Sound") and vicinity. In July 1666 Sanford entered Calibogue Sound between Hilton Head and Daufuskie.Rowland, Moore, Rodgers, p. 11
It was during this period of early exploration that Spanish settlers introduced their distinctive [Iberian horses](/wiki/Iberian_horse "Iberian horse") to the Southeastern coast. Today the descendants of these horses are known as "[Carolina Marsh Tacky](/wiki/Carolina_Marsh_Tacky "Carolina Marsh Tacky")". These sturdy, intelligent horses are particularly well adapted to the swampy and marshy lowcountry region.{{Cite web\|title\=Carolina Marsh Tacky Outdoors \- Online\|url\=http://carolinamarshtacky.com/breed\-history.html\|access\-date\=2021\-09\-07\|website\=Carolina Marsh Tacky Outdoors\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=September 7, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907190249/http://www.carolinamarshtacky.com/breed\-history.html\|url\-status\=live}} Examples of this rare breed can still be found on Daufuskie.
In 1684, Spanish soldiers enlisted the help of native warriors to fight Scottish settlers in [Port Royal](/wiki/Port_Royal%2C_South_Carolina "Port Royal, South Carolina"), and thus began the uneasy and difficult history of native entanglement in European settlement history. The inevitable clash of cultures culminated with the so\-called [Yamasee uprising](/wiki/Yamasee_War "Yamasee War") that consisted of three brutal battles on the southwestern shore of Daufuskie Island between 1715 and 1717 that gave this piece of land the name it still bears today, [Bloody Point](/wiki/Bloody_Point%2C_South_Carolina "Bloody Point, South Carolina").Rowland, Moore, Rodgers, p. 98
The quest for religious freedom ultimately brought two European families to Daufuskie Island—the great\-grandson of [French Huguenot](/wiki/Huguenot "Huguenot") David Mongin, and the daughter of Italian Prince Filippo de Martinangelo who escaped the [Inquisition](/wiki/Inquisition "Inquisition").Burn, Chap. 3: The Mongins and the Martinangeles The story of these two founding families is intertwined throughout their long history, and both rose to become powerful island plantation owners.
The [American Revolution](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War "American Revolutionary War") brought divided loyalties to the lowcountry. Daufuskie received the nickname "Little Bermuda" during the Revolution due to the residents' [Loyalist](/wiki/Loyalist_%28American_Revolution%29 "Loyalist (American Revolution)") sentiments.Rowland, Moore, Rodgers, p. 239 After the Revolution, Daufuskie thrived with the introduction of world\-famous [sea island cotton](/wiki/Gossypium_barbadense "Gossypium barbadense"), a variety prized by European mills. High quality, sea island cotton exceeded all other long\-staple cottons in fiber length, as well as fineness and strength.Porcher, Richard Dwight, and Fick, Sarah, *The Story of Sea Island Cotton* (2005\). Gibbs Smith, p. 54 It was during this period of strong economic growth that several large plantation mansions were constructed.
[370px\|thumb\|left\|Iconic [Southern Live Oak](/wiki/Quercus_virginiana "Quercus virginiana") with [Spanish moss](/wiki/Spanish_moss "Spanish moss") on Daufuskie](/wiki/File:Live_Oak_on_Daufuskie.gif "Live Oak on Daufuskie.gif")
The building of American wooden tall ships triggered the demand for timber from [live oak](/wiki/Quercus_virginiana "Quercus virginiana") trees abundant on Daufuskie. This hardwood species, unique to the southeastern coast, was prized by shipbuilders for its strength and resistance to rot, as well as its naturally curved limbs. Daufuskie was in the center of the "live oaking" trade crucial to the development of US maritime power.{{Cite web\|url\=https://ussconstitutionmuseum.org/2014/08/14/live\-oaking\-in\-eight\-easy\-steps/\|title\=Live Oaking in Eight Easy Steps\|access\-date\=January 29, 2017\|archive\-date\=February 3, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203010058/https://ussconstitutionmuseum.org/2014/08/14/live\-oaking\-in\-eight\-easy\-steps/\|url\-status\=dead}} Shipwrights traveled to Daufuskie and the lowcountry to fell the oaks, hew them, and lug the pieces by oxen to coastal landings. The [USS *Constitution*](/wiki/USS_Constitution "USS Constitution")—"Old Ironsides"—was constructed with live oak.Wood, Virginia Steele. *Live Oaking: Southern Timber for Tall Ships* (1981\). Naval Institute Press
Prior to the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"), there were eleven [plantations](/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South "Plantations in the American South") on Daufuskie.Burn, p. 77 Large homes were constructed on several of these tracts – Oakley Hall at Bloody Point, Melrose, and Haig Point. The mansion at Haig Point was unique as it was built of [tabby](/wiki/Tabby_concrete "Tabby concrete"). It was the largest tabby domestic building erected in coastal South Carolina.*[Haig Point Tabby Ruins, Haig Point Road, Daufuskie Landing, Beaufort County, SC](https://www.loc.gov/item/sc1126/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202055215/https://www.loc.gov/item/sc1126/ \|date\=February 2, 2017 }}* Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C., HABS SC\-867
Introduced in the southeast by early Spanish settlers, tabby is a type of concrete made by burning [oyster](/wiki/Oyster "Oyster") shells to create [lime](/wiki/Lime_%28material%29 "Lime (material)"), then mixing it with water, sand, ash and broken oyster shells.Burn, p. 66 Three of the best\-preserved, tabby\-walled single slave dwellings still standing in [Beaufort County](/wiki/Beaufort_County%2C_South_Carolina "Beaufort County, South Carolina") can be found today at Haig Point.*[Haig Point Tabby Ruins, Haig Point Road, Daufuskie Landing, Beaufort County, SC](https://www.loc.gov/item/sc1126/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202055215/https://www.loc.gov/item/sc1126/ \|date\=February 2, 2017 }}*
[thumb\|Remains of tabby slave quarters on Daufuskie Island](/wiki/File:Daufuskie_Island_-_shell_structure_2.jpg "Daufuskie Island - shell structure 2.jpg")
Early in the Civil War, [Union forces](/wiki/Union_%28American_Civil_War%29 "Union (American Civil War)") occupied the [Beaufort](/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina")\-area islands. Union troops on Daufuskie supported the siege and reduction of [Fort Pulaski](/wiki/Fort_Pulaski "Fort Pulaski") protecting the [Savannah River](/wiki/Savannah_River "Savannah River") entrance. This Union presence caused white plantation owners to flee, leaving property and slaves behind. After the war, Daufuskie's remoteness allowed [Gullah](/wiki/Gullah "Gullah") culture to survive and flourish through the generations.
The [Gullah language](/wiki/Gullah_language "Gullah language") is a legacy of the original slaves and later laborers who remained once the plantations folded. The [lowcountry](/wiki/Lowcountry "Lowcountry") was remote until the mid\-20th century, but the isolation of Daufuskie created the perfect climate for the language and manners of the Gullah people to remain remarkably well preserved. The local dialect is heavily influenced by [West African](/wiki/West_Africa "West Africa") languages and rural English. Daufuskie is in the center of the [Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor](/wiki/Gullah/Geechee_Cultural_Heritage_Corridor "Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor").[Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor](https://www.nps.gov/guge/index.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130142339/https://www.nps.gov/guge/index.htm \|date\=January 30, 2017 }} National Park Service, US Department of Interior
Following the Civil War the farming, mining, and timber industries were re\-established in [Beaufort County](/wiki/Beaufort_County%2C_South_Carolina "Beaufort County, South Carolina") and the lowcountry.Wise, Stephen R.; Rowland, Lawrence S.; Spieler, Gerhard: *Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 1861\-1893, The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina, Volume 2* (2015\). USC Press, p. 520 This activity meant the waterways around Daufuskie, with its critical position between [Port Royal](/wiki/Port_Royal%2C_South_Carolina "Port Royal, South Carolina") and [Savannah](/wiki/Savannah%2C_Georgia "Savannah, Georgia"), became very busy. Navigation aids became necessary to support the increased volume of shipping. In 1873 the [Haig Point Range Lights](/wiki/Haig_Point_Range_Lights "Haig Point Range Lights") were constructed on the island's northern end. This was followed by the [Bloody Point Range Lights](/wiki/Bloody_Point_Range_Lights "Bloody Point Range Lights") in 1883 built to assist ships approaching the Savannah River entrance.Burn, Chap. 6: Lighthouses
From the 1880s the oyster industry flourished on Daufuskie. By the turn of the century the island had a population of 2,000\-3,000, most of whom worked in this lucrative shellfish trade.Burn, Chap. 14: The Oyster Industry The flat coastline, saltmarsh estuary, and natural oyster reefs, combined with a lengthy spawning season, make waters surrounding Daufuskie the perfect habitat for growing abundant clusters of meaty, briny oysters. Daufuskie oysters were known as far away as [Bar Harbor](/wiki/Bar_Harbor%2C_Maine "Bar Harbor, Maine") and [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"). It is reported that the Tsar of Russia preferred Daufuskie oysters.*[Conroy Country](http://www.atlantamagazine.com/southbound-articles/conroy-country/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042211/http://www.atlantamagazine.com/southbound\-articles/conroy\-country/ \|date\=February 2, 2017 }}*, Atlanta, Allison Entrekin, October 10, 2016
Eventually, in the 1950s, pollution closed the oyster beds and the island's economy declined.Burn, p.441 Electricity came to the island in 1953 and telephones in 1972;{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.daufuskiemuseum.org/island\-history.html\|title\=Island History\|website\=Daufuskie Island Historical Foundation\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-04\-04\|archive\-date\=February 2, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202084237/http://www.daufuskiemuseum.org/island\-history.html\|url\-status\=live}} however, with few opportunities for work, the population shrank to less than a hundred people, leaving a legacy of rich Gullah history. In the 1980s developers started making plans to make Daufuskie Island a residential development destination, and the planned developments of [Bloody Point](/wiki/Bloody_Point%2C_South_Carolina "Bloody Point, South Carolina"), Melrose, [Haig Point](/wiki/Haig_Point_Club "Haig Point Club"), and Oakridge were born. Despite this progress and development, the island's historic district has remained untouched to preserve the [Gullah](/wiki/Gullah "Gullah") culture, and today the entire island is on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Daufuskie Island has been inhabited for thousands of years, as evidenced by ancient piles of discarded oyster shells exhibiting pottery shards from all phases of the hunter\\-gathering period.*[An Archeological Reconnaissance Survey of the Haig Point, Webb, and Oak Ridge Tracts, Daufuskie Island, South Carolina](http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth_books/179) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025043419/https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth\\_books/179/ \\|date\\=October 25, 2020 }}*, James L. Michie, (1983\\) Research Manuscript Series, Book 179 Prior to European arrival numerous Indian tribes inhabited the [Lowcountry](/wiki/Lowcountry \"Lowcountry\") and islands. Culturally and linguistically these tribes were of [Muskogean](/wiki/Muskogean \"Muskogean\") stock.Rowland, Lawrence S.; Moore, Alexander; Rodgers, George C.: *The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina; Volume 1, 1514\\-1861* (1996\\) USC Press, p. 12 *Daufuskie* comes from the [Muscogee language](/wiki/Muscogee_language \"Muscogee language\") and means \"sharp feather\", for the island's distinctive shape.Burn, Billie, *An Island Named Daufuskie* (1991\\). Billie Burn Books, p. 3",
"As early as 1523, [Spanish explorers](/wiki/Exploration%23European_Age_of_Discovery \"Exploration#European Age of Discovery\") were sailing the southeastern coast of North America in search of potential settlements.Lyon, Eugene, *The Enterprise of Florida: Pedro Menendez de Aviles and Spanish Conquest of 1565\\-1568* (1974\\). University Press of Florida, p. 6 By 1565, the Spanish had settled in [St. Augustine, Florida](/wiki/St._Augustine%2C_Florida \"St. Augustine, Florida\"), and were pushing up the coast establishing and maintaining additional colonies. Concurrent with these 16th\\-century ambitions for settlement, the French also made attempts at colonization in [South Carolina Lowcountry](/wiki/South_Carolina_Lowcountry \"South Carolina Lowcountry\") areas. By the mid\\-1600s the English began to explore the southern coast. Prosperous Caribbean planters sponsored several expeditions to South Carolina. Captain William Hilton and [Robert Sandford](/wiki/Robert_Sandford_%28explorer%29 \"Robert Sandford (explorer)\") both made voyages to [Port Royal Sound](/wiki/Port_Royal_Sound \"Port Royal Sound\") and vicinity. In July 1666 Sanford entered Calibogue Sound between Hilton Head and Daufuskie.Rowland, Moore, Rodgers, p. 11",
"It was during this period of early exploration that Spanish settlers introduced their distinctive [Iberian horses](/wiki/Iberian_horse \"Iberian horse\") to the Southeastern coast. Today the descendants of these horses are known as \"[Carolina Marsh Tacky](/wiki/Carolina_Marsh_Tacky \"Carolina Marsh Tacky\")\". These sturdy, intelligent horses are particularly well adapted to the swampy and marshy lowcountry region.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Carolina Marsh Tacky Outdoors \\- Online\\|url\\=http://carolinamarshtacky.com/breed\\-history.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-07\\|website\\=Carolina Marsh Tacky Outdoors\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=September 7, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907190249/http://www.carolinamarshtacky.com/breed\\-history.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Examples of this rare breed can still be found on Daufuskie.",
"In 1684, Spanish soldiers enlisted the help of native warriors to fight Scottish settlers in [Port Royal](/wiki/Port_Royal%2C_South_Carolina \"Port Royal, South Carolina\"), and thus began the uneasy and difficult history of native entanglement in European settlement history. The inevitable clash of cultures culminated with the so\\-called [Yamasee uprising](/wiki/Yamasee_War \"Yamasee War\") that consisted of three brutal battles on the southwestern shore of Daufuskie Island between 1715 and 1717 that gave this piece of land the name it still bears today, [Bloody Point](/wiki/Bloody_Point%2C_South_Carolina \"Bloody Point, South Carolina\").Rowland, Moore, Rodgers, p. 98",
"The quest for religious freedom ultimately brought two European families to Daufuskie Island—the great\\-grandson of [French Huguenot](/wiki/Huguenot \"Huguenot\") David Mongin, and the daughter of Italian Prince Filippo de Martinangelo who escaped the [Inquisition](/wiki/Inquisition \"Inquisition\").Burn, Chap. 3: The Mongins and the Martinangeles The story of these two founding families is intertwined throughout their long history, and both rose to become powerful island plantation owners.",
"The [American Revolution](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\") brought divided loyalties to the lowcountry. Daufuskie received the nickname \"Little Bermuda\" during the Revolution due to the residents' [Loyalist](/wiki/Loyalist_%28American_Revolution%29 \"Loyalist (American Revolution)\") sentiments.Rowland, Moore, Rodgers, p. 239 After the Revolution, Daufuskie thrived with the introduction of world\\-famous [sea island cotton](/wiki/Gossypium_barbadense \"Gossypium barbadense\"), a variety prized by European mills. High quality, sea island cotton exceeded all other long\\-staple cottons in fiber length, as well as fineness and strength.Porcher, Richard Dwight, and Fick, Sarah, *The Story of Sea Island Cotton* (2005\\). Gibbs Smith, p. 54 It was during this period of strong economic growth that several large plantation mansions were constructed.",
"[370px\\|thumb\\|left\\|Iconic [Southern Live Oak](/wiki/Quercus_virginiana \"Quercus virginiana\") with [Spanish moss](/wiki/Spanish_moss \"Spanish moss\") on Daufuskie](/wiki/File:Live_Oak_on_Daufuskie.gif \"Live Oak on Daufuskie.gif\")\nThe building of American wooden tall ships triggered the demand for timber from [live oak](/wiki/Quercus_virginiana \"Quercus virginiana\") trees abundant on Daufuskie. This hardwood species, unique to the southeastern coast, was prized by shipbuilders for its strength and resistance to rot, as well as its naturally curved limbs. Daufuskie was in the center of the \"live oaking\" trade crucial to the development of US maritime power.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://ussconstitutionmuseum.org/2014/08/14/live\\-oaking\\-in\\-eight\\-easy\\-steps/\\|title\\=Live Oaking in Eight Easy Steps\\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203010058/https://ussconstitutionmuseum.org/2014/08/14/live\\-oaking\\-in\\-eight\\-easy\\-steps/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Shipwrights traveled to Daufuskie and the lowcountry to fell the oaks, hew them, and lug the pieces by oxen to coastal landings. The [USS *Constitution*](/wiki/USS_Constitution \"USS Constitution\")—\"Old Ironsides\"—was constructed with live oak.Wood, Virginia Steele. *Live Oaking: Southern Timber for Tall Ships* (1981\\). Naval Institute Press",
"Prior to the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"), there were eleven [plantations](/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South \"Plantations in the American South\") on Daufuskie.Burn, p. 77 Large homes were constructed on several of these tracts – Oakley Hall at Bloody Point, Melrose, and Haig Point. The mansion at Haig Point was unique as it was built of [tabby](/wiki/Tabby_concrete \"Tabby concrete\"). It was the largest tabby domestic building erected in coastal South Carolina.*[Haig Point Tabby Ruins, Haig Point Road, Daufuskie Landing, Beaufort County, SC](https://www.loc.gov/item/sc1126/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202055215/https://www.loc.gov/item/sc1126/ \\|date\\=February 2, 2017 }}* Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C., HABS SC\\-867",
"Introduced in the southeast by early Spanish settlers, tabby is a type of concrete made by burning [oyster](/wiki/Oyster \"Oyster\") shells to create [lime](/wiki/Lime_%28material%29 \"Lime (material)\"), then mixing it with water, sand, ash and broken oyster shells.Burn, p. 66 Three of the best\\-preserved, tabby\\-walled single slave dwellings still standing in [Beaufort County](/wiki/Beaufort_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Beaufort County, South Carolina\") can be found today at Haig Point.*[Haig Point Tabby Ruins, Haig Point Road, Daufuskie Landing, Beaufort County, SC](https://www.loc.gov/item/sc1126/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202055215/https://www.loc.gov/item/sc1126/ \\|date\\=February 2, 2017 }}*\n[thumb\\|Remains of tabby slave quarters on Daufuskie Island](/wiki/File:Daufuskie_Island_-_shell_structure_2.jpg \"Daufuskie Island - shell structure 2.jpg\")",
"Early in the Civil War, [Union forces](/wiki/Union_%28American_Civil_War%29 \"Union (American Civil War)\") occupied the [Beaufort](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\")\\-area islands. Union troops on Daufuskie supported the siege and reduction of [Fort Pulaski](/wiki/Fort_Pulaski \"Fort Pulaski\") protecting the [Savannah River](/wiki/Savannah_River \"Savannah River\") entrance. This Union presence caused white plantation owners to flee, leaving property and slaves behind. After the war, Daufuskie's remoteness allowed [Gullah](/wiki/Gullah \"Gullah\") culture to survive and flourish through the generations.",
"The [Gullah language](/wiki/Gullah_language \"Gullah language\") is a legacy of the original slaves and later laborers who remained once the plantations folded. The [lowcountry](/wiki/Lowcountry \"Lowcountry\") was remote until the mid\\-20th century, but the isolation of Daufuskie created the perfect climate for the language and manners of the Gullah people to remain remarkably well preserved. The local dialect is heavily influenced by [West African](/wiki/West_Africa \"West Africa\") languages and rural English. Daufuskie is in the center of the [Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor](/wiki/Gullah/Geechee_Cultural_Heritage_Corridor \"Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor\").[Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor](https://www.nps.gov/guge/index.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130142339/https://www.nps.gov/guge/index.htm \\|date\\=January 30, 2017 }} National Park Service, US Department of Interior",
"Following the Civil War the farming, mining, and timber industries were re\\-established in [Beaufort County](/wiki/Beaufort_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Beaufort County, South Carolina\") and the lowcountry.Wise, Stephen R.; Rowland, Lawrence S.; Spieler, Gerhard: *Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 1861\\-1893, The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina, Volume 2* (2015\\). USC Press, p. 520 This activity meant the waterways around Daufuskie, with its critical position between [Port Royal](/wiki/Port_Royal%2C_South_Carolina \"Port Royal, South Carolina\") and [Savannah](/wiki/Savannah%2C_Georgia \"Savannah, Georgia\"), became very busy. Navigation aids became necessary to support the increased volume of shipping. In 1873 the [Haig Point Range Lights](/wiki/Haig_Point_Range_Lights \"Haig Point Range Lights\") were constructed on the island's northern end. This was followed by the [Bloody Point Range Lights](/wiki/Bloody_Point_Range_Lights \"Bloody Point Range Lights\") in 1883 built to assist ships approaching the Savannah River entrance.Burn, Chap. 6: Lighthouses",
"From the 1880s the oyster industry flourished on Daufuskie. By the turn of the century the island had a population of 2,000\\-3,000, most of whom worked in this lucrative shellfish trade.Burn, Chap. 14: The Oyster Industry The flat coastline, saltmarsh estuary, and natural oyster reefs, combined with a lengthy spawning season, make waters surrounding Daufuskie the perfect habitat for growing abundant clusters of meaty, briny oysters. Daufuskie oysters were known as far away as [Bar Harbor](/wiki/Bar_Harbor%2C_Maine \"Bar Harbor, Maine\") and [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"). It is reported that the Tsar of Russia preferred Daufuskie oysters.*[Conroy Country](http://www.atlantamagazine.com/southbound-articles/conroy-country/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042211/http://www.atlantamagazine.com/southbound\\-articles/conroy\\-country/ \\|date\\=February 2, 2017 }}*, Atlanta, Allison Entrekin, October 10, 2016",
"Eventually, in the 1950s, pollution closed the oyster beds and the island's economy declined.Burn, p.441 Electricity came to the island in 1953 and telephones in 1972;{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.daufuskiemuseum.org/island\\-history.html\\|title\\=Island History\\|website\\=Daufuskie Island Historical Foundation\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=February 2, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202084237/http://www.daufuskiemuseum.org/island\\-history.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} however, with few opportunities for work, the population shrank to less than a hundred people, leaving a legacy of rich Gullah history. In the 1980s developers started making plans to make Daufuskie Island a residential development destination, and the planned developments of [Bloody Point](/wiki/Bloody_Point%2C_South_Carolina \"Bloody Point, South Carolina\"), Melrose, [Haig Point](/wiki/Haig_Point_Club \"Haig Point Club\"), and Oakridge were born. Despite this progress and development, the island's historic district has remained untouched to preserve the [Gullah](/wiki/Gullah \"Gullah\") culture, and today the entire island is on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\").",
""
] |
Plot
----
[Operation Market Garden](/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden "Operation Market Garden") involves 35,000 men being flown {{convert\|300\|mi}} from airfields in England and dropped behind enemy lines in the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II "Netherlands in World War II"). Two divisions of US paratroopers are responsible for securing the road and bridges as far as [Nijmegen](/wiki/Nijmegen "Nijmegen"). A British division, under Major\-General [Roy Urquhart](/wiki/Roy_Urquhart "Roy Urquhart"), is to land near [Arnhem](/wiki/Arnhem "Arnhem") and hold the bridge there, backed by a brigade of [Polish](/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West "Polish Armed Forces in the West") paratroopers under General [Stanisław Sosabowski](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Sosabowski "Stanisław Sosabowski"). [XXX Armoured Corps](/wiki/XXX_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "XXX Corps (United Kingdom)") is to push up the road over the captured bridges and reach Arnhem within two days.
As General Urquhart briefs his officers, some are surprised that they are going to attempt a landing so far from their objectives. Although the consensus is that resistance will consist entirely of inexperienced old men and [Hitler Youth](/wiki/Hitler_Youth "Hitler Youth"), [reconnaissance](/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance "Aerial reconnaissance") photos show German tanks at Arnhem. General [Browning](/wiki/Frederick_Browning "Frederick Browning") nevertheless dismisses the photos and ignores reports from the [Dutch underground](/wiki/Dutch_resistance "Dutch resistance").
The Arnhem bridge is the prime target, as the last means of escape for the German forces in the Netherlands and is a direct route to Germany. However the road to it is only a single lane linking the key bridges, and vehicles have to squeeze onto the verge to pass. The road is also elevated, causing anything moving along it to stand out.
Although the airborne drops surprise the enemy and meet little resistance, the [Son bridge](/wiki/Son%2C_North_Brabant "Son, North Brabant") is demolished by the Germans just before it can be secured. Furthermore, many of the [jeeps](/wiki/Willys_MB "Willys MB") either do not arrive or are destroyed in an ambush, in addition to their nonfunctional radio sets.
Meanwhile, XXX Corps's progress is slowed by German resistance, the narrowness of the road, and the need to construct a [Bailey bridge](/wiki/Bailey_bridge "Bailey bridge") to replace the bridge at Son. They are halted at Nijmegen, where soldiers of the [82nd Airborne Division](/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division "82nd Airborne Division") perform a daylight crossing to capture the [Nijmegen bridge](/wiki/Nijmegen_railway_bridge "Nijmegen railway bridge"), and XXX Corps is further delayed waiting for infantry to secure the town.
The Germans close in on the isolated British paratroopers occupying Arnhem near the bridge, and although Sosabowski's troops finally arrive after being delayed in England they are too late to reinforce the British. After days of intense fighting against [SS](/wiki/SS "SS") infantry and [panzers](/wiki/Panzer "Panzer") the outgunned troops are either captured or forced to withdraw to [Oosterbeek](/wiki/Oosterbeek "Oosterbeek"). Urquhart receives orders to retreat, while the other Allied commanders blame the various difficulties encountered for their failure to provide support.
Urquhart escapes with less than a fifth of his original 10,000 troops while those who are too badly injured to flee stay behind to cover the withdrawal. At British headquarters, Urquhart confronts Browning about his personal sentiments regarding the operation and the latter contradicts his earlier optimism.
Back in Oosterbeek [Kate ter Horst](/wiki/Kate_ter_Horst "Kate ter Horst"), whose home has been converted into a makeshift hospital by the British, abandons its ruins. Passing through the front yard, now a graveyard for fallen troops, she and her children leave with an elderly doctor, pulling a few possessions in a cart, while wounded British troops sing "[Abide with Me](/wiki/Abide_with_Me "Abide with Me")" as they await capture.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"[Operation Market Garden](/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden \"Operation Market Garden\") involves 35,000 men being flown {{convert\\|300\\|mi}} from airfields in England and dropped behind enemy lines in the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II \"Netherlands in World War II\"). Two divisions of US paratroopers are responsible for securing the road and bridges as far as [Nijmegen](/wiki/Nijmegen \"Nijmegen\"). A British division, under Major\\-General [Roy Urquhart](/wiki/Roy_Urquhart \"Roy Urquhart\"), is to land near [Arnhem](/wiki/Arnhem \"Arnhem\") and hold the bridge there, backed by a brigade of [Polish](/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West \"Polish Armed Forces in the West\") paratroopers under General [Stanisław Sosabowski](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Sosabowski \"Stanisław Sosabowski\"). [XXX Armoured Corps](/wiki/XXX_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"XXX Corps (United Kingdom)\") is to push up the road over the captured bridges and reach Arnhem within two days.",
"As General Urquhart briefs his officers, some are surprised that they are going to attempt a landing so far from their objectives. Although the consensus is that resistance will consist entirely of inexperienced old men and [Hitler Youth](/wiki/Hitler_Youth \"Hitler Youth\"), [reconnaissance](/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance \"Aerial reconnaissance\") photos show German tanks at Arnhem. General [Browning](/wiki/Frederick_Browning \"Frederick Browning\") nevertheless dismisses the photos and ignores reports from the [Dutch underground](/wiki/Dutch_resistance \"Dutch resistance\").",
"The Arnhem bridge is the prime target, as the last means of escape for the German forces in the Netherlands and is a direct route to Germany. However the road to it is only a single lane linking the key bridges, and vehicles have to squeeze onto the verge to pass. The road is also elevated, causing anything moving along it to stand out.",
"Although the airborne drops surprise the enemy and meet little resistance, the [Son bridge](/wiki/Son%2C_North_Brabant \"Son, North Brabant\") is demolished by the Germans just before it can be secured. Furthermore, many of the [jeeps](/wiki/Willys_MB \"Willys MB\") either do not arrive or are destroyed in an ambush, in addition to their nonfunctional radio sets.",
"Meanwhile, XXX Corps's progress is slowed by German resistance, the narrowness of the road, and the need to construct a [Bailey bridge](/wiki/Bailey_bridge \"Bailey bridge\") to replace the bridge at Son. They are halted at Nijmegen, where soldiers of the [82nd Airborne Division](/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division \"82nd Airborne Division\") perform a daylight crossing to capture the [Nijmegen bridge](/wiki/Nijmegen_railway_bridge \"Nijmegen railway bridge\"), and XXX Corps is further delayed waiting for infantry to secure the town.",
"The Germans close in on the isolated British paratroopers occupying Arnhem near the bridge, and although Sosabowski's troops finally arrive after being delayed in England they are too late to reinforce the British. After days of intense fighting against [SS](/wiki/SS \"SS\") infantry and [panzers](/wiki/Panzer \"Panzer\") the outgunned troops are either captured or forced to withdraw to [Oosterbeek](/wiki/Oosterbeek \"Oosterbeek\"). Urquhart receives orders to retreat, while the other Allied commanders blame the various difficulties encountered for their failure to provide support.",
"Urquhart escapes with less than a fifth of his original 10,000 troops while those who are too badly injured to flee stay behind to cover the withdrawal. At British headquarters, Urquhart confronts Browning about his personal sentiments regarding the operation and the latter contradicts his earlier optimism.",
"Back in Oosterbeek [Kate ter Horst](/wiki/Kate_ter_Horst \"Kate ter Horst\"), whose home has been converted into a makeshift hospital by the British, abandons its ruins. Passing through the front yard, now a graveyard for fallen troops, she and her children leave with an elderly doctor, pulling a few possessions in a cart, while wounded British troops sing \"[Abide with Me](/wiki/Abide_with_Me \"Abide with Me\")\" as they await capture.",
""
] |
Production
----------
Air filming was done in the first weeks of September 1976, culminating in a series of air drops of a total of 1,000 men.{{efn\|A member of the 1st Battalion The Parachute Regiment claims there were no more than 200 men involved. Parachute drops were conducted by the 1st Battalion The Parachute Regiment, only 100 jumpers plus support, 10 man sticks per Dakota.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2020}}}} Supplies were dropped from a number of [Dakota](/wiki/Douglas_Dakota "Douglas Dakota") aircraft. The Dakotas were gathered by the film company Joseph E. Levine Presents Incorporated. All aircraft were required to be CAA ([Civil Aviation Authority](/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)")) or FAA ([Federal Aviation Administration](/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration "Federal Aviation Administration")) registered and licensed to carry passengers. An original deal for the purchase of 10 fell through when two airframes were rejected as passenger configured without the necessary jump doors. Eleven Dakotas were procured. Two ex\-[Portuguese Air Force](/wiki/Portuguese_Air_Force "Portuguese Air Force"), 6153 and 6171 (N9984Q and N9983Q), and two from [Air Djibouti](/wiki/Air_Djibouti "Air Djibouti"), operating from [Djibouti](/wiki/Djibouti "Djibouti") in [French Somaliland](/wiki/French_Somaliland "French Somaliland"), F\-OCKU and F\-OCKX (N9985Q and N9986Q) were purchased by [Joseph E. Levine](/wiki/Joseph_E._Levine "Joseph E. Levine"). Three [Danish Air Force](/wiki/Danish_Air_Force "Danish Air Force") K\-685, K\-687, and K\-688, and four [Finnish Air Force](/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force "Finnish Air Force") [C\-47s](/wiki/C-47_Skytrain "C-47 Skytrain"), DO\-4, DO\-7, DO\-10 and DO\-12, were loaned for the duration of the parachute filming.
Aircraft 6171 doubled as the camera ship on most formations, with a camouflaged [Piper Aztec](/wiki/Piper_Aztec "Piper Aztec"), G\-AWDI. A camera was mounted in the astrodome, one on the port upper mainplane surface, with a third camera on the outside of the forward port cabin window and a fourth under the aircraft centre section. In addition, centre escape hatches were removed to make additional camera ports available, provided that no troops were aboard during filming. A second Aztec, G\-ASND, was a backup camera ship on some shots, but it was not camouflaged. An [Alouette](/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Alouette_II "Aérospatiale Alouette II"), G\-BDWN, was also employed. After a mishap with G\-AWDI, two locally hired [Cessna 172s](/wiki/Cessna_172 "Cessna 172"), PH\-GVP and PH\-ADF, were also used. Ten [Horsa](/wiki/Airspeed_Horsa "Airspeed Horsa") glider replicas were built, but a windstorm damaged almost all of them. Seven or eight were hastily repaired for the shoot. The replica gliders were tail\-heavy and required a support post under the rear fuselage, with camera angles carefully chosen to avoid revealing this. Dakota 6153 was fitted with tow gear and [Horsa](/wiki/Airspeed_Horsa "Airspeed Horsa") replicas were towed at high speed, though none went airborne. A two\-seat [Blaník](/wiki/LET_L-13_Blan%C3%ADk "LET L-13 Blaník") sailplane, provided by a member of the [London Gliding Club](/wiki/London_Gliding_Club "London Gliding Club"), [Dunstable](/wiki/Dunstable "Dunstable"), was towed aloft for the interior takeoff shots.
[thumb\|upright\=1\.1\|Shooting of a scene in Deventer on May 18, 1976\. German vehicles are crossing the bridge.](/wiki/File:Shooting_of_a_scene_from_A_bridge_too_far.jpg "Shooting of a scene from A bridge too far.jpg")
Four [Harvards](/wiki/North_American_Harvard "North American Harvard") portrayed American and German fighters. Their original identities were PH\-KLU, PH\-BKT, B\-64 and B\-118, the former two aircraft loaned by the [Royal Netherlands Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force "Royal Netherlands Air Force"). These were flown by members of the *Gilze Rijen Aero Club*, which also provided an [Auster](/wiki/Auster_Aircraft "Auster Aircraft") III, PH\-NGK, which depicted an Auster V, RT607, in wartime camouflage. [Spitfire](/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire "Supermarine Spitfire") Mk. IX, MH434, depicting a photo reconnaissance variant, coded AC\-S, was lent by the Hon. Patrick Lindsay, and was flown by aerobatic champion [Neil Williams](/wiki/Neil_Williams_%28pilot%29 "Neil Williams (pilot)").Hurst, Flt. Lt. K.J., [DC\-3](/wiki/DC-3 "DC-3") Project Officer for the film; *[AIR International](/wiki/AIR_International "AIR International")*, July 1977, Volume 13, Number 1, pp. 33\-34, Talkback column
Sufficient American tanks, jeeps, and trucks of World War II vintage were found because many of the vehicles were being discarded from European military (almost entirely reserve) units, especially from [Greece](/wiki/Hellenic_Army "Hellenic Army") and [Turkey](/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces "Turkish Land Forces").
The scenes set around the Arnhem bridge were shot in [Deventer](/wiki/Deventer "Deventer"), where a similar bridge over the [IJssel](/wiki/IJssel "IJssel") was still available. Although a replica of the original road bridge in Arnhem existed, by the mid\-1970s modern urban development surrounded it, making it impossible to use as a setting for a 1940s city. A few scenes were shot in [Zutphen](/wiki/Zutphen "Zutphen"), where the old municipality house and the main church can be seen. Additional scenes were filmed at [Twickenham Studios](/wiki/Twickenham_Studios "Twickenham Studios").
The [Motion Picture Association of America](/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association "Motion Picture Association") initially gave the film an [R rating](/wiki/R_rating_%28Motion_Picture_Association%29 "R rating (Motion Picture Association)") for its use of the word "[fuck](/wiki/Fuck "Fuck")" and depictions of war violence, but United Artists lobbied it to change it to a PG rating so that younger audiences could see the film. Cuts were also made to the film when released in the United Kingdom to avoid an AA rating from the [British Board of Film Censors](/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification "British Board of Film Classification").
|
[
"Production\n----------",
"Air filming was done in the first weeks of September 1976, culminating in a series of air drops of a total of 1,000 men.{{efn\\|A member of the 1st Battalion The Parachute Regiment claims there were no more than 200 men involved. Parachute drops were conducted by the 1st Battalion The Parachute Regiment, only 100 jumpers plus support, 10 man sticks per Dakota.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2020}}}} Supplies were dropped from a number of [Dakota](/wiki/Douglas_Dakota \"Douglas Dakota\") aircraft. The Dakotas were gathered by the film company Joseph E. Levine Presents Incorporated. All aircraft were required to be CAA ([Civil Aviation Authority](/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)\")) or FAA ([Federal Aviation Administration](/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration \"Federal Aviation Administration\")) registered and licensed to carry passengers. An original deal for the purchase of 10 fell through when two airframes were rejected as passenger configured without the necessary jump doors. Eleven Dakotas were procured. Two ex\\-[Portuguese Air Force](/wiki/Portuguese_Air_Force \"Portuguese Air Force\"), 6153 and 6171 (N9984Q and N9983Q), and two from [Air Djibouti](/wiki/Air_Djibouti \"Air Djibouti\"), operating from [Djibouti](/wiki/Djibouti \"Djibouti\") in [French Somaliland](/wiki/French_Somaliland \"French Somaliland\"), F\\-OCKU and F\\-OCKX (N9985Q and N9986Q) were purchased by [Joseph E. Levine](/wiki/Joseph_E._Levine \"Joseph E. Levine\"). Three [Danish Air Force](/wiki/Danish_Air_Force \"Danish Air Force\") K\\-685, K\\-687, and K\\-688, and four [Finnish Air Force](/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force \"Finnish Air Force\") [C\\-47s](/wiki/C-47_Skytrain \"C-47 Skytrain\"), DO\\-4, DO\\-7, DO\\-10 and DO\\-12, were loaned for the duration of the parachute filming.",
"Aircraft 6171 doubled as the camera ship on most formations, with a camouflaged [Piper Aztec](/wiki/Piper_Aztec \"Piper Aztec\"), G\\-AWDI. A camera was mounted in the astrodome, one on the port upper mainplane surface, with a third camera on the outside of the forward port cabin window and a fourth under the aircraft centre section. In addition, centre escape hatches were removed to make additional camera ports available, provided that no troops were aboard during filming. A second Aztec, G\\-ASND, was a backup camera ship on some shots, but it was not camouflaged. An [Alouette](/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Alouette_II \"Aérospatiale Alouette II\"), G\\-BDWN, was also employed. After a mishap with G\\-AWDI, two locally hired [Cessna 172s](/wiki/Cessna_172 \"Cessna 172\"), PH\\-GVP and PH\\-ADF, were also used. Ten [Horsa](/wiki/Airspeed_Horsa \"Airspeed Horsa\") glider replicas were built, but a windstorm damaged almost all of them. Seven or eight were hastily repaired for the shoot. The replica gliders were tail\\-heavy and required a support post under the rear fuselage, with camera angles carefully chosen to avoid revealing this. Dakota 6153 was fitted with tow gear and [Horsa](/wiki/Airspeed_Horsa \"Airspeed Horsa\") replicas were towed at high speed, though none went airborne. A two\\-seat [Blaník](/wiki/LET_L-13_Blan%C3%ADk \"LET L-13 Blaník\") sailplane, provided by a member of the [London Gliding Club](/wiki/London_Gliding_Club \"London Gliding Club\"), [Dunstable](/wiki/Dunstable \"Dunstable\"), was towed aloft for the interior takeoff shots.",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.1\\|Shooting of a scene in Deventer on May 18, 1976\\. German vehicles are crossing the bridge.](/wiki/File:Shooting_of_a_scene_from_A_bridge_too_far.jpg \"Shooting of a scene from A bridge too far.jpg\")\nFour [Harvards](/wiki/North_American_Harvard \"North American Harvard\") portrayed American and German fighters. Their original identities were PH\\-KLU, PH\\-BKT, B\\-64 and B\\-118, the former two aircraft loaned by the [Royal Netherlands Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force \"Royal Netherlands Air Force\"). These were flown by members of the *Gilze Rijen Aero Club*, which also provided an [Auster](/wiki/Auster_Aircraft \"Auster Aircraft\") III, PH\\-NGK, which depicted an Auster V, RT607, in wartime camouflage. [Spitfire](/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire \"Supermarine Spitfire\") Mk. IX, MH434, depicting a photo reconnaissance variant, coded AC\\-S, was lent by the Hon. Patrick Lindsay, and was flown by aerobatic champion [Neil Williams](/wiki/Neil_Williams_%28pilot%29 \"Neil Williams (pilot)\").Hurst, Flt. Lt. K.J., [DC\\-3](/wiki/DC-3 \"DC-3\") Project Officer for the film; *[AIR International](/wiki/AIR_International \"AIR International\")*, July 1977, Volume 13, Number 1, pp. 33\\-34, Talkback column",
"Sufficient American tanks, jeeps, and trucks of World War II vintage were found because many of the vehicles were being discarded from European military (almost entirely reserve) units, especially from [Greece](/wiki/Hellenic_Army \"Hellenic Army\") and [Turkey](/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces \"Turkish Land Forces\").",
"The scenes set around the Arnhem bridge were shot in [Deventer](/wiki/Deventer \"Deventer\"), where a similar bridge over the [IJssel](/wiki/IJssel \"IJssel\") was still available. Although a replica of the original road bridge in Arnhem existed, by the mid\\-1970s modern urban development surrounded it, making it impossible to use as a setting for a 1940s city. A few scenes were shot in [Zutphen](/wiki/Zutphen \"Zutphen\"), where the old municipality house and the main church can be seen. Additional scenes were filmed at [Twickenham Studios](/wiki/Twickenham_Studios \"Twickenham Studios\").",
"The [Motion Picture Association of America](/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association \"Motion Picture Association\") initially gave the film an [R rating](/wiki/R_rating_%28Motion_Picture_Association%29 \"R rating (Motion Picture Association)\") for its use of the word \"[fuck](/wiki/Fuck \"Fuck\")\" and depictions of war violence, but United Artists lobbied it to change it to a PG rating so that younger audiences could see the film. Cuts were also made to the film when released in the United Kingdom to avoid an AA rating from the [British Board of Film Censors](/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification \"British Board of Film Classification\").",
""
] |
Law career
----------
### Early law career
In 1918, Paul happened upon an advertisement placed by one George E. Holmes soliciting assistance in Holmes' specialty practice in federal income tax law, a still novel concentration in the years just following adoption of the [Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution](/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"). Though lacking any background in the field, Paul answered the ad, got the job, and within two years had become a name partner in the firm.
Over the next twenty years, the firm's name underwent various changes: first Holmes, Paul and Havens; then Holmes, Lynn, Paul and Havens; then Olcott, Holmes, Glass, Paul and Havens; and finally Olcott, Paul and Havens. In 1938, Paul left his small firm to form the tax law department at one of New York's oldest and then\-largest firms, [Lord, Day \& Lord](/wiki/Lord%2C_Day_%26_Lord "Lord, Day & Lord"). By this time, Paul was a pioneer in establishing tax law as an integral component of a full\-service [Wall Street](/wiki/Wall_Street "Wall Street") law firm. He was the author of the leading treatise on tax law in the United States (the six\-volume *Law of Federal Taxation* with Jacob Mertens, and successive editions of *Studies in Federal Taxation*), and a visiting [Sterling Professor](/wiki/Sterling_Professor "Sterling Professor") of Law at [Yale Law School](/wiki/Yale_Law_School "Yale Law School").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.law.yale.edu/cbl/3085\.htm\|title\=Yale Law School Center for the Study of Corporate Law\|accessdate\=August 25, 2009}}
### Civil service
In 1940, he was named a director of the [Federal Reserve Bank of New York](/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York "Federal Reserve Bank of New York"), the first tax lawyer ever to occupy the position. Throughout the 1930s, Paul served as a part\-time advisor to [U.S. Secretary of Treasury](/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Treasury "U.S. Secretary of Treasury") [Henry Morgenthau Jr.](/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr. "Henry Morgenthau Jr.") Five days after the [Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor "Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor"), Paul finally accepted previously\-declined entreaties to work full\-time for the [U.S. Treasury Department](/wiki/U.S._Treasury_Department "U.S. Treasury Department"). First as special assistant to the Secretary for the Tax Division, and later as the Department's [General Counsel](/wiki/General_Counsel "General Counsel"), Acting Secretary of the Treasury for Foreign Funds Control, and the [Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") Administration's chief spokesperson on tax matters on [Capitol Hill](/wiki/Capitol_Hill "Capitol Hill"), Paul convinced Morgenthau to embrace [Keynesian](/wiki/Keynesian "Keynesian") principles and to consider taxation as a vehicle for social progress.
To this end, Paul was instrumental in defeating attempts to enact a national sales tax and in transforming the federal income tax into the broad\-based revenue source and tool of fiscal policy that exists today. The Government's existing income tax system—in which taxpayers need not pay their tax bill for one year until the next, when the value of the dollar had fallen—exacerbated the problem. The confluence of these events required an exceptional solution, which the Paul\-written [Revenue Act of 1942](/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1942 "Revenue Act of 1942") addressed. Paul is credited with modernizing the [Internal Revenue Code](/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code "Internal Revenue Code") and persuading Congress to enact the payroll withholding tax.
### Paul's role in the creation of the War Refugee Board
Paul was also the principal sponsor of the first contemporaneous Government paper attacking America's dormant complicity in [The Holocaust](/wiki/The_Holocaust "The Holocaust").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/treasrep.html\|title\=Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of this Government in the Murder of the Jews\|date\=January 13, 1944\|accessdate\=August 25, 2009\|work\=The Jewish Virtual Library}} Entitled "[Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government in the Murder of the Jews](/wiki/Report_to_the_Secretary_on_the_Acquiescence_of_This_Government_in_the_Murder_of_the_Jews "Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government in the Murder of the Jews")", written by [Josiah DuBois](/wiki/Josiah_DuBois "Josiah DuBois"), the document was an indictment of the [U.S. State Department](/wiki/U.S._State_Department "U.S. State Department")'s diplomatic, military, and immigration policies. Among other things, the *Report* narrated the State Department's inaction and in some instances active opposition to the release of funds for the rescue of Jews in [Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania") and [occupied France](/wiki/German_occupation_of_France_during_World_War_II "German occupation of France during World War II"), and condemned immigration policies that closed American doors to Jewish refugees from countries then engaged in their systematic slaughter.
The catalyst for the *Report* was an incident involving 70,000 Jews whose evacuation from Romania could have been procured with a $170,000 bribe. The Foreign Funds Control unit of the Treasury, which was within Paul's jurisdiction, authorized the payment of the funds, the release of which both the President and Secretary of State [Cordell Hull](/wiki/Cordell_Hull "Cordell Hull") supported. From mid\-July 1943, when the proposal was made and Treasury approved, through December 1943, a combination of the State Department's bureaucracy and the British Ministry of Economic Warfare interposed various obstacles. The *Report* was the product of frustration over that event. On January 16, 1944, Morgenthau and Paul personally delivered the paper to [President Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt"), warning him that Congress would act if he did not. The result was Executive Order 9417{{cite web\|url\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\=16540\|title\=Franklin D. Roosevelt: Executive Order 9417 Establishing the War Refugee Board\|date\=January 22, 1944\|accessdate\=August 25, 2009\|work\=The American Presidency Project}} creating the [War Refugee Board](/wiki/War_Refugee_Board "War Refugee Board") composed of the Secretaries of State, Treasury and War. Issued on January 22, 1944, the Executive Order declared that "it is the policy of this Government to take all measures within its power to rescue the victims of enemy oppression who are in imminent danger of death and otherwise to afford such victims all possible relief and assistance consistent with the successful prosecution of the war."{{cite book\|last\=Morse\|first\=A.\|title\=While Six Million Died\|url\=https://archive.org/details/whilesixmilliond00mors\|url\-access\=registration\|publisher\=Random House\|year\=1968\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/whilesixmilliond00mors/page/92 92–93]}}
### Paul's Role in Post\-WWII Negotiations with the Swiss
President Truman appointed Randolph Paul chief negotiator with the Swiss concerning Nazi assets under Swiss control. In spring 1946 Paul requested permission to threaten Switzerland with economic sanctions as a means of pressuring it to turn over Nazi assets that remained under Swiss control. Permission was refused and Paul was instructed to accept Switzerland's offer, which was based on Switzerland's much lower estimate of the amount of Nazi loot in Switzerland.{{cite web\|last1\=Sanger\|first1\=David E.\|title\=U.S. Says Swiss Reneged on Returning Nazi Loot\|url\=https://partners.nytimes.com/books/97/06/22/reviews/swiss2\.html\|website\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|accessdate\=13 October 2017\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013124125/https://partners.nytimes.com/books/97/06/22/reviews/swiss2\.html\|archivedate\=13 October 2017\|language\=English\|date\=May 8, 1997}}
### Return to private practice
{{unreferenced section\|date\=August 2009}}
Paul left the Treasury Department in September 1944 to rejoin Lord, Day \& Lord. Eighteen months later, he accepted an invitation to join a law firm then known as Cohen, Cole, Weiss \& Wharton and which became, with the addition of Paul and [Lloyd K. Garrison](/wiki/Lloyd_K._Garrison "Lloyd K. Garrison"), the firm of Paul, Weiss, Wharton \& Garrison. Based on his reputation gained in the Treasury Department, Paul attracted such blue\-chip clients as [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company"), [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors"), [Standard Oil of California](/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_California "Standard Oil of California"), [Brown Shoe Company](/wiki/Brown_Shoe_Company "Brown Shoe Company"), [B.V.D. Company](/wiki/BVD "BVD"), [Reader's Digest](/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest "Reader's Digest"), [Union Sulpher Company](/wiki/Union_Sulpher_Company "Union Sulpher Company"), and the estates of the rich and famous. In addition to his private practice, Paul continued writing, including *Taxation for Prosperity* (1947\), a studied argument for postwar maintenance of a progressive income tax; *The History of Taxation in the United States* (1953\); and dozens of articles for journals such as *The Harvard Law Review*, *The Yale Law Journal*, *The Tax Law Review* and *The Tax Lawyer*.
Paul maintained a teaching schedule as an adjunct professor at [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard_University_Law_School "Harvard University Law School") and [Howard University Law Schools](/wiki/Howard_University_Law_School "Howard University Law School"), among others. He briefly returned to government service as a part\-time Special Assistant to [President Truman](/wiki/Harry_S_Truman "Harry S Truman") for tax policy and later as the President's envoy to the negotiations between [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") and the [Allied Powers](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") on Nazi assets in Switzerland – a controversy that stayed alive for a half century after his death. He was a frequent witness before congressional committees on tax and fiscal policy, testifying on the proper role of taxation in the Nation's social and fiscal programs.
|
[
"Law career\n----------",
"### Early law career",
"In 1918, Paul happened upon an advertisement placed by one George E. Holmes soliciting assistance in Holmes' specialty practice in federal income tax law, a still novel concentration in the years just following adoption of the [Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution](/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution \"Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"). Though lacking any background in the field, Paul answered the ad, got the job, and within two years had become a name partner in the firm.",
"Over the next twenty years, the firm's name underwent various changes: first Holmes, Paul and Havens; then Holmes, Lynn, Paul and Havens; then Olcott, Holmes, Glass, Paul and Havens; and finally Olcott, Paul and Havens. In 1938, Paul left his small firm to form the tax law department at one of New York's oldest and then\\-largest firms, [Lord, Day \\& Lord](/wiki/Lord%2C_Day_%26_Lord \"Lord, Day & Lord\"). By this time, Paul was a pioneer in establishing tax law as an integral component of a full\\-service [Wall Street](/wiki/Wall_Street \"Wall Street\") law firm. He was the author of the leading treatise on tax law in the United States (the six\\-volume *Law of Federal Taxation* with Jacob Mertens, and successive editions of *Studies in Federal Taxation*), and a visiting [Sterling Professor](/wiki/Sterling_Professor \"Sterling Professor\") of Law at [Yale Law School](/wiki/Yale_Law_School \"Yale Law School\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.law.yale.edu/cbl/3085\\.htm\\|title\\=Yale Law School Center for the Study of Corporate Law\\|accessdate\\=August 25, 2009}}",
"### Civil service",
"In 1940, he was named a director of the [Federal Reserve Bank of New York](/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York \"Federal Reserve Bank of New York\"), the first tax lawyer ever to occupy the position. Throughout the 1930s, Paul served as a part\\-time advisor to [U.S. Secretary of Treasury](/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Treasury \"U.S. Secretary of Treasury\") [Henry Morgenthau Jr.](/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr. \"Henry Morgenthau Jr.\") Five days after the [Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor \"Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor\"), Paul finally accepted previously\\-declined entreaties to work full\\-time for the [U.S. Treasury Department](/wiki/U.S._Treasury_Department \"U.S. Treasury Department\"). First as special assistant to the Secretary for the Tax Division, and later as the Department's [General Counsel](/wiki/General_Counsel \"General Counsel\"), Acting Secretary of the Treasury for Foreign Funds Control, and the [Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\") Administration's chief spokesperson on tax matters on [Capitol Hill](/wiki/Capitol_Hill \"Capitol Hill\"), Paul convinced Morgenthau to embrace [Keynesian](/wiki/Keynesian \"Keynesian\") principles and to consider taxation as a vehicle for social progress.",
"To this end, Paul was instrumental in defeating attempts to enact a national sales tax and in transforming the federal income tax into the broad\\-based revenue source and tool of fiscal policy that exists today. The Government's existing income tax system—in which taxpayers need not pay their tax bill for one year until the next, when the value of the dollar had fallen—exacerbated the problem. The confluence of these events required an exceptional solution, which the Paul\\-written [Revenue Act of 1942](/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1942 \"Revenue Act of 1942\") addressed. Paul is credited with modernizing the [Internal Revenue Code](/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code \"Internal Revenue Code\") and persuading Congress to enact the payroll withholding tax.",
"### Paul's role in the creation of the War Refugee Board",
"Paul was also the principal sponsor of the first contemporaneous Government paper attacking America's dormant complicity in [The Holocaust](/wiki/The_Holocaust \"The Holocaust\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/treasrep.html\\|title\\=Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of this Government in the Murder of the Jews\\|date\\=January 13, 1944\\|accessdate\\=August 25, 2009\\|work\\=The Jewish Virtual Library}} Entitled \"[Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government in the Murder of the Jews](/wiki/Report_to_the_Secretary_on_the_Acquiescence_of_This_Government_in_the_Murder_of_the_Jews \"Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government in the Murder of the Jews\")\", written by [Josiah DuBois](/wiki/Josiah_DuBois \"Josiah DuBois\"), the document was an indictment of the [U.S. State Department](/wiki/U.S._State_Department \"U.S. State Department\")'s diplomatic, military, and immigration policies. Among other things, the *Report* narrated the State Department's inaction and in some instances active opposition to the release of funds for the rescue of Jews in [Romania](/wiki/Romania \"Romania\") and [occupied France](/wiki/German_occupation_of_France_during_World_War_II \"German occupation of France during World War II\"), and condemned immigration policies that closed American doors to Jewish refugees from countries then engaged in their systematic slaughter.",
"The catalyst for the *Report* was an incident involving 70,000 Jews whose evacuation from Romania could have been procured with a $170,000 bribe. The Foreign Funds Control unit of the Treasury, which was within Paul's jurisdiction, authorized the payment of the funds, the release of which both the President and Secretary of State [Cordell Hull](/wiki/Cordell_Hull \"Cordell Hull\") supported. From mid\\-July 1943, when the proposal was made and Treasury approved, through December 1943, a combination of the State Department's bureaucracy and the British Ministry of Economic Warfare interposed various obstacles. The *Report* was the product of frustration over that event. On January 16, 1944, Morgenthau and Paul personally delivered the paper to [President Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\"), warning him that Congress would act if he did not. The result was Executive Order 9417{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\\=16540\\|title\\=Franklin D. Roosevelt: Executive Order 9417 Establishing the War Refugee Board\\|date\\=January 22, 1944\\|accessdate\\=August 25, 2009\\|work\\=The American Presidency Project}} creating the [War Refugee Board](/wiki/War_Refugee_Board \"War Refugee Board\") composed of the Secretaries of State, Treasury and War. Issued on January 22, 1944, the Executive Order declared that \"it is the policy of this Government to take all measures within its power to rescue the victims of enemy oppression who are in imminent danger of death and otherwise to afford such victims all possible relief and assistance consistent with the successful prosecution of the war.\"{{cite book\\|last\\=Morse\\|first\\=A.\\|title\\=While Six Million Died\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/whilesixmilliond00mors\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|publisher\\=Random House\\|year\\=1968\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/whilesixmilliond00mors/page/92 92–93]}}",
"### Paul's Role in Post\\-WWII Negotiations with the Swiss",
"President Truman appointed Randolph Paul chief negotiator with the Swiss concerning Nazi assets under Swiss control. In spring 1946 Paul requested permission to threaten Switzerland with economic sanctions as a means of pressuring it to turn over Nazi assets that remained under Swiss control. Permission was refused and Paul was instructed to accept Switzerland's offer, which was based on Switzerland's much lower estimate of the amount of Nazi loot in Switzerland.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Sanger\\|first1\\=David E.\\|title\\=U.S. Says Swiss Reneged on Returning Nazi Loot\\|url\\=https://partners.nytimes.com/books/97/06/22/reviews/swiss2\\.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|accessdate\\=13 October 2017\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013124125/https://partners.nytimes.com/books/97/06/22/reviews/swiss2\\.html\\|archivedate\\=13 October 2017\\|language\\=English\\|date\\=May 8, 1997}}",
"### Return to private practice",
"{{unreferenced section\\|date\\=August 2009}}\nPaul left the Treasury Department in September 1944 to rejoin Lord, Day \\& Lord. Eighteen months later, he accepted an invitation to join a law firm then known as Cohen, Cole, Weiss \\& Wharton and which became, with the addition of Paul and [Lloyd K. Garrison](/wiki/Lloyd_K._Garrison \"Lloyd K. Garrison\"), the firm of Paul, Weiss, Wharton \\& Garrison. Based on his reputation gained in the Treasury Department, Paul attracted such blue\\-chip clients as [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\"), [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors \"General Motors\"), [Standard Oil of California](/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_California \"Standard Oil of California\"), [Brown Shoe Company](/wiki/Brown_Shoe_Company \"Brown Shoe Company\"), [B.V.D. Company](/wiki/BVD \"BVD\"), [Reader's Digest](/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest \"Reader's Digest\"), [Union Sulpher Company](/wiki/Union_Sulpher_Company \"Union Sulpher Company\"), and the estates of the rich and famous. In addition to his private practice, Paul continued writing, including *Taxation for Prosperity* (1947\\), a studied argument for postwar maintenance of a progressive income tax; *The History of Taxation in the United States* (1953\\); and dozens of articles for journals such as *The Harvard Law Review*, *The Yale Law Journal*, *The Tax Law Review* and *The Tax Lawyer*.",
"Paul maintained a teaching schedule as an adjunct professor at [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard_University_Law_School \"Harvard University Law School\") and [Howard University Law Schools](/wiki/Howard_University_Law_School \"Howard University Law School\"), among others. He briefly returned to government service as a part\\-time Special Assistant to [President Truman](/wiki/Harry_S_Truman \"Harry S Truman\") for tax policy and later as the President's envoy to the negotiations between [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\") and the [Allied Powers](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") on Nazi assets in Switzerland – a controversy that stayed alive for a half century after his death. He was a frequent witness before congressional committees on tax and fiscal policy, testifying on the proper role of taxation in the Nation's social and fiscal programs.",
""
] |
Career
------
{{Moresources \| section\|date\=February 2024}}
Ketcham studied at the Indiana School of Art,{{cite web \|title\=Susan Merrill Ketcham \|url\=http://www.fineestateart.com/artists/susan\_merrill\_ketcham \|website\=Fine Estate Art \|access\-date\=6 September 2018}} the [Art Students League of New York](/wiki/Art_Students_League_of_New_York "Art Students League of New York"), and the [School of the Art Institute of Chicago](/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago "School of the Art Institute of Chicago"). She also attended the [Shinnecock Hills Summer School of Art](/wiki/Shinnecock_Hills_Summer_School_of_Art "Shinnecock Hills Summer School of Art").{{cite web \|last1\=Nichols \|first1\=K. L. \|title\=Women's Art at the World's Columbian Fair \& Exposition, Chicago 1893\| url\=http://arcadiasystems.org/academia/cassatt6f.html\#ketcham\| access\-date\=6 September 2018}} Her teachers included [William Merritt Chase](/wiki/William_Merritt_Chase "William Merritt Chase") and [Charles Herbert Woodbury](/wiki/Charles_Herbert_Woodbury "Charles Herbert Woodbury").
Ketcham was a member of the [Society of Independent Artists](/wiki/Society_of_Independent_Artists "Society of Independent Artists") and the [National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors](/wiki/National_Association_of_Women_Artists "National Association of Women Artists"). She exhibited at the [Hoosier Salon](/wiki/Hoosier_Salon "Hoosier Salon"), the [Boston Art Club](/wiki/Boston_Art_Club "Boston Art Club"), the [National Academy of Design](/wiki/National_Academy_Museum_and_School "National Academy Museum and School"), the Society of Independent Artists, and the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors. Ketcham also [exhibited](/wiki/List_of_women_artists_exhibited_at_the_1893_World%27s_Columbian_Exposition "List of women artists exhibited at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition") her work at the [Palace of Fine Arts](/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_%28Chicago%29 "Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)") at the 1893 [World's Columbian Exposition](/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition "World's Columbian Exposition") in Chicago, Illinois and at the 1904 [Louisiana Purchase Exposition](/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition "Louisiana Purchase Exposition") in St. Louis, Missouri.
In 1883 she was one of a group of eighteen women, led by [May Wright Sewall](/wiki/May_Wright_Sewall "May Wright Sewall"), who founded the Art Association of Indianapolis (AAI) to promote art appreciation and education in Indianapolis. The AAI helped promote the work of many budding Indianapolis artists, such as [Charles Joseph Fiscus](/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Fiscus "Charles Joseph Fiscus") (1861\-1884\), and eventually morphed into the Indianapolis Museum of Art and the [Herron School of Art](/wiki/Herron_School_of_Art_and_Design "Herron School of Art and Design").
From about 1886\-88, Ketcham joined her mother and two of her siblings on a trip to [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe") “for music and health.” While in [Florence, Italy](/wiki/Florence "Florence"), she felt the initial calling to become a painter and later found inspiration in [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland"), where she started her studies.
Upon returning to the United States she enrolled in the Art Students League in New York in 1888, and that same year was elected a life member. She remained in New York City for most of the next three decades, spending her summers in Ogunquit, Maine, and making periodic trips home to Indianapolis.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.askart.com/artist\_bio/Susan\_Merrill\_Ketcham/66607/Susan\_Merrill\_Ketcham.aspx\|title\=Susan Merrill Ketcham\|website\=AskArt}}
Ketcham's first solo exhibit was held in the H. Lieber Company gallery in Indianapolis in June 1900, although her work had previously been displayed in many other exhibits across the country. The show included a collection of 60 oils, water colors, and pastels.{{Cite news\|url\=https://img.newspapers.com/img/img?id\=167031537\&width\=700\&height\=1807\&crop\=6115\_3784\_1175\_3600\&rotation\=0\&brightness\=0\&contrast\=0\&invert\=0\&ts\=1551453850\&h\=c0199d9a8b45d80ddded67a7ef749199 \|title\=Miss Ketcham's Exhibit\|via\=Newspapers.com\|date\=June 5, 1900\|work\=The Indianapolis Journal}}
One of Ketcham’s more celebrated pieces was a painting of her mother, originally titled “Portrait of a Lady” and later changed to “Portrait of My Mother.” It was exhibited during the [Columbian Exposition](/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition "World's Columbian Exposition") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") in 1893\.
She lived in a New York apartment near her studio in [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall "Carnegie Hall"), until she decided to return home to Indianapolis in 1927\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"{{Moresources \\| section\\|date\\=February 2024}}\nKetcham studied at the Indiana School of Art,{{cite web \\|title\\=Susan Merrill Ketcham \\|url\\=http://www.fineestateart.com/artists/susan\\_merrill\\_ketcham \\|website\\=Fine Estate Art \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2018}} the [Art Students League of New York](/wiki/Art_Students_League_of_New_York \"Art Students League of New York\"), and the [School of the Art Institute of Chicago](/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago \"School of the Art Institute of Chicago\"). She also attended the [Shinnecock Hills Summer School of Art](/wiki/Shinnecock_Hills_Summer_School_of_Art \"Shinnecock Hills Summer School of Art\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Nichols \\|first1\\=K. L. \\|title\\=Women's Art at the World's Columbian Fair \\& Exposition, Chicago 1893\\| url\\=http://arcadiasystems.org/academia/cassatt6f.html\\#ketcham\\| access\\-date\\=6 September 2018}} Her teachers included [William Merritt Chase](/wiki/William_Merritt_Chase \"William Merritt Chase\") and [Charles Herbert Woodbury](/wiki/Charles_Herbert_Woodbury \"Charles Herbert Woodbury\").",
"Ketcham was a member of the [Society of Independent Artists](/wiki/Society_of_Independent_Artists \"Society of Independent Artists\") and the [National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors](/wiki/National_Association_of_Women_Artists \"National Association of Women Artists\"). She exhibited at the [Hoosier Salon](/wiki/Hoosier_Salon \"Hoosier Salon\"), the [Boston Art Club](/wiki/Boston_Art_Club \"Boston Art Club\"), the [National Academy of Design](/wiki/National_Academy_Museum_and_School \"National Academy Museum and School\"), the Society of Independent Artists, and the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors. Ketcham also [exhibited](/wiki/List_of_women_artists_exhibited_at_the_1893_World%27s_Columbian_Exposition \"List of women artists exhibited at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition\") her work at the [Palace of Fine Arts](/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_%28Chicago%29 \"Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)\") at the 1893 [World's Columbian Exposition](/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition \"World's Columbian Exposition\") in Chicago, Illinois and at the 1904 [Louisiana Purchase Exposition](/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition \"Louisiana Purchase Exposition\") in St. Louis, Missouri.",
"In 1883 she was one of a group of eighteen women, led by [May Wright Sewall](/wiki/May_Wright_Sewall \"May Wright Sewall\"), who founded the Art Association of Indianapolis (AAI) to promote art appreciation and education in Indianapolis. The AAI helped promote the work of many budding Indianapolis artists, such as [Charles Joseph Fiscus](/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Fiscus \"Charles Joseph Fiscus\") (1861\\-1884\\), and eventually morphed into the Indianapolis Museum of Art and the [Herron School of Art](/wiki/Herron_School_of_Art_and_Design \"Herron School of Art and Design\").",
"From about 1886\\-88, Ketcham joined her mother and two of her siblings on a trip to [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") “for music and health.” While in [Florence, Italy](/wiki/Florence \"Florence\"), she felt the initial calling to become a painter and later found inspiration in [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\"), where she started her studies.",
"Upon returning to the United States she enrolled in the Art Students League in New York in 1888, and that same year was elected a life member. She remained in New York City for most of the next three decades, spending her summers in Ogunquit, Maine, and making periodic trips home to Indianapolis.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.askart.com/artist\\_bio/Susan\\_Merrill\\_Ketcham/66607/Susan\\_Merrill\\_Ketcham.aspx\\|title\\=Susan Merrill Ketcham\\|website\\=AskArt}}",
"Ketcham's first solo exhibit was held in the H. Lieber Company gallery in Indianapolis in June 1900, although her work had previously been displayed in many other exhibits across the country. The show included a collection of 60 oils, water colors, and pastels.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://img.newspapers.com/img/img?id\\=167031537\\&width\\=700\\&height\\=1807\\&crop\\=6115\\_3784\\_1175\\_3600\\&rotation\\=0\\&brightness\\=0\\&contrast\\=0\\&invert\\=0\\&ts\\=1551453850\\&h\\=c0199d9a8b45d80ddded67a7ef749199 \\|title\\=Miss Ketcham's Exhibit\\|via\\=Newspapers.com\\|date\\=June 5, 1900\\|work\\=The Indianapolis Journal}}",
"One of Ketcham’s more celebrated pieces was a painting of her mother, originally titled “Portrait of a Lady” and later changed to “Portrait of My Mother.” It was exhibited during the [Columbian Exposition](/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition \"World's Columbian Exposition\") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") in 1893\\.",
"She lived in a New York apartment near her studio in [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall \"Carnegie Hall\"), until she decided to return home to Indianapolis in 1927\\.",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
### Chicago Bears
Parrish was selected by the [Chicago Bears](/wiki/Chicago_Bears "Chicago Bears") with the fifth pick of the second round (35th overall) in the [1998 NFL draft](/wiki/1998_NFL_draft "1998 NFL draft").{{Cite web \|title\=1998 NFL Draft Listing \|url\=https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/years/1998/draft.htm \|access\-date\=March 29, 2023 \|website\=Pro\-Football\-Reference.com \|language\=en}} Parrish started week one at free safety against the [Jacksonville Jaguars](/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars "Jacksonville Jaguars") and recorded a team\-leading 14 tackles, three forced fumbles, and a recovered fumble.{{cite web\|title\=Tony Parrish Bears Profile\|url\=http://beargoggleson.com/2014/06/04/chicago\-bears\-top\-100\-95\-tony\-parrish/\|website\=beargoggleson.com\|date\=June 4, 2014\|access\-date\=June 15, 2015}} Parrish went on to start every game his rookie year, tallying 111 tackles, a sack, an interception and five forced fumbles.{{cite news\|last1\=Jenkins\|first1\=Jason\|title\=49ers Official Media Guide 2005 Statistics\|agency\=San Francisco 49ers\|date\=2005}}
His rookie year, Parrish was named to the [Pro Football Weekly](/wiki/Pro_Football_Weekly "Pro Football Weekly") 1998 All\-Rookie team. Following his rookie year, Parrish was also voted by his teammates as the recipient of the [Brian Piccolo Award](/wiki/Brian_Piccolo_Award "Brian Piccolo Award") as a testament to his character.{{cite web\|title\=Brian Piccolo Award Winners\|url\=http://www.brianpiccolofund.org/partners/chicago\-bears/piccolo\-awards/\|website\=brianpiccolofund.org\|access\-date\=June 23, 2015\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225403/http://www.brianpiccolofund.org/partners/chicago\-bears/piccolo\-awards/\|archive\-date\=March 3, 2016}}
In 1999, the Chicago Bears moved Parrish from free safety to strong safety where he started all 16 games. He improved during his second year in the NFL, recording a career\-high 124 tackles, which was second on the team. In week 11 of the 2000 NFL season, Parrish returned an interception for a touchdown against the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers "Tampa Bay Buccaneers") in the second quarter, which eventually secured a win for the Bears with a final score of 13–10\. In 2000 and 2001, he had three interceptions each year, starting every game each year at strong safety. In 2001, Tony's last year with the Bears, he paired with [Mike Brown (free safety)](/wiki/Mike_Brown_%28safety%29 "Mike Brown (safety)") to be one of the leading safety duos in the NFL. In 2001, he helped lead the bears' defense in giving up the fewest points in the NFL. The Bears finished as Champions of the [NFC Central](/wiki/NFC_North "NFC North") with a [13\-3 regular season record](/wiki/2001_NFL_season "2001 NFL season").
While with the Bears, Parrish was best known for providing solid run support and for his big hits on receivers over the middle of the field. Parrish recorded four 14\-[tackle](/wiki/Tackle_%28football_move%29 "Tackle (football move)") games with the Bears and was the first Bear since Mike Singletary (1980\) to record 100 tackles in each of his first three seasons.
### San Francisco 49ers
Parrish signed with the [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers "San Francisco 49ers") on a five\-year deal following the [2001 NFL season](/wiki/2001_NFL_season "2001 NFL season"). Prior to the 49ers April minicamp, Parrish has his right testicle removed in an operation after discovering a tumor in an exam on a nagging groin injury.{{cite web\|url\=http://a.espncdn.com/nfl/news/2002/0426/1374432\.html \|title\=NFL \- New Niners safety Parrish has testicle removed \|publisher\=A.espncdn.com \|date\=April 26, 2002 \|accessdate\=September 19, 2022}} In his first season with the 49ers, Parrish recorded seven interceptions.{{cite web\|title\=The Parrish Principle, Scout.com Article\|url\=http://www.scout.com/nfl/49ers/story/273105\-the\-parrish\-principle\|website\=www.scout.com\|access\-date\=June 15, 2015}} Parrish's most notable game in 2002 with the 49ers was in week 14 against the Dallas Cowboys, when Parrish recorded two interceptions with a bulky arm brace because he was playing with a recently dislocated elbow. Parrish received [NFC](/wiki/National_Football_Conference "National Football Conference") Defensive Player of the Week for his game against Dallas that helped secure a victory. The [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers "San Francisco 49ers") went on to win the [NFC West](/wiki/NFC_West "NFC West") in Parrish's first year with a 10–6 overall record.
In Parrish's first year with the 49ers, he started every game at safety while tallying up a team\-leading 7 interceptions, one forced fumble, two fumble recoveries, and 71 tackles. Parrish received the [Ed Block Courage Award](/wiki/Ed_Block_Courage_Award "Ed Block Courage Award") in 2002 for representing courage and leadership in the face of adversity, and in Parrish's case was based on his performance that excelled regardless of the many injuries that he sustained throughout the season. Along with the Ed Block Courage Award, Parrish received multiple awards for his role with the 49ers in 2002 on and off the field: [Sports Illustrated](/wiki/Sports_Illustrated "Sports Illustrated") All\-Pro, [Football Digest](/wiki/Football_Digest "Football Digest") All\-Pro, and the [Len Eshmont](/wiki/Len_Eshmont "Len Eshmont") Award from the 49ers organization (where he was the first 49er to win the award in his inaugural season with the franchise).{{cite news\|title\=Sports Illustrated All\-Pro Team 2002\|url\=https://www.si.com/vault/2002/12/30/334934/dr\-zs\-all\-pro\-team\|newspaper\=Sports Illustrated Vault \| Si.com\|access\-date\=June 15, 2015}}{{cite web\|title\=Ed Block Courage Award Recipients\|url\=http://edblock.org/wp\-content/uploads/2015/05/34\_alumni1\.pdf\|website\=edblock.org\|access\-date\=June 15, 2015\|archive\-date\=October 27, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027201047/http://edblock.org/wp\-content/uploads/2015/05/34\_alumni1\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|title\=Len Eshmont Award\|url\=http://www.49ers.com/team/history/awards.html\|website\=www.49ers.com\|access\-date\=June 15, 2015\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715060852/http://www.49ers.com/team/history/awards.html\|archive\-date\=July 15, 2015}}
Parrish continued his success with the 49ers in 2003 by starting every game for the 49ers and anchoring their defense. Parrish produced another two\-interception game in 2003 in week 16 against the [Philadelphia Eagles](/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles "Philadelphia Eagles") that led to him being named NFC Defensive Player of the Week. Parrish also had five consecutive games with an interception in 2003 (November 17 to December 4\), which is the second longest streak for consecutive games with an interception in 49ers history.{{cite web\|title\=Tony Parrish's 2003 Statistics\|url\=https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/players/P/ParrTo20/gamelog//\|website\=pro\-football\-reference.com\|access\-date\=June 22, 2015}} Parrish tallied an [NFL\-leading nine interceptions in 2003](/wiki/List_of_National_Football_League_season_interception_leaders "List of National Football League season interception leaders") as well as 78 combined tackles and a forced fumble. Although he was surprisingly left off of the 2003 [Pro Bowl](/wiki/Pro_Bowl "Pro Bowl") squad, he was named an [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") [All\-Pro](/wiki/All-Pro "All-Pro") and also named to the All\-NFC team by [Pro Football Weekly](/wiki/Pro_Football_Weekly "Pro Football Weekly").{{cite web\|title\=Pro Football Weekly All\-NFC Teams\|url\=http://www.profootballwriters.org/on\-field\-awards/2000s\-pfwa\-all\-nfc\-teams/\|website\=www.profootballwriters.org\|access\-date\=June 15, 2015}} Parrish had another successful season in 2004, recording 87 combined tackles and a team\-leading four interceptions.
In 2005, Parrish recorded two interceptions and 44 tackles in 9 starts before fracturing his fibula and ankle against the Chicago Bears in week 9 of the [2005 NFL season](/wiki/2005_NFL_season "2005 NFL season"). Prior to his injury, Parrish had two more two\-interception games, one against the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers "Tampa Bay Buccaneers") in 2004 and one against the Dallas Cowboys in 2005\.{{cite web\|title\=Tony Parrish Game Log\|url\=https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/players/P/ParrTo20/gamelog//\|website\=www.pro\-football\-reference.com\|access\-date\=June 15, 2015}} He led the NFL in total interceptions from 2001 to 2005, with 25\.
Tony returned to the 49ers before the start of the 2006 season in a starting role, but was released after their ninth game on December 5\. Prior to his injury, Parrish started 57 straight games for the 49ers at safety and had started 121 straight games in his NFL career, the longest starting streak at the time since [Herman Edwards](/wiki/Herman_Edwards "Herman Edwards") (135\).
Parrish has the seventh most interceptions of all time for the 49ers (22\), the fourth most interception return yards in 49ers history (504\), and also has the second most interceptions recorded in a single season in 49ers history with nine.{{cite web\|title\=49ers All\-Time Records\|url\=http://prod.static.49ers.clubs.nfl.com/assets/docs/gameday/2012/2012\-GameRelease\-Week15\.pdf\|website\=49ers.com\|access\-date\=June 22, 2015}} Parrish now has some of his memorabilia from his time with the 49ers on display at [Levi's Stadium](/wiki/Levi%27s_Stadium "Levi's Stadium"), and is listed on the [San Francisco 49ers All\-2000s team](http://www.ninersnation.com/2010/2/4/1291868/san-francisco-49ers-all-decade) for his contributions to the team from 2002 to 2006\.
### Dallas Cowboys
Following his release from the 49ers in 2006, he was claimed off waivers by the [Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys "Dallas Cowboys") on December 7, to add depth to the secondary for the playoff run. He appeared in one game, while being declared inactive in 3 contests. He wasn't re\-signed after the season.{{cite web\|title\=Cowboys Sign Veteran Parrish\|url\=http://sports.outsidethebeltway.com/2006/12/dallas\-cowboys\-sign\-safety\-tony\-parrish\-wave\-kr\-skyler\-green/\|website\=sports.outsidethebeltway.com\|access\-date\=June 15, 2015}}
### Las Vegas Locomotives
After spending two years out of football to recover from numerous injuries, Parrish was signed by the [Las Vegas Locomotives](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Locomotives "Las Vegas Locomotives") of the [United Football League](/wiki/United_Football_League_%282009%29 "United Football League (2009)") on August 31, 2009, and became an instant starter and team captain.{{cite news\|title\=United Football League Signs 18 Players to Las Vegas Roster\|url\=http://www.ufl\-football.com/press/2009/08/31/united\_football\_league\_signs\_18\_players\_to\_las\_vegas\_roster\|work\=UFL\-Football.com\|date\=August 31, 2009\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904125124/http://www.ufl\-football.com/press/2009/08/31/united\_football\_league\_signs\_18\_players\_to\_las\_vegas\_roster\|archive\-date\=September 4, 2009}} The Locomotives went on to win the [UFL championship](/wiki/UFL_championship_game "UFL championship game") in 2009\.
### NFL statistics
| Year | Team | Games | Combined Tackles | Tackles | Assisted Tackles | Sacks | Forced Fumbles | Fumble Recoveries | Interceptions | Interception Return Yards | Interceptions Returned for Touchdown | Passes Defended |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [1998](/wiki/1998_NFL_season "1998 NFL season") | [CHI](/wiki/1998_Chicago_Bears_season "1998 Chicago Bears season") | 16 | 111 | 69 | 42 | 1\.0 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 7 |
| [1999](/wiki/1999_NFL_season "1999 NFL season") | [CHI](/wiki/1999_Chicago_Bears_season "1999 Chicago Bears season") | 16 | 124 | 75 | 49 | 0\.0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 41 | 0 | 6 |
| [2000](/wiki/2000_NFL_season "2000 NFL season") | [CHI](/wiki/2000_Chicago_Bears_season "2000 Chicago Bears season") | 16 | 101 | 64 | 37 | 2\.0 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 81 | 1 | 9 |
| [2001](/wiki/2001_NFL_season "2001 NFL season") | [CHI](/wiki/2001_Chicago_Bears_season "2001 Chicago Bears season") | 16 | 80 | 47 | 33 | 1\.0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 36 | 0 | 4 |
| [2002](/wiki/2002_NFL_season "2002 NFL season") | [SF](/wiki/2002_San_Francisco_49ers_season "2002 San Francisco 49ers season") | 16 | 71 | 62 | 9 | 0\.0 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 204 | 0 | 17 |
| [2003](/wiki/2003_NFL_season "2003 NFL season") | [SF](/wiki/2003_San_Francisco_49ers_season "2003 San Francisco 49ers season") | 16 | 78 | 61 | 17 | 0\.5 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 202 | 0 | 18 |
| [2004](/wiki/2004_NFL_season "2004 NFL season") | [SF](/wiki/2004_San_Francisco_49ers_season "2004 San Francisco 49ers season") | 16 | 87 | 59 | 28 | 0\.5 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 64 | 0 | 8 |
| [2005](/wiki/2005_NFL_season "2005 NFL season") | [SF](/wiki/2005_San_Francisco_49ers_season "2005 San Francisco 49ers season") | 9 | 44 | 34 | 10 | 0\.0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 34 | 1 | 6 |
| [2006](/wiki/2006_NFL_season "2006 NFL season") | [SF](/wiki/2006_San_Francisco_49ers_season "2006 San Francisco 49ers season") | 9 | 21 | 17 | 4 | 0\.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2006 | [DAL](/wiki/2006_Dallas_Cowboys_season "2006 Dallas Cowboys season") | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0\.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Career | | 131 | 719 | 489 | 230 | 5\.0 | 11 | 8 | 30 | 670 | 2 | 75 |
{{cite web\|title\=Tony Parrish Stats\|url\=https://www.espn.com/nfl/player/stats/\_/id/1466/tony\-parrish\|website\=ESPN\|publisher\=ESPN Internet Ventures\|access\-date\=June 19, 2014}}
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### Chicago Bears",
"Parrish was selected by the [Chicago Bears](/wiki/Chicago_Bears \"Chicago Bears\") with the fifth pick of the second round (35th overall) in the [1998 NFL draft](/wiki/1998_NFL_draft \"1998 NFL draft\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=1998 NFL Draft Listing \\|url\\=https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/years/1998/draft.htm \\|access\\-date\\=March 29, 2023 \\|website\\=Pro\\-Football\\-Reference.com \\|language\\=en}} Parrish started week one at free safety against the [Jacksonville Jaguars](/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars \"Jacksonville Jaguars\") and recorded a team\\-leading 14 tackles, three forced fumbles, and a recovered fumble.{{cite web\\|title\\=Tony Parrish Bears Profile\\|url\\=http://beargoggleson.com/2014/06/04/chicago\\-bears\\-top\\-100\\-95\\-tony\\-parrish/\\|website\\=beargoggleson.com\\|date\\=June 4, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2015}} Parrish went on to start every game his rookie year, tallying 111 tackles, a sack, an interception and five forced fumbles.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Jenkins\\|first1\\=Jason\\|title\\=49ers Official Media Guide 2005 Statistics\\|agency\\=San Francisco 49ers\\|date\\=2005}}",
"His rookie year, Parrish was named to the [Pro Football Weekly](/wiki/Pro_Football_Weekly \"Pro Football Weekly\") 1998 All\\-Rookie team. Following his rookie year, Parrish was also voted by his teammates as the recipient of the [Brian Piccolo Award](/wiki/Brian_Piccolo_Award \"Brian Piccolo Award\") as a testament to his character.{{cite web\\|title\\=Brian Piccolo Award Winners\\|url\\=http://www.brianpiccolofund.org/partners/chicago\\-bears/piccolo\\-awards/\\|website\\=brianpiccolofund.org\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225403/http://www.brianpiccolofund.org/partners/chicago\\-bears/piccolo\\-awards/\\|archive\\-date\\=March 3, 2016}}",
"In 1999, the Chicago Bears moved Parrish from free safety to strong safety where he started all 16 games. He improved during his second year in the NFL, recording a career\\-high 124 tackles, which was second on the team. In week 11 of the 2000 NFL season, Parrish returned an interception for a touchdown against the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers \"Tampa Bay Buccaneers\") in the second quarter, which eventually secured a win for the Bears with a final score of 13–10\\. In 2000 and 2001, he had three interceptions each year, starting every game each year at strong safety. In 2001, Tony's last year with the Bears, he paired with [Mike Brown (free safety)](/wiki/Mike_Brown_%28safety%29 \"Mike Brown (safety)\") to be one of the leading safety duos in the NFL. In 2001, he helped lead the bears' defense in giving up the fewest points in the NFL. The Bears finished as Champions of the [NFC Central](/wiki/NFC_North \"NFC North\") with a [13\\-3 regular season record](/wiki/2001_NFL_season \"2001 NFL season\").",
"While with the Bears, Parrish was best known for providing solid run support and for his big hits on receivers over the middle of the field. Parrish recorded four 14\\-[tackle](/wiki/Tackle_%28football_move%29 \"Tackle (football move)\") games with the Bears and was the first Bear since Mike Singletary (1980\\) to record 100 tackles in each of his first three seasons.",
"### San Francisco 49ers",
"Parrish signed with the [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers \"San Francisco 49ers\") on a five\\-year deal following the [2001 NFL season](/wiki/2001_NFL_season \"2001 NFL season\"). Prior to the 49ers April minicamp, Parrish has his right testicle removed in an operation after discovering a tumor in an exam on a nagging groin injury.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://a.espncdn.com/nfl/news/2002/0426/1374432\\.html \\|title\\=NFL \\- New Niners safety Parrish has testicle removed \\|publisher\\=A.espncdn.com \\|date\\=April 26, 2002 \\|accessdate\\=September 19, 2022}} In his first season with the 49ers, Parrish recorded seven interceptions.{{cite web\\|title\\=The Parrish Principle, Scout.com Article\\|url\\=http://www.scout.com/nfl/49ers/story/273105\\-the\\-parrish\\-principle\\|website\\=www.scout.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2015}} Parrish's most notable game in 2002 with the 49ers was in week 14 against the Dallas Cowboys, when Parrish recorded two interceptions with a bulky arm brace because he was playing with a recently dislocated elbow. Parrish received [NFC](/wiki/National_Football_Conference \"National Football Conference\") Defensive Player of the Week for his game against Dallas that helped secure a victory. The [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers \"San Francisco 49ers\") went on to win the [NFC West](/wiki/NFC_West \"NFC West\") in Parrish's first year with a 10–6 overall record.",
"In Parrish's first year with the 49ers, he started every game at safety while tallying up a team\\-leading 7 interceptions, one forced fumble, two fumble recoveries, and 71 tackles. Parrish received the [Ed Block Courage Award](/wiki/Ed_Block_Courage_Award \"Ed Block Courage Award\") in 2002 for representing courage and leadership in the face of adversity, and in Parrish's case was based on his performance that excelled regardless of the many injuries that he sustained throughout the season. Along with the Ed Block Courage Award, Parrish received multiple awards for his role with the 49ers in 2002 on and off the field: [Sports Illustrated](/wiki/Sports_Illustrated \"Sports Illustrated\") All\\-Pro, [Football Digest](/wiki/Football_Digest \"Football Digest\") All\\-Pro, and the [Len Eshmont](/wiki/Len_Eshmont \"Len Eshmont\") Award from the 49ers organization (where he was the first 49er to win the award in his inaugural season with the franchise).{{cite news\\|title\\=Sports Illustrated All\\-Pro Team 2002\\|url\\=https://www.si.com/vault/2002/12/30/334934/dr\\-zs\\-all\\-pro\\-team\\|newspaper\\=Sports Illustrated Vault \\| Si.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2015}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Ed Block Courage Award Recipients\\|url\\=http://edblock.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/05/34\\_alumni1\\.pdf\\|website\\=edblock.org\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=October 27, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027201047/http://edblock.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/05/34\\_alumni1\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Len Eshmont Award\\|url\\=http://www.49ers.com/team/history/awards.html\\|website\\=www.49ers.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715060852/http://www.49ers.com/team/history/awards.html\\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2015}}",
"Parrish continued his success with the 49ers in 2003 by starting every game for the 49ers and anchoring their defense. Parrish produced another two\\-interception game in 2003 in week 16 against the [Philadelphia Eagles](/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles \"Philadelphia Eagles\") that led to him being named NFC Defensive Player of the Week. Parrish also had five consecutive games with an interception in 2003 (November 17 to December 4\\), which is the second longest streak for consecutive games with an interception in 49ers history.{{cite web\\|title\\=Tony Parrish's 2003 Statistics\\|url\\=https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/players/P/ParrTo20/gamelog//\\|website\\=pro\\-football\\-reference.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2015}} Parrish tallied an [NFL\\-leading nine interceptions in 2003](/wiki/List_of_National_Football_League_season_interception_leaders \"List of National Football League season interception leaders\") as well as 78 combined tackles and a forced fumble. Although he was surprisingly left off of the 2003 [Pro Bowl](/wiki/Pro_Bowl \"Pro Bowl\") squad, he was named an [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\") [All\\-Pro](/wiki/All-Pro \"All-Pro\") and also named to the All\\-NFC team by [Pro Football Weekly](/wiki/Pro_Football_Weekly \"Pro Football Weekly\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Pro Football Weekly All\\-NFC Teams\\|url\\=http://www.profootballwriters.org/on\\-field\\-awards/2000s\\-pfwa\\-all\\-nfc\\-teams/\\|website\\=www.profootballwriters.org\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2015}} Parrish had another successful season in 2004, recording 87 combined tackles and a team\\-leading four interceptions.",
"In 2005, Parrish recorded two interceptions and 44 tackles in 9 starts before fracturing his fibula and ankle against the Chicago Bears in week 9 of the [2005 NFL season](/wiki/2005_NFL_season \"2005 NFL season\"). Prior to his injury, Parrish had two more two\\-interception games, one against the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers \"Tampa Bay Buccaneers\") in 2004 and one against the Dallas Cowboys in 2005\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Tony Parrish Game Log\\|url\\=https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/players/P/ParrTo20/gamelog//\\|website\\=www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2015}} He led the NFL in total interceptions from 2001 to 2005, with 25\\.",
"Tony returned to the 49ers before the start of the 2006 season in a starting role, but was released after their ninth game on December 5\\. Prior to his injury, Parrish started 57 straight games for the 49ers at safety and had started 121 straight games in his NFL career, the longest starting streak at the time since [Herman Edwards](/wiki/Herman_Edwards \"Herman Edwards\") (135\\).",
"Parrish has the seventh most interceptions of all time for the 49ers (22\\), the fourth most interception return yards in 49ers history (504\\), and also has the second most interceptions recorded in a single season in 49ers history with nine.{{cite web\\|title\\=49ers All\\-Time Records\\|url\\=http://prod.static.49ers.clubs.nfl.com/assets/docs/gameday/2012/2012\\-GameRelease\\-Week15\\.pdf\\|website\\=49ers.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2015}} Parrish now has some of his memorabilia from his time with the 49ers on display at [Levi's Stadium](/wiki/Levi%27s_Stadium \"Levi's Stadium\"), and is listed on the [San Francisco 49ers All\\-2000s team](http://www.ninersnation.com/2010/2/4/1291868/san-francisco-49ers-all-decade) for his contributions to the team from 2002 to 2006\\.",
"### Dallas Cowboys",
"Following his release from the 49ers in 2006, he was claimed off waivers by the [Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys \"Dallas Cowboys\") on December 7, to add depth to the secondary for the playoff run. He appeared in one game, while being declared inactive in 3 contests. He wasn't re\\-signed after the season.{{cite web\\|title\\=Cowboys Sign Veteran Parrish\\|url\\=http://sports.outsidethebeltway.com/2006/12/dallas\\-cowboys\\-sign\\-safety\\-tony\\-parrish\\-wave\\-kr\\-skyler\\-green/\\|website\\=sports.outsidethebeltway.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2015}}",
"### Las Vegas Locomotives",
"After spending two years out of football to recover from numerous injuries, Parrish was signed by the [Las Vegas Locomotives](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Locomotives \"Las Vegas Locomotives\") of the [United Football League](/wiki/United_Football_League_%282009%29 \"United Football League (2009)\") on August 31, 2009, and became an instant starter and team captain.{{cite news\\|title\\=United Football League Signs 18 Players to Las Vegas Roster\\|url\\=http://www.ufl\\-football.com/press/2009/08/31/united\\_football\\_league\\_signs\\_18\\_players\\_to\\_las\\_vegas\\_roster\\|work\\=UFL\\-Football.com\\|date\\=August 31, 2009\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904125124/http://www.ufl\\-football.com/press/2009/08/31/united\\_football\\_league\\_signs\\_18\\_players\\_to\\_las\\_vegas\\_roster\\|archive\\-date\\=September 4, 2009}} The Locomotives went on to win the [UFL championship](/wiki/UFL_championship_game \"UFL championship game\") in 2009\\.",
"### NFL statistics",
"",
"| Year | Team | Games | Combined Tackles | Tackles | Assisted Tackles | Sacks | Forced Fumbles | Fumble Recoveries | Interceptions | Interception Return Yards | Interceptions Returned for Touchdown | Passes Defended |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [1998](/wiki/1998_NFL_season \"1998 NFL season\") | [CHI](/wiki/1998_Chicago_Bears_season \"1998 Chicago Bears season\") | 16 | 111 | 69 | 42 | 1\\.0 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 7 |\n| [1999](/wiki/1999_NFL_season \"1999 NFL season\") | [CHI](/wiki/1999_Chicago_Bears_season \"1999 Chicago Bears season\") | 16 | 124 | 75 | 49 | 0\\.0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 41 | 0 | 6 |\n| [2000](/wiki/2000_NFL_season \"2000 NFL season\") | [CHI](/wiki/2000_Chicago_Bears_season \"2000 Chicago Bears season\") | 16 | 101 | 64 | 37 | 2\\.0 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 81 | 1 | 9 |\n| [2001](/wiki/2001_NFL_season \"2001 NFL season\") | [CHI](/wiki/2001_Chicago_Bears_season \"2001 Chicago Bears season\") | 16 | 80 | 47 | 33 | 1\\.0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 36 | 0 | 4 |\n| [2002](/wiki/2002_NFL_season \"2002 NFL season\") | [SF](/wiki/2002_San_Francisco_49ers_season \"2002 San Francisco 49ers season\") | 16 | 71 | 62 | 9 | 0\\.0 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 204 | 0 | 17 |\n| [2003](/wiki/2003_NFL_season \"2003 NFL season\") | [SF](/wiki/2003_San_Francisco_49ers_season \"2003 San Francisco 49ers season\") | 16 | 78 | 61 | 17 | 0\\.5 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 202 | 0 | 18 |\n| [2004](/wiki/2004_NFL_season \"2004 NFL season\") | [SF](/wiki/2004_San_Francisco_49ers_season \"2004 San Francisco 49ers season\") | 16 | 87 | 59 | 28 | 0\\.5 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 64 | 0 | 8 |\n| [2005](/wiki/2005_NFL_season \"2005 NFL season\") | [SF](/wiki/2005_San_Francisco_49ers_season \"2005 San Francisco 49ers season\") | 9 | 44 | 34 | 10 | 0\\.0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 34 | 1 | 6 |\n| [2006](/wiki/2006_NFL_season \"2006 NFL season\") | [SF](/wiki/2006_San_Francisco_49ers_season \"2006 San Francisco 49ers season\") | 9 | 21 | 17 | 4 | 0\\.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 2006 | [DAL](/wiki/2006_Dallas_Cowboys_season \"2006 Dallas Cowboys season\") | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0\\.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| Career | | 131 | 719 | 489 | 230 | 5\\.0 | 11 | 8 | 30 | 670 | 2 | 75 |",
"{{cite web\\|title\\=Tony Parrish Stats\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/nfl/player/stats/\\_/id/1466/tony\\-parrish\\|website\\=ESPN\\|publisher\\=ESPN Internet Ventures\\|access\\-date\\=June 19, 2014}}",
""
] |
### San Francisco 49ers
Parrish signed with the [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers "San Francisco 49ers") on a five\-year deal following the [2001 NFL season](/wiki/2001_NFL_season "2001 NFL season"). Prior to the 49ers April minicamp, Parrish has his right testicle removed in an operation after discovering a tumor in an exam on a nagging groin injury.{{cite web\|url\=http://a.espncdn.com/nfl/news/2002/0426/1374432\.html \|title\=NFL \- New Niners safety Parrish has testicle removed \|publisher\=A.espncdn.com \|date\=April 26, 2002 \|accessdate\=September 19, 2022}} In his first season with the 49ers, Parrish recorded seven interceptions.{{cite web\|title\=The Parrish Principle, Scout.com Article\|url\=http://www.scout.com/nfl/49ers/story/273105\-the\-parrish\-principle\|website\=www.scout.com\|access\-date\=June 15, 2015}} Parrish's most notable game in 2002 with the 49ers was in week 14 against the Dallas Cowboys, when Parrish recorded two interceptions with a bulky arm brace because he was playing with a recently dislocated elbow. Parrish received [NFC](/wiki/National_Football_Conference "National Football Conference") Defensive Player of the Week for his game against Dallas that helped secure a victory. The [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers "San Francisco 49ers") went on to win the [NFC West](/wiki/NFC_West "NFC West") in Parrish's first year with a 10–6 overall record.
In Parrish's first year with the 49ers, he started every game at safety while tallying up a team\-leading 7 interceptions, one forced fumble, two fumble recoveries, and 71 tackles. Parrish received the [Ed Block Courage Award](/wiki/Ed_Block_Courage_Award "Ed Block Courage Award") in 2002 for representing courage and leadership in the face of adversity, and in Parrish's case was based on his performance that excelled regardless of the many injuries that he sustained throughout the season. Along with the Ed Block Courage Award, Parrish received multiple awards for his role with the 49ers in 2002 on and off the field: [Sports Illustrated](/wiki/Sports_Illustrated "Sports Illustrated") All\-Pro, [Football Digest](/wiki/Football_Digest "Football Digest") All\-Pro, and the [Len Eshmont](/wiki/Len_Eshmont "Len Eshmont") Award from the 49ers organization (where he was the first 49er to win the award in his inaugural season with the franchise).{{cite news\|title\=Sports Illustrated All\-Pro Team 2002\|url\=https://www.si.com/vault/2002/12/30/334934/dr\-zs\-all\-pro\-team\|newspaper\=Sports Illustrated Vault \| Si.com\|access\-date\=June 15, 2015}}{{cite web\|title\=Ed Block Courage Award Recipients\|url\=http://edblock.org/wp\-content/uploads/2015/05/34\_alumni1\.pdf\|website\=edblock.org\|access\-date\=June 15, 2015\|archive\-date\=October 27, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027201047/http://edblock.org/wp\-content/uploads/2015/05/34\_alumni1\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|title\=Len Eshmont Award\|url\=http://www.49ers.com/team/history/awards.html\|website\=www.49ers.com\|access\-date\=June 15, 2015\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715060852/http://www.49ers.com/team/history/awards.html\|archive\-date\=July 15, 2015}}
Parrish continued his success with the 49ers in 2003 by starting every game for the 49ers and anchoring their defense. Parrish produced another two\-interception game in 2003 in week 16 against the [Philadelphia Eagles](/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles "Philadelphia Eagles") that led to him being named NFC Defensive Player of the Week. Parrish also had five consecutive games with an interception in 2003 (November 17 to December 4\), which is the second longest streak for consecutive games with an interception in 49ers history.{{cite web\|title\=Tony Parrish's 2003 Statistics\|url\=https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/players/P/ParrTo20/gamelog//\|website\=pro\-football\-reference.com\|access\-date\=June 22, 2015}} Parrish tallied an [NFL\-leading nine interceptions in 2003](/wiki/List_of_National_Football_League_season_interception_leaders "List of National Football League season interception leaders") as well as 78 combined tackles and a forced fumble. Although he was surprisingly left off of the 2003 [Pro Bowl](/wiki/Pro_Bowl "Pro Bowl") squad, he was named an [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") [All\-Pro](/wiki/All-Pro "All-Pro") and also named to the All\-NFC team by [Pro Football Weekly](/wiki/Pro_Football_Weekly "Pro Football Weekly").{{cite web\|title\=Pro Football Weekly All\-NFC Teams\|url\=http://www.profootballwriters.org/on\-field\-awards/2000s\-pfwa\-all\-nfc\-teams/\|website\=www.profootballwriters.org\|access\-date\=June 15, 2015}} Parrish had another successful season in 2004, recording 87 combined tackles and a team\-leading four interceptions.
In 2005, Parrish recorded two interceptions and 44 tackles in 9 starts before fracturing his fibula and ankle against the Chicago Bears in week 9 of the [2005 NFL season](/wiki/2005_NFL_season "2005 NFL season"). Prior to his injury, Parrish had two more two\-interception games, one against the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers "Tampa Bay Buccaneers") in 2004 and one against the Dallas Cowboys in 2005\.{{cite web\|title\=Tony Parrish Game Log\|url\=https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/players/P/ParrTo20/gamelog//\|website\=www.pro\-football\-reference.com\|access\-date\=June 15, 2015}} He led the NFL in total interceptions from 2001 to 2005, with 25\.
Tony returned to the 49ers before the start of the 2006 season in a starting role, but was released after their ninth game on December 5\. Prior to his injury, Parrish started 57 straight games for the 49ers at safety and had started 121 straight games in his NFL career, the longest starting streak at the time since [Herman Edwards](/wiki/Herman_Edwards "Herman Edwards") (135\).
Parrish has the seventh most interceptions of all time for the 49ers (22\), the fourth most interception return yards in 49ers history (504\), and also has the second most interceptions recorded in a single season in 49ers history with nine.{{cite web\|title\=49ers All\-Time Records\|url\=http://prod.static.49ers.clubs.nfl.com/assets/docs/gameday/2012/2012\-GameRelease\-Week15\.pdf\|website\=49ers.com\|access\-date\=June 22, 2015}} Parrish now has some of his memorabilia from his time with the 49ers on display at [Levi's Stadium](/wiki/Levi%27s_Stadium "Levi's Stadium"), and is listed on the [San Francisco 49ers All\-2000s team](http://www.ninersnation.com/2010/2/4/1291868/san-francisco-49ers-all-decade) for his contributions to the team from 2002 to 2006\.
|
[
"### San Francisco 49ers",
"Parrish signed with the [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers \"San Francisco 49ers\") on a five\\-year deal following the [2001 NFL season](/wiki/2001_NFL_season \"2001 NFL season\"). Prior to the 49ers April minicamp, Parrish has his right testicle removed in an operation after discovering a tumor in an exam on a nagging groin injury.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://a.espncdn.com/nfl/news/2002/0426/1374432\\.html \\|title\\=NFL \\- New Niners safety Parrish has testicle removed \\|publisher\\=A.espncdn.com \\|date\\=April 26, 2002 \\|accessdate\\=September 19, 2022}} In his first season with the 49ers, Parrish recorded seven interceptions.{{cite web\\|title\\=The Parrish Principle, Scout.com Article\\|url\\=http://www.scout.com/nfl/49ers/story/273105\\-the\\-parrish\\-principle\\|website\\=www.scout.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2015}} Parrish's most notable game in 2002 with the 49ers was in week 14 against the Dallas Cowboys, when Parrish recorded two interceptions with a bulky arm brace because he was playing with a recently dislocated elbow. Parrish received [NFC](/wiki/National_Football_Conference \"National Football Conference\") Defensive Player of the Week for his game against Dallas that helped secure a victory. The [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers \"San Francisco 49ers\") went on to win the [NFC West](/wiki/NFC_West \"NFC West\") in Parrish's first year with a 10–6 overall record.",
"In Parrish's first year with the 49ers, he started every game at safety while tallying up a team\\-leading 7 interceptions, one forced fumble, two fumble recoveries, and 71 tackles. Parrish received the [Ed Block Courage Award](/wiki/Ed_Block_Courage_Award \"Ed Block Courage Award\") in 2002 for representing courage and leadership in the face of adversity, and in Parrish's case was based on his performance that excelled regardless of the many injuries that he sustained throughout the season. Along with the Ed Block Courage Award, Parrish received multiple awards for his role with the 49ers in 2002 on and off the field: [Sports Illustrated](/wiki/Sports_Illustrated \"Sports Illustrated\") All\\-Pro, [Football Digest](/wiki/Football_Digest \"Football Digest\") All\\-Pro, and the [Len Eshmont](/wiki/Len_Eshmont \"Len Eshmont\") Award from the 49ers organization (where he was the first 49er to win the award in his inaugural season with the franchise).{{cite news\\|title\\=Sports Illustrated All\\-Pro Team 2002\\|url\\=https://www.si.com/vault/2002/12/30/334934/dr\\-zs\\-all\\-pro\\-team\\|newspaper\\=Sports Illustrated Vault \\| Si.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2015}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Ed Block Courage Award Recipients\\|url\\=http://edblock.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/05/34\\_alumni1\\.pdf\\|website\\=edblock.org\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=October 27, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027201047/http://edblock.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/05/34\\_alumni1\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Len Eshmont Award\\|url\\=http://www.49ers.com/team/history/awards.html\\|website\\=www.49ers.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715060852/http://www.49ers.com/team/history/awards.html\\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2015}}",
"Parrish continued his success with the 49ers in 2003 by starting every game for the 49ers and anchoring their defense. Parrish produced another two\\-interception game in 2003 in week 16 against the [Philadelphia Eagles](/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles \"Philadelphia Eagles\") that led to him being named NFC Defensive Player of the Week. Parrish also had five consecutive games with an interception in 2003 (November 17 to December 4\\), which is the second longest streak for consecutive games with an interception in 49ers history.{{cite web\\|title\\=Tony Parrish's 2003 Statistics\\|url\\=https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/players/P/ParrTo20/gamelog//\\|website\\=pro\\-football\\-reference.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2015}} Parrish tallied an [NFL\\-leading nine interceptions in 2003](/wiki/List_of_National_Football_League_season_interception_leaders \"List of National Football League season interception leaders\") as well as 78 combined tackles and a forced fumble. Although he was surprisingly left off of the 2003 [Pro Bowl](/wiki/Pro_Bowl \"Pro Bowl\") squad, he was named an [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\") [All\\-Pro](/wiki/All-Pro \"All-Pro\") and also named to the All\\-NFC team by [Pro Football Weekly](/wiki/Pro_Football_Weekly \"Pro Football Weekly\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Pro Football Weekly All\\-NFC Teams\\|url\\=http://www.profootballwriters.org/on\\-field\\-awards/2000s\\-pfwa\\-all\\-nfc\\-teams/\\|website\\=www.profootballwriters.org\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2015}} Parrish had another successful season in 2004, recording 87 combined tackles and a team\\-leading four interceptions.",
"In 2005, Parrish recorded two interceptions and 44 tackles in 9 starts before fracturing his fibula and ankle against the Chicago Bears in week 9 of the [2005 NFL season](/wiki/2005_NFL_season \"2005 NFL season\"). Prior to his injury, Parrish had two more two\\-interception games, one against the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers \"Tampa Bay Buccaneers\") in 2004 and one against the Dallas Cowboys in 2005\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Tony Parrish Game Log\\|url\\=https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/players/P/ParrTo20/gamelog//\\|website\\=www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2015}} He led the NFL in total interceptions from 2001 to 2005, with 25\\.",
"Tony returned to the 49ers before the start of the 2006 season in a starting role, but was released after their ninth game on December 5\\. Prior to his injury, Parrish started 57 straight games for the 49ers at safety and had started 121 straight games in his NFL career, the longest starting streak at the time since [Herman Edwards](/wiki/Herman_Edwards \"Herman Edwards\") (135\\).",
"Parrish has the seventh most interceptions of all time for the 49ers (22\\), the fourth most interception return yards in 49ers history (504\\), and also has the second most interceptions recorded in a single season in 49ers history with nine.{{cite web\\|title\\=49ers All\\-Time Records\\|url\\=http://prod.static.49ers.clubs.nfl.com/assets/docs/gameday/2012/2012\\-GameRelease\\-Week15\\.pdf\\|website\\=49ers.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2015}} Parrish now has some of his memorabilia from his time with the 49ers on display at [Levi's Stadium](/wiki/Levi%27s_Stadium \"Levi's Stadium\"), and is listed on the [San Francisco 49ers All\\-2000s team](http://www.ninersnation.com/2010/2/4/1291868/san-francisco-49ers-all-decade) for his contributions to the team from 2002 to 2006\\.",
""
] |
Relevance of Akamatsu's paradigm
--------------------------------
As has been shown recently,{{cite journal \|last\=Tausch \|first\=Arno \|date\=16 July 2013 \|title\=The Hallmarks of Crisis: A New Center\-Periphery Perspective on Long Cycles \|url\=https://mpra.ub.uni\-muenchen.de/48356/1/MPRA\_paper\_48356\.pdf \|publisher\=SSRN \|doi\=10\.2139/ssrn.2294324 \|s2cid\=140623161}} Akamatsu's theory emphasizes the differentiation of the world economy, which leads to the rapid diffusion of new techniques to rising industrial nations, which starts with the import of new commodities by these nations. In time, techniques and capital goods are imported as well, and homogenous industries are being established. The uniformization of both industry and agriculture gave rise to the fierce and conflictive competition between Europe, the United States and Japan in the last quarter of the 19th Century. When innovation occurs in some industries in an advanced nation, investment is concentrated there, causing a rise in the trade cycle. Innovation leads to an increase in exports, and the nation's prosperity creates and increases the import of raw materials and foodstuffs.{{Cite book\|title\=Great divergence and great convergence: a global perspective\|first\=V.A.\|last\=Korotaev \|date\=2015\|publisher\=Springer\|isbn\=9783319363660\|oclc\=911206248}} Akamatsu sees a counter\-movement in other parts of the world, centered on the rising production of gold, which, according to him, leads to an increase in effective demand and further stimulates exports of the innovating nation. In that way, world production and trade expand, prices increase and a worldwide rise in the long\-term trade cycle results.
However, innovations spread from the innovating nations to other nations, leading to the development of industries in those countries, with the result of a conflictive relationship with the industries of the innovating nation. Exports of the innovating nation become stagnant, and on the world level, there is a tendency towards [overproduction](/wiki/Overproduction "Overproduction"), prices turn downwards, and the rates of growth of production and trade fall. The first, rising [A\-phase](/wiki/A-phase "A-phase") of the [Kondratiev cycle](/wiki/Kondratiev_cycle "Kondratiev cycle") will be according to Akamatsu a period of differentiation in the world economic structure, while the “falling period” or [B\-phase](/wiki/B-phase "B-phase") of the [Kondratiev cycle](/wiki/Kondratiev_cycle "Kondratiev cycle") will, Akamatsu argues, coincide with a process of uniformization in world economic structure.
For Akamatsu, the characteristic structure of the Center\-Periphery relationship is characterized by the fact that the underdeveloped nation will export primary products and will import industrial goods for consumption. Later on, an underdeveloped nation will attempt to produce goods that were hitherto imported, first in the field of consumer goods, and later on in the area of capital goods. As the fourth stage of the process, the underdeveloped nation will attempt to export capital goods. There will be a tendency of “advanced” differentiation in the world economy, however, because the capital goods industries in advanced nations will still advance further, giving rise to “extreme differences of comparative costs”. The wild\-geese flying pattern will include three sub\-patterns: the first is the sequence of imports – domestic production – exports. The second will be the sequence from consumer goods to capital goods and from crude and simple articles to complex and refined articles. The third will be the alignment from the advanced nations to backward nations according to their stages of growth.
However, there is a darker and more somber nature of these cycles as well – the condition of discrepancy will be met, Akamatsu argues, by means of imports, leading to discrepancies in the balance of payments, and the pressure to increase exports of primary products to improve the balance. Discrepancies will also lead to a shift of production away from domestic industries in the underdeveloped country towards the export sector; leading, in the end, also to problems of excessive supply capacities in the underdeveloped country etc.
At the end of the day, Akamatsu believes in a Hegelian dialectic between the three basic discrepancies, characterizing the process of development: the discrepancy of development, the cyclical discrepancy between the rich and the poor countries, and the structural discrepancy.
|
[
"Relevance of Akamatsu's paradigm\n--------------------------------",
"As has been shown recently,{{cite journal \\|last\\=Tausch \\|first\\=Arno \\|date\\=16 July 2013 \\|title\\=The Hallmarks of Crisis: A New Center\\-Periphery Perspective on Long Cycles \\|url\\=https://mpra.ub.uni\\-muenchen.de/48356/1/MPRA\\_paper\\_48356\\.pdf \\|publisher\\=SSRN \\|doi\\=10\\.2139/ssrn.2294324 \\|s2cid\\=140623161}} Akamatsu's theory emphasizes the differentiation of the world economy, which leads to the rapid diffusion of new techniques to rising industrial nations, which starts with the import of new commodities by these nations. In time, techniques and capital goods are imported as well, and homogenous industries are being established. The uniformization of both industry and agriculture gave rise to the fierce and conflictive competition between Europe, the United States and Japan in the last quarter of the 19th Century. When innovation occurs in some industries in an advanced nation, investment is concentrated there, causing a rise in the trade cycle. Innovation leads to an increase in exports, and the nation's prosperity creates and increases the import of raw materials and foodstuffs.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Great divergence and great convergence: a global perspective\\|first\\=V.A.\\|last\\=Korotaev \\|date\\=2015\\|publisher\\=Springer\\|isbn\\=9783319363660\\|oclc\\=911206248}} Akamatsu sees a counter\\-movement in other parts of the world, centered on the rising production of gold, which, according to him, leads to an increase in effective demand and further stimulates exports of the innovating nation. In that way, world production and trade expand, prices increase and a worldwide rise in the long\\-term trade cycle results.",
"However, innovations spread from the innovating nations to other nations, leading to the development of industries in those countries, with the result of a conflictive relationship with the industries of the innovating nation. Exports of the innovating nation become stagnant, and on the world level, there is a tendency towards [overproduction](/wiki/Overproduction \"Overproduction\"), prices turn downwards, and the rates of growth of production and trade fall. The first, rising [A\\-phase](/wiki/A-phase \"A-phase\") of the [Kondratiev cycle](/wiki/Kondratiev_cycle \"Kondratiev cycle\") will be according to Akamatsu a period of differentiation in the world economic structure, while the “falling period” or [B\\-phase](/wiki/B-phase \"B-phase\") of the [Kondratiev cycle](/wiki/Kondratiev_cycle \"Kondratiev cycle\") will, Akamatsu argues, coincide with a process of uniformization in world economic structure.",
"For Akamatsu, the characteristic structure of the Center\\-Periphery relationship is characterized by the fact that the underdeveloped nation will export primary products and will import industrial goods for consumption. Later on, an underdeveloped nation will attempt to produce goods that were hitherto imported, first in the field of consumer goods, and later on in the area of capital goods. As the fourth stage of the process, the underdeveloped nation will attempt to export capital goods. There will be a tendency of “advanced” differentiation in the world economy, however, because the capital goods industries in advanced nations will still advance further, giving rise to “extreme differences of comparative costs”. The wild\\-geese flying pattern will include three sub\\-patterns: the first is the sequence of imports – domestic production – exports. The second will be the sequence from consumer goods to capital goods and from crude and simple articles to complex and refined articles. The third will be the alignment from the advanced nations to backward nations according to their stages of growth.",
"However, there is a darker and more somber nature of these cycles as well – the condition of discrepancy will be met, Akamatsu argues, by means of imports, leading to discrepancies in the balance of payments, and the pressure to increase exports of primary products to improve the balance. Discrepancies will also lead to a shift of production away from domestic industries in the underdeveloped country towards the export sector; leading, in the end, also to problems of excessive supply capacities in the underdeveloped country etc.",
"At the end of the day, Akamatsu believes in a Hegelian dialectic between the three basic discrepancies, characterizing the process of development: the discrepancy of development, the cyclical discrepancy between the rich and the poor countries, and the structural discrepancy.",
""
] |
Misra–Gries algorithm
---------------------
A [bag](/wiki/Multiset "Multiset") is like a [set](/wiki/Set_%28mathematics%29 "Set (mathematics)") in which the same value may occur multiple
times. Assume that a bag is available as an array {{math\|b\[0:n – 1]}} of {{math\|n}} elements.
In the abstract description of the algorithm, we treat {{math\|b}}
and its segments also as bags. Henceforth, a *heavy hitter* of
bag {{math\|b}} is a value that occurs more than {{math\|n ÷ k}} times in it, for some integer {{math\|k}}, {{math\|k≥2}}.
A *{{math\|k}}\-reduced bag* for bag {{math\|b}} is derived from {{math\|b}} by
repeating the following operation until no longer possible: Delete {{math\|k}} distinct elements from {{math\|b}}. From its definition, a {{math\|k}}\-reduced bag contains fewer than {{math\|k}} different values.
The following theorem is easy to prove:
**Theorem 1\.** Each heavy\-hitter of {{math\|b}} is an element of a {{math\|k}}\-reduced bag for {{math\|b}}.
The first pass of the heavy\-hitters computation constructs a {{math\|k}}\-reduced
bag {{math\|t}}. The second pass declares an element of {{math\|t}} to be a heavy\-hitter if
it occurs more than {{math\|n ÷ k}} times in {{math\|b}}. According to Theorem 1, this
procedure determines all and only the heavy\-hitters. The second pass
is easy to program, so we describe only the first pass.
In order to construct {{math\|t}}, scan the values in {{math\|b}} in arbitrary order, for
specificity the following algorithm scans them in the order of
increasing indices. Invariant {{math\|P}} of the
algorithm is that {{math\|t}} is a {{math\|k}}\-reduced bag for the scanned values and {{math\|d}} is
the number of distinct values in {{math\|t}}. Initially, no value has been
scanned, {{math\|t}} is the empty bag, and {{math\|d}} is zero.
{{block indent\|1\={{math\|P: 0 ≤ i ≤ n {{and}}}}
{{indent\|5}}{{math\|t}} is a {{math\|k}}\-reduced bag for {{math\|b\[0:i – 1]}} {{and}}{{indent\|5}}{{math\|d}} is the number of distinct values in {{math\|t}} {{and}} {{math\|0 ≤ d \< k}}}}
Whenever element {{math\|b\[i]}} is scanned, in order to preserve the
invariant: (1\) if {{math\|b\[i]}} is not in {{math\|t}}, add it to {{math\|t}} and increase {{math\|d}} by 1,
(2\) if {{math\|b\[i]}} is in {{math\|t}}, add it to {{math\|t}} but don't modify {{math\|d}}, and
(3\) if {{math\|d}} becomes equal to {{math\|k}}, reduce {{math\|t}} by deleting {{math\|k}} distinct values from
it and update {{math\|d}} appropriately.
**algorithm** Misra–Gries **is**
```
t, d := { }, 0
```
**for** i **from** 0 **to** n\-1 **do**
**if** b\[i] {{notin}} t **then**
```
t, d:= t ∪ {b[i]}, d+1
```
**else**
```
t, d:= t ∪ {b[i]}, d
```
**endif**
**if** d \= k **then**
```
Delete
```
{{math\|k}} distinct values from {{math\|t;}} update {{math\|d}}
**endif**
**endfor**
A possible implementation of {{math\|t}} is as a set of pairs of the form
{{math\|(vi}}, {{math\|ci}}) where each {{math\|vi}} is a distinct value in {{math\|t}}
and {{math\|ci}} is the number of occurrences of {{math\|vi}} in {{math\|t}}.
Then {{math\|d}} is the size of this set. The
step "Delete {{math\|k}} distinct values from {{math\|t}}" amounts to reducing each {{math\|ci}} by
1 and then removing any pair ({{math\|vi}}, {{math\|ci}}) from the set if {{math\|ci}} becomes 0\.
Using an [AVL tree](/wiki/AVL_tree "AVL tree") implementation of {{math\|t}}, the algorithm has a
running time of {{math\|O(n log k)}}. In order to assess the space requirement, assume that the elements of
{{math\|b}} can have {{math\|m}} possible values, so the storage of a value {{math\|vi}} needs
{{math\|O(log m)}} bits. Since each counter {{math\|ci}} may have a value as high as
{{math\|n}}, its storage needs {{math\|O(log n)}} bits. Therefore, for {{math\|O(k)}} value\-counter pairs,
the space requirement is {{math\|O(k (log n \+ log m))}}.
|
[
"Misra–Gries algorithm\n---------------------",
"A [bag](/wiki/Multiset \"Multiset\") is like a [set](/wiki/Set_%28mathematics%29 \"Set (mathematics)\") in which the same value may occur multiple\ntimes. Assume that a bag is available as an array {{math\\|b\\[0:n – 1]}} of {{math\\|n}} elements.\nIn the abstract description of the algorithm, we treat {{math\\|b}}\nand its segments also as bags. Henceforth, a *heavy hitter* of\nbag {{math\\|b}} is a value that occurs more than {{math\\|n ÷ k}} times in it, for some integer {{math\\|k}}, {{math\\|k≥2}}.",
"A *{{math\\|k}}\\-reduced bag* for bag {{math\\|b}} is derived from {{math\\|b}} by\nrepeating the following operation until no longer possible: Delete {{math\\|k}} distinct elements from {{math\\|b}}. From its definition, a {{math\\|k}}\\-reduced bag contains fewer than {{math\\|k}} different values.\nThe following theorem is easy to prove:",
"**Theorem 1\\.** Each heavy\\-hitter of {{math\\|b}} is an element of a {{math\\|k}}\\-reduced bag for {{math\\|b}}.",
"The first pass of the heavy\\-hitters computation constructs a {{math\\|k}}\\-reduced\nbag {{math\\|t}}. The second pass declares an element of {{math\\|t}} to be a heavy\\-hitter if\nit occurs more than {{math\\|n ÷ k}} times in {{math\\|b}}. According to Theorem 1, this\nprocedure determines all and only the heavy\\-hitters. The second pass\nis easy to program, so we describe only the first pass.",
"In order to construct {{math\\|t}}, scan the values in {{math\\|b}} in arbitrary order, for\nspecificity the following algorithm scans them in the order of\nincreasing indices. Invariant {{math\\|P}} of the\nalgorithm is that {{math\\|t}} is a {{math\\|k}}\\-reduced bag for the scanned values and {{math\\|d}} is\nthe number of distinct values in {{math\\|t}}. Initially, no value has been\nscanned, {{math\\|t}} is the empty bag, and {{math\\|d}} is zero.",
"{{block indent\\|1\\={{math\\|P: 0 ≤ i ≤ n {{and}}}}\n{{indent\\|5}}{{math\\|t}} is a {{math\\|k}}\\-reduced bag for {{math\\|b\\[0:i – 1]}} {{and}}{{indent\\|5}}{{math\\|d}} is the number of distinct values in {{math\\|t}} {{and}} {{math\\|0 ≤ d \\< k}}}}",
"Whenever element {{math\\|b\\[i]}} is scanned, in order to preserve the\ninvariant: (1\\) if {{math\\|b\\[i]}} is not in {{math\\|t}}, add it to {{math\\|t}} and increase {{math\\|d}} by 1,\n(2\\) if {{math\\|b\\[i]}} is in {{math\\|t}}, add it to {{math\\|t}} but don't modify {{math\\|d}}, and\n(3\\) if {{math\\|d}} becomes equal to {{math\\|k}}, reduce {{math\\|t}} by deleting {{math\\|k}} distinct values from\nit and update {{math\\|d}} appropriately.",
"**algorithm** Misra–Gries **is**",
"```\n t, d := { }, 0\n \n```",
"**for** i **from** 0 **to** n\\-1 **do**\n**if** b\\[i] {{notin}} t **then**",
"```\n t, d:= t ∪ {b[i]}, d+1\n \n```",
"**else**",
"```\n t, d:= t ∪ {b[i]}, d\n \n```",
"**endif**\n**if** d \\= k **then**",
"```\n Delete \n```",
"{{math\\|k}} distinct values from {{math\\|t;}} update {{math\\|d}}\n **endif**\n**endfor**",
"A possible implementation of {{math\\|t}} is as a set of pairs of the form\n{{math\\|(vi}}, {{math\\|ci}}) where each {{math\\|vi}} is a distinct value in {{math\\|t}}\nand {{math\\|ci}} is the number of occurrences of {{math\\|vi}} in {{math\\|t}}.\nThen {{math\\|d}} is the size of this set. The\nstep \"Delete {{math\\|k}} distinct values from {{math\\|t}}\" amounts to reducing each {{math\\|ci}} by\n1 and then removing any pair ({{math\\|vi}}, {{math\\|ci}}) from the set if {{math\\|ci}} becomes 0\\.",
"Using an [AVL tree](/wiki/AVL_tree \"AVL tree\") implementation of {{math\\|t}}, the algorithm has a\nrunning time of {{math\\|O(n log k)}}. In order to assess the space requirement, assume that the elements of\n{{math\\|b}} can have {{math\\|m}} possible values, so the storage of a value {{math\\|vi}} needs\n{{math\\|O(log m)}} bits. Since each counter {{math\\|ci}} may have a value as high as\n{{math\\|n}}, its storage needs {{math\\|O(log n)}} bits. Therefore, for {{math\\|O(k)}} value\\-counter pairs, \nthe space requirement is {{math\\|O(k (log n \\+ log m))}}.",
""
] |
Character biography
-------------------
Born on 14 November 2001 or 2040 in [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan "Michigan"), United States, Brains was orphaned at the age of 12 when his family was killed in a hurricane. He was eventually adopted by a professor at the [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge"), and discovered later on by [Jeff Tracy](/wiki/Jeff_Tracy "Jeff Tracy"), founder of International Rescue, while he was lecturing in Paris.Bentley 2005, p. 58\.Marriott 1993, p. 125\.
Brains is a highly\-intelligent [mechanical](/wiki/Mechanical_engineering "Mechanical engineering") and [aerospace](/wiki/Aerospace_engineering "Aerospace engineering") engineer who is considered to be fifty years ahead of his time, and the world's greatest aircraft designer.[Thunderbird 6](/wiki/Thunderbird_6 "Thunderbird 6"), 1968; approx 00:30\. A highly valued if somewhat absent\-minded and socially maladroit member of IR, he designed the [*Thunderbird* machines](/wiki/Thunderbirds_machines "Thunderbirds machines") and other vehicles and facilities used by the organisation and its agents – indeed, much of the hardware and infrastructure. He is also known to invent in his spare time; he once built a chess\-playing robot called Braman (which fortuitously serves as an auxiliary computer in the episode "[Sun Probe](/wiki/Sun_Probe "Sun Probe")"). Brains' technical expertise is sometimes required in the field, in which case he usually accompanies the Tracy brothers in *[Thunderbird 2](/wiki/Thunderbird_2 "Thunderbird 2")*.
It has been mentioned a number of times, in at least *Thunderbirds are go*, that Brains has a tendency to overengineer his inventions to ensure reliability and an ability to work in unexpected situations. As such, it is rare that the Thunderbird vehicles cannot handle the rescues they are assigned.
Brains has occasionally designed vehicles for organisations outside International Rescue as a freelance engineer. These include *[Skythrust](/wiki/Thunderbirds_machines%23Skythrust "Thunderbirds machines#Skythrust")* (in the episode "[Alias Mr. Hackenbacker](/wiki/Alias_Mr._Hackenbacker "Alias Mr. Hackenbacker")") and *[Skyship One](/wiki/Thunderbirds_machines%23Skyship_One "Thunderbirds machines#Skyship One")* (in the film *[Thunderbird 6](/wiki/Thunderbird_6 "Thunderbird 6")*). Such commissions are built under strict security to maintain the secrecy of IR.
The character's birth name is not revealed in the series; while working on external projects, Brains uses a [pseudonym](/wiki/Pseudonym "Pseudonym") to protect his identity. For example, he uses the alias "Hiram K. Hackenbacker" while working on the *Skythrust* project, and the board that commissions *Skyship One* knows him only as "Mr X".
### Original series appearances
{{Div col\|colwidth\=25em}}
* "[Trapped in the Sky](/wiki/Trapped_in_the_Sky "Trapped in the Sky")"
* "[Pit of Peril](/wiki/Pit_of_Peril "Pit of Peril")"
* "[Terror in New York City](/wiki/Terror_in_New_York_City "Terror in New York City")"
* "[Edge of Impact](/wiki/Edge_of_Impact "Edge of Impact")"
* "[Day of Disaster](/wiki/Day_of_Disaster "Day of Disaster")"
* "[30 Minutes After Noon](/wiki/30_Minutes_After_Noon "30 Minutes After Noon")"
* "[Desperate Intruder](/wiki/Desperate_Intruder "Desperate Intruder")"
* "[End of the Road](/wiki/End_of_the_Road_%28Thunderbirds%29 "End of the Road (Thunderbirds)")"
* "[The Uninvited](/wiki/The_Uninvited_%28Thunderbirds%29 "The Uninvited (Thunderbirds)")"
* "[Sun Probe](/wiki/Sun_Probe "Sun Probe")"
* "[Operation Crash\-Dive](/wiki/Operation_Crash-Dive "Operation Crash-Dive")"
* "[Vault of Death](/wiki/Vault_of_Death_%28Thunderbirds_episode%29 "Vault of Death (Thunderbirds episode)")"
* "[The Mighty Atom](/wiki/The_Mighty_Atom_%28Thunderbirds%29 "The Mighty Atom (Thunderbirds)")"
* "[City of Fire](/wiki/City_of_Fire_%28Thunderbirds%29 "City of Fire (Thunderbirds)")"
* "[The Man from MI.5](/wiki/The_Man_from_MI.5 "The Man from MI.5")"
* "[Cry Wolf](/wiki/Cry_Wolf_%28Thunderbirds%29 "Cry Wolf (Thunderbirds)")"
* "[Danger at Ocean Deep](/wiki/Danger_at_Ocean_Deep "Danger at Ocean Deep")"
* "[Move{{snd}}and You're Dead](/wiki/Move%7B%7Bsnd%7D%7Dand_You%27re_Dead "Move{{snd}}and You're Dead")"
* "[Brink of Disaster](/wiki/Brink_of_Disaster_%28Thunderbirds_episode%29 "Brink of Disaster (Thunderbirds episode)")"
* "[Attack of the Alligators!](/wiki/Attack_of_the_Alligators%21 "Attack of the Alligators!")"
* "[The Cham\-Cham](/wiki/The_Cham-Cham "The Cham-Cham")"
* "[Security Hazard](/wiki/Security_Hazard "Security Hazard")"
* "[Atlantic Inferno](/wiki/Atlantic_Inferno "Atlantic Inferno")"
* "[Path of Destruction](/wiki/Path_of_Destruction_%28Thunderbirds%29 "Path of Destruction (Thunderbirds)")"
* "[Alias Mr. Hackenbacker](/wiki/Alias_Mr._Hackenbacker "Alias Mr. Hackenbacker")"
* "[Lord Parker's 'Oliday](/wiki/Lord_Parker%27s_%27Oliday "Lord Parker's 'Oliday")"
* "[Ricochet](/wiki/Ricochet_%28Thunderbirds%29 "Ricochet (Thunderbirds)")"
* "[Give or Take a Million](/wiki/Give_or_Take_a_Million "Give or Take a Million")"
* *[Thunderbirds Are Go](/wiki/Thunderbirds_Are_Go "Thunderbirds Are Go")* (film)
* *[Thunderbird 6](/wiki/Thunderbird_6 "Thunderbird 6")* (film)
{{div col end}}
|
[
"Character biography\n-------------------",
"Born on 14 November 2001 or 2040 in [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan \"Michigan\"), United States, Brains was orphaned at the age of 12 when his family was killed in a hurricane. He was eventually adopted by a professor at the [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge \"University of Cambridge\"), and discovered later on by [Jeff Tracy](/wiki/Jeff_Tracy \"Jeff Tracy\"), founder of International Rescue, while he was lecturing in Paris.Bentley 2005, p. 58\\.Marriott 1993, p. 125\\.",
"Brains is a highly\\-intelligent [mechanical](/wiki/Mechanical_engineering \"Mechanical engineering\") and [aerospace](/wiki/Aerospace_engineering \"Aerospace engineering\") engineer who is considered to be fifty years ahead of his time, and the world's greatest aircraft designer.[Thunderbird 6](/wiki/Thunderbird_6 \"Thunderbird 6\"), 1968; approx 00:30\\. A highly valued if somewhat absent\\-minded and socially maladroit member of IR, he designed the [*Thunderbird* machines](/wiki/Thunderbirds_machines \"Thunderbirds machines\") and other vehicles and facilities used by the organisation and its agents – indeed, much of the hardware and infrastructure. He is also known to invent in his spare time; he once built a chess\\-playing robot called Braman (which fortuitously serves as an auxiliary computer in the episode \"[Sun Probe](/wiki/Sun_Probe \"Sun Probe\")\"). Brains' technical expertise is sometimes required in the field, in which case he usually accompanies the Tracy brothers in *[Thunderbird 2](/wiki/Thunderbird_2 \"Thunderbird 2\")*.",
"It has been mentioned a number of times, in at least *Thunderbirds are go*, that Brains has a tendency to overengineer his inventions to ensure reliability and an ability to work in unexpected situations. As such, it is rare that the Thunderbird vehicles cannot handle the rescues they are assigned.",
"Brains has occasionally designed vehicles for organisations outside International Rescue as a freelance engineer. These include *[Skythrust](/wiki/Thunderbirds_machines%23Skythrust \"Thunderbirds machines#Skythrust\")* (in the episode \"[Alias Mr. Hackenbacker](/wiki/Alias_Mr._Hackenbacker \"Alias Mr. Hackenbacker\")\") and *[Skyship One](/wiki/Thunderbirds_machines%23Skyship_One \"Thunderbirds machines#Skyship One\")* (in the film *[Thunderbird 6](/wiki/Thunderbird_6 \"Thunderbird 6\")*). Such commissions are built under strict security to maintain the secrecy of IR.",
"The character's birth name is not revealed in the series; while working on external projects, Brains uses a [pseudonym](/wiki/Pseudonym \"Pseudonym\") to protect his identity. For example, he uses the alias \"Hiram K. Hackenbacker\" while working on the *Skythrust* project, and the board that commissions *Skyship One* knows him only as \"Mr X\".",
"### Original series appearances",
"{{Div col\\|colwidth\\=25em}}\n* \"[Trapped in the Sky](/wiki/Trapped_in_the_Sky \"Trapped in the Sky\")\"\n* \"[Pit of Peril](/wiki/Pit_of_Peril \"Pit of Peril\")\"\n* \"[Terror in New York City](/wiki/Terror_in_New_York_City \"Terror in New York City\")\"\n* \"[Edge of Impact](/wiki/Edge_of_Impact \"Edge of Impact\")\"\n* \"[Day of Disaster](/wiki/Day_of_Disaster \"Day of Disaster\")\"\n* \"[30 Minutes After Noon](/wiki/30_Minutes_After_Noon \"30 Minutes After Noon\")\"\n* \"[Desperate Intruder](/wiki/Desperate_Intruder \"Desperate Intruder\")\"\n* \"[End of the Road](/wiki/End_of_the_Road_%28Thunderbirds%29 \"End of the Road (Thunderbirds)\")\"\n* \"[The Uninvited](/wiki/The_Uninvited_%28Thunderbirds%29 \"The Uninvited (Thunderbirds)\")\"\n* \"[Sun Probe](/wiki/Sun_Probe \"Sun Probe\")\"\n* \"[Operation Crash\\-Dive](/wiki/Operation_Crash-Dive \"Operation Crash-Dive\")\"\n* \"[Vault of Death](/wiki/Vault_of_Death_%28Thunderbirds_episode%29 \"Vault of Death (Thunderbirds episode)\")\"\n* \"[The Mighty Atom](/wiki/The_Mighty_Atom_%28Thunderbirds%29 \"The Mighty Atom (Thunderbirds)\")\"\n* \"[City of Fire](/wiki/City_of_Fire_%28Thunderbirds%29 \"City of Fire (Thunderbirds)\")\"\n* \"[The Man from MI.5](/wiki/The_Man_from_MI.5 \"The Man from MI.5\")\"\n* \"[Cry Wolf](/wiki/Cry_Wolf_%28Thunderbirds%29 \"Cry Wolf (Thunderbirds)\")\"\n* \"[Danger at Ocean Deep](/wiki/Danger_at_Ocean_Deep \"Danger at Ocean Deep\")\"\n* \"[Move{{snd}}and You're Dead](/wiki/Move%7B%7Bsnd%7D%7Dand_You%27re_Dead \"Move{{snd}}and You're Dead\")\"\n* \"[Brink of Disaster](/wiki/Brink_of_Disaster_%28Thunderbirds_episode%29 \"Brink of Disaster (Thunderbirds episode)\")\"\n* \"[Attack of the Alligators!](/wiki/Attack_of_the_Alligators%21 \"Attack of the Alligators!\")\"\n* \"[The Cham\\-Cham](/wiki/The_Cham-Cham \"The Cham-Cham\")\"\n* \"[Security Hazard](/wiki/Security_Hazard \"Security Hazard\")\"\n* \"[Atlantic Inferno](/wiki/Atlantic_Inferno \"Atlantic Inferno\")\"\n* \"[Path of Destruction](/wiki/Path_of_Destruction_%28Thunderbirds%29 \"Path of Destruction (Thunderbirds)\")\"\n* \"[Alias Mr. Hackenbacker](/wiki/Alias_Mr._Hackenbacker \"Alias Mr. Hackenbacker\")\"\n* \"[Lord Parker's 'Oliday](/wiki/Lord_Parker%27s_%27Oliday \"Lord Parker's 'Oliday\")\"\n* \"[Ricochet](/wiki/Ricochet_%28Thunderbirds%29 \"Ricochet (Thunderbirds)\")\"\n* \"[Give or Take a Million](/wiki/Give_or_Take_a_Million \"Give or Take a Million\")\"\n* *[Thunderbirds Are Go](/wiki/Thunderbirds_Are_Go \"Thunderbirds Are Go\")* (film)\n* *[Thunderbird 6](/wiki/Thunderbird_6 \"Thunderbird 6\")* (film)\n{{div col end}}",
""
] |
Political philosophy
--------------------
### Renewing and transforming public philosophy
Tully's approach to the study and teaching of politics is a form of historical and critical reflection on problems of political practice in the present. It is an attempt to renew and transform the tradition of [public philosophy](/wiki/Public_philosophy "Public philosophy") so it can effectively address the pressing political problems of our age in a genuinely democratic way. It does this by means of a dual dialogue of reciprocal and mutual learning among equals: between academics in different disciplines addressing the same problems (multidisciplinary); and between academics and citizens addressing the problems and struggles on the ground by their own ways of knowing and doing (democratic). The aim is to throw critical light on contemporary political problems by means of studies that free us to some extent from hegemonic ways of thinking and acting politically, enabling us to test their limits and to see and consider the concrete possibilities of thinking and acting differently.James Tully, "Public Philosophy and civic freedom: a guide to the two volumes," *Public Philosophy in a New Key, Volume I: Democracy and Civic Freedom*, and *Volume II: Imperialism and Civic Freedom* (Cambridge University Press, 2008\), pp. 1–11 (both volumes). For more detail, see *Public Philosophy I*: Part I: Approaching Practice, pp. 13–132\.
### The politics of cultural recognition
[thumb\|*[Spirit of Haida Gwaii](/wiki/Spirit_of_Haida_Gwaii "Spirit of Haida Gwaii")* by [Bill Reid](/wiki/Bill_Reid "Bill Reid")Tully](/wiki/File:Bill_Reid_Haida_Gail_01.jpg "Bill Reid Haida Gail 01.jpg")'s 1995, *Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity* engages with the famous indigenous sculpture *[Spirit of Haida Gwaii](/wiki/Spirit_of_Haida_Gwaii "Spirit of Haida Gwaii")* by [Bill Reid](/wiki/Bill_Reid "Bill Reid") as a metaphor for the kind of democratic constitutionalism that can help reconcile the competing claims of multicultural and multinational societies."*The spirit of Haida Gwaii*, I would now like you to imagine, can be seen as just such a constitutional dialogue, or multilogue, of mutual recognition," Tully, *Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity* (Cambridge University Press, 2004 \[1995]), p. 24\. The 'strange multiplicity' of cultural diversity is embodied in the varied and assorted canoe passengers "squabbling and vying for recognition and position.""The passengers are squabbling and vying for recognition and position each in their culturally distinct way. They are exchanging their diverse stories and claims as the chief appears to listen attentively to each, hoping to guide them to reach an agreement, without imposing a metalanguage or allowing any speaker to set the terms of the discussion. The chief’s subjection to the rule of mutual recognition is symbolised by the crests of the crew's nations and families carved in the speaker's staff," Tully, *Strange Multiplicity*, p. 24\. There is no universal constitutional order imposed from above nor a single category of citizenship, because identities and relations change over time."Since recognition is never definitive, the particular constitutional arrangement of the members of the canoe is presumably not meant to be fixed once and for all. Constitutional recognition and association change over time, as the canoe progresses and the members change in various ways. A constitution is more like an endless series of contracts and agreements, reached by periodical intercultural dialogues, rather than an original contract in the distant past, an ideal speech\-situation today, or a mythic unity of the community in liberal and nationalist constitutionalism," Tully, *Strange Multiplicity*, p. 26\. This view rejects the "mythic unity of the community" imagined "in liberal and nationalist constitutionalism."Tully, *Strange Multiplicity*, p. 26\. The critique of modern, presumptively 'universal' conceptions of citizenship are developed in Tully, *Public Philosophy I* \& *II*.
Tully argues that the concept of 'culture' is more flexible and constructive for thinking about the rival claims of political groups than the more rigid and exclusive concept 'nation.'"The consequence of national and liberal constitutions, which have been the dominant forms over the last three hundred years, is precisely the contemporary resistance and demands for recognition of the members whose cultures have been excluded, assimilated or exterminated. A just form of constitution must begin with the full mutual recognition of the different cultures of its citizens," Tully, *Strange Multiplicity*, pp. 7–8\. Culture more readily suggests that group identities are plural, overlapping, and changing over time in their encounters with others. Unlike nationalism, the politics of cultural recognition does not assume that every group aspires to its own culturally homogenous 'nation\-state.'"Although this has been the dominant form of constitutional recognition since the seventeenth century, it cannot be simply extended to the demands for cultural recognition today," Tully, *Strange Multiplicity*, p. 8\. Rather, cultures must find ways to share spaces and co\-exist. While they may always strive to determine their own identities and relations, pursuant to "self rule, the oldest political good in the world,"Tully, *Strange Multiplicity*, p. 5\. the solution is not to crack down on diversity or to impose one cultural model over others.
The solution is to broaden opportunities for participation and contestation, to further democratize institutions and relations of governance, including foundational constitutions. According to Tully, "a constitution should not be seen as a fixed set of rules but, rather, as an imperfect form of accommodation of the diverse members of a political association that is always open to negotiation by the members of the association."[“Research,”](https://www.uvic.ca/socialsciences/politicalscience/people/directory/emeritusfaculty/tullyjim.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030003228/http://www.uvic.ca/socialsciences/politicalscience/people/directory/emeritusfaculty/tullyjim.php \|date\=30 October 2014 }} James Tully webpage on [University of Victoria](/wiki/University_of_Victoria "University of Victoria") website, accessed 18 November 2014; see also: "a constitution can be both the foundation of democracy and, at the same time, subject to democratic discussion and change in practice," Tully, *Strange Multiplicity*, p. 29\.A major theme of Tully's work is a careful reconceptualization or clarification of a series of contested terms, including the notions of constitution, freedom, citizenship, and the adjectives democratic, civic, and global. Tully "re\-describes" each to emphasize not static categories or abstract, transcendental or universal qualities, but rather practice or praxis – dialogical relations, action, and contestation. For more on Tully’s methodological approach, drawing heavily on the work of [Ludwig Wittgenstein](/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein "Ludwig Wittgenstein"), the [Cambridge School of thought](/wiki/Cambridge_School_%28intellectual_history%29 "Cambridge School (intellectual history)"), and [Michel Foucault](/wiki/Michel_Foucault "Michel Foucault"), see Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, pp. 4–5, 10, 15–131, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 254–256; see also David Owen, "Series Editor’s Foreword," in James Tully, *On Global Citizenship: James Tully in Dialogue* (London: Bloomsbury, 2014\), pp. ix–x, Robert Nichols and Jakeet Singh, "Editors' Introduction," *Freedom and Democracy in an Imperial Context: Dialogues with James Tully* (London: Routledge, 2014\), pp. 1–3\. No aspect of relations should be off limits to deliberation if called into question by participants affected by those relations. This is what Tully means by "democratic constitutionalism" as opposed to more conventional "constitutional democracy."Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 4\. From this perspective, Tully can claim that "\[t]he constitution is thus one area of modern politics that has not been democratised over the last three hundred years."Tully, *Strange Multiplicity*, p. 28\.
For Tully, *The Spirit of Haida Gwaii* prefigures a more democratic, pluralistic, and just society. It evokes a simpler, more elegant, and sustainable ethos of gift\-reciprocity in all our relationships, human and non\-human. Getting along may be messy and imperfect business, but the passengers continue to row cooperatively, and the canoe of society glides onward."For all the celebration of diversity and the vying for recognition, the paddles are somehow in unison and they appear to be heading in some direction \[...] This seems to imply that the kind of constitutional change required to meet the just demands for recognition can be carried out without capsizing a society," Tully, *Strange Multiplicity*, p. 28\.
### Practices of civic freedom and global citizenship
In *Public Philosophy in a New Key, Volume I: Democracy and Civic Freedom*, and *Volume II: Imperialism and Civic Freedom* (2008\), Tully expands his approach "to a broader range of contemporary struggles: over diverse forms of recognition, social justice, the environment and imperialism."Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 4\. Tully’s work on *Public Philosophy I* \& *II* "leads him to elaborate the implications of his revised view of freedom for multinational democracy and extend his analysis to encompass the history of Western imperialism," Owen, "Series Editor’s Foreword," in *On Global Citizenship*, pp. xi–xii. Also, "Tully’s aim, then, is to develop alternative notions of freedom and democracy that can be woven into a non\-imperial, or in fact de\-imperializing, way of life," Nichols and Singh, "Editors' Introduction," *Freedom and Democracy*, p. 2\. The two volumes mark a shift toward a principal emphasis on freedom. "The primary question," Tully writes, "is thus not recognition, identity or difference, but freedom; the freedom of the members of an open society to change the constitutional rules of mutual recognition and association from time to time as their identities change."Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 189\. And "Freedom versus domination is thus the emerging focus of politics in multinational societies at the dawn of the new millennium," Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 190\. This is "civic freedom," referring to the capacity people have to participate in the constitution of their own governance relations."This is the fundamental democratic or civic freedom of citizens – having an effective say in a dialogue over the norms through which they are governed," *Public Philosophy I*, p. 310\. And "To be free democratically is not only to be able to participate in various ways in accordance with the principles, rules and procedures of the constitutional system, as important as this is, but also, and crucially, always to be able to take one step back, dissent and call into question the principles, rules or procedures by which one is governed and to enter into (rule\-governed) deliberations over them," Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 93–94\.
To the extent that governance relations restrict this basic freedom, "they constitute a structure of domination, the members are not self\-determining, and the society is unfree."Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 190 Conditions of oppression, however, do not rule out or discount practices of civic freedom. Tully's public philosophy is not concerned with ideal conditions or hoped\-for peaceful futures. Rather, civic freedom exists in conduct and in relations in the "here and now,"Tully, Public Philosophy I, pp. 20, 154, 288, Tully, Public Philosophy II, pp. 73, 90, 120–121, 189, 190, 229\. not least under conditions of oppression and conflict. Against violence and tyranny, Tully argues, practices of civic freedom make the best "strategies of confrontation,"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 280–309\. because they generate conditions for transformative change. The concluding chapter of *Public Philosophy in a New Key, Vol. II* examines "the democratic means to challenge and transform imperial relationships \[and] brings together the three themes of the two volumes: public philosophy, practices of civic freedom and the countless ways they work together to negotiate and transform oppressive relationships."Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 8; see especially *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 296–309, and Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, pp. 88–97, 305–308\.
Tully's civics\-based approach offers a new way of thinking about a diverse array of contemporary and historical traditions of democratic struggle,Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 51–53; "Middle East Legal and Governmental Pluralism: A view of the field from the demos," *Middle East Law and Governance*, 4 (2012\), 225–263\. including environmental movementsTully, "An Ecological Ethics for the Present," in *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 73–88; also pp. 70–72\. and indigenous struggle.Tully, "The Struggle of Indigenous Peoples for and of Freedom," in *Public Philosophy I*, pp. 257–288 Tully summarizes the approach and its potential:
> 'Practices of civic freedom' comprise the vast repertoire of ways of citizens acting together on the field of governance relationships and against the oppressive and unjust dimensions of them. These range from ways of 'acting otherwise' within the space of governance relationships to contesting, negotiating, confronting and seeking to transform them. The general aim of these diverse civic activities is to bring oppressive and unjust governance relationships under the on\-going shared authority of the citizenry subject to them; namely, to civicise and democratize them from below.
From this perspective, these kinds of powerful, civic movements are not deviations or anomalies to be corrected or appeased through discipline or cooptation, but exemplars of civic freedom."They are classified \[by the dominant discourses and institutions] as acts of civil disobedience or rebellion. If these illegal struggles are successful and the extensions institutionalised, then the extensions are redescribed retrospectively as stages in the development of modern citizenship and incorporated within its framework, as in the cases of working\-class struggles giving rise to social and economic rights, women gaining recognition as citizens, civil rights movements and recognition of cultural minorities. Thus, what are seen as activities of citizenship by the civic tradition – struggles for new forms of recognition and extensions of citizenship – fall outside of modern \[conventional] citizenship with its institutional/status orientation," Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 256, also, pp. 298, 308–309\. They disclose their positions or grievances not only through words and stated goals but through the very world they bring into being by their actions: civic "activists *have to be the change* that they wish to bring about."Tully, "Two Traditions of Human Rights," in *Human Rights, Human Dignity and Cosmopolitan Ideals*, ed. by Matthias Lutz\-Bachmann and Amos Nascimento (London: Ashgate, 2014\), p. 151, also, 155, 156\. "Underlying this way of democratization," Tully argues, "is the Gandhian premise that democracy and peace can be brought about only by democratic and peaceful means."Tully, "Middle East Legal and Governmental Pluralism," *Middle East Law and Governance*, 4 (2012\), p. 228\. However, this is no utopian vision, according to Tully, referring to the "thousands" and "millions of examples of civic"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 306, 308\. practices everyday that make another world not only possible but "*actual*.""*Another world is actual*," Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 301\.
To clarify and reinforce this approach, Tully argues for an expanded conception of the term *citizenship* to encompass all forms of governance\-related conduct, with an emphasis on "negotiated practices."Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 248\. *Civic* or *global* citizenship refers to the myriad of relations and practices (global and local) people find themselves embedded and participating in."From the civic perspective, citizenship comes into being whenever and wherever people who are subject to or affected by practices of governance become active co\-agents within them; exercising the powers of having a say (negotiating) and having a hand (powers of self\-organization and self\-government) in and over the relationships that govern their interaction," Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, p. 272\. The term *global* draws attention to the diverse and overlapping character of governance – and hence citizen – relations.Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 243–249\. Modes of civic and global citizenship "are the means by which cooperative practices of self\-government can be brought into being and the means by which unjust practices of governance can be challenged, reformed and transformed by those who suffer under them."Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, pp. 272–273\.
Tully carefully distinguishes his expanded notion of citizenship (diverse, cooperative, civic, global) from the narrower but more conventional notion of citizenship, which he calls "civil citizenship" (modern, institutional, and international).Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 246–309\. Where *civic* denotes practice and pluralism, *civil* citizenship singularly refers to "a status given by the institutions of the modern constitutional state in international law." This kind of (civil) citizenship is associated with the dominant tradition of liberalism, in which the state ensures a free market, a set of negative liberties (especially protections against state infringements into the private sphere), and a narrow range of participation through institutions of free speech and representative government.Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 250–256; see also "Two Traditions of Human Rights," in *Human Rights, Human Dignity and Cosmopolitan Ideals*, pp. 139–148\. Tully argues that this dominant module of civil citizenship is neither universal nor inevitable; rather, it is "one singular, historical form of citizenship among others." More problematically, the civil tradition often plays handmaiden to empire, insofar as imperial powers operate under international banners of 'progress' and 'liberalism':
> the dominant forms of representative democracy, self\-determination and democratisation promoted through international law are not alternatives to imperialism, but, rather, the means through which informal imperialism operates against the wishes of the majority of the population of the post\-colonial world.Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 158\.
By contextualizing and de\-centering, or "provincializing,"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 249\. modern categories of "allegedly universal"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 247\. citizenship, Tully aims to broaden and democratize the field of citizenship and citizen practices. "This \[civic and global] mode of citizenship," he argues, "has the capacity to overcome the imperialism of the present age and bring a democratic world into being."Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 243\.
More recently, Tully has emphasized the importance of "coordinating" the different ways that civil (deliberative) and civic (cooperative) citizens address the same political problems, such as social and ecological justice.Tully, "Two ways of realizing justice and democracy: Linking Amartya Sen and Elinor Ostrom," CRISPP, 16\.2 (March 2013\), pp. 220–233; also, Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, pp. 84–100, especially under "Joining hands and working together," pp. 97–100\. To illustrate, "The life of Gandhi provides an example of how these two modes of citizenship can complement each other. As a representative democrat he supported the Congress Party and representative government, and he reasoned and negotiated endlessly in the official public spheres available to him.\[omitted footnote] Yet, he also grounded himself in cooperative citizenship practices of non\-violent agonistics and regime change, and in alternative practices of social, economic and ecological self\-government," Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, p. 99\.
### The transformative power of nonviolence
In the closing pages of *Public Philosophy in a New Key, Vol. II*, Tully explicitly links his work to the study and practice of [nonviolence](/wiki/Nonviolence "Nonviolence"). He identifies four main components of [Mahatma Gandhi](/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi "Mahatma Gandhi")'s life practice of [Satyagraha](/wiki/Satyagraha "Satyagraha") that offer a model for approaching civic freedom and global citizenship practices: 1\) noncooperation with unjust institutions, 2\) a commitment to nonviolent means of resistance, 3\) a focus on local, community\-based modes of self\-reliance and self\-governance, and 4\), as a precursor to these three components, "personal practices of self\-awareness and self\-formation.""The first is active non\-cooperation vis\-à\-vis any imperial (non\-civic) relationship and its corresponding idea of one universal civilisation or cosmopolitanism for all. The second is the way of peace. For Gandhi this consists in civic organisation and uncompromising non\-violent confrontation and negotiation with those responsible for imperial relationships with the aim of converting them to non\-violent, democratic and peaceful relationships. Thirdly, for these two activities to be effective they have to be grounded in the local field and practices of the alternative world you want to bring about. For Gandhi this consists of 'constructive work' in local, self\-reliant, civically organised Indian villages and respectful participation in their ways \[…] Fourthly, the first three practices are integrated into a singular style of civic life by the more personal practices of self\-awareness and self\-formation," Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 308–309\. According to Tully, these cornerstones of nonviolent power "are daily practices of becoming an exemplary citizen."Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 309
Tully has since focused increasingly on the study and practice nonviolent ethics and nonviolent resistance."Since publishing *PPNK* \[*Public Philosophy in a New Key*] I have been presenting the best arguments of the antiwar and peace movements against the politics of an economy of violence and enmity and for a politics of nonviolence and compassion," Tully, *Democracy and Freedom*, p. 239\. See especially Tully, "Two Traditions of Human Rights," in *Human Rights, Human Dignity and Cosmopolitan Ideals*, pp. 149–156; Tully, "Middle East Legal and Governmental Pluralism: A view of the field from the demos," *Middle East Law and Governance*, 4 (2012\), pp. 225–240, 250–263\. "Global Disorder and Two Responses," *Journal of Intellectual History and Political Thought*, 2\.1 (November), pp. 49–62; Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, pp. 88–100, 276–319, 325–327, and Tully, *Freedom and Democracy*, 239–247, 264–266 (there is some overlap between these sources). For example, he writes,
> the alternative of a politics of reasonable nonviolent cooperation and agonistics (Satyagraha) was discovered in the twentieth century by [William James](/wiki/William_James "William James"), [Gandhi](/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi "Mahatma Gandhi"), [Abdul Gaffar Khan](/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan "Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan"), [Einstein](/wiki/Albert_Einstein "Albert Einstein"), [Ashley Montagu](/wiki/Ashley_Montagu "Ashley Montagu"), [Bertrand Russell](/wiki/Bertrand_Russell "Bertrand Russell"), [Martin Luther King Junior](/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr. "Martin Luther King Jr."), [Thomas Merton](/wiki/Thomas_Merton "Thomas Merton"), [Thich Nhat Hanh](/wiki/Thich_Nhat_Hanh "Thich Nhat Hanh"), [Gene Sharp](/wiki/Gene_Sharp "Gene Sharp"), [Petra Kelly](/wiki/Petra_Kelly "Petra Kelly"), [Johan Galtung](/wiki/Johan_Galtung "Johan Galtung") and [Barbara Deming](/wiki/Barbara_Deming "Barbara Deming"). They argued that the antagonistic premise of western theories of reasonable violence is false. Nonviolent practices of cooperation, disputation and dispute resolution are more basic and prevalent than violent antagonism. This is a central feature of civic freedom.Tully, *Democracy and Freedom*, p. 247\.
A major overlap between Tully's civic freedom and the study of nonviolence is the shared emphasis on practice, on methods, on means rather than on ends. "For cooperative citizens," Tully writes, "means and ends are internally related, like a seed to the full\-grown plant, as Gandhi put it."Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, p. 96\. This is because means "are pre\-figurative or constitutive of ends. Consequently, democratic and peaceful relationships among humans are brought about by democratic and non\-violent means."Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, p. 96
Tully repudiates the "depressing history""Democratic citizens have learned from this depressing history that distrust and violence beget distrust and violence and from the history of nonviolence that there is another more powerful way that leads to peace," Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 295\. of "self\-defeating violent means."Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, p. 99\. He rejects the idea, prevalent across the spectrum of Western political thought, from revolutionaries to reactionaries (the "reigning dogma of the left and right"Tully, *Freedom and Democracy*, p. 240) that peaceful and democratic societies can be brought about by coercive and violent means. Rather, according to Tully, "the means of violence and command relationships do not bring about peace and democracy. They too are constitutive means. They bring about [security dilemmas](/wiki/Security_dilemma "Security dilemma") and the spiral of the command relations necessary for war preparation, arms races and more violence."
For these reasons, Tully extends his civics\-based public philosophy to "practitioners and social scientists \[who] are beginning to appreciate the transformative power of participatory non\-violence and the futility of war in comparison."Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, p. 97\. On the "transformative power of nonviolence," see especially *On Global Citizenship*, pp. 306–308: confronting violence with nonviolence "is often considered the fundamental transformative power of non\-violence since it transforms the opponents and the relationship between them from one mode of being to another. Along with constructive programmes it is at the core of Gandhi’s Satyagraha. It is called the jiu\-jitsu logic of non\-violence because it uses the movements and dis\-equilibrium of the opponent to bring about the transformation. The non\-violent actors are not only offering and suggesting a non\-violent alternative in which they can combine their energy and work together rather than wasting it in futile conflict, they also manifest this alternative in their interaction and envelope the violent others in these non\-violent and potentially transformative relationships. They are being peace and making peace at one and the same time. Most of the more complex and mediated techniques and strategies of non\-violent agonistics are derived from and extend the bodily logic of interaction and transformation of this famous phenomenological prototype. \[citing [Richard Gregg](/wiki/Richard_Gregg_%28social_philosopher%29 "Richard Gregg (social philosopher)")'s 1934 *The Power of Nonviolence*] The other technique that is equally important is non\-cooperation. As we have seen, the civic tradition claims that unjust regimes rest not on violence or [manufactured consensus](/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent "Manufacturing Consent") but on cooperation in the sense of compliance. Therefore, the basic technique of dealing with an unjust regime from Étienne de la Boétie to the Egyptian Spring and non\-violent Intifada is to withdraw cooperation in the everyday reproduction of the unjust system of cooperation," Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, pp. 306–307\.
### Sustainability and Gaia citizenship
Tully's approach to nonviolent citizenship practices includes relations with the non\-human world. Tully argues that Homo Sapiens should see themselves as interdependent civic citizens of the ecological relationships in which they live and breathe and have their being. As such, they have responsibilities to care for and sustain these relationships that, in reciprocity, sustain them and all the other life forms that are interdependent on them."Civic citizens are thus 'caretakers' of the goods of the dwelling places in which they live. In so doing, they dissolve the modernist distinction between culture and nature that separates civics from the places in which it is enacted. Every locale and network of locales of civic activity is not only culturally diverse but also a place in the natural world with its web of relationships of biological and ecological diversity. They see the interactive and interdependent relationships between humans and nature as similar in kind to human relationships, and they attend to and care for them in similar ways. They listen and respond carefully to nature as a living being (Gaia) in their ecological sciences and daily practices of treading lightly. Civic citizens realise that this non\-metaphorical field of possibilities in human/natural relationships and its limited Spielraum is the ground of all others. They are Gaia citizens," Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 293\.
Tully's "[Gaia](/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis "Gaia hypothesis") citizenship"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 293; Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, p. 93; Tully, "Trust, Mistrust and Distrust in Diverse Societies," in *Trust and Distrust in Diverse Societies*, ed. by Dimitrios Karmis, forthcoming; Tully, "Reconciliation Here on Earth," forthcoming ([video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGzGvxvHz2o) of talk). draws on [earth sciences](/wiki/Earth_science "Earth science") and [life sciences](/wiki/List_of_life_sciences "List of life sciences") as well as indigenous traditions. For example, pointing to the work of ecological scientists from [Aldo Leopold](/wiki/Aldo_Leopold "Aldo Leopold"), [Rachel Carson](/wiki/Rachel_Carson "Rachel Carson"), and [Barry Commoner](/wiki/Barry_Commoner "Barry Commoner") to the [Intergovernmental Panels on Climate Change](/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"), Tully links the unsustainability crisis of the [Anthropocene](/wiki/Anthropocene "Anthropocene") to his own critique of "modern civil" modes of governmentality (as violent, exploitative, and destructive).Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, p. 93; Tully, "Trust in Diverse Societies," forthcoming; Tully, "Reconciliation Here on Earth," forthcoming. Likewise, he points to Indigenous knowledge that conceptualizes human interconnectedness with the earth as [gift\-reciprocity relationships](/wiki/Reciprocity_%28cultural_anthropology%29 "Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)") and as a model for social relationships."Just as the living earth consists of gift\-reciprocity relationships that sustain the living members, so humans should relate to the living earth and each other in their social relationships in the same general way," Tully, "Reconciliation Here on Earth," forthcoming; and "Moreover, Indigenous peoples insist that they did not invent this system. Rather, like life and earth scientists today, they observe the gift\-reciprocity relationship in the symbiotic and symbiogenetic ecological relationships of interdependency that co\-sustain and co\-evolve non\-human forms of life, and they learn from this how human associations should relate to each other," Tully, "Trust in Diverse Societies," forthcoming. The famous Indigenous artwork *Spirit of Haida Gwaii* remains exemplary of democratic and pluralistic ways of thinking and acting – between humans and the natural environments on which they depend."The canoe is everywhere humans and non\-humans dwell together. Wherever we are, we are symbiotically interdependent in the way the passengers are in the canoe. This is why we have responsibilities to respect each other and our diverse ways of living, because, as a matter of fact, they all support each other, like an old growth forest. But, in order to see this, we need to listen patiently to each other and see how the diversity looks from different perspectives, as they are doing," Tully, "Reconciliation Here on Earth," forthcoming.
Tully's argument is that his account of interdependent agents in relationships of governance and situated freedom can be extended with modifications to describe human situatedness in ecological relationships – as either giving rise to 'virtuous' or 'vicious cycles', depending on how we act in and on them."Whether the partners generate trustful and peaceful relationships through virtuous cycles of reciprocal interaction or distrustful and aggressive relationships through vicious cycles of antagonism depends in part on whether they become aware of this interweaving of their identities in the course of their interactions or whether they hold fast to atomism: the false belief that their individual and collective identities exist prior to and independent of encounter and interaction," Tully, "Trust in Diverse Societies," forthcoming. And "The aim is to work together to transform unsustainable relationships into conciliatory and sustainable ones: that is, to transform a vicious social system into a virtuous social system that sustains the ways of life of all affected," Tully, "Reconciliation Here on Earth," forthcoming.
|
[
"Political philosophy\n--------------------",
"### Renewing and transforming public philosophy",
"Tully's approach to the study and teaching of politics is a form of historical and critical reflection on problems of political practice in the present. It is an attempt to renew and transform the tradition of [public philosophy](/wiki/Public_philosophy \"Public philosophy\") so it can effectively address the pressing political problems of our age in a genuinely democratic way. It does this by means of a dual dialogue of reciprocal and mutual learning among equals: between academics in different disciplines addressing the same problems (multidisciplinary); and between academics and citizens addressing the problems and struggles on the ground by their own ways of knowing and doing (democratic). The aim is to throw critical light on contemporary political problems by means of studies that free us to some extent from hegemonic ways of thinking and acting politically, enabling us to test their limits and to see and consider the concrete possibilities of thinking and acting differently.James Tully, \"Public Philosophy and civic freedom: a guide to the two volumes,\" *Public Philosophy in a New Key, Volume I: Democracy and Civic Freedom*, and *Volume II: Imperialism and Civic Freedom* (Cambridge University Press, 2008\\), pp. 1–11 (both volumes). For more detail, see *Public Philosophy I*: Part I: Approaching Practice, pp. 13–132\\.",
"### The politics of cultural recognition",
"[thumb\\|*[Spirit of Haida Gwaii](/wiki/Spirit_of_Haida_Gwaii \"Spirit of Haida Gwaii\")* by [Bill Reid](/wiki/Bill_Reid \"Bill Reid\")Tully](/wiki/File:Bill_Reid_Haida_Gail_01.jpg \"Bill Reid Haida Gail 01.jpg\")'s 1995, *Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity* engages with the famous indigenous sculpture *[Spirit of Haida Gwaii](/wiki/Spirit_of_Haida_Gwaii \"Spirit of Haida Gwaii\")* by [Bill Reid](/wiki/Bill_Reid \"Bill Reid\") as a metaphor for the kind of democratic constitutionalism that can help reconcile the competing claims of multicultural and multinational societies.\"*The spirit of Haida Gwaii*, I would now like you to imagine, can be seen as just such a constitutional dialogue, or multilogue, of mutual recognition,\" Tully, *Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity* (Cambridge University Press, 2004 \\[1995]), p. 24\\. The 'strange multiplicity' of cultural diversity is embodied in the varied and assorted canoe passengers \"squabbling and vying for recognition and position.\"\"The passengers are squabbling and vying for recognition and position each in their culturally distinct way. They are exchanging their diverse stories and claims as the chief appears to listen attentively to each, hoping to guide them to reach an agreement, without imposing a metalanguage or allowing any speaker to set the terms of the discussion. The chief’s subjection to the rule of mutual recognition is symbolised by the crests of the crew's nations and families carved in the speaker's staff,\" Tully, *Strange Multiplicity*, p. 24\\. There is no universal constitutional order imposed from above nor a single category of citizenship, because identities and relations change over time.\"Since recognition is never definitive, the particular constitutional arrangement of the members of the canoe is presumably not meant to be fixed once and for all. Constitutional recognition and association change over time, as the canoe progresses and the members change in various ways. A constitution is more like an endless series of contracts and agreements, reached by periodical intercultural dialogues, rather than an original contract in the distant past, an ideal speech\\-situation today, or a mythic unity of the community in liberal and nationalist constitutionalism,\" Tully, *Strange Multiplicity*, p. 26\\. This view rejects the \"mythic unity of the community\" imagined \"in liberal and nationalist constitutionalism.\"Tully, *Strange Multiplicity*, p. 26\\. The critique of modern, presumptively 'universal' conceptions of citizenship are developed in Tully, *Public Philosophy I* \\& *II*.",
"Tully argues that the concept of 'culture' is more flexible and constructive for thinking about the rival claims of political groups than the more rigid and exclusive concept 'nation.'\"The consequence of national and liberal constitutions, which have been the dominant forms over the last three hundred years, is precisely the contemporary resistance and demands for recognition of the members whose cultures have been excluded, assimilated or exterminated. A just form of constitution must begin with the full mutual recognition of the different cultures of its citizens,\" Tully, *Strange Multiplicity*, pp. 7–8\\. Culture more readily suggests that group identities are plural, overlapping, and changing over time in their encounters with others. Unlike nationalism, the politics of cultural recognition does not assume that every group aspires to its own culturally homogenous 'nation\\-state.'\"Although this has been the dominant form of constitutional recognition since the seventeenth century, it cannot be simply extended to the demands for cultural recognition today,\" Tully, *Strange Multiplicity*, p. 8\\. Rather, cultures must find ways to share spaces and co\\-exist. While they may always strive to determine their own identities and relations, pursuant to \"self rule, the oldest political good in the world,\"Tully, *Strange Multiplicity*, p. 5\\. the solution is not to crack down on diversity or to impose one cultural model over others.",
"The solution is to broaden opportunities for participation and contestation, to further democratize institutions and relations of governance, including foundational constitutions. According to Tully, \"a constitution should not be seen as a fixed set of rules but, rather, as an imperfect form of accommodation of the diverse members of a political association that is always open to negotiation by the members of the association.\"[“Research,”](https://www.uvic.ca/socialsciences/politicalscience/people/directory/emeritusfaculty/tullyjim.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030003228/http://www.uvic.ca/socialsciences/politicalscience/people/directory/emeritusfaculty/tullyjim.php \\|date\\=30 October 2014 }} James Tully webpage on [University of Victoria](/wiki/University_of_Victoria \"University of Victoria\") website, accessed 18 November 2014; see also: \"a constitution can be both the foundation of democracy and, at the same time, subject to democratic discussion and change in practice,\" Tully, *Strange Multiplicity*, p. 29\\.A major theme of Tully's work is a careful reconceptualization or clarification of a series of contested terms, including the notions of constitution, freedom, citizenship, and the adjectives democratic, civic, and global. Tully \"re\\-describes\" each to emphasize not static categories or abstract, transcendental or universal qualities, but rather practice or praxis – dialogical relations, action, and contestation. For more on Tully’s methodological approach, drawing heavily on the work of [Ludwig Wittgenstein](/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein \"Ludwig Wittgenstein\"), the [Cambridge School of thought](/wiki/Cambridge_School_%28intellectual_history%29 \"Cambridge School (intellectual history)\"), and [Michel Foucault](/wiki/Michel_Foucault \"Michel Foucault\"), see Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, pp. 4–5, 10, 15–131, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 254–256; see also David Owen, \"Series Editor’s Foreword,\" in James Tully, *On Global Citizenship: James Tully in Dialogue* (London: Bloomsbury, 2014\\), pp. ix–x, Robert Nichols and Jakeet Singh, \"Editors' Introduction,\" *Freedom and Democracy in an Imperial Context: Dialogues with James Tully* (London: Routledge, 2014\\), pp. 1–3\\. No aspect of relations should be off limits to deliberation if called into question by participants affected by those relations. This is what Tully means by \"democratic constitutionalism\" as opposed to more conventional \"constitutional democracy.\"Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 4\\. From this perspective, Tully can claim that \"\\[t]he constitution is thus one area of modern politics that has not been democratised over the last three hundred years.\"Tully, *Strange Multiplicity*, p. 28\\.",
"For Tully, *The Spirit of Haida Gwaii* prefigures a more democratic, pluralistic, and just society. It evokes a simpler, more elegant, and sustainable ethos of gift\\-reciprocity in all our relationships, human and non\\-human. Getting along may be messy and imperfect business, but the passengers continue to row cooperatively, and the canoe of society glides onward.\"For all the celebration of diversity and the vying for recognition, the paddles are somehow in unison and they appear to be heading in some direction \\[...] This seems to imply that the kind of constitutional change required to meet the just demands for recognition can be carried out without capsizing a society,\" Tully, *Strange Multiplicity*, p. 28\\.",
"### Practices of civic freedom and global citizenship",
"In *Public Philosophy in a New Key, Volume I: Democracy and Civic Freedom*, and *Volume II: Imperialism and Civic Freedom* (2008\\), Tully expands his approach \"to a broader range of contemporary struggles: over diverse forms of recognition, social justice, the environment and imperialism.\"Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 4\\. Tully’s work on *Public Philosophy I* \\& *II* \"leads him to elaborate the implications of his revised view of freedom for multinational democracy and extend his analysis to encompass the history of Western imperialism,\" Owen, \"Series Editor’s Foreword,\" in *On Global Citizenship*, pp. xi–xii. Also, \"Tully’s aim, then, is to develop alternative notions of freedom and democracy that can be woven into a non\\-imperial, or in fact de\\-imperializing, way of life,\" Nichols and Singh, \"Editors' Introduction,\" *Freedom and Democracy*, p. 2\\. The two volumes mark a shift toward a principal emphasis on freedom. \"The primary question,\" Tully writes, \"is thus not recognition, identity or difference, but freedom; the freedom of the members of an open society to change the constitutional rules of mutual recognition and association from time to time as their identities change.\"Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 189\\. And \"Freedom versus domination is thus the emerging focus of politics in multinational societies at the dawn of the new millennium,\" Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 190\\. This is \"civic freedom,\" referring to the capacity people have to participate in the constitution of their own governance relations.\"This is the fundamental democratic or civic freedom of citizens – having an effective say in a dialogue over the norms through which they are governed,\" *Public Philosophy I*, p. 310\\. And \"To be free democratically is not only to be able to participate in various ways in accordance with the principles, rules and procedures of the constitutional system, as important as this is, but also, and crucially, always to be able to take one step back, dissent and call into question the principles, rules or procedures by which one is governed and to enter into (rule\\-governed) deliberations over them,\" Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 93–94\\.",
"To the extent that governance relations restrict this basic freedom, \"they constitute a structure of domination, the members are not self\\-determining, and the society is unfree.\"Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 190 Conditions of oppression, however, do not rule out or discount practices of civic freedom. Tully's public philosophy is not concerned with ideal conditions or hoped\\-for peaceful futures. Rather, civic freedom exists in conduct and in relations in the \"here and now,\"Tully, Public Philosophy I, pp. 20, 154, 288, Tully, Public Philosophy II, pp. 73, 90, 120–121, 189, 190, 229\\. not least under conditions of oppression and conflict. Against violence and tyranny, Tully argues, practices of civic freedom make the best \"strategies of confrontation,\"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 280–309\\. because they generate conditions for transformative change. The concluding chapter of *Public Philosophy in a New Key, Vol. II* examines \"the democratic means to challenge and transform imperial relationships \\[and] brings together the three themes of the two volumes: public philosophy, practices of civic freedom and the countless ways they work together to negotiate and transform oppressive relationships.\"Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 8; see especially *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 296–309, and Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, pp. 88–97, 305–308\\.",
"Tully's civics\\-based approach offers a new way of thinking about a diverse array of contemporary and historical traditions of democratic struggle,Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 51–53; \"Middle East Legal and Governmental Pluralism: A view of the field from the demos,\" *Middle East Law and Governance*, 4 (2012\\), 225–263\\. including environmental movementsTully, \"An Ecological Ethics for the Present,\" in *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 73–88; also pp. 70–72\\. and indigenous struggle.Tully, \"The Struggle of Indigenous Peoples for and of Freedom,\" in *Public Philosophy I*, pp. 257–288 Tully summarizes the approach and its potential:",
"",
"> 'Practices of civic freedom' comprise the vast repertoire of ways of citizens acting together on the field of governance relationships and against the oppressive and unjust dimensions of them. These range from ways of 'acting otherwise' within the space of governance relationships to contesting, negotiating, confronting and seeking to transform them. The general aim of these diverse civic activities is to bring oppressive and unjust governance relationships under the on\\-going shared authority of the citizenry subject to them; namely, to civicise and democratize them from below.",
"From this perspective, these kinds of powerful, civic movements are not deviations or anomalies to be corrected or appeased through discipline or cooptation, but exemplars of civic freedom.\"They are classified \\[by the dominant discourses and institutions] as acts of civil disobedience or rebellion. If these illegal struggles are successful and the extensions institutionalised, then the extensions are redescribed retrospectively as stages in the development of modern citizenship and incorporated within its framework, as in the cases of working\\-class struggles giving rise to social and economic rights, women gaining recognition as citizens, civil rights movements and recognition of cultural minorities. Thus, what are seen as activities of citizenship by the civic tradition – struggles for new forms of recognition and extensions of citizenship – fall outside of modern \\[conventional] citizenship with its institutional/status orientation,\" Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 256, also, pp. 298, 308–309\\. They disclose their positions or grievances not only through words and stated goals but through the very world they bring into being by their actions: civic \"activists *have to be the change* that they wish to bring about.\"Tully, \"Two Traditions of Human Rights,\" in *Human Rights, Human Dignity and Cosmopolitan Ideals*, ed. by Matthias Lutz\\-Bachmann and Amos Nascimento (London: Ashgate, 2014\\), p. 151, also, 155, 156\\. \"Underlying this way of democratization,\" Tully argues, \"is the Gandhian premise that democracy and peace can be brought about only by democratic and peaceful means.\"Tully, \"Middle East Legal and Governmental Pluralism,\" *Middle East Law and Governance*, 4 (2012\\), p. 228\\. However, this is no utopian vision, according to Tully, referring to the \"thousands\" and \"millions of examples of civic\"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 306, 308\\. practices everyday that make another world not only possible but \"*actual*.\"\"*Another world is actual*,\" Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 301\\.",
"To clarify and reinforce this approach, Tully argues for an expanded conception of the term *citizenship* to encompass all forms of governance\\-related conduct, with an emphasis on \"negotiated practices.\"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 248\\. *Civic* or *global* citizenship refers to the myriad of relations and practices (global and local) people find themselves embedded and participating in.\"From the civic perspective, citizenship comes into being whenever and wherever people who are subject to or affected by practices of governance become active co\\-agents within them; exercising the powers of having a say (negotiating) and having a hand (powers of self\\-organization and self\\-government) in and over the relationships that govern their interaction,\" Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, p. 272\\. The term *global* draws attention to the diverse and overlapping character of governance – and hence citizen – relations.Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 243–249\\. Modes of civic and global citizenship \"are the means by which cooperative practices of self\\-government can be brought into being and the means by which unjust practices of governance can be challenged, reformed and transformed by those who suffer under them.\"Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, pp. 272–273\\.",
"Tully carefully distinguishes his expanded notion of citizenship (diverse, cooperative, civic, global) from the narrower but more conventional notion of citizenship, which he calls \"civil citizenship\" (modern, institutional, and international).Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 246–309\\. Where *civic* denotes practice and pluralism, *civil* citizenship singularly refers to \"a status given by the institutions of the modern constitutional state in international law.\" This kind of (civil) citizenship is associated with the dominant tradition of liberalism, in which the state ensures a free market, a set of negative liberties (especially protections against state infringements into the private sphere), and a narrow range of participation through institutions of free speech and representative government.Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 250–256; see also \"Two Traditions of Human Rights,\" in *Human Rights, Human Dignity and Cosmopolitan Ideals*, pp. 139–148\\. Tully argues that this dominant module of civil citizenship is neither universal nor inevitable; rather, it is \"one singular, historical form of citizenship among others.\" More problematically, the civil tradition often plays handmaiden to empire, insofar as imperial powers operate under international banners of 'progress' and 'liberalism':",
"> the dominant forms of representative democracy, self\\-determination and democratisation promoted through international law are not alternatives to imperialism, but, rather, the means through which informal imperialism operates against the wishes of the majority of the population of the post\\-colonial world.Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 158\\.",
"",
"By contextualizing and de\\-centering, or \"provincializing,\"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 249\\. modern categories of \"allegedly universal\"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 247\\. citizenship, Tully aims to broaden and democratize the field of citizenship and citizen practices. \"This \\[civic and global] mode of citizenship,\" he argues, \"has the capacity to overcome the imperialism of the present age and bring a democratic world into being.\"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 243\\.",
"More recently, Tully has emphasized the importance of \"coordinating\" the different ways that civil (deliberative) and civic (cooperative) citizens address the same political problems, such as social and ecological justice.Tully, \"Two ways of realizing justice and democracy: Linking Amartya Sen and Elinor Ostrom,\" CRISPP, 16\\.2 (March 2013\\), pp. 220–233; also, Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, pp. 84–100, especially under \"Joining hands and working together,\" pp. 97–100\\. To illustrate, \"The life of Gandhi provides an example of how these two modes of citizenship can complement each other. As a representative democrat he supported the Congress Party and representative government, and he reasoned and negotiated endlessly in the official public spheres available to him.\\[omitted footnote] Yet, he also grounded himself in cooperative citizenship practices of non\\-violent agonistics and regime change, and in alternative practices of social, economic and ecological self\\-government,\" Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, p. 99\\.",
"### The transformative power of nonviolence",
"In the closing pages of *Public Philosophy in a New Key, Vol. II*, Tully explicitly links his work to the study and practice of [nonviolence](/wiki/Nonviolence \"Nonviolence\"). He identifies four main components of [Mahatma Gandhi](/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi \"Mahatma Gandhi\")'s life practice of [Satyagraha](/wiki/Satyagraha \"Satyagraha\") that offer a model for approaching civic freedom and global citizenship practices: 1\\) noncooperation with unjust institutions, 2\\) a commitment to nonviolent means of resistance, 3\\) a focus on local, community\\-based modes of self\\-reliance and self\\-governance, and 4\\), as a precursor to these three components, \"personal practices of self\\-awareness and self\\-formation.\"\"The first is active non\\-cooperation vis\\-à\\-vis any imperial (non\\-civic) relationship and its corresponding idea of one universal civilisation or cosmopolitanism for all. The second is the way of peace. For Gandhi this consists in civic organisation and uncompromising non\\-violent confrontation and negotiation with those responsible for imperial relationships with the aim of converting them to non\\-violent, democratic and peaceful relationships. Thirdly, for these two activities to be effective they have to be grounded in the local field and practices of the alternative world you want to bring about. For Gandhi this consists of 'constructive work' in local, self\\-reliant, civically organised Indian villages and respectful participation in their ways \\[…] Fourthly, the first three practices are integrated into a singular style of civic life by the more personal practices of self\\-awareness and self\\-formation,\" Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 308–309\\. According to Tully, these cornerstones of nonviolent power \"are daily practices of becoming an exemplary citizen.\"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 309",
"Tully has since focused increasingly on the study and practice nonviolent ethics and nonviolent resistance.\"Since publishing *PPNK* \\[*Public Philosophy in a New Key*] I have been presenting the best arguments of the antiwar and peace movements against the politics of an economy of violence and enmity and for a politics of nonviolence and compassion,\" Tully, *Democracy and Freedom*, p. 239\\. See especially Tully, \"Two Traditions of Human Rights,\" in *Human Rights, Human Dignity and Cosmopolitan Ideals*, pp. 149–156; Tully, \"Middle East Legal and Governmental Pluralism: A view of the field from the demos,\" *Middle East Law and Governance*, 4 (2012\\), pp. 225–240, 250–263\\. \"Global Disorder and Two Responses,\" *Journal of Intellectual History and Political Thought*, 2\\.1 (November), pp. 49–62; Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, pp. 88–100, 276–319, 325–327, and Tully, *Freedom and Democracy*, 239–247, 264–266 (there is some overlap between these sources). For example, he writes,",
"",
"> the alternative of a politics of reasonable nonviolent cooperation and agonistics (Satyagraha) was discovered in the twentieth century by [William James](/wiki/William_James \"William James\"), [Gandhi](/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi \"Mahatma Gandhi\"), [Abdul Gaffar Khan](/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan \"Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan\"), [Einstein](/wiki/Albert_Einstein \"Albert Einstein\"), [Ashley Montagu](/wiki/Ashley_Montagu \"Ashley Montagu\"), [Bertrand Russell](/wiki/Bertrand_Russell \"Bertrand Russell\"), [Martin Luther King Junior](/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr. \"Martin Luther King Jr.\"), [Thomas Merton](/wiki/Thomas_Merton \"Thomas Merton\"), [Thich Nhat Hanh](/wiki/Thich_Nhat_Hanh \"Thich Nhat Hanh\"), [Gene Sharp](/wiki/Gene_Sharp \"Gene Sharp\"), [Petra Kelly](/wiki/Petra_Kelly \"Petra Kelly\"), [Johan Galtung](/wiki/Johan_Galtung \"Johan Galtung\") and [Barbara Deming](/wiki/Barbara_Deming \"Barbara Deming\"). They argued that the antagonistic premise of western theories of reasonable violence is false. Nonviolent practices of cooperation, disputation and dispute resolution are more basic and prevalent than violent antagonism. This is a central feature of civic freedom.Tully, *Democracy and Freedom*, p. 247\\.",
"A major overlap between Tully's civic freedom and the study of nonviolence is the shared emphasis on practice, on methods, on means rather than on ends. \"For cooperative citizens,\" Tully writes, \"means and ends are internally related, like a seed to the full\\-grown plant, as Gandhi put it.\"Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, p. 96\\. This is because means \"are pre\\-figurative or constitutive of ends. Consequently, democratic and peaceful relationships among humans are brought about by democratic and non\\-violent means.\"Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, p. 96",
"Tully repudiates the \"depressing history\"\"Democratic citizens have learned from this depressing history that distrust and violence beget distrust and violence and from the history of nonviolence that there is another more powerful way that leads to peace,\" Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 295\\. of \"self\\-defeating violent means.\"Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, p. 99\\. He rejects the idea, prevalent across the spectrum of Western political thought, from revolutionaries to reactionaries (the \"reigning dogma of the left and right\"Tully, *Freedom and Democracy*, p. 240) that peaceful and democratic societies can be brought about by coercive and violent means. Rather, according to Tully, \"the means of violence and command relationships do not bring about peace and democracy. They too are constitutive means. They bring about [security dilemmas](/wiki/Security_dilemma \"Security dilemma\") and the spiral of the command relations necessary for war preparation, arms races and more violence.\"",
"For these reasons, Tully extends his civics\\-based public philosophy to \"practitioners and social scientists \\[who] are beginning to appreciate the transformative power of participatory non\\-violence and the futility of war in comparison.\"Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, p. 97\\. On the \"transformative power of nonviolence,\" see especially *On Global Citizenship*, pp. 306–308: confronting violence with nonviolence \"is often considered the fundamental transformative power of non\\-violence since it transforms the opponents and the relationship between them from one mode of being to another. Along with constructive programmes it is at the core of Gandhi’s Satyagraha. It is called the jiu\\-jitsu logic of non\\-violence because it uses the movements and dis\\-equilibrium of the opponent to bring about the transformation. The non\\-violent actors are not only offering and suggesting a non\\-violent alternative in which they can combine their energy and work together rather than wasting it in futile conflict, they also manifest this alternative in their interaction and envelope the violent others in these non\\-violent and potentially transformative relationships. They are being peace and making peace at one and the same time. Most of the more complex and mediated techniques and strategies of non\\-violent agonistics are derived from and extend the bodily logic of interaction and transformation of this famous phenomenological prototype. \\[citing [Richard Gregg](/wiki/Richard_Gregg_%28social_philosopher%29 \"Richard Gregg (social philosopher)\")'s 1934 *The Power of Nonviolence*] The other technique that is equally important is non\\-cooperation. As we have seen, the civic tradition claims that unjust regimes rest not on violence or [manufactured consensus](/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent \"Manufacturing Consent\") but on cooperation in the sense of compliance. Therefore, the basic technique of dealing with an unjust regime from Étienne de la Boétie to the Egyptian Spring and non\\-violent Intifada is to withdraw cooperation in the everyday reproduction of the unjust system of cooperation,\" Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, pp. 306–307\\.",
"### Sustainability and Gaia citizenship",
"Tully's approach to nonviolent citizenship practices includes relations with the non\\-human world. Tully argues that Homo Sapiens should see themselves as interdependent civic citizens of the ecological relationships in which they live and breathe and have their being. As such, they have responsibilities to care for and sustain these relationships that, in reciprocity, sustain them and all the other life forms that are interdependent on them.\"Civic citizens are thus 'caretakers' of the goods of the dwelling places in which they live. In so doing, they dissolve the modernist distinction between culture and nature that separates civics from the places in which it is enacted. Every locale and network of locales of civic activity is not only culturally diverse but also a place in the natural world with its web of relationships of biological and ecological diversity. They see the interactive and interdependent relationships between humans and nature as similar in kind to human relationships, and they attend to and care for them in similar ways. They listen and respond carefully to nature as a living being (Gaia) in their ecological sciences and daily practices of treading lightly. Civic citizens realise that this non\\-metaphorical field of possibilities in human/natural relationships and its limited Spielraum is the ground of all others. They are Gaia citizens,\" Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 293\\.",
"Tully's \"[Gaia](/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis \"Gaia hypothesis\") citizenship\"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 293; Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, p. 93; Tully, \"Trust, Mistrust and Distrust in Diverse Societies,\" in *Trust and Distrust in Diverse Societies*, ed. by Dimitrios Karmis, forthcoming; Tully, \"Reconciliation Here on Earth,\" forthcoming ([video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGzGvxvHz2o) of talk). draws on [earth sciences](/wiki/Earth_science \"Earth science\") and [life sciences](/wiki/List_of_life_sciences \"List of life sciences\") as well as indigenous traditions. For example, pointing to the work of ecological scientists from [Aldo Leopold](/wiki/Aldo_Leopold \"Aldo Leopold\"), [Rachel Carson](/wiki/Rachel_Carson \"Rachel Carson\"), and [Barry Commoner](/wiki/Barry_Commoner \"Barry Commoner\") to the [Intergovernmental Panels on Climate Change](/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change \"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\"), Tully links the unsustainability crisis of the [Anthropocene](/wiki/Anthropocene \"Anthropocene\") to his own critique of \"modern civil\" modes of governmentality (as violent, exploitative, and destructive).Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, p. 93; Tully, \"Trust in Diverse Societies,\" forthcoming; Tully, \"Reconciliation Here on Earth,\" forthcoming. Likewise, he points to Indigenous knowledge that conceptualizes human interconnectedness with the earth as [gift\\-reciprocity relationships](/wiki/Reciprocity_%28cultural_anthropology%29 \"Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)\") and as a model for social relationships.\"Just as the living earth consists of gift\\-reciprocity relationships that sustain the living members, so humans should relate to the living earth and each other in their social relationships in the same general way,\" Tully, \"Reconciliation Here on Earth,\" forthcoming; and \"Moreover, Indigenous peoples insist that they did not invent this system. Rather, like life and earth scientists today, they observe the gift\\-reciprocity relationship in the symbiotic and symbiogenetic ecological relationships of interdependency that co\\-sustain and co\\-evolve non\\-human forms of life, and they learn from this how human associations should relate to each other,\" Tully, \"Trust in Diverse Societies,\" forthcoming. The famous Indigenous artwork *Spirit of Haida Gwaii* remains exemplary of democratic and pluralistic ways of thinking and acting – between humans and the natural environments on which they depend.\"The canoe is everywhere humans and non\\-humans dwell together. Wherever we are, we are symbiotically interdependent in the way the passengers are in the canoe. This is why we have responsibilities to respect each other and our diverse ways of living, because, as a matter of fact, they all support each other, like an old growth forest. But, in order to see this, we need to listen patiently to each other and see how the diversity looks from different perspectives, as they are doing,\" Tully, \"Reconciliation Here on Earth,\" forthcoming.",
"Tully's argument is that his account of interdependent agents in relationships of governance and situated freedom can be extended with modifications to describe human situatedness in ecological relationships – as either giving rise to 'virtuous' or 'vicious cycles', depending on how we act in and on them.\"Whether the partners generate trustful and peaceful relationships through virtuous cycles of reciprocal interaction or distrustful and aggressive relationships through vicious cycles of antagonism depends in part on whether they become aware of this interweaving of their identities in the course of their interactions or whether they hold fast to atomism: the false belief that their individual and collective identities exist prior to and independent of encounter and interaction,\" Tully, \"Trust in Diverse Societies,\" forthcoming. And \"The aim is to work together to transform unsustainable relationships into conciliatory and sustainable ones: that is, to transform a vicious social system into a virtuous social system that sustains the ways of life of all affected,\" Tully, \"Reconciliation Here on Earth,\" forthcoming.",
""
] |
### Practices of civic freedom and global citizenship
In *Public Philosophy in a New Key, Volume I: Democracy and Civic Freedom*, and *Volume II: Imperialism and Civic Freedom* (2008\), Tully expands his approach "to a broader range of contemporary struggles: over diverse forms of recognition, social justice, the environment and imperialism."Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 4\. Tully’s work on *Public Philosophy I* \& *II* "leads him to elaborate the implications of his revised view of freedom for multinational democracy and extend his analysis to encompass the history of Western imperialism," Owen, "Series Editor’s Foreword," in *On Global Citizenship*, pp. xi–xii. Also, "Tully’s aim, then, is to develop alternative notions of freedom and democracy that can be woven into a non\-imperial, or in fact de\-imperializing, way of life," Nichols and Singh, "Editors' Introduction," *Freedom and Democracy*, p. 2\. The two volumes mark a shift toward a principal emphasis on freedom. "The primary question," Tully writes, "is thus not recognition, identity or difference, but freedom; the freedom of the members of an open society to change the constitutional rules of mutual recognition and association from time to time as their identities change."Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 189\. And "Freedom versus domination is thus the emerging focus of politics in multinational societies at the dawn of the new millennium," Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 190\. This is "civic freedom," referring to the capacity people have to participate in the constitution of their own governance relations."This is the fundamental democratic or civic freedom of citizens – having an effective say in a dialogue over the norms through which they are governed," *Public Philosophy I*, p. 310\. And "To be free democratically is not only to be able to participate in various ways in accordance with the principles, rules and procedures of the constitutional system, as important as this is, but also, and crucially, always to be able to take one step back, dissent and call into question the principles, rules or procedures by which one is governed and to enter into (rule\-governed) deliberations over them," Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 93–94\.
To the extent that governance relations restrict this basic freedom, "they constitute a structure of domination, the members are not self\-determining, and the society is unfree."Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 190 Conditions of oppression, however, do not rule out or discount practices of civic freedom. Tully's public philosophy is not concerned with ideal conditions or hoped\-for peaceful futures. Rather, civic freedom exists in conduct and in relations in the "here and now,"Tully, Public Philosophy I, pp. 20, 154, 288, Tully, Public Philosophy II, pp. 73, 90, 120–121, 189, 190, 229\. not least under conditions of oppression and conflict. Against violence and tyranny, Tully argues, practices of civic freedom make the best "strategies of confrontation,"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 280–309\. because they generate conditions for transformative change. The concluding chapter of *Public Philosophy in a New Key, Vol. II* examines "the democratic means to challenge and transform imperial relationships \[and] brings together the three themes of the two volumes: public philosophy, practices of civic freedom and the countless ways they work together to negotiate and transform oppressive relationships."Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 8; see especially *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 296–309, and Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, pp. 88–97, 305–308\.
Tully's civics\-based approach offers a new way of thinking about a diverse array of contemporary and historical traditions of democratic struggle,Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 51–53; "Middle East Legal and Governmental Pluralism: A view of the field from the demos," *Middle East Law and Governance*, 4 (2012\), 225–263\. including environmental movementsTully, "An Ecological Ethics for the Present," in *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 73–88; also pp. 70–72\. and indigenous struggle.Tully, "The Struggle of Indigenous Peoples for and of Freedom," in *Public Philosophy I*, pp. 257–288 Tully summarizes the approach and its potential:
> 'Practices of civic freedom' comprise the vast repertoire of ways of citizens acting together on the field of governance relationships and against the oppressive and unjust dimensions of them. These range from ways of 'acting otherwise' within the space of governance relationships to contesting, negotiating, confronting and seeking to transform them. The general aim of these diverse civic activities is to bring oppressive and unjust governance relationships under the on\-going shared authority of the citizenry subject to them; namely, to civicise and democratize them from below.
From this perspective, these kinds of powerful, civic movements are not deviations or anomalies to be corrected or appeased through discipline or cooptation, but exemplars of civic freedom."They are classified \[by the dominant discourses and institutions] as acts of civil disobedience or rebellion. If these illegal struggles are successful and the extensions institutionalised, then the extensions are redescribed retrospectively as stages in the development of modern citizenship and incorporated within its framework, as in the cases of working\-class struggles giving rise to social and economic rights, women gaining recognition as citizens, civil rights movements and recognition of cultural minorities. Thus, what are seen as activities of citizenship by the civic tradition – struggles for new forms of recognition and extensions of citizenship – fall outside of modern \[conventional] citizenship with its institutional/status orientation," Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 256, also, pp. 298, 308–309\. They disclose their positions or grievances not only through words and stated goals but through the very world they bring into being by their actions: civic "activists *have to be the change* that they wish to bring about."Tully, "Two Traditions of Human Rights," in *Human Rights, Human Dignity and Cosmopolitan Ideals*, ed. by Matthias Lutz\-Bachmann and Amos Nascimento (London: Ashgate, 2014\), p. 151, also, 155, 156\. "Underlying this way of democratization," Tully argues, "is the Gandhian premise that democracy and peace can be brought about only by democratic and peaceful means."Tully, "Middle East Legal and Governmental Pluralism," *Middle East Law and Governance*, 4 (2012\), p. 228\. However, this is no utopian vision, according to Tully, referring to the "thousands" and "millions of examples of civic"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 306, 308\. practices everyday that make another world not only possible but "*actual*.""*Another world is actual*," Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 301\.
To clarify and reinforce this approach, Tully argues for an expanded conception of the term *citizenship* to encompass all forms of governance\-related conduct, with an emphasis on "negotiated practices."Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 248\. *Civic* or *global* citizenship refers to the myriad of relations and practices (global and local) people find themselves embedded and participating in."From the civic perspective, citizenship comes into being whenever and wherever people who are subject to or affected by practices of governance become active co\-agents within them; exercising the powers of having a say (negotiating) and having a hand (powers of self\-organization and self\-government) in and over the relationships that govern their interaction," Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, p. 272\. The term *global* draws attention to the diverse and overlapping character of governance – and hence citizen – relations.Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 243–249\. Modes of civic and global citizenship "are the means by which cooperative practices of self\-government can be brought into being and the means by which unjust practices of governance can be challenged, reformed and transformed by those who suffer under them."Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, pp. 272–273\.
Tully carefully distinguishes his expanded notion of citizenship (diverse, cooperative, civic, global) from the narrower but more conventional notion of citizenship, which he calls "civil citizenship" (modern, institutional, and international).Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 246–309\. Where *civic* denotes practice and pluralism, *civil* citizenship singularly refers to "a status given by the institutions of the modern constitutional state in international law." This kind of (civil) citizenship is associated with the dominant tradition of liberalism, in which the state ensures a free market, a set of negative liberties (especially protections against state infringements into the private sphere), and a narrow range of participation through institutions of free speech and representative government.Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 250–256; see also "Two Traditions of Human Rights," in *Human Rights, Human Dignity and Cosmopolitan Ideals*, pp. 139–148\. Tully argues that this dominant module of civil citizenship is neither universal nor inevitable; rather, it is "one singular, historical form of citizenship among others." More problematically, the civil tradition often plays handmaiden to empire, insofar as imperial powers operate under international banners of 'progress' and 'liberalism':
> the dominant forms of representative democracy, self\-determination and democratisation promoted through international law are not alternatives to imperialism, but, rather, the means through which informal imperialism operates against the wishes of the majority of the population of the post\-colonial world.Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 158\.
By contextualizing and de\-centering, or "provincializing,"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 249\. modern categories of "allegedly universal"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 247\. citizenship, Tully aims to broaden and democratize the field of citizenship and citizen practices. "This \[civic and global] mode of citizenship," he argues, "has the capacity to overcome the imperialism of the present age and bring a democratic world into being."Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 243\.
More recently, Tully has emphasized the importance of "coordinating" the different ways that civil (deliberative) and civic (cooperative) citizens address the same political problems, such as social and ecological justice.Tully, "Two ways of realizing justice and democracy: Linking Amartya Sen and Elinor Ostrom," CRISPP, 16\.2 (March 2013\), pp. 220–233; also, Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, pp. 84–100, especially under "Joining hands and working together," pp. 97–100\. To illustrate, "The life of Gandhi provides an example of how these two modes of citizenship can complement each other. As a representative democrat he supported the Congress Party and representative government, and he reasoned and negotiated endlessly in the official public spheres available to him.\[omitted footnote] Yet, he also grounded himself in cooperative citizenship practices of non\-violent agonistics and regime change, and in alternative practices of social, economic and ecological self\-government," Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, p. 99\.
|
[
"### Practices of civic freedom and global citizenship",
"In *Public Philosophy in a New Key, Volume I: Democracy and Civic Freedom*, and *Volume II: Imperialism and Civic Freedom* (2008\\), Tully expands his approach \"to a broader range of contemporary struggles: over diverse forms of recognition, social justice, the environment and imperialism.\"Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 4\\. Tully’s work on *Public Philosophy I* \\& *II* \"leads him to elaborate the implications of his revised view of freedom for multinational democracy and extend his analysis to encompass the history of Western imperialism,\" Owen, \"Series Editor’s Foreword,\" in *On Global Citizenship*, pp. xi–xii. Also, \"Tully’s aim, then, is to develop alternative notions of freedom and democracy that can be woven into a non\\-imperial, or in fact de\\-imperializing, way of life,\" Nichols and Singh, \"Editors' Introduction,\" *Freedom and Democracy*, p. 2\\. The two volumes mark a shift toward a principal emphasis on freedom. \"The primary question,\" Tully writes, \"is thus not recognition, identity or difference, but freedom; the freedom of the members of an open society to change the constitutional rules of mutual recognition and association from time to time as their identities change.\"Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 189\\. And \"Freedom versus domination is thus the emerging focus of politics in multinational societies at the dawn of the new millennium,\" Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 190\\. This is \"civic freedom,\" referring to the capacity people have to participate in the constitution of their own governance relations.\"This is the fundamental democratic or civic freedom of citizens – having an effective say in a dialogue over the norms through which they are governed,\" *Public Philosophy I*, p. 310\\. And \"To be free democratically is not only to be able to participate in various ways in accordance with the principles, rules and procedures of the constitutional system, as important as this is, but also, and crucially, always to be able to take one step back, dissent and call into question the principles, rules or procedures by which one is governed and to enter into (rule\\-governed) deliberations over them,\" Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 93–94\\.",
"To the extent that governance relations restrict this basic freedom, \"they constitute a structure of domination, the members are not self\\-determining, and the society is unfree.\"Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 190 Conditions of oppression, however, do not rule out or discount practices of civic freedom. Tully's public philosophy is not concerned with ideal conditions or hoped\\-for peaceful futures. Rather, civic freedom exists in conduct and in relations in the \"here and now,\"Tully, Public Philosophy I, pp. 20, 154, 288, Tully, Public Philosophy II, pp. 73, 90, 120–121, 189, 190, 229\\. not least under conditions of oppression and conflict. Against violence and tyranny, Tully argues, practices of civic freedom make the best \"strategies of confrontation,\"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 280–309\\. because they generate conditions for transformative change. The concluding chapter of *Public Philosophy in a New Key, Vol. II* examines \"the democratic means to challenge and transform imperial relationships \\[and] brings together the three themes of the two volumes: public philosophy, practices of civic freedom and the countless ways they work together to negotiate and transform oppressive relationships.\"Tully, *Public Philosophy I*, p. 8; see especially *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 296–309, and Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, pp. 88–97, 305–308\\.",
"Tully's civics\\-based approach offers a new way of thinking about a diverse array of contemporary and historical traditions of democratic struggle,Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 51–53; \"Middle East Legal and Governmental Pluralism: A view of the field from the demos,\" *Middle East Law and Governance*, 4 (2012\\), 225–263\\. including environmental movementsTully, \"An Ecological Ethics for the Present,\" in *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 73–88; also pp. 70–72\\. and indigenous struggle.Tully, \"The Struggle of Indigenous Peoples for and of Freedom,\" in *Public Philosophy I*, pp. 257–288 Tully summarizes the approach and its potential:",
"",
"> 'Practices of civic freedom' comprise the vast repertoire of ways of citizens acting together on the field of governance relationships and against the oppressive and unjust dimensions of them. These range from ways of 'acting otherwise' within the space of governance relationships to contesting, negotiating, confronting and seeking to transform them. The general aim of these diverse civic activities is to bring oppressive and unjust governance relationships under the on\\-going shared authority of the citizenry subject to them; namely, to civicise and democratize them from below.",
"From this perspective, these kinds of powerful, civic movements are not deviations or anomalies to be corrected or appeased through discipline or cooptation, but exemplars of civic freedom.\"They are classified \\[by the dominant discourses and institutions] as acts of civil disobedience or rebellion. If these illegal struggles are successful and the extensions institutionalised, then the extensions are redescribed retrospectively as stages in the development of modern citizenship and incorporated within its framework, as in the cases of working\\-class struggles giving rise to social and economic rights, women gaining recognition as citizens, civil rights movements and recognition of cultural minorities. Thus, what are seen as activities of citizenship by the civic tradition – struggles for new forms of recognition and extensions of citizenship – fall outside of modern \\[conventional] citizenship with its institutional/status orientation,\" Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 256, also, pp. 298, 308–309\\. They disclose their positions or grievances not only through words and stated goals but through the very world they bring into being by their actions: civic \"activists *have to be the change* that they wish to bring about.\"Tully, \"Two Traditions of Human Rights,\" in *Human Rights, Human Dignity and Cosmopolitan Ideals*, ed. by Matthias Lutz\\-Bachmann and Amos Nascimento (London: Ashgate, 2014\\), p. 151, also, 155, 156\\. \"Underlying this way of democratization,\" Tully argues, \"is the Gandhian premise that democracy and peace can be brought about only by democratic and peaceful means.\"Tully, \"Middle East Legal and Governmental Pluralism,\" *Middle East Law and Governance*, 4 (2012\\), p. 228\\. However, this is no utopian vision, according to Tully, referring to the \"thousands\" and \"millions of examples of civic\"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 306, 308\\. practices everyday that make another world not only possible but \"*actual*.\"\"*Another world is actual*,\" Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 301\\.",
"To clarify and reinforce this approach, Tully argues for an expanded conception of the term *citizenship* to encompass all forms of governance\\-related conduct, with an emphasis on \"negotiated practices.\"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 248\\. *Civic* or *global* citizenship refers to the myriad of relations and practices (global and local) people find themselves embedded and participating in.\"From the civic perspective, citizenship comes into being whenever and wherever people who are subject to or affected by practices of governance become active co\\-agents within them; exercising the powers of having a say (negotiating) and having a hand (powers of self\\-organization and self\\-government) in and over the relationships that govern their interaction,\" Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, p. 272\\. The term *global* draws attention to the diverse and overlapping character of governance – and hence citizen – relations.Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 243–249\\. Modes of civic and global citizenship \"are the means by which cooperative practices of self\\-government can be brought into being and the means by which unjust practices of governance can be challenged, reformed and transformed by those who suffer under them.\"Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, pp. 272–273\\.",
"Tully carefully distinguishes his expanded notion of citizenship (diverse, cooperative, civic, global) from the narrower but more conventional notion of citizenship, which he calls \"civil citizenship\" (modern, institutional, and international).Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 246–309\\. Where *civic* denotes practice and pluralism, *civil* citizenship singularly refers to \"a status given by the institutions of the modern constitutional state in international law.\" This kind of (civil) citizenship is associated with the dominant tradition of liberalism, in which the state ensures a free market, a set of negative liberties (especially protections against state infringements into the private sphere), and a narrow range of participation through institutions of free speech and representative government.Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, pp. 250–256; see also \"Two Traditions of Human Rights,\" in *Human Rights, Human Dignity and Cosmopolitan Ideals*, pp. 139–148\\. Tully argues that this dominant module of civil citizenship is neither universal nor inevitable; rather, it is \"one singular, historical form of citizenship among others.\" More problematically, the civil tradition often plays handmaiden to empire, insofar as imperial powers operate under international banners of 'progress' and 'liberalism':",
"> the dominant forms of representative democracy, self\\-determination and democratisation promoted through international law are not alternatives to imperialism, but, rather, the means through which informal imperialism operates against the wishes of the majority of the population of the post\\-colonial world.Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 158\\.",
"",
"By contextualizing and de\\-centering, or \"provincializing,\"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 249\\. modern categories of \"allegedly universal\"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 247\\. citizenship, Tully aims to broaden and democratize the field of citizenship and citizen practices. \"This \\[civic and global] mode of citizenship,\" he argues, \"has the capacity to overcome the imperialism of the present age and bring a democratic world into being.\"Tully, *Public Philosophy II*, p. 243\\.",
"More recently, Tully has emphasized the importance of \"coordinating\" the different ways that civil (deliberative) and civic (cooperative) citizens address the same political problems, such as social and ecological justice.Tully, \"Two ways of realizing justice and democracy: Linking Amartya Sen and Elinor Ostrom,\" CRISPP, 16\\.2 (March 2013\\), pp. 220–233; also, Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, pp. 84–100, especially under \"Joining hands and working together,\" pp. 97–100\\. To illustrate, \"The life of Gandhi provides an example of how these two modes of citizenship can complement each other. As a representative democrat he supported the Congress Party and representative government, and he reasoned and negotiated endlessly in the official public spheres available to him.\\[omitted footnote] Yet, he also grounded himself in cooperative citizenship practices of non\\-violent agonistics and regime change, and in alternative practices of social, economic and ecological self\\-government,\" Tully, *On Global Citizenship*, p. 99\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
{{New Netherland}}
Rondout stands at the mouth of [Rondout Creek](/wiki/Rondout_Creek "Rondout Creek"), which empties into the Hudson through a large, protected tidal area. It was established by the Dutch in the seventeenth century as an Indian trading post. Furs brought from inland areas down the Rondout, [Wallkill River](/wiki/Wallkill_River "Wallkill River") and [Esopus Creek](/wiki/Esopus_Creek "Esopus Creek") were sent by boat down the Hudson River to New York City.
The name derives from the fort, or [redoubt](/wiki/Redoubt "Redoubt"), that was erected near the mouth of the creek. The [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_people "Dutch people") equivalent of the English word redoubt (meaning a fort or stronghold), is reduyt. In the Dutch records of Wildwyck (now [Kingston, New York](/wiki/Kingston%2C_New_York "Kingston, New York")), however, the spelling used to designate this same fort is invariably Ronduyt during the earliest period, with the present form rondout (often capitalized) appearing as early as November 22, 1666\.{{cite web \| title \= Derivation of Place Names \| url \= http://www.hrmm.org/rondout/names.htm \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512092755/http://www.hrmm.org/rondout/names.htm \| archive\-date \= 2008\-05\-12 }}
### The D\&H Canal
[280px\|thumb\|Ulster and Delaware Railroad depot in Rondout](/wiki/File:Rondout.jpg "Rondout.jpg")
As late as the 1820s, Rondout was a small hamlet. As the Philadelphia coal market was saturated with Lehigh coal, bringing the price down, William and Maurice Wurts developed the [Delaware and Hudson Canal](/wiki/Delaware_and_Hudson_Canal "Delaware and Hudson Canal") as a way to deliver their anthracite from [Carbondale, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Carbondale%2C_Pennsylvania "Carbondale, Pennsylvania") to New York City. After the opening of the canal in 1828, the area of Rondout rapidly transformed from farmland into a thriving maritime village. The last several miles of the canal, which linked coal mines in northeastern Pennsylvania to the Hudson River and markets beyond, followed Rondout Creek to reach the Hudson River. Irish laborers came to dig the canal and many of them stayed to work on it after its completion. Businessmen established stores to serve the workers. Steamboats, sloops, schooners, and barges loaded with passengers and cargo regularly left the port bound for New York City. New industries developed such as brick and cement manufacturing, bluestone shipping, and ice\-making. As canal traffic increased, homes and commercial businesses were built along the slope upward from the Rondout Creek.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fohk.org/wp\-content/uploads/KingstonHistDist.pdf\|title\="Rondout\-West Strand District", Historic Districts of Kingston, NY\|website\=FOHK.org\|access\-date\=May 28, 2017}}
By 1840, the village had a population of fifteen hundred, two hundred residences, two churches, six hotels and taverns, twenty\-five stores, three freighting establishments, a tobacco factory, a gristmill, four boat yards, two dry docks, and the office and dock of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company.Sharp, C. and Sharp, T., HADAC and Larry Gobrect, New York State Office of Parks, Recreation \& Historic Preservation, "Rondout\-West Strand Historic District, Kingston, Ulster County, New York, nomination document", 1979, National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places, Washington, D.C.
### Steamboat services, cement manufacturing and other developments
Rondout Creek was the home of the Cornell Steamboat Company tugboat fleet, the dominant towing company on the Hudson from 1880 to the 1930s. The company was started in 1847\. At one time it had a fleet of as many as sixty\-two tugboats towing barges of coal and many other materials on the Hudson River to New York and other ports. Eventually Cornell had a virtual monopoly{{Clarify\|reason\=vague\|date\=May 2017}} of towing on the Hudson River and employed hundreds of workers on their boats and in their workshops along the Rondout Creek. By 1872 more than thirty steamboats were based in Rondout, many of which, as well as a large number of barges and sailing vessels, were engaged in the transportation of stone, coal, cement, brick, and ice.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hrmm.org/about/history/\|title\="History", Hudson River Maritime Museum\|website\=HRMM.org\|access\-date\=May 28, 2017}} Steamboats such as the sidewheel "Queen of the River", Kingston's *Mary Powell*, regularly plied between Rondout, New York, and points on the river.
[240px\|thumb\|left\|the steamboat *Norwich*](/wiki/File:Wrau-norwich-steamboat.jpg "Wrau-norwich-steamboat.jpg")
The little sidewheeler *Norwich*, (160 feet × 25'3", 255 gross tons), was built in New York in 1836 by Lawrence \& Sneeden of New York for the New York and Norwich Steamboat Co. Named for the City of Norwich, Connecticut, she was not big enough to compete with the large steamboats coming into service on the sound, and was sold to the New York \& Rondout Line for passenger and freight service on the Hudson. Converted to towboat service, in which she from 1850 to 1923, the *Norwich* was known as "the Ice King". She was unexcelled as an ice\-breaker, opening up the channels in the spring. The Erie Railroad paid her to clear a passage through the ice for its barge and steamboat traffic from the rail terminal at Piermont to New York. Verplanck and Collyer, in *Sloops on the Hudson*, write that Capt. Jacob Dubois required one week to work the Norwich 20 miles through heavy ice to New York City from Piermont.Verplanck, Wm. E. and Collyer, Moses W., *The Sloops of the Hudson*, G.P.Putnam's Sons, New York, 1908 One of the longest\-lived steamboats, the *Norwich* worked the Hudson until 1917 and survived until 1924\.
[300px\|thumb\|A view of The Strand in the old town of Rondout under a full moon](/wiki/File:57MOON_01_02_07.jpg "57MOON 01 02 07.jpg")
Prior to its incorporation, Rondout was known variously as "The Strand", "Kingston Landing" and "Bolton". "The Strand" is a Dutch derived reference to the beach once located on the north shore of the Rondout Creek. "Bolton" was used in honor a president of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company.[Child, Hamilton. "Rondout", *Gazetteer and Business Directory Of Ulster County, N. Y. For 1872\-2*, Syracuse, New York, 1871](http://history.rays-place.com/ny/uls-kingston-ny.htm)
Incorporated on April 4, 1849, Rondout served as a Hudson River port for the city of [Kingston](/wiki/Kingston%2C_New_York "Kingston, New York") located about a mile distant.
In 1851, German\-born Jewish businessman Israel Sampson arrived in Rondout and built the Sampson Opera House at 1 Broadway. Sampson ran a successful clothing business out of the first floor, and the top floor housed the Opera House. In 1885, fire gutted the building, destroying the Opera House, which was never rebuilt. In the 20th century, a Kingston newspaper, *The Daily Freeman*, occupied the building until 1974\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/kingston/sitelist1\.htm\|title\=Kingston\-\- List of Sites\|website\=www.NPS.gov\|access\-date\=May 28, 2017}} In 1854 George F. VonBeck built the Mansion House Hotel, hoping to capitalize on Rondout's location as a stopping\-off place for steamboat and stagecoach passengers On lower Broadway, it was opposite the Samspon Opera House, and provided a place for touring performers to stay. Dr. Abraham Crispell, who treated patients during the cholera epidemic of 1849, had an office in the Mansion House Hotel.
According to Hamilton Child, the most important manufacturing establishment was [The Newark Lime and Cement Manufacturing Company](/wiki/The_Newark_Lime_and_Cement_Manufacturing_Company "The Newark Lime and Cement Manufacturing Company"), which began operation in spring 1851\. The company owned 250 acres including waterfront on the channel of the Rondout Creek. The Rondout Manufactory alone produced 227,516 barrels. The works consisted of twenty\-one kilns for burning the stone, two mill buildings, four storehouses, capable of storing upwards of 20,000 barrels, a cooperage establishment, millwrights', wheelwrights', blacksmiths', and carpenters' shops, barns stables. Stone, from which the cement was made, was quarried from the hill immediately in the rear of the factory, and was obtained by tunneling and sinking shafts, from which extend galleries in the stratum of cement rock, which inclines to the north\-west. An extensive system of railways transported the stone from the quarries to the top of the kilns, where it was burned by being mixed with culm or fine coal, and then passed by a series of descents through the various stages of manufacture till it arrived in barrels at the wharf ready for shipment. As the cement manufactured often exceeded 1,000 barrels per day, the deficiency in barrels was supplied from the stock accumulated during the season when navigation was closed, and the manufacture of cement necessarily suspended. The number of men employed varied from 250 to 300\.
A steam ferry connected Rondout with the Hudson River Railroad across the river in Rhinecliff. A trolley connected Rondout with Kingston. It contained ten churches, viz., Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist, Episcopal, Lutheran, two Roman Catholic and two Jewish; three banks, two newspaper offices, three public schools, several manufactories and about 10,000 inhabitants. That same year it merged with and became a part of the city of Kingston.
### Blizzard of 1888
The Blizzard of ‘88 was one of the worst storms to ever strike the eastern seaboard. It started on Sunday morning, March 11, 1888, and the storm continued to rage until Monday midnight. Although there were only about two or three feet of snow, gale force winds that reached 60 MPH left snowdrifts as high as 10 to 20 feet. During the storm, a rare “blowout tide” (extreme ebbs caused by strong offshore winds which drain inshore shallows – the opposite of a storm\-surge) drained the Rondout Creek enough that boats were grounded on the creek bottom. The ferry boat was hard aground and the *Norwich* was keeled over to one side. The stage to Ellenville left the Rondout at the usual time but nothing was heard from the stage the next day. The only thing authorities could do was assume that the stage was stuck in the snow someplace and that the passengers were safe. The stage from Ellenville reached Hurley that Monday and stayed until the next day when the driver returned to Rondout with only one sleigh bob.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hurleyheritagesociety.org/Pages/Content.htm\|title\="The blizzard of '88", Hurley Heritage Society\|website\=HurleyHeritageSociety.org\|access\-date\=May 28, 2017\|archive\-date\=November 13, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113062515/http://www.hurleyheritagesociety.org/Pages/Content.htm\|url\-status\=dead}}
By the turn of the century it was more efficient and economical to ship coal by rail, and the seasonal canal became obsolete. Portland cement replaced blue stone in building and paving. As less material was shipped the port of Rondout declined.
The [Kingston\-Port Ewen Suspension Bridge](/wiki/Kingston-Port_Ewen_Suspension_Bridge "Kingston-Port Ewen Suspension Bridge") at the foot of Wurts Street was completed in 1921\. It crosses the Rondout Creek to link Rondout to [Port Ewen](/wiki/Port_Ewen%2C_New_York "Port Ewen, New York"). For decades, those who wished to cross the creek had to embark on a [chain ferry](/wiki/Chain_ferry "Chain ferry") named the Riverside, nicknamed the "Skillypot", a derivative of a Dutch word for tortoise.
Prosperity revived briefly with boatbuilding during World War II as three shipyards operated with large work crews building naval vessels.
Construction of the [John T. Loughran Bridge](/wiki/John_T._Loughran_Bridge "John T. Loughran Bridge") over the Esopus Creek required the demolition of a few blocks of the West Strand neighborhood on the north side. This rallied preservationists to get the decaying area designated a historic district. A portion of Rondout's former town center has survived intact and is part of the [Rondout\-West Strand Historic District](/wiki/Rondout-West_Strand_Historic_District "Rondout-West Strand Historic District").{{citation needed\|date\=December 2022}}
### Religious establishments
#### St Mary's Catholic Church
[thumb\|St. Mary's, Rondout](/wiki/File:Beers_Ulster_County_Atlas_Page072.jpg "Beers Ulster County Atlas Page072.jpg")
As early as 1835, Catholics who had gone to Rondout to work on the D\&H Canal met to establish a church. They were assisted by the Irish Dominican Philip O'Reilly, who had been assigned by Bishop of New York [John Dubois](/wiki/John_Dubois "John Dubois") to develop parishes along the Hudson. Rondout was little more than a hamlet at this time and a priest would visit in any month that had five Sundays when Mass would be celebrated at a blind and sash factory on the corner of Mill and Division St. In 1837, Rondout was made a mission of the recently established [St. Peter](/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church_%28Hyde_Park%2C_New_York%29 "St. Peter's Church (Hyde Park, New York)")'s in Poughkeepsie under Rev. John McGinnis. Most of the congregation were Irish immigrants who had come to Rondout to dig the D\&H Canal. In 1839 Rev. John N. Smith became pastor at Poughkeepsie, also serving Saugerties and Rondout, where a small frame church was erected in 1840 on land purchased from Abraham Hasbrouck. Irish Catholic families in Rosendale and Stony Hollow were known to walk the eight or ten miles every Sunday to Mass at St. Mary's.[Burtsell, Richard Lalor. "The Roman Catholic Church", Clearwater, Alphonso Trumpbour. *The History of Ulster County, New York*, W. J. Van Deusen, 1907 \- Ulster County (N.Y.)](https://books.google.com/books?id=A9I4AQAAMAAJ&dq=St.+Mary%27s%2C+Rondout&pg=PA454)
Smith was succeeded in 1842 by the first resident pastor, Father Myles Maxwell. In 1848, the cornerstone was laid for a new brick church. The frame building was left standing in the new church until shortly before its dedication in July 1849\. Father Maxwell died on August 31, 1849; he was succeeded by the Irish Dominican Thomas Martin, who was pastor from November 1849 to January 1852\. Father Martin attended mission churches in Rosendale, Stony Hollow, Port Ewen, Eddyville, Whiteport, and Saugerties.[Corrigan, Michael, Augustine. "Martin, Rev. Thomas, O.P.", *Historical Records and Studies*, Volume 2, United States Catholic Historical Society, New York, 1901, p. 236](https://books.google.com/books?id=a19KAAAAYAAJ&dq=Father+Philip+O%E2%80%99Reilly+O.P.&pg=PA45)
Martin was succeeded by Rev. John Madden, who built a rectory. Father Maxwell was succeeded by Rev. Francis McNierny, and Rev. D.G. Durning. Felix Farrelly arrived as pastor in 1859\. At the time of the Civil War, Father Farrelly did much to calm the violent protests by Irish Catholics against the draft.{{clarify\|date\=December 2022}} He established St. Mary's Academy, staffed by Sisters of Charity, and purchased the land for St. Mary's Cemetery. Farrelly Street is named after him. During his tenure, Stony Hollow was established as a mission, with Jockey Hill a station.
Father James Coyle succeeded Rev. Edward Briody as pastor in 1867\. Coyle built a large parochial school on the corner of McEntee and Union (Broadway) Streets. This is now Kingston Catholic. The following year he founded St. Joseph's parish in Kingston. In 1874 Rev. M.C. O'Farrell built St. Colman's in East Kingston, which later merged with St. Catherine Laboure in Lake Katrine.
By 1907, St. Mary's had the distinction of having supplied more priests and sisters than any place in the archdiocese outside New York City. In 1913, the parish opened a new school building, designed by Arthur C Longyear, at 159 Broadway.[Murphy, Patricia O'Reilly. *Kingston*, Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina, 2013](https://books.google.com/books?id=5YIYI7EKkMQC&dq=Twaalfskill&pg=PA116) {{ISBN\|9780738598260}}
In 2013, St Mary's underwent a restoration of the stained glass windows. A Celtic cross, commemorating the [Great Famine of Ireland](/wiki/Great_Famine_%28Ireland%29 "Great Famine (Ireland)") and the great emigration from Ireland to the U.S. from 1845 to 1852, dominates the courtyard between the church and the rectory.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2022}}
#### Holy Name of Jesus
Downstream of the village of Eddyville was the hamlet of Wilbur which had thriving industry in trimming and shipping of bluestone. In 1884, Rev. James Dougherty, pastor of St. Joseph, built a brick church at Wilbur.{{cite web\|url\=http://saintjosephkingston.org/our\-history\|title\=Our History\|website\=St. Joseph\|access\-date\=May 28, 2017}} The people of Wilbur donated their labor in digging the foundation. Carpenters, masons, and painters also contributed. Material was close at hand in the brickyards. The church was dedicated on November 1, 1885\. The parish church of the Holy Name of Jesus in Wilbur was founded as an independent parish in 1887, with the appointment of Father William J. Boddy as its first resident pastor. The Catholic population of Holy Name of Jesus parish in 1914 was 350\. The parish also had a mission, the Church of the Sacred Heart, in Eddyville with a congregation of about 150\.{{cite book \|last\=Lafort \|first\= Remigius S.T.D. \|year\=1914 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/bub\_gb\_KL4YAAAAYAAJ/page/n412 \|title\=The Catholic Church in the United States of America: Undertaken to Celebrate the Golden Jubilee of His Holiness, Pope Pius X. Volume 3: The Province of Baltimore and the Province of New York, Section 1: Comprising the Archdiocese of New York and the Diocese of Brooklyn, Buffalo and Ogdensburg Together with some Supplementary Articles on Religious Communities of Women \|location\= New York City \|publisher\= The Catholic Editing Company \|page\=399}} {{PD\-notice}} The parish of the Holy Name of Jesus on Fitch Street in Wilbur later merged with St. Mary's in Rondout.
#### St. Peter's
German immigrants first arrived in Rondout to work on the D\&H Canal. St. Peter's parish was founded by Catholics of German origin when the first Mass was said by Rev. A. Hechinger in the basement of an unfinished church on Adams Street. Rev. Oswald Moosmüller O.S.B succeeded as pastor in 1859 and the completed church was dedicated by Archbishop [John Hughes](/wiki/John_Hughes_%28archbishop_of_New_York%29 "John Hughes (archbishop of New York)") on April 20, 1860\. Some years later the site of the old District School \#7 on Wurts Street was purchased and a new Romanesque church was dedicated on May 26, 1872, by Archbishop [John McCloskey](/wiki/John_McCloskey "John McCloskey"). Father John Raufeisen built a rectory on the adjoining lot.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.stpeterskingston.org/150years\-lowres.pdf\|title\=St. Peter's Sesquicentenial Book\|website\=StPetersKingston.org\|access\-date\=May 28, 2017}} St. Peter's Cemetery was opened in 1860\.
The old church building was taken down to make way for the parish school. St. Peter's parochial school was established in 1858 and managed by layment until the arrival of the [Sisters of Charity](/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_New_York "Sisters of Charity of New York") in 1877\. They were replaced by the [Sisters of Christian Charity](/wiki/Sisters_of_Christian_Charity "Sisters of Christian Charity") in 1888\. A new school was completed in 1912\. In 1970 St. Peter's school combined with St. Mary's to form Kingston Catholic School. St. Peter's School building was subsequently purchased by Catholic Charities of Ulster County.[Gibbons, Ann. "Back from the Ashes", *Daily Freeman*, August 13, 2012](http://www.dailyfreeman.com/general-news/20120813/back-from-the-ashes-renovation-of-former-st-peters-school-in-kingston-for-catholic-charities-nearly-done-a-second-time-video)
Father Raufeisen's successors were: Fathers Emil Stenzel (September 1876 to July 1877\), Francis Siegelack (July 1877 to February 1878\), Matthias Kuhnen (1888 to 1907\), and Joseph F. Rummel.
St. Peter's had a mission station in [Ruby, New York](/wiki/Ruby%2C_New_York "Ruby, New York") dedicated to St. Wendelinus. The congregation, of about sixty people, was largely of English and German descent. Responsibility for the mission church of St. Wendelinus was later transferred to the parish of St. Ann in [Sawkill](/wiki/Kingston_%28town%29%2C_New_York%23Sawkill "Kingston (town), New York#Sawkill").{{sfn\|Lafort\|1914\|p\=433}}
The church underwent a complete renovation for its Golden Jubilee in 1908\. Up until the early 1900s sermons continued to be preached in German. Reflecting the city's changing demographics, in 2002 St. Peter's instituted a Hispanic ministry. In 2015 the St. Peter's parish and the parish of St. Mary/Holy Name merged.
#### Immaculate Conception
The first Polish people settled in Kingston in 1875\. They attended St. Peter's Church. The Church of the Immaculate Conception was first organized in 1893 by Rev. Francis Fremel to serve members of the Polish community, whose numbers greatly increased in the early 1890s. Father Fremel spoke both German and Polish. At first services were held in an old building on Union Street. Father Fremel was succeeded by Rev. Francis Fabian, who built the church on Delaware Avenue in 1896\. Rev. Fabian would later establish St. Joseph's in Poughkeepsie to serve the Polish people of that community. Members of the parish assisted the brick\-layers in constructing the church and rectory. Immaculate Conception was dedicated by Archbishop [Michael Corrigan](/wiki/Michael_Corrigan "Michael Corrigan") in 1897\. The parish school was built in 1907 and staffed by the [Felician Sisters](/wiki/Felician_Sisters "Felician Sisters"). Father Fabian also purchased the land for Mount Calvary Cemetery on Flatbush Avenue. Father Theodore Jozwiak succeeded as pastor in 1909\.
The church bells were consecrated by Archbishop [Patrick Joseph Hayes](/wiki/Patrick_Joseph_Hayes "Patrick Joseph Hayes") on June 20, 1920\. Rev. Ignatius Bialdyga served as pastor from 1922 to 1928, followed by Rev. Francis Borowski from 1928 to 1937\. Father Borowski was succeeded by Rev. Stanislaus Malinowski, who was followed by Rev. Joseph Sieczek. In 1946 the parish celebrated is Golden Jubilee. During WWII the parish instituted a novena to Our Lady of Victory for the protection of parishioners serving in the armed forces. After the war, it was substituted by a novena to Our Lady of Perpetual Help. A monument honoring those who served in the war was erected next to the church.{{cite web\|url\=http://content.library.ccsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/cpaa/id/46189\|title\=Golden Jubilee, 1896\-1946, Church of The Immaculate Conception, Kingston, New York :: Polish American Pamphlets\|website\=content.library.CCSU.edu\|access\-date\=May 28, 2017}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{New Netherland}}",
"Rondout stands at the mouth of [Rondout Creek](/wiki/Rondout_Creek \"Rondout Creek\"), which empties into the Hudson through a large, protected tidal area. It was established by the Dutch in the seventeenth century as an Indian trading post. Furs brought from inland areas down the Rondout, [Wallkill River](/wiki/Wallkill_River \"Wallkill River\") and [Esopus Creek](/wiki/Esopus_Creek \"Esopus Creek\") were sent by boat down the Hudson River to New York City.",
"The name derives from the fort, or [redoubt](/wiki/Redoubt \"Redoubt\"), that was erected near the mouth of the creek. The [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_people \"Dutch people\") equivalent of the English word redoubt (meaning a fort or stronghold), is reduyt. In the Dutch records of Wildwyck (now [Kingston, New York](/wiki/Kingston%2C_New_York \"Kingston, New York\")), however, the spelling used to designate this same fort is invariably Ronduyt during the earliest period, with the present form rondout (often capitalized) appearing as early as November 22, 1666\\.{{cite web \\| title \\= Derivation of Place Names \\| url \\= http://www.hrmm.org/rondout/names.htm \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512092755/http://www.hrmm.org/rondout/names.htm \\| archive\\-date \\= 2008\\-05\\-12 }}",
"### The D\\&H Canal",
"[280px\\|thumb\\|Ulster and Delaware Railroad depot in Rondout](/wiki/File:Rondout.jpg \"Rondout.jpg\")\nAs late as the 1820s, Rondout was a small hamlet. As the Philadelphia coal market was saturated with Lehigh coal, bringing the price down, William and Maurice Wurts developed the [Delaware and Hudson Canal](/wiki/Delaware_and_Hudson_Canal \"Delaware and Hudson Canal\") as a way to deliver their anthracite from [Carbondale, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Carbondale%2C_Pennsylvania \"Carbondale, Pennsylvania\") to New York City. After the opening of the canal in 1828, the area of Rondout rapidly transformed from farmland into a thriving maritime village. The last several miles of the canal, which linked coal mines in northeastern Pennsylvania to the Hudson River and markets beyond, followed Rondout Creek to reach the Hudson River. Irish laborers came to dig the canal and many of them stayed to work on it after its completion. Businessmen established stores to serve the workers. Steamboats, sloops, schooners, and barges loaded with passengers and cargo regularly left the port bound for New York City. New industries developed such as brick and cement manufacturing, bluestone shipping, and ice\\-making. As canal traffic increased, homes and commercial businesses were built along the slope upward from the Rondout Creek.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fohk.org/wp\\-content/uploads/KingstonHistDist.pdf\\|title\\=\"Rondout\\-West Strand District\", Historic Districts of Kingston, NY\\|website\\=FOHK.org\\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2017}}",
"By 1840, the village had a population of fifteen hundred, two hundred residences, two churches, six hotels and taverns, twenty\\-five stores, three freighting establishments, a tobacco factory, a gristmill, four boat yards, two dry docks, and the office and dock of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company.Sharp, C. and Sharp, T., HADAC and Larry Gobrect, New York State Office of Parks, Recreation \\& Historic Preservation, \"Rondout\\-West Strand Historic District, Kingston, Ulster County, New York, nomination document\", 1979, National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places, Washington, D.C.",
"### Steamboat services, cement manufacturing and other developments",
"Rondout Creek was the home of the Cornell Steamboat Company tugboat fleet, the dominant towing company on the Hudson from 1880 to the 1930s. The company was started in 1847\\. At one time it had a fleet of as many as sixty\\-two tugboats towing barges of coal and many other materials on the Hudson River to New York and other ports. Eventually Cornell had a virtual monopoly{{Clarify\\|reason\\=vague\\|date\\=May 2017}} of towing on the Hudson River and employed hundreds of workers on their boats and in their workshops along the Rondout Creek. By 1872 more than thirty steamboats were based in Rondout, many of which, as well as a large number of barges and sailing vessels, were engaged in the transportation of stone, coal, cement, brick, and ice.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hrmm.org/about/history/\\|title\\=\"History\", Hudson River Maritime Museum\\|website\\=HRMM.org\\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2017}} Steamboats such as the sidewheel \"Queen of the River\", Kingston's *Mary Powell*, regularly plied between Rondout, New York, and points on the river.",
"[240px\\|thumb\\|left\\|the steamboat *Norwich*](/wiki/File:Wrau-norwich-steamboat.jpg \"Wrau-norwich-steamboat.jpg\")\nThe little sidewheeler *Norwich*, (160 feet × 25'3\", 255 gross tons), was built in New York in 1836 by Lawrence \\& Sneeden of New York for the New York and Norwich Steamboat Co. Named for the City of Norwich, Connecticut, she was not big enough to compete with the large steamboats coming into service on the sound, and was sold to the New York \\& Rondout Line for passenger and freight service on the Hudson. Converted to towboat service, in which she from 1850 to 1923, the *Norwich* was known as \"the Ice King\". She was unexcelled as an ice\\-breaker, opening up the channels in the spring. The Erie Railroad paid her to clear a passage through the ice for its barge and steamboat traffic from the rail terminal at Piermont to New York. Verplanck and Collyer, in *Sloops on the Hudson*, write that Capt. Jacob Dubois required one week to work the Norwich 20 miles through heavy ice to New York City from Piermont.Verplanck, Wm. E. and Collyer, Moses W., *The Sloops of the Hudson*, G.P.Putnam's Sons, New York, 1908 One of the longest\\-lived steamboats, the *Norwich* worked the Hudson until 1917 and survived until 1924\\.",
"[300px\\|thumb\\|A view of The Strand in the old town of Rondout under a full moon](/wiki/File:57MOON_01_02_07.jpg \"57MOON 01 02 07.jpg\")\nPrior to its incorporation, Rondout was known variously as \"The Strand\", \"Kingston Landing\" and \"Bolton\". \"The Strand\" is a Dutch derived reference to the beach once located on the north shore of the Rondout Creek. \"Bolton\" was used in honor a president of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company.[Child, Hamilton. \"Rondout\", *Gazetteer and Business Directory Of Ulster County, N. Y. For 1872\\-2*, Syracuse, New York, 1871](http://history.rays-place.com/ny/uls-kingston-ny.htm)\nIncorporated on April 4, 1849, Rondout served as a Hudson River port for the city of [Kingston](/wiki/Kingston%2C_New_York \"Kingston, New York\") located about a mile distant.",
"In 1851, German\\-born Jewish businessman Israel Sampson arrived in Rondout and built the Sampson Opera House at 1 Broadway. Sampson ran a successful clothing business out of the first floor, and the top floor housed the Opera House. In 1885, fire gutted the building, destroying the Opera House, which was never rebuilt. In the 20th century, a Kingston newspaper, *The Daily Freeman*, occupied the building until 1974\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/kingston/sitelist1\\.htm\\|title\\=Kingston\\-\\- List of Sites\\|website\\=www.NPS.gov\\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2017}} In 1854 George F. VonBeck built the Mansion House Hotel, hoping to capitalize on Rondout's location as a stopping\\-off place for steamboat and stagecoach passengers On lower Broadway, it was opposite the Samspon Opera House, and provided a place for touring performers to stay. Dr. Abraham Crispell, who treated patients during the cholera epidemic of 1849, had an office in the Mansion House Hotel.",
"According to Hamilton Child, the most important manufacturing establishment was [The Newark Lime and Cement Manufacturing Company](/wiki/The_Newark_Lime_and_Cement_Manufacturing_Company \"The Newark Lime and Cement Manufacturing Company\"), which began operation in spring 1851\\. The company owned 250 acres including waterfront on the channel of the Rondout Creek. The Rondout Manufactory alone produced 227,516 barrels. The works consisted of twenty\\-one kilns for burning the stone, two mill buildings, four storehouses, capable of storing upwards of 20,000 barrels, a cooperage establishment, millwrights', wheelwrights', blacksmiths', and carpenters' shops, barns stables. Stone, from which the cement was made, was quarried from the hill immediately in the rear of the factory, and was obtained by tunneling and sinking shafts, from which extend galleries in the stratum of cement rock, which inclines to the north\\-west. An extensive system of railways transported the stone from the quarries to the top of the kilns, where it was burned by being mixed with culm or fine coal, and then passed by a series of descents through the various stages of manufacture till it arrived in barrels at the wharf ready for shipment. As the cement manufactured often exceeded 1,000 barrels per day, the deficiency in barrels was supplied from the stock accumulated during the season when navigation was closed, and the manufacture of cement necessarily suspended. The number of men employed varied from 250 to 300\\.",
"A steam ferry connected Rondout with the Hudson River Railroad across the river in Rhinecliff. A trolley connected Rondout with Kingston. It contained ten churches, viz., Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist, Episcopal, Lutheran, two Roman Catholic and two Jewish; three banks, two newspaper offices, three public schools, several manufactories and about 10,000 inhabitants. That same year it merged with and became a part of the city of Kingston.",
"### Blizzard of 1888",
"The Blizzard of ‘88 was one of the worst storms to ever strike the eastern seaboard. It started on Sunday morning, March 11, 1888, and the storm continued to rage until Monday midnight. Although there were only about two or three feet of snow, gale force winds that reached 60 MPH left snowdrifts as high as 10 to 20 feet. During the storm, a rare “blowout tide” (extreme ebbs caused by strong offshore winds which drain inshore shallows – the opposite of a storm\\-surge) drained the Rondout Creek enough that boats were grounded on the creek bottom. The ferry boat was hard aground and the *Norwich* was keeled over to one side. The stage to Ellenville left the Rondout at the usual time but nothing was heard from the stage the next day. The only thing authorities could do was assume that the stage was stuck in the snow someplace and that the passengers were safe. The stage from Ellenville reached Hurley that Monday and stayed until the next day when the driver returned to Rondout with only one sleigh bob.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hurleyheritagesociety.org/Pages/Content.htm\\|title\\=\"The blizzard of '88\", Hurley Heritage Society\\|website\\=HurleyHeritageSociety.org\\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=November 13, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113062515/http://www.hurleyheritagesociety.org/Pages/Content.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"By the turn of the century it was more efficient and economical to ship coal by rail, and the seasonal canal became obsolete. Portland cement replaced blue stone in building and paving. As less material was shipped the port of Rondout declined.",
"The [Kingston\\-Port Ewen Suspension Bridge](/wiki/Kingston-Port_Ewen_Suspension_Bridge \"Kingston-Port Ewen Suspension Bridge\") at the foot of Wurts Street was completed in 1921\\. It crosses the Rondout Creek to link Rondout to [Port Ewen](/wiki/Port_Ewen%2C_New_York \"Port Ewen, New York\"). For decades, those who wished to cross the creek had to embark on a [chain ferry](/wiki/Chain_ferry \"Chain ferry\") named the Riverside, nicknamed the \"Skillypot\", a derivative of a Dutch word for tortoise.",
"Prosperity revived briefly with boatbuilding during World War II as three shipyards operated with large work crews building naval vessels.",
"Construction of the [John T. Loughran Bridge](/wiki/John_T._Loughran_Bridge \"John T. Loughran Bridge\") over the Esopus Creek required the demolition of a few blocks of the West Strand neighborhood on the north side. This rallied preservationists to get the decaying area designated a historic district. A portion of Rondout's former town center has survived intact and is part of the [Rondout\\-West Strand Historic District](/wiki/Rondout-West_Strand_Historic_District \"Rondout-West Strand Historic District\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2022}}",
"### Religious establishments",
"#### St Mary's Catholic Church",
"[thumb\\|St. Mary's, Rondout](/wiki/File:Beers_Ulster_County_Atlas_Page072.jpg \"Beers Ulster County Atlas Page072.jpg\")\nAs early as 1835, Catholics who had gone to Rondout to work on the D\\&H Canal met to establish a church. They were assisted by the Irish Dominican Philip O'Reilly, who had been assigned by Bishop of New York [John Dubois](/wiki/John_Dubois \"John Dubois\") to develop parishes along the Hudson. Rondout was little more than a hamlet at this time and a priest would visit in any month that had five Sundays when Mass would be celebrated at a blind and sash factory on the corner of Mill and Division St. In 1837, Rondout was made a mission of the recently established [St. Peter](/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church_%28Hyde_Park%2C_New_York%29 \"St. Peter's Church (Hyde Park, New York)\")'s in Poughkeepsie under Rev. John McGinnis. Most of the congregation were Irish immigrants who had come to Rondout to dig the D\\&H Canal. In 1839 Rev. John N. Smith became pastor at Poughkeepsie, also serving Saugerties and Rondout, where a small frame church was erected in 1840 on land purchased from Abraham Hasbrouck. Irish Catholic families in Rosendale and Stony Hollow were known to walk the eight or ten miles every Sunday to Mass at St. Mary's.[Burtsell, Richard Lalor. \"The Roman Catholic Church\", Clearwater, Alphonso Trumpbour. *The History of Ulster County, New York*, W. J. Van Deusen, 1907 \\- Ulster County (N.Y.)](https://books.google.com/books?id=A9I4AQAAMAAJ&dq=St.+Mary%27s%2C+Rondout&pg=PA454)",
"Smith was succeeded in 1842 by the first resident pastor, Father Myles Maxwell. In 1848, the cornerstone was laid for a new brick church. The frame building was left standing in the new church until shortly before its dedication in July 1849\\. Father Maxwell died on August 31, 1849; he was succeeded by the Irish Dominican Thomas Martin, who was pastor from November 1849 to January 1852\\. Father Martin attended mission churches in Rosendale, Stony Hollow, Port Ewen, Eddyville, Whiteport, and Saugerties.[Corrigan, Michael, Augustine. \"Martin, Rev. Thomas, O.P.\", *Historical Records and Studies*, Volume 2, United States Catholic Historical Society, New York, 1901, p. 236](https://books.google.com/books?id=a19KAAAAYAAJ&dq=Father+Philip+O%E2%80%99Reilly+O.P.&pg=PA45)",
"Martin was succeeded by Rev. John Madden, who built a rectory. Father Maxwell was succeeded by Rev. Francis McNierny, and Rev. D.G. Durning. Felix Farrelly arrived as pastor in 1859\\. At the time of the Civil War, Father Farrelly did much to calm the violent protests by Irish Catholics against the draft.{{clarify\\|date\\=December 2022}} He established St. Mary's Academy, staffed by Sisters of Charity, and purchased the land for St. Mary's Cemetery. Farrelly Street is named after him. During his tenure, Stony Hollow was established as a mission, with Jockey Hill a station.",
"Father James Coyle succeeded Rev. Edward Briody as pastor in 1867\\. Coyle built a large parochial school on the corner of McEntee and Union (Broadway) Streets. This is now Kingston Catholic. The following year he founded St. Joseph's parish in Kingston. In 1874 Rev. M.C. O'Farrell built St. Colman's in East Kingston, which later merged with St. Catherine Laboure in Lake Katrine.",
"By 1907, St. Mary's had the distinction of having supplied more priests and sisters than any place in the archdiocese outside New York City. In 1913, the parish opened a new school building, designed by Arthur C Longyear, at 159 Broadway.[Murphy, Patricia O'Reilly. *Kingston*, Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina, 2013](https://books.google.com/books?id=5YIYI7EKkMQC&dq=Twaalfskill&pg=PA116) {{ISBN\\|9780738598260}}",
"In 2013, St Mary's underwent a restoration of the stained glass windows. A Celtic cross, commemorating the [Great Famine of Ireland](/wiki/Great_Famine_%28Ireland%29 \"Great Famine (Ireland)\") and the great emigration from Ireland to the U.S. from 1845 to 1852, dominates the courtyard between the church and the rectory.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2022}}",
"#### Holy Name of Jesus",
"Downstream of the village of Eddyville was the hamlet of Wilbur which had thriving industry in trimming and shipping of bluestone. In 1884, Rev. James Dougherty, pastor of St. Joseph, built a brick church at Wilbur.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://saintjosephkingston.org/our\\-history\\|title\\=Our History\\|website\\=St. Joseph\\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2017}} The people of Wilbur donated their labor in digging the foundation. Carpenters, masons, and painters also contributed. Material was close at hand in the brickyards. The church was dedicated on November 1, 1885\\. The parish church of the Holy Name of Jesus in Wilbur was founded as an independent parish in 1887, with the appointment of Father William J. Boddy as its first resident pastor. The Catholic population of Holy Name of Jesus parish in 1914 was 350\\. The parish also had a mission, the Church of the Sacred Heart, in Eddyville with a congregation of about 150\\.{{cite book \\|last\\=Lafort \\|first\\= Remigius S.T.D. \\|year\\=1914 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/bub\\_gb\\_KL4YAAAAYAAJ/page/n412 \\|title\\=The Catholic Church in the United States of America: Undertaken to Celebrate the Golden Jubilee of His Holiness, Pope Pius X. Volume 3: The Province of Baltimore and the Province of New York, Section 1: Comprising the Archdiocese of New York and the Diocese of Brooklyn, Buffalo and Ogdensburg Together with some Supplementary Articles on Religious Communities of Women \\|location\\= New York City \\|publisher\\= The Catholic Editing Company \\|page\\=399}} {{PD\\-notice}} The parish of the Holy Name of Jesus on Fitch Street in Wilbur later merged with St. Mary's in Rondout.",
"#### St. Peter's",
"German immigrants first arrived in Rondout to work on the D\\&H Canal. St. Peter's parish was founded by Catholics of German origin when the first Mass was said by Rev. A. Hechinger in the basement of an unfinished church on Adams Street. Rev. Oswald Moosmüller O.S.B succeeded as pastor in 1859 and the completed church was dedicated by Archbishop [John Hughes](/wiki/John_Hughes_%28archbishop_of_New_York%29 \"John Hughes (archbishop of New York)\") on April 20, 1860\\. Some years later the site of the old District School \\#7 on Wurts Street was purchased and a new Romanesque church was dedicated on May 26, 1872, by Archbishop [John McCloskey](/wiki/John_McCloskey \"John McCloskey\"). Father John Raufeisen built a rectory on the adjoining lot.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stpeterskingston.org/150years\\-lowres.pdf\\|title\\=St. Peter's Sesquicentenial Book\\|website\\=StPetersKingston.org\\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2017}} St. Peter's Cemetery was opened in 1860\\.",
"The old church building was taken down to make way for the parish school. St. Peter's parochial school was established in 1858 and managed by layment until the arrival of the [Sisters of Charity](/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_New_York \"Sisters of Charity of New York\") in 1877\\. They were replaced by the [Sisters of Christian Charity](/wiki/Sisters_of_Christian_Charity \"Sisters of Christian Charity\") in 1888\\. A new school was completed in 1912\\. In 1970 St. Peter's school combined with St. Mary's to form Kingston Catholic School. St. Peter's School building was subsequently purchased by Catholic Charities of Ulster County.[Gibbons, Ann. \"Back from the Ashes\", *Daily Freeman*, August 13, 2012](http://www.dailyfreeman.com/general-news/20120813/back-from-the-ashes-renovation-of-former-st-peters-school-in-kingston-for-catholic-charities-nearly-done-a-second-time-video)",
"Father Raufeisen's successors were: Fathers Emil Stenzel (September 1876 to July 1877\\), Francis Siegelack (July 1877 to February 1878\\), Matthias Kuhnen (1888 to 1907\\), and Joseph F. Rummel.",
"St. Peter's had a mission station in [Ruby, New York](/wiki/Ruby%2C_New_York \"Ruby, New York\") dedicated to St. Wendelinus. The congregation, of about sixty people, was largely of English and German descent. Responsibility for the mission church of St. Wendelinus was later transferred to the parish of St. Ann in [Sawkill](/wiki/Kingston_%28town%29%2C_New_York%23Sawkill \"Kingston (town), New York#Sawkill\").{{sfn\\|Lafort\\|1914\\|p\\=433}}",
"The church underwent a complete renovation for its Golden Jubilee in 1908\\. Up until the early 1900s sermons continued to be preached in German. Reflecting the city's changing demographics, in 2002 St. Peter's instituted a Hispanic ministry. In 2015 the St. Peter's parish and the parish of St. Mary/Holy Name merged.",
"#### Immaculate Conception",
"The first Polish people settled in Kingston in 1875\\. They attended St. Peter's Church. The Church of the Immaculate Conception was first organized in 1893 by Rev. Francis Fremel to serve members of the Polish community, whose numbers greatly increased in the early 1890s. Father Fremel spoke both German and Polish. At first services were held in an old building on Union Street. Father Fremel was succeeded by Rev. Francis Fabian, who built the church on Delaware Avenue in 1896\\. Rev. Fabian would later establish St. Joseph's in Poughkeepsie to serve the Polish people of that community. Members of the parish assisted the brick\\-layers in constructing the church and rectory. Immaculate Conception was dedicated by Archbishop [Michael Corrigan](/wiki/Michael_Corrigan \"Michael Corrigan\") in 1897\\. The parish school was built in 1907 and staffed by the [Felician Sisters](/wiki/Felician_Sisters \"Felician Sisters\"). Father Fabian also purchased the land for Mount Calvary Cemetery on Flatbush Avenue. Father Theodore Jozwiak succeeded as pastor in 1909\\.",
"The church bells were consecrated by Archbishop [Patrick Joseph Hayes](/wiki/Patrick_Joseph_Hayes \"Patrick Joseph Hayes\") on June 20, 1920\\. Rev. Ignatius Bialdyga served as pastor from 1922 to 1928, followed by Rev. Francis Borowski from 1928 to 1937\\. Father Borowski was succeeded by Rev. Stanislaus Malinowski, who was followed by Rev. Joseph Sieczek. In 1946 the parish celebrated is Golden Jubilee. During WWII the parish instituted a novena to Our Lady of Victory for the protection of parishioners serving in the armed forces. After the war, it was substituted by a novena to Our Lady of Perpetual Help. A monument honoring those who served in the war was erected next to the church.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://content.library.ccsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/cpaa/id/46189\\|title\\=Golden Jubilee, 1896\\-1946, Church of The Immaculate Conception, Kingston, New York :: Polish American Pamphlets\\|website\\=content.library.CCSU.edu\\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2017}}",
""
] |
### Religious establishments
#### St Mary's Catholic Church
[thumb\|St. Mary's, Rondout](/wiki/File:Beers_Ulster_County_Atlas_Page072.jpg "Beers Ulster County Atlas Page072.jpg")
As early as 1835, Catholics who had gone to Rondout to work on the D\&H Canal met to establish a church. They were assisted by the Irish Dominican Philip O'Reilly, who had been assigned by Bishop of New York [John Dubois](/wiki/John_Dubois "John Dubois") to develop parishes along the Hudson. Rondout was little more than a hamlet at this time and a priest would visit in any month that had five Sundays when Mass would be celebrated at a blind and sash factory on the corner of Mill and Division St. In 1837, Rondout was made a mission of the recently established [St. Peter](/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church_%28Hyde_Park%2C_New_York%29 "St. Peter's Church (Hyde Park, New York)")'s in Poughkeepsie under Rev. John McGinnis. Most of the congregation were Irish immigrants who had come to Rondout to dig the D\&H Canal. In 1839 Rev. John N. Smith became pastor at Poughkeepsie, also serving Saugerties and Rondout, where a small frame church was erected in 1840 on land purchased from Abraham Hasbrouck. Irish Catholic families in Rosendale and Stony Hollow were known to walk the eight or ten miles every Sunday to Mass at St. Mary's.[Burtsell, Richard Lalor. "The Roman Catholic Church", Clearwater, Alphonso Trumpbour. *The History of Ulster County, New York*, W. J. Van Deusen, 1907 \- Ulster County (N.Y.)](https://books.google.com/books?id=A9I4AQAAMAAJ&dq=St.+Mary%27s%2C+Rondout&pg=PA454)
Smith was succeeded in 1842 by the first resident pastor, Father Myles Maxwell. In 1848, the cornerstone was laid for a new brick church. The frame building was left standing in the new church until shortly before its dedication in July 1849\. Father Maxwell died on August 31, 1849; he was succeeded by the Irish Dominican Thomas Martin, who was pastor from November 1849 to January 1852\. Father Martin attended mission churches in Rosendale, Stony Hollow, Port Ewen, Eddyville, Whiteport, and Saugerties.[Corrigan, Michael, Augustine. "Martin, Rev. Thomas, O.P.", *Historical Records and Studies*, Volume 2, United States Catholic Historical Society, New York, 1901, p. 236](https://books.google.com/books?id=a19KAAAAYAAJ&dq=Father+Philip+O%E2%80%99Reilly+O.P.&pg=PA45)
Martin was succeeded by Rev. John Madden, who built a rectory. Father Maxwell was succeeded by Rev. Francis McNierny, and Rev. D.G. Durning. Felix Farrelly arrived as pastor in 1859\. At the time of the Civil War, Father Farrelly did much to calm the violent protests by Irish Catholics against the draft.{{clarify\|date\=December 2022}} He established St. Mary's Academy, staffed by Sisters of Charity, and purchased the land for St. Mary's Cemetery. Farrelly Street is named after him. During his tenure, Stony Hollow was established as a mission, with Jockey Hill a station.
Father James Coyle succeeded Rev. Edward Briody as pastor in 1867\. Coyle built a large parochial school on the corner of McEntee and Union (Broadway) Streets. This is now Kingston Catholic. The following year he founded St. Joseph's parish in Kingston. In 1874 Rev. M.C. O'Farrell built St. Colman's in East Kingston, which later merged with St. Catherine Laboure in Lake Katrine.
By 1907, St. Mary's had the distinction of having supplied more priests and sisters than any place in the archdiocese outside New York City. In 1913, the parish opened a new school building, designed by Arthur C Longyear, at 159 Broadway.[Murphy, Patricia O'Reilly. *Kingston*, Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina, 2013](https://books.google.com/books?id=5YIYI7EKkMQC&dq=Twaalfskill&pg=PA116) {{ISBN\|9780738598260}}
In 2013, St Mary's underwent a restoration of the stained glass windows. A Celtic cross, commemorating the [Great Famine of Ireland](/wiki/Great_Famine_%28Ireland%29 "Great Famine (Ireland)") and the great emigration from Ireland to the U.S. from 1845 to 1852, dominates the courtyard between the church and the rectory.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2022}}
#### Holy Name of Jesus
Downstream of the village of Eddyville was the hamlet of Wilbur which had thriving industry in trimming and shipping of bluestone. In 1884, Rev. James Dougherty, pastor of St. Joseph, built a brick church at Wilbur.{{cite web\|url\=http://saintjosephkingston.org/our\-history\|title\=Our History\|website\=St. Joseph\|access\-date\=May 28, 2017}} The people of Wilbur donated their labor in digging the foundation. Carpenters, masons, and painters also contributed. Material was close at hand in the brickyards. The church was dedicated on November 1, 1885\. The parish church of the Holy Name of Jesus in Wilbur was founded as an independent parish in 1887, with the appointment of Father William J. Boddy as its first resident pastor. The Catholic population of Holy Name of Jesus parish in 1914 was 350\. The parish also had a mission, the Church of the Sacred Heart, in Eddyville with a congregation of about 150\.{{cite book \|last\=Lafort \|first\= Remigius S.T.D. \|year\=1914 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/bub\_gb\_KL4YAAAAYAAJ/page/n412 \|title\=The Catholic Church in the United States of America: Undertaken to Celebrate the Golden Jubilee of His Holiness, Pope Pius X. Volume 3: The Province of Baltimore and the Province of New York, Section 1: Comprising the Archdiocese of New York and the Diocese of Brooklyn, Buffalo and Ogdensburg Together with some Supplementary Articles on Religious Communities of Women \|location\= New York City \|publisher\= The Catholic Editing Company \|page\=399}} {{PD\-notice}} The parish of the Holy Name of Jesus on Fitch Street in Wilbur later merged with St. Mary's in Rondout.
#### St. Peter's
German immigrants first arrived in Rondout to work on the D\&H Canal. St. Peter's parish was founded by Catholics of German origin when the first Mass was said by Rev. A. Hechinger in the basement of an unfinished church on Adams Street. Rev. Oswald Moosmüller O.S.B succeeded as pastor in 1859 and the completed church was dedicated by Archbishop [John Hughes](/wiki/John_Hughes_%28archbishop_of_New_York%29 "John Hughes (archbishop of New York)") on April 20, 1860\. Some years later the site of the old District School \#7 on Wurts Street was purchased and a new Romanesque church was dedicated on May 26, 1872, by Archbishop [John McCloskey](/wiki/John_McCloskey "John McCloskey"). Father John Raufeisen built a rectory on the adjoining lot.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.stpeterskingston.org/150years\-lowres.pdf\|title\=St. Peter's Sesquicentenial Book\|website\=StPetersKingston.org\|access\-date\=May 28, 2017}} St. Peter's Cemetery was opened in 1860\.
The old church building was taken down to make way for the parish school. St. Peter's parochial school was established in 1858 and managed by layment until the arrival of the [Sisters of Charity](/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_New_York "Sisters of Charity of New York") in 1877\. They were replaced by the [Sisters of Christian Charity](/wiki/Sisters_of_Christian_Charity "Sisters of Christian Charity") in 1888\. A new school was completed in 1912\. In 1970 St. Peter's school combined with St. Mary's to form Kingston Catholic School. St. Peter's School building was subsequently purchased by Catholic Charities of Ulster County.[Gibbons, Ann. "Back from the Ashes", *Daily Freeman*, August 13, 2012](http://www.dailyfreeman.com/general-news/20120813/back-from-the-ashes-renovation-of-former-st-peters-school-in-kingston-for-catholic-charities-nearly-done-a-second-time-video)
Father Raufeisen's successors were: Fathers Emil Stenzel (September 1876 to July 1877\), Francis Siegelack (July 1877 to February 1878\), Matthias Kuhnen (1888 to 1907\), and Joseph F. Rummel.
St. Peter's had a mission station in [Ruby, New York](/wiki/Ruby%2C_New_York "Ruby, New York") dedicated to St. Wendelinus. The congregation, of about sixty people, was largely of English and German descent. Responsibility for the mission church of St. Wendelinus was later transferred to the parish of St. Ann in [Sawkill](/wiki/Kingston_%28town%29%2C_New_York%23Sawkill "Kingston (town), New York#Sawkill").{{sfn\|Lafort\|1914\|p\=433}}
The church underwent a complete renovation for its Golden Jubilee in 1908\. Up until the early 1900s sermons continued to be preached in German. Reflecting the city's changing demographics, in 2002 St. Peter's instituted a Hispanic ministry. In 2015 the St. Peter's parish and the parish of St. Mary/Holy Name merged.
#### Immaculate Conception
The first Polish people settled in Kingston in 1875\. They attended St. Peter's Church. The Church of the Immaculate Conception was first organized in 1893 by Rev. Francis Fremel to serve members of the Polish community, whose numbers greatly increased in the early 1890s. Father Fremel spoke both German and Polish. At first services were held in an old building on Union Street. Father Fremel was succeeded by Rev. Francis Fabian, who built the church on Delaware Avenue in 1896\. Rev. Fabian would later establish St. Joseph's in Poughkeepsie to serve the Polish people of that community. Members of the parish assisted the brick\-layers in constructing the church and rectory. Immaculate Conception was dedicated by Archbishop [Michael Corrigan](/wiki/Michael_Corrigan "Michael Corrigan") in 1897\. The parish school was built in 1907 and staffed by the [Felician Sisters](/wiki/Felician_Sisters "Felician Sisters"). Father Fabian also purchased the land for Mount Calvary Cemetery on Flatbush Avenue. Father Theodore Jozwiak succeeded as pastor in 1909\.
The church bells were consecrated by Archbishop [Patrick Joseph Hayes](/wiki/Patrick_Joseph_Hayes "Patrick Joseph Hayes") on June 20, 1920\. Rev. Ignatius Bialdyga served as pastor from 1922 to 1928, followed by Rev. Francis Borowski from 1928 to 1937\. Father Borowski was succeeded by Rev. Stanislaus Malinowski, who was followed by Rev. Joseph Sieczek. In 1946 the parish celebrated is Golden Jubilee. During WWII the parish instituted a novena to Our Lady of Victory for the protection of parishioners serving in the armed forces. After the war, it was substituted by a novena to Our Lady of Perpetual Help. A monument honoring those who served in the war was erected next to the church.{{cite web\|url\=http://content.library.ccsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/cpaa/id/46189\|title\=Golden Jubilee, 1896\-1946, Church of The Immaculate Conception, Kingston, New York :: Polish American Pamphlets\|website\=content.library.CCSU.edu\|access\-date\=May 28, 2017}}
|
[
"### Religious establishments",
"#### St Mary's Catholic Church",
"[thumb\\|St. Mary's, Rondout](/wiki/File:Beers_Ulster_County_Atlas_Page072.jpg \"Beers Ulster County Atlas Page072.jpg\")\nAs early as 1835, Catholics who had gone to Rondout to work on the D\\&H Canal met to establish a church. They were assisted by the Irish Dominican Philip O'Reilly, who had been assigned by Bishop of New York [John Dubois](/wiki/John_Dubois \"John Dubois\") to develop parishes along the Hudson. Rondout was little more than a hamlet at this time and a priest would visit in any month that had five Sundays when Mass would be celebrated at a blind and sash factory on the corner of Mill and Division St. In 1837, Rondout was made a mission of the recently established [St. Peter](/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church_%28Hyde_Park%2C_New_York%29 \"St. Peter's Church (Hyde Park, New York)\")'s in Poughkeepsie under Rev. John McGinnis. Most of the congregation were Irish immigrants who had come to Rondout to dig the D\\&H Canal. In 1839 Rev. John N. Smith became pastor at Poughkeepsie, also serving Saugerties and Rondout, where a small frame church was erected in 1840 on land purchased from Abraham Hasbrouck. Irish Catholic families in Rosendale and Stony Hollow were known to walk the eight or ten miles every Sunday to Mass at St. Mary's.[Burtsell, Richard Lalor. \"The Roman Catholic Church\", Clearwater, Alphonso Trumpbour. *The History of Ulster County, New York*, W. J. Van Deusen, 1907 \\- Ulster County (N.Y.)](https://books.google.com/books?id=A9I4AQAAMAAJ&dq=St.+Mary%27s%2C+Rondout&pg=PA454)",
"Smith was succeeded in 1842 by the first resident pastor, Father Myles Maxwell. In 1848, the cornerstone was laid for a new brick church. The frame building was left standing in the new church until shortly before its dedication in July 1849\\. Father Maxwell died on August 31, 1849; he was succeeded by the Irish Dominican Thomas Martin, who was pastor from November 1849 to January 1852\\. Father Martin attended mission churches in Rosendale, Stony Hollow, Port Ewen, Eddyville, Whiteport, and Saugerties.[Corrigan, Michael, Augustine. \"Martin, Rev. Thomas, O.P.\", *Historical Records and Studies*, Volume 2, United States Catholic Historical Society, New York, 1901, p. 236](https://books.google.com/books?id=a19KAAAAYAAJ&dq=Father+Philip+O%E2%80%99Reilly+O.P.&pg=PA45)",
"Martin was succeeded by Rev. John Madden, who built a rectory. Father Maxwell was succeeded by Rev. Francis McNierny, and Rev. D.G. Durning. Felix Farrelly arrived as pastor in 1859\\. At the time of the Civil War, Father Farrelly did much to calm the violent protests by Irish Catholics against the draft.{{clarify\\|date\\=December 2022}} He established St. Mary's Academy, staffed by Sisters of Charity, and purchased the land for St. Mary's Cemetery. Farrelly Street is named after him. During his tenure, Stony Hollow was established as a mission, with Jockey Hill a station.",
"Father James Coyle succeeded Rev. Edward Briody as pastor in 1867\\. Coyle built a large parochial school on the corner of McEntee and Union (Broadway) Streets. This is now Kingston Catholic. The following year he founded St. Joseph's parish in Kingston. In 1874 Rev. M.C. O'Farrell built St. Colman's in East Kingston, which later merged with St. Catherine Laboure in Lake Katrine.",
"By 1907, St. Mary's had the distinction of having supplied more priests and sisters than any place in the archdiocese outside New York City. In 1913, the parish opened a new school building, designed by Arthur C Longyear, at 159 Broadway.[Murphy, Patricia O'Reilly. *Kingston*, Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina, 2013](https://books.google.com/books?id=5YIYI7EKkMQC&dq=Twaalfskill&pg=PA116) {{ISBN\\|9780738598260}}",
"In 2013, St Mary's underwent a restoration of the stained glass windows. A Celtic cross, commemorating the [Great Famine of Ireland](/wiki/Great_Famine_%28Ireland%29 \"Great Famine (Ireland)\") and the great emigration from Ireland to the U.S. from 1845 to 1852, dominates the courtyard between the church and the rectory.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2022}}",
"#### Holy Name of Jesus",
"Downstream of the village of Eddyville was the hamlet of Wilbur which had thriving industry in trimming and shipping of bluestone. In 1884, Rev. James Dougherty, pastor of St. Joseph, built a brick church at Wilbur.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://saintjosephkingston.org/our\\-history\\|title\\=Our History\\|website\\=St. Joseph\\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2017}} The people of Wilbur donated their labor in digging the foundation. Carpenters, masons, and painters also contributed. Material was close at hand in the brickyards. The church was dedicated on November 1, 1885\\. The parish church of the Holy Name of Jesus in Wilbur was founded as an independent parish in 1887, with the appointment of Father William J. Boddy as its first resident pastor. The Catholic population of Holy Name of Jesus parish in 1914 was 350\\. The parish also had a mission, the Church of the Sacred Heart, in Eddyville with a congregation of about 150\\.{{cite book \\|last\\=Lafort \\|first\\= Remigius S.T.D. \\|year\\=1914 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/bub\\_gb\\_KL4YAAAAYAAJ/page/n412 \\|title\\=The Catholic Church in the United States of America: Undertaken to Celebrate the Golden Jubilee of His Holiness, Pope Pius X. Volume 3: The Province of Baltimore and the Province of New York, Section 1: Comprising the Archdiocese of New York and the Diocese of Brooklyn, Buffalo and Ogdensburg Together with some Supplementary Articles on Religious Communities of Women \\|location\\= New York City \\|publisher\\= The Catholic Editing Company \\|page\\=399}} {{PD\\-notice}} The parish of the Holy Name of Jesus on Fitch Street in Wilbur later merged with St. Mary's in Rondout.",
"#### St. Peter's",
"German immigrants first arrived in Rondout to work on the D\\&H Canal. St. Peter's parish was founded by Catholics of German origin when the first Mass was said by Rev. A. Hechinger in the basement of an unfinished church on Adams Street. Rev. Oswald Moosmüller O.S.B succeeded as pastor in 1859 and the completed church was dedicated by Archbishop [John Hughes](/wiki/John_Hughes_%28archbishop_of_New_York%29 \"John Hughes (archbishop of New York)\") on April 20, 1860\\. Some years later the site of the old District School \\#7 on Wurts Street was purchased and a new Romanesque church was dedicated on May 26, 1872, by Archbishop [John McCloskey](/wiki/John_McCloskey \"John McCloskey\"). Father John Raufeisen built a rectory on the adjoining lot.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stpeterskingston.org/150years\\-lowres.pdf\\|title\\=St. Peter's Sesquicentenial Book\\|website\\=StPetersKingston.org\\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2017}} St. Peter's Cemetery was opened in 1860\\.",
"The old church building was taken down to make way for the parish school. St. Peter's parochial school was established in 1858 and managed by layment until the arrival of the [Sisters of Charity](/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_New_York \"Sisters of Charity of New York\") in 1877\\. They were replaced by the [Sisters of Christian Charity](/wiki/Sisters_of_Christian_Charity \"Sisters of Christian Charity\") in 1888\\. A new school was completed in 1912\\. In 1970 St. Peter's school combined with St. Mary's to form Kingston Catholic School. St. Peter's School building was subsequently purchased by Catholic Charities of Ulster County.[Gibbons, Ann. \"Back from the Ashes\", *Daily Freeman*, August 13, 2012](http://www.dailyfreeman.com/general-news/20120813/back-from-the-ashes-renovation-of-former-st-peters-school-in-kingston-for-catholic-charities-nearly-done-a-second-time-video)",
"Father Raufeisen's successors were: Fathers Emil Stenzel (September 1876 to July 1877\\), Francis Siegelack (July 1877 to February 1878\\), Matthias Kuhnen (1888 to 1907\\), and Joseph F. Rummel.",
"St. Peter's had a mission station in [Ruby, New York](/wiki/Ruby%2C_New_York \"Ruby, New York\") dedicated to St. Wendelinus. The congregation, of about sixty people, was largely of English and German descent. Responsibility for the mission church of St. Wendelinus was later transferred to the parish of St. Ann in [Sawkill](/wiki/Kingston_%28town%29%2C_New_York%23Sawkill \"Kingston (town), New York#Sawkill\").{{sfn\\|Lafort\\|1914\\|p\\=433}}",
"The church underwent a complete renovation for its Golden Jubilee in 1908\\. Up until the early 1900s sermons continued to be preached in German. Reflecting the city's changing demographics, in 2002 St. Peter's instituted a Hispanic ministry. In 2015 the St. Peter's parish and the parish of St. Mary/Holy Name merged.",
"#### Immaculate Conception",
"The first Polish people settled in Kingston in 1875\\. They attended St. Peter's Church. The Church of the Immaculate Conception was first organized in 1893 by Rev. Francis Fremel to serve members of the Polish community, whose numbers greatly increased in the early 1890s. Father Fremel spoke both German and Polish. At first services were held in an old building on Union Street. Father Fremel was succeeded by Rev. Francis Fabian, who built the church on Delaware Avenue in 1896\\. Rev. Fabian would later establish St. Joseph's in Poughkeepsie to serve the Polish people of that community. Members of the parish assisted the brick\\-layers in constructing the church and rectory. Immaculate Conception was dedicated by Archbishop [Michael Corrigan](/wiki/Michael_Corrigan \"Michael Corrigan\") in 1897\\. The parish school was built in 1907 and staffed by the [Felician Sisters](/wiki/Felician_Sisters \"Felician Sisters\"). Father Fabian also purchased the land for Mount Calvary Cemetery on Flatbush Avenue. Father Theodore Jozwiak succeeded as pastor in 1909\\.",
"The church bells were consecrated by Archbishop [Patrick Joseph Hayes](/wiki/Patrick_Joseph_Hayes \"Patrick Joseph Hayes\") on June 20, 1920\\. Rev. Ignatius Bialdyga served as pastor from 1922 to 1928, followed by Rev. Francis Borowski from 1928 to 1937\\. Father Borowski was succeeded by Rev. Stanislaus Malinowski, who was followed by Rev. Joseph Sieczek. In 1946 the parish celebrated is Golden Jubilee. During WWII the parish instituted a novena to Our Lady of Victory for the protection of parishioners serving in the armed forces. After the war, it was substituted by a novena to Our Lady of Perpetual Help. A monument honoring those who served in the war was erected next to the church.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://content.library.ccsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/cpaa/id/46189\\|title\\=Golden Jubilee, 1896\\-1946, Church of The Immaculate Conception, Kingston, New York :: Polish American Pamphlets\\|website\\=content.library.CCSU.edu\\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2017}}",
""
] |
Screening
---------
There are divergent views as to whether everyone with an unprovoked episode of thrombosis should be investigated for thrombophilia. Even those with a form of thrombophilia may not necessarily be at risk of further thrombosis, while recurrent thrombosis is more likely in those who have had previous thrombosis even in those who have no detectable thrombophilic abnormalities.{{cite journal \|author\=Dalen JE \|title\=Should patients with venous thromboembolism be screened for thrombophilia? \|journal\=Am. J. Med. \|volume\=121 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=458–63 \|date\=June 2008 \|pmid\=18501222 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.amjmed.2007\.10\.042\|doi\-access\=free }} Recurrent thromboembolism, or thrombosis in unusual sites (e.g. the [hepatic vein](/wiki/Hepatic_vein "Hepatic vein") in [Budd\-Chiari syndrome](/wiki/Budd-Chiari_syndrome "Budd-Chiari syndrome")), is a generally accepted indication for screening. It is more likely to be cost\-effective in people with a strong personal or family history of thrombosis.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Wu O, Robertson L, Twaddle S, etal \|title\=Screening for thrombophilia in high\-risk situations: a meta\-analysis and cost\-effectiveness analysis \|journal\=Br. J. Haematol. \|volume\=131 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=80–90 \|date\=October 2005 \|pmid\=16173967 \| doi\=10\.1111/j.1365\-2141\.2005\.05715\.x \|doi\-access\=free }} In contrast, the combination of thrombophilia with other risk factors may provide an indication for preventive treatment, which is why thrombophilia testing may be performed even in those who would not meet the strict criteria for these tests. Searching for a coagulation abnormality is not normally undertaken in patients in whom thrombosis has an obvious trigger. For example, if the thrombosis is due to immobilization after recent [orthopedic surgery](/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery "Orthopedic surgery"), it is regarded as "provoked" by the immobilization and the surgery and it is less likely that investigations will yield clinically important results.
When venous thromboembolism occurs when a patient is experiencing transient major risk factors such as prolonged immobility, surgery, or trauma, testing for thrombophilia is not appropriate because the outcome of the test would not change a patient's indicated treatment.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Hicks LK, Bering H, Carson KR, etal \| title\=The ASH Choosing Wisely(R) campaign: five hematologic tests and treatments to question.\|journal\=Blood\|date\=2013\|volume\=122\|issue\=24\|pages\=3879–83\|doi\=10\.1182/blood\-2013\-07\-518423\|pmid\=24307720\|doi\-access\=free}} In 2013, the [American Society of Hematology](/wiki/American_Society_of_Hematology "American Society of Hematology"), as part of recommendations in the [Choosing Wisely](/wiki/Choosing_Wisely "Choosing Wisely") campaign, cautioned against overuse of thrombophilia screening; [false positive](/wiki/False_positive "False positive") results of testing would lead to people inappropriately being labeled as having thrombophilia, and being treated with anticoagulants without clinical need.{{Citation \|author1 \= American Society of Hematology \|author1\-link \= American Academy of Dermatology \|date \= September 2013 \|title \= Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question \|publisher \= \[\[American Society of Hematology]] \|work \= \[\[Choosing Wisely]]: an initiative of the \[\[ABIM Foundation]] \|url \= http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor\-patient\-lists/american\-society\-of\-hematology/ \|access\-date \= 10 December 2013}}, which cites
{{Cite journal \| last1 \= Chong \| first1 \= L. \-Y. \| last2 \= Fenu \| first2 \= E. \| last3 \= Stansby \| first3 \= G. \| last4 \= Hodgkinson \| first4 \= S. \| last5 \= Guideline Development \| first5 \= G. \| s2cid \= 42342532 \| title \= Management of venous thromboembolic diseases and the role of thrombophilia testing: Summary of NICE guidance \| doi \= 10\.1136/bmj.e3979 \| journal \= BMJ \| volume \= 344 \| pages \= e3979 \| year \= 2012 \| pmid \= 22740565}}
{{Cite journal \| last1 \= Baglin \| first1 \= T. \| last2 \= Gray \| first2 \= E. \| last3 \= Greaves \| first3 \= M. \| last4 \= Hunt \| first4 \= B. J. \| last5 \= Keeling \| first5 \= D. \| last6 \= Machin \| first6 \= S. \| last7 \= MacKie \| first7 \= I. \| last8 \= Makris \| first8 \= M. \| last9 \= Nokes \| first9 \= T. \| last10 \= Perry \| first10 \= D. \| last11 \= Tait \| first11 \= R. C. \| last12 \= Walker \| first12 \= I. \| last13 \= Watson \| first13 \= H. \| author14 \= British Committee for Standards in Haematology \| title \= Clinical guidelines for testing for heritable thrombophilia \| doi \= 10\.1111/j.1365\-2141\.2009\.08022\.x \| journal \= British Journal of Haematology \| volume \= 149 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 209–220 \| year \= 2010 \| pmid \= 20128794\| doi\-access \= free }}* + A 2016 study estimated that more than $1 million was wasted on inappropriate thrombophilia testing in a year at one academic medical center.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Shen YM, Tsai J, Taiwo E, Gavva C, Yates SG, Patel V, Frenkel E, Sarode R \|title\=Analysis of Thrombophilia Test Ordering Practices at an Academic Center: A Proposal for Appropriate Testing to Reduce Harm and Cost \|journal\=PLoS One \|volume\=11 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=e0155326 \|date\=2016 \|pmid\=27176603 \|pmc\=4866738 \|doi\=10\.1371/journal.pone.0155326 \|doi\-access\=free}}
In the United Kingdom, professional guidelines give specific indications for thrombophilia testing. It is recommended that testing be done only after appropriate counseling, and hence the investigations are usually not performed at the time when thrombosis is diagnosed but at a later time. In particular situations, such as [retinal vein thrombosis](/wiki/Retinal_vein_thrombosis "Retinal vein thrombosis"), testing is discouraged altogether because thrombophilia is not regarded as a major risk factor. In other rare conditions generally linked with hypercoagulability, such as cerebral venous thrombosis and portal vein thrombosis, there is insufficient data to state for certain whether thrombophilia screening is helpful, and decisions on thrombophilia screening in these conditions are therefore not regarded as [evidence\-based](/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine "Evidence-based medicine"). If cost\-effectiveness ([quality\-adjusted life years](/wiki/Quality-adjusted_life_year "Quality-adjusted life year") in return for expenditure) is taken as a guide, it is generally unclear whether thrombophilia investigations justify the often high cost,{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Simpson EL, Stevenson MD, Rawdin A, Papaioannou D \|title\=Thrombophilia testing in people with venous thromboembolism: systematic review and cost\-effectiveness analysis \|journal\=Health Technol. Assess. \|volume\=13 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=iii, ix–x, 1–91 \|date\=January 2009 \|pmid\=19080721 \|doi\=10\.3310/hta13020 \|doi\-access\=free }} unless the testing is restricted to selected situations.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Wu O, Greer IA \|s2cid\=22896788 \|title\=Is screening for thrombophilia cost\-effective? \|journal\=Curr. Opin. Hematol. \|volume\=14 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=500–3 \|date\=September 2007 \|pmid\=17934357 \|doi\=10\.1097/MOH.0b013e32825f5318}}
In 2021, the [American College of Chest Physicians](/wiki/American_College_of_Chest_Physicians "American College of Chest Physicians") offered one testing\-related recommendation in its venous thromboembolism guidelines.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Stevens SM, Woller SC, Kreuziger LB, Bounameaux H, Doerschug K, Geersing GJ, Huisman MV, Kearon C, King CS, Knighton AJ, Lake E, Murin S, Vintch JR, Wells PS, Moores LK \|title\=Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: Second Update of the CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report \|journal\=Chest \|volume\=160 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=e545–e608 \|date\=December 2021 \|pmid\=34352278 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.chest.2021\.07\.055 }} They recommended to consider positive [D\-dimer](/wiki/D-dimer "D-dimer") in the decision to continue or discontinue anticoagulation. Positive [D\-dimer](/wiki/D-dimer "D-dimer") may suggest that the ongoing thrombotic tendency has not fully resolved.
In 2023, the [American Society of Hematology](/wiki/American_Society_of_Hematology "American Society of Hematology") issued new guidelines for thrombophilia testing.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Middeldorp S, Nieuwlaat R, Baumann Kreuziger L, Coppens M, Houghton D, James AH, Lang E, Moll S, Myers T, Bhatt M, Chai\-Adisaksopha C, Colunga\-Lozano LE, Karam SG, Zhang Y, Wiercioch W, Schünemann HJ, Iorio A \|title\=American Society of Hematology 2023 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: thrombophilia testing \|journal\=Blood Adv \|volume\=7 \|issue\=22 \|pages\=7101–38 \|date\=November 2023 \|pmid\=37195076 \|pmc\=10709681 \|doi\=10\.1182/bloodadvances.2023010177 }} One departure from their previous guidelines relates to patients with nonsurgical major transient risk factors; testing may be appropriate. Thrombophilia testing after [venous thromboembolism](/wiki/Venous_thromboembolism "Venous thromboembolism")(VTE) provoked by surgery, on the other hand, is not recommended, because the risk of recurrence is low. Some experts argue that unprovoked VTE requires indefinite (lifelong) [anticoagulation](/wiki/Anticoagulation "Anticoagulation") and therefore performing thrombophilia testing will not affect management. Nearly all recommendations in the guidelines were based on "very low certainty" evidence.
[Recurrent miscarriage](/wiki/Recurrent_miscarriage "Recurrent miscarriage") is an indication for thrombophilia screening, particularly antiphospholipid antibodies (anti\-cardiolipin IgG and IgM, as well as lupus anticoagulant), factor V Leiden and prothrombin mutation, activated protein C resistance and a general assessment of coagulation through an investigation known as [thromboelastography](/wiki/Thromboelastography "Thromboelastography").
Women who are planning to use oral contraceptives do not benefit from routine screening for thrombophilias, as the absolute risk of thrombotic events is low. If either the woman or a first\-degree relative has had thrombosis, the risk of developing thrombosis is increased. Screening this selected group may be beneficial, but even when negative may still indicate residual risk. Professional guidelines therefore suggest that alternative forms of contraception be used rather than relying on screening.
Thrombophilia screening in people with arterial thrombosis is generally regarded as unrewarding and is generally discouraged, except possibly for unusually young patients (especially when precipitated by [smoking](/wiki/Tobacco_smoking "Tobacco smoking") or use of estrogen\-containing [hormonal contraceptives](/wiki/Hormonal_contraceptives "Hormonal contraceptives")) and those in whom revascularization, such as [coronary arterial bypass](/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery "Coronary artery bypass surgery"), fails because of rapid occlusion of the graft.
|
[
"Screening\n---------",
"There are divergent views as to whether everyone with an unprovoked episode of thrombosis should be investigated for thrombophilia. Even those with a form of thrombophilia may not necessarily be at risk of further thrombosis, while recurrent thrombosis is more likely in those who have had previous thrombosis even in those who have no detectable thrombophilic abnormalities.{{cite journal \\|author\\=Dalen JE \\|title\\=Should patients with venous thromboembolism be screened for thrombophilia? \\|journal\\=Am. J. Med. \\|volume\\=121 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=458–63 \\|date\\=June 2008 \\|pmid\\=18501222 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.amjmed.2007\\.10\\.042\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} Recurrent thromboembolism, or thrombosis in unusual sites (e.g. the [hepatic vein](/wiki/Hepatic_vein \"Hepatic vein\") in [Budd\\-Chiari syndrome](/wiki/Budd-Chiari_syndrome \"Budd-Chiari syndrome\")), is a generally accepted indication for screening. It is more likely to be cost\\-effective in people with a strong personal or family history of thrombosis.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Wu O, Robertson L, Twaddle S, etal \\|title\\=Screening for thrombophilia in high\\-risk situations: a meta\\-analysis and cost\\-effectiveness analysis \\|journal\\=Br. J. Haematol. \\|volume\\=131 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=80–90 \\|date\\=October 2005 \\|pmid\\=16173967 \\| doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1365\\-2141\\.2005\\.05715\\.x \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} In contrast, the combination of thrombophilia with other risk factors may provide an indication for preventive treatment, which is why thrombophilia testing may be performed even in those who would not meet the strict criteria for these tests. Searching for a coagulation abnormality is not normally undertaken in patients in whom thrombosis has an obvious trigger. For example, if the thrombosis is due to immobilization after recent [orthopedic surgery](/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery \"Orthopedic surgery\"), it is regarded as \"provoked\" by the immobilization and the surgery and it is less likely that investigations will yield clinically important results.",
"When venous thromboembolism occurs when a patient is experiencing transient major risk factors such as prolonged immobility, surgery, or trauma, testing for thrombophilia is not appropriate because the outcome of the test would not change a patient's indicated treatment.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Hicks LK, Bering H, Carson KR, etal \\| title\\=The ASH Choosing Wisely(R) campaign: five hematologic tests and treatments to question.\\|journal\\=Blood\\|date\\=2013\\|volume\\=122\\|issue\\=24\\|pages\\=3879–83\\|doi\\=10\\.1182/blood\\-2013\\-07\\-518423\\|pmid\\=24307720\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} In 2013, the [American Society of Hematology](/wiki/American_Society_of_Hematology \"American Society of Hematology\"), as part of recommendations in the [Choosing Wisely](/wiki/Choosing_Wisely \"Choosing Wisely\") campaign, cautioned against overuse of thrombophilia screening; [false positive](/wiki/False_positive \"False positive\") results of testing would lead to people inappropriately being labeled as having thrombophilia, and being treated with anticoagulants without clinical need.{{Citation \\|author1 \\= American Society of Hematology \\|author1\\-link \\= American Academy of Dermatology \\|date \\= September 2013 \\|title \\= Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question \\|publisher \\= \\[\\[American Society of Hematology]] \\|work \\= \\[\\[Choosing Wisely]]: an initiative of the \\[\\[ABIM Foundation]] \\|url \\= http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor\\-patient\\-lists/american\\-society\\-of\\-hematology/ \\|access\\-date \\= 10 December 2013}}, which cites\n{{Cite journal \\| last1 \\= Chong \\| first1 \\= L. \\-Y. \\| last2 \\= Fenu \\| first2 \\= E. \\| last3 \\= Stansby \\| first3 \\= G. \\| last4 \\= Hodgkinson \\| first4 \\= S. \\| last5 \\= Guideline Development \\| first5 \\= G. \\| s2cid \\= 42342532 \\| title \\= Management of venous thromboembolic diseases and the role of thrombophilia testing: Summary of NICE guidance \\| doi \\= 10\\.1136/bmj.e3979 \\| journal \\= BMJ \\| volume \\= 344 \\| pages \\= e3979 \\| year \\= 2012 \\| pmid \\= 22740565}}\n{{Cite journal \\| last1 \\= Baglin \\| first1 \\= T. \\| last2 \\= Gray \\| first2 \\= E. \\| last3 \\= Greaves \\| first3 \\= M. \\| last4 \\= Hunt \\| first4 \\= B. J. \\| last5 \\= Keeling \\| first5 \\= D. \\| last6 \\= Machin \\| first6 \\= S. \\| last7 \\= MacKie \\| first7 \\= I. \\| last8 \\= Makris \\| first8 \\= M. \\| last9 \\= Nokes \\| first9 \\= T. \\| last10 \\= Perry \\| first10 \\= D. \\| last11 \\= Tait \\| first11 \\= R. C. \\| last12 \\= Walker \\| first12 \\= I. \\| last13 \\= Watson \\| first13 \\= H. \\| author14 \\= British Committee for Standards in Haematology \\| title \\= Clinical guidelines for testing for heritable thrombophilia \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1365\\-2141\\.2009\\.08022\\.x \\| journal \\= British Journal of Haematology \\| volume \\= 149 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 209–220 \\| year \\= 2010 \\| pmid \\= 20128794\\| doi\\-access \\= free }}* + A 2016 study estimated that more than $1 million was wasted on inappropriate thrombophilia testing in a year at one academic medical center.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Shen YM, Tsai J, Taiwo E, Gavva C, Yates SG, Patel V, Frenkel E, Sarode R \\|title\\=Analysis of Thrombophilia Test Ordering Practices at an Academic Center: A Proposal for Appropriate Testing to Reduce Harm and Cost \\|journal\\=PLoS One \\|volume\\=11 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=e0155326 \\|date\\=2016 \\|pmid\\=27176603 \\|pmc\\=4866738 \\|doi\\=10\\.1371/journal.pone.0155326 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"In the United Kingdom, professional guidelines give specific indications for thrombophilia testing. It is recommended that testing be done only after appropriate counseling, and hence the investigations are usually not performed at the time when thrombosis is diagnosed but at a later time. In particular situations, such as [retinal vein thrombosis](/wiki/Retinal_vein_thrombosis \"Retinal vein thrombosis\"), testing is discouraged altogether because thrombophilia is not regarded as a major risk factor. In other rare conditions generally linked with hypercoagulability, such as cerebral venous thrombosis and portal vein thrombosis, there is insufficient data to state for certain whether thrombophilia screening is helpful, and decisions on thrombophilia screening in these conditions are therefore not regarded as [evidence\\-based](/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine \"Evidence-based medicine\"). If cost\\-effectiveness ([quality\\-adjusted life years](/wiki/Quality-adjusted_life_year \"Quality-adjusted life year\") in return for expenditure) is taken as a guide, it is generally unclear whether thrombophilia investigations justify the often high cost,{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Simpson EL, Stevenson MD, Rawdin A, Papaioannou D \\|title\\=Thrombophilia testing in people with venous thromboembolism: systematic review and cost\\-effectiveness analysis \\|journal\\=Health Technol. Assess. \\|volume\\=13 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=iii, ix–x, 1–91 \\|date\\=January 2009 \\|pmid\\=19080721 \\|doi\\=10\\.3310/hta13020 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} unless the testing is restricted to selected situations.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Wu O, Greer IA \\|s2cid\\=22896788 \\|title\\=Is screening for thrombophilia cost\\-effective? \\|journal\\=Curr. Opin. Hematol. \\|volume\\=14 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=500–3 \\|date\\=September 2007 \\|pmid\\=17934357 \\|doi\\=10\\.1097/MOH.0b013e32825f5318}}",
"In 2021, the [American College of Chest Physicians](/wiki/American_College_of_Chest_Physicians \"American College of Chest Physicians\") offered one testing\\-related recommendation in its venous thromboembolism guidelines.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Stevens SM, Woller SC, Kreuziger LB, Bounameaux H, Doerschug K, Geersing GJ, Huisman MV, Kearon C, King CS, Knighton AJ, Lake E, Murin S, Vintch JR, Wells PS, Moores LK \\|title\\=Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: Second Update of the CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report \\|journal\\=Chest \\|volume\\=160 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=e545–e608 \\|date\\=December 2021 \\|pmid\\=34352278 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.chest.2021\\.07\\.055 }} They recommended to consider positive [D\\-dimer](/wiki/D-dimer \"D-dimer\") in the decision to continue or discontinue anticoagulation. Positive [D\\-dimer](/wiki/D-dimer \"D-dimer\") may suggest that the ongoing thrombotic tendency has not fully resolved.",
"In 2023, the [American Society of Hematology](/wiki/American_Society_of_Hematology \"American Society of Hematology\") issued new guidelines for thrombophilia testing.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Middeldorp S, Nieuwlaat R, Baumann Kreuziger L, Coppens M, Houghton D, James AH, Lang E, Moll S, Myers T, Bhatt M, Chai\\-Adisaksopha C, Colunga\\-Lozano LE, Karam SG, Zhang Y, Wiercioch W, Schünemann HJ, Iorio A \\|title\\=American Society of Hematology 2023 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: thrombophilia testing \\|journal\\=Blood Adv \\|volume\\=7 \\|issue\\=22 \\|pages\\=7101–38 \\|date\\=November 2023 \\|pmid\\=37195076 \\|pmc\\=10709681 \\|doi\\=10\\.1182/bloodadvances.2023010177 }} One departure from their previous guidelines relates to patients with nonsurgical major transient risk factors; testing may be appropriate. Thrombophilia testing after [venous thromboembolism](/wiki/Venous_thromboembolism \"Venous thromboembolism\")(VTE) provoked by surgery, on the other hand, is not recommended, because the risk of recurrence is low. Some experts argue that unprovoked VTE requires indefinite (lifelong) [anticoagulation](/wiki/Anticoagulation \"Anticoagulation\") and therefore performing thrombophilia testing will not affect management. Nearly all recommendations in the guidelines were based on \"very low certainty\" evidence.",
"[Recurrent miscarriage](/wiki/Recurrent_miscarriage \"Recurrent miscarriage\") is an indication for thrombophilia screening, particularly antiphospholipid antibodies (anti\\-cardiolipin IgG and IgM, as well as lupus anticoagulant), factor V Leiden and prothrombin mutation, activated protein C resistance and a general assessment of coagulation through an investigation known as [thromboelastography](/wiki/Thromboelastography \"Thromboelastography\").",
"Women who are planning to use oral contraceptives do not benefit from routine screening for thrombophilias, as the absolute risk of thrombotic events is low. If either the woman or a first\\-degree relative has had thrombosis, the risk of developing thrombosis is increased. Screening this selected group may be beneficial, but even when negative may still indicate residual risk. Professional guidelines therefore suggest that alternative forms of contraception be used rather than relying on screening.",
"Thrombophilia screening in people with arterial thrombosis is generally regarded as unrewarding and is generally discouraged, except possibly for unusually young patients (especially when precipitated by [smoking](/wiki/Tobacco_smoking \"Tobacco smoking\") or use of estrogen\\-containing [hormonal contraceptives](/wiki/Hormonal_contraceptives \"Hormonal contraceptives\")) and those in whom revascularization, such as [coronary arterial bypass](/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery \"Coronary artery bypass surgery\"), fails because of rapid occlusion of the graft.",
""
] |
History of the office
---------------------
[thumb\|The Lord Great Chamberlain, the [7th Marquess of Cholmondeley](/wiki/David_Cholmondeley%2C_7th_Marquess_of_Cholmondeley "David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley") (left), holding his white staff of office; the Lord Speaker, [Baroness Hayman](/wiki/Baroness_Hayman "Baroness Hayman"); and the Speaker of the House of Commons, [John Bercow](/wiki/John_Bercow "John Bercow"), showing US President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") around Members' Lobby during a tour of the Palace in May 2011\.](/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_in_the_Members%27_Lobby_of_the_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_2011.jpg "Barack Obama in the Members' Lobby of the Palace of Westminster, 2011.jpg")
The office was originally held by [Robert Malet](/wiki/Robert_Malet "Robert Malet"), a son of one of the leading companions of [William the Conqueror](/wiki/William_the_Conqueror "William the Conqueror"). In 1133, however, [King Henry I](/wiki/Henry_I_of_England "Henry I of England") declared Malet's estates and titles forfeit, and awarded the office of Lord Great Chamberlain to [Aubrey de Vere](/wiki/Aubrey_de_Vere_II "Aubrey de Vere II"), whose son was created [Earl of Oxford](/wiki/Earl_of_Oxford "Earl of Oxford"). Thereafter, the Earls of Oxford held the title almost continuously until 1526, with a few intermissions due to the forfeiture of some Earls for treason. In 1526, however, the fourteenth Earl of Oxford died, leaving his aunts as his heirs. The earldom was inherited by a more distant heir\-male, his second cousin. The Sovereign (at that time [Henry VIII](/wiki/Henry_VIII "Henry VIII")) then decreed that the office belonged to [the Crown](/wiki/The_Crown "The Crown"), and was not transmitted along with the earldom. The Sovereign appointed the fifteenth Earl to the office, but the appointment was deemed for life and was not hereditary. The family's association with the office was interrupted in 1540, when the fifteenth earl died and [Thomas Cromwell](/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell "Thomas Cromwell"), the King's chief adviser, was appointed Lord Great Chamberlain.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=OKlCAAAAYAAJ\&pg\=PA115 \|title\=The British Plutarch \|year\=1776 \|editor\=Thomas Mortimer \|editor\-link\=Thomas Mortimer (writer) \|page\=115 \|access\-date\=2016\-06\-02 \|archive\-date\=2018\-12\-24 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224193927/https://books.google.com/books?id\=OKlCAAAAYAAJ\&pg\=PA115 \|url\-status\=live }} After Cromwell's [attainder](/wiki/Attainder "Attainder") and execution later the same year, the office passed through a few more court figures, until 1553, when it was passed back to the De Vere family, the sixteenth Earl of Oxford, again as an uninheritable life appointment.Loades, D. (2004\) *Intrigue and Treason: the Tudor Court, 1547–1558* Harlow: Pearson, p. 309\. Later, [Queen Mary I](/wiki/Mary_I_of_England "Mary I of England") ruled that the Earls of Oxford were indeed entitled to the office of Lord Great Chamberlain on an hereditary basis.
Thus, the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth Earls of Oxford held the position on a hereditary basis until 1626, when the eighteenth Earl died, again leaving a distant relative as [heir male](/wiki/Heir_male "Heir male"), but a closer one as a female heir. The [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords") eventually ruled that the office belonged to the **heir general**, [Robert Bertie, 14th Baron Willoughby de Eresby](/wiki/Robert_Bertie%2C_1st_Earl_of_Lindsey "Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey"), who later became [Earl of Lindsey](/wiki/Earl_of_Lindsey "Earl of Lindsey"). The office remained vested in the Earls of Lindsey, who later became [Dukes of Ancaster and Kesteven](/wiki/Duke_of_Ancaster_and_Kesteven "Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven").
In 1779, however, the fourth Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven died, leaving two sisters as female heirs, and an uncle as an heir male. The uncle became the fifth and last Duke, but the House of Lords ruled that the two sisters were jointly Lord Great Chamberlain and could appoint a Deputy to fulfil the functions of the office. The barony of [Willoughby de Eresby](/wiki/Baron_Willoughby_de_Eresby "Baron Willoughby de Eresby") fell into [abeyance](/wiki/Abeyance "Abeyance") between the two sisters, but the Sovereign terminated the abeyance and granted the title to the elder sister, [Priscilla Bertie, 21st Baroness Willoughby de Eresby](/wiki/Priscilla_Bertie%2C_21st_Baroness_Willoughby_de_Eresby "Priscilla Bertie, 21st Baroness Willoughby de Eresby"). The office of Lord Great Chamberlain, however, was divided between Priscilla and her younger sister Georgiana. Priscilla's share was eventually split between two of her granddaughters, and has been split several more times since then. By contrast, Georgiana's share has been inherited by a single male heir each time; that individual has in each case been the [Marquess of Cholmondeley](/wiki/Marquess_of_Cholmondeley "Marquess of Cholmondeley"), a title created for [Georgiana's husband](/wiki/George_Cholmondeley%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Cholmondeley "George Cholmondeley, 1st Marquess of Cholmondeley").
### 20th and 21st centuries
[thumb\|right\|6 May 2023: Lord Carrington (Lord Great Chamberlain since 2022\) on his way to the [Coronation of King Charles III and Queen Camilla](/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_III_and_Camilla "Coronation of Charles III and Camilla") (with [Baroness Manningham\-Buller](/wiki/Baroness_Manningham_Buller "Baroness Manningham Buller"), [LG](/wiki/Lady_of_the_Garter "Lady of the Garter")).](/wiki/File:The_King%27s_Coronation_%2852875339738%29.jpg "The King's Coronation (52875339738).jpg")
In 1902 it was ruled by the House of Lords that the then joint office holders ([the 1st Earl of Ancaster](/wiki/Gilbert_Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby%2C_1st_Earl_of_Ancaster "Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 1st Earl of Ancaster"), [the 4th Marquess of Cholmondeley](/wiki/George_Cholmondeley%2C_4th_Marquess_of_Cholmondeley "George Cholmondeley, 4th Marquess of Cholmondeley"), and [the Earl Carrington, later Marquess of Lincolnshire](/wiki/Charles_Wynn-Carington%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Lincolnshire "Charles Wynn-Carington, 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire")) had to agree on a deputy to exercise the office, subject to the approval of the Sovereign. Should there be no such agreement, the Sovereign should appoint a deputy until an agreement be reached.{{Cite Hansard\|house\=House of Lords\|url\=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/1902\-05\-06/debates/05337074\-f74d\-4e05\-92a7\-73116832f120/OfficeOfLordGreatChamberlain\|date\=6 May 1902\|title\=Office Of Lord Great Chamberlain}} {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128005509/https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/1902\-05\-06/debates/05337074\-f74d\-4e05\-92a7\-73116832f120/OfficeOfLordGreatChamberlain \|date\=2021\-01\-28 }}
In 1912 an agreement was reached. The office, or right to appoint the person to exercise the office, would thereafter rotate among the three joint office holders and their heirs after them, changing at the start of each successive reign. Cholmondeley and his heirs would serve in every other reign; Ancaster and Carrington would each serve once in four reigns.[Great Officers of State: The Lord Great Chamberlain and The Earl Marshal](http://www.debretts.com/people/royal-family/the-royal-household/great-officers-of-state.aspx) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031947/http://www.debretts.com/people/royal\-family/the\-royal\-household/great\-officers\-of\-state.aspx \|date\=6 January 2014 }}. The Royal Family. [debretts.com](http://www.debretts.com/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824141932/https://www.debretts.com/ \|date\=2019\-08\-24 }}. Debrett's Limited. Accessed 17 September 2013\.
As the Cholmondeley share and the Ancaster share (held since 1983 by [the Baroness Willoughby de Eresby](/wiki/Jane_Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby%2C_28th_Baroness_Willoughby_de_Eresby "Jane Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 28th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby")) are not further split, each of these holders decides in his or her turn to act as Lord Great Chamberlain or to name a person who will act as Lord Great Chamberlain. The Carrington share was divided at his death among his five daughters and their heirs, and has since been further divided, with 11 people holding shares as of September 2022\. At accession of Charles III the turn fell to the Carrington heirs who named their cousin [Rupert Carington, 7th Baron Carrington](/wiki/Rupert_Carington%2C_7th_Baron_Carrington "Rupert Carington, 7th Baron Carrington"), to act as Lord Great Chamberlain.{{cite web\|title\=Position of the Lord Great Chamberlain following the demise of the monarch (Freedom of Information request)\|url\=https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/foi/house\-of\-lords\-foi\-and\-data\-protection/foi\-responses\-\-\-calendar\-year\-2019/foi\-3165\-\-\-response.pdf\|access\-date\=2021\-09\-24\|archive\-date\=2021\-09\-24\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924065834/https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/foi/house\-of\-lords\-foi\-and\-data\-protection/foi\-responses\-\-\-calendar\-year\-2019/foi\-3165\-\-\-response.pdf\|url\-status\=live}}{{ukhansard \| house\=HL \| date\=15 March 2019 \| vol\=796 \| c\=1213}}{{cite web\|title\=Oaths \- Hansard \- UK Parliament\|url\=https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/2022\-09\-10/debates/21FEC3F8\-2F0D\-4ED6\-B5E4\-A4A5C3CD34B4/Oaths}} Being descended from the Earl's younger brother he himself has no share of the office.
On 6 May 2023, the Lord Great Chamberlain presented spurs to [King Charles III](/wiki/King_Charles_III "King Charles III") as part of [Charles' coronation](/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_III_and_Camilla "Coronation of Charles III and Camilla"). The spurs were included among the first English coronation ornaments in 1189 and were used during the coronation of [Richard I](/wiki/Richard_I "Richard I").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.forces.net/king\-charles\-iii\-coronation/take\-look\-special\-ceremonial\-spurs\-1661\-will\-be\-part\-coronation\#:\~:text\=In%20the%20coronation%20of%20King,the%20spurs%20to%20His%20Majesty. \|title\=Coronation: Take a look at the special 1661 golden spurs presented to the King \|date\=6 May 2023 \|publisher\=forces.net \|access\-date\=7 May 2023}}
|
[
"History of the office\n---------------------",
"[thumb\\|The Lord Great Chamberlain, the [7th Marquess of Cholmondeley](/wiki/David_Cholmondeley%2C_7th_Marquess_of_Cholmondeley \"David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley\") (left), holding his white staff of office; the Lord Speaker, [Baroness Hayman](/wiki/Baroness_Hayman \"Baroness Hayman\"); and the Speaker of the House of Commons, [John Bercow](/wiki/John_Bercow \"John Bercow\"), showing US President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") around Members' Lobby during a tour of the Palace in May 2011\\.](/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_in_the_Members%27_Lobby_of_the_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_2011.jpg \"Barack Obama in the Members' Lobby of the Palace of Westminster, 2011.jpg\")",
"The office was originally held by [Robert Malet](/wiki/Robert_Malet \"Robert Malet\"), a son of one of the leading companions of [William the Conqueror](/wiki/William_the_Conqueror \"William the Conqueror\"). In 1133, however, [King Henry I](/wiki/Henry_I_of_England \"Henry I of England\") declared Malet's estates and titles forfeit, and awarded the office of Lord Great Chamberlain to [Aubrey de Vere](/wiki/Aubrey_de_Vere_II \"Aubrey de Vere II\"), whose son was created [Earl of Oxford](/wiki/Earl_of_Oxford \"Earl of Oxford\"). Thereafter, the Earls of Oxford held the title almost continuously until 1526, with a few intermissions due to the forfeiture of some Earls for treason. In 1526, however, the fourteenth Earl of Oxford died, leaving his aunts as his heirs. The earldom was inherited by a more distant heir\\-male, his second cousin. The Sovereign (at that time [Henry VIII](/wiki/Henry_VIII \"Henry VIII\")) then decreed that the office belonged to [the Crown](/wiki/The_Crown \"The Crown\"), and was not transmitted along with the earldom. The Sovereign appointed the fifteenth Earl to the office, but the appointment was deemed for life and was not hereditary. The family's association with the office was interrupted in 1540, when the fifteenth earl died and [Thomas Cromwell](/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell \"Thomas Cromwell\"), the King's chief adviser, was appointed Lord Great Chamberlain.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=OKlCAAAAYAAJ\\&pg\\=PA115 \\|title\\=The British Plutarch \\|year\\=1776 \\|editor\\=Thomas Mortimer \\|editor\\-link\\=Thomas Mortimer (writer) \\|page\\=115 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-02 \\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-24 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224193927/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=OKlCAAAAYAAJ\\&pg\\=PA115 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} After Cromwell's [attainder](/wiki/Attainder \"Attainder\") and execution later the same year, the office passed through a few more court figures, until 1553, when it was passed back to the De Vere family, the sixteenth Earl of Oxford, again as an uninheritable life appointment.Loades, D. (2004\\) *Intrigue and Treason: the Tudor Court, 1547–1558* Harlow: Pearson, p. 309\\. Later, [Queen Mary I](/wiki/Mary_I_of_England \"Mary I of England\") ruled that the Earls of Oxford were indeed entitled to the office of Lord Great Chamberlain on an hereditary basis.",
"Thus, the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth Earls of Oxford held the position on a hereditary basis until 1626, when the eighteenth Earl died, again leaving a distant relative as [heir male](/wiki/Heir_male \"Heir male\"), but a closer one as a female heir. The [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords \"House of Lords\") eventually ruled that the office belonged to the **heir general**, [Robert Bertie, 14th Baron Willoughby de Eresby](/wiki/Robert_Bertie%2C_1st_Earl_of_Lindsey \"Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey\"), who later became [Earl of Lindsey](/wiki/Earl_of_Lindsey \"Earl of Lindsey\"). The office remained vested in the Earls of Lindsey, who later became [Dukes of Ancaster and Kesteven](/wiki/Duke_of_Ancaster_and_Kesteven \"Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven\").",
"In 1779, however, the fourth Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven died, leaving two sisters as female heirs, and an uncle as an heir male. The uncle became the fifth and last Duke, but the House of Lords ruled that the two sisters were jointly Lord Great Chamberlain and could appoint a Deputy to fulfil the functions of the office. The barony of [Willoughby de Eresby](/wiki/Baron_Willoughby_de_Eresby \"Baron Willoughby de Eresby\") fell into [abeyance](/wiki/Abeyance \"Abeyance\") between the two sisters, but the Sovereign terminated the abeyance and granted the title to the elder sister, [Priscilla Bertie, 21st Baroness Willoughby de Eresby](/wiki/Priscilla_Bertie%2C_21st_Baroness_Willoughby_de_Eresby \"Priscilla Bertie, 21st Baroness Willoughby de Eresby\"). The office of Lord Great Chamberlain, however, was divided between Priscilla and her younger sister Georgiana. Priscilla's share was eventually split between two of her granddaughters, and has been split several more times since then. By contrast, Georgiana's share has been inherited by a single male heir each time; that individual has in each case been the [Marquess of Cholmondeley](/wiki/Marquess_of_Cholmondeley \"Marquess of Cholmondeley\"), a title created for [Georgiana's husband](/wiki/George_Cholmondeley%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Cholmondeley \"George Cholmondeley, 1st Marquess of Cholmondeley\").",
"### 20th and 21st centuries",
"[thumb\\|right\\|6 May 2023: Lord Carrington (Lord Great Chamberlain since 2022\\) on his way to the [Coronation of King Charles III and Queen Camilla](/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_III_and_Camilla \"Coronation of Charles III and Camilla\") (with [Baroness Manningham\\-Buller](/wiki/Baroness_Manningham_Buller \"Baroness Manningham Buller\"), [LG](/wiki/Lady_of_the_Garter \"Lady of the Garter\")).](/wiki/File:The_King%27s_Coronation_%2852875339738%29.jpg \"The King's Coronation (52875339738).jpg\")\nIn 1902 it was ruled by the House of Lords that the then joint office holders ([the 1st Earl of Ancaster](/wiki/Gilbert_Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby%2C_1st_Earl_of_Ancaster \"Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 1st Earl of Ancaster\"), [the 4th Marquess of Cholmondeley](/wiki/George_Cholmondeley%2C_4th_Marquess_of_Cholmondeley \"George Cholmondeley, 4th Marquess of Cholmondeley\"), and [the Earl Carrington, later Marquess of Lincolnshire](/wiki/Charles_Wynn-Carington%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Lincolnshire \"Charles Wynn-Carington, 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire\")) had to agree on a deputy to exercise the office, subject to the approval of the Sovereign. Should there be no such agreement, the Sovereign should appoint a deputy until an agreement be reached.{{Cite Hansard\\|house\\=House of Lords\\|url\\=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/1902\\-05\\-06/debates/05337074\\-f74d\\-4e05\\-92a7\\-73116832f120/OfficeOfLordGreatChamberlain\\|date\\=6 May 1902\\|title\\=Office Of Lord Great Chamberlain}} {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128005509/https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/1902\\-05\\-06/debates/05337074\\-f74d\\-4e05\\-92a7\\-73116832f120/OfficeOfLordGreatChamberlain \\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-28 }}",
"In 1912 an agreement was reached. The office, or right to appoint the person to exercise the office, would thereafter rotate among the three joint office holders and their heirs after them, changing at the start of each successive reign. Cholmondeley and his heirs would serve in every other reign; Ancaster and Carrington would each serve once in four reigns.[Great Officers of State: The Lord Great Chamberlain and The Earl Marshal](http://www.debretts.com/people/royal-family/the-royal-household/great-officers-of-state.aspx) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031947/http://www.debretts.com/people/royal\\-family/the\\-royal\\-household/great\\-officers\\-of\\-state.aspx \\|date\\=6 January 2014 }}. The Royal Family. [debretts.com](http://www.debretts.com/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824141932/https://www.debretts.com/ \\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-24 }}. Debrett's Limited. Accessed 17 September 2013\\.",
"As the Cholmondeley share and the Ancaster share (held since 1983 by [the Baroness Willoughby de Eresby](/wiki/Jane_Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby%2C_28th_Baroness_Willoughby_de_Eresby \"Jane Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 28th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby\")) are not further split, each of these holders decides in his or her turn to act as Lord Great Chamberlain or to name a person who will act as Lord Great Chamberlain. The Carrington share was divided at his death among his five daughters and their heirs, and has since been further divided, with 11 people holding shares as of September 2022\\. At accession of Charles III the turn fell to the Carrington heirs who named their cousin [Rupert Carington, 7th Baron Carrington](/wiki/Rupert_Carington%2C_7th_Baron_Carrington \"Rupert Carington, 7th Baron Carrington\"), to act as Lord Great Chamberlain.{{cite web\\|title\\=Position of the Lord Great Chamberlain following the demise of the monarch (Freedom of Information request)\\|url\\=https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/foi/house\\-of\\-lords\\-foi\\-and\\-data\\-protection/foi\\-responses\\-\\-\\-calendar\\-year\\-2019/foi\\-3165\\-\\-\\-response.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-24\\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-24\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924065834/https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/foi/house\\-of\\-lords\\-foi\\-and\\-data\\-protection/foi\\-responses\\-\\-\\-calendar\\-year\\-2019/foi\\-3165\\-\\-\\-response.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{ukhansard \\| house\\=HL \\| date\\=15 March 2019 \\| vol\\=796 \\| c\\=1213}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Oaths \\- Hansard \\- UK Parliament\\|url\\=https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/2022\\-09\\-10/debates/21FEC3F8\\-2F0D\\-4ED6\\-B5E4\\-A4A5C3CD34B4/Oaths}} Being descended from the Earl's younger brother he himself has no share of the office.",
"On 6 May 2023, the Lord Great Chamberlain presented spurs to [King Charles III](/wiki/King_Charles_III \"King Charles III\") as part of [Charles' coronation](/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_III_and_Camilla \"Coronation of Charles III and Camilla\"). The spurs were included among the first English coronation ornaments in 1189 and were used during the coronation of [Richard I](/wiki/Richard_I \"Richard I\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.forces.net/king\\-charles\\-iii\\-coronation/take\\-look\\-special\\-ceremonial\\-spurs\\-1661\\-will\\-be\\-part\\-coronation\\#:\\~:text\\=In%20the%20coronation%20of%20King,the%20spurs%20to%20His%20Majesty. \\|title\\=Coronation: Take a look at the special 1661 golden spurs presented to the King \\|date\\=6 May 2023 \\|publisher\\=forces.net \\|access\\-date\\=7 May 2023}}",
""
] |
Career
------
Francesca Grilli's early works focus on videos documenting her performances inspired by her interaction with members of her family, such as *194\.9 MHz* {{Cite journal\|last\=Lissoni\|first\=Andrea\|date\=January 2010\|title\=Francesca Grilli. Tra il Limite e il Miracolo\|url\=http://www.flashartonline.it/article/francesca\-grilli/\|journal\=Flash Art\|volume\=279}}(2006\) for example, where she describes the relationships with her father, or *Gordon* (2007\) where she invited her grandfather to play [Bocce](/wiki/Bocce "Bocce") with her. Since 2006 her focus shifts to performance and sound installations such as *[Arriverà e ci coglierà di sorpresa](http://www.centralefies.it/productions/francesca-grilli-arrivera-e-ci-cogliera-di-sorpresa_45.html)* (2006\) where she invited two elderly dancers to dance [Tango](/wiki/Tango "Tango") for 3 hours in front of a video projection of an empty dancehall. The next year she presented *[Enduring Midnight](http://www.centralefies.it/productions/francesca-grilli-enduring-midnight_46.html)* (2007\) where she asked an aged woman, who used to be a [Soprano](/wiki/Soprano "Soprano") singer, to perform at midnight. Both the performances stress on the ageing body in relation to time and their ability to challenge their physical limits putting memory to test.
With *[Moth](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7HFfDGgLw0)* (2009\) she started a research about the idea of the 'resistant body', meaning a body with some sort of physical limitation, which sees such limitation as a special condition to explore, within a performative act. The work analyzes the relationship between a singer affected by [Albinism](/wiki/Albinism "Albinism") and light, through a scientific experiment which uses the [Rubens tube](/wiki/Rubens_tube "Rubens tube"). The performer interacts with the light source generated by the experiment in order to control it: the flame reacts on the voice of the performer according to her tone and volume.
In 2010 she realizes *The Conversation*{{Cite web\|url\=http://digicult.it/digimag/issue\-063/francesca\-grilli\-searching\-for\-the\-daily\-miracle/\|title\=Francesca Grilli. Searching for the daily miracle\|last\=Saviotti\|first\=Alessandra\|date\=2010\|website\=Digicult\|access\-date\=11 March 2018}}{{Cite book\|title\=The conversation\|last\=Riva\|first\=Caterina\|publisher\=Produzioni Nero\|year\=2011\|isbn\=978\-8897503026}} where she invited a deaf teenager to listen to live music through the vibration produced by the sound waves, and to sing using the [Italian Sign Language](/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language "Italian Sign Language"). The performance was the recipient of the Nuove Arti award, promoted by the [Museo d'Arte Moderna di Bologna](/wiki/Museo_d%27Arte_Moderna_di_Bologna "Museo d'Arte Moderna di Bologna"), Italy.
*Gold* (2011\), *Iron*{{Cite book\|title\=Shakespear, Italy and Transnational Exchange\|last\=De Francischi\|first\=Enza\|publisher\=Routledge\|year\=2017\|isbn\=9781138668911}} (2011\) and *Variazioni per Voce* (2012\) focus on the state censorship on music operated by the Istituto Centrale per i Beni Sonori ed Audiovisivi di Roma (IT) emphasizing on the paradox between the preservation of cultural heritage and its destruction.
In *Fe2O3, OSSIDO FERRICO*{{Cite book\|title\=Vice Versa\|last\=Pietromarchi\|first\=Bartolomeo\|publisher\=Mousse\|year\=2013\|isbn\=9788867490158\|location\=Milan}} presented at the [Italian Pavillion](https://viceversa2013.org/it/) at the [Venice Biennale](/wiki/Venice_Biennale "Venice Biennale") in 2013, she incorporates some elements of her previous artworks, in particular, the use of sound as the main element. The artist invited a group of female performers, who were asked to interact daily with a massive iron wall through vocalizations for six months. A microphone was connected to a mechanism that released drops of water on the iron surface causing its corrosion. The idea was to eventually open a gap on the wall using the performances' voices and water.
In 2015 for the performance *Family* presented at the [Van Abbemuseum](/wiki/Van_Abbemuseum "Van Abbemuseum") in Eindhoven (NL) she invited a family from the city composed by 4 individuals (a child, a father, a mother and a grandmother) to sing a repertoire related to the museum's collection, every change of season until 2017\. Throughout two years the members of the family grew older and their voices changed, especially as regards the youngest and the oldest family member. Every performance was documented with a photograph and audio recorded in order to prove the effect of time on the bodies and the voices. The museum acquired the documentation which is now part of the collection.
The *Forgetting of Air* (2016\) uses air as the material shared between the audience and the performer. Considering breathing as the first individual autonomous action that brings life to a being and inspired by the recent facts regarding migratory fluxes throughout the [Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea "Mediterranean Sea"), Grilli invited professional and non\-professional performers with a refugee background to just breath into a cone\-shaped device in a room filled with steam. Due to the fact that the performers had experienced first hand the risk of suffocation or drowning the work enphasisez on the precariousness of human life.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Francesca Grilli's early works focus on videos documenting her performances inspired by her interaction with members of her family, such as *194\\.9 MHz* {{Cite journal\\|last\\=Lissoni\\|first\\=Andrea\\|date\\=January 2010\\|title\\=Francesca Grilli. Tra il Limite e il Miracolo\\|url\\=http://www.flashartonline.it/article/francesca\\-grilli/\\|journal\\=Flash Art\\|volume\\=279}}(2006\\) for example, where she describes the relationships with her father, or *Gordon* (2007\\) where she invited her grandfather to play [Bocce](/wiki/Bocce \"Bocce\") with her. Since 2006 her focus shifts to performance and sound installations such as *[Arriverà e ci coglierà di sorpresa](http://www.centralefies.it/productions/francesca-grilli-arrivera-e-ci-cogliera-di-sorpresa_45.html)* (2006\\) where she invited two elderly dancers to dance [Tango](/wiki/Tango \"Tango\") for 3 hours in front of a video projection of an empty dancehall. The next year she presented *[Enduring Midnight](http://www.centralefies.it/productions/francesca-grilli-enduring-midnight_46.html)* (2007\\) where she asked an aged woman, who used to be a [Soprano](/wiki/Soprano \"Soprano\") singer, to perform at midnight. Both the performances stress on the ageing body in relation to time and their ability to challenge their physical limits putting memory to test.",
"With *[Moth](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7HFfDGgLw0)* (2009\\) she started a research about the idea of the 'resistant body', meaning a body with some sort of physical limitation, which sees such limitation as a special condition to explore, within a performative act. The work analyzes the relationship between a singer affected by [Albinism](/wiki/Albinism \"Albinism\") and light, through a scientific experiment which uses the [Rubens tube](/wiki/Rubens_tube \"Rubens tube\"). The performer interacts with the light source generated by the experiment in order to control it: the flame reacts on the voice of the performer according to her tone and volume. \nIn 2010 she realizes *The Conversation*{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://digicult.it/digimag/issue\\-063/francesca\\-grilli\\-searching\\-for\\-the\\-daily\\-miracle/\\|title\\=Francesca Grilli. Searching for the daily miracle\\|last\\=Saviotti\\|first\\=Alessandra\\|date\\=2010\\|website\\=Digicult\\|access\\-date\\=11 March 2018}}{{Cite book\\|title\\=The conversation\\|last\\=Riva\\|first\\=Caterina\\|publisher\\=Produzioni Nero\\|year\\=2011\\|isbn\\=978\\-8897503026}} where she invited a deaf teenager to listen to live music through the vibration produced by the sound waves, and to sing using the [Italian Sign Language](/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language \"Italian Sign Language\"). The performance was the recipient of the Nuove Arti award, promoted by the [Museo d'Arte Moderna di Bologna](/wiki/Museo_d%27Arte_Moderna_di_Bologna \"Museo d'Arte Moderna di Bologna\"), Italy.",
"*Gold* (2011\\), *Iron*{{Cite book\\|title\\=Shakespear, Italy and Transnational Exchange\\|last\\=De Francischi\\|first\\=Enza\\|publisher\\=Routledge\\|year\\=2017\\|isbn\\=9781138668911}} (2011\\) and *Variazioni per Voce* (2012\\) focus on the state censorship on music operated by the Istituto Centrale per i Beni Sonori ed Audiovisivi di Roma (IT) emphasizing on the paradox between the preservation of cultural heritage and its destruction.",
"In *Fe2O3, OSSIDO FERRICO*{{Cite book\\|title\\=Vice Versa\\|last\\=Pietromarchi\\|first\\=Bartolomeo\\|publisher\\=Mousse\\|year\\=2013\\|isbn\\=9788867490158\\|location\\=Milan}} presented at the [Italian Pavillion](https://viceversa2013.org/it/) at the [Venice Biennale](/wiki/Venice_Biennale \"Venice Biennale\") in 2013, she incorporates some elements of her previous artworks, in particular, the use of sound as the main element. The artist invited a group of female performers, who were asked to interact daily with a massive iron wall through vocalizations for six months. A microphone was connected to a mechanism that released drops of water on the iron surface causing its corrosion. The idea was to eventually open a gap on the wall using the performances' voices and water.",
"In 2015 for the performance *Family* presented at the [Van Abbemuseum](/wiki/Van_Abbemuseum \"Van Abbemuseum\") in Eindhoven (NL) she invited a family from the city composed by 4 individuals (a child, a father, a mother and a grandmother) to sing a repertoire related to the museum's collection, every change of season until 2017\\. Throughout two years the members of the family grew older and their voices changed, especially as regards the youngest and the oldest family member. Every performance was documented with a photograph and audio recorded in order to prove the effect of time on the bodies and the voices. The museum acquired the documentation which is now part of the collection.",
"The *Forgetting of Air* (2016\\) uses air as the material shared between the audience and the performer. Considering breathing as the first individual autonomous action that brings life to a being and inspired by the recent facts regarding migratory fluxes throughout the [Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea \"Mediterranean Sea\"), Grilli invited professional and non\\-professional performers with a refugee background to just breath into a cone\\-shaped device in a room filled with steam. Due to the fact that the performers had experienced first hand the risk of suffocation or drowning the work enphasisez on the precariousness of human life.",
""
] |
Business career
---------------
### Pharmaceutical industry
Jarquín began his post\-college career in the pharmaceutical industry. He started working for the Swiss company Sandoz\-Wander (now known as [Novartis Group](/wiki/Novartis "Novartis")) in 1987\.
In 1995, Jarquín founded Agencia Farmacéutica Internacional, S.A. (AGEFINSA), a pharmaceutical distribution company that sells pharmaceutical products in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras. AGEFINSA represents several of the largest European pharmaceutical laboratories.
In a news interview, he described AGEFINSA: "The company has a complete range of pharmaceutical products from recognized pharmaceutical companies worldwide. We also distribute “orphan” products, meaning products needed in the market but which lack a local representative. Thus, we cover a need to improve the quality of life of patients."
In 1996, Jarquín founded Iberfarma, S.A., his second pharmaceutical company, to distribute pharmaceutical products to private hospitals and drug stores, reaching a different market segment than the recently created AGEFINSA.
### Dairy industry and byproducts
Jarquín’s dairy and byproduct businesses are centered around Productos Valparaíso, S.A., a company located in the territorial division of [Alta Verapaz](/wiki/Alta_Verapaz_Department "Alta Verapaz Department"), Guatemala, in a farm that runs under the name “Finca Valparaiso”; and the ranch FJ Chichavac, located in the Municipality of Tecpán, in the department of Chimaltenango. Productos Valparaíso produces Jersey cow milk, goat milk, and various types of yogurt and cheese.{{Cite news\|url\=https://flbusinessdaily.com/stories/511393699\-entrepreneur\-branches\-out\-beyond\-pharmaceuticals\|title\=Entrepreneur branches out beyond pharmaceuticals\|date\=2017\-12\-03\|work\=Florida Business Daily\|access\-date\=2018\-04\-20\|language\=en}}
Jarquín is also connected to Milk Source Genetics, a U.S. milk producer that sells its products in Wisconsin, Michigan and Missouri. He is also the co\-owner of the cow “Musique iatola Martha”, a three\-time winner at the [Royal Agricultural Winter Fair](/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_Winter_Fair "Royal Agricultural Winter Fair"), which takes place every year in Toronto, Canada.
### Wine industry
In 2002, Jarquín ventured into the wine import and distribution industry after he bought the company La Cofradía de los Vinos, a high\-end wine distribution company of brands such as Cousiño Macul (Chile), Luigi Bosca, Salentein and Pulenta (Argentina), and Pisco Cuatro Gallos (Peru).
The company serves the emerging Guatemalan wine market and is focused on high\-level wineries. It sells a few brands in supermarkets. The most exclusive brands in its portfolio are sold in Guatemala City's top restaurants and in certain places in the city of [Antigua](/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala "Antigua Guatemala"), Guatemala.
### K´abel Business Center
In 2013, Jarquín opened the Centro de Convenciones K´abel (Kabel, S.A., commercial name “K´abel”), a business\-oriented convention center that integrates meeting and conference rooms. Originally, the center hosted mostly medical institutions, physicians and pharmaceutical companies.
Due to the success of the business, in 2015 the company changed its commercial name to K’abel Business Center. Currently, the company serves private companies in diverse sectors and industries, and business chambers such as the [American Chamber of Commerce](/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce "United States Chamber of Commerce") (AMCHAM).
The executive chef of K’abel Business Center is Diego Jarquin, a graduate from [Le Cordon Bleu](/wiki/Le_Cordon_Bleu "Le Cordon Bleu") Peru.
### Equine breeding
Jarquín also owns FJ Chichavac Ranch, which is a member of the National Association of Breeders and Owners of [Peruvian Paso](/wiki/Peruvian_Paso "Peruvian Paso") Horses (ANCPCPP).
The ranch is located in Tecpan, Chimaltenango, Guatemala. Jarquín has been acknowledged for his accomplishments in the breeding and genetic development of stallions, especially from Peru. His horses have been prized many times in contests organized by the ANCPCPP.
|
[
"Business career\n---------------",
"### Pharmaceutical industry",
"Jarquín began his post\\-college career in the pharmaceutical industry. He started working for the Swiss company Sandoz\\-Wander (now known as [Novartis Group](/wiki/Novartis \"Novartis\")) in 1987\\.",
"In 1995, Jarquín founded Agencia Farmacéutica Internacional, S.A. (AGEFINSA), a pharmaceutical distribution company that sells pharmaceutical products in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras. AGEFINSA represents several of the largest European pharmaceutical laboratories.",
"In a news interview, he described AGEFINSA: \"The company has a complete range of pharmaceutical products from recognized pharmaceutical companies worldwide. We also distribute “orphan” products, meaning products needed in the market but which lack a local representative. Thus, we cover a need to improve the quality of life of patients.\"",
"In 1996, Jarquín founded Iberfarma, S.A., his second pharmaceutical company, to distribute pharmaceutical products to private hospitals and drug stores, reaching a different market segment than the recently created AGEFINSA.",
"### Dairy industry and byproducts",
"Jarquín’s dairy and byproduct businesses are centered around Productos Valparaíso, S.A., a company located in the territorial division of [Alta Verapaz](/wiki/Alta_Verapaz_Department \"Alta Verapaz Department\"), Guatemala, in a farm that runs under the name “Finca Valparaiso”; and the ranch FJ Chichavac, located in the Municipality of Tecpán, in the department of Chimaltenango. Productos Valparaíso produces Jersey cow milk, goat milk, and various types of yogurt and cheese.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://flbusinessdaily.com/stories/511393699\\-entrepreneur\\-branches\\-out\\-beyond\\-pharmaceuticals\\|title\\=Entrepreneur branches out beyond pharmaceuticals\\|date\\=2017\\-12\\-03\\|work\\=Florida Business Daily\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-20\\|language\\=en}}",
"Jarquín is also connected to Milk Source Genetics, a U.S. milk producer that sells its products in Wisconsin, Michigan and Missouri. He is also the co\\-owner of the cow “Musique iatola Martha”, a three\\-time winner at the [Royal Agricultural Winter Fair](/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_Winter_Fair \"Royal Agricultural Winter Fair\"), which takes place every year in Toronto, Canada.",
"### Wine industry",
"In 2002, Jarquín ventured into the wine import and distribution industry after he bought the company La Cofradía de los Vinos, a high\\-end wine distribution company of brands such as Cousiño Macul (Chile), Luigi Bosca, Salentein and Pulenta (Argentina), and Pisco Cuatro Gallos (Peru).",
"The company serves the emerging Guatemalan wine market and is focused on high\\-level wineries. It sells a few brands in supermarkets. The most exclusive brands in its portfolio are sold in Guatemala City's top restaurants and in certain places in the city of [Antigua](/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala \"Antigua Guatemala\"), Guatemala.",
"### K´abel Business Center",
"In 2013, Jarquín opened the Centro de Convenciones K´abel (Kabel, S.A., commercial name “K´abel”), a business\\-oriented convention center that integrates meeting and conference rooms. Originally, the center hosted mostly medical institutions, physicians and pharmaceutical companies.",
"Due to the success of the business, in 2015 the company changed its commercial name to K’abel Business Center. Currently, the company serves private companies in diverse sectors and industries, and business chambers such as the [American Chamber of Commerce](/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce \"United States Chamber of Commerce\") (AMCHAM).",
"The executive chef of K’abel Business Center is Diego Jarquin, a graduate from [Le Cordon Bleu](/wiki/Le_Cordon_Bleu \"Le Cordon Bleu\") Peru.",
"### Equine breeding",
"Jarquín also owns FJ Chichavac Ranch, which is a member of the National Association of Breeders and Owners of [Peruvian Paso](/wiki/Peruvian_Paso \"Peruvian Paso\") Horses (ANCPCPP).",
"The ranch is located in Tecpan, Chimaltenango, Guatemala. Jarquín has been acknowledged for his accomplishments in the breeding and genetic development of stallions, especially from Peru. His horses have been prized many times in contests organized by the ANCPCPP.",
""
] |
Contents
--------
Myers described the original article as "a light\-hearted polemic" about modern literature. Myers was particularly concerned with what he saw as the growing pretentiousness of American [literary fiction](/wiki/Literary_fiction "Literary fiction"). He was skeptical about the value showcased by elaborate, allusive prose works and argued that what was praised as good writing was in fact the epitome of bad writing.
His critique concentrated on [Annie Proulx](/wiki/Annie_Proulx "Annie Proulx"), [Cormac McCarthy](/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy "Cormac McCarthy"), [Paul Auster](/wiki/Paul_Auster "Paul Auster"), [David Guterson](/wiki/David_Guterson "David Guterson"), and [Don DeLillo](/wiki/Don_DeLillo "Don DeLillo"),[Matt Forney](https://mattforney.com/readers-manifesto-b-r-myers/) all of whom enjoyed substantial acclaim from the literary establishment.Regarding the literary establishment, see Judith Shulevitz's article "[Fiction and 'Literary' Fiction](https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/09/books/the-close-reader-fiction-and-literary-fiction.html)." *The New York Times*, September 9, 2001\.[The Soul\-Sucking Suckiness of B.R. Myers \- The Millions](https://themillions.com/2010/11/the-soul-sucking-suckiness-of-b-r-meyers.html) Myers directed many of his harshest charges at [literary critics](/wiki/Literary_critic "Literary critic") for prestigious publications such as *[The New York Times Book Review](/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review "The New York Times Book Review")*, whom he accused of lavishing praise upon bad writing either for political reasons, or because they did not understand it and therefore assumed it to have great [artistic merit](/wiki/Artistic_merit "Artistic merit"). Myers also focuses on what he calls "the cult of the sentence", criticizing critics for pulling single sentences out of novels in order to praise their brilliance, while ignoring shortcomings in the novel as a whole.
### Author critiques
Myers explains and critiques several prose styles, each focused on a specific author.
#### Annie Proulx
Myers accuses [Annie Proulx](/wiki/Annie_Proulx "Annie Proulx") of using nonsensical images, mixed metaphors, and poor word choice. Myers claims Proulx writes to "startle or impress the reader", asserting that this sort of writing must be read quickly so the meaning of the sentences does not fall apart. "With good Mandarin prose the opposite is true," Myers says, comparing Proulx's writing unfavorably with that of [James Joyce](/wiki/James_Joyce "James Joyce") and [Virginia Woolf](/wiki/Virginia_Woolf "Virginia Woolf"). Myers criticizes Proulx for being "too egocentric" to put herself in the place of her characters when deciding what is important and what is unnecessary. He also mentions that Proulx writes one thing but means something else, implying Proulx has a lack of polish. Myers writes, "Someone needs to tell her that half of good writing is knowing what to leave out".
#### Don DeLillo
Meyers accuses [Don DeLillo](/wiki/Don_DeLillo "Don DeLillo") of lacking in the "edginess" that critics praise him for, since DeLillo writes on themes of anti\-consumerism, a topic that has been explored in literature since the 1950s. Myers asserts that DeLillo's characters serve primarily as vessels for DeLillo's thoughts, rather than as discrete characters. DeLillo, according to Myers, attempts to persuade his readers that if something does not make sense it is "over their heads," or that "something as inadequate as language can never do justice to the complexity of what they're trying to say." Myers also points out that DeLillo uses a slippery sense of irony in his writing, "As so often with DeLillo's musings, the 'conclusion' is phrased as a rhetorical question. 'If this works for you, take it,' he is saying, 'but if you think it's silly, hey—maybe I do too.'"
#### Cormac McCarthy
Myers accuses [Cormac McCarthy](/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy "Cormac McCarthy") of filling his sentences with bulky words that contain no real detail or meaning. He uses the following as an example, from *[The Crossing:](/wiki/The_Crossing_%28McCarthy_novel%29 "The Crossing (McCarthy novel)")*
> "He ate the last of the eggs and wiped the plate with the tortilla and ate the tortilla and drank the last of the coffee and wiped his mouth and looked up and thanked her."
Myers writes:
> "This is a good example of what I call the *andelope*: a breathless string of simple declarative statements linked by the conjunction 'and'. Like the 'evocative' slide\-show and the Consumerland shopping\-list, the andelope encourages skim\-reading while keeping up the appearance of 'literary' length and complexity. But like the slide\-show (and unlike the shopping\-list), the andelope often clashes with the subject matter, and the unpunctuated flow of words bears no relation to the methodical meal that is being described."
McCarthy's prose, Myers quips, "is unspeakable in every sense of the word," implying that it is both awful and frequently difficult to imagine a person saying. McCarthy's use of [archaisms](/wiki/Archaism "Archaism") is also brought under scrutiny.
#### Paul Auster
Myers suggests that [Paul Auster](/wiki/Paul_Auster "Paul Auster") over\-describes situations, especially mentioning numerous details that are particularly mundane and obvious. By making a description too long, as Auster does, Myers says that an author encourages a reader to "feel emboldened to ask why it needed to be said at all." Myers accuses Auster of "simply wasting our time" with his wordiness. Myers states that dragging on a point too long might cause it to go stale, as it did in Auster's passage from *[Timbuktu](/wiki/Timbuktu_%28novella%29 "Timbuktu (novella)")*. With an example from Auster's *[Moon Palace](/wiki/Moon_Palace "Moon Palace")*, Myers describes how too many big and fancy words, used incorrectly, can discredit the speaker's intelligence. Myers also criticizes Auster for saying the same thing too many times. He states, "Swing the hammer often enough, and you're bound to hit the nail on the head sometime—or so Auster seems to think."
#### David Guterson
Myers critiques [David Guterson](/wiki/David_Guterson "David Guterson")'s novel *[Snow Falling on Cedars](/wiki/Snow_Falling_on_Cedars "Snow Falling on Cedars")*{{cite book \| isbn\=0\-7910\-7877\-9 \| title\=David Guterson's Snow Falling on Cedars \| last1\=Bloom \| first1\=Harold \| year\=2004 }} mainly for its "sluggishness" of words and "echoic" thought process. Myers concludes that *Snow Falling on Cedars* is no more than "flat, stereotypical descriptions" of characters in a given context, and, were its pace not slow, it would be considered a [genre novel](/wiki/Genre_novel "Genre novel"). Myers criticizes Guterson's average descriptions of predictable characters that have often been explored in literature and complains that Guterson brings nothing new to the characters or story.
#### Other critiques and recommendations
In addition to these critiques, Myers also criticizes [Thomas Wolfe](/wiki/Thomas_Wolfe "Thomas Wolfe"), [Jay McInerney](/wiki/Jay_McInerney "Jay McInerney"), and [Rick Moody](/wiki/Rick_Moody "Rick Moody").
As examples of books with a style preferred by Myers, he lists, among others, *[To the Lighthouse](/wiki/To_the_Lighthouse "To the Lighthouse")*, *[Those Barren Leaves](/wiki/Those_Barren_Leaves "Those Barren Leaves")*, *[The Adventures of Augie March](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Augie_March "The Adventures of Augie March")*, *[The Victim](/wiki/The_Victim_%28novel%29 "The Victim (novel)")*, *[The Man Without Qualities](/wiki/The_Man_Without_Qualities "The Man Without Qualities")*, *[Le Père Goriot](/wiki/Le_P%C3%A8re_Goriot "Le Père Goriot")*, *[Illusions perdues](/wiki/Illusions_perdues "Illusions perdues")*, *[La Comédie humaine](/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine "La Comédie humaine")*, *[The Orchard Keeper](/wiki/The_Orchard_Keeper "The Orchard Keeper")* (by previously criticized author Cormac McCarthy), *[Moby\-Dick](/wiki/Moby-Dick "Moby-Dick")*, *[Malone Dies](/wiki/Malone_Dies "Malone Dies")*, and *[Gormenghast](/wiki/Gormenghast_%28novel%29 "Gormenghast (novel)")*.
### Rebuttals to previous criticism
Myers devotes a section of the book\-length text to describing the response the shorter version published in the *[Atlantic Monthly](/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly "Atlantic Monthly")* received upon its publication. This portion of the book is an analysis of the criticisms of his original critique, and while it is written with Myers' characteristic "humor", it is the place in the book where he most aggressively defends his views.
Myers' critics call him a [philistine](/wiki/Philistinism "Philistinism") and an advocate for low\-brow literature, and suggest that his criteria for good literature implicitly define it as writing that is simple enough to require little effort to read. Myers responds that books may also be difficult to read because of poor writing style, and he recommends other authors as examples of a complex style executed with skill.
Several critics claim the authors Myers featured were already discounted by the literary establishment. Myers was unable to find any evidence backing this claim, and responds to this argument with the absence of criticism for the authors and several examples of praise.
Critics suggest that the ambiguity Myers criticizes contains the value of the works: "consoling riddles", as one critic calls them. Myers rebuts, "Literature need not answer every question it raises, but questions themselves should be clear." "Difficult lucidity," in Myers' opinion, is what is missing from contemporary prose—the kind of writing that, as he says, "rewards the use of a dictionary instead of punishing it."
Myers responds to criticism that his complaints "evinced faulty judgment". Myers points out that the critics made no attempt to argue that the defamed excerpts deserved the praise originally lavished on them.
Some critics say that Myers is too harsh and negative in his reviews and that he looks at the substandard rather than the good sections of a literary work. Myers refutes these criticisms by stating that he uses the same excerpts that were previously praised by other critics. He also explains that some good parts do not qualify a work of literary prose as being worth the money and time it costs to purchase and read. Myers claims that the writer has become more important than the writing and any failings "only makes them more lovable" in the eyes of the modern critic.
Critics charge Myers with living in an "imagined past", in which all the authors were more talented. Myers agrees to a point, but gives the example of the National Book Award winners between 1990 and 2001 compared to those of 1950 through 1961 winners, stating, "Prize committees have always been unreliable judges of quality... still, it's worth noting that there was too much good writing around in the 1950s for even the prize committees to miss."
Myers' critics accuse him of putting too much emphasis on reality. Myers responds, "I love it when [Bulgakov](/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov "Mikhail Bulgakov") makes a cat talk, and when [Gogol](/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol "Nikolai Gogol") dresses a nose in a civil servant's uniform, and—if I may jerk the chain again—when [Stephen King](/wiki/Stephen_King "Stephen King") gives a car a mind of its own." He says that he instead, "points out how absurd it is for the narrator of DeLillo's *[The Names](/wiki/The_Names_%28novel%29 "The Names (novel)")*, the usual 'elliptical' windbag, to claim that lying about one's destination creates a grave disparity in the listener's brain between the real and the false destination. In making this point I was merely judging *The Names*—as I judge every novel—by its own standards, in this case as a novel of serious ideas. (DeLillo himself has said that it represents 'a deeper level of seriousness.')"
Myers received attacks on his history and character for his essay. For example, Judith Shulevitz criticized Myers for being a foreigner (he was an [Army brat](/wiki/Army_brat "Army brat")), unacquainted with the literary establishment he criticized. In response, Myers claimed that in these literary circles, social identity is more important than writing. Myers believes instead that a reader should trust his/her reason and intelligence to judge the writing, without necessarily being swayed by the "reputation" of the author.
### List of rules
Myers provides a list of rules at the end of the book, an ironic set of guidelines for writing, corresponding to prose criticized earlier in the book. Myers implies that following the rules will lead to literary success. The listed rules are "Be Writerly", "Sprawl", "Equivocate", "Mystify", "Keep Sentences Long", "Repeat yourself", "Pile on the Imagery", "Archaize", "Bore", and "Play the part".
|
[
"Contents\n--------",
"Myers described the original article as \"a light\\-hearted polemic\" about modern literature. Myers was particularly concerned with what he saw as the growing pretentiousness of American [literary fiction](/wiki/Literary_fiction \"Literary fiction\"). He was skeptical about the value showcased by elaborate, allusive prose works and argued that what was praised as good writing was in fact the epitome of bad writing.",
"His critique concentrated on [Annie Proulx](/wiki/Annie_Proulx \"Annie Proulx\"), [Cormac McCarthy](/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy \"Cormac McCarthy\"), [Paul Auster](/wiki/Paul_Auster \"Paul Auster\"), [David Guterson](/wiki/David_Guterson \"David Guterson\"), and [Don DeLillo](/wiki/Don_DeLillo \"Don DeLillo\"),[Matt Forney](https://mattforney.com/readers-manifesto-b-r-myers/) all of whom enjoyed substantial acclaim from the literary establishment.Regarding the literary establishment, see Judith Shulevitz's article \"[Fiction and 'Literary' Fiction](https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/09/books/the-close-reader-fiction-and-literary-fiction.html).\" *The New York Times*, September 9, 2001\\.[The Soul\\-Sucking Suckiness of B.R. Myers \\- The Millions](https://themillions.com/2010/11/the-soul-sucking-suckiness-of-b-r-meyers.html) Myers directed many of his harshest charges at [literary critics](/wiki/Literary_critic \"Literary critic\") for prestigious publications such as *[The New York Times Book Review](/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review \"The New York Times Book Review\")*, whom he accused of lavishing praise upon bad writing either for political reasons, or because they did not understand it and therefore assumed it to have great [artistic merit](/wiki/Artistic_merit \"Artistic merit\"). Myers also focuses on what he calls \"the cult of the sentence\", criticizing critics for pulling single sentences out of novels in order to praise their brilliance, while ignoring shortcomings in the novel as a whole.",
"### Author critiques",
"Myers explains and critiques several prose styles, each focused on a specific author.",
"#### Annie Proulx",
"Myers accuses [Annie Proulx](/wiki/Annie_Proulx \"Annie Proulx\") of using nonsensical images, mixed metaphors, and poor word choice. Myers claims Proulx writes to \"startle or impress the reader\", asserting that this sort of writing must be read quickly so the meaning of the sentences does not fall apart. \"With good Mandarin prose the opposite is true,\" Myers says, comparing Proulx's writing unfavorably with that of [James Joyce](/wiki/James_Joyce \"James Joyce\") and [Virginia Woolf](/wiki/Virginia_Woolf \"Virginia Woolf\"). Myers criticizes Proulx for being \"too egocentric\" to put herself in the place of her characters when deciding what is important and what is unnecessary. He also mentions that Proulx writes one thing but means something else, implying Proulx has a lack of polish. Myers writes, \"Someone needs to tell her that half of good writing is knowing what to leave out\".",
"#### Don DeLillo",
"Meyers accuses [Don DeLillo](/wiki/Don_DeLillo \"Don DeLillo\") of lacking in the \"edginess\" that critics praise him for, since DeLillo writes on themes of anti\\-consumerism, a topic that has been explored in literature since the 1950s. Myers asserts that DeLillo's characters serve primarily as vessels for DeLillo's thoughts, rather than as discrete characters. DeLillo, according to Myers, attempts to persuade his readers that if something does not make sense it is \"over their heads,\" or that \"something as inadequate as language can never do justice to the complexity of what they're trying to say.\" Myers also points out that DeLillo uses a slippery sense of irony in his writing, \"As so often with DeLillo's musings, the 'conclusion' is phrased as a rhetorical question. 'If this works for you, take it,' he is saying, 'but if you think it's silly, hey—maybe I do too.'\"",
"#### Cormac McCarthy",
"Myers accuses [Cormac McCarthy](/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy \"Cormac McCarthy\") of filling his sentences with bulky words that contain no real detail or meaning. He uses the following as an example, from *[The Crossing:](/wiki/The_Crossing_%28McCarthy_novel%29 \"The Crossing (McCarthy novel)\")*\n> \"He ate the last of the eggs and wiped the plate with the tortilla and ate the tortilla and drank the last of the coffee and wiped his mouth and looked up and thanked her.\"",
"Myers writes:\n> \"This is a good example of what I call the *andelope*: a breathless string of simple declarative statements linked by the conjunction 'and'. Like the 'evocative' slide\\-show and the Consumerland shopping\\-list, the andelope encourages skim\\-reading while keeping up the appearance of 'literary' length and complexity. But like the slide\\-show (and unlike the shopping\\-list), the andelope often clashes with the subject matter, and the unpunctuated flow of words bears no relation to the methodical meal that is being described.\"",
"McCarthy's prose, Myers quips, \"is unspeakable in every sense of the word,\" implying that it is both awful and frequently difficult to imagine a person saying. McCarthy's use of [archaisms](/wiki/Archaism \"Archaism\") is also brought under scrutiny.",
"#### Paul Auster",
"Myers suggests that [Paul Auster](/wiki/Paul_Auster \"Paul Auster\") over\\-describes situations, especially mentioning numerous details that are particularly mundane and obvious. By making a description too long, as Auster does, Myers says that an author encourages a reader to \"feel emboldened to ask why it needed to be said at all.\" Myers accuses Auster of \"simply wasting our time\" with his wordiness. Myers states that dragging on a point too long might cause it to go stale, as it did in Auster's passage from *[Timbuktu](/wiki/Timbuktu_%28novella%29 \"Timbuktu (novella)\")*. With an example from Auster's *[Moon Palace](/wiki/Moon_Palace \"Moon Palace\")*, Myers describes how too many big and fancy words, used incorrectly, can discredit the speaker's intelligence. Myers also criticizes Auster for saying the same thing too many times. He states, \"Swing the hammer often enough, and you're bound to hit the nail on the head sometime—or so Auster seems to think.\"",
"#### David Guterson",
"Myers critiques [David Guterson](/wiki/David_Guterson \"David Guterson\")'s novel *[Snow Falling on Cedars](/wiki/Snow_Falling_on_Cedars \"Snow Falling on Cedars\")*{{cite book \\| isbn\\=0\\-7910\\-7877\\-9 \\| title\\=David Guterson's Snow Falling on Cedars \\| last1\\=Bloom \\| first1\\=Harold \\| year\\=2004 }} mainly for its \"sluggishness\" of words and \"echoic\" thought process. Myers concludes that *Snow Falling on Cedars* is no more than \"flat, stereotypical descriptions\" of characters in a given context, and, were its pace not slow, it would be considered a [genre novel](/wiki/Genre_novel \"Genre novel\"). Myers criticizes Guterson's average descriptions of predictable characters that have often been explored in literature and complains that Guterson brings nothing new to the characters or story.",
"#### Other critiques and recommendations",
"In addition to these critiques, Myers also criticizes [Thomas Wolfe](/wiki/Thomas_Wolfe \"Thomas Wolfe\"), [Jay McInerney](/wiki/Jay_McInerney \"Jay McInerney\"), and [Rick Moody](/wiki/Rick_Moody \"Rick Moody\").",
"As examples of books with a style preferred by Myers, he lists, among others, *[To the Lighthouse](/wiki/To_the_Lighthouse \"To the Lighthouse\")*, *[Those Barren Leaves](/wiki/Those_Barren_Leaves \"Those Barren Leaves\")*, *[The Adventures of Augie March](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Augie_March \"The Adventures of Augie March\")*, *[The Victim](/wiki/The_Victim_%28novel%29 \"The Victim (novel)\")*, *[The Man Without Qualities](/wiki/The_Man_Without_Qualities \"The Man Without Qualities\")*, *[Le Père Goriot](/wiki/Le_P%C3%A8re_Goriot \"Le Père Goriot\")*, *[Illusions perdues](/wiki/Illusions_perdues \"Illusions perdues\")*, *[La Comédie humaine](/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine \"La Comédie humaine\")*, *[The Orchard Keeper](/wiki/The_Orchard_Keeper \"The Orchard Keeper\")* (by previously criticized author Cormac McCarthy), *[Moby\\-Dick](/wiki/Moby-Dick \"Moby-Dick\")*, *[Malone Dies](/wiki/Malone_Dies \"Malone Dies\")*, and *[Gormenghast](/wiki/Gormenghast_%28novel%29 \"Gormenghast (novel)\")*.",
"### Rebuttals to previous criticism",
"Myers devotes a section of the book\\-length text to describing the response the shorter version published in the *[Atlantic Monthly](/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly \"Atlantic Monthly\")* received upon its publication. This portion of the book is an analysis of the criticisms of his original critique, and while it is written with Myers' characteristic \"humor\", it is the place in the book where he most aggressively defends his views.",
"Myers' critics call him a [philistine](/wiki/Philistinism \"Philistinism\") and an advocate for low\\-brow literature, and suggest that his criteria for good literature implicitly define it as writing that is simple enough to require little effort to read. Myers responds that books may also be difficult to read because of poor writing style, and he recommends other authors as examples of a complex style executed with skill.",
"Several critics claim the authors Myers featured were already discounted by the literary establishment. Myers was unable to find any evidence backing this claim, and responds to this argument with the absence of criticism for the authors and several examples of praise.",
"Critics suggest that the ambiguity Myers criticizes contains the value of the works: \"consoling riddles\", as one critic calls them. Myers rebuts, \"Literature need not answer every question it raises, but questions themselves should be clear.\" \"Difficult lucidity,\" in Myers' opinion, is what is missing from contemporary prose—the kind of writing that, as he says, \"rewards the use of a dictionary instead of punishing it.\"",
"Myers responds to criticism that his complaints \"evinced faulty judgment\". Myers points out that the critics made no attempt to argue that the defamed excerpts deserved the praise originally lavished on them.",
"Some critics say that Myers is too harsh and negative in his reviews and that he looks at the substandard rather than the good sections of a literary work. Myers refutes these criticisms by stating that he uses the same excerpts that were previously praised by other critics. He also explains that some good parts do not qualify a work of literary prose as being worth the money and time it costs to purchase and read. Myers claims that the writer has become more important than the writing and any failings \"only makes them more lovable\" in the eyes of the modern critic.",
"Critics charge Myers with living in an \"imagined past\", in which all the authors were more talented. Myers agrees to a point, but gives the example of the National Book Award winners between 1990 and 2001 compared to those of 1950 through 1961 winners, stating, \"Prize committees have always been unreliable judges of quality... still, it's worth noting that there was too much good writing around in the 1950s for even the prize committees to miss.\"",
"Myers' critics accuse him of putting too much emphasis on reality. Myers responds, \"I love it when [Bulgakov](/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov \"Mikhail Bulgakov\") makes a cat talk, and when [Gogol](/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol \"Nikolai Gogol\") dresses a nose in a civil servant's uniform, and—if I may jerk the chain again—when [Stephen King](/wiki/Stephen_King \"Stephen King\") gives a car a mind of its own.\" He says that he instead, \"points out how absurd it is for the narrator of DeLillo's *[The Names](/wiki/The_Names_%28novel%29 \"The Names (novel)\")*, the usual 'elliptical' windbag, to claim that lying about one's destination creates a grave disparity in the listener's brain between the real and the false destination. In making this point I was merely judging *The Names*—as I judge every novel—by its own standards, in this case as a novel of serious ideas. (DeLillo himself has said that it represents 'a deeper level of seriousness.')\"",
"Myers received attacks on his history and character for his essay. For example, Judith Shulevitz criticized Myers for being a foreigner (he was an [Army brat](/wiki/Army_brat \"Army brat\")), unacquainted with the literary establishment he criticized. In response, Myers claimed that in these literary circles, social identity is more important than writing. Myers believes instead that a reader should trust his/her reason and intelligence to judge the writing, without necessarily being swayed by the \"reputation\" of the author.",
"### List of rules",
"Myers provides a list of rules at the end of the book, an ironic set of guidelines for writing, corresponding to prose criticized earlier in the book. Myers implies that following the rules will lead to literary success. The listed rules are \"Be Writerly\", \"Sprawl\", \"Equivocate\", \"Mystify\", \"Keep Sentences Long\", \"Repeat yourself\", \"Pile on the Imagery\", \"Archaize\", \"Bore\", and \"Play the part\".",
""
] |
### Author critiques
Myers explains and critiques several prose styles, each focused on a specific author.
#### Annie Proulx
Myers accuses [Annie Proulx](/wiki/Annie_Proulx "Annie Proulx") of using nonsensical images, mixed metaphors, and poor word choice. Myers claims Proulx writes to "startle or impress the reader", asserting that this sort of writing must be read quickly so the meaning of the sentences does not fall apart. "With good Mandarin prose the opposite is true," Myers says, comparing Proulx's writing unfavorably with that of [James Joyce](/wiki/James_Joyce "James Joyce") and [Virginia Woolf](/wiki/Virginia_Woolf "Virginia Woolf"). Myers criticizes Proulx for being "too egocentric" to put herself in the place of her characters when deciding what is important and what is unnecessary. He also mentions that Proulx writes one thing but means something else, implying Proulx has a lack of polish. Myers writes, "Someone needs to tell her that half of good writing is knowing what to leave out".
#### Don DeLillo
Meyers accuses [Don DeLillo](/wiki/Don_DeLillo "Don DeLillo") of lacking in the "edginess" that critics praise him for, since DeLillo writes on themes of anti\-consumerism, a topic that has been explored in literature since the 1950s. Myers asserts that DeLillo's characters serve primarily as vessels for DeLillo's thoughts, rather than as discrete characters. DeLillo, according to Myers, attempts to persuade his readers that if something does not make sense it is "over their heads," or that "something as inadequate as language can never do justice to the complexity of what they're trying to say." Myers also points out that DeLillo uses a slippery sense of irony in his writing, "As so often with DeLillo's musings, the 'conclusion' is phrased as a rhetorical question. 'If this works for you, take it,' he is saying, 'but if you think it's silly, hey—maybe I do too.'"
#### Cormac McCarthy
Myers accuses [Cormac McCarthy](/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy "Cormac McCarthy") of filling his sentences with bulky words that contain no real detail or meaning. He uses the following as an example, from *[The Crossing:](/wiki/The_Crossing_%28McCarthy_novel%29 "The Crossing (McCarthy novel)")*
> "He ate the last of the eggs and wiped the plate with the tortilla and ate the tortilla and drank the last of the coffee and wiped his mouth and looked up and thanked her."
Myers writes:
> "This is a good example of what I call the *andelope*: a breathless string of simple declarative statements linked by the conjunction 'and'. Like the 'evocative' slide\-show and the Consumerland shopping\-list, the andelope encourages skim\-reading while keeping up the appearance of 'literary' length and complexity. But like the slide\-show (and unlike the shopping\-list), the andelope often clashes with the subject matter, and the unpunctuated flow of words bears no relation to the methodical meal that is being described."
McCarthy's prose, Myers quips, "is unspeakable in every sense of the word," implying that it is both awful and frequently difficult to imagine a person saying. McCarthy's use of [archaisms](/wiki/Archaism "Archaism") is also brought under scrutiny.
#### Paul Auster
Myers suggests that [Paul Auster](/wiki/Paul_Auster "Paul Auster") over\-describes situations, especially mentioning numerous details that are particularly mundane and obvious. By making a description too long, as Auster does, Myers says that an author encourages a reader to "feel emboldened to ask why it needed to be said at all." Myers accuses Auster of "simply wasting our time" with his wordiness. Myers states that dragging on a point too long might cause it to go stale, as it did in Auster's passage from *[Timbuktu](/wiki/Timbuktu_%28novella%29 "Timbuktu (novella)")*. With an example from Auster's *[Moon Palace](/wiki/Moon_Palace "Moon Palace")*, Myers describes how too many big and fancy words, used incorrectly, can discredit the speaker's intelligence. Myers also criticizes Auster for saying the same thing too many times. He states, "Swing the hammer often enough, and you're bound to hit the nail on the head sometime—or so Auster seems to think."
#### David Guterson
Myers critiques [David Guterson](/wiki/David_Guterson "David Guterson")'s novel *[Snow Falling on Cedars](/wiki/Snow_Falling_on_Cedars "Snow Falling on Cedars")*{{cite book \| isbn\=0\-7910\-7877\-9 \| title\=David Guterson's Snow Falling on Cedars \| last1\=Bloom \| first1\=Harold \| year\=2004 }} mainly for its "sluggishness" of words and "echoic" thought process. Myers concludes that *Snow Falling on Cedars* is no more than "flat, stereotypical descriptions" of characters in a given context, and, were its pace not slow, it would be considered a [genre novel](/wiki/Genre_novel "Genre novel"). Myers criticizes Guterson's average descriptions of predictable characters that have often been explored in literature and complains that Guterson brings nothing new to the characters or story.
#### Other critiques and recommendations
In addition to these critiques, Myers also criticizes [Thomas Wolfe](/wiki/Thomas_Wolfe "Thomas Wolfe"), [Jay McInerney](/wiki/Jay_McInerney "Jay McInerney"), and [Rick Moody](/wiki/Rick_Moody "Rick Moody").
As examples of books with a style preferred by Myers, he lists, among others, *[To the Lighthouse](/wiki/To_the_Lighthouse "To the Lighthouse")*, *[Those Barren Leaves](/wiki/Those_Barren_Leaves "Those Barren Leaves")*, *[The Adventures of Augie March](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Augie_March "The Adventures of Augie March")*, *[The Victim](/wiki/The_Victim_%28novel%29 "The Victim (novel)")*, *[The Man Without Qualities](/wiki/The_Man_Without_Qualities "The Man Without Qualities")*, *[Le Père Goriot](/wiki/Le_P%C3%A8re_Goriot "Le Père Goriot")*, *[Illusions perdues](/wiki/Illusions_perdues "Illusions perdues")*, *[La Comédie humaine](/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine "La Comédie humaine")*, *[The Orchard Keeper](/wiki/The_Orchard_Keeper "The Orchard Keeper")* (by previously criticized author Cormac McCarthy), *[Moby\-Dick](/wiki/Moby-Dick "Moby-Dick")*, *[Malone Dies](/wiki/Malone_Dies "Malone Dies")*, and *[Gormenghast](/wiki/Gormenghast_%28novel%29 "Gormenghast (novel)")*.
|
[
"### Author critiques",
"Myers explains and critiques several prose styles, each focused on a specific author.",
"#### Annie Proulx",
"Myers accuses [Annie Proulx](/wiki/Annie_Proulx \"Annie Proulx\") of using nonsensical images, mixed metaphors, and poor word choice. Myers claims Proulx writes to \"startle or impress the reader\", asserting that this sort of writing must be read quickly so the meaning of the sentences does not fall apart. \"With good Mandarin prose the opposite is true,\" Myers says, comparing Proulx's writing unfavorably with that of [James Joyce](/wiki/James_Joyce \"James Joyce\") and [Virginia Woolf](/wiki/Virginia_Woolf \"Virginia Woolf\"). Myers criticizes Proulx for being \"too egocentric\" to put herself in the place of her characters when deciding what is important and what is unnecessary. He also mentions that Proulx writes one thing but means something else, implying Proulx has a lack of polish. Myers writes, \"Someone needs to tell her that half of good writing is knowing what to leave out\".",
"#### Don DeLillo",
"Meyers accuses [Don DeLillo](/wiki/Don_DeLillo \"Don DeLillo\") of lacking in the \"edginess\" that critics praise him for, since DeLillo writes on themes of anti\\-consumerism, a topic that has been explored in literature since the 1950s. Myers asserts that DeLillo's characters serve primarily as vessels for DeLillo's thoughts, rather than as discrete characters. DeLillo, according to Myers, attempts to persuade his readers that if something does not make sense it is \"over their heads,\" or that \"something as inadequate as language can never do justice to the complexity of what they're trying to say.\" Myers also points out that DeLillo uses a slippery sense of irony in his writing, \"As so often with DeLillo's musings, the 'conclusion' is phrased as a rhetorical question. 'If this works for you, take it,' he is saying, 'but if you think it's silly, hey—maybe I do too.'\"",
"#### Cormac McCarthy",
"Myers accuses [Cormac McCarthy](/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy \"Cormac McCarthy\") of filling his sentences with bulky words that contain no real detail or meaning. He uses the following as an example, from *[The Crossing:](/wiki/The_Crossing_%28McCarthy_novel%29 \"The Crossing (McCarthy novel)\")*\n> \"He ate the last of the eggs and wiped the plate with the tortilla and ate the tortilla and drank the last of the coffee and wiped his mouth and looked up and thanked her.\"",
"Myers writes:\n> \"This is a good example of what I call the *andelope*: a breathless string of simple declarative statements linked by the conjunction 'and'. Like the 'evocative' slide\\-show and the Consumerland shopping\\-list, the andelope encourages skim\\-reading while keeping up the appearance of 'literary' length and complexity. But like the slide\\-show (and unlike the shopping\\-list), the andelope often clashes with the subject matter, and the unpunctuated flow of words bears no relation to the methodical meal that is being described.\"",
"McCarthy's prose, Myers quips, \"is unspeakable in every sense of the word,\" implying that it is both awful and frequently difficult to imagine a person saying. McCarthy's use of [archaisms](/wiki/Archaism \"Archaism\") is also brought under scrutiny.",
"#### Paul Auster",
"Myers suggests that [Paul Auster](/wiki/Paul_Auster \"Paul Auster\") over\\-describes situations, especially mentioning numerous details that are particularly mundane and obvious. By making a description too long, as Auster does, Myers says that an author encourages a reader to \"feel emboldened to ask why it needed to be said at all.\" Myers accuses Auster of \"simply wasting our time\" with his wordiness. Myers states that dragging on a point too long might cause it to go stale, as it did in Auster's passage from *[Timbuktu](/wiki/Timbuktu_%28novella%29 \"Timbuktu (novella)\")*. With an example from Auster's *[Moon Palace](/wiki/Moon_Palace \"Moon Palace\")*, Myers describes how too many big and fancy words, used incorrectly, can discredit the speaker's intelligence. Myers also criticizes Auster for saying the same thing too many times. He states, \"Swing the hammer often enough, and you're bound to hit the nail on the head sometime—or so Auster seems to think.\"",
"#### David Guterson",
"Myers critiques [David Guterson](/wiki/David_Guterson \"David Guterson\")'s novel *[Snow Falling on Cedars](/wiki/Snow_Falling_on_Cedars \"Snow Falling on Cedars\")*{{cite book \\| isbn\\=0\\-7910\\-7877\\-9 \\| title\\=David Guterson's Snow Falling on Cedars \\| last1\\=Bloom \\| first1\\=Harold \\| year\\=2004 }} mainly for its \"sluggishness\" of words and \"echoic\" thought process. Myers concludes that *Snow Falling on Cedars* is no more than \"flat, stereotypical descriptions\" of characters in a given context, and, were its pace not slow, it would be considered a [genre novel](/wiki/Genre_novel \"Genre novel\"). Myers criticizes Guterson's average descriptions of predictable characters that have often been explored in literature and complains that Guterson brings nothing new to the characters or story.",
"#### Other critiques and recommendations",
"In addition to these critiques, Myers also criticizes [Thomas Wolfe](/wiki/Thomas_Wolfe \"Thomas Wolfe\"), [Jay McInerney](/wiki/Jay_McInerney \"Jay McInerney\"), and [Rick Moody](/wiki/Rick_Moody \"Rick Moody\").",
"As examples of books with a style preferred by Myers, he lists, among others, *[To the Lighthouse](/wiki/To_the_Lighthouse \"To the Lighthouse\")*, *[Those Barren Leaves](/wiki/Those_Barren_Leaves \"Those Barren Leaves\")*, *[The Adventures of Augie March](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Augie_March \"The Adventures of Augie March\")*, *[The Victim](/wiki/The_Victim_%28novel%29 \"The Victim (novel)\")*, *[The Man Without Qualities](/wiki/The_Man_Without_Qualities \"The Man Without Qualities\")*, *[Le Père Goriot](/wiki/Le_P%C3%A8re_Goriot \"Le Père Goriot\")*, *[Illusions perdues](/wiki/Illusions_perdues \"Illusions perdues\")*, *[La Comédie humaine](/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine \"La Comédie humaine\")*, *[The Orchard Keeper](/wiki/The_Orchard_Keeper \"The Orchard Keeper\")* (by previously criticized author Cormac McCarthy), *[Moby\\-Dick](/wiki/Moby-Dick \"Moby-Dick\")*, *[Malone Dies](/wiki/Malone_Dies \"Malone Dies\")*, and *[Gormenghast](/wiki/Gormenghast_%28novel%29 \"Gormenghast (novel)\")*.",
""
] |
### Rebuttals to previous criticism
Myers devotes a section of the book\-length text to describing the response the shorter version published in the *[Atlantic Monthly](/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly "Atlantic Monthly")* received upon its publication. This portion of the book is an analysis of the criticisms of his original critique, and while it is written with Myers' characteristic "humor", it is the place in the book where he most aggressively defends his views.
Myers' critics call him a [philistine](/wiki/Philistinism "Philistinism") and an advocate for low\-brow literature, and suggest that his criteria for good literature implicitly define it as writing that is simple enough to require little effort to read. Myers responds that books may also be difficult to read because of poor writing style, and he recommends other authors as examples of a complex style executed with skill.
Several critics claim the authors Myers featured were already discounted by the literary establishment. Myers was unable to find any evidence backing this claim, and responds to this argument with the absence of criticism for the authors and several examples of praise.
Critics suggest that the ambiguity Myers criticizes contains the value of the works: "consoling riddles", as one critic calls them. Myers rebuts, "Literature need not answer every question it raises, but questions themselves should be clear." "Difficult lucidity," in Myers' opinion, is what is missing from contemporary prose—the kind of writing that, as he says, "rewards the use of a dictionary instead of punishing it."
Myers responds to criticism that his complaints "evinced faulty judgment". Myers points out that the critics made no attempt to argue that the defamed excerpts deserved the praise originally lavished on them.
Some critics say that Myers is too harsh and negative in his reviews and that he looks at the substandard rather than the good sections of a literary work. Myers refutes these criticisms by stating that he uses the same excerpts that were previously praised by other critics. He also explains that some good parts do not qualify a work of literary prose as being worth the money and time it costs to purchase and read. Myers claims that the writer has become more important than the writing and any failings "only makes them more lovable" in the eyes of the modern critic.
Critics charge Myers with living in an "imagined past", in which all the authors were more talented. Myers agrees to a point, but gives the example of the National Book Award winners between 1990 and 2001 compared to those of 1950 through 1961 winners, stating, "Prize committees have always been unreliable judges of quality... still, it's worth noting that there was too much good writing around in the 1950s for even the prize committees to miss."
Myers' critics accuse him of putting too much emphasis on reality. Myers responds, "I love it when [Bulgakov](/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov "Mikhail Bulgakov") makes a cat talk, and when [Gogol](/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol "Nikolai Gogol") dresses a nose in a civil servant's uniform, and—if I may jerk the chain again—when [Stephen King](/wiki/Stephen_King "Stephen King") gives a car a mind of its own." He says that he instead, "points out how absurd it is for the narrator of DeLillo's *[The Names](/wiki/The_Names_%28novel%29 "The Names (novel)")*, the usual 'elliptical' windbag, to claim that lying about one's destination creates a grave disparity in the listener's brain between the real and the false destination. In making this point I was merely judging *The Names*—as I judge every novel—by its own standards, in this case as a novel of serious ideas. (DeLillo himself has said that it represents 'a deeper level of seriousness.')"
Myers received attacks on his history and character for his essay. For example, Judith Shulevitz criticized Myers for being a foreigner (he was an [Army brat](/wiki/Army_brat "Army brat")), unacquainted with the literary establishment he criticized. In response, Myers claimed that in these literary circles, social identity is more important than writing. Myers believes instead that a reader should trust his/her reason and intelligence to judge the writing, without necessarily being swayed by the "reputation" of the author.
|
[
"### Rebuttals to previous criticism",
"Myers devotes a section of the book\\-length text to describing the response the shorter version published in the *[Atlantic Monthly](/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly \"Atlantic Monthly\")* received upon its publication. This portion of the book is an analysis of the criticisms of his original critique, and while it is written with Myers' characteristic \"humor\", it is the place in the book where he most aggressively defends his views.",
"Myers' critics call him a [philistine](/wiki/Philistinism \"Philistinism\") and an advocate for low\\-brow literature, and suggest that his criteria for good literature implicitly define it as writing that is simple enough to require little effort to read. Myers responds that books may also be difficult to read because of poor writing style, and he recommends other authors as examples of a complex style executed with skill.",
"Several critics claim the authors Myers featured were already discounted by the literary establishment. Myers was unable to find any evidence backing this claim, and responds to this argument with the absence of criticism for the authors and several examples of praise.",
"Critics suggest that the ambiguity Myers criticizes contains the value of the works: \"consoling riddles\", as one critic calls them. Myers rebuts, \"Literature need not answer every question it raises, but questions themselves should be clear.\" \"Difficult lucidity,\" in Myers' opinion, is what is missing from contemporary prose—the kind of writing that, as he says, \"rewards the use of a dictionary instead of punishing it.\"",
"Myers responds to criticism that his complaints \"evinced faulty judgment\". Myers points out that the critics made no attempt to argue that the defamed excerpts deserved the praise originally lavished on them.",
"Some critics say that Myers is too harsh and negative in his reviews and that he looks at the substandard rather than the good sections of a literary work. Myers refutes these criticisms by stating that he uses the same excerpts that were previously praised by other critics. He also explains that some good parts do not qualify a work of literary prose as being worth the money and time it costs to purchase and read. Myers claims that the writer has become more important than the writing and any failings \"only makes them more lovable\" in the eyes of the modern critic.",
"Critics charge Myers with living in an \"imagined past\", in which all the authors were more talented. Myers agrees to a point, but gives the example of the National Book Award winners between 1990 and 2001 compared to those of 1950 through 1961 winners, stating, \"Prize committees have always been unreliable judges of quality... still, it's worth noting that there was too much good writing around in the 1950s for even the prize committees to miss.\"",
"Myers' critics accuse him of putting too much emphasis on reality. Myers responds, \"I love it when [Bulgakov](/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov \"Mikhail Bulgakov\") makes a cat talk, and when [Gogol](/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol \"Nikolai Gogol\") dresses a nose in a civil servant's uniform, and—if I may jerk the chain again—when [Stephen King](/wiki/Stephen_King \"Stephen King\") gives a car a mind of its own.\" He says that he instead, \"points out how absurd it is for the narrator of DeLillo's *[The Names](/wiki/The_Names_%28novel%29 \"The Names (novel)\")*, the usual 'elliptical' windbag, to claim that lying about one's destination creates a grave disparity in the listener's brain between the real and the false destination. In making this point I was merely judging *The Names*—as I judge every novel—by its own standards, in this case as a novel of serious ideas. (DeLillo himself has said that it represents 'a deeper level of seriousness.')\"",
"Myers received attacks on his history and character for his essay. For example, Judith Shulevitz criticized Myers for being a foreigner (he was an [Army brat](/wiki/Army_brat \"Army brat\")), unacquainted with the literary establishment he criticized. In response, Myers claimed that in these literary circles, social identity is more important than writing. Myers believes instead that a reader should trust his/her reason and intelligence to judge the writing, without necessarily being swayed by the \"reputation\" of the author.",
""
] |
Playing career
--------------
### Early career
Valdez was signed as an undrafted [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent "Free agent") by the [Montreal Expos](/wiki/Montreal_Expos "Montreal Expos") on February 4, [1997](/wiki/1997_in_baseball "1997 in baseball"). He played on the Expos' Dominican League teams from 1997\-{{Baseball year\|1999}} and then on various minor league Single\-A teams for the Expos through {{Baseball year\|2001}}.
On March 29, 2002,the [Florida Marlins](/wiki/Florida_Marlins "Florida Marlins") claimed Valdez off waivers and sent him to the Marlins' Double\-A [Portland Sea Dogs](/wiki/Portland_Sea_Dogs "Portland Sea Dogs"). He continued in the Marlins organization in {{Baseball year\|2003}}, playing with their Double\-A [Carolina Mudcats](/wiki/Carolina_Mudcats "Carolina Mudcats") and their Triple\-A [Albuquerque Isotopes](/wiki/Albuquerque_Isotopes "Albuquerque Isotopes").
### Chicago White Sox
On June 17, 2004, while hitting .319 for Albuquerque, he was traded by the Marlins with cash to the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox "Chicago White Sox") in exchange for reliever [Billy Koch](/wiki/Billy_Koch "Billy Koch"). The White Sox promptly assigned him to their Triple\-A affiliate in [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte_Knights "Charlotte Knights") where he [hit](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 "Batting average (baseball)") .302 and earned his first major\-league call\-up in September of {{mlby\|2004}} to the White Sox. On September 26, 2004, he hit his first career home run off [Brian Anderson](/wiki/Brian_Anderson_%28pitcher%29 "Brian Anderson (pitcher)"). In limited action he hit .233 for the Sox.
### Seattle Mariners to San Diego Padres
After the season, he was waived by the White Sox and claimed by the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners "Seattle Mariners"). He started the {{mlby\|2005}} season as the starting [shortstop](/wiki/Shortstop "Shortstop") for the Mariners. However, he hit only .198 and was traded to the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres "San Diego Padres") on June 9, 2005\. After a stint with the Padres' Triple\-A team in [Portland](/wiki/Portland_Beavers "Portland Beavers"), he returned to the major leagues with the Padres, hitting .231 in August as a [utility player](/wiki/Utility_player "Utility player").
### Los Angeles Dodgers
After the 2005 season, he was released by the Padres and signed to a minor league contract by the [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals "Kansas City Royals"), who promptly traded him to the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers "Los Angeles Dodgers") during [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training "Spring training").
On April 29, 2007, he scored the game\-winning run in a game against the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres "San Diego Padres") that lasted 17 innings. He spent the {{Baseball year\|2006}} season with the Dodgers' Triple\-A team, the [Las Vegas 51s](/wiki/Las_Vegas_51s "Las Vegas 51s"), where he hit .297 and [stole](/wiki/Stolen_base "Stolen base") 26 bases.
### Japan
In {{mlby\|2007}}, a spring\-training injury to the Dodgers' starting shortstop [Rafael Furcal](/wiki/Rafael_Furcal "Rafael Furcal") created an opening\-day roster spot for Valdez and he got plenty of playing time early for the Dodgers. After a quick start, however, he quickly cooled and was returned to the 51s. On January 3, 2008, Valdez's contract was sold to the [Kia Tigers](/wiki/Kia_Tigers "Kia Tigers") of the [Korea Baseball Organization](/wiki/Korea_Baseball_Organization "Korea Baseball Organization"). On June 9, he signed with the [Tokyo Yakult Swallows](/wiki/Tokyo_Yakult_Swallows "Tokyo Yakult Swallows") of Japan's [Nippon Professional Baseball](/wiki/Nippon_Professional_Baseball "Nippon Professional Baseball").
### New York Mets
In December 2008, Valdez signed a minor league contract with the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Indians "Cleveland Indians"). On May 26, 2009, he was traded to the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets "New York Mets") and was added to the major league roster. On June 22, 2009, he was designated for assignment.
### Philadelphia Phillies
On November 25, 2009, Valdez signed a minor league contract with the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies "Philadelphia Phillies") and was optioned to the [Triple\-A](/wiki/Triple-A_%28baseball%29 "Triple-A (baseball)") [Lehigh Valley IronPigs](/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_IronPigs "Lehigh Valley IronPigs"). The Phillies selected his contract from the minors on April 14, 2010, as a reserve infielder, when [Jimmy Rollins](/wiki/Jimmy_Rollins "Jimmy Rollins") went on the [disabled list](/wiki/Disabled_list "Disabled list"). When backup [Juan Castro](/wiki/Juan_Castro "Juan Castro") was injured, Valdez became the Phillies' starting shortstop for a few weeks in the beginning of the season. On May 17, Rollins was activated from the disabled list (DL) and the Phillies designated Valdez for assignment, but re\-activated him five days later when Rollins returned to the DL. In addition to playing shortstop, Valdez filled in at second base for [Chase Utley](/wiki/Chase_Utley "Chase Utley") while he was on the disabled list with a hand injury.
On July 29, in a game against the [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks "Arizona Diamondbacks"), Valdez hit a one\-out, [walk\-off single](/wiki/Walk-off_home_run "Walk-off home run") to score [Cody Ransom](/wiki/Cody_Ransom "Cody Ransom") from second base and give the Phillies a 3\-2 win.[Valdez the hero in Phils eighth straight win](http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20100729&content_id=12789400&vkey=news_phi&fext=.jsp&c_id=phi)
In 2010, Valdez set career highs in games, at bats, runs, hits, total bases, doubles, triples, home runs, runs batted in, bases on balls, intentional base on balls, strike outs, stolen bases, slugging percentage and on\-base plus slugging percentage (OPS).
In a game started against the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds "Cincinnati Reds") on May 25, 2011, (which did not conclude until May 26\), Valdez switched from second base to pitcher in the 19th inning, pitching one inning and allowing no runs. This was the first time he had ever pitched in a major league game. When the Phillies won in the bottom of the 19th inning, he was credited with the win. Valdez thus became the first position player to earn a win since catcher [Brent Mayne](/wiki/Brent_Mayne "Brent Mayne") won a game for the [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies "Colorado Rockies") in 2000, and just the second since 1968\.
{{cite news\|last\=Slocum\|first\=Matt\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2011\-05\-26\-phillies\-reds\_N.htm\|title\=Wilson Valdez picks up win as Phils outlast Reds in 19 innings\|publisher\=usatoday.com\|agency\=Associated Press\|access\-date\=May 26, 2011\|date\=May 26, 2011}}{{cite web\|first\=Dan\|last\=Gelston\|title\=Infielder wins as Phillies top Reds in 19 innings\|agency\=Associated Press\|work\=Yahoo! Sports\|date\=May 26, 2009\|url\=https://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/recap?gid\=310525122\|access\-date\=June 21, 2011}} According to [Elias Sports Bureau](/wiki/Elias_Sports_Bureau "Elias Sports Bureau"), Valdez was the first player to start a game in the field and end up as the winning pitcher since [Babe Ruth](/wiki/Babe_Ruth "Babe Ruth") did so on October 1, {{baseball year\|1921}}.{{cite web\|last\=Mink\|first\=Nate\|title\=Second baseman Valdez picks up win for Phils\|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20110526\&content\_id\=19594508\&vkey\=news\_mlb\&c\_id\=mlb\|work\=MLB.com\|access\-date\=June 24, 2011}} The next and thus far most recent position player to record a win was [Chris Davis](/wiki/Chris_Davis_%28baseball%29 "Chris Davis (baseball)"), who did so in the 2012 season, although he did not start in the field, having been the starting [designated hitter](/wiki/Designated_hitter "Designated hitter") instead.
### Cincinnati Reds
On January 25, 2012, Valdez was traded to the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds "Cincinnati Reds") in exchange for left handed pitcher [Jeremy Horst](/wiki/Jeremy_Horst "Jeremy Horst"). In 77 games with the Reds, Valdez hit .206/.236/.227 with 15 RBI and 3 stolen bases. He made 44 starts, 27 at shortstop. On November 8, Valdez elected free agency.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2012/11/minor\-moves\-bray\-valdez\-rondon\-hernandez.html \|title\=Minor Moves: Bray, Valdez, Rondon, Hernandez \|work\=MLB Trade Rumors \|first\=Mark \|last\=Polishuk \|date\=November 8, 2012}}
### San Francisco Giants
He signed a minor league contract with the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants "San Francisco Giants") in December 2012\.
### Miami Marlins
On March 23, 2013, he signed a minor league contract with the [Miami Marlins](/wiki/Miami_Marlins "Miami Marlins") with an invitation to spring training.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2013/03/marlins\-sign\-wilson\-valdez.html\|title\=Marlins Sign Wilson Valdez\|date\=March 23, 2013 }}
### Camden Riversharks
On May 25, 2013, he signed a contract with the [Camden Riversharks](/wiki/Camden_Riversharks "Camden Riversharks") of the [Atlantic League](/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball "Atlantic League of Professional Baseball").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.riversharks.com/news/?news\_id\=1465 \|title\=Official Website of the Camden Riversharks Minor League Baseball Team \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130902171323/http://www.riversharks.com/news/?news\_id\=1465 \|archive\-date\=September 2, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead}}
### York Revolution
On February 21, 2014, he signed a contract with the [York Revolution](/wiki/York_Revolution "York Revolution") of the [Atlantic League](/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball "Atlantic League of Professional Baseball"). He became a free agent after the 2015 season.
|
[
"Playing career\n--------------",
"### Early career",
"Valdez was signed as an undrafted [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent \"Free agent\") by the [Montreal Expos](/wiki/Montreal_Expos \"Montreal Expos\") on February 4, [1997](/wiki/1997_in_baseball \"1997 in baseball\"). He played on the Expos' Dominican League teams from 1997\\-{{Baseball year\\|1999}} and then on various minor league Single\\-A teams for the Expos through {{Baseball year\\|2001}}.",
"On March 29, 2002,the [Florida Marlins](/wiki/Florida_Marlins \"Florida Marlins\") claimed Valdez off waivers and sent him to the Marlins' Double\\-A [Portland Sea Dogs](/wiki/Portland_Sea_Dogs \"Portland Sea Dogs\"). He continued in the Marlins organization in {{Baseball year\\|2003}}, playing with their Double\\-A [Carolina Mudcats](/wiki/Carolina_Mudcats \"Carolina Mudcats\") and their Triple\\-A [Albuquerque Isotopes](/wiki/Albuquerque_Isotopes \"Albuquerque Isotopes\").",
"### Chicago White Sox",
"On June 17, 2004, while hitting .319 for Albuquerque, he was traded by the Marlins with cash to the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox \"Chicago White Sox\") in exchange for reliever [Billy Koch](/wiki/Billy_Koch \"Billy Koch\"). The White Sox promptly assigned him to their Triple\\-A affiliate in [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte_Knights \"Charlotte Knights\") where he [hit](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 \"Batting average (baseball)\") .302 and earned his first major\\-league call\\-up in September of {{mlby\\|2004}} to the White Sox. On September 26, 2004, he hit his first career home run off [Brian Anderson](/wiki/Brian_Anderson_%28pitcher%29 \"Brian Anderson (pitcher)\"). In limited action he hit .233 for the Sox.",
"### Seattle Mariners to San Diego Padres",
"After the season, he was waived by the White Sox and claimed by the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners \"Seattle Mariners\"). He started the {{mlby\\|2005}} season as the starting [shortstop](/wiki/Shortstop \"Shortstop\") for the Mariners. However, he hit only .198 and was traded to the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres \"San Diego Padres\") on June 9, 2005\\. After a stint with the Padres' Triple\\-A team in [Portland](/wiki/Portland_Beavers \"Portland Beavers\"), he returned to the major leagues with the Padres, hitting .231 in August as a [utility player](/wiki/Utility_player \"Utility player\").",
"### Los Angeles Dodgers",
"After the 2005 season, he was released by the Padres and signed to a minor league contract by the [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals \"Kansas City Royals\"), who promptly traded him to the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers \"Los Angeles Dodgers\") during [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training \"Spring training\").",
"On April 29, 2007, he scored the game\\-winning run in a game against the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres \"San Diego Padres\") that lasted 17 innings. He spent the {{Baseball year\\|2006}} season with the Dodgers' Triple\\-A team, the [Las Vegas 51s](/wiki/Las_Vegas_51s \"Las Vegas 51s\"), where he hit .297 and [stole](/wiki/Stolen_base \"Stolen base\") 26 bases.",
"### Japan",
"In {{mlby\\|2007}}, a spring\\-training injury to the Dodgers' starting shortstop [Rafael Furcal](/wiki/Rafael_Furcal \"Rafael Furcal\") created an opening\\-day roster spot for Valdez and he got plenty of playing time early for the Dodgers. After a quick start, however, he quickly cooled and was returned to the 51s. On January 3, 2008, Valdez's contract was sold to the [Kia Tigers](/wiki/Kia_Tigers \"Kia Tigers\") of the [Korea Baseball Organization](/wiki/Korea_Baseball_Organization \"Korea Baseball Organization\"). On June 9, he signed with the [Tokyo Yakult Swallows](/wiki/Tokyo_Yakult_Swallows \"Tokyo Yakult Swallows\") of Japan's [Nippon Professional Baseball](/wiki/Nippon_Professional_Baseball \"Nippon Professional Baseball\").",
"### New York Mets",
"In December 2008, Valdez signed a minor league contract with the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Indians \"Cleveland Indians\"). On May 26, 2009, he was traded to the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets \"New York Mets\") and was added to the major league roster. On June 22, 2009, he was designated for assignment.",
"### Philadelphia Phillies",
"On November 25, 2009, Valdez signed a minor league contract with the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies \"Philadelphia Phillies\") and was optioned to the [Triple\\-A](/wiki/Triple-A_%28baseball%29 \"Triple-A (baseball)\") [Lehigh Valley IronPigs](/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_IronPigs \"Lehigh Valley IronPigs\"). The Phillies selected his contract from the minors on April 14, 2010, as a reserve infielder, when [Jimmy Rollins](/wiki/Jimmy_Rollins \"Jimmy Rollins\") went on the [disabled list](/wiki/Disabled_list \"Disabled list\"). When backup [Juan Castro](/wiki/Juan_Castro \"Juan Castro\") was injured, Valdez became the Phillies' starting shortstop for a few weeks in the beginning of the season. On May 17, Rollins was activated from the disabled list (DL) and the Phillies designated Valdez for assignment, but re\\-activated him five days later when Rollins returned to the DL. In addition to playing shortstop, Valdez filled in at second base for [Chase Utley](/wiki/Chase_Utley \"Chase Utley\") while he was on the disabled list with a hand injury.",
"On July 29, in a game against the [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks \"Arizona Diamondbacks\"), Valdez hit a one\\-out, [walk\\-off single](/wiki/Walk-off_home_run \"Walk-off home run\") to score [Cody Ransom](/wiki/Cody_Ransom \"Cody Ransom\") from second base and give the Phillies a 3\\-2 win.[Valdez the hero in Phils eighth straight win](http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20100729&content_id=12789400&vkey=news_phi&fext=.jsp&c_id=phi)",
"In 2010, Valdez set career highs in games, at bats, runs, hits, total bases, doubles, triples, home runs, runs batted in, bases on balls, intentional base on balls, strike outs, stolen bases, slugging percentage and on\\-base plus slugging percentage (OPS).",
"In a game started against the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds \"Cincinnati Reds\") on May 25, 2011, (which did not conclude until May 26\\), Valdez switched from second base to pitcher in the 19th inning, pitching one inning and allowing no runs. This was the first time he had ever pitched in a major league game. When the Phillies won in the bottom of the 19th inning, he was credited with the win. Valdez thus became the first position player to earn a win since catcher [Brent Mayne](/wiki/Brent_Mayne \"Brent Mayne\") won a game for the [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies \"Colorado Rockies\") in 2000, and just the second since 1968\\.\n{{cite news\\|last\\=Slocum\\|first\\=Matt\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2011\\-05\\-26\\-phillies\\-reds\\_N.htm\\|title\\=Wilson Valdez picks up win as Phils outlast Reds in 19 innings\\|publisher\\=usatoday.com\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2011\\|date\\=May 26, 2011}}{{cite web\\|first\\=Dan\\|last\\=Gelston\\|title\\=Infielder wins as Phillies top Reds in 19 innings\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|work\\=Yahoo! Sports\\|date\\=May 26, 2009\\|url\\=https://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/recap?gid\\=310525122\\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2011}} According to [Elias Sports Bureau](/wiki/Elias_Sports_Bureau \"Elias Sports Bureau\"), Valdez was the first player to start a game in the field and end up as the winning pitcher since [Babe Ruth](/wiki/Babe_Ruth \"Babe Ruth\") did so on October 1, {{baseball year\\|1921}}.{{cite web\\|last\\=Mink\\|first\\=Nate\\|title\\=Second baseman Valdez picks up win for Phils\\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20110526\\&content\\_id\\=19594508\\&vkey\\=news\\_mlb\\&c\\_id\\=mlb\\|work\\=MLB.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2011}} The next and thus far most recent position player to record a win was [Chris Davis](/wiki/Chris_Davis_%28baseball%29 \"Chris Davis (baseball)\"), who did so in the 2012 season, although he did not start in the field, having been the starting [designated hitter](/wiki/Designated_hitter \"Designated hitter\") instead.",
"### Cincinnati Reds",
"On January 25, 2012, Valdez was traded to the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds \"Cincinnati Reds\") in exchange for left handed pitcher [Jeremy Horst](/wiki/Jeremy_Horst \"Jeremy Horst\"). In 77 games with the Reds, Valdez hit .206/.236/.227 with 15 RBI and 3 stolen bases. He made 44 starts, 27 at shortstop. On November 8, Valdez elected free agency.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2012/11/minor\\-moves\\-bray\\-valdez\\-rondon\\-hernandez.html \\|title\\=Minor Moves: Bray, Valdez, Rondon, Hernandez \\|work\\=MLB Trade Rumors \\|first\\=Mark \\|last\\=Polishuk \\|date\\=November 8, 2012}}",
"### San Francisco Giants",
"He signed a minor league contract with the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants \"San Francisco Giants\") in December 2012\\.",
"### Miami Marlins",
"On March 23, 2013, he signed a minor league contract with the [Miami Marlins](/wiki/Miami_Marlins \"Miami Marlins\") with an invitation to spring training.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2013/03/marlins\\-sign\\-wilson\\-valdez.html\\|title\\=Marlins Sign Wilson Valdez\\|date\\=March 23, 2013 }}",
"### Camden Riversharks",
"On May 25, 2013, he signed a contract with the [Camden Riversharks](/wiki/Camden_Riversharks \"Camden Riversharks\") of the [Atlantic League](/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball \"Atlantic League of Professional Baseball\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.riversharks.com/news/?news\\_id\\=1465 \\|title\\=Official Website of the Camden Riversharks Minor League Baseball Team \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130902171323/http://www.riversharks.com/news/?news\\_id\\=1465 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 2, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### York Revolution",
"On February 21, 2014, he signed a contract with the [York Revolution](/wiki/York_Revolution \"York Revolution\") of the [Atlantic League](/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball \"Atlantic League of Professional Baseball\"). He became a free agent after the 2015 season.",
""
] |
Playing career
--------------
### Early career
Fox grew up playing for the Long Island Gulls of the Atlantic Youth Hockey League.{{Cite web\|url\=https://teamusa.usahockey.com/page/show/4991302\-adam\-fox\|title\=Adam Fox\|website\=teamusa.usahockey.com}}
He played two seasons (2014–16\) in the [U.S. National Team Development Program](/wiki/USA_Hockey_National_Team_Development_Program "USA Hockey National Team Development Program") (USNTDP) in Plymouth, Michigan. During his final season in the program, he led all under\-18 defensemen in [goals](/wiki/Goal_%28ice_hockey%29 "Goal (ice hockey)"), [assists](/wiki/Assist_%28ice_hockey%29 "Assist (ice hockey)"), and points.{{cite web \|title\=Harvard Crimson bio \|url\=https://www.gocrimson.com/sports/mice/2018\-19/bios/fox\_adam\_m7uz?view\=bio\|website\=gocrimson.com}} He finished his career with the record for the most assists in a single\-season (59; in 2015–16\), the most assists in a career (86; in 2014–2016\), and the third\-most points by a defenseman in USNTDP history.
He was named the [2016 IIHF World U18 Championships](/wiki/2016_IIHF_World_U18_Championships "2016 IIHF World U18 Championships") Best Defenseman, to the 2016 U18 World Hockey Championships Media All\-Star Team, and won a bronze medal at the 2016 Championships.{{Cite journal\|url\=https://www.ecachockey.com/men/members/harvard/20160507\_Harvard\_Class\_of\_2020\|title\=Harvard Announces Touted Class of 2020\|date\=July 5, 2016\|website\=ECAC Hockey\|access\-date\=August 31, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 10, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810204417/http://www.ecachockey.com/men/members/harvard/20160507\_Harvard\_Class\_of\_2020\|url\-status\=dead}}
Leading up to the [2016 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2016_NHL_Entry_Draft "2016 NHL Entry Draft"), Fox was ranked 50th for North American Skaters in the final ranking by the [NHL Central Scouting Bureau](/wiki/NHL_Central_Scouting_Bureau "NHL Central Scouting Bureau").{{cite web \|title\=2016 NHL Central Scouting Rankings \- NA Skaters/Goaltenders \|url\=https://www.tsn.ca/2016\-nhl\-central\-scouting\-rankings\-na\-skaters\-goaltenders\-1\.470328 \|website\=TSN.ca \|access\-date\=December 22, 2018 \|date\=April 12, 2016}} He was drafted 66th overall by the [Calgary Flames](/wiki/Calgary_Flames "Calgary Flames").{{cite web \|title\=Flames select Adam Fox with 66th overall pick \|url\=https://www.nhl.com/flames/news/flames\-select\-adam\-fox\-with\-66th\-overall\-pick/c\-887310 \|website\=NHL.com \|access\-date\=December 22, 2018 \|date\=June 25, 2016}}
### College
Fox attended [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") for three years, majoring in psychology. He had an immediate impact after joining [Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey team](/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_ice_hockey "Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey") for the [2016–17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season "2016–17 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season"). He led all [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA "NCAA") defensemen in the nation, and ranked 4th among NCAA freshmen skaters with 40 points, led all NCAA defensemen and all NCAA freshmen skaters in assists with 34, and led all ECAC skaters in both points and assists, as he played 35 games.{{Cite web\|url\=https://gocrimson.prestosports.com/sports/mice/2018\-19/bios/fox\_adam\_m7uz?view\=bio\|title\=Adam Fox\|website\=Harvard}} He was named 2017 [ECAC Rookie of the Year](/wiki/List_of_ECAC_Hockey_Rookie_of_the_Year "List of ECAC Hockey Rookie of the Year") and [Ivy League](/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League") Rookie of the Year after his freshman season. In his freshman season, Fox helped Harvard win the [Beanpot](/wiki/Beanpot_%28ice_hockey%29 "Beanpot (ice hockey)") for the first time since 1993 by recording a [goal](/wiki/Goal_%28ice_hockey%29 "Goal (ice hockey)") and an [assist](/wiki/Assist_%28ice_hockey%29 "Assist (ice hockey)") to beat [Boston University](/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers_men%27s_ice_hockey "Boston University Terriers men's ice hockey") 6–3\.{{cite web \|last1\=Byler \|first1\=Laney \|title\=College Catch\-up: Adam Fox \|url\=https://www.usahockeyntdp.com/news\_article/show/846358 \|website\=usahockeyntdp.com \|access\-date\=December 22, 2018 \|date\=October 20, 2017}} Fox also helped Harvard reach its first Frozen Four series since 1994 and win an Ivy title and ECAC Hockey Championship. In the [Frozen Four](/wiki/2017_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament%23Frozen_Four_%E2%80%93_Chicago%2C_Illinois "2017 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament#Frozen Four – Chicago, Illinois") semifinals against [University of Minnesota Duluth](/wiki/Minnesota%E2%80%93Duluth_Bulldogs_men%27s_ice_hockey "Minnesota–Duluth Bulldogs men's ice hockey"), the Crimson lost 2–1\.{{cite web \|title\=NO. 2/2 Harvard Falls in Frozen Four \|url\=https://ivyleague.com/news/2017/10/31/mens\-ice\-hockey\-no\-2\-2\-harvard\-falls\-in\-frozen\-four.aspx?path\=mhockey \|website\=ivyleague.com \|access\-date\=December 22, 2018 \|date\=April 6, 2017}}
In his sophomore 2017–18 season, he had 28 points on six goals and 22 assists in 29 games. He was fifth in the nation among defensemen, averaging .97 points per game.
In his junior 2018–19 season, he had 48 points (9 goals, 39 assists) in 33 games for Harvard, and was the top scoring player and defenseman in the country with 1\.45 points per game. He led the [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA "NCAA") in assists and was fourth in points, while also setting school single\-season records for assists and points by a defenseman. Fox broke the school record for points by a Harvard defenseman in one season, set by [Mark Fusco](/wiki/Mark_Fusco "Mark Fusco") in 1983\. He was named a finalist for the [Hobey Baker Award](/wiki/Hobey_Baker_Award "Hobey Baker Award") as the top player in college hockey, won the 2019 Walter Brown Award, and was an Academic All\-Ivy honoree.
Fox was also named to the [NCAA First All\-American Team](/wiki/List_of_Division_I_AHCA_All-American_Teams%23First_Team "List of Division I AHCA All-American Teams#First Team") and [ECAC First All\-Star Team](/wiki/List_of_All-ECAC_Hockey_Teams%23First_Team "List of All-ECAC Hockey Teams#First Team") in each of his three seasons (2017–19\). In 97 career games, he had 116 points (21 goals, 95 assists). He became the fourth defenseman in Harvard history to reach 100 career points.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nhl/news/defensmen\-cale\-makar\-quinn\-hughes\-adam\-fox\-college\-hockey\-prepare\-nhl/13c72vmix18uo1rli7tqc3808q\|title\=Defensmen Cale Makar, Quinn Hughes and Adam Fox discuss how college hockey prepared them for NHL\|website\=The Sporting News\|author\=Sam Ficarro\|date\=April 27, 2020}} He left Harvard before his senior year to play in the NHL, when he was five classes short of graduating.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/\_/id/28428493/nhl\-rookie\-rankings\-rangers\-adam\-fox\-gaining\-ground\-defense\-loaded\-rookie\-group\|title\=NHL Rookie Rankings: Rangers' Fox on the rise in defense\-loaded rookie group\|date\=January 6, 2020\|website\=ESPN\|author\=Chris Peters}}{{Cite magazine\|url\=https://www.si.com/nhl/2020/02/04/adam\-fox\-new\-york\-rangers\-rookie\-season\|title\=Adam Fox Delivering in Rookie Season With Rangers\|first\=Alex\|last\=Prewitt\|date\=February 4, 2020\|magazine\=Sports Illustrated}}
### Professional
On June 23, 2018, the Calgary Flames traded Fox's [NHL](/wiki/National_Hockey_League "National Hockey League") playing rights (along with [Dougie Hamilton](/wiki/Dougie_Hamilton "Dougie Hamilton") and [Micheal Ferland](/wiki/Micheal_Ferland "Micheal Ferland")) to the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes "Carolina Hurricanes") in exchange for [Elias Lindholm](/wiki/Elias_Lindholm "Elias Lindholm") and [Noah Hanifin](/wiki/Noah_Hanifin "Noah Hanifin").{{cite web \|title\=Hurricanes' Adam Fox: Traded to Carolina \|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/hockey/news/hurricanes\-adam\-fox\-traded\-to\-carolina/ \|website\=CBS Sports \|access\-date\=December 16, 2018 \|date\=June 23, 2018}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/5/2/m\-hockey\-fox\-nyr\-18\-19/\|title\=Men's Hockey's Adam Fox Signs with New York Rangers\|author\=Spencer R. Morris\|date\=May 2, 2019 \|website\=The Harvard Crimson}} Flames general manager [Brad Treliving](/wiki/Brad_Treliving "Brad Treliving") had expressed doubts about the team's chances of signing him.[Civian, Sara. "It looks like Adam Fox won’t be a Hurricane: How we got here and what’s next," *The Athletic*, Tuesday, April 2, 2019\.](https://theathletic.com/900804/2019/04/02/it-looks-like-adam-fox-wont-be-a-hurricane-how-we-got-here-and-whats-next/) Retrieved May 30, 2022\.
[thumb\|Fox, [Ryan Strome](/wiki/Ryan_Strome "Ryan Strome"), and [Brett Howden](/wiki/Brett_Howden "Brett Howden") riding the subway to [Lasker Rink](/wiki/Lasker_Rink "Lasker Rink") in [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park "Central Park")](/wiki/File:Adam_Fox%2C_Ryan_Strome%2C_and_Brett_Howden.jpg "Adam Fox, Ryan Strome, and Brett Howden.jpg")
The likelihood that Fox would sign with the Hurricanes diminished with the team becoming a playoff contender with a surplus of quality defensemen and a clause in the NHL's [collective bargaining agreement](/wiki/Collective_agreement "Collective agreement") (CBA) allowing an NCAA player to return for his senior year and become a free agent upon graduation. Hurricanes owner [Thomas Dundon](/wiki/Thomas_Dundon "Thomas Dundon") expressed his pessimism over the matter by stating, "We’ll try to trade him."["Waddell: 'Canes still trying to sign Fox," TSN.ca, Friday, April 5, 2019\.](https://www.tsn.ca/waddell-canes-still-trying-to-sign-fox-1.1285580) Retrieved May 30, 2022\. On April 30, 2019, Carolina traded Fox's NHL rights to the [New York Rangers](/wiki/New_York_Rangers "New York Rangers") in exchange for a second\-round pick in the [2019 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2019_NHL_Entry_Draft "2019 NHL Entry Draft") and what would become a second\-round pick in the [2020 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2020_NHL_Entry_Draft "2020 NHL Entry Draft").{{cite web \|title\=Rangers Acquire Defenseman Adam Fox \|url\=https://www.nhl.com/rangers/news/rangers\-acquire\-defenseman\-adam\-fox/c\-307122854 \|website\=NHL.com \|access\-date\=April 30, 2019 \|date\=April 30, 2019}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.capfriendly.com/trades/players/adam\-fox\|title\=Adam Fox Trades \- CapFriendly \- NHL Salary Caps\|website\=CapFriendly\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-11}} On May 2, Fox signed an entry\-level contract with the Rangers, with a maximum entry\-level salary ($925,000 plus bonuses).{{cite web \|title\=Rangers Agree To Terms With Defenseman Adam Fox \|url\=https://www.nhl.com/rangers/news/rangers\-agree\-to\-terms\-with\-defenseman\-adam\-fox/c\-307171854 \|website\=NHL.com \|access\-date\=May 2, 2019 \|date\=May 2, 2019}} He won the Lars\-Erik Sjoberg Award as the top Ranger rookie in training camp in 2019, and made the Rangers' Opening Night roster.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/hockey/news/rangers\-adam\-fox\-makes\-team\-out\-of\-camp/\|title\=Rangers' Adam Fox: Makes team out of camp\|website\=CBS Sports\|date\=October 2, 2019}}
He made his NHL debut in October 2019, at 21 years of age.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/rangers\-thrilled\-with\-debuts\-of\-panarin\-trouba\-fox\-kakko/c\-309729706\|title\=Rangers, fans thrilled with debut of Panarin, Trouba, Fox, Kakko\|website\=NHL.com\|author\=Dan Rosen\|date\=October 4, 2019 }}{{Cite web\|url\=https://thegreatrabbino.com/2019/10/06/baruch\-habah\-adam\-fox/\|author\=Jeremy Fine\|title\=Baruch Ha'Bah – Adam Fox\|date\=October 6, 2019}} He finished the 2019–20 season with 42 points (8 goals, 34 assists) in 70 games.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid\=177791\|title\=Adam Fox Hockey Stats and Profile\|website\=hockeydb.com}} He tied for second among all NHL rookie defensemen in goals, and third in points, assists, and PPP (13\). He ranked first among Rangers defensemen in Goals Above Replacement (14\.9\) and Wins Above Replacement (2\.7\).{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.lohud.com/story/sports/nhl/rangers/2020/03/18/adam\-fox\-ryan\-lindgren\-ny\-rangers\-defense/5027372002/\|title\=How rookies Adam Fox and Ryan Lindgren became the top 'D' pair for NY Rangers\|first\=Vincent Z.\|last\=Mercogliano\|website\=The Journal News\|date\=March 18, 2020}} He became the fifth rookie defenseman in franchise history to have at least 40 points in a season, joining [Ron Greschner](/wiki/Ron_Greschner "Ron Greschner"), [Reijo Ruotsalainen](/wiki/Reijo_Ruotsalainen "Reijo Ruotsalainen"), [Brian Leetch](/wiki/Brian_Leetch "Brian Leetch"), and [Mike McEwen](/wiki/Mike_McEwen_%28ice_hockey%29 "Mike McEwen (ice hockey)"). Despite his rookie season success, Fox fell short of a [Calder Memorial Trophy](/wiki/Calder_Memorial_Trophy "Calder Memorial Trophy") nomination.
During the 2020–21 season, on April 6, during a 8–4 win over the [Pittsburgh Penguins](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins "Pittsburgh Penguins"), Fox became the fourth defenseman in Rangers history to record an 11\-game point streak.{{cite web \|last1\=Rosen \|first1\=Dan \|title\=Panarin's four points help Rangers cruise past Penguins \|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/pittsburgh\-penguins\-new\-york\-rangers\-game\-recap/c\-322234394 \|website\=NHL.com \|access\-date\=May 2, 2021 \|date\=April 6, 2021}} His point streak ended on April 9 at 12 games.{{cite web \|last1\=Rosen \|first1\=Dan \|title\=Jarry bounces back, Penguins defeat Rangers for first win in three games \|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/pittsburgh\-penguins\-new\-york\-rangers\-game\-recap/c\-322235204 \|website\=NHL.com \|access\-date\=May 2, 2021 \|date\=April 8, 2021}}{{cite web \|last1\=Rosen \|first1\=Dan \|title\=Georgiev makes 31 saves for Rangers in victory against Islanders \|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/new\-york\-rangers\-new\-york\-islanders\-game\-recap/c\-322644994 \|website\=NHL.com \|access\-date\=May 2, 2021 \|date\=April 9, 2021}} He also became the first Rangers defenseman to assist on 11\-straight power play goals.{{cite web \|title\=Rangers blast Penguins 8\-4 with goals from 8 players \|url\=https://www.espn.com/nhl/recap/\_/gameId/401272705 \|website\=ESPN \|access\-date\=May 2, 2021 \|date\=April 6, 2021}} On April 29, Fox was named the recipient of the [Steven MacDonald Extra Effort Award](/wiki/Steven_McDonald "Steven McDonald"). He was given the award for his outstanding defense and consistent play throughout the season. Fox was the first defenseman to win the award since [Brian Leetch](/wiki/Brian_Leetch "Brian Leetch") won in 1997\.{{cite web \|title\=Adam Fox Named Winner of 2020\-21 Steven McDonald Extra Effort Award \|url\=https://www.nhl.com/rangers/news/2020\-21\-extra\-effort\-award\-winner/c\-324160576 \|website\=NHL.com \|access\-date\=May 2, 2021 \|date\=April 29, 2021}} On June 29, Fox won the [James Norris Memorial Trophy](/wiki/James_Norris_Memorial_Trophy "James Norris Memorial Trophy") for the [2020–21 NHL season](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NHL_season "2020–21 NHL season").{{Cite web\|title\=Fox of Rangers wins Norris Trophy as best defenseman in NHL\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/new\-york\-rangers\-adam\-fox\-wins\-norris\-trophy/c\-325520492\|access\-date\=2021\-06\-29\|website\=NHL.com}} Fox became only the second defenseman in NHL history to win the award before starting his third season. He is the youngest winner since then [Montreal Canadiens](/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens "Montreal Canadiens") defenseman [P. K. Subban](/wiki/P._K._Subban "P. K. Subban") won it at the age of 23 in 2013, and is the first Rangers player to receive the honor since [Brian Leetch](/wiki/Brian_Leetch "Brian Leetch") in 1997\.{{cite web \|last1\=Chiari \|first1\=Mike \|title\=Rangers' Adam Fox Wins 2020\-21 Norris Trophy over Cale Makar, Victor Hedman \|url\=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2944635\-rangers\-adam\-fox\-wins\-2020\-21\-norris\-trophy\-over\-cale\-makar\-victor\-hedman \|website\=Bleacher Report \|access\-date\=June 30, 2021 \|date\=June 29, 2021}}{{cite web \|last1\=Carpiniello \|first1\=Rick \|title\=A Norris Trophy winner at age 23, the Rangers' Adam Fox is in elite company — and ready to take 'the next step' \|url\=https://theathletic.com/2681151/2021/06/30/a\-norris\-trophy\-winner\-at\-age\-23\-the\-rangers\-adam\-fox\-is\-in\-elite\-company\-and\-ready\-to\-take\-the\-next\-step/ \|website\=The Athletic \|access\-date\=June 5, 2022 \|date\=June 30, 2021}} In a shortened 56\-game schedule, Fox led all defensemen with 42 assists and was second in points with 47, behind [Tyson Barrie](/wiki/Tyson_Barrie "Tyson Barrie") of the [Edmonton Oilers](/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers "Edmonton Oilers"). In 55 games, he registered five goals, posted a plus\-19 rating, averaged 24:42 of ice time per game, and finished with 23 power play points.
On November 1, 2021, Fox signed a seven\-year, $66\.5 million contract extension with the Rangers.{{cite web \|title\=Rangers Agree to Terms with Adam Fox \|url\=https://www.nhl.com/rangers/news/rangers\-agree\-to\-terms\-with\-adam\-fox/c\-327469862 \|website\=NHL.com \|access\-date\=November 2, 2021 \|date\=November 1, 2021}}{{cite web \|title\=Rangers sign Norris Trophy winner Adam Fox to seven\-year, $66\.5M extension \|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/rangers\-sign\-norris\-trophy\-winner\-adam\-fox\-seven\-year\-66\-5m\-extension/ \|website\=Sportsnet.ca \|access\-date\=November 2, 2021 \|date\=November 1, 2021}} In January 2022, Fox was chosen to his first [NHL All\-Star Game](/wiki/2022_NHL_All-Star_Game "2022 NHL All-Star Game"), which was held at [T\-Mobile Arena](/wiki/T-Mobile_Arena "T-Mobile Arena") in [Paradise, Nevada](/wiki/Paradise%2C_Nevada "Paradise, Nevada"). After scoring two goals with an assist in a game against the [Toronto Maple Leafs](/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs "Toronto Maple Leafs") on January 19, Fox became the first Rangers defenseman to reach the 40\-point mark in 40 games or fewer since [Brian Leetch](/wiki/Brian_Leetch "Brian Leetch") in the [2000–01 season](/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_NHL_season "2000–01 NHL season").{{cite web \|title\=Blueshirt Breakdown: NYR 6 vs. TOR 3 \- 01\.19\.22 \|url\=https://www.nhl.com/rangers/news/blueshirt\-breakdown\-nyr\-6\-vs\-tor\-3\-\-\-011922/c\-329964352 \|website\=NHL.com \|access\-date\=January 20, 2022 \|date\=January 19, 2022 \|quote\=...Fox is the first Rangers defenseman since Brian Leetch in 2000\-01 to reach the 40\-point mark in 40 games played or fewer...}} On November 6, during a game against the [Calgary Flames](/wiki/Calgary_Flames "Calgary Flames"), Fox was heavily booed by Flames fans whenever he touched the puck. He scored a goal at the end of the first period and started mocking fans, but the goal was called back because of an offside, Flames fans throughout the game started chanting "Fox you suck!", which was caused by Fox not wanting to sign an entry\-level contract with the Flames, his draft team.{{cite web \|last1\=Francis \|first1\=Eric \|title\=With raucous passion and endless boos for Fox, Flames fans spur Calgary to win \|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/raucous\-passion\-endless\-boos\-fox\-flames\-fans\-spur\-calgary\-win/ \|website\=Sportsnet.ca \|access\-date\=December 12, 2022 \|date\=November 6, 2022}}
Fox was a Norris Trophy finalist for the second time for the [2022–23 season](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_NHL_season "2022–23 NHL season").{{cite web \|last1\=Lane \|first1\=Jon \|title\=Fox, Karlsson, Makar named Norris Trophy finalists \|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/adam\-fox\-erik\-karlsson\-cale\-makar\-named\-norris\-trophy\-finalists/c\-344153866 \|website\=NHL.com \|access\-date\=May 6, 2023 \|date\=May 4, 2023}}
|
[
"Playing career\n--------------",
"### Early career",
"Fox grew up playing for the Long Island Gulls of the Atlantic Youth Hockey League.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://teamusa.usahockey.com/page/show/4991302\\-adam\\-fox\\|title\\=Adam Fox\\|website\\=teamusa.usahockey.com}}",
"He played two seasons (2014–16\\) in the [U.S. National Team Development Program](/wiki/USA_Hockey_National_Team_Development_Program \"USA Hockey National Team Development Program\") (USNTDP) in Plymouth, Michigan. During his final season in the program, he led all under\\-18 defensemen in [goals](/wiki/Goal_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Goal (ice hockey)\"), [assists](/wiki/Assist_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Assist (ice hockey)\"), and points.{{cite web \\|title\\=Harvard Crimson bio \\|url\\=https://www.gocrimson.com/sports/mice/2018\\-19/bios/fox\\_adam\\_m7uz?view\\=bio\\|website\\=gocrimson.com}} He finished his career with the record for the most assists in a single\\-season (59; in 2015–16\\), the most assists in a career (86; in 2014–2016\\), and the third\\-most points by a defenseman in USNTDP history.",
"He was named the [2016 IIHF World U18 Championships](/wiki/2016_IIHF_World_U18_Championships \"2016 IIHF World U18 Championships\") Best Defenseman, to the 2016 U18 World Hockey Championships Media All\\-Star Team, and won a bronze medal at the 2016 Championships.{{Cite journal\\|url\\=https://www.ecachockey.com/men/members/harvard/20160507\\_Harvard\\_Class\\_of\\_2020\\|title\\=Harvard Announces Touted Class of 2020\\|date\\=July 5, 2016\\|website\\=ECAC Hockey\\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 10, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810204417/http://www.ecachockey.com/men/members/harvard/20160507\\_Harvard\\_Class\\_of\\_2020\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Leading up to the [2016 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2016_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2016 NHL Entry Draft\"), Fox was ranked 50th for North American Skaters in the final ranking by the [NHL Central Scouting Bureau](/wiki/NHL_Central_Scouting_Bureau \"NHL Central Scouting Bureau\").{{cite web \\|title\\=2016 NHL Central Scouting Rankings \\- NA Skaters/Goaltenders \\|url\\=https://www.tsn.ca/2016\\-nhl\\-central\\-scouting\\-rankings\\-na\\-skaters\\-goaltenders\\-1\\.470328 \\|website\\=TSN.ca \\|access\\-date\\=December 22, 2018 \\|date\\=April 12, 2016}} He was drafted 66th overall by the [Calgary Flames](/wiki/Calgary_Flames \"Calgary Flames\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Flames select Adam Fox with 66th overall pick \\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/flames/news/flames\\-select\\-adam\\-fox\\-with\\-66th\\-overall\\-pick/c\\-887310 \\|website\\=NHL.com \\|access\\-date\\=December 22, 2018 \\|date\\=June 25, 2016}}",
"### College",
"Fox attended [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\") for three years, majoring in psychology. He had an immediate impact after joining [Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey team](/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey\") for the [2016–17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season \"2016–17 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\"). He led all [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA \"NCAA\") defensemen in the nation, and ranked 4th among NCAA freshmen skaters with 40 points, led all NCAA defensemen and all NCAA freshmen skaters in assists with 34, and led all ECAC skaters in both points and assists, as he played 35 games.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://gocrimson.prestosports.com/sports/mice/2018\\-19/bios/fox\\_adam\\_m7uz?view\\=bio\\|title\\=Adam Fox\\|website\\=Harvard}} He was named 2017 [ECAC Rookie of the Year](/wiki/List_of_ECAC_Hockey_Rookie_of_the_Year \"List of ECAC Hockey Rookie of the Year\") and [Ivy League](/wiki/Ivy_League \"Ivy League\") Rookie of the Year after his freshman season. In his freshman season, Fox helped Harvard win the [Beanpot](/wiki/Beanpot_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Beanpot (ice hockey)\") for the first time since 1993 by recording a [goal](/wiki/Goal_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Goal (ice hockey)\") and an [assist](/wiki/Assist_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Assist (ice hockey)\") to beat [Boston University](/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Boston University Terriers men's ice hockey\") 6–3\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Byler \\|first1\\=Laney \\|title\\=College Catch\\-up: Adam Fox \\|url\\=https://www.usahockeyntdp.com/news\\_article/show/846358 \\|website\\=usahockeyntdp.com \\|access\\-date\\=December 22, 2018 \\|date\\=October 20, 2017}} Fox also helped Harvard reach its first Frozen Four series since 1994 and win an Ivy title and ECAC Hockey Championship. In the [Frozen Four](/wiki/2017_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament%23Frozen_Four_%E2%80%93_Chicago%2C_Illinois \"2017 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament#Frozen Four – Chicago, Illinois\") semifinals against [University of Minnesota Duluth](/wiki/Minnesota%E2%80%93Duluth_Bulldogs_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Minnesota–Duluth Bulldogs men's ice hockey\"), the Crimson lost 2–1\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=NO. 2/2 Harvard Falls in Frozen Four \\|url\\=https://ivyleague.com/news/2017/10/31/mens\\-ice\\-hockey\\-no\\-2\\-2\\-harvard\\-falls\\-in\\-frozen\\-four.aspx?path\\=mhockey \\|website\\=ivyleague.com \\|access\\-date\\=December 22, 2018 \\|date\\=April 6, 2017}}",
"In his sophomore 2017–18 season, he had 28 points on six goals and 22 assists in 29 games. He was fifth in the nation among defensemen, averaging .97 points per game.",
"In his junior 2018–19 season, he had 48 points (9 goals, 39 assists) in 33 games for Harvard, and was the top scoring player and defenseman in the country with 1\\.45 points per game. He led the [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA \"NCAA\") in assists and was fourth in points, while also setting school single\\-season records for assists and points by a defenseman. Fox broke the school record for points by a Harvard defenseman in one season, set by [Mark Fusco](/wiki/Mark_Fusco \"Mark Fusco\") in 1983\\. He was named a finalist for the [Hobey Baker Award](/wiki/Hobey_Baker_Award \"Hobey Baker Award\") as the top player in college hockey, won the 2019 Walter Brown Award, and was an Academic All\\-Ivy honoree.",
"Fox was also named to the [NCAA First All\\-American Team](/wiki/List_of_Division_I_AHCA_All-American_Teams%23First_Team \"List of Division I AHCA All-American Teams#First Team\") and [ECAC First All\\-Star Team](/wiki/List_of_All-ECAC_Hockey_Teams%23First_Team \"List of All-ECAC Hockey Teams#First Team\") in each of his three seasons (2017–19\\). In 97 career games, he had 116 points (21 goals, 95 assists). He became the fourth defenseman in Harvard history to reach 100 career points.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nhl/news/defensmen\\-cale\\-makar\\-quinn\\-hughes\\-adam\\-fox\\-college\\-hockey\\-prepare\\-nhl/13c72vmix18uo1rli7tqc3808q\\|title\\=Defensmen Cale Makar, Quinn Hughes and Adam Fox discuss how college hockey prepared them for NHL\\|website\\=The Sporting News\\|author\\=Sam Ficarro\\|date\\=April 27, 2020}} He left Harvard before his senior year to play in the NHL, when he was five classes short of graduating.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/\\_/id/28428493/nhl\\-rookie\\-rankings\\-rangers\\-adam\\-fox\\-gaining\\-ground\\-defense\\-loaded\\-rookie\\-group\\|title\\=NHL Rookie Rankings: Rangers' Fox on the rise in defense\\-loaded rookie group\\|date\\=January 6, 2020\\|website\\=ESPN\\|author\\=Chris Peters}}{{Cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.si.com/nhl/2020/02/04/adam\\-fox\\-new\\-york\\-rangers\\-rookie\\-season\\|title\\=Adam Fox Delivering in Rookie Season With Rangers\\|first\\=Alex\\|last\\=Prewitt\\|date\\=February 4, 2020\\|magazine\\=Sports Illustrated}}",
"### Professional",
"On June 23, 2018, the Calgary Flames traded Fox's [NHL](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\") playing rights (along with [Dougie Hamilton](/wiki/Dougie_Hamilton \"Dougie Hamilton\") and [Micheal Ferland](/wiki/Micheal_Ferland \"Micheal Ferland\")) to the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes \"Carolina Hurricanes\") in exchange for [Elias Lindholm](/wiki/Elias_Lindholm \"Elias Lindholm\") and [Noah Hanifin](/wiki/Noah_Hanifin \"Noah Hanifin\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Hurricanes' Adam Fox: Traded to Carolina \\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/hockey/news/hurricanes\\-adam\\-fox\\-traded\\-to\\-carolina/ \\|website\\=CBS Sports \\|access\\-date\\=December 16, 2018 \\|date\\=June 23, 2018}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/5/2/m\\-hockey\\-fox\\-nyr\\-18\\-19/\\|title\\=Men's Hockey's Adam Fox Signs with New York Rangers\\|author\\=Spencer R. Morris\\|date\\=May 2, 2019 \\|website\\=The Harvard Crimson}} Flames general manager [Brad Treliving](/wiki/Brad_Treliving \"Brad Treliving\") had expressed doubts about the team's chances of signing him.[Civian, Sara. \"It looks like Adam Fox won’t be a Hurricane: How we got here and what’s next,\" *The Athletic*, Tuesday, April 2, 2019\\.](https://theathletic.com/900804/2019/04/02/it-looks-like-adam-fox-wont-be-a-hurricane-how-we-got-here-and-whats-next/) Retrieved May 30, 2022\\.",
"[thumb\\|Fox, [Ryan Strome](/wiki/Ryan_Strome \"Ryan Strome\"), and [Brett Howden](/wiki/Brett_Howden \"Brett Howden\") riding the subway to [Lasker Rink](/wiki/Lasker_Rink \"Lasker Rink\") in [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park \"Central Park\")](/wiki/File:Adam_Fox%2C_Ryan_Strome%2C_and_Brett_Howden.jpg \"Adam Fox, Ryan Strome, and Brett Howden.jpg\")\nThe likelihood that Fox would sign with the Hurricanes diminished with the team becoming a playoff contender with a surplus of quality defensemen and a clause in the NHL's [collective bargaining agreement](/wiki/Collective_agreement \"Collective agreement\") (CBA) allowing an NCAA player to return for his senior year and become a free agent upon graduation. Hurricanes owner [Thomas Dundon](/wiki/Thomas_Dundon \"Thomas Dundon\") expressed his pessimism over the matter by stating, \"We’ll try to trade him.\"[\"Waddell: 'Canes still trying to sign Fox,\" TSN.ca, Friday, April 5, 2019\\.](https://www.tsn.ca/waddell-canes-still-trying-to-sign-fox-1.1285580) Retrieved May 30, 2022\\. On April 30, 2019, Carolina traded Fox's NHL rights to the [New York Rangers](/wiki/New_York_Rangers \"New York Rangers\") in exchange for a second\\-round pick in the [2019 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2019_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2019 NHL Entry Draft\") and what would become a second\\-round pick in the [2020 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2020_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2020 NHL Entry Draft\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Rangers Acquire Defenseman Adam Fox \\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/rangers/news/rangers\\-acquire\\-defenseman\\-adam\\-fox/c\\-307122854 \\|website\\=NHL.com \\|access\\-date\\=April 30, 2019 \\|date\\=April 30, 2019}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.capfriendly.com/trades/players/adam\\-fox\\|title\\=Adam Fox Trades \\- CapFriendly \\- NHL Salary Caps\\|website\\=CapFriendly\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-11}} On May 2, Fox signed an entry\\-level contract with the Rangers, with a maximum entry\\-level salary ($925,000 plus bonuses).{{cite web \\|title\\=Rangers Agree To Terms With Defenseman Adam Fox \\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/rangers/news/rangers\\-agree\\-to\\-terms\\-with\\-defenseman\\-adam\\-fox/c\\-307171854 \\|website\\=NHL.com \\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2019 \\|date\\=May 2, 2019}} He won the Lars\\-Erik Sjoberg Award as the top Ranger rookie in training camp in 2019, and made the Rangers' Opening Night roster.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/hockey/news/rangers\\-adam\\-fox\\-makes\\-team\\-out\\-of\\-camp/\\|title\\=Rangers' Adam Fox: Makes team out of camp\\|website\\=CBS Sports\\|date\\=October 2, 2019}}",
"He made his NHL debut in October 2019, at 21 years of age.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/rangers\\-thrilled\\-with\\-debuts\\-of\\-panarin\\-trouba\\-fox\\-kakko/c\\-309729706\\|title\\=Rangers, fans thrilled with debut of Panarin, Trouba, Fox, Kakko\\|website\\=NHL.com\\|author\\=Dan Rosen\\|date\\=October 4, 2019 }}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://thegreatrabbino.com/2019/10/06/baruch\\-habah\\-adam\\-fox/\\|author\\=Jeremy Fine\\|title\\=Baruch Ha'Bah – Adam Fox\\|date\\=October 6, 2019}} He finished the 2019–20 season with 42 points (8 goals, 34 assists) in 70 games.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid\\=177791\\|title\\=Adam Fox Hockey Stats and Profile\\|website\\=hockeydb.com}} He tied for second among all NHL rookie defensemen in goals, and third in points, assists, and PPP (13\\). He ranked first among Rangers defensemen in Goals Above Replacement (14\\.9\\) and Wins Above Replacement (2\\.7\\).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.lohud.com/story/sports/nhl/rangers/2020/03/18/adam\\-fox\\-ryan\\-lindgren\\-ny\\-rangers\\-defense/5027372002/\\|title\\=How rookies Adam Fox and Ryan Lindgren became the top 'D' pair for NY Rangers\\|first\\=Vincent Z.\\|last\\=Mercogliano\\|website\\=The Journal News\\|date\\=March 18, 2020}} He became the fifth rookie defenseman in franchise history to have at least 40 points in a season, joining [Ron Greschner](/wiki/Ron_Greschner \"Ron Greschner\"), [Reijo Ruotsalainen](/wiki/Reijo_Ruotsalainen \"Reijo Ruotsalainen\"), [Brian Leetch](/wiki/Brian_Leetch \"Brian Leetch\"), and [Mike McEwen](/wiki/Mike_McEwen_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Mike McEwen (ice hockey)\"). Despite his rookie season success, Fox fell short of a [Calder Memorial Trophy](/wiki/Calder_Memorial_Trophy \"Calder Memorial Trophy\") nomination.",
"During the 2020–21 season, on April 6, during a 8–4 win over the [Pittsburgh Penguins](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins \"Pittsburgh Penguins\"), Fox became the fourth defenseman in Rangers history to record an 11\\-game point streak.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Rosen \\|first1\\=Dan \\|title\\=Panarin's four points help Rangers cruise past Penguins \\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/pittsburgh\\-penguins\\-new\\-york\\-rangers\\-game\\-recap/c\\-322234394 \\|website\\=NHL.com \\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2021 \\|date\\=April 6, 2021}} His point streak ended on April 9 at 12 games.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Rosen \\|first1\\=Dan \\|title\\=Jarry bounces back, Penguins defeat Rangers for first win in three games \\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/pittsburgh\\-penguins\\-new\\-york\\-rangers\\-game\\-recap/c\\-322235204 \\|website\\=NHL.com \\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2021 \\|date\\=April 8, 2021}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Rosen \\|first1\\=Dan \\|title\\=Georgiev makes 31 saves for Rangers in victory against Islanders \\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/new\\-york\\-rangers\\-new\\-york\\-islanders\\-game\\-recap/c\\-322644994 \\|website\\=NHL.com \\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2021 \\|date\\=April 9, 2021}} He also became the first Rangers defenseman to assist on 11\\-straight power play goals.{{cite web \\|title\\=Rangers blast Penguins 8\\-4 with goals from 8 players \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/nhl/recap/\\_/gameId/401272705 \\|website\\=ESPN \\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2021 \\|date\\=April 6, 2021}} On April 29, Fox was named the recipient of the [Steven MacDonald Extra Effort Award](/wiki/Steven_McDonald \"Steven McDonald\"). He was given the award for his outstanding defense and consistent play throughout the season. Fox was the first defenseman to win the award since [Brian Leetch](/wiki/Brian_Leetch \"Brian Leetch\") won in 1997\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Adam Fox Named Winner of 2020\\-21 Steven McDonald Extra Effort Award \\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/rangers/news/2020\\-21\\-extra\\-effort\\-award\\-winner/c\\-324160576 \\|website\\=NHL.com \\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2021 \\|date\\=April 29, 2021}} On June 29, Fox won the [James Norris Memorial Trophy](/wiki/James_Norris_Memorial_Trophy \"James Norris Memorial Trophy\") for the [2020–21 NHL season](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NHL_season \"2020–21 NHL season\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=Fox of Rangers wins Norris Trophy as best defenseman in NHL\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/new\\-york\\-rangers\\-adam\\-fox\\-wins\\-norris\\-trophy/c\\-325520492\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-29\\|website\\=NHL.com}} Fox became only the second defenseman in NHL history to win the award before starting his third season. He is the youngest winner since then [Montreal Canadiens](/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens \"Montreal Canadiens\") defenseman [P. K. Subban](/wiki/P._K._Subban \"P. K. Subban\") won it at the age of 23 in 2013, and is the first Rangers player to receive the honor since [Brian Leetch](/wiki/Brian_Leetch \"Brian Leetch\") in 1997\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Chiari \\|first1\\=Mike \\|title\\=Rangers' Adam Fox Wins 2020\\-21 Norris Trophy over Cale Makar, Victor Hedman \\|url\\=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2944635\\-rangers\\-adam\\-fox\\-wins\\-2020\\-21\\-norris\\-trophy\\-over\\-cale\\-makar\\-victor\\-hedman \\|website\\=Bleacher Report \\|access\\-date\\=June 30, 2021 \\|date\\=June 29, 2021}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Carpiniello \\|first1\\=Rick \\|title\\=A Norris Trophy winner at age 23, the Rangers' Adam Fox is in elite company — and ready to take 'the next step' \\|url\\=https://theathletic.com/2681151/2021/06/30/a\\-norris\\-trophy\\-winner\\-at\\-age\\-23\\-the\\-rangers\\-adam\\-fox\\-is\\-in\\-elite\\-company\\-and\\-ready\\-to\\-take\\-the\\-next\\-step/ \\|website\\=The Athletic \\|access\\-date\\=June 5, 2022 \\|date\\=June 30, 2021}} In a shortened 56\\-game schedule, Fox led all defensemen with 42 assists and was second in points with 47, behind [Tyson Barrie](/wiki/Tyson_Barrie \"Tyson Barrie\") of the [Edmonton Oilers](/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers \"Edmonton Oilers\"). In 55 games, he registered five goals, posted a plus\\-19 rating, averaged 24:42 of ice time per game, and finished with 23 power play points.",
"On November 1, 2021, Fox signed a seven\\-year, $66\\.5 million contract extension with the Rangers.{{cite web \\|title\\=Rangers Agree to Terms with Adam Fox \\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/rangers/news/rangers\\-agree\\-to\\-terms\\-with\\-adam\\-fox/c\\-327469862 \\|website\\=NHL.com \\|access\\-date\\=November 2, 2021 \\|date\\=November 1, 2021}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Rangers sign Norris Trophy winner Adam Fox to seven\\-year, $66\\.5M extension \\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/rangers\\-sign\\-norris\\-trophy\\-winner\\-adam\\-fox\\-seven\\-year\\-66\\-5m\\-extension/ \\|website\\=Sportsnet.ca \\|access\\-date\\=November 2, 2021 \\|date\\=November 1, 2021}} In January 2022, Fox was chosen to his first [NHL All\\-Star Game](/wiki/2022_NHL_All-Star_Game \"2022 NHL All-Star Game\"), which was held at [T\\-Mobile Arena](/wiki/T-Mobile_Arena \"T-Mobile Arena\") in [Paradise, Nevada](/wiki/Paradise%2C_Nevada \"Paradise, Nevada\"). After scoring two goals with an assist in a game against the [Toronto Maple Leafs](/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs \"Toronto Maple Leafs\") on January 19, Fox became the first Rangers defenseman to reach the 40\\-point mark in 40 games or fewer since [Brian Leetch](/wiki/Brian_Leetch \"Brian Leetch\") in the [2000–01 season](/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_NHL_season \"2000–01 NHL season\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Blueshirt Breakdown: NYR 6 vs. TOR 3 \\- 01\\.19\\.22 \\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/rangers/news/blueshirt\\-breakdown\\-nyr\\-6\\-vs\\-tor\\-3\\-\\-\\-011922/c\\-329964352 \\|website\\=NHL.com \\|access\\-date\\=January 20, 2022 \\|date\\=January 19, 2022 \\|quote\\=...Fox is the first Rangers defenseman since Brian Leetch in 2000\\-01 to reach the 40\\-point mark in 40 games played or fewer...}} On November 6, during a game against the [Calgary Flames](/wiki/Calgary_Flames \"Calgary Flames\"), Fox was heavily booed by Flames fans whenever he touched the puck. He scored a goal at the end of the first period and started mocking fans, but the goal was called back because of an offside, Flames fans throughout the game started chanting \"Fox you suck!\", which was caused by Fox not wanting to sign an entry\\-level contract with the Flames, his draft team.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Francis \\|first1\\=Eric \\|title\\=With raucous passion and endless boos for Fox, Flames fans spur Calgary to win \\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/raucous\\-passion\\-endless\\-boos\\-fox\\-flames\\-fans\\-spur\\-calgary\\-win/ \\|website\\=Sportsnet.ca \\|access\\-date\\=December 12, 2022 \\|date\\=November 6, 2022}}",
"Fox was a Norris Trophy finalist for the second time for the [2022–23 season](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_NHL_season \"2022–23 NHL season\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Lane \\|first1\\=Jon \\|title\\=Fox, Karlsson, Makar named Norris Trophy finalists \\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/adam\\-fox\\-erik\\-karlsson\\-cale\\-makar\\-named\\-norris\\-trophy\\-finalists/c\\-344153866 \\|website\\=NHL.com \\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2023 \\|date\\=May 4, 2023}}",
""
] |
Overview
--------
### Men
At the top of the National Wrestling Alliance's championship hierarchy is the [NWA World's Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_World%27s_Heavyweight_Championship "NWA World's Heavyweight Championship"). The championship is currently held by first time champion [Thom Latimer](/wiki/Thom_Latimer "Thom Latimer"), who defeated previous champion [EC3](/wiki/Ethan_Carter_III "Ethan Carter III") on August 31, 2024 at [NWA 76](/wiki/NWA_76th_Anniversary_Show "NWA 76th Anniversary Show").
The secondary title is the [NWA National Championship](/wiki/NWA_National_Championship "NWA National Championship"). The championship is currently held by "Thrillbilly" Silas Mason, who won the vacant title on August 26, 2023 on Night One of the [NWA 75](/wiki/NWA_75th_Anniversary_Show "NWA 75th Anniversary Show") by defeating [JR Kratos](/wiki/JR_Kratos "JR Kratos") and Odinson in a [triple threat match](/wiki/Triple_threat_match "Triple threat match").
On May 10, 2024, NWA President [Billy Corgan](/wiki/Billy_Corgan "Billy Corgan") announced that the NWA will reactivate the [Mid\-America Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_Mid-America_Heavyweight_Championship "NWA Mid-America Heavyweight Championship") and a new champion will be crowned at their "Back to the Territories" event on June 1, 2024, in Knoxville, Tennessee.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.instagram.com/nwa/p/C6zVBGavUlJ \| title\=The Return of the NWA Mid\-America Heavyweight Championship \| work\=Instagram \| accessdate\=May 10, 2024}}
The [NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship "NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship") is for wrestlers 220 lbs. and under. [Colby Corino](/wiki/Colby_Corino "Colby Corino") is the current champion in his first reign. He defeated [Kerry Morton](/wiki/Kerry_Morton "Kerry Morton") on August 26, 2023, on Night One of the [NWA 75](/wiki/NWA_75th_Anniversary_Show "NWA 75th Anniversary Show").
The [NWA World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Tag_Team_Championship "NWA World Tag Team Championship") is held by first\-time champions Blunt Force Trauma ([Carnage](/wiki/Marshe_Rockett "Marshe Rockett") and [Damage](/wiki/Rodney_Mack "Rodney Mack")). They defeated [La Rebelión](/wiki/La_Rebeli%C3%B3n_Amarilla "La Rebelión Amarilla") ([Bestia 666](/wiki/Bestia_666 "Bestia 666") and [Mecha Wolf 450](/wiki/Mecha_Wolf_450 "Mecha Wolf 450")) on Night One of the [NWA 75](/wiki/NWA_75th_Anniversary_Show "NWA 75th Anniversary Show") on August 26, 2023\.
The [NWA United States Tag Team Championship](/wiki/NWA_United_States_Tag_Team_Championship_%28Lightning_One_version%29 "NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Lightning One version)") is currently vacant, after previous champions The Immortals ([JR Kratos](/wiki/JR_Kratos "JR Kratos") and Odinson) relinquished the titles in order to challenge for the [NWA World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Tag_Team_Championship "NWA World Tag Team Championship") at [Hard Times 4](/wiki/NWA_Hard_Times_%282024%29 "NWA Hard Times (2024)").
### Women
The top singles championship specifically contested for female wrestlers is the [NWA World Women's Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Women%27s_Championship "NWA World Women's Championship"), which is currently held by [Kenzie Paige](/wiki/Kenzie_Paige "Kenzie Paige"), who defeated [Kamille](/wiki/Kamille_%28wrestler%29 "Kamille (wrestler)") on August 27, 2023, at the [NWA 75](/wiki/NWA_75th_Anniversary_Show "NWA 75th Anniversary Show").
The top championship for female tag teams is the [NWA World Women's Tag Team Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Women%27s_Tag_Team_Championship "NWA World Women's Tag Team Championship"), which is held by The King Bees (Charity King and Danni Bee), who defeated [Pretty Empowered](/wiki/Pretty_Empowered "Pretty Empowered") ([Ella Envy](/wiki/Ella_Envy "Ella Envy") and Kylie Page) on January 13, 2024, at Paranoia.
### Open
The [NWA World Television Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Television_Championship "NWA World Television Championship") is an open championship available to both men and women due to it being unified with the [NWA World Women's Television Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Women%27s_Television_Championship "NWA World Women's Television Championship"). It is currently held by first time champion [Max the Impaler](/wiki/Max_the_Impaler "Max the Impaler"), who as Women's TV Champion defeated Mims to [unify](/wiki/Championship_unification "Championship unification") the titles on January 13, 2024 at Paranoia.
|
[
"Overview\n--------",
"### Men",
"At the top of the National Wrestling Alliance's championship hierarchy is the [NWA World's Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_World%27s_Heavyweight_Championship \"NWA World's Heavyweight Championship\"). The championship is currently held by first time champion [Thom Latimer](/wiki/Thom_Latimer \"Thom Latimer\"), who defeated previous champion [EC3](/wiki/Ethan_Carter_III \"Ethan Carter III\") on August 31, 2024 at [NWA 76](/wiki/NWA_76th_Anniversary_Show \"NWA 76th Anniversary Show\").",
"The secondary title is the [NWA National Championship](/wiki/NWA_National_Championship \"NWA National Championship\"). The championship is currently held by \"Thrillbilly\" Silas Mason, who won the vacant title on August 26, 2023 on Night One of the [NWA 75](/wiki/NWA_75th_Anniversary_Show \"NWA 75th Anniversary Show\") by defeating [JR Kratos](/wiki/JR_Kratos \"JR Kratos\") and Odinson in a [triple threat match](/wiki/Triple_threat_match \"Triple threat match\").",
"On May 10, 2024, NWA President [Billy Corgan](/wiki/Billy_Corgan \"Billy Corgan\") announced that the NWA will reactivate the [Mid\\-America Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_Mid-America_Heavyweight_Championship \"NWA Mid-America Heavyweight Championship\") and a new champion will be crowned at their \"Back to the Territories\" event on June 1, 2024, in Knoxville, Tennessee.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.instagram.com/nwa/p/C6zVBGavUlJ \\| title\\=The Return of the NWA Mid\\-America Heavyweight Championship \\| work\\=Instagram \\| accessdate\\=May 10, 2024}}",
"The [NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship \"NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship\") is for wrestlers 220 lbs. and under. [Colby Corino](/wiki/Colby_Corino \"Colby Corino\") is the current champion in his first reign. He defeated [Kerry Morton](/wiki/Kerry_Morton \"Kerry Morton\") on August 26, 2023, on Night One of the [NWA 75](/wiki/NWA_75th_Anniversary_Show \"NWA 75th Anniversary Show\").",
"The [NWA World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Tag_Team_Championship \"NWA World Tag Team Championship\") is held by first\\-time champions Blunt Force Trauma ([Carnage](/wiki/Marshe_Rockett \"Marshe Rockett\") and [Damage](/wiki/Rodney_Mack \"Rodney Mack\")). They defeated [La Rebelión](/wiki/La_Rebeli%C3%B3n_Amarilla \"La Rebelión Amarilla\") ([Bestia 666](/wiki/Bestia_666 \"Bestia 666\") and [Mecha Wolf 450](/wiki/Mecha_Wolf_450 \"Mecha Wolf 450\")) on Night One of the [NWA 75](/wiki/NWA_75th_Anniversary_Show \"NWA 75th Anniversary Show\") on August 26, 2023\\.",
"The [NWA United States Tag Team Championship](/wiki/NWA_United_States_Tag_Team_Championship_%28Lightning_One_version%29 \"NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Lightning One version)\") is currently vacant, after previous champions The Immortals ([JR Kratos](/wiki/JR_Kratos \"JR Kratos\") and Odinson) relinquished the titles in order to challenge for the [NWA World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Tag_Team_Championship \"NWA World Tag Team Championship\") at [Hard Times 4](/wiki/NWA_Hard_Times_%282024%29 \"NWA Hard Times (2024)\").",
"### Women",
"The top singles championship specifically contested for female wrestlers is the [NWA World Women's Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Women%27s_Championship \"NWA World Women's Championship\"), which is currently held by [Kenzie Paige](/wiki/Kenzie_Paige \"Kenzie Paige\"), who defeated [Kamille](/wiki/Kamille_%28wrestler%29 \"Kamille (wrestler)\") on August 27, 2023, at the [NWA 75](/wiki/NWA_75th_Anniversary_Show \"NWA 75th Anniversary Show\").",
"The top championship for female tag teams is the [NWA World Women's Tag Team Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Women%27s_Tag_Team_Championship \"NWA World Women's Tag Team Championship\"), which is held by The King Bees (Charity King and Danni Bee), who defeated [Pretty Empowered](/wiki/Pretty_Empowered \"Pretty Empowered\") ([Ella Envy](/wiki/Ella_Envy \"Ella Envy\") and Kylie Page) on January 13, 2024, at Paranoia.",
"### Open",
"The [NWA World Television Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Television_Championship \"NWA World Television Championship\") is an open championship available to both men and women due to it being unified with the [NWA World Women's Television Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Women%27s_Television_Championship \"NWA World Women's Television Championship\"). It is currently held by first time champion [Max the Impaler](/wiki/Max_the_Impaler \"Max the Impaler\"), who as Women's TV Champion defeated Mims to [unify](/wiki/Championship_unification \"Championship unification\") the titles on January 13, 2024 at Paranoia.",
""
] |
### Men
At the top of the National Wrestling Alliance's championship hierarchy is the [NWA World's Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_World%27s_Heavyweight_Championship "NWA World's Heavyweight Championship"). The championship is currently held by first time champion [Thom Latimer](/wiki/Thom_Latimer "Thom Latimer"), who defeated previous champion [EC3](/wiki/Ethan_Carter_III "Ethan Carter III") on August 31, 2024 at [NWA 76](/wiki/NWA_76th_Anniversary_Show "NWA 76th Anniversary Show").
The secondary title is the [NWA National Championship](/wiki/NWA_National_Championship "NWA National Championship"). The championship is currently held by "Thrillbilly" Silas Mason, who won the vacant title on August 26, 2023 on Night One of the [NWA 75](/wiki/NWA_75th_Anniversary_Show "NWA 75th Anniversary Show") by defeating [JR Kratos](/wiki/JR_Kratos "JR Kratos") and Odinson in a [triple threat match](/wiki/Triple_threat_match "Triple threat match").
On May 10, 2024, NWA President [Billy Corgan](/wiki/Billy_Corgan "Billy Corgan") announced that the NWA will reactivate the [Mid\-America Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_Mid-America_Heavyweight_Championship "NWA Mid-America Heavyweight Championship") and a new champion will be crowned at their "Back to the Territories" event on June 1, 2024, in Knoxville, Tennessee.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.instagram.com/nwa/p/C6zVBGavUlJ \| title\=The Return of the NWA Mid\-America Heavyweight Championship \| work\=Instagram \| accessdate\=May 10, 2024}}
The [NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship "NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship") is for wrestlers 220 lbs. and under. [Colby Corino](/wiki/Colby_Corino "Colby Corino") is the current champion in his first reign. He defeated [Kerry Morton](/wiki/Kerry_Morton "Kerry Morton") on August 26, 2023, on Night One of the [NWA 75](/wiki/NWA_75th_Anniversary_Show "NWA 75th Anniversary Show").
The [NWA World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Tag_Team_Championship "NWA World Tag Team Championship") is held by first\-time champions Blunt Force Trauma ([Carnage](/wiki/Marshe_Rockett "Marshe Rockett") and [Damage](/wiki/Rodney_Mack "Rodney Mack")). They defeated [La Rebelión](/wiki/La_Rebeli%C3%B3n_Amarilla "La Rebelión Amarilla") ([Bestia 666](/wiki/Bestia_666 "Bestia 666") and [Mecha Wolf 450](/wiki/Mecha_Wolf_450 "Mecha Wolf 450")) on Night One of the [NWA 75](/wiki/NWA_75th_Anniversary_Show "NWA 75th Anniversary Show") on August 26, 2023\.
The [NWA United States Tag Team Championship](/wiki/NWA_United_States_Tag_Team_Championship_%28Lightning_One_version%29 "NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Lightning One version)") is currently vacant, after previous champions The Immortals ([JR Kratos](/wiki/JR_Kratos "JR Kratos") and Odinson) relinquished the titles in order to challenge for the [NWA World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Tag_Team_Championship "NWA World Tag Team Championship") at [Hard Times 4](/wiki/NWA_Hard_Times_%282024%29 "NWA Hard Times (2024)").
|
[
"### Men",
"At the top of the National Wrestling Alliance's championship hierarchy is the [NWA World's Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_World%27s_Heavyweight_Championship \"NWA World's Heavyweight Championship\"). The championship is currently held by first time champion [Thom Latimer](/wiki/Thom_Latimer \"Thom Latimer\"), who defeated previous champion [EC3](/wiki/Ethan_Carter_III \"Ethan Carter III\") on August 31, 2024 at [NWA 76](/wiki/NWA_76th_Anniversary_Show \"NWA 76th Anniversary Show\").",
"The secondary title is the [NWA National Championship](/wiki/NWA_National_Championship \"NWA National Championship\"). The championship is currently held by \"Thrillbilly\" Silas Mason, who won the vacant title on August 26, 2023 on Night One of the [NWA 75](/wiki/NWA_75th_Anniversary_Show \"NWA 75th Anniversary Show\") by defeating [JR Kratos](/wiki/JR_Kratos \"JR Kratos\") and Odinson in a [triple threat match](/wiki/Triple_threat_match \"Triple threat match\").",
"On May 10, 2024, NWA President [Billy Corgan](/wiki/Billy_Corgan \"Billy Corgan\") announced that the NWA will reactivate the [Mid\\-America Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_Mid-America_Heavyweight_Championship \"NWA Mid-America Heavyweight Championship\") and a new champion will be crowned at their \"Back to the Territories\" event on June 1, 2024, in Knoxville, Tennessee.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.instagram.com/nwa/p/C6zVBGavUlJ \\| title\\=The Return of the NWA Mid\\-America Heavyweight Championship \\| work\\=Instagram \\| accessdate\\=May 10, 2024}}",
"The [NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship \"NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship\") is for wrestlers 220 lbs. and under. [Colby Corino](/wiki/Colby_Corino \"Colby Corino\") is the current champion in his first reign. He defeated [Kerry Morton](/wiki/Kerry_Morton \"Kerry Morton\") on August 26, 2023, on Night One of the [NWA 75](/wiki/NWA_75th_Anniversary_Show \"NWA 75th Anniversary Show\").",
"The [NWA World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Tag_Team_Championship \"NWA World Tag Team Championship\") is held by first\\-time champions Blunt Force Trauma ([Carnage](/wiki/Marshe_Rockett \"Marshe Rockett\") and [Damage](/wiki/Rodney_Mack \"Rodney Mack\")). They defeated [La Rebelión](/wiki/La_Rebeli%C3%B3n_Amarilla \"La Rebelión Amarilla\") ([Bestia 666](/wiki/Bestia_666 \"Bestia 666\") and [Mecha Wolf 450](/wiki/Mecha_Wolf_450 \"Mecha Wolf 450\")) on Night One of the [NWA 75](/wiki/NWA_75th_Anniversary_Show \"NWA 75th Anniversary Show\") on August 26, 2023\\.",
"The [NWA United States Tag Team Championship](/wiki/NWA_United_States_Tag_Team_Championship_%28Lightning_One_version%29 \"NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Lightning One version)\") is currently vacant, after previous champions The Immortals ([JR Kratos](/wiki/JR_Kratos \"JR Kratos\") and Odinson) relinquished the titles in order to challenge for the [NWA World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Tag_Team_Championship \"NWA World Tag Team Championship\") at [Hard Times 4](/wiki/NWA_Hard_Times_%282024%29 \"NWA Hard Times (2024)\").",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1880\= 225
\|1890\= 663
\|1900\= 621
\|1910\= 625
\|1920\= 708
\|1930\= 723
\|1940\= 752
\|1950\= 807
\|1960\= 904
\|1970\= 1065
\|1980\= 1143
\|1990\= 1034
\|2000\= 1062
\|2010\= 1036
\|2020\= 968
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 4, 2015 }}
}}
[thumb\|right\|alt\=The population of Aurelia, Iowa from US census data\|The population of Aurelia, Iowa from US census data](/wiki/File:AureliaIowaPopPlot.png "AureliaIowaPopPlot.png")
### 2020 census
As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_census "United States census") of 2020,{{cite web \|title\=2020 Census \|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census/decade/2020/2020\-census\-main.html \|publisher\=United States Census Bureau}} there were 968 people, 402 households, and 271 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was 954\.3 inhabitants per square mile (368\.4/km2). There were 441 housing units at an average density of 434\.7 per square mile (167\.9/km2). The [racial](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States census") makeup of the city was 91\.3% [White](/wiki/White_Americans "White Americans"), 0\.0% [Black or African American](/wiki/African_Americans "African Americans"), 0\.8% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States"), 0\.1% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans"), 0\.6% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans "Pacific Islander Americans"), 2\.2% from other races and 5\.0% from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") persons of any race comprised 6\.6% of the population.
Of the 402 households, 26\.6% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53\.7% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 6\.7% were cohabitating couples, 22\.9% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 16\.7% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 32\.6% of all households were non\-families. 28\.9% of all households were made up of individuals, 15\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older.
The median age in the city was 43\.9 years. 25\.1% of the residents were under the age of 20; 4\.4% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 21\.7% were from 25 and 44; 23\.9% were from 45 and 64; and 24\.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49\.2% male and 50\.8% female.
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2012\-05\-11}} of 2010, there were 1,036 people, 426 households, and 299 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|996\.2\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 447 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|429\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96\.3% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.3% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.2% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.6% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 1\.6% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.0% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 2\.6% of the population.
There were 426 households, of which 27\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 7\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 2\.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29\.8% were non\-families. 26\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.35 and the average family size was 2\.84\.
The median age in the city was 45\.2 years. 22\.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20\.4% were from 25 to 44; 26\.4% were from 45 to 64; and 23\.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49\.5% male and 50\.5% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov \|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|accessdate\=2008\-01\-31 \|title\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 1,062 people, 424 households, and 295 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\|1,015\.2\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 469 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|448\.3\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\.87% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.09% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.19% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.75% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 0\.09% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.85% of the population.
There were 424 households, out of which 30\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 6\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30\.2% were non\-families. 27\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.36 and the average family size was 2\.88\.
23\.6% were under the age of 18, 5\.9% from 18 to 24, 23\.1% from 25 to 44, 18\.8% from 45 to 64, and 28\.5% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 91\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82\.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $37,250, and the median income for a family was $44,135\. Males had a median income of $30,259 versus $19,333 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $17,417\. About 3\.0% of families and 5\.7% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 6\.7% of those under age 18 and 4\.1% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1880\\= 225\n\\|1890\\= 663\n\\|1900\\= 621\n\\|1910\\= 625\n\\|1920\\= 708\n\\|1930\\= 723\n\\|1940\\= 752\n\\|1950\\= 807\n\\|1960\\= 904\n\\|1970\\= 1065\n\\|1980\\= 1143\n\\|1990\\= 1034\n\\|2000\\= 1062\n\\|2010\\= 1036\n\\|2020\\= 968\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2015 }}\n}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|alt\\=The population of Aurelia, Iowa from US census data\\|The population of Aurelia, Iowa from US census data](/wiki/File:AureliaIowaPopPlot.png \"AureliaIowaPopPlot.png\")",
"### 2020 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_census \"United States census\") of 2020,{{cite web \\|title\\=2020 Census \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census/decade/2020/2020\\-census\\-main.html \\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau}} there were 968 people, 402 households, and 271 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was 954\\.3 inhabitants per square mile (368\\.4/km2). There were 441 housing units at an average density of 434\\.7 per square mile (167\\.9/km2). The [racial](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census\") makeup of the city was 91\\.3% [White](/wiki/White_Americans \"White Americans\"), 0\\.0% [Black or African American](/wiki/African_Americans \"African Americans\"), 0\\.8% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\"), 0\\.1% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\"), 0\\.6% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans \"Pacific Islander Americans\"), 2\\.2% from other races and 5\\.0% from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") persons of any race comprised 6\\.6% of the population.",
"Of the 402 households, 26\\.6% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53\\.7% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 6\\.7% were cohabitating couples, 22\\.9% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 16\\.7% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 32\\.6% of all households were non\\-families. 28\\.9% of all households were made up of individuals, 15\\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older.",
"The median age in the city was 43\\.9 years. 25\\.1% of the residents were under the age of 20; 4\\.4% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 21\\.7% were from 25 and 44; 23\\.9% were from 45 and 64; and 24\\.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49\\.2% male and 50\\.8% female.",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-05\\-11}} of 2010, there were 1,036 people, 426 households, and 299 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|996\\.2\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 447 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|429\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96\\.3% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.3% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.2% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.6% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.6% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.0% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 2\\.6% of the population.",
"There were 426 households, of which 27\\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59\\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 7\\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 2\\.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29\\.8% were non\\-families. 26\\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13\\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.35 and the average family size was 2\\.84\\.",
"The median age in the city was 45\\.2 years. 22\\.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\\.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20\\.4% were from 25 to 44; 26\\.4% were from 45 to 64; and 23\\.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49\\.5% male and 50\\.5% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-01\\-31 \\|title\\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 1,062 people, 424 households, and 295 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|1,015\\.2\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 469 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|448\\.3\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\\.87% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.09% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.19% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.75% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.09% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.85% of the population.",
"There were 424 households, out of which 30\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 6\\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30\\.2% were non\\-families. 27\\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15\\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.36 and the average family size was 2\\.88\\.",
"23\\.6% were under the age of 18, 5\\.9% from 18 to 24, 23\\.1% from 25 to 44, 18\\.8% from 45 to 64, and 28\\.5% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 91\\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82\\.7 males.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $37,250, and the median income for a family was $44,135\\. Males had a median income of $30,259 versus $19,333 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $17,417\\. About 3\\.0% of families and 5\\.7% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 6\\.7% of those under age 18 and 4\\.1% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
WNBA career
-----------
Campbell was the 10th overall draft pick, selected by the [Phoenix Mercury](/wiki/Phoenix_Mercury "Phoenix Mercury") during the [1999 WNBA draft](/wiki/1999_WNBA_draft "1999 WNBA draft"). She was left unprotected in the expansion draft the following year, and was chosen by the [Seattle Storm](/wiki/Seattle_Storm "Seattle Storm"). She became the new franchise's go\-to option, but the team finished with a cellar\-dwelling 6–26 record.
The next year, the Storm drafted its first superstar, [Lauren Jackson](/wiki/Lauren_Jackson "Lauren Jackson"), and Campbell was traded to the [Sacramento Monarchs](/wiki/Sacramento_Monarchs "Sacramento Monarchs") for [Katy Steding](/wiki/Katy_Steding "Katy Steding") and a draft pick. During the second of her four seasons in Sacramento, Campbell was diagnosed with [breast cancer](/wiki/Breast_cancer "Breast cancer"). She received treatment and was welcomed back before the fans of her two most recent teams in the Monarchs' final game against Seattle during the 2002 season.
Campbell continued to play despite her diagnosis, and has become a symbol to survivors of the disease. She became the WNBA's national spokesperson for its anti\-cancer efforts with the [Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation](/wiki/Susan_G._Komen_Breast_Cancer_Foundation "Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation"). She received the league's [Kim Perrot Sportsmanship Award](/wiki/Kim_Perrot_Sportsmanship_Award "Kim Perrot Sportsmanship Award") in 2003\.
Campbell signed a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent "Free agent") contract with the [San Antonio Silver Stars](/wiki/San_Antonio_Silver_Stars "San Antonio Silver Stars") in 2005\. She played with the Silver Stars for that one season, before announcing her retirement from the WNBA on February 28, 2006\.
During the 2006 WNBA season, which honored nine years of the league's existence, Campbell's return from breast cancer was nominated by fans as *Most Inspirational* and one of the top four WNBA Anniversary decade moments.
|
[
"WNBA career\n-----------",
"Campbell was the 10th overall draft pick, selected by the [Phoenix Mercury](/wiki/Phoenix_Mercury \"Phoenix Mercury\") during the [1999 WNBA draft](/wiki/1999_WNBA_draft \"1999 WNBA draft\"). She was left unprotected in the expansion draft the following year, and was chosen by the [Seattle Storm](/wiki/Seattle_Storm \"Seattle Storm\"). She became the new franchise's go\\-to option, but the team finished with a cellar\\-dwelling 6–26 record.",
"The next year, the Storm drafted its first superstar, [Lauren Jackson](/wiki/Lauren_Jackson \"Lauren Jackson\"), and Campbell was traded to the [Sacramento Monarchs](/wiki/Sacramento_Monarchs \"Sacramento Monarchs\") for [Katy Steding](/wiki/Katy_Steding \"Katy Steding\") and a draft pick. During the second of her four seasons in Sacramento, Campbell was diagnosed with [breast cancer](/wiki/Breast_cancer \"Breast cancer\"). She received treatment and was welcomed back before the fans of her two most recent teams in the Monarchs' final game against Seattle during the 2002 season.",
"Campbell continued to play despite her diagnosis, and has become a symbol to survivors of the disease. She became the WNBA's national spokesperson for its anti\\-cancer efforts with the [Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation](/wiki/Susan_G._Komen_Breast_Cancer_Foundation \"Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation\"). She received the league's [Kim Perrot Sportsmanship Award](/wiki/Kim_Perrot_Sportsmanship_Award \"Kim Perrot Sportsmanship Award\") in 2003\\.",
"Campbell signed a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent \"Free agent\") contract with the [San Antonio Silver Stars](/wiki/San_Antonio_Silver_Stars \"San Antonio Silver Stars\") in 2005\\. She played with the Silver Stars for that one season, before announcing her retirement from the WNBA on February 28, 2006\\.",
"During the 2006 WNBA season, which honored nine years of the league's existence, Campbell's return from breast cancer was nominated by fans as *Most Inspirational* and one of the top four WNBA Anniversary decade moments.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Four sisters Alka, Anushka, Devyani, and Piya live with their father Narayan Shastri in [Kanpur](/wiki/Kanpur "Kanpur"). They lost their mother at a very young age and were raised single\-handedly by Narayan. They move to [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi "Delhi") after Narayan gets a job transfer, where they stay at his childhood friend Surinder Sareen's house. Surinder lives with his wife Minty and two sons, Neil and Rajat. Minty and Neil hate the sisters and try to oust them.
Narayan learns that Alka loves Rajeev, and thus takes a marriage proposal to Rajeev's father, but Narayan gets insulted instead. After knowing all this, Alka apologizes to Narayan. He fixes her alliance to his friend Harishankar's son, Rohan Pandey, and thus the two marry.
Both Anushka and Devyani fall in love with Rajat, who has feelings for Anushka. Neil falls in love with Devyani but she rejects him. When Rajat tries to confess his love for Anushka to his family, Minty and Nikki decide to seek revenge for Neil from Devyani. They create a misunderstanding and make everyone believe that Rajat loves Devyani. Everyone prepares for their engagement and when Anushka learns that Devyani also loves Rajat, she sacrifices her love for Devyani. Rajat learns on his engagement day that he is getting engaged to Devyani and he wants to tell her the truth, but is stopped by Anushka. Anushka makes Rajat promise her to become engaged to her sister and he reluctantly agrees. Rajat and Devyani become engaged. As Minty and Nikki's plan fail, they again try to expose Anushka and Rajat. This time they become successful. Devyani becomes heartbroken after knowing the truth and she insults Anushka, accusing her of taking her fiancé, but Anushka remains silent. Rajat criticises her for disrespecting her sister, and tells her that he loves Anushka and not her. Anushka refuses and says that Rajat is only Devyani's.
The next day, Surinder and Rajat learn about Minty and Nikki. Surinder ousts Nikki from the house and scolds Minty.
Rajat's ex\-girlfriend, Karishma, appears. To make Anushka jealous, Rajat announces his marriage to Karishma, but Anushka remains focused on her relationship with her sister. Later, Devyani tries to convince Anushka to stop Rajat's marriage and discusses this matter with Rajat, who insists that Anushka should profess her love for him first. He is later arrested and Anushka is blamed for his arrest. It is revealed that Karishma is responsible.
Rajat and Anushka finally marry. Neil is forced by Minty to marry her friend Leela's daughter, Kajal, which upsets Devyani, who decides to work with Alka. Someone attacks Devyani at work and she suspects Neil's involvement. Anushka blames Neil for hurting Devyani, but he insists that he is innocent. After three days everyone returns home and Neil returns from jail.
Kajal is revealed to have married Neil only for his property, so Minty scolds her and ends her relationship with Neil. Kajal pushes Anushka off a cliff, and Rajat is kidnapped.
One year later, the Sareens and Shastris celebrate. Rajat and Devyani begin the wedding ceremony, but Anushka is revealed to be alive.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Four sisters Alka, Anushka, Devyani, and Piya live with their father Narayan Shastri in [Kanpur](/wiki/Kanpur \"Kanpur\"). They lost their mother at a very young age and were raised single\\-handedly by Narayan. They move to [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi \"Delhi\") after Narayan gets a job transfer, where they stay at his childhood friend Surinder Sareen's house. Surinder lives with his wife Minty and two sons, Neil and Rajat. Minty and Neil hate the sisters and try to oust them.",
"Narayan learns that Alka loves Rajeev, and thus takes a marriage proposal to Rajeev's father, but Narayan gets insulted instead. After knowing all this, Alka apologizes to Narayan. He fixes her alliance to his friend Harishankar's son, Rohan Pandey, and thus the two marry.",
"Both Anushka and Devyani fall in love with Rajat, who has feelings for Anushka. Neil falls in love with Devyani but she rejects him. When Rajat tries to confess his love for Anushka to his family, Minty and Nikki decide to seek revenge for Neil from Devyani. They create a misunderstanding and make everyone believe that Rajat loves Devyani. Everyone prepares for their engagement and when Anushka learns that Devyani also loves Rajat, she sacrifices her love for Devyani. Rajat learns on his engagement day that he is getting engaged to Devyani and he wants to tell her the truth, but is stopped by Anushka. Anushka makes Rajat promise her to become engaged to her sister and he reluctantly agrees. Rajat and Devyani become engaged. As Minty and Nikki's plan fail, they again try to expose Anushka and Rajat. This time they become successful. Devyani becomes heartbroken after knowing the truth and she insults Anushka, accusing her of taking her fiancé, but Anushka remains silent. Rajat criticises her for disrespecting her sister, and tells her that he loves Anushka and not her. Anushka refuses and says that Rajat is only Devyani's.",
"The next day, Surinder and Rajat learn about Minty and Nikki. Surinder ousts Nikki from the house and scolds Minty.",
"Rajat's ex\\-girlfriend, Karishma, appears. To make Anushka jealous, Rajat announces his marriage to Karishma, but Anushka remains focused on her relationship with her sister. Later, Devyani tries to convince Anushka to stop Rajat's marriage and discusses this matter with Rajat, who insists that Anushka should profess her love for him first. He is later arrested and Anushka is blamed for his arrest. It is revealed that Karishma is responsible.",
"Rajat and Anushka finally marry. Neil is forced by Minty to marry her friend Leela's daughter, Kajal, which upsets Devyani, who decides to work with Alka. Someone attacks Devyani at work and she suspects Neil's involvement. Anushka blames Neil for hurting Devyani, but he insists that he is innocent. After three days everyone returns home and Neil returns from jail.",
"Kajal is revealed to have married Neil only for his property, so Minty scolds her and ends her relationship with Neil. Kajal pushes Anushka off a cliff, and Rajat is kidnapped.",
"One year later, the Sareens and Shastris celebrate. Rajat and Devyani begin the wedding ceremony, but Anushka is revealed to be alive.",
""
] |
History
-------
The former Cairns Customs House was erected in 1936\-37 by the [Australian Government](/wiki/Australian_Government "Australian Government") through the Public Works branch of the Department of the Interior, largely as an employment\-generating initiative during the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Australia "Great Depression in Australia"). It was the third customs house on the site.
The customs reserve at Cairns was the first land surveyed after proclamation of the port of Cairns on 1 November 1876\. The reserve of just over {{convert\|1\.2\|ha}} included the whole of the land bounded by Abbott, Spence and Wharf Streets and the Esplanade.
By July 1877 the first customs buildings were completed at what was then known as [Trinity Bay](/wiki/Trinity_Bay_%28Queensland%29 "Trinity Bay (Queensland)"), but the site was not proclaimed a customs reserve (temporary) until 1886\. The buildings faced the Esplanade, and included a customs house, [bond store](/wiki/Bonded_warehouse "Bonded warehouse") and the sub\-collector of customs' residence.
[left\|thumb\|Cairns Custom House, circa 1905](/wiki/File:Cairns_Custom_House_ca._1905.tiff "Cairns Custom House ca. 1905.tiff")
In 1889 a new, single\-storeyed timber building with a frontage to Abbott Street replaced the first customs house, which was converted to a bond store. In the same year the site was proclaimed a permanent reserve for customs purposes.
As part of the [Federation of Australia](/wiki/Federation_of_Australia "Federation of Australia"), the customs reserve became the property of the Australian Government, and was occupied by the Department of Trade \& Customs. In 1905 it was subdivided into three allotments, two being revested with the state government. Allotment 2, with frontages to the Esplanade and Abbott Street, became customs reserve R.293\. This site contained the 1889 customs house and a bond store (1876 customs house). The latter was extended in the early part of the twentieth century.
The present Customs House was constructed on the site during the large\-scale interwar redevelopment of Cairns, in which the city centre was virtually rebuilt. This building boom was in part a consequence of severe cyclone damage suffered by the city in [1920](/wiki/1920_Cairns_cyclone "1920 Cairns cyclone") and [1927](/wiki/1927_Cairns_cyclone "1927 Cairns cyclone"). Also it was a reflection of a developing economy sustained by the introduction of a post\-1918 [Soldier Settlement Scheme](/wiki/Soldier_settlements_in_Queensland "Soldier settlements in Queensland") to the [Atherton Tableland](/wiki/Atherton_Tableland "Atherton Tableland"), and the opening of the [North Coast rail link](/wiki/North_Coast_railway_line%2C_Queensland "North Coast railway line, Queensland") between Cairns and [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane") in 1924\. Cairns became the northern terminus of the coastal railway, and functioned as a service town for sugar, mining, maize, dairying, timber and fruit growing.
By the late 1930s, Cairns had become the third largest port in Queensland.
Plans for a two\-storeyed masonry customs building were prepared by architect [Robert Henry Bowen](/wiki/Robert_Henry_Bowen "Robert Henry Bowen") of Commonwealth Public Works, Queensland, in 1936\. The ground floor contained offices, and the upper floor provided residential accommodation for the sub\-collector of customs. It was constructed in 1936\-37 by local building contractors Watkins \& Deal, at a cost of {{A£\|8,500}}.
The building was erected on the same Abbott Street site as the preceding customs house, which was relocated to the backyard to provide temporary office accommodation while the new building was being constructed. The 1889 building was removed/demolished at a later date.
Plans for a new bond store on the site were prepared in mid\-1939\. The first customs house/bond store appears to have been removed to accommodate the new building, which was erected by 1941\.
In 1970 the first floor residence in the customs house was vacated to accommodate increased office staff, and in 1989 the customs department removed to a new building in Aplin Street.
Between 1986 and 1991 the bond store was occupied by the [Queensland Government](/wiki/Government_of_Queensland "Government of Queensland")'s National Parks and Wildlife Service. The site was purchased by [Suncorp](/wiki/Suncorp_Group "Suncorp Group") in 1987\.
In 1992, the Queensland Government called for submissions to build and operate a casino in Cairns on the site.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.reefcasino.com.au/reefcasinotrust\-en.html\|title\=The Reef Casino Trust\|website\=The Reef Hotel Casino\|access\-date\=11 April 2015}} The Cairns Customs House became part of the development of [The Reef Hotel Casino](/wiki/The_Reef_Hotel_Casino "The Reef Hotel Casino") where it now operates as a Cafe China Noodle Bar, a Chinese restaurant.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.reefcasino.com.au/dine\|title\=Cafè China Noodle Bar\|website\=The Reef Hotel Casino\|access\-date\=20 May 2017}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The former Cairns Customs House was erected in 1936\\-37 by the [Australian Government](/wiki/Australian_Government \"Australian Government\") through the Public Works branch of the Department of the Interior, largely as an employment\\-generating initiative during the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Australia \"Great Depression in Australia\"). It was the third customs house on the site.",
"The customs reserve at Cairns was the first land surveyed after proclamation of the port of Cairns on 1 November 1876\\. The reserve of just over {{convert\\|1\\.2\\|ha}} included the whole of the land bounded by Abbott, Spence and Wharf Streets and the Esplanade.",
"By July 1877 the first customs buildings were completed at what was then known as [Trinity Bay](/wiki/Trinity_Bay_%28Queensland%29 \"Trinity Bay (Queensland)\"), but the site was not proclaimed a customs reserve (temporary) until 1886\\. The buildings faced the Esplanade, and included a customs house, [bond store](/wiki/Bonded_warehouse \"Bonded warehouse\") and the sub\\-collector of customs' residence.\n[left\\|thumb\\|Cairns Custom House, circa 1905](/wiki/File:Cairns_Custom_House_ca._1905.tiff \"Cairns Custom House ca. 1905.tiff\")\nIn 1889 a new, single\\-storeyed timber building with a frontage to Abbott Street replaced the first customs house, which was converted to a bond store. In the same year the site was proclaimed a permanent reserve for customs purposes.",
"As part of the [Federation of Australia](/wiki/Federation_of_Australia \"Federation of Australia\"), the customs reserve became the property of the Australian Government, and was occupied by the Department of Trade \\& Customs. In 1905 it was subdivided into three allotments, two being revested with the state government. Allotment 2, with frontages to the Esplanade and Abbott Street, became customs reserve R.293\\. This site contained the 1889 customs house and a bond store (1876 customs house). The latter was extended in the early part of the twentieth century.",
"The present Customs House was constructed on the site during the large\\-scale interwar redevelopment of Cairns, in which the city centre was virtually rebuilt. This building boom was in part a consequence of severe cyclone damage suffered by the city in [1920](/wiki/1920_Cairns_cyclone \"1920 Cairns cyclone\") and [1927](/wiki/1927_Cairns_cyclone \"1927 Cairns cyclone\"). Also it was a reflection of a developing economy sustained by the introduction of a post\\-1918 [Soldier Settlement Scheme](/wiki/Soldier_settlements_in_Queensland \"Soldier settlements in Queensland\") to the [Atherton Tableland](/wiki/Atherton_Tableland \"Atherton Tableland\"), and the opening of the [North Coast rail link](/wiki/North_Coast_railway_line%2C_Queensland \"North Coast railway line, Queensland\") between Cairns and [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\") in 1924\\. Cairns became the northern terminus of the coastal railway, and functioned as a service town for sugar, mining, maize, dairying, timber and fruit growing.",
"By the late 1930s, Cairns had become the third largest port in Queensland.",
"Plans for a two\\-storeyed masonry customs building were prepared by architect [Robert Henry Bowen](/wiki/Robert_Henry_Bowen \"Robert Henry Bowen\") of Commonwealth Public Works, Queensland, in 1936\\. The ground floor contained offices, and the upper floor provided residential accommodation for the sub\\-collector of customs. It was constructed in 1936\\-37 by local building contractors Watkins \\& Deal, at a cost of {{A£\\|8,500}}.",
"The building was erected on the same Abbott Street site as the preceding customs house, which was relocated to the backyard to provide temporary office accommodation while the new building was being constructed. The 1889 building was removed/demolished at a later date.",
"Plans for a new bond store on the site were prepared in mid\\-1939\\. The first customs house/bond store appears to have been removed to accommodate the new building, which was erected by 1941\\.",
"In 1970 the first floor residence in the customs house was vacated to accommodate increased office staff, and in 1989 the customs department removed to a new building in Aplin Street.",
"Between 1986 and 1991 the bond store was occupied by the [Queensland Government](/wiki/Government_of_Queensland \"Government of Queensland\")'s National Parks and Wildlife Service. The site was purchased by [Suncorp](/wiki/Suncorp_Group \"Suncorp Group\") in 1987\\.",
"In 1992, the Queensland Government called for submissions to build and operate a casino in Cairns on the site.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.reefcasino.com.au/reefcasinotrust\\-en.html\\|title\\=The Reef Casino Trust\\|website\\=The Reef Hotel Casino\\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2015}} The Cairns Customs House became part of the development of [The Reef Hotel Casino](/wiki/The_Reef_Hotel_Casino \"The Reef Hotel Casino\") where it now operates as a Cafe China Noodle Bar, a Chinese restaurant.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.reefcasino.com.au/dine\\|title\\=Cafè China Noodle Bar\\|website\\=The Reef Hotel Casino\\|access\\-date\\=20 May 2017}}",
""
] |
Description
-----------
The former customs reserve occupies a 2,656 square metre site at the southern end of the city centre, with frontages to Abbott Street (the principal commercial axis) and the Esplanade. The main building of The Reef Hotel Casino is built around it.
### Former Customs House (1936–37\)
An inter\-war two\-storeyed rendered cavity brick building, with hipped terracotta tiled roof. The building is square in plan with a projecting entrance [portico](/wiki/Portico "Portico") and [balcony](/wiki/Balcony "Balcony"). The entrance [facade](/wiki/Facade "Facade") to Abbott Street is decorated with moulded details that are classically derived including double height [pilasters](/wiki/Pilasters "Pilasters"), which rise to a stepped parapet. On the upper level of the Abbott Street elevation all the openings have timber shutters. All the windows and French doors in the building are multi\-paned.
Internally the ground floor contains the Long Room and four offices, with the upper floor being residential accommodation of seven principal rooms. All the rooms on both levels open out onto verandahs and balconies. The building contains most of its original finishes and fittings. The Long Room has a decorative moulded plaster [cornice](/wiki/Cornice "Cornice") and pilasters. All the joinery throughout the building is silky oak.
### Former Bond Store ({{circa\|1940}})
Designed to complement the former Customs House, the former Bond Store is a single\-storeyed rendered cavity brick building, with a suspended concrete slab floor and a terracotta tiled roof. The interior has been renovated.
The grounds contain a number of mature shade trees and the site also includes garages and [sheds](/wiki/Sheds "Sheds").
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"The former customs reserve occupies a 2,656 square metre site at the southern end of the city centre, with frontages to Abbott Street (the principal commercial axis) and the Esplanade. The main building of The Reef Hotel Casino is built around it.",
"### Former Customs House (1936–37\\)",
"An inter\\-war two\\-storeyed rendered cavity brick building, with hipped terracotta tiled roof. The building is square in plan with a projecting entrance [portico](/wiki/Portico \"Portico\") and [balcony](/wiki/Balcony \"Balcony\"). The entrance [facade](/wiki/Facade \"Facade\") to Abbott Street is decorated with moulded details that are classically derived including double height [pilasters](/wiki/Pilasters \"Pilasters\"), which rise to a stepped parapet. On the upper level of the Abbott Street elevation all the openings have timber shutters. All the windows and French doors in the building are multi\\-paned.",
"Internally the ground floor contains the Long Room and four offices, with the upper floor being residential accommodation of seven principal rooms. All the rooms on both levels open out onto verandahs and balconies. The building contains most of its original finishes and fittings. The Long Room has a decorative moulded plaster [cornice](/wiki/Cornice \"Cornice\") and pilasters. All the joinery throughout the building is silky oak.",
"### Former Bond Store ({{circa\\|1940}})",
"Designed to complement the former Customs House, the former Bond Store is a single\\-storeyed rendered cavity brick building, with a suspended concrete slab floor and a terracotta tiled roof. The interior has been renovated.",
"The grounds contain a number of mature shade trees and the site also includes garages and [sheds](/wiki/Sheds \"Sheds\").",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|align\=left
\|1880\= 135
\|1910\= 575
\|1920\= 570
\|1930\= 628
\|1940\= 487
\|1950\= 368
\|1960\= 340
\|1970\= 289
\|1980\= 286
\|1990\= 206
\|2000\= 183
\|2010\= 139
\|2020\= 101
\|estyear\=
\|estimate\=
\|estref\=
\|align\-fn\=center
\|footnote\=\[https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html U.S. Decennial Census]
}}
### 2020 census
The [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census "2020 United States census") counted 101 people, 39 households, and 24 families in Peru.{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table P16: HOUSEHOLD TYPE \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table?q\=Peru%20city,%20Kansas%20p16\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}} The population density was 311\.7 per square mile (120\.4/km{{sup\|2}}). There were 75 housing units at an average density of 231\.5 per square mile (89\.4/km{{sup\|2}}).{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table DP1: PROFILE OF GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020\.DP1?q\=Peru%20city,%20Kansas%20dp1 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}}{{Cite web \|last\=Bureau \|first\=US Census \|title\=Gazetteer Files \|url\=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference\-files/2020/geo/gazetter\-file.html \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-30 \|website\=Census.gov}} The racial makeup was 88\.12% (89\) [white](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)") or [European American](/wiki/European_American "European American") (87\.13% [non\-Hispanic white](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_White "Non-Hispanic White")), 0\.0% (0\) [black](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)") or [African\-American](/wiki/African_American "African American"), 0\.99% (1\) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native "Alaska Native"), 0\.0% (0\) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.0% (0\) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)") or [Native Hawaiian](/wiki/Native_Hawaiian "Native Hawaiian"), 0\.99% (1\) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 9\.9% (10\) from [two or more races](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans").{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table P1: RACE \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\.P1?q\=Peru%20city,%20Kansas%20p1\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}} [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race was 3\.96% (4\) of the population.{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\.P2?q\=Peru%20city,%20Kansas%20p2\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}}
Of the 39 households, 20\.5% had children under the age of 18; 51\.3% were married couples living together; 7\.7% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 35\.9% of households consisted of individuals and 5\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1\.9 and the average family size was 2\.6\.{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S1101: HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S1101?q\=Peru%20city,%20Kansas%20s1101%20\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}} The percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher was estimated to be 14\.9% of the population.{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S1501: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S1501?q\=Peru%20city,%20Kansas%20s1501%20\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}}
17\.8% of the population was under the age of 18, 6\.9% from 18 to 24, 20\.8% from 25 to 44, 33\.7% from 45 to 64, and 20\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52\.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 77\.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 76\.6 males.
The 2016\-2020 5\-year [American Community Survey](/wiki/American_Community_Survey "American Community Survey") estimates show that the median household income was $31,731 (with a margin of error of \+/\- $11,776\) and the median family income was $31,827 (\+/\- $14,782\).{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S1903: MEDIAN INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION\-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S1903?q\=Peru%20city,%20Kansas%20s1903%20\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}} Males had a median income of $30,729 (\+/\- $21,018\) versus $27,750 (\+/\- $16,431\) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $29,500 (\+/\- $13,049\).{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S2001: EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION\-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S2001?q\=Peru%20city,%20Kansas%20s2001%20\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}} Approximately, 4\.7% of families and 12\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 12\.5% of those under the age of 18 and 15\.9% of those ages 65 or over.{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S1701: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S1701?q\=Peru%20city,%20Kansas%20s1701%20\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}}{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S1702: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS OF FAMILIES \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S1702?q\=Peru%20city,%20Kansas%20s1702\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2012\-07\-06}} of 2010, there were 139 people, 67 households, and 36 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|434\.4\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 99 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|309\.4\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 82\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 8\.6% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.7% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 8\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 3\.6% of the population.
There were 67 households, of which 19\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 3\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 3\.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46\.3% were non\-families. 43\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.07 and the average family size was 2\.81\.
The median age in the city was 49\.3 years. 16\.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 11\.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 14\.4% were from 25 to 44; 35\.3% were from 45 to 64; and 22\.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 54\.7% male and 45\.3% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2008\-01\-31\|title\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 183 people, 87 households, and 50 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\|485\.3\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 101 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|267\.9\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 92\.35% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 1\.64% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 4\.37% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.64% from two or more races.
There were 87 households, out of which 23\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 9\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42\.5% were non\-families. 40\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.10 and the average family size was 2\.78\.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 23\.0% under the age of 18, 4\.9% from 18 to 24, 24\.6% from 25 to 44, 24\.6% from 45 to 64, and 23\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 90\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101\.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $25,208, and the median income for a family was $31,875\. Males had a median income of $15,625 versus $12,143 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $13,810\. About 6\.4% of families and 11\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 13\.3% of those under the age of eighteen and 8\.3% of those 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|align\\=left\n\\|1880\\= 135\n\\|1910\\= 575\n\\|1920\\= 570\n\\|1930\\= 628\n\\|1940\\= 487\n\\|1950\\= 368\n\\|1960\\= 340\n\\|1970\\= 289\n\\|1980\\= 286\n\\|1990\\= 206\n\\|2000\\= 183\n\\|2010\\= 139\n\\|2020\\= 101\n\\|estyear\\=\n\\|estimate\\=\n\\|estref\\=\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=\\[https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html U.S. Decennial Census]\n}}\n### 2020 census",
"The [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\") counted 101 people, 39 households, and 24 families in Peru.{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table P16: HOUSEHOLD TYPE \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table?q\\=Peru%20city,%20Kansas%20p16\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} The population density was 311\\.7 per square mile (120\\.4/km{{sup\\|2}}). There were 75 housing units at an average density of 231\\.5 per square mile (89\\.4/km{{sup\\|2}}).{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table DP1: PROFILE OF GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020\\.DP1?q\\=Peru%20city,%20Kansas%20dp1 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Bureau \\|first\\=US Census \\|title\\=Gazetteer Files \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference\\-files/2020/geo/gazetter\\-file.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-30 \\|website\\=Census.gov}} The racial makeup was 88\\.12% (89\\) [white](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") or [European American](/wiki/European_American \"European American\") (87\\.13% [non\\-Hispanic white](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_White \"Non-Hispanic White\")), 0\\.0% (0\\) [black](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\") or [African\\-American](/wiki/African_American \"African American\"), 0\\.99% (1\\) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native \"Alaska Native\"), 0\\.0% (0\\) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.0% (0\\) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\") or [Native Hawaiian](/wiki/Native_Hawaiian \"Native Hawaiian\"), 0\\.99% (1\\) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 9\\.9% (10\\) from [two or more races](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table P1: RACE \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\\.P1?q\\=Peru%20city,%20Kansas%20p1\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race was 3\\.96% (4\\) of the population.{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2?q\\=Peru%20city,%20Kansas%20p2\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}}",
"Of the 39 households, 20\\.5% had children under the age of 18; 51\\.3% were married couples living together; 7\\.7% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 35\\.9% of households consisted of individuals and 5\\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1\\.9 and the average family size was 2\\.6\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S1101: HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S1101?q\\=Peru%20city,%20Kansas%20s1101%20\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} The percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher was estimated to be 14\\.9% of the population.{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S1501: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S1501?q\\=Peru%20city,%20Kansas%20s1501%20\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}}",
"17\\.8% of the population was under the age of 18, 6\\.9% from 18 to 24, 20\\.8% from 25 to 44, 33\\.7% from 45 to 64, and 20\\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52\\.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 77\\.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 76\\.6 males.",
"The 2016\\-2020 5\\-year [American Community Survey](/wiki/American_Community_Survey \"American Community Survey\") estimates show that the median household income was $31,731 (with a margin of error of \\+/\\- $11,776\\) and the median family income was $31,827 (\\+/\\- $14,782\\).{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S1903: MEDIAN INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION\\-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S1903?q\\=Peru%20city,%20Kansas%20s1903%20\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} Males had a median income of $30,729 (\\+/\\- $21,018\\) versus $27,750 (\\+/\\- $16,431\\) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $29,500 (\\+/\\- $13,049\\).{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S2001: EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION\\-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S2001?q\\=Peru%20city,%20Kansas%20s2001%20\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} Approximately, 4\\.7% of families and 12\\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 12\\.5% of those under the age of 18 and 15\\.9% of those ages 65 or over.{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S1701: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S1701?q\\=Peru%20city,%20Kansas%20s1701%20\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S1702: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS OF FAMILIES \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S1702?q\\=Peru%20city,%20Kansas%20s1702\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-07\\-06}} of 2010, there were 139 people, 67 households, and 36 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|434\\.4\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 99 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|309\\.4\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 82\\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 8\\.6% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.7% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 8\\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 3\\.6% of the population.",
"There were 67 households, of which 19\\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47\\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 3\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 3\\.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46\\.3% were non\\-families. 43\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.07 and the average family size was 2\\.81\\.",
"The median age in the city was 49\\.3 years. 16\\.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 11\\.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 14\\.4% were from 25 to 44; 35\\.3% were from 45 to 64; and 22\\.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 54\\.7% male and 45\\.3% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-01\\-31\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 183 people, 87 households, and 50 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|485\\.3\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 101 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|267\\.9\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 92\\.35% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.64% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 4\\.37% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.64% from two or more races.",
"There were 87 households, out of which 23\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39\\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 9\\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42\\.5% were non\\-families. 40\\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21\\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.10 and the average family size was 2\\.78\\.",
"In the city, the population was spread out, with 23\\.0% under the age of 18, 4\\.9% from 18 to 24, 24\\.6% from 25 to 44, 24\\.6% from 45 to 64, and 23\\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 90\\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101\\.4 males.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $25,208, and the median income for a family was $31,875\\. Males had a median income of $15,625 versus $12,143 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $13,810\\. About 6\\.4% of families and 11\\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 13\\.3% of those under the age of eighteen and 8\\.3% of those 65 or over.",
""
] |
Improvements
------------
{{unreferenced section\|date\=December 2023}}
The original facility was located in [Morris](/wiki/Morris%2C_Alabama "Morris, Alabama"), with the property directly adjacent to the city limits of Kimberly. This site was occupied until the end of the 2010\-11 school year.
The original building of five rooms soon became inadequate and a frame building of eight rooms was added. The first water system for the school was installed during the early 1930s. Alabama By\-Product Corporation in Majestic donated the pump and water filter to the school using Turkey Creek as the water source. A teacher and some students installed the system, and water fountains were placed outside the building. Between the years of 1937 and 1941 indoor plumbing and restrooms were installed.
The "old gym" was built by the WPA during 1936 and 1937, around the same time the lunchroom program was established. The first Miss Mortimer Jordan, now Miss Torch, was elected in 1937\. Stage curtains were purchased for the gym stage with the proceeds from the pageant.
During the early 1950s, a then up\-to\-date football and athletic field was constructed. Restrooms in the football stadium were added in 1962\.
During the 1960s, Gardendale High School was established south of Morris in Gardendale. Until that time, students in the Gardendale area attended Mortimer Jordan High School. Gardendale based students were phased out in the mid\-to\-late 1960s. MJ senior high school students from Gardendale were allowed to finish senior high school at Mortimer Jordan if they desired or could transfer to Gardendale. Many chose to finish at MJ. Buses to MJ ran routes through Gardendale for several years concurrent with buses to Gardendale until the phase out was completed in 1968\-69\.
In its last incarnation at the Morris site, the school consisted of a multi\-complex that included two gymnasiums, academic classrooms, and a lunchroom. A music department (band and choir), homemaking department, business education department, and student counseling service were added.
A brand new Mortimer Jordan High School was built on Bone Dry Road, approximately four miles from the old site. It opened in the fall of 2011\. The new site, one of a series of new high schools built during the period by the Jefferson County Schools, consists of classroom buildings, an athletics field house, and two fields for football, baseball and softball. A competition and a practice gymnasium, as well as greatly enlarged practice facilities for wrestling, are also included.
The original site in Morris was converted into the William E. Burkett Center for handicapped students; the W.E.B.C. moved from its original location near Fultondale to the original MJHS campus at the beginning of the 2012\-13 school year.
|
[
"Improvements\n------------",
"{{unreferenced section\\|date\\=December 2023}}\nThe original facility was located in [Morris](/wiki/Morris%2C_Alabama \"Morris, Alabama\"), with the property directly adjacent to the city limits of Kimberly. This site was occupied until the end of the 2010\\-11 school year.",
"The original building of five rooms soon became inadequate and a frame building of eight rooms was added. The first water system for the school was installed during the early 1930s. Alabama By\\-Product Corporation in Majestic donated the pump and water filter to the school using Turkey Creek as the water source. A teacher and some students installed the system, and water fountains were placed outside the building. Between the years of 1937 and 1941 indoor plumbing and restrooms were installed.",
"The \"old gym\" was built by the WPA during 1936 and 1937, around the same time the lunchroom program was established. The first Miss Mortimer Jordan, now Miss Torch, was elected in 1937\\. Stage curtains were purchased for the gym stage with the proceeds from the pageant.",
"During the early 1950s, a then up\\-to\\-date football and athletic field was constructed. Restrooms in the football stadium were added in 1962\\.",
"During the 1960s, Gardendale High School was established south of Morris in Gardendale. Until that time, students in the Gardendale area attended Mortimer Jordan High School. Gardendale based students were phased out in the mid\\-to\\-late 1960s. MJ senior high school students from Gardendale were allowed to finish senior high school at Mortimer Jordan if they desired or could transfer to Gardendale. Many chose to finish at MJ. Buses to MJ ran routes through Gardendale for several years concurrent with buses to Gardendale until the phase out was completed in 1968\\-69\\.",
"In its last incarnation at the Morris site, the school consisted of a multi\\-complex that included two gymnasiums, academic classrooms, and a lunchroom. A music department (band and choir), homemaking department, business education department, and student counseling service were added.",
"A brand new Mortimer Jordan High School was built on Bone Dry Road, approximately four miles from the old site. It opened in the fall of 2011\\. The new site, one of a series of new high schools built during the period by the Jefferson County Schools, consists of classroom buildings, an athletics field house, and two fields for football, baseball and softball. A competition and a practice gymnasium, as well as greatly enlarged practice facilities for wrestling, are also included.",
"The original site in Morris was converted into the William E. Burkett Center for handicapped students; the W.E.B.C. moved from its original location near Fultondale to the original MJHS campus at the beginning of the 2012\\-13 school year.",
""
] |
Breed recognition history up till 2010{{Needs source\|date\=August 2024\|reason\=Unreliable sources, perhaps independent research}}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Despite the non\-conformance to the modern Persian breed standards, some breeders, and in particular those that practiced controlled color\-breeding, continued to breed and register their original longhair cats.
The following attempts were made to restore the original longhairs as breed in their own right, namely:
1. **Sterling** in the International Cat Cat Association (TICA) (Feb 1994 \- Sep 1995\), and continued in the International Cat Exhibitors (ICE) in 1998;
2. **Chinchilla Longhair** in the South African Cat Council (SACC) in 1996;{{cite web\|title\=Chinchilla Longhair\|url\=https://www.tsacc.org.za/\_files/ugd/643c02\_07776c416ab54008b2ba9fb2eb075229\.pdf\|website\=TSAAC (South African Cat Council\|access\-date\=6 December 2023\|archive\-date\=4 February 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204024135/https://www.tsacc.org.za/\_files/ugd/643c02\_07776c416ab54008b2ba9fb2eb075229\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}}
3. **Traditional Longhair** (silver and golden) in the World Cat Federation (WCF) {{cite web\|url\=https://wcf.de/pdf\-en/breed/TLH\_en\_2011\-01\-01\.pdf\|title\=Traditional Longhair Silver and Golden\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-06\|archive\-date\=2023\-05\-06\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506210033/https://wcf.de/pdf\-en/breed/TLH\_en\_2011\-01\-01\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}} in 2010\.
### Sterling standard
There is some confusion around the name "Sterling".
In the International Cat Association (TICA),{{cite web\|website\=International Cat Association (TICA)\|url\=https://www.tica.org/resources/our\-cat\-section/our\-cats\-breeds?view\=article\&id\=841:exotic\-shorthair\-breed\&catid\=79\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-06\|archive\-date\=2021\-09\-27\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927043346/https://tica.org/resources/our\-cat\-section/our\-cats\-breeds?view\=article\&id\=841:exotic\-shorthair\-breed\&catid\=79\|title\=Exotic Shorthair Breed\|url\-status\=live}} there were some American Shorthair breeders who bred to Persians to obtain their silver color and green eyes. The kittens were attractive but did not meet the true American Shorthair type. [Jane Martinke](/wiki/Jane_Martinke "Jane Martinke") noticed the effect the outcrosses had on the American type and coat as well as the attractiveness of the kittens. She proposed a new breed, called the "Sterling"{{r\|TICA}} because of their silver color. These new cats were bred to look like Persians but with a short, dense plush coat. The name was changed to "Exotic Shorthair" when all colors were accepted in 1979\.
In September 1992 the "English Sterling" as a New Breed was presented by Jeanne Johnson at the TICA 13th Annual Meeting. Follow\-up work resulted in the breed with the name "Sterling" (without 'English' in front) was accepted as Category 1 in TICA in Feb 1994\. (Category 1 in TICA means "Established Breeds".) The Sterling had Category 1 status only for 18 months, before it was scrapped in total by TICA in September 1995\. The assumed reason is that there was a lack of buy\-in from enough fellow breeders as required by TICA breed recognition rules. Despite this set\-back, Jeannie Johnson continued by getting the "Sterling" accepted by the International Cat Exhibitors (ICE) for championship status in 1998\. The breed had its own registry under the International Sterling Society. However, not many breeders of chinchilla Persian elected to switch over from the existing Persian standard to the new Sterling standard. Mrs Johnson died in 2006 before she could get wider buy\-in for the breed. Due to lack of support, this Sterling breed does not exist anymore.{{cn\|date\=March 2021}}
### Chinchilla Longhair standard
In South Africa, all breeds cat judge and Chinchilla breeder Stella Slabber, headed up a project to separate the breed from the modern Persian standard. This standard was only to be applicable to color\-bred silvers, commonly known as "Chinchillas" in South Africa. The breed was accepted under the name "Chinchilla Longhair" with breed code "CHL" in the SA Cat Council (SACC) in 1996\.
### Traditional Longhair standard for silver and golden varieties
A global standard for the "Traditional Longhair silver and golden, shaded and tipped varieties" was accepted by the WCF in August 2010\. The breed proposal was compiled in Cape Town by Alida Delport. The facilitator of the breed recognition process was Dr. Johan Lamprecht, who also did the breed proposal presentation at the WCF. Nestle Purina sponsored the breed recognition show due to these cats being the brand animal used in their cat food advertisements world\-wide.
The initial standard that was proposed at the 2010 WCF breed recognition show in Cape Town was based on the SACC standard with a request to include the golden varieties. After consultation with the Chairperson of the WCF Standard\- and Judges Commission, Cornelia Hungerecker, the breed name was changed to "Tradition Longhair". One other minor differentiation was that the eye shape should read "walnut shaped" instead of "round".
|
[
"Breed recognition history up till 2010{{Needs source\\|date\\=August 2024\\|reason\\=Unreliable sources, perhaps independent research}}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------",
"Despite the non\\-conformance to the modern Persian breed standards, some breeders, and in particular those that practiced controlled color\\-breeding, continued to breed and register their original longhair cats.",
"The following attempts were made to restore the original longhairs as breed in their own right, namely:",
"1. **Sterling** in the International Cat Cat Association (TICA) (Feb 1994 \\- Sep 1995\\), and continued in the International Cat Exhibitors (ICE) in 1998;\n2. **Chinchilla Longhair** in the South African Cat Council (SACC) in 1996;{{cite web\\|title\\=Chinchilla Longhair\\|url\\=https://www.tsacc.org.za/\\_files/ugd/643c02\\_07776c416ab54008b2ba9fb2eb075229\\.pdf\\|website\\=TSAAC (South African Cat Council\\|access\\-date\\=6 December 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=4 February 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204024135/https://www.tsacc.org.za/\\_files/ugd/643c02\\_07776c416ab54008b2ba9fb2eb075229\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n3. **Traditional Longhair** (silver and golden) in the World Cat Federation (WCF) {{cite web\\|url\\=https://wcf.de/pdf\\-en/breed/TLH\\_en\\_2011\\-01\\-01\\.pdf\\|title\\=Traditional Longhair Silver and Golden\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-06\\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-06\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506210033/https://wcf.de/pdf\\-en/breed/TLH\\_en\\_2011\\-01\\-01\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}} in 2010\\.",
"### Sterling standard",
"There is some confusion around the name \"Sterling\". \nIn the International Cat Association (TICA),{{cite web\\|website\\=International Cat Association (TICA)\\|url\\=https://www.tica.org/resources/our\\-cat\\-section/our\\-cats\\-breeds?view\\=article\\&id\\=841:exotic\\-shorthair\\-breed\\&catid\\=79\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-06\\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-27\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927043346/https://tica.org/resources/our\\-cat\\-section/our\\-cats\\-breeds?view\\=article\\&id\\=841:exotic\\-shorthair\\-breed\\&catid\\=79\\|title\\=Exotic Shorthair Breed\\|url\\-status\\=live}} there were some American Shorthair breeders who bred to Persians to obtain their silver color and green eyes. The kittens were attractive but did not meet the true American Shorthair type. [Jane Martinke](/wiki/Jane_Martinke \"Jane Martinke\") noticed the effect the outcrosses had on the American type and coat as well as the attractiveness of the kittens. She proposed a new breed, called the \"Sterling\"{{r\\|TICA}} because of their silver color. These new cats were bred to look like Persians but with a short, dense plush coat. The name was changed to \"Exotic Shorthair\" when all colors were accepted in 1979\\.",
"In September 1992 the \"English Sterling\" as a New Breed was presented by Jeanne Johnson at the TICA 13th Annual Meeting. Follow\\-up work resulted in the breed with the name \"Sterling\" (without 'English' in front) was accepted as Category 1 in TICA in Feb 1994\\. (Category 1 in TICA means \"Established Breeds\".) The Sterling had Category 1 status only for 18 months, before it was scrapped in total by TICA in September 1995\\. The assumed reason is that there was a lack of buy\\-in from enough fellow breeders as required by TICA breed recognition rules. Despite this set\\-back, Jeannie Johnson continued by getting the \"Sterling\" accepted by the International Cat Exhibitors (ICE) for championship status in 1998\\. The breed had its own registry under the International Sterling Society. However, not many breeders of chinchilla Persian elected to switch over from the existing Persian standard to the new Sterling standard. Mrs Johnson died in 2006 before she could get wider buy\\-in for the breed. Due to lack of support, this Sterling breed does not exist anymore.{{cn\\|date\\=March 2021}}",
"### Chinchilla Longhair standard",
"In South Africa, all breeds cat judge and Chinchilla breeder Stella Slabber, headed up a project to separate the breed from the modern Persian standard. This standard was only to be applicable to color\\-bred silvers, commonly known as \"Chinchillas\" in South Africa. The breed was accepted under the name \"Chinchilla Longhair\" with breed code \"CHL\" in the SA Cat Council (SACC) in 1996\\.",
"### Traditional Longhair standard for silver and golden varieties",
"A global standard for the \"Traditional Longhair silver and golden, shaded and tipped varieties\" was accepted by the WCF in August 2010\\. The breed proposal was compiled in Cape Town by Alida Delport. The facilitator of the breed recognition process was Dr. Johan Lamprecht, who also did the breed proposal presentation at the WCF. Nestle Purina sponsored the breed recognition show due to these cats being the brand animal used in their cat food advertisements world\\-wide.",
"The initial standard that was proposed at the 2010 WCF breed recognition show in Cape Town was based on the SACC standard with a request to include the golden varieties. After consultation with the Chairperson of the WCF Standard\\- and Judges Commission, Cornelia Hungerecker, the breed name was changed to \"Tradition Longhair\". One other minor differentiation was that the eye shape should read \"walnut shaped\" instead of \"round\".",
""
] |
Course
------
### Kosovo
The Lepenac springs out on the [Oshlak mountain](/wiki/Oshlak_%28mountain%29 "Oshlak (mountain)"), east of the city of [Prizren](/wiki/Prizren "Prizren"), at an altitude of {{convert\|1833\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr\=on}}.{{Cite web \|year\=2022 \|title\=Raport \- Ndikimi I shfrytëzuesve të rërës dhe zhavorit në gjendjen mjedisore të lumenjve \|url\=https://ammk\-rks.net/assets/cms/uploads/files/Raporti%20per%20gjendjen%20e%20lumenjeve%202022%20(alb).pdf \|publisher\=Agjencioni për mbrojtjen e mjedisit të Kosovës \|place\=Prishtinë}} It flows eastward, into the region of Sirinićka župa, between the [Žar](/wiki/%C5%BDar_Mountain "Žar Mountain") mountain from the north and alongside the northern slopes of the [Šar Mountains](/wiki/%C5%A0ar_Mountains "Šar Mountains") from the south. From the Šar Mountains it receives many small tributaries, most notably the *Suva reka*, as it passes next to the villages of Sevce and [Jazhincë](/wiki/Jazhince "Jazhince"), the ski resort of [Brezovica](/wiki/Brezovica%2C_Kosovo "Brezovica, Kosovo") and a small town and regional center of [Štrpce](/wiki/%C5%A0trpce "Štrpce").
The Lepenac continues between the Šar Mountains in the south and [Nerodimka mountain](/wiki/Nerodimka_mountain "Nerodimka mountain") in the north, next to the villages of Biti e Poshtëme, Gotovushë, Brod and Doganaj, where the river makes an elbow turn to the south, entering the [Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo "Kosovo") field.
For several kilometers the Lepenac flows parallel to the [Nerodime river](/wiki/Nerodime_River "Nerodime River"), flows next to the villages of Kovaçefc and Bob, and receives its major tributary the [Nerodime](/wiki/Nerodime_River "Nerodime River") from the left at the town of [Kaçanik](/wiki/Ka%C3%A7anik "Kaçanik"), at the beginning of the [Kaçanik Gorge](/wiki/Ka%C3%A7anik_Gorge "Kaçanik Gorge").
The gorge, as the narrowest part of the Lepenac river valley, is located between the [Sharr Mountains](/wiki/Sharr_Mountains "Sharr Mountains") on the west and [Skopska Crna Gora](/wiki/Skopska_Crna_Gora "Skopska Crna Gora") on the east and connects the Kosovo field and [Skopje](/wiki/Skopje "Skopje") valley. The gorge is {{convert\|23\|km\|mi\|0\|abbr\=on}} long, carved in the [limestone](/wiki/Limestone "Limestone") and [slate](/wiki/Slate "Slate") terrain. Higher parts of the gorge are actually formed by the ancient outflow of the now extinct lake. The village of Pustenik and small town of [Hani i Elezit](/wiki/Hani_i_Elezit "Hani i Elezit") are located in the gorge. After Hani i Elezit, the Lepenac becomes a border river between Kosovo and Macedonia, before it leaves the gorge after the village of [Seçishtë](/wiki/Se%C3%A7isht%C3%AB "Seçishtë") and leaves Kosovo after the course of {{convert\|60\|km\|mi\|0\|abbr\=on}}.
### North Macedonia
For the remaining {{convert\|15\|km\|mi\|0\|abbr\=on}}, the Lepenac flows through the low Skopje valley, part of the composite valley of the river Vardar. Immediately entering the Greater Skopje area, it receives several small streams from the left, from the Skopska Crna Gora mountain. It passes next to the ruins of the ancient city of [Scupi](/wiki/Scupi "Scupi"), but has no major settlements on its Macedonian course, before it reaches the northern suburbs of Skopje, Bardovci and Novo Selo, and empties into the Vardar at the Skopje's northern borough of [Ǵorče Petrov](/wiki/%C7%B4or%C4%8De_Petrov%2C_Skopje "Ǵorče Petrov, Skopje") at an altitude of {{convert\|262\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr\=on}}.
|
[
"Course\n------",
"### Kosovo",
"The Lepenac springs out on the [Oshlak mountain](/wiki/Oshlak_%28mountain%29 \"Oshlak (mountain)\"), east of the city of [Prizren](/wiki/Prizren \"Prizren\"), at an altitude of {{convert\\|1833\\|m\\|ft\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{Cite web \\|year\\=2022 \\|title\\=Raport \\- Ndikimi I shfrytëzuesve të rërës dhe zhavorit në gjendjen mjedisore të lumenjve \\|url\\=https://ammk\\-rks.net/assets/cms/uploads/files/Raporti%20per%20gjendjen%20e%20lumenjeve%202022%20(alb).pdf \\|publisher\\=Agjencioni për mbrojtjen e mjedisit të Kosovës \\|place\\=Prishtinë}} It flows eastward, into the region of Sirinićka župa, between the [Žar](/wiki/%C5%BDar_Mountain \"Žar Mountain\") mountain from the north and alongside the northern slopes of the [Šar Mountains](/wiki/%C5%A0ar_Mountains \"Šar Mountains\") from the south. From the Šar Mountains it receives many small tributaries, most notably the *Suva reka*, as it passes next to the villages of Sevce and [Jazhincë](/wiki/Jazhince \"Jazhince\"), the ski resort of [Brezovica](/wiki/Brezovica%2C_Kosovo \"Brezovica, Kosovo\") and a small town and regional center of [Štrpce](/wiki/%C5%A0trpce \"Štrpce\").",
"The Lepenac continues between the Šar Mountains in the south and [Nerodimka mountain](/wiki/Nerodimka_mountain \"Nerodimka mountain\") in the north, next to the villages of Biti e Poshtëme, Gotovushë, Brod and Doganaj, where the river makes an elbow turn to the south, entering the [Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo \"Kosovo\") field.",
"For several kilometers the Lepenac flows parallel to the [Nerodime river](/wiki/Nerodime_River \"Nerodime River\"), flows next to the villages of Kovaçefc and Bob, and receives its major tributary the [Nerodime](/wiki/Nerodime_River \"Nerodime River\") from the left at the town of [Kaçanik](/wiki/Ka%C3%A7anik \"Kaçanik\"), at the beginning of the [Kaçanik Gorge](/wiki/Ka%C3%A7anik_Gorge \"Kaçanik Gorge\").",
"The gorge, as the narrowest part of the Lepenac river valley, is located between the [Sharr Mountains](/wiki/Sharr_Mountains \"Sharr Mountains\") on the west and [Skopska Crna Gora](/wiki/Skopska_Crna_Gora \"Skopska Crna Gora\") on the east and connects the Kosovo field and [Skopje](/wiki/Skopje \"Skopje\") valley. The gorge is {{convert\\|23\\|km\\|mi\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} long, carved in the [limestone](/wiki/Limestone \"Limestone\") and [slate](/wiki/Slate \"Slate\") terrain. Higher parts of the gorge are actually formed by the ancient outflow of the now extinct lake. The village of Pustenik and small town of [Hani i Elezit](/wiki/Hani_i_Elezit \"Hani i Elezit\") are located in the gorge. After Hani i Elezit, the Lepenac becomes a border river between Kosovo and Macedonia, before it leaves the gorge after the village of [Seçishtë](/wiki/Se%C3%A7isht%C3%AB \"Seçishtë\") and leaves Kosovo after the course of {{convert\\|60\\|km\\|mi\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}.",
"### North Macedonia",
"For the remaining {{convert\\|15\\|km\\|mi\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}, the Lepenac flows through the low Skopje valley, part of the composite valley of the river Vardar. Immediately entering the Greater Skopje area, it receives several small streams from the left, from the Skopska Crna Gora mountain. It passes next to the ruins of the ancient city of [Scupi](/wiki/Scupi \"Scupi\"), but has no major settlements on its Macedonian course, before it reaches the northern suburbs of Skopje, Bardovci and Novo Selo, and empties into the Vardar at the Skopje's northern borough of [Ǵorče Petrov](/wiki/%C7%B4or%C4%8De_Petrov%2C_Skopje \"Ǵorče Petrov, Skopje\") at an altitude of {{convert\\|262\\|m\\|ft\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}.",
""
] |
Political career
----------------
While at university, Mimiko was a member of the Students’ Representatives Council (Parliament), 1975/76, and chairman of its Special Honours Committee. Asides from serving in the Union Legislative House, in 1976/77, he served on the University of Ife Students’ Union Electoral Commission. Between 1977 and 1978, he was the public relations official of the International Students’ Association of the university. {{cite web\|url\=https://allafrica.com/stories/200807280132\.html\|title\=Nigeria: The Man Mimiko\|first\=James\|last\=Sowole\|date\=28 July 2008\|website\=Allafrica.com}}
Mimiko sought political expression and identity in [Obafemi Awolowo](/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo "Obafemi Awolowo")'s [Unity Party of Nigeria](/wiki/Unity_Party_of_Nigeria "Unity Party of Nigeria") (UPN) during the [Second Nigerian Republic](/wiki/Second_Nigerian_Republic "Second Nigerian Republic"). Mimiko took up membership of the party after his return from the [National Youth Service scheme](/wiki/National_Service_Scheme "National Service Scheme"). In 1983, Mimiko served as the Publicity Secretary of the Ondo [local government](/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Nigeria "Local government areas of Nigeria") chapter of the UPN. The Ondo Study Group (OSG) was created in 1987, and headed by Mimiko. In 1988, the OSG General Assembly urged its members to participate fully in politics, with Mimiko leading the initiative.{{cite web\|url\=https://westernpostnigeria.com/the\-man\-mimiko\-his\-early\-life\-political\-career/\|title\=The Man Mimiko: His Early Life \& Political Career\|date\=14 March 2016\|website\=Westernpostnigeria.com}}
In 1990, Mimiko was supported unsuccessfully by the OSG to run for office as chairman of the former Ondo Local Government now [Ondo East](/wiki/Ondo_East "Ondo East") and [Ondo West](/wiki/Ondo_West "Ondo West") Local Government Areas under the new [Social Democratic Party](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party "Social Democratic Party") (SDP). Later that year, Mimiko was elected twice and served as an ex\-officio member of the SDP Executive Council in the Ondo Local Government Council Area. Mimiko was involved in grassroots mobilization and also served as a member of the Party's Disciplinary Committee. Mimiko's OSG played a pivotal role in the organization of [Bamidele Olumilua](/wiki/Bamidele_Olumilua "Bamidele Olumilua")'s campaign for the office of the Governor of Ondo State.
### Commissioner for Health, Ondo State (now Ondo \& Ekiti States) of Nigeria 1992\-1993
In January 1992, under the Governor [Bamidele Olumilua](/wiki/Bamidele_Olumilua "Bamidele Olumilua") administration, Olusegun Mimiko was appointed Commissioner for Health and Social Services, old [Ondo state](/wiki/Ondo_state "Ondo state"), which originally included what is now known as [Ekiti State](/wiki/Ekiti_State "Ekiti State"). He facilitated the establishment of a Pharmacy Shop System under which 24\-hour pharmacy services were being provided in the main hospitals around the State. In response to the incapacity of the government\-owned hospitals to handle accidents and other emergency cases, he conceived and facilitated the actualization of what is known as the Accident and Emergency Centres in some of the Ondo State Hospitals. On 17 November 1993, a military [Coup d'état](/wiki/Military_coups_in_Nigeria%231993_coup "Military coups in Nigeria#1993 coup") led by [General Sani Abacha](/wiki/Sani_Abacha "Sani Abacha") terminated the [Third Nigerian Republic](/wiki/Third_Nigerian_Republic "Third Nigerian Republic") and the administration of Governor Olumilua.
### Commissioner for Health
In 1999, Mimiko was prevailed upon by [Adebayo Adefarati](/wiki/Adebayo_Adefarati "Adebayo Adefarati") to shelve his gubernatorial ambition for Adefarati's governorship race. Mimiko later stated that he supported Adefarati on the condition that Adefarati would run for one term. Mimiko was appointed Commissioner for Health in the State, making it the second time he would hold the office. Within the first 100 days of Adefarati's administration, the Ministry of Health, headed by Mimiko, completed and equipped the Millennium Eye Centre, [Akure](/wiki/Akure "Akure"). The Festivals of Surgery, which provided free surgical operations were carried out to restore the sight of blind and partially blind patients and to relief those with hernias. Mimiko facilitated the delivery of health services to the innermost parts of Ondo State, providing thousands of rural dwellers with their real first contact with the government.
By 2002, Mimiko, dissatisfied with the Adefarati government which had become embroiled in the ‘Plot 90 Gate’ scandal{{cite web\|url\=https://article.wn.com/view/2002/05/07/Panel\_Indicts\_Adefarati\_2\_Others\_Over\_N500m\_Scam/\|title\=Panel Indicts Adefarati, 2 Others Over N500m Scam\|website\=article.wn.com}}{{cite web\|url\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200205220563\.html\|title\=Nigeria: N500m Scam: Ex\-Ondo AG Has Fled, Court Told\|first\=Dayo\|last\=Johnson\|date\=22 May 2002\|website\=Allafrica.com}}{{cite web\|url\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200205160090\.html\|title\=Nigeria: N500m Scam: Ondo House Committee Exonerates Adefarati\|first\=Funso\|last\=Muraina\|date\=16 May 2002\|website\=Allafrica.com}} resigned his appointment as State Commissioner for Health. On 7 November 2002 Mimiko formally announced his intention to contest the governorship election on the platform of the [Alliance for Democracy](/wiki/Alliance_for_Democracy_%28Nigeria%29 "Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria)") (AD). He gave a speech on 19 November 2002, at a Press Conference in [Akure](/wiki/Akure "Akure"), expressing his conviction that for Ondo State, there were “brighter days ahead”, a catchphrase which coined from the name of his group, Brighter Days Network.{{cite web\|url\=https://allafrica.com/stories/200902240264\.html\|title\=Nigeria: Mimiko's Tortuous Road to Government House\|first\=James\|last\=Sowole\|date\=24 February 2009\|website\=Allafrica.com}}
Following issues relating to the [AD](/wiki/Alliance_for_Democracy_%28Nigeria%29 "Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria)") primary elections which he perceived as undemocratic, Mimiko left the party and pulled out his political structure.{{cite web\|url\=https://leadership.ng/2018/06/17/ahead\-of\-2019\-mimikos\-return\-to\-lp\-and\-matters\-arising/\|title\=Ahead Of 2019: Mimiko's Return To LP And Matters Arising — Leadership Newspaper\|website\=leadership.ng}}
By 2003, Agagu, the Ondo State gubernatorial candidate of the PDP, having failed to win the governorship election in 1999, needed to forge political alliances with influencers in the State. Mimiko was perceived as crucial to the realisation of Agagu's ambition and an accord was struck with him, which political analysts believe was key to Agagu dislodging Adefarati in the 2003 elections.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.yusufali.net/news\_archives/full.php?id\=232\|title\=Mimiko wins\|date\=26 July 2008\|publisher\=The Nation\|website\=Yusufali.net}} In April 2003, the erstwhile unpopular PDP won, and Olusegun Agagu became the Governor of Ondo State.
### Secretary to the Ondo State Government
Mimiko was appointed the Secretary to the [Ondo State](/wiki/Ondo_State "Ondo State") Government (SSG) in 2003\. He held this position until July 2005, when he was appointed by [Olusegun Obasanjo](/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo") as the Federal Minister of Lands, Housing and Urban Development.{{cite web\|url\= https://allafrica.com/stories/200507060040\.html\|title\= Nigeria: Ezekwesili, Mimiko, 10 Others on New Cabinet List, Senate Begins Screening Today \|date\=6 July 2005\|website\=Allafrica.com}}
Mimiko as SSG represented Agagu for official duties more often than the deputy governor, Otunba Omolade Oluwateru, did. Mimiko was a key player in the formation of the administration's Road Map to Progress, which situated the administration's intended achievements within a specified period of time. The State's initiative to rescue the education sector was Mimiko's brain child. Mimiko stated later that Governor Agagu's decision to run for a second term came as a surprise to him as he had put aside his gubernatorial ambition to support Agagu on the condition that Agagu would serve a term of office and support Mimiko to take over in 2007\.
In 2005, after the sack of the Federal Minister of Housing from Ondo State, Alice Mobolaji Osomo, by President Obasanjo,{{cite web\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4410109\.stm\|title\=Second Nigerian minister sacked\|date\=4 April 2005\|publisher\=BBC\|access\-date\=21 July 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2005\-04\-05/police\-chief\-charged\-nigerian\-minister\-sacked/1545594\|title\=Police chief charged, Nigerian minister sacked\|date\=5 April 2005\|website\=abc.net.au}} and the disqualification of Governor Agagu's replacement nominee, Ambassador Bayo Yusuf, by the [Senate](/wiki/Senate_of_Nigeria "Senate of Nigeria") during a screening process,{{cite web\|url\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200505190259\.html\|title\=Nigeria: Ministerial Nominee Fails NEEDS Test\|first\=Kola\|last\=Ologbondiyan\|date\=19 May 2005\|website\=Allafrica.com}}
{{cite web\|url\=http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a\=1297\|title\=Obasanjo's ministerial nominee fumbles before Senate \- OnlineNigeria.com\|website\=nm.onlinenigeria.com}}
{{cite web\|url\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200507060549\.html\|title\=Nigeria: Senate Considers 12 Ministerial Nominees\|first\=Kola\|last\=Ologbondiyan\|date\=6 July 2005\|website\=Allafrica.com}} Olusegun Mimiko was nominated by President Obasanjo for the position, and confirmed by the Senate as Minister of Lands, Housing, and Urban Development.Mimiko, Abbas Olubansile. To Live With Happiness. Ibadan: Safari Books Ltd, 2017\. Print.
### Minister for Housing and Urban Development
Mimiko coordinated the Obasanjo administration's Reform Programme in the Housing and Urban Development sector, bringing about a shift in policy from direct construction of houses by the government, to increased involvement of the private sector; redevelopment of government landed properties through private sector real estate developers to increase housing stock; and a focus on the mortgage sector in the ongoing re\-organization of Nigeria's financial system.{{Cite web\|title\=pointblanknews.com\|url\=http://www.pointblanknews.com/mimikoprofile.html\|website\=Pointblanknews.com\|access\-date\=8 May 2020}}
Mimiko managed the gradual withdrawal of government from direct provision of residential housing to public servants through the monetization policy; the re\-organization and re\-capitalization of the [Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria](/wiki/Federal_Mortgage_Bank_of_Nigeria "Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria") for more robust operation; and the enhancement of the operations of the National Housing Fund (NHF). The re\-positioning of the Federal Housing Authority (FHA); the creation of an enabling environment for sustainable mass production of houses through the National Housing Data Bank, and a framework for housing delivery and urban management through co\-operatives, and the Social Housing Programme.
### The emergence of the Labour party and the 2007 elections
[thumb\|left\|350px\|Dr. Olusegun Mimiko, former governor of Ondo State, greets supporters as he drives to the venue of the Labour Party meeting in Ondo Town on 14 June 2018 when he returned to the party](/wiki/File:Mimiko_To_LP_Crowd.jpg "Mimiko To LP Crowd.jpg")
Ahead of the [2007 general elections](/wiki/Nigerian_general_election%2C_2007 "Nigerian general election, 2007") in April, Mimiko resigned from his position as Federal Minister for housing, lands, and urban development on 8 December 2006, to contest for the office of governor of Ondo State. He also resigned from the People's Democratic Party (PDP). Mimiko recalls that President Olusegun Obasanjo pleaded with him and threatened him not to resign from his cabinet to contest against Governor Agagu. According to Mimiko, [Bola Tinubu](/wiki/Bola_Tinubu "Bola Tinubu"), the then governor of [Lagos State](/wiki/Lagos_State "Lagos State"), and perceived leader of the strongest opposition party at the time, [Action Congress of Nigeria](/wiki/Action_Congress_of_Nigeria "Action Congress of Nigeria") (ACN), had offered him the ticket to run under the party. “They were the two power brokers (Obasanjo and Tinubu), then. The natural thing to do was to go and hide behind these people. Tinubu would give me the ticket and give me money to run and I would be more immune from Baba’s (Obasanjo's) bullets. I didn’t go to him; I stood on my own.”
With the aid of his political allies, Mimiko formed the [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28Nigeria%29 "Labour Party (Nigeria)") in Ondo State. Prior to this, it was a relatively obscure party called Party for Social Democrats (PSD), existing only at the national level. Being a completely unknown party in Ondo State, the Labour Party was formally presented by Mimiko to a cross\-section of his political supporters at Ondo on 1 December 2006\.Mimiko, N. Oluwafemi. "Party formation and electoral contest in Nigeria: the Labour Party and the 2007 election in Ondo State." Journal of African Elections 6\.2 (2007\): 114\-133\. On 14 December 2006, the Labour Party was launched officially in the southwestern state and Mimiko emerged as the Party's gubernatorial candidate at a rally in the [Akure](/wiki/Akure "Akure") city hall and was formally presented to the people by the Labour Party's national chairman, [Dan Nwanyanwu](/wiki/Dan_Nwanyanwu "Dan Nwanyanwu").
Mimiko set up the party structure, and candidates amidst financial constraints; The leadership of the Labour Party used existing secondary organisations, whose operations were supportive of Mimiko's aspirations. They also used organisational relics of his previous attempts to run for office, the most visible being the Brighter Days Network (BDN), the Forum for the Reinvigoration of Democracy in Nigeria (FORD Nigeria), and the Ondo Study Group (OSG)
In the lead up to the [2007 elections](/wiki/Nigerian_general_election%2C_2007 "Nigerian general election, 2007"), media sources reported that President Obasanjo declared the elections a “do\-or\-die affair” for Nigeria and the ruling PDP.{{cite web\|url\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200702110015\.html\|title\=Nigeria: Obasanjo Explodes \- April Polls Do Or Die Affair for PDP\|first\=Kolade\|last\=Larewaju\|date\=11 February 2007\|website\=Allafrica.com}} Campaigning in Ondo State on 3 February, Obasanjo stated that Mimiko had defied him by leaving the PDP to contest against Agagu, and threatened that the former housing minister would be paid a visit by the [Economic and Financial Crimes Commission](/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Crimes_Commission "Economic and Financial Crimes Commission") (EFCC).Isumonah, V. Adefemi. "Imperial presidency and democratic consolidation in Nigeria." Africa Today 59\.1 (2012\): 43\-68\.
Teacher, M. "Language of Politics and Political Behaviours: Rhetoric of President Olusegun Obasanjo and the 2007 General Elections in Nigeria." Journal of public administration and policy research 1\.3 (2009\): 54\-65\.
Leading up to the elections, the EFCC's autonomy had been perceived to be eroded by the Presidency and used as a tool against the President's political enemies.Nwagwu, Ejikeme Jombo. "An Appraisal of Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the War Against Corruption in Nigeria (1999\-2007\)." International Journal of Research in Arts and Social Sciences (2012\). Teacher, M. "Language of Politics and Political Behaviours: Rhetoric of President Olusegun Obasanjo and the 2007 General Elections in Nigeria." Journal of public administration and policy research 1\.3 (2009\): 54\-65\.
{{cite web\|url\=https://www.modernghana.com/news/245484/iboris\-goose\-and\-ribadus\-trumpet\-by\-kennedy\-emetulu.html\|title\=Ibori's Goose and Ribadu's Trumpet – by Kennedy Emetulu\|last\=huhuonline.com\|website\=modernghana.com}} In responding to Obasanjo's claims, Mimiko stated in a press release “With due deference to the person and the office of Mr. President and with every sense of modesty and responsibility, I wish to state emphatically that I am not a corrupt person… During these years of service, not one of my numerous actions and decisions was motivated by any corrupt intentions."{{cite web\|url\=https://allafrica.com/stories/200702060142\.html\|title\=Nigeria: Mimiko Replies Obasanjo, Denies Corruption Charge\|first\=James\|last\=Sowole\|date\=6 February 2007\|website\=Allafrica.com}}Mimiko, Abbas Olubansile. To Live With Happiness. Ibadan: Safari Books Ltd, 2017\. Print EFCC denied the allegation by Obasanjo, stating that it was the President's personal comment. The President's statements against Mimiko were referenced and addressed by the [Nigerian Senate](/wiki/Nigerian_Senate "Nigerian Senate") on 21 February 2007\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://nass.gov.ng/document/download/1524\|title\=National Assembly \| Federal Republic of Nigeria\|website\=Nass.gov.ng\|access\-date\=10 February 2022}}
The phrase ‘A Caring Heart’ became the manifesto of the Labour Party's campaign for the elections, after Mimiko's press conference in Akure on 19 February 2007\. A CARING HEART is an acronym for 'Health Care and Housing Development; Education, Employment and Empowerment; Agriculture and Integrated Rural Development; Road and Infrastructural Development; and Trade, Tourism and Industrialization'.Mimiko, N. O. (2007\). Party formation and electoral contest in Nigeria: the Labour Party and the 2007 election in Ondo State. Journal of African Elections, 6(2\), 114\-133\.
On 14 April 2007, the people of Ondo state went to the polls. Local and foreign observers declared the elections the worst in the nation's history, falling ‘far short of basic international and regional standards for democratic elections.European Union Election Observation Mission. 2007\. Nigeria: Final Report: Gubernatorial and State Houses of Assembly Elections, 14 April 2007 and Presidential and National Assembly Elections, 21 April 2007\. Brussels: EU. Two days after the elections, counting of votes was concluded and Agagu was declared winner of the election by the [Independent National Electoral Commission](/wiki/Independent_National_Electoral_Commission "Independent National Electoral Commission") (INEC), under Professor [Maurice Iwu](/wiki/Maurice_Iwu "Maurice Iwu").{{cite web\|url\= https://allafrica.com/stories/200704160552\.html\|title\= Nigeria: PDP Wins Ondo, Edo, Inec Cancels Enugu Polls \|date\=16 April 2007\|website\=AllAfrica.com}}
Mimiko challenged Agagu's victory in the courts. After a legal tussle lasting approximately two years, Mimiko reclaimed his mandate with a judgment delivered in his favour by the Ondo State [Election Petition Tribunal](/wiki/Law_of_Nigeria%23Election_Tribunals "Law of Nigeria#Election Tribunals"), July 2008\. The judgment was subsequently confirmed in February 2009, by the [Court of Appeal](/wiki/Nigerian_courts_of_appeal "Nigerian courts of appeal"), sitting in [Benin](/wiki/Benin_city "Benin city"), [Edo State](/wiki/Edo_State "Edo State").{{cite web\|url\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903030038\.html\|title\=Nigeria: Olanipekun \- Why Mimiko Was Unstoppable\|first\=Jude\|last\=Igbanoi\|date\=3 March 2009\|website\=Allafrica.com}} His legal team included Chief [Wole Olanipekun](/wiki/Wole_Olanipekun "Wole Olanipekun") ([SAN](/wiki/Senior_Advocate_of_Nigeria "Senior Advocate of Nigeria")), [Yusuf Olaolu Ali](/wiki/Yusuf_Olaolu_Ali "Yusuf Olaolu Ali") (SAN), [Oluwarotimi Odunayo Akeredolu](/wiki/Oluwarotimi_Odunayo_Akeredolu "Oluwarotimi Odunayo Akeredolu") (SAN), Tayo Oyetibo (SAN), [Femi Falana](/wiki/Femi_Falana "Femi Falana") (SAN), and Dr. Olumide Ayeni. The Labour Party was effectively four months and 14 days old by the election of 14 April 2007\.
On 28 October 2020, he announced his defection to the People's Democratic Party after meeting with PDP led National Executives.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/10/breaking\-mimiko\-joins\-pdp\-after\-meeting\-four\-governors\-in\-ondo/\|title\=Breaking: Mimiko joins PDP after meeting four governors in Ondo\|date\=28 October 2021\|website\=Vanguard News\|access\-date\=10 February 2022}}
|
[
"Political career\n----------------",
"While at university, Mimiko was a member of the Students’ Representatives Council (Parliament), 1975/76, and chairman of its Special Honours Committee. Asides from serving in the Union Legislative House, in 1976/77, he served on the University of Ife Students’ Union Electoral Commission. Between 1977 and 1978, he was the public relations official of the International Students’ Association of the university. {{cite web\\|url\\=https://allafrica.com/stories/200807280132\\.html\\|title\\=Nigeria: The Man Mimiko\\|first\\=James\\|last\\=Sowole\\|date\\=28 July 2008\\|website\\=Allafrica.com}}\nMimiko sought political expression and identity in [Obafemi Awolowo](/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo \"Obafemi Awolowo\")'s [Unity Party of Nigeria](/wiki/Unity_Party_of_Nigeria \"Unity Party of Nigeria\") (UPN) during the [Second Nigerian Republic](/wiki/Second_Nigerian_Republic \"Second Nigerian Republic\"). Mimiko took up membership of the party after his return from the [National Youth Service scheme](/wiki/National_Service_Scheme \"National Service Scheme\"). In 1983, Mimiko served as the Publicity Secretary of the Ondo [local government](/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Nigeria \"Local government areas of Nigeria\") chapter of the UPN. The Ondo Study Group (OSG) was created in 1987, and headed by Mimiko. In 1988, the OSG General Assembly urged its members to participate fully in politics, with Mimiko leading the initiative.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://westernpostnigeria.com/the\\-man\\-mimiko\\-his\\-early\\-life\\-political\\-career/\\|title\\=The Man Mimiko: His Early Life \\& Political Career\\|date\\=14 March 2016\\|website\\=Westernpostnigeria.com}}\nIn 1990, Mimiko was supported unsuccessfully by the OSG to run for office as chairman of the former Ondo Local Government now [Ondo East](/wiki/Ondo_East \"Ondo East\") and [Ondo West](/wiki/Ondo_West \"Ondo West\") Local Government Areas under the new [Social Democratic Party](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party \"Social Democratic Party\") (SDP). Later that year, Mimiko was elected twice and served as an ex\\-officio member of the SDP Executive Council in the Ondo Local Government Council Area. Mimiko was involved in grassroots mobilization and also served as a member of the Party's Disciplinary Committee. Mimiko's OSG played a pivotal role in the organization of [Bamidele Olumilua](/wiki/Bamidele_Olumilua \"Bamidele Olumilua\")'s campaign for the office of the Governor of Ondo State.",
"### Commissioner for Health, Ondo State (now Ondo \\& Ekiti States) of Nigeria 1992\\-1993",
"In January 1992, under the Governor [Bamidele Olumilua](/wiki/Bamidele_Olumilua \"Bamidele Olumilua\") administration, Olusegun Mimiko was appointed Commissioner for Health and Social Services, old [Ondo state](/wiki/Ondo_state \"Ondo state\"), which originally included what is now known as [Ekiti State](/wiki/Ekiti_State \"Ekiti State\"). He facilitated the establishment of a Pharmacy Shop System under which 24\\-hour pharmacy services were being provided in the main hospitals around the State. In response to the incapacity of the government\\-owned hospitals to handle accidents and other emergency cases, he conceived and facilitated the actualization of what is known as the Accident and Emergency Centres in some of the Ondo State Hospitals. On 17 November 1993, a military [Coup d'état](/wiki/Military_coups_in_Nigeria%231993_coup \"Military coups in Nigeria#1993 coup\") led by [General Sani Abacha](/wiki/Sani_Abacha \"Sani Abacha\") terminated the [Third Nigerian Republic](/wiki/Third_Nigerian_Republic \"Third Nigerian Republic\") and the administration of Governor Olumilua.",
"### Commissioner for Health",
"In 1999, Mimiko was prevailed upon by [Adebayo Adefarati](/wiki/Adebayo_Adefarati \"Adebayo Adefarati\") to shelve his gubernatorial ambition for Adefarati's governorship race. Mimiko later stated that he supported Adefarati on the condition that Adefarati would run for one term. Mimiko was appointed Commissioner for Health in the State, making it the second time he would hold the office. Within the first 100 days of Adefarati's administration, the Ministry of Health, headed by Mimiko, completed and equipped the Millennium Eye Centre, [Akure](/wiki/Akure \"Akure\"). The Festivals of Surgery, which provided free surgical operations were carried out to restore the sight of blind and partially blind patients and to relief those with hernias. Mimiko facilitated the delivery of health services to the innermost parts of Ondo State, providing thousands of rural dwellers with their real first contact with the government.",
"By 2002, Mimiko, dissatisfied with the Adefarati government which had become embroiled in the ‘Plot 90 Gate’ scandal{{cite web\\|url\\=https://article.wn.com/view/2002/05/07/Panel\\_Indicts\\_Adefarati\\_2\\_Others\\_Over\\_N500m\\_Scam/\\|title\\=Panel Indicts Adefarati, 2 Others Over N500m Scam\\|website\\=article.wn.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200205220563\\.html\\|title\\=Nigeria: N500m Scam: Ex\\-Ondo AG Has Fled, Court Told\\|first\\=Dayo\\|last\\=Johnson\\|date\\=22 May 2002\\|website\\=Allafrica.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200205160090\\.html\\|title\\=Nigeria: N500m Scam: Ondo House Committee Exonerates Adefarati\\|first\\=Funso\\|last\\=Muraina\\|date\\=16 May 2002\\|website\\=Allafrica.com}} resigned his appointment as State Commissioner for Health. On 7 November 2002 Mimiko formally announced his intention to contest the governorship election on the platform of the [Alliance for Democracy](/wiki/Alliance_for_Democracy_%28Nigeria%29 \"Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria)\") (AD). He gave a speech on 19 November 2002, at a Press Conference in [Akure](/wiki/Akure \"Akure\"), expressing his conviction that for Ondo State, there were “brighter days ahead”, a catchphrase which coined from the name of his group, Brighter Days Network.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://allafrica.com/stories/200902240264\\.html\\|title\\=Nigeria: Mimiko's Tortuous Road to Government House\\|first\\=James\\|last\\=Sowole\\|date\\=24 February 2009\\|website\\=Allafrica.com}}",
"Following issues relating to the [AD](/wiki/Alliance_for_Democracy_%28Nigeria%29 \"Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria)\") primary elections which he perceived as undemocratic, Mimiko left the party and pulled out his political structure.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://leadership.ng/2018/06/17/ahead\\-of\\-2019\\-mimikos\\-return\\-to\\-lp\\-and\\-matters\\-arising/\\|title\\=Ahead Of 2019: Mimiko's Return To LP And Matters Arising — Leadership Newspaper\\|website\\=leadership.ng}}\nBy 2003, Agagu, the Ondo State gubernatorial candidate of the PDP, having failed to win the governorship election in 1999, needed to forge political alliances with influencers in the State. Mimiko was perceived as crucial to the realisation of Agagu's ambition and an accord was struck with him, which political analysts believe was key to Agagu dislodging Adefarati in the 2003 elections.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.yusufali.net/news\\_archives/full.php?id\\=232\\|title\\=Mimiko wins\\|date\\=26 July 2008\\|publisher\\=The Nation\\|website\\=Yusufali.net}} In April 2003, the erstwhile unpopular PDP won, and Olusegun Agagu became the Governor of Ondo State.",
"### Secretary to the Ondo State Government",
"Mimiko was appointed the Secretary to the [Ondo State](/wiki/Ondo_State \"Ondo State\") Government (SSG) in 2003\\. He held this position until July 2005, when he was appointed by [Olusegun Obasanjo](/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo \"Olusegun Obasanjo\") as the Federal Minister of Lands, Housing and Urban Development.{{cite web\\|url\\= https://allafrica.com/stories/200507060040\\.html\\|title\\= Nigeria: Ezekwesili, Mimiko, 10 Others on New Cabinet List, Senate Begins Screening Today \\|date\\=6 July 2005\\|website\\=Allafrica.com}}",
"Mimiko as SSG represented Agagu for official duties more often than the deputy governor, Otunba Omolade Oluwateru, did. Mimiko was a key player in the formation of the administration's Road Map to Progress, which situated the administration's intended achievements within a specified period of time. The State's initiative to rescue the education sector was Mimiko's brain child. Mimiko stated later that Governor Agagu's decision to run for a second term came as a surprise to him as he had put aside his gubernatorial ambition to support Agagu on the condition that Agagu would serve a term of office and support Mimiko to take over in 2007\\.",
"In 2005, after the sack of the Federal Minister of Housing from Ondo State, Alice Mobolaji Osomo, by President Obasanjo,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4410109\\.stm\\|title\\=Second Nigerian minister sacked\\|date\\=4 April 2005\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2005\\-04\\-05/police\\-chief\\-charged\\-nigerian\\-minister\\-sacked/1545594\\|title\\=Police chief charged, Nigerian minister sacked\\|date\\=5 April 2005\\|website\\=abc.net.au}} and the disqualification of Governor Agagu's replacement nominee, Ambassador Bayo Yusuf, by the [Senate](/wiki/Senate_of_Nigeria \"Senate of Nigeria\") during a screening process,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200505190259\\.html\\|title\\=Nigeria: Ministerial Nominee Fails NEEDS Test\\|first\\=Kola\\|last\\=Ologbondiyan\\|date\\=19 May 2005\\|website\\=Allafrica.com}}\n{{cite web\\|url\\=http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a\\=1297\\|title\\=Obasanjo's ministerial nominee fumbles before Senate \\- OnlineNigeria.com\\|website\\=nm.onlinenigeria.com}}\n{{cite web\\|url\\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200507060549\\.html\\|title\\=Nigeria: Senate Considers 12 Ministerial Nominees\\|first\\=Kola\\|last\\=Ologbondiyan\\|date\\=6 July 2005\\|website\\=Allafrica.com}} Olusegun Mimiko was nominated by President Obasanjo for the position, and confirmed by the Senate as Minister of Lands, Housing, and Urban Development.Mimiko, Abbas Olubansile. To Live With Happiness. Ibadan: Safari Books Ltd, 2017\\. Print.",
"### Minister for Housing and Urban Development",
"Mimiko coordinated the Obasanjo administration's Reform Programme in the Housing and Urban Development sector, bringing about a shift in policy from direct construction of houses by the government, to increased involvement of the private sector; redevelopment of government landed properties through private sector real estate developers to increase housing stock; and a focus on the mortgage sector in the ongoing re\\-organization of Nigeria's financial system.{{Cite web\\|title\\=pointblanknews.com\\|url\\=http://www.pointblanknews.com/mimikoprofile.html\\|website\\=Pointblanknews.com\\|access\\-date\\=8 May 2020}}\nMimiko managed the gradual withdrawal of government from direct provision of residential housing to public servants through the monetization policy; the re\\-organization and re\\-capitalization of the [Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria](/wiki/Federal_Mortgage_Bank_of_Nigeria \"Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria\") for more robust operation; and the enhancement of the operations of the National Housing Fund (NHF). The re\\-positioning of the Federal Housing Authority (FHA); the creation of an enabling environment for sustainable mass production of houses through the National Housing Data Bank, and a framework for housing delivery and urban management through co\\-operatives, and the Social Housing Programme.",
"### The emergence of the Labour party and the 2007 elections",
"[thumb\\|left\\|350px\\|Dr. Olusegun Mimiko, former governor of Ondo State, greets supporters as he drives to the venue of the Labour Party meeting in Ondo Town on 14 June 2018 when he returned to the party](/wiki/File:Mimiko_To_LP_Crowd.jpg \"Mimiko To LP Crowd.jpg\")\nAhead of the [2007 general elections](/wiki/Nigerian_general_election%2C_2007 \"Nigerian general election, 2007\") in April, Mimiko resigned from his position as Federal Minister for housing, lands, and urban development on 8 December 2006, to contest for the office of governor of Ondo State. He also resigned from the People's Democratic Party (PDP). Mimiko recalls that President Olusegun Obasanjo pleaded with him and threatened him not to resign from his cabinet to contest against Governor Agagu. According to Mimiko, [Bola Tinubu](/wiki/Bola_Tinubu \"Bola Tinubu\"), the then governor of [Lagos State](/wiki/Lagos_State \"Lagos State\"), and perceived leader of the strongest opposition party at the time, [Action Congress of Nigeria](/wiki/Action_Congress_of_Nigeria \"Action Congress of Nigeria\") (ACN), had offered him the ticket to run under the party. “They were the two power brokers (Obasanjo and Tinubu), then. The natural thing to do was to go and hide behind these people. Tinubu would give me the ticket and give me money to run and I would be more immune from Baba’s (Obasanjo's) bullets. I didn’t go to him; I stood on my own.”",
"With the aid of his political allies, Mimiko formed the [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28Nigeria%29 \"Labour Party (Nigeria)\") in Ondo State. Prior to this, it was a relatively obscure party called Party for Social Democrats (PSD), existing only at the national level. Being a completely unknown party in Ondo State, the Labour Party was formally presented by Mimiko to a cross\\-section of his political supporters at Ondo on 1 December 2006\\.Mimiko, N. Oluwafemi. \"Party formation and electoral contest in Nigeria: the Labour Party and the 2007 election in Ondo State.\" Journal of African Elections 6\\.2 (2007\\): 114\\-133\\. On 14 December 2006, the Labour Party was launched officially in the southwestern state and Mimiko emerged as the Party's gubernatorial candidate at a rally in the [Akure](/wiki/Akure \"Akure\") city hall and was formally presented to the people by the Labour Party's national chairman, [Dan Nwanyanwu](/wiki/Dan_Nwanyanwu \"Dan Nwanyanwu\").\nMimiko set up the party structure, and candidates amidst financial constraints; The leadership of the Labour Party used existing secondary organisations, whose operations were supportive of Mimiko's aspirations. They also used organisational relics of his previous attempts to run for office, the most visible being the Brighter Days Network (BDN), the Forum for the Reinvigoration of Democracy in Nigeria (FORD Nigeria), and the Ondo Study Group (OSG)",
"In the lead up to the [2007 elections](/wiki/Nigerian_general_election%2C_2007 \"Nigerian general election, 2007\"), media sources reported that President Obasanjo declared the elections a “do\\-or\\-die affair” for Nigeria and the ruling PDP.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200702110015\\.html\\|title\\=Nigeria: Obasanjo Explodes \\- April Polls Do Or Die Affair for PDP\\|first\\=Kolade\\|last\\=Larewaju\\|date\\=11 February 2007\\|website\\=Allafrica.com}} Campaigning in Ondo State on 3 February, Obasanjo stated that Mimiko had defied him by leaving the PDP to contest against Agagu, and threatened that the former housing minister would be paid a visit by the [Economic and Financial Crimes Commission](/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Crimes_Commission \"Economic and Financial Crimes Commission\") (EFCC).Isumonah, V. Adefemi. \"Imperial presidency and democratic consolidation in Nigeria.\" Africa Today 59\\.1 (2012\\): 43\\-68\\.\nTeacher, M. \"Language of Politics and Political Behaviours: Rhetoric of President Olusegun Obasanjo and the 2007 General Elections in Nigeria.\" Journal of public administration and policy research 1\\.3 (2009\\): 54\\-65\\.\n Leading up to the elections, the EFCC's autonomy had been perceived to be eroded by the Presidency and used as a tool against the President's political enemies.Nwagwu, Ejikeme Jombo. \"An Appraisal of Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the War Against Corruption in Nigeria (1999\\-2007\\).\" International Journal of Research in Arts and Social Sciences (2012\\). Teacher, M. \"Language of Politics and Political Behaviours: Rhetoric of President Olusegun Obasanjo and the 2007 General Elections in Nigeria.\" Journal of public administration and policy research 1\\.3 (2009\\): 54\\-65\\.\n{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.modernghana.com/news/245484/iboris\\-goose\\-and\\-ribadus\\-trumpet\\-by\\-kennedy\\-emetulu.html\\|title\\=Ibori's Goose and Ribadu's Trumpet – by Kennedy Emetulu\\|last\\=huhuonline.com\\|website\\=modernghana.com}} In responding to Obasanjo's claims, Mimiko stated in a press release “With due deference to the person and the office of Mr. President and with every sense of modesty and responsibility, I wish to state emphatically that I am not a corrupt person… During these years of service, not one of my numerous actions and decisions was motivated by any corrupt intentions.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://allafrica.com/stories/200702060142\\.html\\|title\\=Nigeria: Mimiko Replies Obasanjo, Denies Corruption Charge\\|first\\=James\\|last\\=Sowole\\|date\\=6 February 2007\\|website\\=Allafrica.com}}Mimiko, Abbas Olubansile. To Live With Happiness. Ibadan: Safari Books Ltd, 2017\\. Print EFCC denied the allegation by Obasanjo, stating that it was the President's personal comment. The President's statements against Mimiko were referenced and addressed by the [Nigerian Senate](/wiki/Nigerian_Senate \"Nigerian Senate\") on 21 February 2007\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://nass.gov.ng/document/download/1524\\|title\\=National Assembly \\| Federal Republic of Nigeria\\|website\\=Nass.gov.ng\\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2022}}",
"The phrase ‘A Caring Heart’ became the manifesto of the Labour Party's campaign for the elections, after Mimiko's press conference in Akure on 19 February 2007\\. A CARING HEART is an acronym for 'Health Care and Housing Development; Education, Employment and Empowerment; Agriculture and Integrated Rural Development; Road and Infrastructural Development; and Trade, Tourism and Industrialization'.Mimiko, N. O. (2007\\). Party formation and electoral contest in Nigeria: the Labour Party and the 2007 election in Ondo State. Journal of African Elections, 6(2\\), 114\\-133\\.",
"On 14 April 2007, the people of Ondo state went to the polls. Local and foreign observers declared the elections the worst in the nation's history, falling ‘far short of basic international and regional standards for democratic elections.European Union Election Observation Mission. 2007\\. Nigeria: Final Report: Gubernatorial and State Houses of Assembly Elections, 14 April 2007 and Presidential and National Assembly Elections, 21 April 2007\\. Brussels: EU. Two days after the elections, counting of votes was concluded and Agagu was declared winner of the election by the [Independent National Electoral Commission](/wiki/Independent_National_Electoral_Commission \"Independent National Electoral Commission\") (INEC), under Professor [Maurice Iwu](/wiki/Maurice_Iwu \"Maurice Iwu\").{{cite web\\|url\\= https://allafrica.com/stories/200704160552\\.html\\|title\\= Nigeria: PDP Wins Ondo, Edo, Inec Cancels Enugu Polls \\|date\\=16 April 2007\\|website\\=AllAfrica.com}}",
"Mimiko challenged Agagu's victory in the courts. After a legal tussle lasting approximately two years, Mimiko reclaimed his mandate with a judgment delivered in his favour by the Ondo State [Election Petition Tribunal](/wiki/Law_of_Nigeria%23Election_Tribunals \"Law of Nigeria#Election Tribunals\"), July 2008\\. The judgment was subsequently confirmed in February 2009, by the [Court of Appeal](/wiki/Nigerian_courts_of_appeal \"Nigerian courts of appeal\"), sitting in [Benin](/wiki/Benin_city \"Benin city\"), [Edo State](/wiki/Edo_State \"Edo State\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903030038\\.html\\|title\\=Nigeria: Olanipekun \\- Why Mimiko Was Unstoppable\\|first\\=Jude\\|last\\=Igbanoi\\|date\\=3 March 2009\\|website\\=Allafrica.com}} His legal team included Chief [Wole Olanipekun](/wiki/Wole_Olanipekun \"Wole Olanipekun\") ([SAN](/wiki/Senior_Advocate_of_Nigeria \"Senior Advocate of Nigeria\")), [Yusuf Olaolu Ali](/wiki/Yusuf_Olaolu_Ali \"Yusuf Olaolu Ali\") (SAN), [Oluwarotimi Odunayo Akeredolu](/wiki/Oluwarotimi_Odunayo_Akeredolu \"Oluwarotimi Odunayo Akeredolu\") (SAN), Tayo Oyetibo (SAN), [Femi Falana](/wiki/Femi_Falana \"Femi Falana\") (SAN), and Dr. Olumide Ayeni. The Labour Party was effectively four months and 14 days old by the election of 14 April 2007\\.",
"On 28 October 2020, he announced his defection to the People's Democratic Party after meeting with PDP led National Executives.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/10/breaking\\-mimiko\\-joins\\-pdp\\-after\\-meeting\\-four\\-governors\\-in\\-ondo/\\|title\\=Breaking: Mimiko joins PDP after meeting four governors in Ondo\\|date\\=28 October 2021\\|website\\=Vanguard News\\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2022}}",
""
] |
Governor
--------
After the Court of Appeal decision, Mimiko became the first and only member of the [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28Nigeria%29 "Labour Party (Nigeria)") to win gubernatorial office in Nigeria before 2023\.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=679\&Itemid\=1\|title\= The Fall of Agagu \|access\-date\= 20 February 2010\|last\= Akintunde \|first\= Kazeem \|date\= 1 March 2009\|work\= Newswatch Magazine\|publisher\= Newswatch Communications Limited (Lagos)}}
Mimiko contested as the Labour Party candidate and won re\-election on 20 October 2012, for a second term in office, making him the first governor in Ondo State to win a second term election since 1999\.{{cite web\|url\= https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/02/mimiko\-the\-south\-west\-political\-bride\-begins\-second\-term/\|title\= Mimiko: The South\-West political bride begins second term\|first\=Clifford\|last\=Ndujihe\|date\=28 February 2013\|publisher\=\[\[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]}}
His tenure as governor ended on 24 February 2017\. Olusegun Mimiko is the first civilian governor to serve for more than four years since the creation of Ondo state in 1976\.
### Education reforms
At the onset of the Mimiko administration in 2009, national statistics put Ondo State as having a school enrolment record that was the lowest in the [southwestern region](/wiki/Western_State_%28Nigeria%29 "Western State (Nigeria)").{{cite web\|url\=http://thenationonlineng.net/kaadi\-igbe\-ayo\-ondos\-revolutionary\-use\-technology/\|title\=Kaadi Igbe Ayo: Ondo's revolutionary use of technology \- The Nation Nigeria\|date\=19 September 2017\|website\=Thenationonlineng.net}} Mimiko called his educational intervention policy the 5Is formula; Incentive, Inspection, Institutional Management, Infrastructure development and ICT development.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/mimiko\-legacy\-projects\-akeredolu\-ondo\-people/\|title\=Mimiko legacy projects, Akeredolu and Ondo people \- Vanguard News\|date\=25 December 2016\|website\=Vanguardngr.com}} On 16 September 2010, the Quality Education Assurance Agency was established as an autonomous institution with the task of discharging supervisory duties in schools. The administration invested heavily in the provision of free education, free shuttle buses, the renovation of over 300 schools including the merging of some primary schools which birthed the Caring Heart Mega primary schools, a major overhaul of the secondary and tertiary institutions, and the creation of [University of Medical Sciences, Ondo](/wiki/University_of_Medical_Sciences%2C_Ondo "University of Medical Sciences, Ondo").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/11/mimiko\-builds\-50\-mega\-schools\-pays\-n2b\-bursary\-scholarship/\|title\=Mimiko builds 50 mega schools, pay N2b bursary, scholarship\|date\=15 November 2015\|website\=Vanguardngr.com}} Tokunbo Awolowo\-Dosunmu, the last child of [Obafemi Awolowo](/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo "Obafemi Awolowo"), and former Nigerian ambassador to the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") described Mimiko as going a step further of the legacies of Awolowo, particularly in the area of democratising access to education.{{cite web\|url\=http://thenationonlineng.net/ondo\-mega\-schools\-ahead\-awos\-legacy/\|title\='Ondo mega schools, ahead Awo's legacy' \- The Nation Nigeria\|date\=5 February 2017\|website\=thenationonlineng.net}}
Mimiko's Mega school model surpasses the [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO") standard for a child\-friendly school environment and has attracted national and international recognition as well as criticisms. The 51 schools are across the 3 senatorial districts and have been said{{by whom\|date\=September 2018}} to be created in a bid to correct the educational imbalance between the children of the rich and the poor and foster inter\-social class relations by making quality primary education accessible to all.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/12/ending\-social\-inequality\-with\-mimikos\-world\-class\-mega\-primary\-school/\|title\=Ending Social Inequality with Mimiko's World\-class Mega Primary School\|date\=30 December 2015\|website\=Vanguardngr.com}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/08/fg\-emulate\-mimikos\-progressive\-initiatives\-unicef\-country\-rep/\|title\=FG Should Emulate Mimiko's Progressive Initiatives – UNICEF Country Rep \- Vanguard News\|date\=8 August 2016\|website\=Vanguardngr.com}}{{cite web\|url\=https://guardian.ng/news/mimiko\-challenges\-youth\-on\-educa/\|title\=Mimiko challenges youth on education\|website\=Guardian.ng\|date\=7 March 2016}} Former presidential candidate [Tunde Bakare](/wiki/Tunde_Bakare "Tunde Bakare") described the Mega school initiative as reminiscent of the late Chief Awolowo's educational development legacy, which fast\-tracked the development of the South Western states in the country.{{cite web\|url\=http://thehopenewspapers.com/2017/02/mimikos\-100\-legacy\-projects/\|title\=Mimiko's 100 legacy Projects \- The Hope Newspapers\|date\=3 February 2017\|website\=Thehopenewspapers.com}}
In 2009, the state ranked 33 out of the [36 states in Nigeria](/wiki/States_of_Nigeria "States of Nigeria") in the [West African Education Council Examinations](/wiki/West_African_Examinations_Council "West African Examinations Council") (WAEC) The administration embarked on a rigorous structural and curricula upgrade in the state secondary schools, and a free education policy with the state government paying all external examination fees such as [National Examination Council (Nigeria)](/wiki/National_Examination_Council_%28Nigeria%29 "National Examination Council (Nigeria)") (NECO) and [WAEC](/wiki/West_African_Examinations_Council "West African Examinations Council"). By 2016, Ondo state was in 7th position in the West African Examination Council results.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/the\-guardian\-nigeria/20170914/282136406578158 \|title\=WAEC results as metaphor of collapsing education standards in Southwest \|via\=PressReader \|accessdate\=10 February 2022}}
#### Free shuttle buses
On [June 12](/wiki/Nigerian_presidential_election%2C_1993 "Nigerian presidential election, 1993"), 2012, widely seen by the Nigerian people as the true [Democracy Day](/wiki/Democracy_Day_%28Nigeria%29 "Democracy Day (Nigeria)") in remembrance of [Moshood Abiola](/wiki/Moshood_Abiola "Moshood Abiola"), Mimiko flagged off the Free School Shuttle buses for all primary and secondary school students. By 2016, 100 free shuttle buses ran throughout the state and 53,000 students in private and state\-owned schools across the state had benefited from the scheme.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/06/13/of\-june\-12\-and\-ondos\-democratic\-credentials/\|title\=Of June 12 and Ondo's Democratic Credentials\|date\=13 June 2016\|website\=thisdaylive.com}}{{cite web\|url\=http://thehopenewspapers.com/2015/10/odsg\-increases\-free\-school\-shuttle\-buses/\|title\=ODSG increases free school shuttle buses \- The Hope Newspapers\|date\=16 October 2015\|website\=thehopenewspapers.com}} The project was implemented to encourage school attendance and improve punctuality by alleviating the financial burden of education on parents and relieving many students of the realities of trekking long and exhausting distances to school.{{cite web\|url\=https://guardian.ng/sunday\-magazine/mimiko\-finishing\-well\-62/\|title\=Mimiko: Finishing well @ 62\|website\=guardian.ng\|date\=2 October 2016}} In Mimiko's words, “The Mega School and free shuttle bus concepts were all targeted at bridging the gap between the children of the rich and the poor so that the poor can have a sense of belonging in the society”.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thetrentonline.com/the\-olusegun\-mimiko\-revolution\-caring\-heart\-mega\-primary\-schools\-photos/\|title\=The Olusegun Mimiko Revolution: Caring Heart Mega Primary Schools (PHOTOS) \- The Trent\|date\=20 December 2015\|website\=thetrentonline.com}}
In 2017, [UNICEF](/wiki/UNICEF "UNICEF") scored the state highest in health, child survival, effort on nutrition, sanitation, and education, country representative of the UNICEF, Mr. Mohammed Mallick Fall, noted the free shuttle scheme among other developed social protection policies which the described as " resourceful to the actualisation of SDG Vision 2030\.{{cite web\|url\=https://guardian.ng/news/if\-nigeria\-fails\-sdg\-africa\-will\-not\-make\-it\-says\-unicef/\|title\=If Nigeria fails SDG, Africa will not make it, says UNICEF\|website\=guardian.ng\|date\=28 October 2017}}
#### Tertiary level interventions
The [University\_of\_Medical\_Sciences](/wiki/University_of_Medical_Sciences%2C_Ondo "University of Medical Sciences, Ondo") (Unimed), Ondo was established by a bill signed into law in December 2014 by Olusegun Mimiko.{{cite web\|url\=http://nuc.edu.ng/nigerian\-univerisities/state\-univerisity/\|title\=State Universities \- National Universities Commission\|website\=nuc.edu.ng}} It is the third specialized medical university in Africa, the first in West Africa and Nigeria’s first specialized medical university to be accredited by the [National Universities Commission](/wiki/National_Universities_Commission "National Universities Commission").{{Cite web\|url\=http://newspeakng.com/2016/03/13/ondo\-mimiko\-commissions\-first\-university\-of\-medical\-sciences\-in\-nigeria/\|title\=Ondo: Mimiko Commissions First University of Medical Sciences in Nigeria – Newspeakng\|access\-date\=11 April 2016}} The University was accredited in April 2015 by the [Nigerian Universities Commission](/wiki/Nigerian_Universities_Commission "Nigerian Universities Commission").{{cite web\|url\=http://thenationonlineng.net/ondo\-medical\-varsity\-now\-legal/\|title\=Ondo medical varsity now legal \- The Nation Nigeria\|date\=23 April 2015\|website\=thenationonlineng.net}}
The Mimiko administration’s reformation of the existing State owned [Adekunle Ajasin University](/wiki/Adekunle_Ajasin_University "Adekunle Ajasin University") (AAU), and the [Rufus Giwa Polytechnic](/wiki/Rufus_Giwa_Polytechnic "Rufus Giwa Polytechnic"), [Owo](/wiki/Owo "Owo") (RUGIPO) was recognized in In 2014 by the United States Transparency International Standards (USTIS) rating Adekunle Ajasin University, as the best state\-owned university in Nigeria and Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, as the best state polytechnic in Nigeria.{{cite web\|url\=http://thenationonlineng.net/mimiko\-inaugurates\-senate\-building/\|title\=Mimiko inaugurates Senate Building \- The Nation Nigeria\|date\=8 January 2015\|website\=thenationonlineng.net}}{{cite web \|last1\=Martins \|first1\=Adekunle \|title\=Ondo To Rolls Out Kaadi Igbe Ayo, Smartcard For Digitalized Service Delivery \|url\=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/ondo\-to\-rolls\-out\-kaadi\-igbe\-ayo\-smartcard\-for\-digitalized\-service\-delivery/ \|website\=Guardian \|date\=27 June 2015 \|access\-date\=27 January 2019}}
### *Kaadi Igbe Ayo* (KIA) \- The Ondo Residency Card Initiative
In December 2010, Mimiko initiated the first Residency Card Project in Nigeria called the *Kaadi Igbe Ayo* (KIA) Project ([Yoruba](/wiki/Yoruba_language "Yoruba language"): The good\-living card), stating that the project was primarily designed for efficient service delivery and not just for identification.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thescoopng.com/2013/03/30/tomide\-akinribido\-kaadi\-igbe\-ayo\-nigerias\-first\-residency\-card\-project\-a\-review/\|title\=Tomide Akinribido: Kaadi Igbe Ayo: Nigeria's first residency card project \- A review \|website\=Thescoopng.com}} This was done in fulfillment of his promise in his inaugural speech delivered at the Akure Township Stadium on 24 February 2009, when he told the crowd, “I want to know all of you by name. I want to know where you live. I want to know what you do for a living… I want to be able to talk to you one\-on\-one. I want to know the exact number seeking employment… I need to know these and many other things to be able to catalyze the joint processes and mechanism for the realization of our collective dream.”
The Kaadi Igbe Ayo is a multi\-functional smart card with over 90 applications and captures information about the citizen, ranging from bio data, occupation, family size, income level, and tax records, to health records. Kaadi Igbe Ayo provides access to government services including the Abiye Safe Motherhood programme, free education, micro\-credit, and economic empowerment schemes, and highly subsidised agricultural inputs and supplies.
The KIA project has been commended by officials of UNICEF, the [United Nations Development Programme](/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme "United Nations Development Programme") (UNDP), the [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank "World Bank"), the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization"), and the [Department for International Development](/wiki/Department_for_International_Development "Department for International Development") DFID.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nigerianbulletin.com/threads/gov\-mimiko\-implements\-ondo\-states\-universal\-residency\-card\-kaadi\-igbe\-ayo.113969/\|title\=Gov Mimiko Implements Ondo State's Universal Residency Card 'Kaadi Igbe Ayo' \- Nigerian Bulletin \- Trending News\|website\=Nigerian Bulletin \- Trending News}} In 2013, the Ondo State government formally launched and began implementation of the residency card. Some criticism trailed the enforcement of the card for the State's health services, which the State government addressed, stating that the implementation of the residency card had become an imperative response to the influx of non\-residents from neighbouring states, induced by the State's subsidized healthcare services and [free maternal health programme](/wiki/The_Abiye_%28Safe_Motherhood%29_Project%23The_Mother_and_Child_Hospital_Model "The Abiye (Safe Motherhood) Project#The Mother and Child Hospital Model").{{cite web\|url\=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/ondo\-to\-rolls\-out\-kaadi\-igbe\-ayo\-smartcard\-for\-digitalized\-service\-delivery/\|title\=Ondo To Rolls Out Kaadi Igbe Ayo, Smartcard For Digitalized Service Delivery\|website\=guardian.ng\|date\=27 June 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://dailypost.ng/2015/07/09/despite\-public\-outcry\-ondo\-enforces\-residency\-card\-in\-health\-facilities/\|title\=Despite public outcry, Ondo enforces residency card in health facilities \- Daily Post Nigeria\|date\=9 July 2015\|website\=dailypost.ng}} The administration received two international and three national awards for the successful implementation of the residency card between 2013 and 2016\.
In 2016, Kaadi Igbe Ayo was given the E\-Governance Brand of The Year Award by ConsumersNG for being the most proficient multi\-application smart card and best e\-governance consumer product in Nigeria.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/03/kaadi\-igbeayo\-we\-are\-laying\-a\-foundation\-for\-technology\-in\-ondo\-mimiko/\|title\=Kaadi Igbeayo: We are laying a foundation for technology in Ondo – Mimiko \- Vanguard News\|date\=2 March 2016\|website\=Vanguardngr.com}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/03/05/mimiko\-bags\-e\-governance\-award\-with\-kaadi\-igbeayo/\|title\=Mimiko Bags E\-Governance Award With Kaadi Igbeayo \- THISDAYLIVE\|date\=5 March 2016\|website\=Thisdaylive.com}} As at February 2017, when Mimiko left office, the state government was set to begin the implementation of the card's tax\-monitoring feature.
### Urban renewal
In 2012, Mimiko was presented with the [UN\-Habitat Scroll of Honour Award](/wiki/UN-Habitat_Scroll_of_Honour_Award "UN-Habitat Scroll of Honour Award") at the 6th Session of the [World Urban Forum](/wiki/World_Urban_Forum "World Urban Forum") held in Naples, Italy in September 2012\.{{cite web\|url\=http://mirror.unhabitat.org/content.asp?catid\=827\&typeid\=24\&cid\=12404\|title\=Scroll Of Honour Award\|website\=mirror.unhabitat.org}} Mimiko is the second Nigerian to win the award after [Akin Mabogunje](/wiki/Akin_Mabogunje "Akin Mabogunje") in 1998\. The award is a human settlements award, mostly won by countries, with only a few wins by individuals and institutions since its inception in 1989\.{{Cite web \|url\=https://unhabitat.org/urban\-knowledge/awards/ \|title\=UN\-Habitat Scroll of Honour Award – UN\-Habitat \|access\-date\=25 June 2018 \|archive\-date\=16 October 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016083016/https://unhabitat.org/urban\-knowledge/awards/ \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.environewsnigeria.com/lessons\-from\-governor\-mimikos\-un\-habitat\-award/\|title\=Lessons from Governor Mimiko's UN\-Habitat award \- EnviroNews Nigeria \-\|first\=Michael\|last\=Simire\|website\=Environewsnigeria.com}} Mimiko's UN\-Habitat Scroll of Honour is premised on his bottom\-up urban renewal approach to reducing urban poverty throughout Ondo state via his ‘CARING HEART’ urban development agenda. The Mimiko administration's urban renewal projects are recognized{{by whom\|date\=September 2018}} as a repudiation of the ‘trickle\-down\-theory’. They include low\-income housing, rebuilding of dilapidated schools, a revival of the comatose agricultural farm settlements, improved intra and inter\-city transportation, skill acquisitions for unemployed youths, citywide infrastructure development, and urban aesthetics.
The transformation of the state capital [Akure](/wiki/Akure "Akure") from “developing rural community” to urban city status is arguably one of the most renowned of Mimiko's urban renewal achievements, and one for which he has been conferred with an honorary fellowship award by the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (NIPT).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/29/the\-governor\-ondo\-needs/\|title\=The Governor Ondo Needs\|date\=29 August 2016\|website\=Thisdaylive.com}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/06/why\-we\-are\-honoring\-mimiko\-institute\-of\-town\-planners/\|title\=Why we are honoring Mimiko \- Institute of Town Planners \- Vanguard News\|date\=2 June 2012\|website\=Vanguardngr.com}} At a news conference in 2009, Mimiko's presentation of a masterplan to tackle traffic flow obstruction and expand roads was met with scepticism.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sharpedgenews.com/index.php?option\=com\_k2\&view\=item\&id\=4852\|title\=Mimiko's Three Years of Intimidating Transformation\|website\=Sharpedgenews.com}} He announced plans to outlaw the prevalent roadside sale of vehicles, remove hundreds of street traders and artisans from the main roads, and reconstruct strategic roads including the notoriously congested 35 year old Oba Adesida road, and the revered Arakale road, which had been ignored by previous administrations for fear of relocating the sacred shrines.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/12/the\-new\-face\-of\-shopping\-in\-ondo/\|title\=The new face of shopping in Ondo \- Vanguard News\|date\=4 December 2011\|website\=Vanguardngr.com}} The project was predicted to consume the Mimiko administration and his chances of a second term.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/80799/mimikos\-three\-years\-of\-intimidating\-transformation.html\|title\=MIMIKO'S THREE YEARS OF INTIMIDATING TRANSFORMATION\|website\=Thenigerianvoice.com}}
Within the first year of the Mimiko administration, 500 buildings were demolished including makeshift workshops and scores of streets traders relocated from the main roads to facilities labelled ‘Caring Heart Neighbourhood Markets’.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.latestnigeriannews.com/news/177275/mimiko\-the\-market\-governor.html\|title\=Mimiko, the market governor\|last\=Latestnigeriannews\|website\=Latest Nigerian News}} Mimiko's neighbourhood markets are replicated in other major towns including [Okitipupa](/wiki/Okitipupa "Okitipupa"), [Ondo City](/wiki/Ondo_City "Ondo City"), [Ikare](/wiki/Ikare "Ikare"), and [Owo](/wiki/Owo "Owo").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/08/inside\-the\-cotonou\-in\-ondo/\|title\=Inside 'THE COTONOU' in Ondo \- Vanguard News\|date\=5 August 2012\|website\=Vanguardngr.com}} Within the same period, the governor conflated several dilapidated primary schools, which were nightly criminal hideouts, into single modern structures tagged ‘Caring Heart Mega Schools’.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/03/from\-criminals\-hideout\-to\-a\-model\-school/\|title\=From criminals hideout to a model school \- Vanguard News\|date\=1 March 2012\|website\=Vanguardngr.com}} A N350million modern Auto Mart, a Mechanic Village,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/02/mimiko\-commissions\-n350m\-auto\-mart/\|title\=Mimiko commissions N350m auto mart \- Vanguard News\|date\=27 February 2011\|website\=Vanguardngr.com}} and a modern public transport hub called the Caring Heart Motor Park, was constructed by the Mimiko administration to relocate the roadside auto\-dealers, mechanics, and road transporters.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/01/mechanic\-village\-auto\-mart\-lead\-in\-akures\-urban\-renewal/\|title\=Mechanic village, auto mart lead in Akure's urban renewal \- Vanguard News\|date\=31 January 2012\|website\=Vanguardngr.com}} Although the relocation phase was initially met with resistance, the project became a success.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2018}} The Auto Mart dubbed ‘Cotonou of Ondo’ is the nucleus of vehicle sales in Ondo State, and attracts buyers from neighbouring states.
The Mimiko administration expanded, beautified, and electrified the Oba Adesida and Arakale roads among others, compensating affected persons to the tune of N1billion {{cite web\|url\=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/02/27/ondo\-and\-states\-peer\-review/\|title\=Ondo and States Peer Review \- THISDAYLIVE\|date\=27 February 2016\|website\=Thisdaylive.com}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.pointblanknews.com/Articles/artopn4122\.html\|title\=Mimiko's Magical Transformation of Akure Town to City Status\|date\=9 November 2011\|author\=Femi Adepoju\|website\=Pointblanknews.com\|access\-date\=22 July 2018}}
The Dome and International Conference Centre in Akure, popularly called ‘The Dome’, is a 7000 capacity event center which sits on a 36\.05\-hectare of land.{{cite web\|url\=http://thenationonlineng.net/driving\-urban\-renewal\-with\-real\-estate\-investment\|title\=Driving urban renewal with real estate investment \- The Nation Nigeria\|date\=28 January 2016\|website\=Thenationonlineng.net}} It was initiated and completed by the Mimiko administration in 2010 and 2015 respectively.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/06/05/akinmade\-urban\-renewal\-projects\-have\-repositioned\-ondo/\|title\=Akinmade: Urban Renewal Projects Have Repositioned Ondo \- THISDAYLIVE\|date\=5 June 2016\|website\=Thisdaylive.com}} It contains the Glass Hall Event Centre designed and built of combined steel and glass materials by Messrs Groupo Systems of Spain and the three in one Dome Conference Centre. Each dome is linked by tunnels and can hold different events simultaneously with the capacity for interface.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tribuneonlineng.com/57797/\|title\=Ondo set to inaugurate the world's best conference tourism Dome\|date\=25 January 2017\|website\=tribuneonlineng.com}} It has been described as “an engineering and architectural masterpiece” by the Nigerian Society of Engineers. The center is projected to generate an average of N45 million monthly from hall rentals alone.{{cite web\|url\=http://thenationonlineng.net/driving\-urban\-renewal\-with\-real\-estate\-investment/\|title\=Driving urban renewal with real estate investment \- The Nation Nigeria\|date\=28 January 2016\|website\=Thenationonlineng.net}} In 2015, the Nigerian Society of Engineers conference of 5000 delegates was held at the centre.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/11/sunshine2015\-ondo\-hosts\-nse\-conference/\|title\=\#Sunshine2015: Ondo hosts NSE conference \- Vanguard News\|date\=17 November 2015\|website\=Vanguardngr.com}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nigerianengineer.com/2015/05/nigerian\-society\-of\-engineers\-national\-engineering\-conference\-and\-annual\-general\-meeting\|title\=Nigerian Society of Engineers National Engineering Conference and Annual General Meeting \- Nigerian Engineer\|website\=Nigerianengineer.com}} The presence of the International Conference center generated a wave of urban renewal activities in the city. On 18 August 2014, Mimiko, under a Public Private Partnership, inaugurated the construction of the state's first ever shopping mall. The N1\.651bn structure and car park is located within the state\-owned Owena Motels.{{cite web\|url\=http://thenationonlineng.net/mimiko\-inaugurates\-n1\-6b\-shoprite\-malls\-construction/\|title\=Mimiko inaugurates N1\.6b Shoprite Mall's construction \- The Nation Nigeria\|date\=21 August 2014\|website\=Thenationonlineng.net}}{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20151021/282179354933774 \|title\=Mimiko Inaugurates Akure Shoprite Today \|via\=PressReader \|accessdate\=10 February 2022}} The Akure shopping mall which houses [Shoprite](/wiki/Shoprite_%28South_Africa%29 "Shoprite (South Africa)") and Filmhouse Cinemas (West Africa) opened in 2015\.{{cite web\|url\=https://guardian.ng/news/akure\-mall\-will\-add\-more\-value\-to\-our\-economy\-says\-mimiko/\|title\=Akure Mall will add more value to our economy, says Mimiko\|website\=Guardian.ng}}
### Agriculture
In 2009 the Mimiko administration established the [Ondo State Wealth Creation Agency](/wiki/Ondo_State_Wealth_Creation_Agency "Ondo State Wealth Creation Agency") (WECA) in response to the quest for economic diversification and the creation of employment in areas relating to Agriculture \& Food Security.{{cite web\|url\=https://allafrica.com/stories/201412221384\.html\|title\=Nigeria: Ondo Will Save Nigeria From Crunching Effects of Oil Doom \- Olafunmiloye \|first\= Oluwaseun\|last\= Akingboye \|date\=20 December 2014\|website\=Allafrica.com}} WECA functions to drive industrialization and employment opportunities through platforms and implements policies designed for wealth creation including the aggressive promotion of small scale enterprises and indigenous products and services, and the establishment and management of Ondo State agro allied industries.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/38428/\|title\= Agribusiness: Ondo WECA's success story \|first\= Ruth\|last\= Olurounbi \|date\=8 November 2016\|publisher\=\[\[Nigerian Tribune]]}}{{cite web\|url\= https://guardian.ng/news/ondo\-state\-to\-tackle\-unemployment\-through\-agriculture/\|title\= Ondo State to tackle unemployment through agriculture\|publisher\=\[\[The Guardian (Nigeria)]]}} On 19 May 2014, the administration launched the Profarmers \& Agropreneurs Sustainable Scheme PASS. Under the scheme, young graduates are assigned to the state's Agro Business Cities and other units under WECA for training and practical knowledge.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/09/our\-involvement\-in\-agriculture\-transformed\-our\-thinking\-weca\-participants/\|title\=Our involvement in agriculture transformed our thinking \- WECA participants \- Vanguard News\|date\=21 September 2012\|website\=Vanguardngr.com}}
{{Cite web\|title\=Mimiko's Three Years of Intimidating Transformation\|url\=http://www.sharpedgenews.com/index.php?option\=com\_k2\&view\=item\&id\=4852:mimiko\-s\-three\-years\-of\-intimidating\-transformation\&Itemid\=641\|website\=Sharpedgenews.com\|language\=en\-gb\|access\-date\=8 May 2020}}
In 2016 the Youth development programs of the agency earned the commendation of the [African Development Bank](/wiki/African_Development_Bank "African Development Bank").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.businessdayonline.com/news/article/ondo\-to\-partner\-with\-afdb\-on\-youth\-empowerment/\|title\=Ondo to partner with AfDB on youth empowerment\|date\=9 March 2016\|website\=businessdayonline.com}} WECA re\-modelled the farm settlement concept, introduced by [Pa Awolowo](/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo "Obafemi Awolowo") under the old Western Region, and established four modern farm settlements called Agro Business Cities (ABCs) in three senatorial districts of the state.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tribuneonlineng.com/38428/\|title\=Agribusiness: Ondo WECA's success story\|date\=8 November 2016\|website\=tribuneonlineng.com}} Agricultural practices being carried out in the Agro business cities include poultry, fishery, cattle rearing, arable farming, sericulture, and apiculture.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thebreakingtimes.com/the\-mimiko\-revolution\-creating\-wealth\-through\-agriculture/\|title\=THE MIMIKO REVOLUTION\- Creating Wealth Through Agriculture\|website\=Thebreakingtimes.com}} In 2016, the facilities and infrastructure at the business cities were commended by officials of the [African Development Bank](/wiki/African_Development_Bank "African Development Bank").
The Mimiko administration established the Cocoa Revolution Project (CRP), a pilot land restoration program to aid farmers in the development of skills needed to produce premium cocoa beans.{{cite news \|title\=SPAGnVOLA shop in Gaithersburg finds a niche in chocolate making \|language\=en\-US \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/spagnvola\-shop\-in\-gaithersburg\-finds\-a\-niche\-in\-chocolate\-making/2016/01/26/b79439fc\-c044\-11e5\-bcda\-62a36b394160\_story.html?noredirect\=on \|access\-date\=21 July 2018}} The project began with the rehabilitation of the 1,744 hectares Oda Cocoa Plantation in the Akure South area and the Cocoa Catalytic Industry, Idanre.{{cite news\|url\=https://guardian.ng/features/renaissance\-ondo\-explores\-ways\-to\-boost\-cocoa\-production/\|title\=Renaissance: Ondo explores ways to boost Cocoa Production\|work\=\[\[The Guardian (Nigeria)]]\|access\-date\=21 July 2018\|language\=en\-US}} Ondo State signed a Memorandum of Understanding with a United States concern, SPAGnVOLA Chocolatie LLC, on the establishment of a chocolate production facility and a Cocoa training Academy. The collaboration includes the introduction of fair\-trade practices and quality controls available in other cocoa producing countries. In 2014, CRP produced 4\.7 metric tonnes of premium cocoa beans and partnered with the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and several organizations like the [IITA](/wiki/International_Institute_of_Tropical_Agriculture "International Institute of Tropical Agriculture"), IFAD, [USAID](/wiki/USAID "USAID"), French Association for the International Development of Exchange of Food and Agricultural Produce and Techniques, ADEPTA, and Israeli Fertilizer Production Groups.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/12/cocoa\-revolution\-ondo\-will\-soon\-be\-richer\-than\-lagos/\|title\=COCOA REVOLUTION 'Ondo will soon be richer than Lagos!' \- Vanguard News\|date\=19 December 2015\|website\=Vanguardngr.com}}
SPAGnVOLA created the first Nigerian chocolate bar using the CRP Oda premium cocoa beans.{{citation needed\|date\=November 2020}}
In June 2015, the bar won a Chocolate Silver award from the Academy of Chocolate Award, held in London.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.academyofchocolate.org.uk/awards/2015\-2/\|title\=2015\|date\=23 June 2015\|website\=academyofchocolate.org.uk}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/spagnvola\-shop\-in\-gaithersburg\-finds\-a\-niche\-in\-chocolate\-making/2016/01/26/b79439fc\-c044\-11e5\-bcda\-62a36b394160\_story.html\|title\=SPAGnVOLA shop in Gaithersburg finds a niche in chocolate making\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]]}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.prweb.com/releases/spagnvola\_wins\_award\_for\_their\_premium\_nigerian\_chocolate\_bar/prweb12681138\.htm\|title\=SPAGnVOLA Wins Award For Their Premium Nigerian Chocolate Bar\|website\=Prweb.com}}
### Judiciary reforms
On 2 September 2011, Mimiko presented a review of the state laws in use since 1978\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/59664/1/ondo\-revises\-35\-year\-old\-obsolete\-laws\-for\-effecti.html\|title\=Ondo Revises 35\-Year\-Old Obsolete Laws For Effective Administration Of Justice\|website\=Thenigerianvoice.com}} The Revised Edition of the laws is published in 500 volumes; it is a compendium of all the laws made in the state from its creation in 1978 to 2006\. The revised laws became operational on 20 September 2011\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/84902/justice\-is\-now\-accessible\-to\-indigents\-ondo\-ag.html\|title\=JUSTICE IS NOW ACCESSIBLE TO INDIGENTS \- ONDO AG\|website\=Thenigerianvoice.com}} Nigeria's first prison High court was established by Mimiko. The Court\-in–Prison programme is a feature of the Ondo Rapid Justice System programme introduced in 2012, to accelerate the dispensation of justice, and decongest the state's prisons.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/04/rapid\-justice\-system\-mimikos\-latest\-gift\-to\-judiciary/\|title\=Rapid justice system: Mimiko's latest gift to the judiciary \- Vanguard News\|date\=6 April 2012\|website\=Vanguardngr.com}} On 2 April 2012, the State High Court in the premises of the Head Office of the [Nigerian Prisons Service](/wiki/Nigerian_Prisons_Service "Nigerian Prisons Service") NPS, Olokuta Medium Security Prison, Akure commenced operation.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/09/ondo\-rapid\-justice\-system\-decongests\-courts/\|title\=Ondo Rapid Justice System decongests courts \- Vanguard News\|date\=14 September 2013\|website\=Vanguardngr.com}}{{Cite web \|url\=http://thehopenewspapers.com/2015/11/prisons\-should\-be\-reformatory\-jegede/ \|title\=Prisons should be reformatory\- Jegede \- the Hope Newspapers \|access\-date\=25 June 2018 \|archive\-date\=9 July 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709134805/http://thehopenewspapers.com/2015/11/prisons\-should\-be\-reformatory\-jegede/ \|url\-status\=dead }}
Under the Mimiko administration the State Customary Court of Appeal, eighteen new Magistrate Courts, and two High Courts in [Idanre](/wiki/Idanre "Idanre") and [Ifedore](/wiki/Ifedore "Ifedore") Local Government areas were established. The administration carried out a renovation of all the High Courts and Magistrate courts in the State, and attracted the Federal High Court and the [National Industrial Court](/wiki/National_Industrial_Court_of_Nigeria "National Industrial Court of Nigeria") to Ondo State. Mimiko was instrumental in bringing the Akure Division of the Court of Appeal to Ondo State.{{cite web\|url\=http://thehopenewspapers.com/2016/03/9648/\|title\=Mimiko's 7th year: Celebrating tall achievements \- The Hope Newspapers\|date\=10 March 2016\|website\=Thehopenewspapers.com}}
{{cite web\|url\=https://newafricanpress.com/2010/09/08/court\-of\-appeal\-akure\-division\-takes\-off/\|title\=Court of appeal Akure Division takes off\|date\=8 September 2010\|website\=Newafricanpress.com}}{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/law/court\-of\-appeal\-waxing\-stronger\-@\-41/184204\.html \|title\=Court of Appeal waxing stronger @ 41 \|access\-date\=25 June 2018 \|archive\-date\=21 July 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721192223/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/law/court\-of\-appeal\-waxing\-stronger\-@\-41/184204\.html \|url\-status\=dead }} On 14 November 2015, the Ondo State House of Assembly passed into Law the Bill for Administration of Criminal Justice 2015, to address the issue of delays in the administration of justice.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/general/ondo\-assembly\-passes\-criminal\-justice\-bill\-into\-law/119946\.html \|title\=Ondo Assembly passes criminal justice bill into law \|access\-date\=25 June 2018 \|archive\-date\=19 July 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719234112/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/general/ondo\-assembly\-passes\-criminal\-justice\-bill\-into\-law/119946\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web\|url\=http://thehopenewspapers.com/2015/11/ondo\-judiciarys\-transformation\-another\-mimikos\-legacy/\|title\=Ondo Judiciary's transformation: Another Mimiko's legacy \- The Hope Newspapers\|date\=24 November 2015\|website\=Thehopenewspapers.com}}
|
[
"Governor\n--------",
"After the Court of Appeal decision, Mimiko became the first and only member of the [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28Nigeria%29 \"Labour Party (Nigeria)\") to win gubernatorial office in Nigeria before 2023\\.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=679\\&Itemid\\=1\\|title\\= The Fall of Agagu \\|access\\-date\\= 20 February 2010\\|last\\= Akintunde \\|first\\= Kazeem \\|date\\= 1 March 2009\\|work\\= Newswatch Magazine\\|publisher\\= Newswatch Communications Limited (Lagos)}}",
"Mimiko contested as the Labour Party candidate and won re\\-election on 20 October 2012, for a second term in office, making him the first governor in Ondo State to win a second term election since 1999\\.{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/02/mimiko\\-the\\-south\\-west\\-political\\-bride\\-begins\\-second\\-term/\\|title\\= Mimiko: The South\\-West political bride begins second term\\|first\\=Clifford\\|last\\=Ndujihe\\|date\\=28 February 2013\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]}}\nHis tenure as governor ended on 24 February 2017\\. Olusegun Mimiko is the first civilian governor to serve for more than four years since the creation of Ondo state in 1976\\.",
"### Education reforms",
"At the onset of the Mimiko administration in 2009, national statistics put Ondo State as having a school enrolment record that was the lowest in the [southwestern region](/wiki/Western_State_%28Nigeria%29 \"Western State (Nigeria)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://thenationonlineng.net/kaadi\\-igbe\\-ayo\\-ondos\\-revolutionary\\-use\\-technology/\\|title\\=Kaadi Igbe Ayo: Ondo's revolutionary use of technology \\- The Nation Nigeria\\|date\\=19 September 2017\\|website\\=Thenationonlineng.net}} Mimiko called his educational intervention policy the 5Is formula; Incentive, Inspection, Institutional Management, Infrastructure development and ICT development.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/mimiko\\-legacy\\-projects\\-akeredolu\\-ondo\\-people/\\|title\\=Mimiko legacy projects, Akeredolu and Ondo people \\- Vanguard News\\|date\\=25 December 2016\\|website\\=Vanguardngr.com}} On 16 September 2010, the Quality Education Assurance Agency was established as an autonomous institution with the task of discharging supervisory duties in schools. The administration invested heavily in the provision of free education, free shuttle buses, the renovation of over 300 schools including the merging of some primary schools which birthed the Caring Heart Mega primary schools, a major overhaul of the secondary and tertiary institutions, and the creation of [University of Medical Sciences, Ondo](/wiki/University_of_Medical_Sciences%2C_Ondo \"University of Medical Sciences, Ondo\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/11/mimiko\\-builds\\-50\\-mega\\-schools\\-pays\\-n2b\\-bursary\\-scholarship/\\|title\\=Mimiko builds 50 mega schools, pay N2b bursary, scholarship\\|date\\=15 November 2015\\|website\\=Vanguardngr.com}} Tokunbo Awolowo\\-Dosunmu, the last child of [Obafemi Awolowo](/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo \"Obafemi Awolowo\"), and former Nigerian ambassador to the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\") described Mimiko as going a step further of the legacies of Awolowo, particularly in the area of democratising access to education.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://thenationonlineng.net/ondo\\-mega\\-schools\\-ahead\\-awos\\-legacy/\\|title\\='Ondo mega schools, ahead Awo's legacy' \\- The Nation Nigeria\\|date\\=5 February 2017\\|website\\=thenationonlineng.net}}",
"Mimiko's Mega school model surpasses the [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO \"UNESCO\") standard for a child\\-friendly school environment and has attracted national and international recognition as well as criticisms. The 51 schools are across the 3 senatorial districts and have been said{{by whom\\|date\\=September 2018}} to be created in a bid to correct the educational imbalance between the children of the rich and the poor and foster inter\\-social class relations by making quality primary education accessible to all.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/12/ending\\-social\\-inequality\\-with\\-mimikos\\-world\\-class\\-mega\\-primary\\-school/\\|title\\=Ending Social Inequality with Mimiko's World\\-class Mega Primary School\\|date\\=30 December 2015\\|website\\=Vanguardngr.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/08/fg\\-emulate\\-mimikos\\-progressive\\-initiatives\\-unicef\\-country\\-rep/\\|title\\=FG Should Emulate Mimiko's Progressive Initiatives – UNICEF Country Rep \\- Vanguard News\\|date\\=8 August 2016\\|website\\=Vanguardngr.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://guardian.ng/news/mimiko\\-challenges\\-youth\\-on\\-educa/\\|title\\=Mimiko challenges youth on education\\|website\\=Guardian.ng\\|date\\=7 March 2016}} Former presidential candidate [Tunde Bakare](/wiki/Tunde_Bakare \"Tunde Bakare\") described the Mega school initiative as reminiscent of the late Chief Awolowo's educational development legacy, which fast\\-tracked the development of the South Western states in the country.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://thehopenewspapers.com/2017/02/mimikos\\-100\\-legacy\\-projects/\\|title\\=Mimiko's 100 legacy Projects \\- The Hope Newspapers\\|date\\=3 February 2017\\|website\\=Thehopenewspapers.com}}",
"In 2009, the state ranked 33 out of the [36 states in Nigeria](/wiki/States_of_Nigeria \"States of Nigeria\") in the [West African Education Council Examinations](/wiki/West_African_Examinations_Council \"West African Examinations Council\") (WAEC) The administration embarked on a rigorous structural and curricula upgrade in the state secondary schools, and a free education policy with the state government paying all external examination fees such as [National Examination Council (Nigeria)](/wiki/National_Examination_Council_%28Nigeria%29 \"National Examination Council (Nigeria)\") (NECO) and [WAEC](/wiki/West_African_Examinations_Council \"West African Examinations Council\"). By 2016, Ondo state was in 7th position in the West African Examination Council results.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/the\\-guardian\\-nigeria/20170914/282136406578158 \\|title\\=WAEC results as metaphor of collapsing education standards in Southwest \\|via\\=PressReader \\|accessdate\\=10 February 2022}}",
"#### Free shuttle buses",
"On [June 12](/wiki/Nigerian_presidential_election%2C_1993 \"Nigerian presidential election, 1993\"), 2012, widely seen by the Nigerian people as the true [Democracy Day](/wiki/Democracy_Day_%28Nigeria%29 \"Democracy Day (Nigeria)\") in remembrance of [Moshood Abiola](/wiki/Moshood_Abiola \"Moshood Abiola\"), Mimiko flagged off the Free School Shuttle buses for all primary and secondary school students. By 2016, 100 free shuttle buses ran throughout the state and 53,000 students in private and state\\-owned schools across the state had benefited from the scheme.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/06/13/of\\-june\\-12\\-and\\-ondos\\-democratic\\-credentials/\\|title\\=Of June 12 and Ondo's Democratic Credentials\\|date\\=13 June 2016\\|website\\=thisdaylive.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://thehopenewspapers.com/2015/10/odsg\\-increases\\-free\\-school\\-shuttle\\-buses/\\|title\\=ODSG increases free school shuttle buses \\- The Hope Newspapers\\|date\\=16 October 2015\\|website\\=thehopenewspapers.com}} The project was implemented to encourage school attendance and improve punctuality by alleviating the financial burden of education on parents and relieving many students of the realities of trekking long and exhausting distances to school.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://guardian.ng/sunday\\-magazine/mimiko\\-finishing\\-well\\-62/\\|title\\=Mimiko: Finishing well @ 62\\|website\\=guardian.ng\\|date\\=2 October 2016}} In Mimiko's words, “The Mega School and free shuttle bus concepts were all targeted at bridging the gap between the children of the rich and the poor so that the poor can have a sense of belonging in the society”.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thetrentonline.com/the\\-olusegun\\-mimiko\\-revolution\\-caring\\-heart\\-mega\\-primary\\-schools\\-photos/\\|title\\=The Olusegun Mimiko Revolution: Caring Heart Mega Primary Schools (PHOTOS) \\- The Trent\\|date\\=20 December 2015\\|website\\=thetrentonline.com}}",
"In 2017, [UNICEF](/wiki/UNICEF \"UNICEF\") scored the state highest in health, child survival, effort on nutrition, sanitation, and education, country representative of the UNICEF, Mr. Mohammed Mallick Fall, noted the free shuttle scheme among other developed social protection policies which the described as \" resourceful to the actualisation of SDG Vision 2030\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://guardian.ng/news/if\\-nigeria\\-fails\\-sdg\\-africa\\-will\\-not\\-make\\-it\\-says\\-unicef/\\|title\\=If Nigeria fails SDG, Africa will not make it, says UNICEF\\|website\\=guardian.ng\\|date\\=28 October 2017}}",
"#### Tertiary level interventions",
"The [University\\_of\\_Medical\\_Sciences](/wiki/University_of_Medical_Sciences%2C_Ondo \"University of Medical Sciences, Ondo\") (Unimed), Ondo was established by a bill signed into law in December 2014 by Olusegun Mimiko.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://nuc.edu.ng/nigerian\\-univerisities/state\\-univerisity/\\|title\\=State Universities \\- National Universities Commission\\|website\\=nuc.edu.ng}} It is the third specialized medical university in Africa, the first in West Africa and Nigeria’s first specialized medical university to be accredited by the [National Universities Commission](/wiki/National_Universities_Commission \"National Universities Commission\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://newspeakng.com/2016/03/13/ondo\\-mimiko\\-commissions\\-first\\-university\\-of\\-medical\\-sciences\\-in\\-nigeria/\\|title\\=Ondo: Mimiko Commissions First University of Medical Sciences in Nigeria – Newspeakng\\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2016}} The University was accredited in April 2015 by the [Nigerian Universities Commission](/wiki/Nigerian_Universities_Commission \"Nigerian Universities Commission\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://thenationonlineng.net/ondo\\-medical\\-varsity\\-now\\-legal/\\|title\\=Ondo medical varsity now legal \\- The Nation Nigeria\\|date\\=23 April 2015\\|website\\=thenationonlineng.net}}",
"The Mimiko administration’s reformation of the existing State owned [Adekunle Ajasin University](/wiki/Adekunle_Ajasin_University \"Adekunle Ajasin University\") (AAU), and the [Rufus Giwa Polytechnic](/wiki/Rufus_Giwa_Polytechnic \"Rufus Giwa Polytechnic\"), [Owo](/wiki/Owo \"Owo\") (RUGIPO) was recognized in In 2014 by the United States Transparency International Standards (USTIS) rating Adekunle Ajasin University, as the best state\\-owned university in Nigeria and Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, as the best state polytechnic in Nigeria.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://thenationonlineng.net/mimiko\\-inaugurates\\-senate\\-building/\\|title\\=Mimiko inaugurates Senate Building \\- The Nation Nigeria\\|date\\=8 January 2015\\|website\\=thenationonlineng.net}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Martins \\|first1\\=Adekunle \\|title\\=Ondo To Rolls Out Kaadi Igbe Ayo, Smartcard For Digitalized Service Delivery \\|url\\=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/ondo\\-to\\-rolls\\-out\\-kaadi\\-igbe\\-ayo\\-smartcard\\-for\\-digitalized\\-service\\-delivery/ \\|website\\=Guardian \\|date\\=27 June 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2019}}",
"### *Kaadi Igbe Ayo* (KIA) \\- The Ondo Residency Card Initiative",
"In December 2010, Mimiko initiated the first Residency Card Project in Nigeria called the *Kaadi Igbe Ayo* (KIA) Project ([Yoruba](/wiki/Yoruba_language \"Yoruba language\"): The good\\-living card), stating that the project was primarily designed for efficient service delivery and not just for identification.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thescoopng.com/2013/03/30/tomide\\-akinribido\\-kaadi\\-igbe\\-ayo\\-nigerias\\-first\\-residency\\-card\\-project\\-a\\-review/\\|title\\=Tomide Akinribido: Kaadi Igbe Ayo: Nigeria's first residency card project \\- A review \\|website\\=Thescoopng.com}} This was done in fulfillment of his promise in his inaugural speech delivered at the Akure Township Stadium on 24 February 2009, when he told the crowd, “I want to know all of you by name. I want to know where you live. I want to know what you do for a living… I want to be able to talk to you one\\-on\\-one. I want to know the exact number seeking employment… I need to know these and many other things to be able to catalyze the joint processes and mechanism for the realization of our collective dream.”",
"The Kaadi Igbe Ayo is a multi\\-functional smart card with over 90 applications and captures information about the citizen, ranging from bio data, occupation, family size, income level, and tax records, to health records. Kaadi Igbe Ayo provides access to government services including the Abiye Safe Motherhood programme, free education, micro\\-credit, and economic empowerment schemes, and highly subsidised agricultural inputs and supplies.",
"The KIA project has been commended by officials of UNICEF, the [United Nations Development Programme](/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme \"United Nations Development Programme\") (UNDP), the [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\"), the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\"), and the [Department for International Development](/wiki/Department_for_International_Development \"Department for International Development\") DFID.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nigerianbulletin.com/threads/gov\\-mimiko\\-implements\\-ondo\\-states\\-universal\\-residency\\-card\\-kaadi\\-igbe\\-ayo.113969/\\|title\\=Gov Mimiko Implements Ondo State's Universal Residency Card 'Kaadi Igbe Ayo' \\- Nigerian Bulletin \\- Trending News\\|website\\=Nigerian Bulletin \\- Trending News}} In 2013, the Ondo State government formally launched and began implementation of the residency card. Some criticism trailed the enforcement of the card for the State's health services, which the State government addressed, stating that the implementation of the residency card had become an imperative response to the influx of non\\-residents from neighbouring states, induced by the State's subsidized healthcare services and [free maternal health programme](/wiki/The_Abiye_%28Safe_Motherhood%29_Project%23The_Mother_and_Child_Hospital_Model \"The Abiye (Safe Motherhood) Project#The Mother and Child Hospital Model\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/ondo\\-to\\-rolls\\-out\\-kaadi\\-igbe\\-ayo\\-smartcard\\-for\\-digitalized\\-service\\-delivery/\\|title\\=Ondo To Rolls Out Kaadi Igbe Ayo, Smartcard For Digitalized Service Delivery\\|website\\=guardian.ng\\|date\\=27 June 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://dailypost.ng/2015/07/09/despite\\-public\\-outcry\\-ondo\\-enforces\\-residency\\-card\\-in\\-health\\-facilities/\\|title\\=Despite public outcry, Ondo enforces residency card in health facilities \\- Daily Post Nigeria\\|date\\=9 July 2015\\|website\\=dailypost.ng}} The administration received two international and three national awards for the successful implementation of the residency card between 2013 and 2016\\.",
"In 2016, Kaadi Igbe Ayo was given the E\\-Governance Brand of The Year Award by ConsumersNG for being the most proficient multi\\-application smart card and best e\\-governance consumer product in Nigeria.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/03/kaadi\\-igbeayo\\-we\\-are\\-laying\\-a\\-foundation\\-for\\-technology\\-in\\-ondo\\-mimiko/\\|title\\=Kaadi Igbeayo: We are laying a foundation for technology in Ondo – Mimiko \\- Vanguard News\\|date\\=2 March 2016\\|website\\=Vanguardngr.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/03/05/mimiko\\-bags\\-e\\-governance\\-award\\-with\\-kaadi\\-igbeayo/\\|title\\=Mimiko Bags E\\-Governance Award With Kaadi Igbeayo \\- THISDAYLIVE\\|date\\=5 March 2016\\|website\\=Thisdaylive.com}} As at February 2017, when Mimiko left office, the state government was set to begin the implementation of the card's tax\\-monitoring feature.",
"### Urban renewal",
"In 2012, Mimiko was presented with the [UN\\-Habitat Scroll of Honour Award](/wiki/UN-Habitat_Scroll_of_Honour_Award \"UN-Habitat Scroll of Honour Award\") at the 6th Session of the [World Urban Forum](/wiki/World_Urban_Forum \"World Urban Forum\") held in Naples, Italy in September 2012\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mirror.unhabitat.org/content.asp?catid\\=827\\&typeid\\=24\\&cid\\=12404\\|title\\=Scroll Of Honour Award\\|website\\=mirror.unhabitat.org}} Mimiko is the second Nigerian to win the award after [Akin Mabogunje](/wiki/Akin_Mabogunje \"Akin Mabogunje\") in 1998\\. The award is a human settlements award, mostly won by countries, with only a few wins by individuals and institutions since its inception in 1989\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://unhabitat.org/urban\\-knowledge/awards/ \\|title\\=UN\\-Habitat Scroll of Honour Award – UN\\-Habitat \\|access\\-date\\=25 June 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 October 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016083016/https://unhabitat.org/urban\\-knowledge/awards/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.environewsnigeria.com/lessons\\-from\\-governor\\-mimikos\\-un\\-habitat\\-award/\\|title\\=Lessons from Governor Mimiko's UN\\-Habitat award \\- EnviroNews Nigeria \\-\\|first\\=Michael\\|last\\=Simire\\|website\\=Environewsnigeria.com}} Mimiko's UN\\-Habitat Scroll of Honour is premised on his bottom\\-up urban renewal approach to reducing urban poverty throughout Ondo state via his ‘CARING HEART’ urban development agenda. The Mimiko administration's urban renewal projects are recognized{{by whom\\|date\\=September 2018}} as a repudiation of the ‘trickle\\-down\\-theory’. They include low\\-income housing, rebuilding of dilapidated schools, a revival of the comatose agricultural farm settlements, improved intra and inter\\-city transportation, skill acquisitions for unemployed youths, citywide infrastructure development, and urban aesthetics.",
"The transformation of the state capital [Akure](/wiki/Akure \"Akure\") from “developing rural community” to urban city status is arguably one of the most renowned of Mimiko's urban renewal achievements, and one for which he has been conferred with an honorary fellowship award by the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (NIPT).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/29/the\\-governor\\-ondo\\-needs/\\|title\\=The Governor Ondo Needs\\|date\\=29 August 2016\\|website\\=Thisdaylive.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/06/why\\-we\\-are\\-honoring\\-mimiko\\-institute\\-of\\-town\\-planners/\\|title\\=Why we are honoring Mimiko \\- Institute of Town Planners \\- Vanguard News\\|date\\=2 June 2012\\|website\\=Vanguardngr.com}} At a news conference in 2009, Mimiko's presentation of a masterplan to tackle traffic flow obstruction and expand roads was met with scepticism.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sharpedgenews.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_k2\\&view\\=item\\&id\\=4852\\|title\\=Mimiko's Three Years of Intimidating Transformation\\|website\\=Sharpedgenews.com}} He announced plans to outlaw the prevalent roadside sale of vehicles, remove hundreds of street traders and artisans from the main roads, and reconstruct strategic roads including the notoriously congested 35 year old Oba Adesida road, and the revered Arakale road, which had been ignored by previous administrations for fear of relocating the sacred shrines.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/12/the\\-new\\-face\\-of\\-shopping\\-in\\-ondo/\\|title\\=The new face of shopping in Ondo \\- Vanguard News\\|date\\=4 December 2011\\|website\\=Vanguardngr.com}} The project was predicted to consume the Mimiko administration and his chances of a second term.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/80799/mimikos\\-three\\-years\\-of\\-intimidating\\-transformation.html\\|title\\=MIMIKO'S THREE YEARS OF INTIMIDATING TRANSFORMATION\\|website\\=Thenigerianvoice.com}}",
"Within the first year of the Mimiko administration, 500 buildings were demolished including makeshift workshops and scores of streets traders relocated from the main roads to facilities labelled ‘Caring Heart Neighbourhood Markets’.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.latestnigeriannews.com/news/177275/mimiko\\-the\\-market\\-governor.html\\|title\\=Mimiko, the market governor\\|last\\=Latestnigeriannews\\|website\\=Latest Nigerian News}} Mimiko's neighbourhood markets are replicated in other major towns including [Okitipupa](/wiki/Okitipupa \"Okitipupa\"), [Ondo City](/wiki/Ondo_City \"Ondo City\"), [Ikare](/wiki/Ikare \"Ikare\"), and [Owo](/wiki/Owo \"Owo\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/08/inside\\-the\\-cotonou\\-in\\-ondo/\\|title\\=Inside 'THE COTONOU' in Ondo \\- Vanguard News\\|date\\=5 August 2012\\|website\\=Vanguardngr.com}} Within the same period, the governor conflated several dilapidated primary schools, which were nightly criminal hideouts, into single modern structures tagged ‘Caring Heart Mega Schools’.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/03/from\\-criminals\\-hideout\\-to\\-a\\-model\\-school/\\|title\\=From criminals hideout to a model school \\- Vanguard News\\|date\\=1 March 2012\\|website\\=Vanguardngr.com}} A N350million modern Auto Mart, a Mechanic Village,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/02/mimiko\\-commissions\\-n350m\\-auto\\-mart/\\|title\\=Mimiko commissions N350m auto mart \\- Vanguard News\\|date\\=27 February 2011\\|website\\=Vanguardngr.com}} and a modern public transport hub called the Caring Heart Motor Park, was constructed by the Mimiko administration to relocate the roadside auto\\-dealers, mechanics, and road transporters.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/01/mechanic\\-village\\-auto\\-mart\\-lead\\-in\\-akures\\-urban\\-renewal/\\|title\\=Mechanic village, auto mart lead in Akure's urban renewal \\- Vanguard News\\|date\\=31 January 2012\\|website\\=Vanguardngr.com}} Although the relocation phase was initially met with resistance, the project became a success.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2018}} The Auto Mart dubbed ‘Cotonou of Ondo’ is the nucleus of vehicle sales in Ondo State, and attracts buyers from neighbouring states.",
"The Mimiko administration expanded, beautified, and electrified the Oba Adesida and Arakale roads among others, compensating affected persons to the tune of N1billion {{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/02/27/ondo\\-and\\-states\\-peer\\-review/\\|title\\=Ondo and States Peer Review \\- THISDAYLIVE\\|date\\=27 February 2016\\|website\\=Thisdaylive.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pointblanknews.com/Articles/artopn4122\\.html\\|title\\=Mimiko's Magical Transformation of Akure Town to City Status\\|date\\=9 November 2011\\|author\\=Femi Adepoju\\|website\\=Pointblanknews.com\\|access\\-date\\=22 July 2018}}\n The Dome and International Conference Centre in Akure, popularly called ‘The Dome’, is a 7000 capacity event center which sits on a 36\\.05\\-hectare of land.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://thenationonlineng.net/driving\\-urban\\-renewal\\-with\\-real\\-estate\\-investment\\|title\\=Driving urban renewal with real estate investment \\- The Nation Nigeria\\|date\\=28 January 2016\\|website\\=Thenationonlineng.net}} It was initiated and completed by the Mimiko administration in 2010 and 2015 respectively.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/06/05/akinmade\\-urban\\-renewal\\-projects\\-have\\-repositioned\\-ondo/\\|title\\=Akinmade: Urban Renewal Projects Have Repositioned Ondo \\- THISDAYLIVE\\|date\\=5 June 2016\\|website\\=Thisdaylive.com}} It contains the Glass Hall Event Centre designed and built of combined steel and glass materials by Messrs Groupo Systems of Spain and the three in one Dome Conference Centre. Each dome is linked by tunnels and can hold different events simultaneously with the capacity for interface.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tribuneonlineng.com/57797/\\|title\\=Ondo set to inaugurate the world's best conference tourism Dome\\|date\\=25 January 2017\\|website\\=tribuneonlineng.com}} It has been described as “an engineering and architectural masterpiece” by the Nigerian Society of Engineers. The center is projected to generate an average of N45 million monthly from hall rentals alone.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://thenationonlineng.net/driving\\-urban\\-renewal\\-with\\-real\\-estate\\-investment/\\|title\\=Driving urban renewal with real estate investment \\- The Nation Nigeria\\|date\\=28 January 2016\\|website\\=Thenationonlineng.net}} In 2015, the Nigerian Society of Engineers conference of 5000 delegates was held at the centre.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/11/sunshine2015\\-ondo\\-hosts\\-nse\\-conference/\\|title\\=\\#Sunshine2015: Ondo hosts NSE conference \\- Vanguard News\\|date\\=17 November 2015\\|website\\=Vanguardngr.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nigerianengineer.com/2015/05/nigerian\\-society\\-of\\-engineers\\-national\\-engineering\\-conference\\-and\\-annual\\-general\\-meeting\\|title\\=Nigerian Society of Engineers National Engineering Conference and Annual General Meeting \\- Nigerian Engineer\\|website\\=Nigerianengineer.com}} The presence of the International Conference center generated a wave of urban renewal activities in the city. On 18 August 2014, Mimiko, under a Public Private Partnership, inaugurated the construction of the state's first ever shopping mall. The N1\\.651bn structure and car park is located within the state\\-owned Owena Motels.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://thenationonlineng.net/mimiko\\-inaugurates\\-n1\\-6b\\-shoprite\\-malls\\-construction/\\|title\\=Mimiko inaugurates N1\\.6b Shoprite Mall's construction \\- The Nation Nigeria\\|date\\=21 August 2014\\|website\\=Thenationonlineng.net}}{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20151021/282179354933774 \\|title\\=Mimiko Inaugurates Akure Shoprite Today \\|via\\=PressReader \\|accessdate\\=10 February 2022}} The Akure shopping mall which houses [Shoprite](/wiki/Shoprite_%28South_Africa%29 \"Shoprite (South Africa)\") and Filmhouse Cinemas (West Africa) opened in 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://guardian.ng/news/akure\\-mall\\-will\\-add\\-more\\-value\\-to\\-our\\-economy\\-says\\-mimiko/\\|title\\=Akure Mall will add more value to our economy, says Mimiko\\|website\\=Guardian.ng}}",
"### Agriculture",
"In 2009 the Mimiko administration established the [Ondo State Wealth Creation Agency](/wiki/Ondo_State_Wealth_Creation_Agency \"Ondo State Wealth Creation Agency\") (WECA) in response to the quest for economic diversification and the creation of employment in areas relating to Agriculture \\& Food Security.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://allafrica.com/stories/201412221384\\.html\\|title\\=Nigeria: Ondo Will Save Nigeria From Crunching Effects of Oil Doom \\- Olafunmiloye \\|first\\= Oluwaseun\\|last\\= Akingboye \\|date\\=20 December 2014\\|website\\=Allafrica.com}} WECA functions to drive industrialization and employment opportunities through platforms and implements policies designed for wealth creation including the aggressive promotion of small scale enterprises and indigenous products and services, and the establishment and management of Ondo State agro allied industries.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/38428/\\|title\\= Agribusiness: Ondo WECA's success story \\|first\\= Ruth\\|last\\= Olurounbi \\|date\\=8 November 2016\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Nigerian Tribune]]}}{{cite web\\|url\\= https://guardian.ng/news/ondo\\-state\\-to\\-tackle\\-unemployment\\-through\\-agriculture/\\|title\\= Ondo State to tackle unemployment through agriculture\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Guardian (Nigeria)]]}} On 19 May 2014, the administration launched the Profarmers \\& Agropreneurs Sustainable Scheme PASS. Under the scheme, young graduates are assigned to the state's Agro Business Cities and other units under WECA for training and practical knowledge.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/09/our\\-involvement\\-in\\-agriculture\\-transformed\\-our\\-thinking\\-weca\\-participants/\\|title\\=Our involvement in agriculture transformed our thinking \\- WECA participants \\- Vanguard News\\|date\\=21 September 2012\\|website\\=Vanguardngr.com}}\n{{Cite web\\|title\\=Mimiko's Three Years of Intimidating Transformation\\|url\\=http://www.sharpedgenews.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_k2\\&view\\=item\\&id\\=4852:mimiko\\-s\\-three\\-years\\-of\\-intimidating\\-transformation\\&Itemid\\=641\\|website\\=Sharpedgenews.com\\|language\\=en\\-gb\\|access\\-date\\=8 May 2020}}\n In 2016 the Youth development programs of the agency earned the commendation of the [African Development Bank](/wiki/African_Development_Bank \"African Development Bank\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.businessdayonline.com/news/article/ondo\\-to\\-partner\\-with\\-afdb\\-on\\-youth\\-empowerment/\\|title\\=Ondo to partner with AfDB on youth empowerment\\|date\\=9 March 2016\\|website\\=businessdayonline.com}} WECA re\\-modelled the farm settlement concept, introduced by [Pa Awolowo](/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo \"Obafemi Awolowo\") under the old Western Region, and established four modern farm settlements called Agro Business Cities (ABCs) in three senatorial districts of the state.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tribuneonlineng.com/38428/\\|title\\=Agribusiness: Ondo WECA's success story\\|date\\=8 November 2016\\|website\\=tribuneonlineng.com}} Agricultural practices being carried out in the Agro business cities include poultry, fishery, cattle rearing, arable farming, sericulture, and apiculture.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thebreakingtimes.com/the\\-mimiko\\-revolution\\-creating\\-wealth\\-through\\-agriculture/\\|title\\=THE MIMIKO REVOLUTION\\- Creating Wealth Through Agriculture\\|website\\=Thebreakingtimes.com}} In 2016, the facilities and infrastructure at the business cities were commended by officials of the [African Development Bank](/wiki/African_Development_Bank \"African Development Bank\").",
"The Mimiko administration established the Cocoa Revolution Project (CRP), a pilot land restoration program to aid farmers in the development of skills needed to produce premium cocoa beans.{{cite news \\|title\\=SPAGnVOLA shop in Gaithersburg finds a niche in chocolate making \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/spagnvola\\-shop\\-in\\-gaithersburg\\-finds\\-a\\-niche\\-in\\-chocolate\\-making/2016/01/26/b79439fc\\-c044\\-11e5\\-bcda\\-62a36b394160\\_story.html?noredirect\\=on \\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2018}} The project began with the rehabilitation of the 1,744 hectares Oda Cocoa Plantation in the Akure South area and the Cocoa Catalytic Industry, Idanre.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://guardian.ng/features/renaissance\\-ondo\\-explores\\-ways\\-to\\-boost\\-cocoa\\-production/\\|title\\=Renaissance: Ondo explores ways to boost Cocoa Production\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian (Nigeria)]]\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2018\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Ondo State signed a Memorandum of Understanding with a United States concern, SPAGnVOLA Chocolatie LLC, on the establishment of a chocolate production facility and a Cocoa training Academy. The collaboration includes the introduction of fair\\-trade practices and quality controls available in other cocoa producing countries. In 2014, CRP produced 4\\.7 metric tonnes of premium cocoa beans and partnered with the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and several organizations like the [IITA](/wiki/International_Institute_of_Tropical_Agriculture \"International Institute of Tropical Agriculture\"), IFAD, [USAID](/wiki/USAID \"USAID\"), French Association for the International Development of Exchange of Food and Agricultural Produce and Techniques, ADEPTA, and Israeli Fertilizer Production Groups.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/12/cocoa\\-revolution\\-ondo\\-will\\-soon\\-be\\-richer\\-than\\-lagos/\\|title\\=COCOA REVOLUTION 'Ondo will soon be richer than Lagos!' \\- Vanguard News\\|date\\=19 December 2015\\|website\\=Vanguardngr.com}}",
"SPAGnVOLA created the first Nigerian chocolate bar using the CRP Oda premium cocoa beans.{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2020}}",
"In June 2015, the bar won a Chocolate Silver award from the Academy of Chocolate Award, held in London.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.academyofchocolate.org.uk/awards/2015\\-2/\\|title\\=2015\\|date\\=23 June 2015\\|website\\=academyofchocolate.org.uk}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/spagnvola\\-shop\\-in\\-gaithersburg\\-finds\\-a\\-niche\\-in\\-chocolate\\-making/2016/01/26/b79439fc\\-c044\\-11e5\\-bcda\\-62a36b394160\\_story.html\\|title\\=SPAGnVOLA shop in Gaithersburg finds a niche in chocolate making\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.prweb.com/releases/spagnvola\\_wins\\_award\\_for\\_their\\_premium\\_nigerian\\_chocolate\\_bar/prweb12681138\\.htm\\|title\\=SPAGnVOLA Wins Award For Their Premium Nigerian Chocolate Bar\\|website\\=Prweb.com}}",
"### Judiciary reforms",
"On 2 September 2011, Mimiko presented a review of the state laws in use since 1978\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/59664/1/ondo\\-revises\\-35\\-year\\-old\\-obsolete\\-laws\\-for\\-effecti.html\\|title\\=Ondo Revises 35\\-Year\\-Old Obsolete Laws For Effective Administration Of Justice\\|website\\=Thenigerianvoice.com}} The Revised Edition of the laws is published in 500 volumes; it is a compendium of all the laws made in the state from its creation in 1978 to 2006\\. The revised laws became operational on 20 September 2011\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/84902/justice\\-is\\-now\\-accessible\\-to\\-indigents\\-ondo\\-ag.html\\|title\\=JUSTICE IS NOW ACCESSIBLE TO INDIGENTS \\- ONDO AG\\|website\\=Thenigerianvoice.com}} Nigeria's first prison High court was established by Mimiko. The Court\\-in–Prison programme is a feature of the Ondo Rapid Justice System programme introduced in 2012, to accelerate the dispensation of justice, and decongest the state's prisons.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/04/rapid\\-justice\\-system\\-mimikos\\-latest\\-gift\\-to\\-judiciary/\\|title\\=Rapid justice system: Mimiko's latest gift to the judiciary \\- Vanguard News\\|date\\=6 April 2012\\|website\\=Vanguardngr.com}} On 2 April 2012, the State High Court in the premises of the Head Office of the [Nigerian Prisons Service](/wiki/Nigerian_Prisons_Service \"Nigerian Prisons Service\") NPS, Olokuta Medium Security Prison, Akure commenced operation.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/09/ondo\\-rapid\\-justice\\-system\\-decongests\\-courts/\\|title\\=Ondo Rapid Justice System decongests courts \\- Vanguard News\\|date\\=14 September 2013\\|website\\=Vanguardngr.com}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://thehopenewspapers.com/2015/11/prisons\\-should\\-be\\-reformatory\\-jegede/ \\|title\\=Prisons should be reformatory\\- Jegede \\- the Hope Newspapers \\|access\\-date\\=25 June 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 July 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709134805/http://thehopenewspapers.com/2015/11/prisons\\-should\\-be\\-reformatory\\-jegede/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"Under the Mimiko administration the State Customary Court of Appeal, eighteen new Magistrate Courts, and two High Courts in [Idanre](/wiki/Idanre \"Idanre\") and [Ifedore](/wiki/Ifedore \"Ifedore\") Local Government areas were established. The administration carried out a renovation of all the High Courts and Magistrate courts in the State, and attracted the Federal High Court and the [National Industrial Court](/wiki/National_Industrial_Court_of_Nigeria \"National Industrial Court of Nigeria\") to Ondo State. Mimiko was instrumental in bringing the Akure Division of the Court of Appeal to Ondo State.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://thehopenewspapers.com/2016/03/9648/\\|title\\=Mimiko's 7th year: Celebrating tall achievements \\- The Hope Newspapers\\|date\\=10 March 2016\\|website\\=Thehopenewspapers.com}}\n{{cite web\\|url\\=https://newafricanpress.com/2010/09/08/court\\-of\\-appeal\\-akure\\-division\\-takes\\-off/\\|title\\=Court of appeal Akure Division takes off\\|date\\=8 September 2010\\|website\\=Newafricanpress.com}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/law/court\\-of\\-appeal\\-waxing\\-stronger\\-@\\-41/184204\\.html \\|title\\=Court of Appeal waxing stronger @ 41 \\|access\\-date\\=25 June 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 July 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721192223/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/law/court\\-of\\-appeal\\-waxing\\-stronger\\-@\\-41/184204\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} On 14 November 2015, the Ondo State House of Assembly passed into Law the Bill for Administration of Criminal Justice 2015, to address the issue of delays in the administration of justice.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/general/ondo\\-assembly\\-passes\\-criminal\\-justice\\-bill\\-into\\-law/119946\\.html \\|title\\=Ondo Assembly passes criminal justice bill into law \\|access\\-date\\=25 June 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719234112/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/general/ondo\\-assembly\\-passes\\-criminal\\-justice\\-bill\\-into\\-law/119946\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://thehopenewspapers.com/2015/11/ondo\\-judiciarys\\-transformation\\-another\\-mimikos\\-legacy/\\|title\\=Ondo Judiciary's transformation: Another Mimiko's legacy \\- The Hope Newspapers\\|date\\=24 November 2015\\|website\\=Thehopenewspapers.com}}",
""
] |
Early life and political career
-------------------------------
A member of the [Lari ethnic group](/wiki/Lari_%28ethnic_group%29 "Lari (ethnic group)"),John F. Clark, "Congo: Transition and the Struggle to Consolidate", in *Political Reform in Francophone Africa* (1997\), ed. John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier, pages 69–71\. Milongo, one of four children in his family, was born in October 1935 in [Mankondi](/wiki/Mankondi "Mankondi"), a village located to the south\-west of the capital [Brazzaville](/wiki/Brazzaville "Brazzaville"), in the [Boko District](/wiki/Boko_District "Boko District") of [Pool Region](/wiki/Pool_Region "Pool Region").
After his primary and secondary schooling in Brazzaville, Milongo earned a [Master's Degree](/wiki/Master%27s_Degree "Master's Degree") in Law at the [University of Nancy](/wiki/University_of_Nancy "University of Nancy"), after which he studied at the *[École Nationale d'Administration](/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_d%27Administration "École Nationale d'Administration")* (ÉNA) in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), graduating in 1964\. That year is also known as the *"Blaise Pascal generation"* at ÉNA. He was among only four Congolese citizens to have graduated from ÉNA.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2007}} Former [Togolese](/wiki/Togo "Togo") prime minister [Edem Kodjo](/wiki/Edem_Kodjo "Edem Kodjo") was a classmate of Milongo at ÉNA.
Milongo began his professional career in 1964 as the first National Treasurer (*Trésorier Payeur Général*) in the newly independent Republic of the Congo, a position he held for five years. In this position, he rigorously managed the country's public funds. After this, he became director of the country's foreign investments in 1969 (*Directeur General des Investissements*) at the Ministry of Planning, remaining in that position until 1973\. Two prime ministers also enlisted his help as an [economic policy](/wiki/Economic_policy "Economic policy") advisor under the government of [Marien Ngouabi](/wiki/Marien_Ngouabi "Marien Ngouabi").
Milongo married Ndambo Marie\-Therese Laurentine on 4 February 1967, and with her he had seven children.
He was elected to the [board of governors](/wiki/Board_of_governors "Board of governors") at the [African Development Bank](/wiki/African_Development_Bank "African Development Bank") in the [Ivory Coast](/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire "Côte d'Ivoire") in 1976, and represented eight African countries: Congo, [Cameroon](/wiki/Cameroon "Cameroon"), [Benin](/wiki/Benin "Benin"), [Côte d'Ivoire](/wiki/Cote_d%27Ivoire "Cote d'Ivoire"), [Burkina Faso](/wiki/Burkina_Faso "Burkina Faso"), [Niger](/wiki/Niger "Niger") and [Mauritania](/wiki/Mauritania "Mauritania"). He held that position for 7 years, before being elected to the board of governors at the [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank_Group "World Bank Group") in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") in 1983, where he met his colleague [Nicephore Soglo](/wiki/Nicephore_Soglo "Nicephore Soglo"). He remained at the World Bank until 1990\.
In the early 1990s, the Republic of the Congo was going bankrupt because of the loss of support from the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") after the collapse of [Communism](/wiki/Communism "Communism"). This led to the emergence of a new generation of [African](/wiki/Africa "Africa") leaders like Nicéphore Soglo in [Benin](/wiki/Benin "Benin"), [Alassane Ouattara](/wiki/Alassane_Ouattara "Alassane Ouattara") in the Ivory Coast and André Milongo.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2007}} At the end of the [Sovereign National Conference](/wiki/Sovereign_National_Conference "Sovereign National Conference") of 1991, the Conference elected Milongo as Prime Minister on 8 June 1991\. As Prime Minister, he was given executive powers and placed in charge of directing the country's transition to multiparty elections in 1992\. The National Conference additionally assigned the positions of Minister of Defense and Minister of Mines and Energy to Milongo.Rémy Bazenguissa\-Ganga, *Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique* (1997\), Karthala Editions, page 399 {{in lang\|fr}}.
Milongo's government was dominated by members of the Lari and [Bakongo](/wiki/Kongo_people "Kongo people") ethnic groups.Kenneth B. Noble, ["Democracy Brings Turmoil in Congo"](https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/31/world/democracy-brings-turmoil-in-congo.html), *The New York Times*, January 31, 1994\. Tensions between the government and the army led to a serious crisis in January 1992\."Jan 1992 \- Attempted coup", *Keesing's Record of World Events*, volume 38, January 1992, page 38,707\. It was alleged that, in order to gain control of the army, members of Milongo's government spread rumors that the army was plotting a coup. Furthermore, in moves viewed as being directed against loyalists of President [Denis Sassou Nguesso](/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso "Denis Sassou Nguesso"), Milongo appointed Colonel [Michel Gangouo](/wiki/Michel_Gangouo "Michel Gangouo"), who had been implicated in a 1990 coup attempt against Sassou Nguesso, as Secretary of State for Defense on 2 January 1992\.Jean\-Pascal Daloz and Patrick Quantin, *Transitions démocratiques africaines: dynamiques et contraintes (1990\-1994\)* (1997\), Karthala Editions, pages 153–154 {{in lang\|fr}}. He made further changes to the military command, which he said were intended to fight tribalism, in mid\-January.["Soldiers and Government at Odds in Congo"](https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/16/world/soldiers-and-government-at-odds-in-congo.html), *The New York Times*, January 16, 1992\. The army strongly opposed these changes and demanded that Milongo reverse them. The Higher Council of the Republic (CSR), which was acting as the transitional parliament, judged that the coup rumors had been created by members of Milongo's government and requested that Milongo accede to the army's demands. Milongo refused to dismiss Gangouo, however, at which point soldiers took over the international airport as well as state radio and television, fired on Milongo's supporters, killing several, and called for Milongo's resignation. Milongo went into hiding and called for international assistance.["3 Killed As Congolese Troops Fire on Anti\-Coup Protesters"](https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/21/world/3-killed-as-congolese-troops-fire-on-anti-coup-protesters.html), *The New York Times*, January 21, 1992\. Gangouo then resigned from his position*Africa South of the Sahara 2004* (2003\), Routledge, page 307\. and Milongo appointed a new Minister of Defense who was supported by the army; however, he also placed himself in supreme command of the army.Mario J. Azevedo, "Ethnicity and Democratization in Congo and Chad (1945–1995\)", in *State Building and Democratization in Africa: Faith, Hope, and Realities* (1999\), ed. Kidane Mengisteab and Cyril Daddieh, page 173\.
[thumb\|Milongo in a private conversation with French President [Jacques Chirac](/wiki/Jacques_Chirac "Jacques Chirac").](/wiki/Image:Andr%C3%A9_Milongo_%26_Jacques_Chirac.jpg "André Milongo & Jacques Chirac.jpg")
Municipal elections were held on 3 May 1992,"May 1992 \- Cabinet reshuffle New electoral timetable", *Keesing's Record of World Events*, volume 38, May 1992, page 38,898\.I. William Zartman and Katharina R. Vogeli, "Prevention Gained and Prevention Lost: Collapse, Competition, and Coup in Congo", in *Opportunities Missed, Opportunities Seized: Preventive Diplomacy in the Post\-Cold War World* (2000\), ed. Bruce W. Jentleson, page 271\. and Milongo's government was widely criticized for its handling of these elections. The CSR told Milongo to form a new, national unity government. Interior Minister [Alexis Gabou](/wiki/Alexis_Gabou "Alexis Gabou") was particularly criticized for his role in the elections, and the CSR asked that he be replaced. Milongo named a new and much smaller government on 21 May. The CSR also transferred responsibility for handling the [parliamentary](/wiki/1992_Republic_of_the_Congo_parliamentary_election "1992 Republic of the Congo parliamentary election") and [presidential elections](/wiki/1992_Republic_of_the_Congo_presidential_election "1992 Republic of the Congo presidential election") scheduled for later that year from Milongo's government to an electoral commission.
In the August 1992 presidential election, Milongo ran as a presidential candidate, placing fourth with 10\.18% of the vote.I. William Zartman and Katharina R. Vogeli, "Prevention Gained and Prevention Lost: Collapse, Competition, and Coup in Congo", in *Opportunities Missed, Opportunities Seized: Preventive Diplomacy in the Post\-Cold War World* (2000\), ed. Bruce W. Jentleson, page 272\. He received his strongest support in [Brazzaville](/wiki/Brazzaville "Brazzaville") and [Pool Region](/wiki/Pool_Region "Pool Region"), with 21\.6% and 16\.5% respectively. The transitional period ended with the swearing\-in of the election winner, [Pascal Lissouba](/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba "Pascal Lissouba"), on 31 August 1992\.["Elections in Congo: the winding road to democracy"](http://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/r01581.pdf), International Foundation for Electoral Systems, September 1992, page 1\.René Babu\-Zalé, *Le Congo de Lissouba* (1996\), L'Harmattan, page 14\.
Milongo founded a political party, the Union for Democracy and the Republic (UDR\-Mwinda: *Union pour la Démocratie et la République*; *Mwinda* means light in the [Lari language](/wiki/Lari_language_%28Congo%29 "Lari language (Congo)")), which he headed for the rest of his life. In the [1993 parliamentary election](/wiki/1993_Republic_of_the_Congo_parliamentary_election "1993 Republic of the Congo parliamentary election"), he was elected to the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Congo "National Assembly of the Republic of Congo") as the UDR candidate in Boko constituency,Nella Sowp and Robert Gaillard, ["Congo Brazzaville : Décès d'André Milongo Nsatouabantu"](https://archive.today/20070815202720/http://www.congoplus.info/article_congoplus-3783.html), Kimpwanza, 23 July 2007 {{in lang\|fr}}. becoming one of two UDR deputies in the National Assembly.[IPU PARLINE page on the 1993 parliamentary election](http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2071_93.htm). On 22 June 1993, Milongo was elected as the President of the National Assembly, remaining in that position until 1997\. During the political violence of 1993, Milongo requested and obtained a [ceasefire](/wiki/Ceasefire "Ceasefire") from both parties involved in the conflict, President [Pascal Lissouba](/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba "Pascal Lissouba") and opposition leader [Bernard Kolélas](/wiki/Bernard_Kol%C3%A9las "Bernard Kolélas").{{citation needed\|date\=April 2007}}
After the [June–October 1997 civil war](/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_%281997-99%29 "Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997-99)"), in which Denis Sassou Nguesso returned to power, Milongo remained in the Congo, stating that he had nothing to fear from the Sassou Nguesso's leadership.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2007}} He asserted that the Republic of Congo belonged to all Congolese nationals.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2007}} After the war, he was a member of the National Transitional Council (CNT).
On 24 September 2001, Milongo's candidacy for the [next presidential election](/wiki/2002_Republic_of_the_Congo_presidential_election "2002 Republic of the Congo presidential election") was announced by the [Alliance for Democracy and Progress](/wiki/Alliance_for_Democracy_and_Progress_%28Central_African_Republic%29 "Alliance for Democracy and Progress (Central African Republic)") (ADP),"Congo: Former Speaker André Milongo reportedly to run for president", Panapress, 26 September 2001\. a grouping of parties that supported him."Présidentielle; Le dépôt des candidatures est lancé", *Afrique Express*, number 244, February 6, 2002 {{in lang\|fr}}. {{Cite web \|url\=http://www.afrique\-express.com/archive/CENTRALE/congo/congopol/244candidatures.htm \|title\=Andre Milongo Come Manckassa Anselme Mackoumbou Nkouka \|access\-date\=2007\-10\-20 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113163835/http://www.afrique\-express.com/archive/CENTRALE/congo/congopol/244candidatures.htm \|archive\-date\=2007\-11\-13 \|url\-status\=dead }} Milongo accused the government of fraud in the [January 2002 constitutional referendum](/wiki/2002_Republic_of_the_Congo_constitutional_referendum "2002 Republic of the Congo constitutional referendum"), claiming that the "No" vote had actually won, and said that if he won the presidential election, he would initiate a "new political order" with a peace pact to end political violence and would allow all exiled politicians to return. On 8 March 2002, two days before the presidential election on 10 March, Milongo withdrew his candidacy, accusing Sassou Nguesso of rigging the vote. He said that party members were not allowed to observe the voting process, that there were areas where half of the ballot papers omitted his name, and that he had requested that the election be delayed.["One\-man race in Congo poll"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1865069.stm), BBC News, 10 March 2002\. Accessed April 16, 2007\. In the [May 2002 parliamentary election](/wiki/2002_Republic_of_the_Congo_parliamentary_election "2002 Republic of the Congo parliamentary election"), Milongo was elected to the National Assembly as the UDR\-Mwinda's candidate in Boko constituency;["Elections législatives : les 51 élus du premier tour"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110708092250/http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=936&oldaction=liste®pay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=1&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=60&select_month=06&select_year=2002), *Les Dépêches de Brazzaville*, 5 June 2002 {{in lang\|fr}}. he won the seat in the first round with 59\.65% of the vote. Due to his status as the oldest deputy, he presided over the National Assembly's first meeting of the new parliamentary term, at which the bureau of the National Assembly was elected, on 10 August 2002\.["Jean\-Pierre Thystère\-Tchikaya élu président de l’Assemblée nationale"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120311081318/http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=1387&oldaction=liste®pay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=0&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=0&select_month=08&select_year=2002), *Les Dépêches de Brazzaville*, 10 August 2002 {{in lang\|fr}}. In the National Assembly, he became President of the UDR\-Mwinda Parliamentary Group on 24 August 2002\.["*Assemblée nationale* : mise en place des bureaux des commissions permanentes et clôture de la session inaugurale"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120311075609/http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=1477&oldaction=liste®pay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=0&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=0&select_month=08&select_year=2002), *Les Dépêches de Brazzaville*, 26 August 2002 {{in lang\|fr}}.
In addition to heading the UDR\-Mwinda, Milongo was the chairman of a [coalition](/wiki/Coalition "Coalition") of 11 political parties (*Front pour une Commission Electorale independante*), an assembly of political parties calling for transparency and independence in the management of all future elections.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2007}}
Milongo ran for re\-election to the National Assembly in the [2007 parliamentary election](/wiki/2007_Republic_of_the_Congo_parliamentary_election "2007 Republic of the Congo parliamentary election"), but was defeated in the first round, held on 24 June. Following an illness, he died in a hospital in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris") on 23 July 2007, aged 71\.["Congo Brazzaville : décès de l'ex\-Premier ministre André Milongo, figure de l'opposition"](https://archive.today/20070815202720/http://www.congoplus.info/article_congoplus-3784.html), Agence France\-Presse, 23 July 2007 {{in lang\|fr}}. In a statement on 24 July, Sassou Nguesso described Milongo's death as "a great loss for the Congolese nation" and praised Milongo for his service as Prime Minister from 1991 to 1992\.["Nguesso qualifie la disparition de Milongo de perte pour le Congo"](http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/congo_brazza/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=PAN70027nguesognoce0), Panapress, 24 July 2007 {{in lang\|fr}}. Milongo was [laid in state](/wiki/Lying_in_state "Lying in state") at the Parliament building, where politicians paid tribute to him and Sassou Nguesso bestowed a posthumous high honor on him, before being buried at his residence on 20 August.["André Milongo inhumée à Mafouta au Congo"](http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/congo_brazza/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=PAN70027andrmognocu0), Panapress, 20 August 2007 {{in lang\|fr}}.
|
[
"Early life and political career\n-------------------------------",
"A member of the [Lari ethnic group](/wiki/Lari_%28ethnic_group%29 \"Lari (ethnic group)\"),John F. Clark, \"Congo: Transition and the Struggle to Consolidate\", in *Political Reform in Francophone Africa* (1997\\), ed. John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier, pages 69–71\\. Milongo, one of four children in his family, was born in October 1935 in [Mankondi](/wiki/Mankondi \"Mankondi\"), a village located to the south\\-west of the capital [Brazzaville](/wiki/Brazzaville \"Brazzaville\"), in the [Boko District](/wiki/Boko_District \"Boko District\") of [Pool Region](/wiki/Pool_Region \"Pool Region\").",
"After his primary and secondary schooling in Brazzaville, Milongo earned a [Master's Degree](/wiki/Master%27s_Degree \"Master's Degree\") in Law at the [University of Nancy](/wiki/University_of_Nancy \"University of Nancy\"), after which he studied at the *[École Nationale d'Administration](/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_d%27Administration \"École Nationale d'Administration\")* (ÉNA) in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), graduating in 1964\\. That year is also known as the *\"Blaise Pascal generation\"* at ÉNA. He was among only four Congolese citizens to have graduated from ÉNA.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2007}} Former [Togolese](/wiki/Togo \"Togo\") prime minister [Edem Kodjo](/wiki/Edem_Kodjo \"Edem Kodjo\") was a classmate of Milongo at ÉNA.",
"Milongo began his professional career in 1964 as the first National Treasurer (*Trésorier Payeur Général*) in the newly independent Republic of the Congo, a position he held for five years. In this position, he rigorously managed the country's public funds. After this, he became director of the country's foreign investments in 1969 (*Directeur General des Investissements*) at the Ministry of Planning, remaining in that position until 1973\\. Two prime ministers also enlisted his help as an [economic policy](/wiki/Economic_policy \"Economic policy\") advisor under the government of [Marien Ngouabi](/wiki/Marien_Ngouabi \"Marien Ngouabi\").",
"Milongo married Ndambo Marie\\-Therese Laurentine on 4 February 1967, and with her he had seven children.",
"He was elected to the [board of governors](/wiki/Board_of_governors \"Board of governors\") at the [African Development Bank](/wiki/African_Development_Bank \"African Development Bank\") in the [Ivory Coast](/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire \"Côte d'Ivoire\") in 1976, and represented eight African countries: Congo, [Cameroon](/wiki/Cameroon \"Cameroon\"), [Benin](/wiki/Benin \"Benin\"), [Côte d'Ivoire](/wiki/Cote_d%27Ivoire \"Cote d'Ivoire\"), [Burkina Faso](/wiki/Burkina_Faso \"Burkina Faso\"), [Niger](/wiki/Niger \"Niger\") and [Mauritania](/wiki/Mauritania \"Mauritania\"). He held that position for 7 years, before being elected to the board of governors at the [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank_Group \"World Bank Group\") in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") in 1983, where he met his colleague [Nicephore Soglo](/wiki/Nicephore_Soglo \"Nicephore Soglo\"). He remained at the World Bank until 1990\\.",
"In the early 1990s, the Republic of the Congo was going bankrupt because of the loss of support from the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") after the collapse of [Communism](/wiki/Communism \"Communism\"). This led to the emergence of a new generation of [African](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\") leaders like Nicéphore Soglo in [Benin](/wiki/Benin \"Benin\"), [Alassane Ouattara](/wiki/Alassane_Ouattara \"Alassane Ouattara\") in the Ivory Coast and André Milongo.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2007}} At the end of the [Sovereign National Conference](/wiki/Sovereign_National_Conference \"Sovereign National Conference\") of 1991, the Conference elected Milongo as Prime Minister on 8 June 1991\\. As Prime Minister, he was given executive powers and placed in charge of directing the country's transition to multiparty elections in 1992\\. The National Conference additionally assigned the positions of Minister of Defense and Minister of Mines and Energy to Milongo.Rémy Bazenguissa\\-Ganga, *Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique* (1997\\), Karthala Editions, page 399 {{in lang\\|fr}}.",
"Milongo's government was dominated by members of the Lari and [Bakongo](/wiki/Kongo_people \"Kongo people\") ethnic groups.Kenneth B. Noble, [\"Democracy Brings Turmoil in Congo\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/31/world/democracy-brings-turmoil-in-congo.html), *The New York Times*, January 31, 1994\\. Tensions between the government and the army led to a serious crisis in January 1992\\.\"Jan 1992 \\- Attempted coup\", *Keesing's Record of World Events*, volume 38, January 1992, page 38,707\\. It was alleged that, in order to gain control of the army, members of Milongo's government spread rumors that the army was plotting a coup. Furthermore, in moves viewed as being directed against loyalists of President [Denis Sassou Nguesso](/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso \"Denis Sassou Nguesso\"), Milongo appointed Colonel [Michel Gangouo](/wiki/Michel_Gangouo \"Michel Gangouo\"), who had been implicated in a 1990 coup attempt against Sassou Nguesso, as Secretary of State for Defense on 2 January 1992\\.Jean\\-Pascal Daloz and Patrick Quantin, *Transitions démocratiques africaines: dynamiques et contraintes (1990\\-1994\\)* (1997\\), Karthala Editions, pages 153–154 {{in lang\\|fr}}. He made further changes to the military command, which he said were intended to fight tribalism, in mid\\-January.[\"Soldiers and Government at Odds in Congo\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/16/world/soldiers-and-government-at-odds-in-congo.html), *The New York Times*, January 16, 1992\\. The army strongly opposed these changes and demanded that Milongo reverse them. The Higher Council of the Republic (CSR), which was acting as the transitional parliament, judged that the coup rumors had been created by members of Milongo's government and requested that Milongo accede to the army's demands. Milongo refused to dismiss Gangouo, however, at which point soldiers took over the international airport as well as state radio and television, fired on Milongo's supporters, killing several, and called for Milongo's resignation. Milongo went into hiding and called for international assistance.[\"3 Killed As Congolese Troops Fire on Anti\\-Coup Protesters\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/21/world/3-killed-as-congolese-troops-fire-on-anti-coup-protesters.html), *The New York Times*, January 21, 1992\\. Gangouo then resigned from his position*Africa South of the Sahara 2004* (2003\\), Routledge, page 307\\. and Milongo appointed a new Minister of Defense who was supported by the army; however, he also placed himself in supreme command of the army.Mario J. Azevedo, \"Ethnicity and Democratization in Congo and Chad (1945–1995\\)\", in *State Building and Democratization in Africa: Faith, Hope, and Realities* (1999\\), ed. Kidane Mengisteab and Cyril Daddieh, page 173\\.\n[thumb\\|Milongo in a private conversation with French President [Jacques Chirac](/wiki/Jacques_Chirac \"Jacques Chirac\").](/wiki/Image:Andr%C3%A9_Milongo_%26_Jacques_Chirac.jpg \"André Milongo & Jacques Chirac.jpg\")\nMunicipal elections were held on 3 May 1992,\"May 1992 \\- Cabinet reshuffle New electoral timetable\", *Keesing's Record of World Events*, volume 38, May 1992, page 38,898\\.I. William Zartman and Katharina R. Vogeli, \"Prevention Gained and Prevention Lost: Collapse, Competition, and Coup in Congo\", in *Opportunities Missed, Opportunities Seized: Preventive Diplomacy in the Post\\-Cold War World* (2000\\), ed. Bruce W. Jentleson, page 271\\. and Milongo's government was widely criticized for its handling of these elections. The CSR told Milongo to form a new, national unity government. Interior Minister [Alexis Gabou](/wiki/Alexis_Gabou \"Alexis Gabou\") was particularly criticized for his role in the elections, and the CSR asked that he be replaced. Milongo named a new and much smaller government on 21 May. The CSR also transferred responsibility for handling the [parliamentary](/wiki/1992_Republic_of_the_Congo_parliamentary_election \"1992 Republic of the Congo parliamentary election\") and [presidential elections](/wiki/1992_Republic_of_the_Congo_presidential_election \"1992 Republic of the Congo presidential election\") scheduled for later that year from Milongo's government to an electoral commission.",
"In the August 1992 presidential election, Milongo ran as a presidential candidate, placing fourth with 10\\.18% of the vote.I. William Zartman and Katharina R. Vogeli, \"Prevention Gained and Prevention Lost: Collapse, Competition, and Coup in Congo\", in *Opportunities Missed, Opportunities Seized: Preventive Diplomacy in the Post\\-Cold War World* (2000\\), ed. Bruce W. Jentleson, page 272\\. He received his strongest support in [Brazzaville](/wiki/Brazzaville \"Brazzaville\") and [Pool Region](/wiki/Pool_Region \"Pool Region\"), with 21\\.6% and 16\\.5% respectively. The transitional period ended with the swearing\\-in of the election winner, [Pascal Lissouba](/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba \"Pascal Lissouba\"), on 31 August 1992\\.[\"Elections in Congo: the winding road to democracy\"](http://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/r01581.pdf), International Foundation for Electoral Systems, September 1992, page 1\\.René Babu\\-Zalé, *Le Congo de Lissouba* (1996\\), L'Harmattan, page 14\\.",
"Milongo founded a political party, the Union for Democracy and the Republic (UDR\\-Mwinda: *Union pour la Démocratie et la République*; *Mwinda* means light in the [Lari language](/wiki/Lari_language_%28Congo%29 \"Lari language (Congo)\")), which he headed for the rest of his life. In the [1993 parliamentary election](/wiki/1993_Republic_of_the_Congo_parliamentary_election \"1993 Republic of the Congo parliamentary election\"), he was elected to the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Congo \"National Assembly of the Republic of Congo\") as the UDR candidate in Boko constituency,Nella Sowp and Robert Gaillard, [\"Congo Brazzaville : Décès d'André Milongo Nsatouabantu\"](https://archive.today/20070815202720/http://www.congoplus.info/article_congoplus-3783.html), Kimpwanza, 23 July 2007 {{in lang\\|fr}}. becoming one of two UDR deputies in the National Assembly.[IPU PARLINE page on the 1993 parliamentary election](http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2071_93.htm). On 22 June 1993, Milongo was elected as the President of the National Assembly, remaining in that position until 1997\\. During the political violence of 1993, Milongo requested and obtained a [ceasefire](/wiki/Ceasefire \"Ceasefire\") from both parties involved in the conflict, President [Pascal Lissouba](/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba \"Pascal Lissouba\") and opposition leader [Bernard Kolélas](/wiki/Bernard_Kol%C3%A9las \"Bernard Kolélas\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2007}}",
"After the [June–October 1997 civil war](/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_%281997-99%29 \"Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997-99)\"), in which Denis Sassou Nguesso returned to power, Milongo remained in the Congo, stating that he had nothing to fear from the Sassou Nguesso's leadership.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2007}} He asserted that the Republic of Congo belonged to all Congolese nationals.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2007}} After the war, he was a member of the National Transitional Council (CNT).",
"On 24 September 2001, Milongo's candidacy for the [next presidential election](/wiki/2002_Republic_of_the_Congo_presidential_election \"2002 Republic of the Congo presidential election\") was announced by the [Alliance for Democracy and Progress](/wiki/Alliance_for_Democracy_and_Progress_%28Central_African_Republic%29 \"Alliance for Democracy and Progress (Central African Republic)\") (ADP),\"Congo: Former Speaker André Milongo reportedly to run for president\", Panapress, 26 September 2001\\. a grouping of parties that supported him.\"Présidentielle; Le dépôt des candidatures est lancé\", *Afrique Express*, number 244, February 6, 2002 {{in lang\\|fr}}. {{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.afrique\\-express.com/archive/CENTRALE/congo/congopol/244candidatures.htm \\|title\\=Andre Milongo Come Manckassa Anselme Mackoumbou Nkouka \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-10\\-20 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113163835/http://www.afrique\\-express.com/archive/CENTRALE/congo/congopol/244candidatures.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-11\\-13 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Milongo accused the government of fraud in the [January 2002 constitutional referendum](/wiki/2002_Republic_of_the_Congo_constitutional_referendum \"2002 Republic of the Congo constitutional referendum\"), claiming that the \"No\" vote had actually won, and said that if he won the presidential election, he would initiate a \"new political order\" with a peace pact to end political violence and would allow all exiled politicians to return. On 8 March 2002, two days before the presidential election on 10 March, Milongo withdrew his candidacy, accusing Sassou Nguesso of rigging the vote. He said that party members were not allowed to observe the voting process, that there were areas where half of the ballot papers omitted his name, and that he had requested that the election be delayed.[\"One\\-man race in Congo poll\"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1865069.stm), BBC News, 10 March 2002\\. Accessed April 16, 2007\\. In the [May 2002 parliamentary election](/wiki/2002_Republic_of_the_Congo_parliamentary_election \"2002 Republic of the Congo parliamentary election\"), Milongo was elected to the National Assembly as the UDR\\-Mwinda's candidate in Boko constituency;[\"Elections législatives : les 51 élus du premier tour\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110708092250/http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=936&oldaction=liste®pay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=1&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=60&select_month=06&select_year=2002), *Les Dépêches de Brazzaville*, 5 June 2002 {{in lang\\|fr}}. he won the seat in the first round with 59\\.65% of the vote. Due to his status as the oldest deputy, he presided over the National Assembly's first meeting of the new parliamentary term, at which the bureau of the National Assembly was elected, on 10 August 2002\\.[\"Jean\\-Pierre Thystère\\-Tchikaya élu président de l’Assemblée nationale\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120311081318/http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=1387&oldaction=liste®pay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=0&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=0&select_month=08&select_year=2002), *Les Dépêches de Brazzaville*, 10 August 2002 {{in lang\\|fr}}. In the National Assembly, he became President of the UDR\\-Mwinda Parliamentary Group on 24 August 2002\\.[\"*Assemblée nationale* : mise en place des bureaux des commissions permanentes et clôture de la session inaugurale\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120311075609/http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=1477&oldaction=liste®pay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=0&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=0&select_month=08&select_year=2002), *Les Dépêches de Brazzaville*, 26 August 2002 {{in lang\\|fr}}.",
"In addition to heading the UDR\\-Mwinda, Milongo was the chairman of a [coalition](/wiki/Coalition \"Coalition\") of 11 political parties (*Front pour une Commission Electorale independante*), an assembly of political parties calling for transparency and independence in the management of all future elections.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2007}}",
"Milongo ran for re\\-election to the National Assembly in the [2007 parliamentary election](/wiki/2007_Republic_of_the_Congo_parliamentary_election \"2007 Republic of the Congo parliamentary election\"), but was defeated in the first round, held on 24 June. Following an illness, he died in a hospital in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") on 23 July 2007, aged 71\\.[\"Congo Brazzaville : décès de l'ex\\-Premier ministre André Milongo, figure de l'opposition\"](https://archive.today/20070815202720/http://www.congoplus.info/article_congoplus-3784.html), Agence France\\-Presse, 23 July 2007 {{in lang\\|fr}}. In a statement on 24 July, Sassou Nguesso described Milongo's death as \"a great loss for the Congolese nation\" and praised Milongo for his service as Prime Minister from 1991 to 1992\\.[\"Nguesso qualifie la disparition de Milongo de perte pour le Congo\"](http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/congo_brazza/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=PAN70027nguesognoce0), Panapress, 24 July 2007 {{in lang\\|fr}}. Milongo was [laid in state](/wiki/Lying_in_state \"Lying in state\") at the Parliament building, where politicians paid tribute to him and Sassou Nguesso bestowed a posthumous high honor on him, before being buried at his residence on 20 August.[\"André Milongo inhumée à Mafouta au Congo\"](http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/congo_brazza/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=PAN70027andrmognocu0), Panapress, 20 August 2007 {{in lang\\|fr}}.",
""
] |
History
-------
In 283 BC unspecified Gauls besieged the city of Arretium ([Arezzo](/wiki/Arezzo "Arezzo"), in north\-eastern Tuscany) and defeated a Roman force which had come to the aid of the city. The subsequent actions are reported differently by [Polybius](/wiki/Polybius "Polybius")Polybius, The Histories, 2\.19\.7–13 and [Appian](/wiki/Appian "Appian").Appian, Roman History, Gallic Wars 2\.13 \[From Constantine Porphyrogenitus, The Embassies] In any case the Romans then invaded the territory of the Senones, killed most of them, drove the rest out of the country.
The territory had earlier been part of [Picenum](/wiki/Picenum "Picenum") but was then annexed by the Romans and became an *[ager publicus](/wiki/Ager_publicus "Ager publicus")* (Roman state land) and they made the town at [Sena Gallica](/wiki/Senigallia "Senigallia") a colony.Livy book 11
In order to control the population and mercantile activities of the Ager, the Romans also founded the coastal colonies of *Ariminum* ([Rimini](/wiki/Rimini "Rimini")), *Pisaurum* ([Pesaro](/wiki/Pesaro "Pesaro")) and *Fanum Fortunae* ([Fano](/wiki/Fano "Fano")). The administration of the inland was organized in 232 BC by the *Lex Flaminia de agro Gallico et Piceno viritim dividendo*, which created a network of prefectures (*praefecturae*), some of which, in the mid\-1st century BC, were granted the status of *[municipia](/wiki/Municipium "Municipium")*: *Aesis* ([Iesi](/wiki/Iesi "Iesi")), *[Suasa](/wiki/Suasa "Suasa")*, *[Ostra](/wiki/Ancient_Ostra "Ancient Ostra")*, and *Forum Sempronii* ([Fossombrone](/wiki/Fossombrone "Fossombrone")).
The construction, in 220 BC, of the [Via Flaminia](/wiki/Via_Flaminia "Via Flaminia") shifted the relative position of the Ager,{{How?\|date\=June 2023}} which was now connected to the seat of power by the consular road that traversed it along the [Metauro](/wiki/Metauro "Metauro") river valley.
### Later administrative organisation
After the Augustan administrative reorganization of the Italian peninsula, the *Ager Gallicus* was united with [Umbria](/wiki/Umbria "Umbria") and became part of the *[Regio VI Umbria et Ager Gallicus](/wiki/Regio_VI_Umbria "Regio VI Umbria")*.
The [Diocletian](/wiki/Diocletian "Diocletian") reform of 300 AD split the Ager from Umbria, and combined with the Picenum to become the province *Flaminia et Picenum*.
Later, under emperor [Theodosius I](/wiki/Theodosius_I "Theodosius I"), the territory was split again (this time from Picenum, which became the province of *Picenum Suburbicarium*), and became part of the province of *Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium*. Some scholars see in this new name, which for the first time included the word "Picenum", as an acknowledgement (albeit belated) by Rome of the Italic people known as the [Piceni](/wiki/Picentes "Picentes"), which had lived in the area between the 10th and 4th century BC.Nereo Alfieri, *Le Marche e la fine del mondo antico*, in *Atti Mem. Deputazione Storia Patria delle Marche. 86*, 1983, pp. 9–34\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In 283 BC unspecified Gauls besieged the city of Arretium ([Arezzo](/wiki/Arezzo \"Arezzo\"), in north\\-eastern Tuscany) and defeated a Roman force which had come to the aid of the city. The subsequent actions are reported differently by [Polybius](/wiki/Polybius \"Polybius\")Polybius, The Histories, 2\\.19\\.7–13 and [Appian](/wiki/Appian \"Appian\").Appian, Roman History, Gallic Wars 2\\.13 \\[From Constantine Porphyrogenitus, The Embassies] In any case the Romans then invaded the territory of the Senones, killed most of them, drove the rest out of the country.",
"The territory had earlier been part of [Picenum](/wiki/Picenum \"Picenum\") but was then annexed by the Romans and became an *[ager publicus](/wiki/Ager_publicus \"Ager publicus\")* (Roman state land) and they made the town at [Sena Gallica](/wiki/Senigallia \"Senigallia\") a colony.Livy book 11",
"In order to control the population and mercantile activities of the Ager, the Romans also founded the coastal colonies of *Ariminum* ([Rimini](/wiki/Rimini \"Rimini\")), *Pisaurum* ([Pesaro](/wiki/Pesaro \"Pesaro\")) and *Fanum Fortunae* ([Fano](/wiki/Fano \"Fano\")). The administration of the inland was organized in 232 BC by the *Lex Flaminia de agro Gallico et Piceno viritim dividendo*, which created a network of prefectures (*praefecturae*), some of which, in the mid\\-1st century BC, were granted the status of *[municipia](/wiki/Municipium \"Municipium\")*: *Aesis* ([Iesi](/wiki/Iesi \"Iesi\")), *[Suasa](/wiki/Suasa \"Suasa\")*, *[Ostra](/wiki/Ancient_Ostra \"Ancient Ostra\")*, and *Forum Sempronii* ([Fossombrone](/wiki/Fossombrone \"Fossombrone\")).",
"The construction, in 220 BC, of the [Via Flaminia](/wiki/Via_Flaminia \"Via Flaminia\") shifted the relative position of the Ager,{{How?\\|date\\=June 2023}} which was now connected to the seat of power by the consular road that traversed it along the [Metauro](/wiki/Metauro \"Metauro\") river valley.",
"### Later administrative organisation",
"After the Augustan administrative reorganization of the Italian peninsula, the *Ager Gallicus* was united with [Umbria](/wiki/Umbria \"Umbria\") and became part of the *[Regio VI Umbria et Ager Gallicus](/wiki/Regio_VI_Umbria \"Regio VI Umbria\")*.",
"The [Diocletian](/wiki/Diocletian \"Diocletian\") reform of 300 AD split the Ager from Umbria, and combined with the Picenum to become the province *Flaminia et Picenum*.",
"Later, under emperor [Theodosius I](/wiki/Theodosius_I \"Theodosius I\"), the territory was split again (this time from Picenum, which became the province of *Picenum Suburbicarium*), and became part of the province of *Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium*. Some scholars see in this new name, which for the first time included the word \"Picenum\", as an acknowledgement (albeit belated) by Rome of the Italic people known as the [Piceni](/wiki/Picentes \"Picentes\"), which had lived in the area between the 10th and 4th century BC.Nereo Alfieri, *Le Marche e la fine del mondo antico*, in *Atti Mem. Deputazione Storia Patria delle Marche. 86*, 1983, pp. 9–34\\.",
""
] |
Plot
----
The novel is set in the early 1980s in an unnamed South German town, following 16\-year\-old Frieder during a transformative summer. After failing his ninth\-grade year and needing to retake exams in Math and Latin, Frieder is sent to stay with his grandmother Nana and step\-grandfather Walter, a strict medical professor, for six weeks to ensure he studies. Before leaving, Frieder meets Beate, a girl his age, at a local swimming pool while attempting a [dive](/wiki/Diving_%28sport%29 "Diving (sport)") and immediately falls for her. With help from his sister Alma and best friend Johann, he manages to find out where she lives but doesn't get a chance to see her again immediately. As summer begins, Frieder's family, except for Alma who's doing an internship at a retirement home, goes on vacation.
Initially struggling with his strict grandfather, Frieder gradually develops a closer relationship with him, especially as Walter teaches Math and Latin in an unusual way. Frieder discovers and secretly reads his grandmother's diaries, learning about his grandparents' post\-war love story, and sees his own feelings for Beate reflected in these accounts.
During a night\-time break\-in at the swimming pool, Frieder, Alma, Johann, and Beate are caught by the pool attendant. Frieder is given a choice: either he dives from the high board, or all four will be reported. Despite his fear, Frieder agrees, and is surprisingly joined by Beate. After the successful dive, they share their first kiss, beginning their relationship.
After Johann's father suddenly dies during a family vacation to Italy, his behavior becomes increasingly erratic. The friends end up accidentally damaging a digger in an abandoned quarry and flee the scene. Frieder and Beate have sex for the first time in his parents' empty apartment.
Johann, becoming increasingly unstable, suffers a [psychotic](/wiki/Psychosis "Psychosis") episode where he falsely accuses Frieder and Alma of having an [incestuous](/wiki/Incest "Incest") relationship, causing Beate to angrily break up with Frieder. As Johann's condition worsens, Frieder and Alma seek help from their grandfather. Johann is diagnosed with [schizophrenic](/wiki/Schizophrenia "Schizophrenia") psychosis and forcibly hospitalized, a traumatic experience for the siblings who feel they've betrayed him. During this time, Frieder's relationship with his grandfather deepens as Walter helps him navigate the consequences of the damaged digger. With his grandmother's help, Frieder also reconciles with Beate.
The novel concludes with Frieder passing his resit exams, supported by Beate and Alma. The four friends, including a recovering Johann, reunite at a gravesite they had bought together during Johann's psychosis. An epilogue shows an adult Frieder meeting Beate at this same grave, leaving their current relationship status ambiguous.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The novel is set in the early 1980s in an unnamed South German town, following 16\\-year\\-old Frieder during a transformative summer. After failing his ninth\\-grade year and needing to retake exams in Math and Latin, Frieder is sent to stay with his grandmother Nana and step\\-grandfather Walter, a strict medical professor, for six weeks to ensure he studies. Before leaving, Frieder meets Beate, a girl his age, at a local swimming pool while attempting a [dive](/wiki/Diving_%28sport%29 \"Diving (sport)\") and immediately falls for her. With help from his sister Alma and best friend Johann, he manages to find out where she lives but doesn't get a chance to see her again immediately. As summer begins, Frieder's family, except for Alma who's doing an internship at a retirement home, goes on vacation.",
"Initially struggling with his strict grandfather, Frieder gradually develops a closer relationship with him, especially as Walter teaches Math and Latin in an unusual way. Frieder discovers and secretly reads his grandmother's diaries, learning about his grandparents' post\\-war love story, and sees his own feelings for Beate reflected in these accounts.",
"During a night\\-time break\\-in at the swimming pool, Frieder, Alma, Johann, and Beate are caught by the pool attendant. Frieder is given a choice: either he dives from the high board, or all four will be reported. Despite his fear, Frieder agrees, and is surprisingly joined by Beate. After the successful dive, they share their first kiss, beginning their relationship.",
"After Johann's father suddenly dies during a family vacation to Italy, his behavior becomes increasingly erratic. The friends end up accidentally damaging a digger in an abandoned quarry and flee the scene. Frieder and Beate have sex for the first time in his parents' empty apartment.",
"Johann, becoming increasingly unstable, suffers a [psychotic](/wiki/Psychosis \"Psychosis\") episode where he falsely accuses Frieder and Alma of having an [incestuous](/wiki/Incest \"Incest\") relationship, causing Beate to angrily break up with Frieder. As Johann's condition worsens, Frieder and Alma seek help from their grandfather. Johann is diagnosed with [schizophrenic](/wiki/Schizophrenia \"Schizophrenia\") psychosis and forcibly hospitalized, a traumatic experience for the siblings who feel they've betrayed him. During this time, Frieder's relationship with his grandfather deepens as Walter helps him navigate the consequences of the damaged digger. With his grandmother's help, Frieder also reconciles with Beate.",
"The novel concludes with Frieder passing his resit exams, supported by Beate and Alma. The four friends, including a recovering Johann, reunite at a gravesite they had bought together during Johann's psychosis. An epilogue shows an adult Frieder meeting Beate at this same grave, leaving their current relationship status ambiguous.",
""
] |
Prevalence
----------
Worldwide:
* 80% of women endure at least occasional street harassment
* 45% (at least monthly) avoids going alone to public spaces after dark
* 50% (at least monthly) have to find alternate routes to their destinations
* 80% (at least monthly) feel the need to be constantly alert when traversing local streets
* 9% have had to switch careers to escape the area in which harassment occurred.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=S6hC34EY7\_QC\&q\=job\&pg\=PP1\|title \= Stop Street Harassment: Making Public Places Safe and Welcoming for Women\|isbn \= 978\-0313384967\|last1 \= Kearl\|first1 \= Holly\|year \= 2010\| publisher\=Bloomsbury Academic }}
This problem is not only transnational, but also transcultural and affects people of all identities, races, and ages—every day.{{cite journal\|last1\=Lennox\|first1\=R.\|last2\=Jurdi\-Hage\|first2\=R.\|title\=Beyond the empirical and the discursive: The methodological implications of critical realism for street harassment research\|journal\=Women's Studies International Forum\|volume\=60\|pages\=23–28\|doi\=10\.1016/j.wsif.2016\.11\.010\|year\=2017}}
The Canadian government sponsored a large survey in 1993 called the Violence Against Women Survey. In the sample of over 12,000 women, 85% said they were victims of harassment by a stranger. In a 2002 survey of [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing "Beijing") residents, 58% cited public buses as a common location for sexual harassment.{{cite news\|title\=Harassment rampant on public transportation\|url\=http://app1\.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2002/0411/cn8\-4\.html\|access\-date\=31 October 2014\|work\=Shanghai Star\|date\=11 April 2002\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121955/http://app1\.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2002/0411/cn8\-4\.html\|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-04\|url\-status\=dead}}
A study done in Australia shows that almost 90% of women have experienced verbal or physical harassment in public one or more times in their lives. In Afghanistan, research done in the same year indicates that the prevalence of harassment was 93%. Canadian and Egyptian studies show that the rate of incidence is approximately 85% of women experiencing street harassment in the past year. In U.S.\-based research, it was reported that women experienced stranger harassment on a monthly basis (41%), while a large minority reported experiencing harassment once every few days (31%). These statistics are given to show a sense of the phenomenon as widely construed, not taken as representative of the same phenomenon comparable across contexts.{{cite journal\|last1\=Fileborn\|first1\=B\|last2\=Vera\-Gray\|first2\=F\|title\='I Want to be Able to Walk the Street Without Fear': Transforming Justice for Street Harassment\|journal\=Feminist Legal Studies\|volume\=25 \|issue\=2\|page\=203\|doi\=10\.1007/s10691\-017\-9350\-3\|year\=2017\|s2cid\=149240797\|url\=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/22102/1/22102\.pdf\|doi\-access\=free}}
### United States
A survey of 2,000 Americans was commissioned in 2014 by activist group Stop Street Harassment and conducted by [GfK](/wiki/GfK "GfK"). 25% of men and 65% of women reported having been the victims of street harassment in their lives. 41% of women and 16% of men said they had been physically harassed in some way, such as by being followed, [flashed](/wiki/Exhibitionism "Exhibitionism"), or groped.{{cite web\|title\=Unsafe and Harassed in Public Spaces\|url\=http://www.stopstreetharassment.org/wp\-content/uploads/2012/08/2014\-National\-SSH\-Street\-Harassment\-Report.pdf\|publisher\=Stop Street Harassment\|access\-date\=31 October 2014\|date\=Spring 2014}} The perpetrators are lone men in 70% of cases for female victims and 48% of cases for male victims; 20% of men who were harassed were the victims of a lone woman. For men, the most common harassment was homophobic or transphobic slurs, followed by unwanted following, then catcalling and comments on body parts. For women, the most common harassment was catcalling, followed by comments on body parts, unwanted touching or brushing up against, and then sexual slurs like "bitch" or "slut".
For women, most harassment is performed by a total stranger. This comes from a 1990s study from the American Midwest. It was found that numerous women have experienced street harassment on numerous occasions. Another 50% were physically harassed or followed by such strangers. Half of those surveyed revealed this harassment occurred by their 17th birthday.{{Cite web \|url\=http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid\=2\&sid\=badf8f6d\-512b\-410d\-a384\-25507577cf5e%40sessionmgr4010\&bdata\=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d\#AN\=linus.b3207216\&db\=cat00322a \|title\=Stop Global Street Harassment \|last\=Kearl\|first\=Holly\|date\=2015\|website\=One Search\|access\-date\=11 April 2018}}{{Dead link\|date\=April 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} In 2014, researchers from Cornell University and [Hollaback!](/wiki/Hollaback%21 "Hollaback!") conducted the largest international cross\-cultural study on street harassment. The data suggests that the majority of females have their first street harassment experience during puberty.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.ihollaback.org/cornell\-international\-survey\-on\-street\-harassment/\|title\=Street Harassment: The Largest International Cross\-Cultural Study\|date\=May 2015\|website\=hollaback!\|access\-date\=31 March 2018}} According to Stop Street Harassment, "In 2014, nationally representative survey of street harassment in the USA, half of the harassed persons were harassed by age 17\." They also state that, "In an informal international online 2008 study of 811 women conducted by Stop Street Harassment, almost 1 in 4 women had experienced street harassment by age 12 (7th grade) and nearly 90% by age 19".
### Egypt
{{Main\|Mass sexual assault in Egypt}}
[thumb\|300px\|[Tahrir Square](/wiki/Tahrir_Square "Tahrir Square"), [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo "Cairo"), where [hundreds of women have been pulled into crowds and sexually assaulted by men](/wiki/Mass_sexual_assault_in_Egypt "Mass sexual assault in Egypt"). The attacks sometimes last for hours.["Circles of Hell: Domestic, Public and State Violence Against Women in Egypt"](https://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/mde_120042015.pdf), Amnesty International, January 2015\.](/wiki/File:Tahrir_Square_-_February_9%2C_2011.png "Tahrir Square - February 9, 2011.png")
A 2008 survey found that 83% of Egyptian women said they had experienced sexual harassment, as did 98% of women from overseas while in Egypt.{{cite web \|title\=Clouds in Egypt's Sky: Sexual Harassment: From Verbal Harassment to Rape \|year\=2008 \|last1\=Hassan \|first1\=Rasha \|last2\=Shoukry \|first2\=Aliyaa \|first3\=Abul Komsan \|last3\=Nehad \|url\=http://egypt.unfpa.org/Images/Publication/2010\_03/6eeeb05a\-3040\-42d2\-9e1c\-2bd2e1ac8cac.pdf \|publisher\=\[\[Egyptian Center for Women's Rights]] \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320140359/http://egypt.unfpa.org/Images/Publication/2010\_03/6eeeb05a\-3040\-42d2\-9e1c\-2bd2e1ac8cac.pdf \|archive\-date\=20 March 2016 \|df\=dmy\-all }}{{rp\|16}} A 2013 study in Egypt by [UN Women](/wiki/UN_Women "UN Women") found that 99\.3% of female respondents said they had been sexually harassed.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dgvn.de/fileadmin/user\_upload/DOKUMENTE/English\_Documents/Sexual\-Harassment\-Study\-Egypt\-Final\-EN.pdf\|title\=Study on Ways and Methods to Eliminate Sexual Harassment in Egypt\|publisher\=UN Women\|date\=2013\|access\-date\=2018\-05\-17\|archive\-date\=2017\-07\-21\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721200450/http://www.dgvn.de/fileadmin/user\_upload/DOKUMENTE/English\_Documents/Sexual\-Harassment\-Study\-Egypt\-Final\-EN.pdf\|url\-status\=dead}}
Five hundred cases of mass sexual assault in Egypt were documented between June 2012 and June 2014\.
### Spain
In 2020, the Catalan government found out that 17% of all violent activities in the territory occur on public transport, with women accounting for 60% of the victims. 91\.6% of women aged 16 to 25 reported being harassed on public transit.{{Cite web \|title\=Barcelona battles sexual harassment on public transport \|url\=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/barcelona\-transport\-sexual\-harassment \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-30 \|website\=European Investment Bank \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|title\=Catalonia confronts sexual harassment in public transport \|url\=https://www.polisnetwork.eu/news/catalonia\-confronts\-sexual\-harassment\-in\-public\-transport/ \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-30 \|website\=POLIS Network \|language\=en\-US}}
### LGBT community
{{Further\|LGBT rights by country or territory}}
66% of LGBT respondents in a 2012 [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union") survey said that they avoid [holding hands](/wiki/Holding_hands "Holding hands") in public for fear of harassment and assault. 50% said they avoid certain places or locations, and the places they listed as most unsafe to be open about their sexual orientations were "public transport" and "street, square, car parking lot, or other public space."{{cite web\|title\=EU LGBT survey – European Union lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender survey – Main results\|url\=http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra\-eu\-lgbt\-survey\-main\-results\_tk3113640enc\_1\.pdf\|publisher\=\[\[Fundamental Rights Agency]]\|access\-date\=31 October 2014\|pages\=87–89\|date\=October 2014}}
According to the Stop Street Harassment national survey, LGBT men are 17% more likely to experience physically aggressive harassment and 20% more likely to encounter verbal harassment than heterosexual men.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hrc.org/blog/entry/lgbt\=men\=experience\=high\=rates\=of\=street\=harassment\|title\=LGBT Men Experience High Rates of Street Harassment\|date\=June 4, 2014\|publisher\=Human Rights Campaign\|last\=Miller\|first\=Hayley}}{{dead link\|date\=April 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} In a separate survey, verbal harassment was cited as the most common form of abuse.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/report/2011/07/19/9927/gay\-and\-transgender\-discrimination\-outside\-the\-workplace/\|title\=Gay and Transgender Discrimination Outside the Workplace\|last\=Burns\|first\=Crosby\|date\=19 July 2011\|website\=American Progress\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208232023/https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/report/2011/07/19/9927/gay\-and\-transgender\-discrimination\-outside\-the\-workplace/\|archive\-date\=8 December 2015\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=18 July 2024}} However, there were also a significant number of people who were harassed by being denied service or being physically harassed.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/reports/2011/07/19/9927/gay\-and\-transgender\-discrimination\-outside\-the\-workplace/\|title\=Gay and Transgender Discrimination Outside the Workplace\|last\=Burns\|first\=Crosby\|date\=19 July 2011\|website\=Center for American Progress\|access\-date\=4 April 2018}}
Research from Patrick McNeil at George Washington University in 2014 showed that 90% of participants in his survey of gay and bisexual men said that they felt "unwelcome in public because of their sexual orientation."{{Cite book\|title\=Unsafe and harassed in public spaces: A national street harassment report\|date\=2014\|publisher\=Stop Street Harassment\|oclc\=1050056169}} 73% said that they experienced specific homophobic and biphobic comments targeted towards them in the past year. Almost 70% reported that by age 19 they had experienced "negative public interactions", and 90% said that they had experienced these negative interactions by age 24\. Some members of the LGBTQ\+ community are strongly impacted by street harassment. 5% of the group surveyed said that they had moved to different neighborhoods in response to interactions they had experienced, and 3% reported a change in job in response to being harassed in the area of their job.
In a national survey in the United States done by the Human Rights Campaign, women were found to be more likely to experience street harassment, and 60% of women reported being harassed at some point in their lives. "Among LGBT youth, 51 percent have been verbally harassed at school, compared to 25 percent among non\-LGBT students."{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.hrc.org/blog/lgbt\-men\-experience\-high\-rates\-of\-street\-harassment/\|title\=LGBT Men Experience High Rates of Street Harassment\|last\=Campaign\|first\=Human Rights\|website\=Human Rights Campaign\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-03\|archive\-date\=2019\-04\-03\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403033136/https://www.hrc.org/blog/lgbt\-men\-experience\-high\-rates\-of\-street\-harassment/\|url\-status\=dead}}
A Harvard study published in 2017{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/horp/discrimination\-in\-america/\|title\=Discrimination in America\|author\= \|date\=2017\-10\-24\|website\=Harvard Opinion Research Program\|access\-date\=2024\-07\-18}} found that in a group of 489 LGBTQ\+ Americans, 57% of them had been subjected to slurs. It was also found that 53% of those surveyed had experienced offensive comments. In addition to this, most of those surveyed mentioned a friend or family member who was also a part of the LGBTQ\+ community that had been harassed. 57% said their friend or family member was threatened or harassed, 51% said their friend or family member had been sexually harassed, and 51% reported that they had someone in their lives who had experienced physical violence because of their sexuality or gender. The study also found that LGBTQ\+ people of color are twice as likely to be harassed on the street or elsewhere than their white counterparts.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc\-out/most\-lgbtq\-americans\-experience\-harassment\-discrimination\-harvard\-study\-finds\-n823876\|title\=Most LGBTQ Americans experience harassment and discrimination, Harvard study finds\|website\=NBC News\|date\=26 November 2017 \|access\-date\=2019\-04\-03}}
A sample survey of 331 LGBTQ men in 2014 indicated the phenomena occurs worldwide. 90% of them claimed to be harassed in public spaces for their perceived differences. It was mainly their lack of traditionally masculine features that singled them out for abuse. This abuse was mainly aimed at how they did not fit typical gender roles while in public.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=W\_tPCgAAQBAJ\&q\=Kearl,\+Holly.\+Stop\+Global\+Street\+Harassment:\+Growing\+Activism\+around\+the\+World.\+ABC\-CLIO,\+LLC,\+2015\.\&pg\=PR4\|title\=Stop Global Street Harassment\|last\=Kearl\|first\=Holly\|date\=2015\|publisher\=Abc\-Clio \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603170328/https://books.google.com/books?id\=W\_tPCgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PR4\&lpg\=PR4\&dq\=Kearl,\+Holly.\+Stop\+Global\+Street\+Harassment:\+Growing\+Activism\+around\+the\+World.\+ABC\-CLIO,\+LLC,\+2015\.\&source\=bl\&ots\=qd9MCpzHfM\&sig\=UkMwnWhOerK7yStLjbA6OEwlZ1E\&hl\=en\&sa\=X\&ved\=0ahUKEwjbgdn02bPaAhUJslQKHbuSDfgQ6AEITTAL\|archive\-date\=2023\-06\-03\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=11 April 2018\|isbn\=978\-1440840210}}
In a municipality near [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona "Barcelona"), called Santa Coloma de Grammet, awareness days were planned for 400 staff who have regular interactions with passengers. This was part of an initiative known as puntos violetas (purple points), to enable the staff to respond to situations of harassment of LGBTIQ\+ phobia. On peak days for travel, purple spots will be installed in seven metro stations. {{Cite web \|title\=Barcelona battles sexual harassment on public transport \|url\=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/barcelona\-transport\-sexual\-harassment \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-30 \|website\=European Investment Bank \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|title\=Catalonia approves a plan to confront sexual harassment on public transport {{!}} Eltis \|url\=https://www.eltis.org/in\-brief/news/catalonia\-approves\-plan\-confront\-sexual\-harassment\-public\-transport \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-30 \|website\=www.eltis.org}}
### Effects of street harassment
Physical responses, physical safety, emotional reactions, and psychological symptoms are the effects of street harassment. Physical effects can also be discussed in terms of the physical safety of a woman. Recipients of harassment describe physical symptoms as muscle tension, having trouble breathing, dizziness, and nausea.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Farmer\|first1\=Olivia\|last2\=Smock Jordan\|first2\=Sara\|date\=2017\-10\-02\|title\=Experiences of Women Coping With Catcalling Experiences in New York City: A Pilot Study\|journal\=Journal of Feminist Family Therapy\|volume\=29\|issue\=4\|pages\=205–225\|doi\=10\.1080/08952833\.2017\.1373577\|s2cid\=148997602\|issn\=0895\-2833}} Street harassment evokes from its targets emotional responses that range from moderate annoyance to intense fear. Two themes repeatedly appear in women's responses to inquiries about the experience of harassment: the intrusion upon privacy and the fear of rape.{{Cite journal\|last\=Bowman\|first\=Cynthia Grant\|date\=January 1993\|title\=Street Harassment and the Informal Ghettoization of Women\|journal\=Harvard Law Review\|volume\=106\|issue\=3\|pages\=517–580\|doi\=10\.2307/1341656\|issn\=0017\-811X\|jstor\=1341656\|url\=https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1141\&context\=facpub}} Some scholars deem that comments and conduct of a harasser reduce women to sexual objects and force this perception upon his target. Harassment may also teach women to be ashamed of their bodies and to associate their bodies with fear and humiliation through reflections of self\-blame. A study published in 2010 reported that the experience of street harassment is directly related to a greater preoccupation with physical appearance and body shame, and is indirectly related to heightened fears of rape.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Chaudoir\|first1\=Stephenie R.\|last2\=Quinn\|first2\=Diane M.\|date\=2010\-03\-03\|title\=Bystander Sexism in the Intergroup Context: The Impact of Cat\-calls on Women's Reactions Towards Men\|journal\=Sex Roles\|volume\=62\|issue\=9–10\|pages\=623–634\|doi\=10\.1007/s11199\-009\-9735\-0\|s2cid\=144888274\|issn\=0360\-0025}} Women who self\-blame are likely to experience distressing symptoms in the form of body shame, body surveillance, and self\-objectification. Not only does this result harm a woman's self\-esteem, but it may also interfere with her ability to be comfortable with her sexuality.
Street harassment severely restricts the physical and geographical mobility of women. It not only diminishes a woman's feelings of safety and comfort in public places, but also restricts her freedom of movement, depriving her of liberty and security in the public sphere. Women assess their surroundings, restrict choices of clothing, wear [headphones](/wiki/Headphones "Headphones"), choose to exercise inside, and avoid certain neighborhoods or routes as proactive measures to reduce the chance of being harassed. In recent studies, street harassment was linked to indirect consequences that decrease the quality of women's lives. The decrease in quality of life is contributed to avoidant behaviors.
A study in 2011 was aimed at recording the health effects of street harassment on women and girls. It was found that they were mentally stressed after experiencing street harassment. Poor mental health has been found to be linked to street harassment caused by paranoia that certain spaces are not safe. The main way the women and girls put a stop to this was reducing the amount of time they spent on the street. However, this negatively impacted their ability to hold down a job or go to where they could receive healthcare.{{Cite journal \|url\=https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/experiences\-of\-street\-harassment\-and\-associations\-with\-perception \|title\=Experiences of street harassment and associations with perceptions of social cohesion among women in Mexico City \|journal\=Salud Pública de México \|volume\=59 \|issue\=1 \|last\=A Campos \|first\=Paola \|date\=1 January 2017 \|pages\=102–105 \|doi\=10\.21149/7961 \|pmid\=28423116 \|access\-date\=June 5, 2021\|doi\-access\=free }} Stranger harassment reduces feelings of safety while walking alone at night, using public transportation, walking alone in a parking garage, and while home alone at night.{{cite journal\|last1\=Chaudoir\|first1\=Stephenie R.\|last2\=Quinn\|first2\=Diane M.\|date\=3 March 2010\|title\=Bystander Sexism in the Intergroup Context: The Impact of Cat\-calls on Women's Reactions Towards Men\|journal\=Sex Roles\|volume\=62\|issue\=9\|pages\=623–634\|doi\=10\.1007/s11199\-009\-9735\-0\|s2cid\=144888274}}
A 2000 article, based on Canada's Violence Against Women Survey, showed that past exposure to harassment from strangers is an important factor in women's perceptions of their safety in public. Harassment from a stranger, as opposed to an acquaintance, is more likely to induce fear of sexual victimization.{{cite journal\|last1\=Macmillan\|first1\=Ross\|last2\=Nieorbisz\|first2\=Annette\|last3\=Welsh\|first3\=Sandy\|title\=Experiencing the Streets: Harassment and Perceptions of Safety among Women\|journal\=Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency\|date\=1 August 2000\|volume\=37\|issue\=3\|pages\=306–322\|doi\=10\.1177/0022427800037003003\|s2cid\=146635792}}
|
[
"Prevalence\n----------",
"Worldwide:",
"* 80% of women endure at least occasional street harassment\n* 45% (at least monthly) avoids going alone to public spaces after dark\n* 50% (at least monthly) have to find alternate routes to their destinations\n* 80% (at least monthly) feel the need to be constantly alert when traversing local streets\n* 9% have had to switch careers to escape the area in which harassment occurred.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=S6hC34EY7\\_QC\\&q\\=job\\&pg\\=PP1\\|title \\= Stop Street Harassment: Making Public Places Safe and Welcoming for Women\\|isbn \\= 978\\-0313384967\\|last1 \\= Kearl\\|first1 \\= Holly\\|year \\= 2010\\| publisher\\=Bloomsbury Academic }}",
"This problem is not only transnational, but also transcultural and affects people of all identities, races, and ages—every day.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Lennox\\|first1\\=R.\\|last2\\=Jurdi\\-Hage\\|first2\\=R.\\|title\\=Beyond the empirical and the discursive: The methodological implications of critical realism for street harassment research\\|journal\\=Women's Studies International Forum\\|volume\\=60\\|pages\\=23–28\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.wsif.2016\\.11\\.010\\|year\\=2017}}",
"The Canadian government sponsored a large survey in 1993 called the Violence Against Women Survey. In the sample of over 12,000 women, 85% said they were victims of harassment by a stranger. In a 2002 survey of [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\") residents, 58% cited public buses as a common location for sexual harassment.{{cite news\\|title\\=Harassment rampant on public transportation\\|url\\=http://app1\\.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2002/0411/cn8\\-4\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2014\\|work\\=Shanghai Star\\|date\\=11 April 2002\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121955/http://app1\\.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2002/0411/cn8\\-4\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-04\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"A study done in Australia shows that almost 90% of women have experienced verbal or physical harassment in public one or more times in their lives. In Afghanistan, research done in the same year indicates that the prevalence of harassment was 93%. Canadian and Egyptian studies show that the rate of incidence is approximately 85% of women experiencing street harassment in the past year. In U.S.\\-based research, it was reported that women experienced stranger harassment on a monthly basis (41%), while a large minority reported experiencing harassment once every few days (31%). These statistics are given to show a sense of the phenomenon as widely construed, not taken as representative of the same phenomenon comparable across contexts.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Fileborn\\|first1\\=B\\|last2\\=Vera\\-Gray\\|first2\\=F\\|title\\='I Want to be Able to Walk the Street Without Fear': Transforming Justice for Street Harassment\\|journal\\=Feminist Legal Studies\\|volume\\=25 \\|issue\\=2\\|page\\=203\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s10691\\-017\\-9350\\-3\\|year\\=2017\\|s2cid\\=149240797\\|url\\=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/22102/1/22102\\.pdf\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"### United States",
"A survey of 2,000 Americans was commissioned in 2014 by activist group Stop Street Harassment and conducted by [GfK](/wiki/GfK \"GfK\"). 25% of men and 65% of women reported having been the victims of street harassment in their lives. 41% of women and 16% of men said they had been physically harassed in some way, such as by being followed, [flashed](/wiki/Exhibitionism \"Exhibitionism\"), or groped.{{cite web\\|title\\=Unsafe and Harassed in Public Spaces\\|url\\=http://www.stopstreetharassment.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2012/08/2014\\-National\\-SSH\\-Street\\-Harassment\\-Report.pdf\\|publisher\\=Stop Street Harassment\\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2014\\|date\\=Spring 2014}} The perpetrators are lone men in 70% of cases for female victims and 48% of cases for male victims; 20% of men who were harassed were the victims of a lone woman. For men, the most common harassment was homophobic or transphobic slurs, followed by unwanted following, then catcalling and comments on body parts. For women, the most common harassment was catcalling, followed by comments on body parts, unwanted touching or brushing up against, and then sexual slurs like \"bitch\" or \"slut\".",
"For women, most harassment is performed by a total stranger. This comes from a 1990s study from the American Midwest. It was found that numerous women have experienced street harassment on numerous occasions. Another 50% were physically harassed or followed by such strangers. Half of those surveyed revealed this harassment occurred by their 17th birthday.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid\\=2\\&sid\\=badf8f6d\\-512b\\-410d\\-a384\\-25507577cf5e%40sessionmgr4010\\&bdata\\=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d\\#AN\\=linus.b3207216\\&db\\=cat00322a \\|title\\=Stop Global Street Harassment \\|last\\=Kearl\\|first\\=Holly\\|date\\=2015\\|website\\=One Search\\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2018}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} In 2014, researchers from Cornell University and [Hollaback!](/wiki/Hollaback%21 \"Hollaback!\") conducted the largest international cross\\-cultural study on street harassment. The data suggests that the majority of females have their first street harassment experience during puberty.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ihollaback.org/cornell\\-international\\-survey\\-on\\-street\\-harassment/\\|title\\=Street Harassment: The Largest International Cross\\-Cultural Study\\|date\\=May 2015\\|website\\=hollaback!\\|access\\-date\\=31 March 2018}} According to Stop Street Harassment, \"In 2014, nationally representative survey of street harassment in the USA, half of the harassed persons were harassed by age 17\\.\" They also state that, \"In an informal international online 2008 study of 811 women conducted by Stop Street Harassment, almost 1 in 4 women had experienced street harassment by age 12 (7th grade) and nearly 90% by age 19\".",
"### Egypt",
"{{Main\\|Mass sexual assault in Egypt}}",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|[Tahrir Square](/wiki/Tahrir_Square \"Tahrir Square\"), [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo \"Cairo\"), where [hundreds of women have been pulled into crowds and sexually assaulted by men](/wiki/Mass_sexual_assault_in_Egypt \"Mass sexual assault in Egypt\"). The attacks sometimes last for hours.[\"Circles of Hell: Domestic, Public and State Violence Against Women in Egypt\"](https://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/mde_120042015.pdf), Amnesty International, January 2015\\.](/wiki/File:Tahrir_Square_-_February_9%2C_2011.png \"Tahrir Square - February 9, 2011.png\")\nA 2008 survey found that 83% of Egyptian women said they had experienced sexual harassment, as did 98% of women from overseas while in Egypt.{{cite web \\|title\\=Clouds in Egypt's Sky: Sexual Harassment: From Verbal Harassment to Rape \\|year\\=2008 \\|last1\\=Hassan \\|first1\\=Rasha \\|last2\\=Shoukry \\|first2\\=Aliyaa \\|first3\\=Abul Komsan \\|last3\\=Nehad \\|url\\=http://egypt.unfpa.org/Images/Publication/2010\\_03/6eeeb05a\\-3040\\-42d2\\-9e1c\\-2bd2e1ac8cac.pdf \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Egyptian Center for Women's Rights]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320140359/http://egypt.unfpa.org/Images/Publication/2010\\_03/6eeeb05a\\-3040\\-42d2\\-9e1c\\-2bd2e1ac8cac.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=20 March 2016 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}{{rp\\|16}} A 2013 study in Egypt by [UN Women](/wiki/UN_Women \"UN Women\") found that 99\\.3% of female respondents said they had been sexually harassed.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dgvn.de/fileadmin/user\\_upload/DOKUMENTE/English\\_Documents/Sexual\\-Harassment\\-Study\\-Egypt\\-Final\\-EN.pdf\\|title\\=Study on Ways and Methods to Eliminate Sexual Harassment in Egypt\\|publisher\\=UN Women\\|date\\=2013\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-05\\-17\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-21\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721200450/http://www.dgvn.de/fileadmin/user\\_upload/DOKUMENTE/English\\_Documents/Sexual\\-Harassment\\-Study\\-Egypt\\-Final\\-EN.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Five hundred cases of mass sexual assault in Egypt were documented between June 2012 and June 2014\\.",
"### Spain",
"In 2020, the Catalan government found out that 17% of all violent activities in the territory occur on public transport, with women accounting for 60% of the victims. 91\\.6% of women aged 16 to 25 reported being harassed on public transit.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Barcelona battles sexual harassment on public transport \\|url\\=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/barcelona\\-transport\\-sexual\\-harassment \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-30 \\|website\\=European Investment Bank \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Catalonia confronts sexual harassment in public transport \\|url\\=https://www.polisnetwork.eu/news/catalonia\\-confronts\\-sexual\\-harassment\\-in\\-public\\-transport/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-30 \\|website\\=POLIS Network \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"### LGBT community",
"{{Further\\|LGBT rights by country or territory}}\n66% of LGBT respondents in a 2012 [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") survey said that they avoid [holding hands](/wiki/Holding_hands \"Holding hands\") in public for fear of harassment and assault. 50% said they avoid certain places or locations, and the places they listed as most unsafe to be open about their sexual orientations were \"public transport\" and \"street, square, car parking lot, or other public space.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=EU LGBT survey – European Union lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender survey – Main results\\|url\\=http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra\\-eu\\-lgbt\\-survey\\-main\\-results\\_tk3113640enc\\_1\\.pdf\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Fundamental Rights Agency]]\\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2014\\|pages\\=87–89\\|date\\=October 2014}}",
"According to the Stop Street Harassment national survey, LGBT men are 17% more likely to experience physically aggressive harassment and 20% more likely to encounter verbal harassment than heterosexual men.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hrc.org/blog/entry/lgbt\\=men\\=experience\\=high\\=rates\\=of\\=street\\=harassment\\|title\\=LGBT Men Experience High Rates of Street Harassment\\|date\\=June 4, 2014\\|publisher\\=Human Rights Campaign\\|last\\=Miller\\|first\\=Hayley}}{{dead link\\|date\\=April 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} In a separate survey, verbal harassment was cited as the most common form of abuse.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/report/2011/07/19/9927/gay\\-and\\-transgender\\-discrimination\\-outside\\-the\\-workplace/\\|title\\=Gay and Transgender Discrimination Outside the Workplace\\|last\\=Burns\\|first\\=Crosby\\|date\\=19 July 2011\\|website\\=American Progress\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208232023/https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/report/2011/07/19/9927/gay\\-and\\-transgender\\-discrimination\\-outside\\-the\\-workplace/\\|archive\\-date\\=8 December 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=18 July 2024}} However, there were also a significant number of people who were harassed by being denied service or being physically harassed.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/reports/2011/07/19/9927/gay\\-and\\-transgender\\-discrimination\\-outside\\-the\\-workplace/\\|title\\=Gay and Transgender Discrimination Outside the Workplace\\|last\\=Burns\\|first\\=Crosby\\|date\\=19 July 2011\\|website\\=Center for American Progress\\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2018}}",
"Research from Patrick McNeil at George Washington University in 2014 showed that 90% of participants in his survey of gay and bisexual men said that they felt \"unwelcome in public because of their sexual orientation.\"{{Cite book\\|title\\=Unsafe and harassed in public spaces: A national street harassment report\\|date\\=2014\\|publisher\\=Stop Street Harassment\\|oclc\\=1050056169}} 73% said that they experienced specific homophobic and biphobic comments targeted towards them in the past year. Almost 70% reported that by age 19 they had experienced \"negative public interactions\", and 90% said that they had experienced these negative interactions by age 24\\. Some members of the LGBTQ\\+ community are strongly impacted by street harassment. 5% of the group surveyed said that they had moved to different neighborhoods in response to interactions they had experienced, and 3% reported a change in job in response to being harassed in the area of their job.",
"In a national survey in the United States done by the Human Rights Campaign, women were found to be more likely to experience street harassment, and 60% of women reported being harassed at some point in their lives. \"Among LGBT youth, 51 percent have been verbally harassed at school, compared to 25 percent among non\\-LGBT students.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hrc.org/blog/lgbt\\-men\\-experience\\-high\\-rates\\-of\\-street\\-harassment/\\|title\\=LGBT Men Experience High Rates of Street Harassment\\|last\\=Campaign\\|first\\=Human Rights\\|website\\=Human Rights Campaign\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-03\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-03\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403033136/https://www.hrc.org/blog/lgbt\\-men\\-experience\\-high\\-rates\\-of\\-street\\-harassment/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"A Harvard study published in 2017{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/horp/discrimination\\-in\\-america/\\|title\\=Discrimination in America\\|author\\= \\|date\\=2017\\-10\\-24\\|website\\=Harvard Opinion Research Program\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-18}} found that in a group of 489 LGBTQ\\+ Americans, 57% of them had been subjected to slurs. It was also found that 53% of those surveyed had experienced offensive comments. In addition to this, most of those surveyed mentioned a friend or family member who was also a part of the LGBTQ\\+ community that had been harassed. 57% said their friend or family member was threatened or harassed, 51% said their friend or family member had been sexually harassed, and 51% reported that they had someone in their lives who had experienced physical violence because of their sexuality or gender. The study also found that LGBTQ\\+ people of color are twice as likely to be harassed on the street or elsewhere than their white counterparts.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc\\-out/most\\-lgbtq\\-americans\\-experience\\-harassment\\-discrimination\\-harvard\\-study\\-finds\\-n823876\\|title\\=Most LGBTQ Americans experience harassment and discrimination, Harvard study finds\\|website\\=NBC News\\|date\\=26 November 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-03}}",
"A sample survey of 331 LGBTQ men in 2014 indicated the phenomena occurs worldwide. 90% of them claimed to be harassed in public spaces for their perceived differences. It was mainly their lack of traditionally masculine features that singled them out for abuse. This abuse was mainly aimed at how they did not fit typical gender roles while in public.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=W\\_tPCgAAQBAJ\\&q\\=Kearl,\\+Holly.\\+Stop\\+Global\\+Street\\+Harassment:\\+Growing\\+Activism\\+around\\+the\\+World.\\+ABC\\-CLIO,\\+LLC,\\+2015\\.\\&pg\\=PR4\\|title\\=Stop Global Street Harassment\\|last\\=Kearl\\|first\\=Holly\\|date\\=2015\\|publisher\\=Abc\\-Clio \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603170328/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=W\\_tPCgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PR4\\&lpg\\=PR4\\&dq\\=Kearl,\\+Holly.\\+Stop\\+Global\\+Street\\+Harassment:\\+Growing\\+Activism\\+around\\+the\\+World.\\+ABC\\-CLIO,\\+LLC,\\+2015\\.\\&source\\=bl\\&ots\\=qd9MCpzHfM\\&sig\\=UkMwnWhOerK7yStLjbA6OEwlZ1E\\&hl\\=en\\&sa\\=X\\&ved\\=0ahUKEwjbgdn02bPaAhUJslQKHbuSDfgQ6AEITTAL\\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-03\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2018\\|isbn\\=978\\-1440840210}}",
"In a municipality near [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\"), called Santa Coloma de Grammet, awareness days were planned for 400 staff who have regular interactions with passengers. This was part of an initiative known as puntos violetas (purple points), to enable the staff to respond to situations of harassment of LGBTIQ\\+ phobia. On peak days for travel, purple spots will be installed in seven metro stations. {{Cite web \\|title\\=Barcelona battles sexual harassment on public transport \\|url\\=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/barcelona\\-transport\\-sexual\\-harassment \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-30 \\|website\\=European Investment Bank \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Catalonia approves a plan to confront sexual harassment on public transport {{!}} Eltis \\|url\\=https://www.eltis.org/in\\-brief/news/catalonia\\-approves\\-plan\\-confront\\-sexual\\-harassment\\-public\\-transport \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-30 \\|website\\=www.eltis.org}}",
"### Effects of street harassment",
"Physical responses, physical safety, emotional reactions, and psychological symptoms are the effects of street harassment. Physical effects can also be discussed in terms of the physical safety of a woman. Recipients of harassment describe physical symptoms as muscle tension, having trouble breathing, dizziness, and nausea.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Farmer\\|first1\\=Olivia\\|last2\\=Smock Jordan\\|first2\\=Sara\\|date\\=2017\\-10\\-02\\|title\\=Experiences of Women Coping With Catcalling Experiences in New York City: A Pilot Study\\|journal\\=Journal of Feminist Family Therapy\\|volume\\=29\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=205–225\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/08952833\\.2017\\.1373577\\|s2cid\\=148997602\\|issn\\=0895\\-2833}} Street harassment evokes from its targets emotional responses that range from moderate annoyance to intense fear. Two themes repeatedly appear in women's responses to inquiries about the experience of harassment: the intrusion upon privacy and the fear of rape.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Bowman\\|first\\=Cynthia Grant\\|date\\=January 1993\\|title\\=Street Harassment and the Informal Ghettoization of Women\\|journal\\=Harvard Law Review\\|volume\\=106\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=517–580\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/1341656\\|issn\\=0017\\-811X\\|jstor\\=1341656\\|url\\=https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1141\\&context\\=facpub}} Some scholars deem that comments and conduct of a harasser reduce women to sexual objects and force this perception upon his target. Harassment may also teach women to be ashamed of their bodies and to associate their bodies with fear and humiliation through reflections of self\\-blame. A study published in 2010 reported that the experience of street harassment is directly related to a greater preoccupation with physical appearance and body shame, and is indirectly related to heightened fears of rape.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Chaudoir\\|first1\\=Stephenie R.\\|last2\\=Quinn\\|first2\\=Diane M.\\|date\\=2010\\-03\\-03\\|title\\=Bystander Sexism in the Intergroup Context: The Impact of Cat\\-calls on Women's Reactions Towards Men\\|journal\\=Sex Roles\\|volume\\=62\\|issue\\=9–10\\|pages\\=623–634\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s11199\\-009\\-9735\\-0\\|s2cid\\=144888274\\|issn\\=0360\\-0025}} Women who self\\-blame are likely to experience distressing symptoms in the form of body shame, body surveillance, and self\\-objectification. Not only does this result harm a woman's self\\-esteem, but it may also interfere with her ability to be comfortable with her sexuality.",
"Street harassment severely restricts the physical and geographical mobility of women. It not only diminishes a woman's feelings of safety and comfort in public places, but also restricts her freedom of movement, depriving her of liberty and security in the public sphere. Women assess their surroundings, restrict choices of clothing, wear [headphones](/wiki/Headphones \"Headphones\"), choose to exercise inside, and avoid certain neighborhoods or routes as proactive measures to reduce the chance of being harassed. In recent studies, street harassment was linked to indirect consequences that decrease the quality of women's lives. The decrease in quality of life is contributed to avoidant behaviors.",
"A study in 2011 was aimed at recording the health effects of street harassment on women and girls. It was found that they were mentally stressed after experiencing street harassment. Poor mental health has been found to be linked to street harassment caused by paranoia that certain spaces are not safe. The main way the women and girls put a stop to this was reducing the amount of time they spent on the street. However, this negatively impacted their ability to hold down a job or go to where they could receive healthcare.{{Cite journal \\|url\\=https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/experiences\\-of\\-street\\-harassment\\-and\\-associations\\-with\\-perception \\|title\\=Experiences of street harassment and associations with perceptions of social cohesion among women in Mexico City \\|journal\\=Salud Pública de México \\|volume\\=59 \\|issue\\=1 \\|last\\=A Campos \\|first\\=Paola \\|date\\=1 January 2017 \\|pages\\=102–105 \\|doi\\=10\\.21149/7961 \\|pmid\\=28423116 \\|access\\-date\\=June 5, 2021\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} Stranger harassment reduces feelings of safety while walking alone at night, using public transportation, walking alone in a parking garage, and while home alone at night.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Chaudoir\\|first1\\=Stephenie R.\\|last2\\=Quinn\\|first2\\=Diane M.\\|date\\=3 March 2010\\|title\\=Bystander Sexism in the Intergroup Context: The Impact of Cat\\-calls on Women's Reactions Towards Men\\|journal\\=Sex Roles\\|volume\\=62\\|issue\\=9\\|pages\\=623–634\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s11199\\-009\\-9735\\-0\\|s2cid\\=144888274}}",
"A 2000 article, based on Canada's Violence Against Women Survey, showed that past exposure to harassment from strangers is an important factor in women's perceptions of their safety in public. Harassment from a stranger, as opposed to an acquaintance, is more likely to induce fear of sexual victimization.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Macmillan\\|first1\\=Ross\\|last2\\=Nieorbisz\\|first2\\=Annette\\|last3\\=Welsh\\|first3\\=Sandy\\|title\\=Experiencing the Streets: Harassment and Perceptions of Safety among Women\\|journal\\=Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency\\|date\\=1 August 2000\\|volume\\=37\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=306–322\\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0022427800037003003\\|s2cid\\=146635792}}",
""
] |
History
-------
### Background
[thumb\|250px\|left\|Map of Naples in the 16th century.](/wiki/File:Braun_Napoli_UBHD.jpg "Braun Napoli UBHD.jpg")
At the end of the [Aragonese](/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon "Crown of Aragon") domination, the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples "Kingdom of Naples") entered into the expansionist objectives of the French and the Spanish: both powers divided the territory with the signing of the [Treaty of Granada (1500\)](/wiki/Treaty_of_Granada_%281500%29 "Treaty of Granada (1500)"). In any case, the treaty was not respected and under the command of the Great Captain [Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba](/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba "Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba") the Spanish conquered the kingdom in 1503, thus beginning the [Spanish viceroyalty](/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Naples "List of viceroys of Naples").{{Harvsp\|Viceregno\|2015\|p\=1}} Although this period, which lasted more than two hundred years, has been considered a dark and devolutionary period, but in fact the city enjoyed a notable cultural ferment and a dynamic bourgeoisie, as well as a cutting\-edge merchant fleet, capable of competing with those of [Seville](/wiki/Seville "Seville") and [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders "Flanders").{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|p\=13}}
Under the command of [Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Zúñiga](/wiki/Pedro_de_Toledo_%281484-1553%29 "Pedro de Toledo (1484-1553)"), the construction of a viceregal palace was decided, designed by the architects [Ferdinando Manlio](/wiki/Ferdinando_Manlio "Ferdinando Manlio") and [Giovanni Benincasa](/wiki/Giovanni_Benincasa "Giovanni Benincasa"). The construction of the palace began in 1543 and was completed shortly afterwards.{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|p\=17}} The new palace was born at a time when the viceroys dedicated their efforts to the urban reorganization of Italian cities: in Naples, the walls and forts were remodeled and the so\-called *[Quartieri Spagnoli](/wiki/Quartieri_Spagnoli "Quartieri Spagnoli")* were built.
### Construction (1600–1616\)
[thumb\|250px\|right\|Fernando Ruiz de Castro, count of Lemos.](/wiki/File:Fernando_Ruiz_de_Castro_conde_de_Lemos.jpg "Fernando Ruiz de Castro conde de Lemos.jpg")
When [Fernando Ruiz de Castro](/wiki/Fernando_Ruiz_de_Castro_Andrade_y_Portugal "Fernando Ruiz de Castro Andrade y Portugal"), count of Lemos, arrived in the city as viceroy Together with his wife, Catalina de Zúñiga,{{Harvsp\|Sale\|ref\=Sale\|2014\|p\=2}} he decided to build a new palace. The official argument to justify its construction was to honor [Philip III of Spain](/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain "Philip III of Spain") by hosting him solemnly in view of an imminent visit by the monarch that, in the end, never took place.{{Harvsp\|Touring Club Italiano\|2008\|p\=122}}{{Cite book\| url\=http://www.archive.org/details/coleccindedocu23madruoft\| title\= Libro donde se trata de los virreyes lugartenientes del Reino de Nápoles y de las cosas tocantes a su grandeza \|first1\=Joseph\|last1\=Raneo\|pages\=280–285\| volume\=XXIII\| year\=1842\| location\=Madrid\| publisher\=Impr. Impr. de J. Perales y Martínez \|language\=es}} However, contemporary analysis indicates that the viceroy knew that Philip III had never intended to move his court to Naples and that the palace was actually built to satisfy the viceroy's own wishes.{{cite journal \|url\=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CHMO/article/view/CHMO0505110125A\| title\= Un escenario italiano para los gobernantes españoles. El nuevo palacio de los virreyes de Nápoles (1599–1653\) \| last1\=Palos Peñarroya\|first1\=Joan Luís\|date\=2005\|journal\=Cuadernos de Historia Moderna\| volume\= 30 \|number\=30\|pages\=127–128\|language\=es\|doi\=\|pmid\=}}
The area chosen for the new construction was located at the western end of the city, on the hill of [Pizzofalcone](/wiki/Pizzofalcone "Pizzofalcone"), in a position that allowed the port to be dominated and that would facilitate an escape route for the king in case of an enemy attack. There it would be next to the Viceregal Palace, using, in fact, part of its gardens, and next to the [Castel Nuovo](/wiki/Castel_Nuovo "Castel Nuovo"), the former royal residence, reinforcing the courtly character of the area. The choice of this location was also encouraged by the fact that the city was expanding towards the west: in this way, with such an important building in the vicinity, the price of land in the areas of Pizzofalcone and [Chiaia](/wiki/Chiaia "Chiaia") would increase.{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|p\=18}}
The project was entrusted to [Domenico Fontana](/wiki/Domenico_Fontana "Domenico Fontana"), considered at the time the most prestigious architect in the western world, who held the position of chief engineer of the kingdom. Fontana had fallen into disgrace a few years earlier, due to the death of [Sixtus V](/wiki/Sixtus_V "Sixtus V") in 1590, the pope who had commissioned him to carry out numerous works in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome").{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|pp\=18–21}}
The first stone was laid in 1600, in the square that, in those years, bore the name of *Piazza San Luigi.* The final project for the palace was published by Fontana in 1604 under the title *Dichiarazione del Nuevo Regio Palagio.*{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|p\=21}} However, the original plans used by the architect to begin the work were lost and, in fact, Fontana himself lamented this:
[thumb\|250px\|right\|Domenico Fontana, the architect of the palace.](/wiki/File:Federico_Zuccari%2C_Ritratto_di_Domenico_Fontana.jpg "Federico Zuccari, Ritratto di Domenico Fontana.jpg")
{{Blockquote\|I have not been able to print the designs for the work I have done in this city of Naples and its kingdom due to lack of time.\|\[\[Domenico Fontana]] }}
In any case, a plan drawn by [Giovanni Giacomo](/wiki/Giovanni_Giacomo "Giovanni Giacomo") is preserved in Rome, probably before 1651, which shows how the palace was intended to have been according to the architect's first wishes. In any case, the original design does not seem to have differed too much from its final appearance, although undeniable modifications were made during its construction. In this design, both the main west and north facades were the same, while a C\-shaped structure was supposed to have been built along the south side facing the sea.{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|p\=26}} This design was so popular that, even though the palace was still under construction, the press of the time often depicted it as it was in the plans rather than as it was actually being built. Domenico Fontana was so enthusiastic about the project he had been commissioned to do that he had the following inscriptions inscribed on two columns of the façade:{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|p\=35}}
{{Blockquote\|Domenicus Fontana Patricius Romanus
Eques Auratus comes palatinus inventor}}
[thumb\|250px\|right\|[Juan Alonso Pimentel de Herrera](/wiki/Juan_Alonso_Pimentel_de_Herrera "Juan Alonso Pimentel de Herrera"), under whose mandate the work on the palace was slowed down.](/wiki/File:El_Greco%2C_Portrait_of_Juan_Alfonso_de_Pimentel_y_Herrera.jpg "El Greco, Portrait of Juan Alfonso de Pimentel y Herrera.jpg")
However, only the main façade of this project was completed; while the south\-east arm was not built and the south façade remained unfinished and disordered until it was completed in 1843\.
The architectural style developed by the architect was [late Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance_architecture "Renaissance architecture"), with a central courtyard and an interior [loggia](/wiki/Loggia "Loggia") on the first floor, thus adapting the project to the demands of the time; that is, to a function of ostentation rather than a fortified residence. It also had a large square located right in front of the palace for military parades and public events. The works were carried out diligently both under the mandate of the Count of Lemos and under that of his son and successor [Francisco Ruiz de Castro](/wiki/Francisco_Ruiz_de_Castro "Francisco Ruiz de Castro"). Under Viceroy [Juan Alonso Pimentel de Herrera](/wiki/Juan_Alonso_Pimentel_de_Herrera "Juan Alonso Pimentel de Herrera"), [Count of Benavente](/wiki/County_of_Benavente "County of Benavente"), the works slowed down, probably due to the limited availability of resources after the wars and crises that hit [Spain](/wiki/Habsburg_Spain "Habsburg Spain") or even as a matter of honour: the Pimentels showed little interest in completing a work begun by the Ruiz de Castro.{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|p\=22}}
In 1607, after the death of his father, [Giulio Cesare Fontana](/wiki/Giulio_Cesare_Fontana "Giulio Cesare Fontana") took over the direction of the works. The construction of the palace continued rapidly, until in 1610 [Pedro Fernández de Castro](/wiki/Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Castro_y_Andrade "Pedro Fernández de Castro y Andrade"), also the son of Fernando Ruiz de Castro, was appointed viceroy. In 1616, the new headquarters of the [university](/wiki/University_of_Naples_Federico_II "University of Naples Federico II") was built at the end of [Via Toledo](/wiki/Via_Toledo "Via Toledo"), that is, at the opposite end to the site on which the Royal Palace was being built. It was named [Palazzo degli Studi](/wiki/Palazzo_degli_Studi "Palazzo degli Studi") and would be the future headquarters of the [National Archaeological Museum of Naples](/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Naples "National Archaeological Museum of Naples"). Thanks to some notes by [Alessandro Beratta](/wiki/Alessandro_Beratta "Alessandro Beratta") and the writings in a [travel diary](/wiki/Travel_book "Travel book") by Confalonieri, we have evidence of the state of the works in that year:
{{Blockquote\|That day we saw the structure of the royal palace, which has a facade of peperinoPeperino is a volcanic rock characteristic of the Naples area. worked. On the first floor there are twenty\-one windows and three railings; on the second floor, there are as many small windows without railings. Below, at ground level, there is a large portico, which faces the street and serves as a guard, carried out by two companies of soldiers. Inside the palace is not finished. It has two large staircases and a large square courtyard with porticos, of which two sides were still uncovered.}}
From this writing, it is clear that the work was almost finished at that time.
Shortly afterwards, although the exact date is not known, the interior decoration work began with the execution of the paintings by [Giovanni Battista Caracciolo](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Caracciolo "Giovanni Battista Caracciolo"), [Belisario Corenzio](/wiki/Belisario_Corenzio "Belisario Corenzio") and [Giovanni Balducci](/wiki/Giovanni_Balducci "Giovanni Balducci").
### The Viceregal Period (1616–1734\)
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The Royal Palace around 1700, with the Belvedere Pavilion attached to its south\-west corner.](/wiki/File:Palazzo_Reale_Napoli_1700s_1.png "Palazzo Reale Napoli 1700s 1.png")
From the time the palace was completed, it was inhabited by 22 [Spanish viceroys](/wiki/Viceroys_of_Naples "Viceroys of Naples") and 11 Austrian viceroys. Far from remaining unchanged, the Royal Palace continued to transform itself according to the tastes of each viceroy.
The [Duke of Alba](/wiki/Antonio_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo_y_Beaumont "Antonio Álvarez de Toledo y Beaumont") (1622–1629\) was commissioned to finish some vaults begun by the Count of Lemos and dedicate them to the family glories.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ub.edu/enbach/es/escenario/4\-12/las\-pinturas\-de\-los\-salones.html\|title\=Enbach. Crossed visions. The Viceroys of Naples and the Image of the Spanish Monarchy in the Baroque\|accessdate\=28 March 2020\|website\=www.ub.edu}} The Palatine Chapel was completed under the Duke of Medina de las Torres, from 1646 to 1648, with a large altarpiece by [José de Ribera](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera "José de Ribera"); in 1656 the [stucco](/wiki/Stucco "Stucco") work on the vault of the interdeux of the windows was carried out, which had to be redone after 1688 due to an earthquake that collapsed the roof. They were not finished until 1705\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ub.edu/enbach/es/escenario/4\-6/la\-cappella\-palatina.html\|title\=Enbach. Crossed visions. The Viceroys of Naples and the Image of the Spanish Monarchy in the Baroque\|accessdate\=28 March 2020\|website\=www.ub.edu}}
Under the government of [Íñigo Vélez de Guevara el Mozo](/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo_V%C3%A9lez_de_Guevara_el_Mozo "Íñigo Vélez de Guevara el Mozo"), Count of Oñate, the original two\-ramp staircase of Fontana, judged undignified, was completely renovated by [Francesco Antonio Picchiatti](/wiki/Francesco_Antonio_Picchiatti "Francesco Antonio Picchiatti"), following the wishes of the Count of Oñate, the works took place from 1651 to 1666\.{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|p\=25}} The two main rooms of the palace were also redecorated: the "Great Hall" and the "Hall of the Viceroys", which began to be adorned with portraits of the viceroys from 1503\.{{cite web\|accessdate\=28 March 2020 \|title\=Enbach. Crossed visions. The viceroys of Naples and the image of the Spanish Monarchy in the Baroque \|url\=http://www.ub.edu/enbach/es/escenario/4\-9/la\-sala\-regia.html \|website\=www.ub.edu}}
Exteriorly, between 1666 and 1671, when [Pedro Antonio de Aragón](/wiki/Pedro_Antonio_de_Arag%C3%B3n "Pedro Antonio de Aragón") was in power, the most notable addition took place with the construction of a small pavilion facing the sea, the so\-called Belvedere, which would serve as a bedroom for the viceroys and later for the Bourbon sovereigns. Attached to it was a small garden terrace that grew over the decades to become the current "hanging gardens or Belvedere gardens".{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ub.edu/enbach/es/escenario/4\-1/los\-jardines.html\|title\=Enbach. Crossed visions. The Viceroys of Naples and the Image of the Spanish Monarchy in the Baroque\|accessdate\=28 March 2020\|website\=www.ub.edu}}
From 18 April to 2 June 1702, [Philip V](/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain "Philip V of Spain") visited Naples, being therefore the first and only [Spanish sovereign](/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs "List of Spanish monarchs") to stay in a palace originally intended to receive Philip III.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.altorres.synology.me/guerras/1702\_sucesion/1702\_sucesion\_cronologia.htm\|title\=Spanish War of Succession (1702–1714\)\|accessdate\=29 March 2020\|website\=www.altorres.synology.me}} In 1707 the Austrians took the city in the midst of the [War of the Spanish Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession "War of the Spanish Succession"), beginning the government of the Austrian viceroys that did not bring substantial changes to the palace.
### The first Bourbons (1734–1806\)
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The *Largo di Palazzo* painted by [Gaspar van Wittel](/wiki/Gaspar_van_Wittel "Gaspar van Wittel") between 1700 and 1725\.](/wiki/File:Gaspar_van_wittel%2C_veduta_del_palazzo_reale_di_napoli%2C_1706.jpg "Gaspar van wittel, veduta del palazzo reale di napoli, 1706.jpg")
In May 1734 [Charles of Bourbon](/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain "Charles III of Spain") entered Naples, the city became, once again, the capital of an autonomous kingdom and not a viceroyalty.{{Harvsp\|Borbonico\|ref\=Borbonico\|p\=1}} The new king found the Royal Palace empty and dilapidated, since, since its construction, it had been normal for viceroys to move in with their furniture and, once their mandate had ended, to take it with them. This was done by the last [Austrian viceroys](/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Naples "List of viceroys of Naples"), [Giulio Visconti Borromeo Arese](/wiki/Giulio_Visconti_Borromeo_Arese "Giulio Visconti Borromeo Arese"), in March 1734\. All that remained in the palace were the magnificent painted vaults made by Neapolitan artists of the 17th century.{{Harvsp\|Fiadino\|2003\|p\=153}}
[thumb\|250px\|right \|The Royal Palace of Naples (right) and the Viceregal Palace (left) during the carnival of 1774, by Alessandro D'Anna.](/wiki/File:Alessandro_D%27Anna_-_Napoli%2C_carnevale_a_Largo_di_Palazzo.jpg "Alessandro D'Anna - Napoli, carnevale a Largo di Palazzo.jpg")
The renovation works were directed by the military engineer [Giovanni Antonio Medrano](/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Medrano "Giovanni Antonio Medrano"), later architect of the [Royal Palace of Portici](/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Portici "Royal Palace of Portici"), and initially focused on the king's apartments facing the Piazza della Repubblica. Although the works were completed in 1740, by 1738, the year of Charles's wedding with [Maria Amalia of Saxony](/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony "Maria Amalia of Saxony"), they were almost ready. The palace was then structured around two main rooms or apartments:{{Harvsp\|Fiadino\|2003\|pp\=154–156}}
* the King's Apartment facing the square and composed of: the Great Hall or Royal Room, the Room of the Guard of Corps, the Room of the Officers, the Antechamber of the Titleholders, the Room of the Hand\-Kissing or of the Throne, the Gallery, the Room "where His Majesty dresses", the "secret" Chapel of His Majesty, the Belvedere Room or where the king sleeps, the "toilet" and the Room "where His Majesty's valet sleeps".{{Harvsp\|Ascioni\|2010}}
* the Queen's Apartment facing the sea and composed of: the Room of the Viceroys, the Room of the Guard of Corps, the Second Antechamber, the Room of the Kissing Hands, the Room of the Alcove or where the queen sleeps, the Oratory, the "toilet", the Chambermaids' Room and the Queen's Boudoir.
[thumb\|250px\|right\|Abdication of [Charles of Bourbon](/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain "Charles III of Spain") in favour of his son [Ferdinand IV](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies") in the Throne Room of the Royal Palace of Naples, 1759\.](/wiki/File:Abdicaci%C3%B3n_de_Carlos_III.jpg "Abdicación de Carlos III.jpg")
In general, in this first reform, the works that evoked the history of Naples and its Spanish past were preserved as a sign of historical prestige, while those that referred to the Austrian period were destroyed. From 1735 to 1738, large celebratory frescoes were commissioned from Neapolitan late Baroque painters such as [Francesco Solimena](/wiki/Francesco_Solimena "Francesco Solimena"), [Nicola Maria Rossi](/wiki/Nicola_Maria_Rossi "Nicola Maria Rossi"), [Francesco de Mura](/wiki/Francesco_de_Mura "Francesco de Mura") and [Domenico Vaccaro](/wiki/Domenico_Vaccaro "Domenico Vaccaro"). For example, Rossi painted a fresco celebrating the [taking of Gaeta in 1734](/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_%281734%29 "Siege of Gaeta (1734)") in the "Room where His Majesty dresses" (Room IX); Solimena painted another fresco of the king on horseback in the "Room of the Viceroys" (Room XXII), covering up an earlier one of [Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor](/wiki/Charles_VI%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor"); and de Mura painted another fresco of large proportions in the "Room of the Guard" (Room II) celebrating marital virtues following the royal wedding. Finally, the sovereign redecorated the interior of the palace with sumptuous marble and silk hangings.
During the reign of Charles of Bourbon, the Royal Palace of Naples was a meeting place for the French lifestyle, Spanish tradition and Italian artistic culture.{{Harvsp\|Fiadino\|2003\|p\=158}}
[thumb\|250px\|right\|Ceiling of the new "Court Theatre", restored after the Second World War.](/wiki/File:N%C3%A1poles_Teatro_Palacio_Real_07.jpg "Nápoles Teatro Palacio Real 07.jpg")
During the minority of [Ferdinand IV](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies"), from 1759 to 1767, it is worth highlighting the progressive extension of the palace towards the east (towards the Castel Nuovo), with the construction, around 1760, of the eastern wing that ran parallel to the so\-called "Steward's Apartment" facing the sea and the hanging gardens systematized around 1740\. Following these extensions, two interior courtyards called "de "the Carriages" and "the Belvedere".{{Harvsp\|Mascilli Migliorini\|1997\|p\=75}} There were also important decorative changes, such as the extension in 1763 of the Belvedere Wing facing the sea with the "daily bedroom of His Majesty", four private cabinets and the king's study; most of the rooms decorated with frescoes by [Giuseppe Bonito](/wiki/Giuseppe_Bonito "Giuseppe Bonito"). However, the most notable reform, coinciding with the end of the minority and the marriage of the King to the Archduchess [Maria Carolina of Austria](/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria "Maria Carolina of Austria") in May 1768, was the transformation of the Spanish\-era "Grand Hall" into a late\-baroque court theatre by [Ferdinando Fuga](/wiki/Ferdinando_Fuga "Ferdinando Fuga").{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|p\=28}}
From 1780 onwards, the interest of Ferdinand IV and Maria Carolina turned to the [Caserta Palace](/wiki/Caserta_Palace "Caserta Palace"), where their apartments had been completed. From then on, the court would spend at least half the year outside Naples.
### The Bonapartes (1806–1815\)
The arrival of the French in 1806 and the beginning of the reigns of [Joseph Bonaparte](/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte "Joseph Bonaparte") (1806–1808\) and [Joachim Murat](/wiki/Joachim_Murat "Joachim Murat") (1808–1815\) did not bring about major architectural changes to the royal palace, but it did bring about major interior and decorative transformations, most of which have now disappeared. The Napoleonic monarchs had to deal first of all with a general refurnishing of the palace, which [Ferdinand IV](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies") had emptied when he went into exile in Palermo in 1798 and 1806\. Although some interventions had already taken place under Joseph, from 1809 to 1810 the reforms were essentially functional, to convert the palace into a habitable residence. From 1810 to 1814 the major works took place, but were never completed.{{Harvsp\|Papagna\|2007\|pp\=50–60}}
[thumb\|250px\|right\|Carolina Bonaparte's study in the Royal Palace of Naples, painted in 1811 by Elie Honoré de Montagny.](/wiki/File:Carolina_Bonaparte_nel_Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli_-_1811.jpg "Carolina Bonaparte nel Palazzo Reale di Napoli - 1811.jpg")
In addition to a joint "grand apartment of ceremony", Joachim Murat and [Caroline Bonaparte](/wiki/Caroline_Bonaparte "Caroline Bonaparte") each had an "apartment of honour" and an "ordinary apartment", Murat's apartments were concentrated in the western core of the palace, while Caroline's were grouped in the eastern wing formerly intended for the royal princes (now the seat of the [National Library of Naples](/wiki/National_Library_of_Naples "National Library of Naples")). The Belvedere garden was the connection between the royal couple's private apartments and also a play area for their children. Among the transformations of the period, it is worth highlighting the new theatre by Caroline Murat in the eastern wing or the bedroom in the form of a military tent for Joachim in the Belvedere Wing.
The fall of the Bonapartes in 1815 prevented further transformations, such as the new throne room in the "Gallery of the Ambassadors" (now Room 8\). However, two spaces were deeply marked by that period. On the one hand, the Royal Chapel, to which Joseph Bonaparte had already added the sumptuous altar of [pietra dura](/wiki/Pietra_dura "Pietra dura") from *[Santa Maria degli Scalzi](/wiki/Scalzi%2C_Venice "Scalzi, Venice")*, was remodelled in Byzantine style and inaugurated in 1814; although it would be rebuilt after the fire of 1837 and destroyed during the Second World War. On the other hand, in the "Hall of the Viceroys" the gallery of portraits of these disappeared and it was transformed into an [antiquarium](/wiki/Antiquarium "Antiquarium"), adding plaster copies of the sculptures of the royal collection; due to the [Farnese Hercules](/wiki/Farnese_Hercules "Farnese Hercules") the room began to be called "Hall of Hercules", the sculptures were also lost in 1837\.{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|1997\|p\=19}}
### The Bourbon Restoration (1815–1837\)
After the reconquest of Naples by the Bourbons, only cosmetic but highly symbolic modifications took place in the palace. In 1818, Ferdinand IV, now [Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies"), undertook the complete redecoration of the Throne Room, resacralizing the space after the Napoleonic interlude. Antonio de Simone designed the ceiling stuccos with fourteen allegories representing the provinces, united around the throne, of the new [Kingdom of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies") created in 1816 by unifying those of [Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples "Kingdom of Naples") and [Sicily](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily "Kingdom of Sicily"). The entire room was also covered with a red velvet hanging with gilded [Bourbon lilies](/wiki/Fleur-de-lis "Fleur-de-lis").{{Harvsp\|Borbonico\|ref\=Borbonico\|p\=3}}
At that time, the division of the palace into two poles devised under the Bonapartes was perpetuated. On the western side facing the [Largo di Palazzo](/wiki/Piazza_del_Plebiscito "Piazza del Plebiscito") was the "Grand Apartment of the King", while on the eastern wing facing the [Castel Nuovo](/wiki/Castel_Nuovo "Castel Nuovo") was the "Reception Apartment" of the [Duke of Calabria](/wiki/Francis_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Francis I of the Two Sicilies"), who enjoyed the old little theatre of Caroline Murat, as well as his private rooms and accommodation for his children. During his brief reign, Francis I continued to inhabit these same apartments, and after his death, they were occupied by his widow, the queen mother [María Isabella of Spain](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Isabella_of_Spain "María Isabella of Spain").
### The Transformation by Ferdinand II (1837–1861\)
On 6 February 1837, at 5 am, a fire broke out in the [Queen mother](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Isabella_of_Spain "María Isabella of Spain")'s chambers in the eastern wing, destroying much of the eastern half of the palace.{{Cite book\|title\=Gazzetta di Genoa\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=7NTgOzwhluIC\&dq\=febbraio\+1837\+palazzo\+reale\+napoli\&pg\=PA11\-IA11\|publisher\= stamp. dell'Istituto e della Gazzetta Nazionale \|date\=1837\|language\=it}} After the disaster, a new restoration of the entire complex became necessary. King [Ferdinand II](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies") commissioned the renovation by the architect [Gaetano Genovese](/wiki/Gaetano_Genovese "Gaetano Genovese"), who carried out the work between 1837 and 1844, restoring the parts damaged by the fire, extending and finishing others, and redecorating the interiors. Genovese followed the [neoclassical](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture "Neoclassical architecture") and [historicist](/wiki/Historicist_architecture "Historicist architecture") trends prevailing at the time, without abandoning the original architecture of [Domenico Fontana](/wiki/Domenico_Fontana "Domenico Fontana"), to give a homogeneous appearance to the whole complex.{{Harvsp\|Mascilli Migliorini\|1997\|pp\=75–84}}
During the course of the work, the eastern wing facing the Castel Nuovo was completely remodelled; the Belvedere wing was demolished; the unfinished south façade facing the sea was completed, uniting it with the existing Fontana\-era façade and crowning the central section with a new [belvedere](/wiki/Belvedere_%28structure%29 "Belvedere (structure)") of white marble; and the private apartments of Ferdinand II and [Maria Theresa of Austria](/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria%2C_Queen_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen of the Two Sicilies") were moved to the second floor, leaving the former first\-floor apartments for official receptions only. The surroundings of the palace also underwent major transformations. Between 1841 and 1843 the Viceregal palace was demolished, creating in its place the *Piazza San Ferdinando* (now [Piazza Trieste e Trento](/wiki/Piazza_Trieste_e_Trento "Piazza Trieste e Trento")), and [Friedrich Dehnhardt](/wiki/Friedrich_Dehnhardt "Friedrich Dehnhardt") created a new romantic rear garden by demolishing old stables and other buildings.
The Royal Palace was then made up of several apartments grouped around two cores. In the western one, which constitutes the original palace, were the King and Queen's Etiquette Apartment (now the Royal Apartment) and the King's Apartment on the ground floor used for private receptions (now closed).
[thumb\|250px\|right\|Ceiling of one of the rooms of the "Apartment of the Festivals", now the National Library.](/wiki/File:Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Napoli_%2807%29.jpg "Biblioteca nazionale di Napoli (07).jpg")
In the eastern wing (now the National Library), made up of the extensions of the 18th and 19th centuries, were located the Apartment of the Festivals and the Apartment of the Duke of Calabria, on the first floor; and the Palatine Library, the King's Physics Office and the Private Apartment of the King and Queen on the second floor.
The decoration of the newly created spaces, as well as the renovations to some of the old ones, moved away from [academic neoclassicism](/wiki/Academicism "Academicism") and adopted a more eclectic and historicist approach, close to the exuberance of [Percier and Fontaine](/wiki/Percier_and_Fontaine "Percier and Fontaine").{{Harvsp\|Sgarbozza\|2011\|p\=217}}
Few changes took place during the short reign of Francis II, who on 6 September 1860 had to abandon the palace and the city in the face of the threat of the [Garibaldine troops](/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand "Expedition of the Thousand"). Before leaving, the sovereign packed some of his most precious possessions, which were sent to [Capua](/wiki/Capua "Capua") and [Gaeta](/wiki/Gaeta "Gaeta"), among which were Raphael's prized [Pala Colonna](/wiki/Pala_Colonna "Pala Colonna"), [Titian's portrait of Alessandro Farnese](/wiki/Portrait_of_Cardinal_Alessandro_Farnese_%28Titian%29 "Portrait of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (Titian)"), a marble bust of [Pope Pius IX](/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX "Pope Pius IX"), the relics of Saint Jasonia, sixty\-six reliquaries, a portrait of [Louis XVIII](/wiki/Louis_XVIII "Louis XVIII"), vases, porcelain, a nightstand with views of Paris on [Sèvres](/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_porcelain "Sèvres porcelain") plates, tablecloths, household linen, mattresses and cushions, twenty\-six boxes containing silverware, seven [déjeuners](/wiki/D%C3%A9jeuner_%28homonymie%29 "Déjeuner (homonymie)") and one hundred and fifteen silver candlesticks. However, much of Queen Maria Sophie's wardrobe and the king's personal fortune deposited in the [Banco di Napoli](/wiki/Banco_di_Napoli "Banco di Napoli") were left behind.{{Harvsp\|De Cesare\|1900\|pp\=369–383}}
### The Savoys (1861–1919\)
[thumb\|250px\|right\|Umberto and Margherita during their stay in Naples.](/wiki/File:Umberto_and_Margherita.jpg "Umberto and Margherita.jpg")
After the fall of the [Kingdom of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies") in 1860 and the proclamation of the [Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy "Kingdom of Italy"), the palace became the residence of the [House of Savoy](/wiki/House_of_Savoy "House of Savoy"). The new owner of the palace, [Victor Emmanuel II](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II "Victor Emmanuel II"), first visited the palace on 7 November 1860, just two months after [Francis II of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Francis_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Francis II of the Two Sicilies") had left, and it does not seem that he ever stayed there again.{{Harvsp\|Ghisotti\|Merlotti\|2017\|p\=35}}{{Harvsp\|Mascilli Migliorini\|2017\|p\=222}} The visits of the new dynasty to the city were generally sporadic.{{Harvsp\|Casalegno\|1956\|pp\=45–46}} Only from 1868 to 1870, the palace served as a permanent residence for Prince [Umberto](/wiki/Umberto_I_of_Italy "Umberto I of Italy") and Princess [Margherita](/wiki/Margherita_of_Savoy "Margherita of Savoy"), newly married in April 1868\. It was in this palace that the future king [Victor Emmanuel III](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III "Victor Emmanuel III") was born on 11 November 1869\. The couple left the city after the [taking of Rome](/wiki/Roman_Question "Roman Question") in September 1870\.
After ascending to the throne in 1878, the new royal couple returned to Naples, but their stays were always bittersweet. In 1878 they were victims of the assassination attempt by [Giovanni Passannante](/wiki/Giovanni_Passannante "Giovanni Passannante"), in 1883 they returned to comfort the wounded in the earthquake at [Casamicciola](/wiki/Casamicciola_Terme "Casamicciola Terme") and in 1885 they returned to the victims of [cholera](/wiki/Cholera "Cholera"). More fortunate was the visit in 1889, following the inauguration of the [Corso Umberto I](/wiki/Corso_Umberto_I "Corso Umberto I"). The [Prince of Piedmont](/wiki/Prince_of_Piedmont "Prince of Piedmont"), the future Victor Emmanuel III, also resided in Naples from 1891 to 1896\. However, the royal family often preferred the [Capodimonte palace](/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Capodimonte "Royal Palace of Capodimonte"), which was more isolated and had a larger garden.{{Harvsp\|Ghisotti\|Merlotti\|2017\|pp\=37–38}}{{Harvsp\|Mascilli Migliorini\|2017\|p\=224}}
The first decades after the [Unification](/wiki/Italian_Unification "Italian Unification") were also those of a slow process of emptying the palace's treasures: from 1862 to 1864 several modern paintings were moved to Capodimonte, in 1864 the Armory was moved and in 1873 the porcelain, both also to Capodimonte; In 1878 several tapestries were taken to the [Quirinal Palace](/wiki/Quirinal_Palace "Quirinal Palace"), in 1879 the instruments of the Physics Cabinet went to the [University of Naples](/wiki/University_of_Naples_Federico_II "University of Naples Federico II"), before 1884 the royal carriages left for the [Pitti Palace](/wiki/Pitti_Palace "Pitti Palace"), the music archive was ceded to the [Conservatory](/wiki/Conservatory_of_San_Pietro_a_Maiella "Conservatory of San Pietro a Maiella") on an uncertain date and in 1921 it was the turn of the Archives of the Royal House, integrated into the [State Archives of Naples](/wiki/State_Archives_of_Naples "State Archives of Naples").{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|1997\|p\=23}}
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The main façade of the palace before the sculptures were installed in 1888\.](/wiki/File:Sommer%2C_Giorgio_%281834-1914%29_-_n._1116_-_Napoli_-_Palazzo_Reale_%28bis%29.jpg "Sommer, Giorgio (1834-1914) - n. 1116 - Napoli - Palazzo Reale (bis).jpg")
However, it is also worth highlighting some specific interventions in the palace, such as the sumptuous neo\-baroque furniture in the First Antechamber, carried out between 1862 and 1864; the coats of arms of the provinces of the new Kingdom of Italy painted in the Hall of Hercules around 1868 or the *[marouflage](/wiki/Marouflage "Marouflage")* of the *Assumption* by [Domenico Morelli](/wiki/Domenico_Morelli "Domenico Morelli") made for the Royal Chapel in 1869\.{{Harvsp\|Mascilli Migliorini\|2017\|pp\=222–223}} Another notable change was the replacement of the Bourbon [fleur\-de\-lis](/wiki/Fleur-de-lis "Fleur-de-lis") by the Savoy cross in several places in the palace, including the main staircase, the court theatre and the throne itself. However, the most important and controversial intervention would be the installation, in 1888, in the niches of the main façade, of eight sculptures of the most important kings of Naples, including Victor Emmanuel II, despite the fact that he never held that title.{{Harvsp\|Mascilli Migliorini\|2017\|pp\=224–225}}
Likewise, the core of the palace was moved to the eastern wing, a process that had already begun with the reform of Ferdinand II. Umberto and Margherita were installed in the former apartment of [Caroline Bonaparte](/wiki/Caroline_Bonaparte "Caroline Bonaparte"), of [duke of Calabria](/wiki/Francis_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Francis I of the Two Sicilies") and then of Francis II. His son, Prince Victor Emmanuel (III), had it done{{Vague\|date\=August 2024}} just above, in the private apartments of [Ferdinand II](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies"). The apartments were furnished with sumptuous new [Neo\-Baroque](/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture "Baroque Revival architecture") and [Neo\-Rococo](/wiki/Rococo_Revival "Rococo Revival") furniture, as well as an extensive collection of contemporary paintings that Queen Margherita had been collecting.
In the old heart of the palace, the western wing, the so\-called "Gala Apartment", was regularly open to the public.{{Cite web\|url\=https://archive.org/details/guidadinapoliedi00pelliala/page/32/mode/1up/search/palazzo\+reale\|title\=Guida di Napoli e dintorni\|last1\=Pellerano\|first1\=Benedetto\|year\=1904}}
### Transfer to the State (1919–1940\)
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The Royal Palace of Naples after the transformations of the 1920s: in orange in the Royal Apartment, the original core of the building; in blue the eastern wing, current headquarters of the National Library.](/wiki/File:Palazzo_Reale_Napoli_colores_Wikipedia.png "Palazzo Reale Napoli colores Wikipedia.png")
The greatest change in the history of the Royal Palace of Naples took place in 1919, when King Victor Emmanuel III transferred the palace, along with many other royal residences, to the state. Three years later, between 1922 and 1924, following the impulse of [Benedetto Croce](/wiki/Benedetto_Croce "Benedetto Croce"), the [National Library of Naples](/wiki/National_Library_of_Naples "National Library of Naples") was installed in the eastern wing of the palace, the one that had been occupied by the various sovereigns and their families since the mid\-19th century. This installation entailed the transfer and storage of the furniture and the loss of part of the decoration to make way for the shelves of the library. Only on the west side was the "Gala Apartment", since then called the "Royal Apartment", open to the public.
In 1931, the last royals to live in the palace moved in: Crown Prince [Umberto](/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy "Umberto II of Italy") (II) and his wife Princess [Maria Jose of Belgium](/wiki/Maria_Jose_of_Belgium "Maria Jose of Belgium"). On 24 September 1934, their first\-born daughter, Princess [Maria Pia of Savoy](/wiki/Princess_Maria_Pia_of_Bourbon-Parma "Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Parma"), was born in the palace; from then on, the couple preferred the privacy of the [Villa Maria Pia](/wiki/Villa_Rosebery "Villa Rosebery") in [Posillipo](/wiki/Posillipo "Posillipo").{{Cite book\|title\=Regina\|publisher\=Edizioni Mondadori\|date\=17 July 2012\|isbn\=978\-88\-520\-2747\-5\|language\=it\|first1\=Arrigo\|last1\=Petacco}}
### From World War II to the new century (1940\-2000\)
During the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War") the palace suffered considerable damage. On 4 August 1943, during an Allied bombing raid, the roof of the court theatre, the chapel and the bridge in the hanging garden, among other areas, were destroyed.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.vesuvioweb.com/it/wp\-content/uploads/Caffarelli\-Gerardo\-Napoli\-le\-bombe\-e\-lultima\-guerra\-3\-Terza\-Parte\-vesuvioweb\-2012\.pdf\|title\=Napoli, le bombe e l'ultima guerra}} The palace was then used as a welfare club by Anglo\-American troops from 1943 to 1945\. During this period, numerous thefts of works of art took place and a large number of curtains and hangings from the Royal Apartment were destroyed. The furniture was not so unlucky, as it was moved to a safe place at the beginning of the conflict.{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|p\=70}}
The restoration took place from 1950 to 1954: the paintings were recovered, in some cases repainted; The original furniture was reinstalled and the silk elements originally made in [San Leucio](/wiki/San_Leucio "San Leucio") were reconstructed using the ancient looms.
In 1994, the seat of the [regional government](/wiki/Campania "Campania"), which had been located in the Royal Palace since the beginning of the 20th century, was permanently moved to another location.{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|p\=73}} In the middle of the second decade of the 21st century the façade was restored and some areas of the Royal Apartment were renovated.{{Cite news\|url\=http://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/05/25/news/ecco\_il\_nuovo\_palazzo\_reale\_parte\_la\_gara\_da\_18\_milioni\-59576783/\|title\=Ecco il nuovo Palazzo Reale, part la gara da 18 milioni\|newspaper\=La Repubblica\|first1\=Antonio\|last1\= Ferrara\|date\=25 May 2013\|access\-date\=15 October 2018\|language\=it}} among them the corte theater.{{Cite web \|title\=Riapre il teatrino di corte San Carlo\|url\=http://www.serviziocivilemagazine.it/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=3118:riapre\-il\-teatrino\-di\-corte\-al\-san\-carlo\&catid\=43:cultura\&Itemid\=136\|first1\=Ivana\|last1\=Vacca\|date\=16 January 2012\|newspaper\=ServizioCivileMagazine\|accessdate\=15 October 2018\|language\=it}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Background",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|left\\|Map of Naples in the 16th century.](/wiki/File:Braun_Napoli_UBHD.jpg \"Braun Napoli UBHD.jpg\")\nAt the end of the [Aragonese](/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon \"Crown of Aragon\") domination, the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples \"Kingdom of Naples\") entered into the expansionist objectives of the French and the Spanish: both powers divided the territory with the signing of the [Treaty of Granada (1500\\)](/wiki/Treaty_of_Granada_%281500%29 \"Treaty of Granada (1500)\"). In any case, the treaty was not respected and under the command of the Great Captain [Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba](/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba \"Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba\") the Spanish conquered the kingdom in 1503, thus beginning the [Spanish viceroyalty](/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Naples \"List of viceroys of Naples\").{{Harvsp\\|Viceregno\\|2015\\|p\\=1}} Although this period, which lasted more than two hundred years, has been considered a dark and devolutionary period, but in fact the city enjoyed a notable cultural ferment and a dynamic bourgeoisie, as well as a cutting\\-edge merchant fleet, capable of competing with those of [Seville](/wiki/Seville \"Seville\") and [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders \"Flanders\").{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|p\\=13}}",
"Under the command of [Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Zúñiga](/wiki/Pedro_de_Toledo_%281484-1553%29 \"Pedro de Toledo (1484-1553)\"), the construction of a viceregal palace was decided, designed by the architects [Ferdinando Manlio](/wiki/Ferdinando_Manlio \"Ferdinando Manlio\") and [Giovanni Benincasa](/wiki/Giovanni_Benincasa \"Giovanni Benincasa\"). The construction of the palace began in 1543 and was completed shortly afterwards.{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|p\\=17}} The new palace was born at a time when the viceroys dedicated their efforts to the urban reorganization of Italian cities: in Naples, the walls and forts were remodeled and the so\\-called *[Quartieri Spagnoli](/wiki/Quartieri_Spagnoli \"Quartieri Spagnoli\")* were built.",
"### Construction (1600–1616\\)",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|Fernando Ruiz de Castro, count of Lemos.](/wiki/File:Fernando_Ruiz_de_Castro_conde_de_Lemos.jpg \"Fernando Ruiz de Castro conde de Lemos.jpg\")\nWhen [Fernando Ruiz de Castro](/wiki/Fernando_Ruiz_de_Castro_Andrade_y_Portugal \"Fernando Ruiz de Castro Andrade y Portugal\"), count of Lemos, arrived in the city as viceroy Together with his wife, Catalina de Zúñiga,{{Harvsp\\|Sale\\|ref\\=Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=2}} he decided to build a new palace. The official argument to justify its construction was to honor [Philip III of Spain](/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain \"Philip III of Spain\") by hosting him solemnly in view of an imminent visit by the monarch that, in the end, never took place.{{Harvsp\\|Touring Club Italiano\\|2008\\|p\\=122}}{{Cite book\\| url\\=http://www.archive.org/details/coleccindedocu23madruoft\\| title\\= Libro donde se trata de los virreyes lugartenientes del Reino de Nápoles y de las cosas tocantes a su grandeza \\|first1\\=Joseph\\|last1\\=Raneo\\|pages\\=280–285\\| volume\\=XXIII\\| year\\=1842\\| location\\=Madrid\\| publisher\\=Impr. Impr. de J. Perales y Martínez \\|language\\=es}} However, contemporary analysis indicates that the viceroy knew that Philip III had never intended to move his court to Naples and that the palace was actually built to satisfy the viceroy's own wishes.{{cite journal \\|url\\=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CHMO/article/view/CHMO0505110125A\\| title\\= Un escenario italiano para los gobernantes españoles. El nuevo palacio de los virreyes de Nápoles (1599–1653\\) \\| last1\\=Palos Peñarroya\\|first1\\=Joan Luís\\|date\\=2005\\|journal\\=Cuadernos de Historia Moderna\\| volume\\= 30 \\|number\\=30\\|pages\\=127–128\\|language\\=es\\|doi\\=\\|pmid\\=}}",
"The area chosen for the new construction was located at the western end of the city, on the hill of [Pizzofalcone](/wiki/Pizzofalcone \"Pizzofalcone\"), in a position that allowed the port to be dominated and that would facilitate an escape route for the king in case of an enemy attack. There it would be next to the Viceregal Palace, using, in fact, part of its gardens, and next to the [Castel Nuovo](/wiki/Castel_Nuovo \"Castel Nuovo\"), the former royal residence, reinforcing the courtly character of the area. The choice of this location was also encouraged by the fact that the city was expanding towards the west: in this way, with such an important building in the vicinity, the price of land in the areas of Pizzofalcone and [Chiaia](/wiki/Chiaia \"Chiaia\") would increase.{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|p\\=18}}",
"The project was entrusted to [Domenico Fontana](/wiki/Domenico_Fontana \"Domenico Fontana\"), considered at the time the most prestigious architect in the western world, who held the position of chief engineer of the kingdom. Fontana had fallen into disgrace a few years earlier, due to the death of [Sixtus V](/wiki/Sixtus_V \"Sixtus V\") in 1590, the pope who had commissioned him to carry out numerous works in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\").{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|pp\\=18–21}}",
"The first stone was laid in 1600, in the square that, in those years, bore the name of *Piazza San Luigi.* The final project for the palace was published by Fontana in 1604 under the title *Dichiarazione del Nuevo Regio Palagio.*{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|p\\=21}} However, the original plans used by the architect to begin the work were lost and, in fact, Fontana himself lamented this:",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|Domenico Fontana, the architect of the palace.](/wiki/File:Federico_Zuccari%2C_Ritratto_di_Domenico_Fontana.jpg \"Federico Zuccari, Ritratto di Domenico Fontana.jpg\")\n{{Blockquote\\|I have not been able to print the designs for the work I have done in this city of Naples and its kingdom due to lack of time.\\|\\[\\[Domenico Fontana]] }}",
"In any case, a plan drawn by [Giovanni Giacomo](/wiki/Giovanni_Giacomo \"Giovanni Giacomo\") is preserved in Rome, probably before 1651, which shows how the palace was intended to have been according to the architect's first wishes. In any case, the original design does not seem to have differed too much from its final appearance, although undeniable modifications were made during its construction. In this design, both the main west and north facades were the same, while a C\\-shaped structure was supposed to have been built along the south side facing the sea.{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|p\\=26}} This design was so popular that, even though the palace was still under construction, the press of the time often depicted it as it was in the plans rather than as it was actually being built. Domenico Fontana was so enthusiastic about the project he had been commissioned to do that he had the following inscriptions inscribed on two columns of the façade:{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|p\\=35}}",
"{{Blockquote\\|Domenicus Fontana Patricius Romanus \nEques Auratus comes palatinus inventor}}",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|[Juan Alonso Pimentel de Herrera](/wiki/Juan_Alonso_Pimentel_de_Herrera \"Juan Alonso Pimentel de Herrera\"), under whose mandate the work on the palace was slowed down.](/wiki/File:El_Greco%2C_Portrait_of_Juan_Alfonso_de_Pimentel_y_Herrera.jpg \"El Greco, Portrait of Juan Alfonso de Pimentel y Herrera.jpg\")\nHowever, only the main façade of this project was completed; while the south\\-east arm was not built and the south façade remained unfinished and disordered until it was completed in 1843\\.",
"The architectural style developed by the architect was [late Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance_architecture \"Renaissance architecture\"), with a central courtyard and an interior [loggia](/wiki/Loggia \"Loggia\") on the first floor, thus adapting the project to the demands of the time; that is, to a function of ostentation rather than a fortified residence. It also had a large square located right in front of the palace for military parades and public events. The works were carried out diligently both under the mandate of the Count of Lemos and under that of his son and successor [Francisco Ruiz de Castro](/wiki/Francisco_Ruiz_de_Castro \"Francisco Ruiz de Castro\"). Under Viceroy [Juan Alonso Pimentel de Herrera](/wiki/Juan_Alonso_Pimentel_de_Herrera \"Juan Alonso Pimentel de Herrera\"), [Count of Benavente](/wiki/County_of_Benavente \"County of Benavente\"), the works slowed down, probably due to the limited availability of resources after the wars and crises that hit [Spain](/wiki/Habsburg_Spain \"Habsburg Spain\") or even as a matter of honour: the Pimentels showed little interest in completing a work begun by the Ruiz de Castro.{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|p\\=22}}",
"In 1607, after the death of his father, [Giulio Cesare Fontana](/wiki/Giulio_Cesare_Fontana \"Giulio Cesare Fontana\") took over the direction of the works. The construction of the palace continued rapidly, until in 1610 [Pedro Fernández de Castro](/wiki/Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Castro_y_Andrade \"Pedro Fernández de Castro y Andrade\"), also the son of Fernando Ruiz de Castro, was appointed viceroy. In 1616, the new headquarters of the [university](/wiki/University_of_Naples_Federico_II \"University of Naples Federico II\") was built at the end of [Via Toledo](/wiki/Via_Toledo \"Via Toledo\"), that is, at the opposite end to the site on which the Royal Palace was being built. It was named [Palazzo degli Studi](/wiki/Palazzo_degli_Studi \"Palazzo degli Studi\") and would be the future headquarters of the [National Archaeological Museum of Naples](/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Naples \"National Archaeological Museum of Naples\"). Thanks to some notes by [Alessandro Beratta](/wiki/Alessandro_Beratta \"Alessandro Beratta\") and the writings in a [travel diary](/wiki/Travel_book \"Travel book\") by Confalonieri, we have evidence of the state of the works in that year:",
"{{Blockquote\\|That day we saw the structure of the royal palace, which has a facade of peperinoPeperino is a volcanic rock characteristic of the Naples area. worked. On the first floor there are twenty\\-one windows and three railings; on the second floor, there are as many small windows without railings. Below, at ground level, there is a large portico, which faces the street and serves as a guard, carried out by two companies of soldiers. Inside the palace is not finished. It has two large staircases and a large square courtyard with porticos, of which two sides were still uncovered.}}",
"From this writing, it is clear that the work was almost finished at that time.",
"Shortly afterwards, although the exact date is not known, the interior decoration work began with the execution of the paintings by [Giovanni Battista Caracciolo](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Caracciolo \"Giovanni Battista Caracciolo\"), [Belisario Corenzio](/wiki/Belisario_Corenzio \"Belisario Corenzio\") and [Giovanni Balducci](/wiki/Giovanni_Balducci \"Giovanni Balducci\").",
"### The Viceregal Period (1616–1734\\)",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The Royal Palace around 1700, with the Belvedere Pavilion attached to its south\\-west corner.](/wiki/File:Palazzo_Reale_Napoli_1700s_1.png \"Palazzo Reale Napoli 1700s 1.png\")\nFrom the time the palace was completed, it was inhabited by 22 [Spanish viceroys](/wiki/Viceroys_of_Naples \"Viceroys of Naples\") and 11 Austrian viceroys. Far from remaining unchanged, the Royal Palace continued to transform itself according to the tastes of each viceroy.",
"The [Duke of Alba](/wiki/Antonio_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo_y_Beaumont \"Antonio Álvarez de Toledo y Beaumont\") (1622–1629\\) was commissioned to finish some vaults begun by the Count of Lemos and dedicate them to the family glories.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ub.edu/enbach/es/escenario/4\\-12/las\\-pinturas\\-de\\-los\\-salones.html\\|title\\=Enbach. Crossed visions. The Viceroys of Naples and the Image of the Spanish Monarchy in the Baroque\\|accessdate\\=28 March 2020\\|website\\=www.ub.edu}} The Palatine Chapel was completed under the Duke of Medina de las Torres, from 1646 to 1648, with a large altarpiece by [José de Ribera](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera \"José de Ribera\"); in 1656 the [stucco](/wiki/Stucco \"Stucco\") work on the vault of the interdeux of the windows was carried out, which had to be redone after 1688 due to an earthquake that collapsed the roof. They were not finished until 1705\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ub.edu/enbach/es/escenario/4\\-6/la\\-cappella\\-palatina.html\\|title\\=Enbach. Crossed visions. The Viceroys of Naples and the Image of the Spanish Monarchy in the Baroque\\|accessdate\\=28 March 2020\\|website\\=www.ub.edu}}",
"Under the government of [Íñigo Vélez de Guevara el Mozo](/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo_V%C3%A9lez_de_Guevara_el_Mozo \"Íñigo Vélez de Guevara el Mozo\"), Count of Oñate, the original two\\-ramp staircase of Fontana, judged undignified, was completely renovated by [Francesco Antonio Picchiatti](/wiki/Francesco_Antonio_Picchiatti \"Francesco Antonio Picchiatti\"), following the wishes of the Count of Oñate, the works took place from 1651 to 1666\\.{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|p\\=25}} The two main rooms of the palace were also redecorated: the \"Great Hall\" and the \"Hall of the Viceroys\", which began to be adorned with portraits of the viceroys from 1503\\.{{cite web\\|accessdate\\=28 March 2020 \\|title\\=Enbach. Crossed visions. The viceroys of Naples and the image of the Spanish Monarchy in the Baroque \\|url\\=http://www.ub.edu/enbach/es/escenario/4\\-9/la\\-sala\\-regia.html \\|website\\=www.ub.edu}}",
"Exteriorly, between 1666 and 1671, when [Pedro Antonio de Aragón](/wiki/Pedro_Antonio_de_Arag%C3%B3n \"Pedro Antonio de Aragón\") was in power, the most notable addition took place with the construction of a small pavilion facing the sea, the so\\-called Belvedere, which would serve as a bedroom for the viceroys and later for the Bourbon sovereigns. Attached to it was a small garden terrace that grew over the decades to become the current \"hanging gardens or Belvedere gardens\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ub.edu/enbach/es/escenario/4\\-1/los\\-jardines.html\\|title\\=Enbach. Crossed visions. The Viceroys of Naples and the Image of the Spanish Monarchy in the Baroque\\|accessdate\\=28 March 2020\\|website\\=www.ub.edu}}",
"From 18 April to 2 June 1702, [Philip V](/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain \"Philip V of Spain\") visited Naples, being therefore the first and only [Spanish sovereign](/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs \"List of Spanish monarchs\") to stay in a palace originally intended to receive Philip III.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.altorres.synology.me/guerras/1702\\_sucesion/1702\\_sucesion\\_cronologia.htm\\|title\\=Spanish War of Succession (1702–1714\\)\\|accessdate\\=29 March 2020\\|website\\=www.altorres.synology.me}} In 1707 the Austrians took the city in the midst of the [War of the Spanish Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession \"War of the Spanish Succession\"), beginning the government of the Austrian viceroys that did not bring substantial changes to the palace.",
"### The first Bourbons (1734–1806\\)",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The *Largo di Palazzo* painted by [Gaspar van Wittel](/wiki/Gaspar_van_Wittel \"Gaspar van Wittel\") between 1700 and 1725\\.](/wiki/File:Gaspar_van_wittel%2C_veduta_del_palazzo_reale_di_napoli%2C_1706.jpg \"Gaspar van wittel, veduta del palazzo reale di napoli, 1706.jpg\")\nIn May 1734 [Charles of Bourbon](/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain \"Charles III of Spain\") entered Naples, the city became, once again, the capital of an autonomous kingdom and not a viceroyalty.{{Harvsp\\|Borbonico\\|ref\\=Borbonico\\|p\\=1}} The new king found the Royal Palace empty and dilapidated, since, since its construction, it had been normal for viceroys to move in with their furniture and, once their mandate had ended, to take it with them. This was done by the last [Austrian viceroys](/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Naples \"List of viceroys of Naples\"), [Giulio Visconti Borromeo Arese](/wiki/Giulio_Visconti_Borromeo_Arese \"Giulio Visconti Borromeo Arese\"), in March 1734\\. All that remained in the palace were the magnificent painted vaults made by Neapolitan artists of the 17th century.{{Harvsp\\|Fiadino\\|2003\\|p\\=153}}\n [thumb\\|250px\\|right \\|The Royal Palace of Naples (right) and the Viceregal Palace (left) during the carnival of 1774, by Alessandro D'Anna.](/wiki/File:Alessandro_D%27Anna_-_Napoli%2C_carnevale_a_Largo_di_Palazzo.jpg \"Alessandro D'Anna - Napoli, carnevale a Largo di Palazzo.jpg\")\nThe renovation works were directed by the military engineer [Giovanni Antonio Medrano](/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Medrano \"Giovanni Antonio Medrano\"), later architect of the [Royal Palace of Portici](/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Portici \"Royal Palace of Portici\"), and initially focused on the king's apartments facing the Piazza della Repubblica. Although the works were completed in 1740, by 1738, the year of Charles's wedding with [Maria Amalia of Saxony](/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony \"Maria Amalia of Saxony\"), they were almost ready. The palace was then structured around two main rooms or apartments:{{Harvsp\\|Fiadino\\|2003\\|pp\\=154–156}}",
"* the King's Apartment facing the square and composed of: the Great Hall or Royal Room, the Room of the Guard of Corps, the Room of the Officers, the Antechamber of the Titleholders, the Room of the Hand\\-Kissing or of the Throne, the Gallery, the Room \"where His Majesty dresses\", the \"secret\" Chapel of His Majesty, the Belvedere Room or where the king sleeps, the \"toilet\" and the Room \"where His Majesty's valet sleeps\".{{Harvsp\\|Ascioni\\|2010}}\n* the Queen's Apartment facing the sea and composed of: the Room of the Viceroys, the Room of the Guard of Corps, the Second Antechamber, the Room of the Kissing Hands, the Room of the Alcove or where the queen sleeps, the Oratory, the \"toilet\", the Chambermaids' Room and the Queen's Boudoir.\n[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|Abdication of [Charles of Bourbon](/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain \"Charles III of Spain\") in favour of his son [Ferdinand IV](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies\") in the Throne Room of the Royal Palace of Naples, 1759\\.](/wiki/File:Abdicaci%C3%B3n_de_Carlos_III.jpg \"Abdicación de Carlos III.jpg\")\nIn general, in this first reform, the works that evoked the history of Naples and its Spanish past were preserved as a sign of historical prestige, while those that referred to the Austrian period were destroyed. From 1735 to 1738, large celebratory frescoes were commissioned from Neapolitan late Baroque painters such as [Francesco Solimena](/wiki/Francesco_Solimena \"Francesco Solimena\"), [Nicola Maria Rossi](/wiki/Nicola_Maria_Rossi \"Nicola Maria Rossi\"), [Francesco de Mura](/wiki/Francesco_de_Mura \"Francesco de Mura\") and [Domenico Vaccaro](/wiki/Domenico_Vaccaro \"Domenico Vaccaro\"). For example, Rossi painted a fresco celebrating the [taking of Gaeta in 1734](/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_%281734%29 \"Siege of Gaeta (1734)\") in the \"Room where His Majesty dresses\" (Room IX); Solimena painted another fresco of the king on horseback in the \"Room of the Viceroys\" (Room XXII), covering up an earlier one of [Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor](/wiki/Charles_VI%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor\"); and de Mura painted another fresco of large proportions in the \"Room of the Guard\" (Room II) celebrating marital virtues following the royal wedding. Finally, the sovereign redecorated the interior of the palace with sumptuous marble and silk hangings.",
"During the reign of Charles of Bourbon, the Royal Palace of Naples was a meeting place for the French lifestyle, Spanish tradition and Italian artistic culture.{{Harvsp\\|Fiadino\\|2003\\|p\\=158}}\n[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|Ceiling of the new \"Court Theatre\", restored after the Second World War.](/wiki/File:N%C3%A1poles_Teatro_Palacio_Real_07.jpg \"Nápoles Teatro Palacio Real 07.jpg\")\nDuring the minority of [Ferdinand IV](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies\"), from 1759 to 1767, it is worth highlighting the progressive extension of the palace towards the east (towards the Castel Nuovo), with the construction, around 1760, of the eastern wing that ran parallel to the so\\-called \"Steward's Apartment\" facing the sea and the hanging gardens systematized around 1740\\. Following these extensions, two interior courtyards called \"de \"the Carriages\" and \"the Belvedere\".{{Harvsp\\|Mascilli Migliorini\\|1997\\|p\\=75}} There were also important decorative changes, such as the extension in 1763 of the Belvedere Wing facing the sea with the \"daily bedroom of His Majesty\", four private cabinets and the king's study; most of the rooms decorated with frescoes by [Giuseppe Bonito](/wiki/Giuseppe_Bonito \"Giuseppe Bonito\"). However, the most notable reform, coinciding with the end of the minority and the marriage of the King to the Archduchess [Maria Carolina of Austria](/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria \"Maria Carolina of Austria\") in May 1768, was the transformation of the Spanish\\-era \"Grand Hall\" into a late\\-baroque court theatre by [Ferdinando Fuga](/wiki/Ferdinando_Fuga \"Ferdinando Fuga\").{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|p\\=28}}",
"From 1780 onwards, the interest of Ferdinand IV and Maria Carolina turned to the [Caserta Palace](/wiki/Caserta_Palace \"Caserta Palace\"), where their apartments had been completed. From then on, the court would spend at least half the year outside Naples.",
"### The Bonapartes (1806–1815\\)",
"The arrival of the French in 1806 and the beginning of the reigns of [Joseph Bonaparte](/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte \"Joseph Bonaparte\") (1806–1808\\) and [Joachim Murat](/wiki/Joachim_Murat \"Joachim Murat\") (1808–1815\\) did not bring about major architectural changes to the royal palace, but it did bring about major interior and decorative transformations, most of which have now disappeared. The Napoleonic monarchs had to deal first of all with a general refurnishing of the palace, which [Ferdinand IV](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies\") had emptied when he went into exile in Palermo in 1798 and 1806\\. Although some interventions had already taken place under Joseph, from 1809 to 1810 the reforms were essentially functional, to convert the palace into a habitable residence. From 1810 to 1814 the major works took place, but were never completed.{{Harvsp\\|Papagna\\|2007\\|pp\\=50–60}}\n[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|Carolina Bonaparte's study in the Royal Palace of Naples, painted in 1811 by Elie Honoré de Montagny.](/wiki/File:Carolina_Bonaparte_nel_Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli_-_1811.jpg \"Carolina Bonaparte nel Palazzo Reale di Napoli - 1811.jpg\")\nIn addition to a joint \"grand apartment of ceremony\", Joachim Murat and [Caroline Bonaparte](/wiki/Caroline_Bonaparte \"Caroline Bonaparte\") each had an \"apartment of honour\" and an \"ordinary apartment\", Murat's apartments were concentrated in the western core of the palace, while Caroline's were grouped in the eastern wing formerly intended for the royal princes (now the seat of the [National Library of Naples](/wiki/National_Library_of_Naples \"National Library of Naples\")). The Belvedere garden was the connection between the royal couple's private apartments and also a play area for their children. Among the transformations of the period, it is worth highlighting the new theatre by Caroline Murat in the eastern wing or the bedroom in the form of a military tent for Joachim in the Belvedere Wing.",
"The fall of the Bonapartes in 1815 prevented further transformations, such as the new throne room in the \"Gallery of the Ambassadors\" (now Room 8\\). However, two spaces were deeply marked by that period. On the one hand, the Royal Chapel, to which Joseph Bonaparte had already added the sumptuous altar of [pietra dura](/wiki/Pietra_dura \"Pietra dura\") from *[Santa Maria degli Scalzi](/wiki/Scalzi%2C_Venice \"Scalzi, Venice\")*, was remodelled in Byzantine style and inaugurated in 1814; although it would be rebuilt after the fire of 1837 and destroyed during the Second World War. On the other hand, in the \"Hall of the Viceroys\" the gallery of portraits of these disappeared and it was transformed into an [antiquarium](/wiki/Antiquarium \"Antiquarium\"), adding plaster copies of the sculptures of the royal collection; due to the [Farnese Hercules](/wiki/Farnese_Hercules \"Farnese Hercules\") the room began to be called \"Hall of Hercules\", the sculptures were also lost in 1837\\.{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|1997\\|p\\=19}}",
"### The Bourbon Restoration (1815–1837\\)",
"After the reconquest of Naples by the Bourbons, only cosmetic but highly symbolic modifications took place in the palace. In 1818, Ferdinand IV, now [Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies\"), undertook the complete redecoration of the Throne Room, resacralizing the space after the Napoleonic interlude. Antonio de Simone designed the ceiling stuccos with fourteen allegories representing the provinces, united around the throne, of the new [Kingdom of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Kingdom of the Two Sicilies\") created in 1816 by unifying those of [Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples \"Kingdom of Naples\") and [Sicily](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily \"Kingdom of Sicily\"). The entire room was also covered with a red velvet hanging with gilded [Bourbon lilies](/wiki/Fleur-de-lis \"Fleur-de-lis\").{{Harvsp\\|Borbonico\\|ref\\=Borbonico\\|p\\=3}}",
"At that time, the division of the palace into two poles devised under the Bonapartes was perpetuated. On the western side facing the [Largo di Palazzo](/wiki/Piazza_del_Plebiscito \"Piazza del Plebiscito\") was the \"Grand Apartment of the King\", while on the eastern wing facing the [Castel Nuovo](/wiki/Castel_Nuovo \"Castel Nuovo\") was the \"Reception Apartment\" of the [Duke of Calabria](/wiki/Francis_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Francis I of the Two Sicilies\"), who enjoyed the old little theatre of Caroline Murat, as well as his private rooms and accommodation for his children. During his brief reign, Francis I continued to inhabit these same apartments, and after his death, they were occupied by his widow, the queen mother [María Isabella of Spain](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Isabella_of_Spain \"María Isabella of Spain\").",
"### The Transformation by Ferdinand II (1837–1861\\)",
"On 6 February 1837, at 5 am, a fire broke out in the [Queen mother](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Isabella_of_Spain \"María Isabella of Spain\")'s chambers in the eastern wing, destroying much of the eastern half of the palace.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Gazzetta di Genoa\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=7NTgOzwhluIC\\&dq\\=febbraio\\+1837\\+palazzo\\+reale\\+napoli\\&pg\\=PA11\\-IA11\\|publisher\\= stamp. dell'Istituto e della Gazzetta Nazionale \\|date\\=1837\\|language\\=it}} After the disaster, a new restoration of the entire complex became necessary. King [Ferdinand II](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies\") commissioned the renovation by the architect [Gaetano Genovese](/wiki/Gaetano_Genovese \"Gaetano Genovese\"), who carried out the work between 1837 and 1844, restoring the parts damaged by the fire, extending and finishing others, and redecorating the interiors. Genovese followed the [neoclassical](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture \"Neoclassical architecture\") and [historicist](/wiki/Historicist_architecture \"Historicist architecture\") trends prevailing at the time, without abandoning the original architecture of [Domenico Fontana](/wiki/Domenico_Fontana \"Domenico Fontana\"), to give a homogeneous appearance to the whole complex.{{Harvsp\\|Mascilli Migliorini\\|1997\\|pp\\=75–84}}",
"During the course of the work, the eastern wing facing the Castel Nuovo was completely remodelled; the Belvedere wing was demolished; the unfinished south façade facing the sea was completed, uniting it with the existing Fontana\\-era façade and crowning the central section with a new [belvedere](/wiki/Belvedere_%28structure%29 \"Belvedere (structure)\") of white marble; and the private apartments of Ferdinand II and [Maria Theresa of Austria](/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria%2C_Queen_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen of the Two Sicilies\") were moved to the second floor, leaving the former first\\-floor apartments for official receptions only. The surroundings of the palace also underwent major transformations. Between 1841 and 1843 the Viceregal palace was demolished, creating in its place the *Piazza San Ferdinando* (now [Piazza Trieste e Trento](/wiki/Piazza_Trieste_e_Trento \"Piazza Trieste e Trento\")), and [Friedrich Dehnhardt](/wiki/Friedrich_Dehnhardt \"Friedrich Dehnhardt\") created a new romantic rear garden by demolishing old stables and other buildings.",
"The Royal Palace was then made up of several apartments grouped around two cores. In the western one, which constitutes the original palace, were the King and Queen's Etiquette Apartment (now the Royal Apartment) and the King's Apartment on the ground floor used for private receptions (now closed).\n[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|Ceiling of one of the rooms of the \"Apartment of the Festivals\", now the National Library.](/wiki/File:Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Napoli_%2807%29.jpg \"Biblioteca nazionale di Napoli (07).jpg\")\nIn the eastern wing (now the National Library), made up of the extensions of the 18th and 19th centuries, were located the Apartment of the Festivals and the Apartment of the Duke of Calabria, on the first floor; and the Palatine Library, the King's Physics Office and the Private Apartment of the King and Queen on the second floor.",
"The decoration of the newly created spaces, as well as the renovations to some of the old ones, moved away from [academic neoclassicism](/wiki/Academicism \"Academicism\") and adopted a more eclectic and historicist approach, close to the exuberance of [Percier and Fontaine](/wiki/Percier_and_Fontaine \"Percier and Fontaine\").{{Harvsp\\|Sgarbozza\\|2011\\|p\\=217}}",
"Few changes took place during the short reign of Francis II, who on 6 September 1860 had to abandon the palace and the city in the face of the threat of the [Garibaldine troops](/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand \"Expedition of the Thousand\"). Before leaving, the sovereign packed some of his most precious possessions, which were sent to [Capua](/wiki/Capua \"Capua\") and [Gaeta](/wiki/Gaeta \"Gaeta\"), among which were Raphael's prized [Pala Colonna](/wiki/Pala_Colonna \"Pala Colonna\"), [Titian's portrait of Alessandro Farnese](/wiki/Portrait_of_Cardinal_Alessandro_Farnese_%28Titian%29 \"Portrait of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (Titian)\"), a marble bust of [Pope Pius IX](/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX \"Pope Pius IX\"), the relics of Saint Jasonia, sixty\\-six reliquaries, a portrait of [Louis XVIII](/wiki/Louis_XVIII \"Louis XVIII\"), vases, porcelain, a nightstand with views of Paris on [Sèvres](/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_porcelain \"Sèvres porcelain\") plates, tablecloths, household linen, mattresses and cushions, twenty\\-six boxes containing silverware, seven [déjeuners](/wiki/D%C3%A9jeuner_%28homonymie%29 \"Déjeuner (homonymie)\") and one hundred and fifteen silver candlesticks. However, much of Queen Maria Sophie's wardrobe and the king's personal fortune deposited in the [Banco di Napoli](/wiki/Banco_di_Napoli \"Banco di Napoli\") were left behind.{{Harvsp\\|De Cesare\\|1900\\|pp\\=369–383}}",
"### The Savoys (1861–1919\\)",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|Umberto and Margherita during their stay in Naples.](/wiki/File:Umberto_and_Margherita.jpg \"Umberto and Margherita.jpg\")\nAfter the fall of the [Kingdom of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Kingdom of the Two Sicilies\") in 1860 and the proclamation of the [Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy \"Kingdom of Italy\"), the palace became the residence of the [House of Savoy](/wiki/House_of_Savoy \"House of Savoy\"). The new owner of the palace, [Victor Emmanuel II](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II \"Victor Emmanuel II\"), first visited the palace on 7 November 1860, just two months after [Francis II of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Francis_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Francis II of the Two Sicilies\") had left, and it does not seem that he ever stayed there again.{{Harvsp\\|Ghisotti\\|Merlotti\\|2017\\|p\\=35}}{{Harvsp\\|Mascilli Migliorini\\|2017\\|p\\=222}} The visits of the new dynasty to the city were generally sporadic.{{Harvsp\\|Casalegno\\|1956\\|pp\\=45–46}} Only from 1868 to 1870, the palace served as a permanent residence for Prince [Umberto](/wiki/Umberto_I_of_Italy \"Umberto I of Italy\") and Princess [Margherita](/wiki/Margherita_of_Savoy \"Margherita of Savoy\"), newly married in April 1868\\. It was in this palace that the future king [Victor Emmanuel III](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III \"Victor Emmanuel III\") was born on 11 November 1869\\. The couple left the city after the [taking of Rome](/wiki/Roman_Question \"Roman Question\") in September 1870\\.",
"After ascending to the throne in 1878, the new royal couple returned to Naples, but their stays were always bittersweet. In 1878 they were victims of the assassination attempt by [Giovanni Passannante](/wiki/Giovanni_Passannante \"Giovanni Passannante\"), in 1883 they returned to comfort the wounded in the earthquake at [Casamicciola](/wiki/Casamicciola_Terme \"Casamicciola Terme\") and in 1885 they returned to the victims of [cholera](/wiki/Cholera \"Cholera\"). More fortunate was the visit in 1889, following the inauguration of the [Corso Umberto I](/wiki/Corso_Umberto_I \"Corso Umberto I\"). The [Prince of Piedmont](/wiki/Prince_of_Piedmont \"Prince of Piedmont\"), the future Victor Emmanuel III, also resided in Naples from 1891 to 1896\\. However, the royal family often preferred the [Capodimonte palace](/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Capodimonte \"Royal Palace of Capodimonte\"), which was more isolated and had a larger garden.{{Harvsp\\|Ghisotti\\|Merlotti\\|2017\\|pp\\=37–38}}{{Harvsp\\|Mascilli Migliorini\\|2017\\|p\\=224}}",
"The first decades after the [Unification](/wiki/Italian_Unification \"Italian Unification\") were also those of a slow process of emptying the palace's treasures: from 1862 to 1864 several modern paintings were moved to Capodimonte, in 1864 the Armory was moved and in 1873 the porcelain, both also to Capodimonte; In 1878 several tapestries were taken to the [Quirinal Palace](/wiki/Quirinal_Palace \"Quirinal Palace\"), in 1879 the instruments of the Physics Cabinet went to the [University of Naples](/wiki/University_of_Naples_Federico_II \"University of Naples Federico II\"), before 1884 the royal carriages left for the [Pitti Palace](/wiki/Pitti_Palace \"Pitti Palace\"), the music archive was ceded to the [Conservatory](/wiki/Conservatory_of_San_Pietro_a_Maiella \"Conservatory of San Pietro a Maiella\") on an uncertain date and in 1921 it was the turn of the Archives of the Royal House, integrated into the [State Archives of Naples](/wiki/State_Archives_of_Naples \"State Archives of Naples\").{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|1997\\|p\\=23}}\n[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The main façade of the palace before the sculptures were installed in 1888\\.](/wiki/File:Sommer%2C_Giorgio_%281834-1914%29_-_n._1116_-_Napoli_-_Palazzo_Reale_%28bis%29.jpg \"Sommer, Giorgio (1834-1914) - n. 1116 - Napoli - Palazzo Reale (bis).jpg\")",
"However, it is also worth highlighting some specific interventions in the palace, such as the sumptuous neo\\-baroque furniture in the First Antechamber, carried out between 1862 and 1864; the coats of arms of the provinces of the new Kingdom of Italy painted in the Hall of Hercules around 1868 or the *[marouflage](/wiki/Marouflage \"Marouflage\")* of the *Assumption* by [Domenico Morelli](/wiki/Domenico_Morelli \"Domenico Morelli\") made for the Royal Chapel in 1869\\.{{Harvsp\\|Mascilli Migliorini\\|2017\\|pp\\=222–223}} Another notable change was the replacement of the Bourbon [fleur\\-de\\-lis](/wiki/Fleur-de-lis \"Fleur-de-lis\") by the Savoy cross in several places in the palace, including the main staircase, the court theatre and the throne itself. However, the most important and controversial intervention would be the installation, in 1888, in the niches of the main façade, of eight sculptures of the most important kings of Naples, including Victor Emmanuel II, despite the fact that he never held that title.{{Harvsp\\|Mascilli Migliorini\\|2017\\|pp\\=224–225}}",
"Likewise, the core of the palace was moved to the eastern wing, a process that had already begun with the reform of Ferdinand II. Umberto and Margherita were installed in the former apartment of [Caroline Bonaparte](/wiki/Caroline_Bonaparte \"Caroline Bonaparte\"), of [duke of Calabria](/wiki/Francis_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Francis I of the Two Sicilies\") and then of Francis II. His son, Prince Victor Emmanuel (III), had it done{{Vague\\|date\\=August 2024}} just above, in the private apartments of [Ferdinand II](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies\"). The apartments were furnished with sumptuous new [Neo\\-Baroque](/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture \"Baroque Revival architecture\") and [Neo\\-Rococo](/wiki/Rococo_Revival \"Rococo Revival\") furniture, as well as an extensive collection of contemporary paintings that Queen Margherita had been collecting.",
"In the old heart of the palace, the western wing, the so\\-called \"Gala Apartment\", was regularly open to the public.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/guidadinapoliedi00pelliala/page/32/mode/1up/search/palazzo\\+reale\\|title\\=Guida di Napoli e dintorni\\|last1\\=Pellerano\\|first1\\=Benedetto\\|year\\=1904}}",
"### Transfer to the State (1919–1940\\)",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The Royal Palace of Naples after the transformations of the 1920s: in orange in the Royal Apartment, the original core of the building; in blue the eastern wing, current headquarters of the National Library.](/wiki/File:Palazzo_Reale_Napoli_colores_Wikipedia.png \"Palazzo Reale Napoli colores Wikipedia.png\")\nThe greatest change in the history of the Royal Palace of Naples took place in 1919, when King Victor Emmanuel III transferred the palace, along with many other royal residences, to the state. Three years later, between 1922 and 1924, following the impulse of [Benedetto Croce](/wiki/Benedetto_Croce \"Benedetto Croce\"), the [National Library of Naples](/wiki/National_Library_of_Naples \"National Library of Naples\") was installed in the eastern wing of the palace, the one that had been occupied by the various sovereigns and their families since the mid\\-19th century. This installation entailed the transfer and storage of the furniture and the loss of part of the decoration to make way for the shelves of the library. Only on the west side was the \"Gala Apartment\", since then called the \"Royal Apartment\", open to the public.",
"In 1931, the last royals to live in the palace moved in: Crown Prince [Umberto](/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy \"Umberto II of Italy\") (II) and his wife Princess [Maria Jose of Belgium](/wiki/Maria_Jose_of_Belgium \"Maria Jose of Belgium\"). On 24 September 1934, their first\\-born daughter, Princess [Maria Pia of Savoy](/wiki/Princess_Maria_Pia_of_Bourbon-Parma \"Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Parma\"), was born in the palace; from then on, the couple preferred the privacy of the [Villa Maria Pia](/wiki/Villa_Rosebery \"Villa Rosebery\") in [Posillipo](/wiki/Posillipo \"Posillipo\").{{Cite book\\|title\\=Regina\\|publisher\\=Edizioni Mondadori\\|date\\=17 July 2012\\|isbn\\=978\\-88\\-520\\-2747\\-5\\|language\\=it\\|first1\\=Arrigo\\|last1\\=Petacco}}",
"### From World War II to the new century (1940\\-2000\\)",
"During the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\") the palace suffered considerable damage. On 4 August 1943, during an Allied bombing raid, the roof of the court theatre, the chapel and the bridge in the hanging garden, among other areas, were destroyed.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vesuvioweb.com/it/wp\\-content/uploads/Caffarelli\\-Gerardo\\-Napoli\\-le\\-bombe\\-e\\-lultima\\-guerra\\-3\\-Terza\\-Parte\\-vesuvioweb\\-2012\\.pdf\\|title\\=Napoli, le bombe e l'ultima guerra}} The palace was then used as a welfare club by Anglo\\-American troops from 1943 to 1945\\. During this period, numerous thefts of works of art took place and a large number of curtains and hangings from the Royal Apartment were destroyed. The furniture was not so unlucky, as it was moved to a safe place at the beginning of the conflict.{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|p\\=70}}",
"The restoration took place from 1950 to 1954: the paintings were recovered, in some cases repainted; The original furniture was reinstalled and the silk elements originally made in [San Leucio](/wiki/San_Leucio \"San Leucio\") were reconstructed using the ancient looms.\n \nIn 1994, the seat of the [regional government](/wiki/Campania \"Campania\"), which had been located in the Royal Palace since the beginning of the 20th century, was permanently moved to another location.{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|p\\=73}} In the middle of the second decade of the 21st century the façade was restored and some areas of the Royal Apartment were renovated.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/05/25/news/ecco\\_il\\_nuovo\\_palazzo\\_reale\\_parte\\_la\\_gara\\_da\\_18\\_milioni\\-59576783/\\|title\\=Ecco il nuovo Palazzo Reale, part la gara da 18 milioni\\|newspaper\\=La Repubblica\\|first1\\=Antonio\\|last1\\= Ferrara\\|date\\=25 May 2013\\|access\\-date\\=15 October 2018\\|language\\=it}} among them the corte theater.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Riapre il teatrino di corte San Carlo\\|url\\=http://www.serviziocivilemagazine.it/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=3118:riapre\\-il\\-teatrino\\-di\\-corte\\-al\\-san\\-carlo\\&catid\\=43:cultura\\&Itemid\\=136\\|first1\\=Ivana\\|last1\\=Vacca\\|date\\=16 January 2012\\|newspaper\\=ServizioCivileMagazine\\|accessdate\\=15 October 2018\\|language\\=it}}",
""
] |
The Royal Apartments
--------------------
The Royal Apartments ({{Lang\-it\|Appartamento Reale}}) are the part currently open to visitors and is located on the *[piano nobile](/wiki/Piano_nobile "Piano nobile")* of the western core of the palace. Throughout its history it has undergone several changes of use and name: from 1616 to 1734 it was used as the apartments of the [Spanish and Austrian viceroys](/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Naples "List of viceroys of Naples") and their consorts; from 1734 to 1806 it was the public and private apartment of the [king and queen of Naples](/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Naples "List of monarchs of Naples"); from 1806 to 1815 it served as the "honorary" and "ordinary" apartment of [Joseph Bonaparte](/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte "Joseph Bonaparte") and [Joachim Murat](/wiki/Joachim_Murat "Joachim Murat"); It was later called the "Grand Apartment of His Majesty the King" and [Ferdinand I](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies") and [Ferdinand II](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies") were the last to inhabit it. After the 1837–1844 renovation by Gaetano Genovese, it was called the "Etiquette Apartment of the King and Queen" and was used only for receptions, as the sovereigns moved to the second floor of the eastern wing. In the travel guides of the beginning of the century it was simply called the "Gala Apartment", and could be visited from Thursday to Sunday from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. upon request for a permit.
When the palace ceased to be property of the Crown and passed to the State in 1919, the Royal Apartment became one of the *institutes of antiquities and art* (now called *[Italian national museums](/wiki/Musei_nazionali_italiani%23Storia_dei_musei_nazionali_archeologici_in_Italia "Musei nazionali italiani#Storia dei musei nazionali archeologici in Italia")*). Its present museum appearance is due to the restoration carried out between 1950 and 1954 to alleviate the damage suffered during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), when several ceilings were damaged by Allied bombing and the silk hangings of twenty rooms were removed when the apartment was transformed into a *Welfare Club* (social club) for the occupying English troops.{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|pp\=69–70}}
Originally, to access the king's rooms, silver and gold keys were used, guarded by the [gentlemen](/wiki/Gentlemen "Gentlemen") of the chamber, some of which are in the [Museo Civico Filangieri](/wiki/Museo_Civico_Filangieri "Museo Civico Filangieri") donated by Neapolitan nobles.{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|pp\=70–72}}
### The collections
The current decoration represents the tastes of the different dynasties and historical figures who have lived there, as well as different political messages typical of a building that represented the pinnacle of power in the kingdom. The reference date is the inventory made by the Savoy family in 1874, which describes the rooms after the late Bourbon modifications (1837–1844\) and some slight changes introduced after the Unification in 1860\.
First of all, the frescoes stand out. These essentially cover the viceregal period with works by [Belisario Corenzio](/wiki/Belisario_Corenzio "Belisario Corenzio") of Roman Renaissance inspiration or [Giovanni Battista Caracciolo](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Caracciolo "Giovanni Battista Caracciolo") in a more [Caravagesque](/wiki/Caravaggisti "Caravaggisti") line; the Baroque period of Charles of Bourbon with large allegorical frescoes with [trompe l'oeil](/wiki/Trompe_l%27oeil "Trompe l'oeil") by Solimena, Vaccaro or de Mura; and finally historicist and neo\-medieval works from the mid\-19th century.
The paintings in the rooms also correspond to different periods, highlighting the northern and European schools of the 16th and 17th centuries from the [Farnesio collection](/wiki/Farnesio_collection "Farnesio collection") inherited by Charles of Bourbon; Caravaggesque paintings and the Dutch portraits that Domenico Venuti bought for [Ferdinand I](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies") and the large court portraits of the royal family.{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|pp\=73–74}} There are also more intimate and contemporary paintings from the apartments in the east wing, such as *troubadour* paintings commissioned by the Murats from artists such as [Louis Nicolas Philippe Auguste de Forbin](/wiki/Louis_Nicolas_Philippe_Auguste_de_Forbin "Louis Nicolas Philippe Auguste de Forbin") or the chronicle paintings of the great moments of the reigns of Francis I and Ferdinand II by [Salvatore Fergola](/wiki/Salvatore_Fergola "Salvatore Fergola") and [Frans Vervloet](/wiki/Frans_Vervloet "Frans Vervloet"). However, due to the sending of the most important paintings to the [Real Museo Borbonico](/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Naples "National Archaeological Museum of Naples") between 1829 and 1832 and the transfer of paintings to the [Capodimonte](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Capodimonte "National Museum of Capodimonte") from 1862 onwards, the palace's collection of paintings today appears more scattered and impoverished than before, with its series and iconographies fragmented. In the 1874 inventory, the paintings were given special importance, together with the furniture, tapestries, flowered hangings and large neo\-baroque mirrors, as creating a sumptuous atmosphere.{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|1999\|pp\=30–31}}
The furniture, in the [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque "Baroque"), [Rococo](/wiki/Rococo "Rococo") and historicist style, was made by Neapolitan [cabinetmakers](/wiki/Cabinetmakers "Cabinetmakers") between the 18th and 19th centuries or brought from [France](/wiki/First_French_Empire "First French Empire") during Murat's stay in Naples, together with carpets and [tapestries](/wiki/Tapestry "Tapestry"), some of them woven in the Royal Tapestry Factory of Naples. Also of note are the French clocks, the porcelain, especially [Sèvres](/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_porcelain "Sèvres porcelain"), Chinese and Russian; bronze and marble sculptures and works in hard stone. Many of the exhibits come from other parts of the palace, especially the eastern wing, which was completely stripped of furniture when the National Library was installed there.
In any case, the palace does not have a real collection, but rather loose pieces, since during the 19th century, on the initiative of the Bourbons and especially the Savoys, many works were transferred to other museums (see History).{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|pp\=72–73}}
### Floor Plan
The Royal Apartment is composed of a grand staircase, an ambulatory, a chapel, the hanging gardens and the Gallery and Hall of Hercules, in addition to the rooms that make up the King's apartment and the Queen's apartment.
{{columns\-start\|num\=3}}
* ██ Grand Staircase
* ██ [Ambulatory](/wiki/Ambulatory "Ambulatory")
* ██ King's Apartment
1 Court Theatre
2 First Antechamber
3 Neoclassical Sitting Room
4 Second Antechamber
5 Third Antechamber
6 Throne Room
7 General's Passage
8 Ambassadors' Room
9 Maria Cristina Room
10 Oratory
11 Great Captain's Room
12 Flamingo Room
13 King's Office
29 Bodyguards Room
{{column}}
* ██ Queen's Apartment
14 Queen's Fourth Drawing Room
15 Queen's Third Drawing Room
16 Queen's Second Drawing Room
17 Queen's First Drawing Room
18 Queen's Second Antechamber
19 Queen's First Antechamber
20 Vestibule
23 First Backroom
24 Second Backroom
25 Third Backroom
26 Queen's Passage
27 Maria Amalia of Saxony's Bedchamber
28 Passageway
34 Queen's *[Boudoir](/wiki/Boudoir "Boudoir")*
* ██ Gallery and Hall of Hercules.
21 Gallery
22 Hall of Hercules
* ██ Palatine Chapel
* ██ Hanging Gardens
{{column}}
[right\|400x400px\|Pianta](/wiki/File:Palazzo_Reale_Napoli_Pianta_Museo_Appartamento.svg "Palazzo Reale Napoli Pianta Museo Appartamento.svg")
{{columns\-end}}
### Grand Staircase
The north side of the courtyard, orthogonal to the façade, was originally occupied by a modest two\-ramp staircase, the work of [Domenico Fontana](/wiki/Domenico_Fontana "Domenico Fontana"). However, after the [anti\-Spanish revolt of 1647](/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_%281647%29 "Neapolitan Republic (1647)"), the viceroy [Iñigo Vélez de Guevara](/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo_V%C3%A9lez_de_Guevara_el_Mozo "Íñigo Vélez de Guevara el Mozo") commissioned a new and monumental staircase from Francesco Antonio Picchiatti. The new space was built between 1650 and 1670 in Piperno, and was inspired by the immense staircase of the Real [Alcázar of Toledo](/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Toledo "Alcázar of Toledo"), built by [Alonso de Covarrubias](/wiki/Alonso_de_Covarrubias "Alonso de Covarrubias") and [Juan de Herrera](/wiki/Juan_de_Herrera "Juan de Herrera") between 1550 and 1605\.{{Harvsp\|Verde\|2011}} The new staircase, which occupied an entire side of the courtyard of honour, was built in accordance with the importance that the Austrian ceremony gave to these spaces. [Montesquieu](/wiki/Montesquieu "Montesquieu") described it in 1729 as the most beautiful in Europe,{{Harvsp\|Sale\|ref\=Sale\|2014\|p\=4}} however it had to be rebuilt after the fire in February 1837\.
File:Scalone Palazzo Reale Napoli \- circa 1800 \- Baldassarre Cavallotti.png\|The Picchiatti staircase depicted in an early 19th century engraving by Baldassare Cavallotti.
File:Lo Scalone di Palazzo Reale \- 1790\.jpg\|The idealised representation of Picchiatti's staircase in the painting ''Lo Scalone di Palazzo Reale, con le principesse Maria Teresa e Maria Luisa di Borbone'' painted by Antonio Dominici in 1790\.
File:Fotografi från Neapel \- Hallwylska museet \- 104145\.tif\|The staircase after the remodelling by Genovese and Gavaudan, with the balustrade with several torches.
File: Napoli Palazzo reale \- ingresso e scalone sinistro 1040723\.JPG\|The staircase today, note the absence of several torches.
The new design in a grandiose late neoclassical style was the work of [Gaetano Genovese](/wiki/Gaetano_Genovese "Gaetano Genovese"). In 1841 the problem of the staircase's luminosity was resolved with the demolition of the viceregal palace annex, the creation of the [Piazza Trieste e Trento](/wiki/Piazza_Trieste_e_Trento "Piazza Trieste e Trento") and the opening of large iron\-framed windows. However, it was not until 1858 that Francesco Gavaudan completed the decoration characterized by sumptuous marbles such as pink marble, the *[porto venere](/wiki/Porto_venere "Porto venere")*, the red of [Vitulano](/wiki/Vitulano "Vitulano"), the *breccia rosata* of [Sicily](/wiki/Sicily "Sicily"), the marble of [Mondragone](/wiki/Mondragone "Mondragone") and the *lumachino* of [Trapani](/wiki/Trapani "Trapani"). For its part, the [cloister vault](/wiki/Cloister_vault "Cloister vault") that covers it is decorated with white stuccos on a gray background, representing garlands and the shields of the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples "Kingdom of Naples"), of the [Sicily](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily "Kingdom of Sicily"), of [Basilicata](/wiki/Basilicata "Basilicata"), of [Calabria](/wiki/Calabria "Calabria") and, although it was added later, of the [House of Savoy](/wiki/House_of_Savoy "House of Savoy"). Finally, the side walls are decorated with sculptures of the [cardinal virtues](/wiki/Cardinal_virtues "Cardinal virtues"): on one side, the *Fortitude* by [Antonio Calì](/wiki/Antonio_Cal%C3%AC "Antonio Calì") and the *Justice* by [Gennaro Calì](/wiki/Gennaro_Cal%C3%AC "Gennaro Calì"); on the other, the *Clemencia* by [Tito Angelini](/wiki/Tito_Angelini "Tito Angelini") and the *Prudencia* by Tommaso Scolari; and, flanking the central section, two [bas\-reliefs](/wiki/Bas-relief "Bas-relief") in Carrara marble representing the *Victory between the Genius of Fame and Courage*, by [Salvatore Irdi](/wiki/Salvatore_Irdi "Salvatore Irdi"), and the *Glory between the symbols of Justice, War, Science, Art and Industry*, by [Francesco Liberti](/wiki/Francesco_Liberti "Francesco Liberti").
### Ambulatory
[thumb\|250px\|right\|A corridor of the ambulatory.](/wiki/File:Ambulacro_%28Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli%29_001.jpg "Ambulacro (Palazzo Reale di Napoli) 001.jpg")
The ambulatory on the first floor is made up of four corridors surrounding the courtyard of honour: originally it was an open loggia which, during the restoration in the 19th century, was closed off by means of large windows. At this time the vaults were decorated with stuccoes by Gaetano Genovese.{{Harvsp\|Sale\|ref\=Sale\|2014\|p\=5}} The rooms of the royal apartment open off the ambulatory: in the first arm, which runs parallel to the façade towards the [Piazza del Plebiscito](/wiki/Piazza_del_Plebiscito "Piazza del Plebiscito"), are the [court theatre](/wiki/Court_theatre "Court theatre") and the audience chambers; in the second are the private rooms of the former private apartment, which overlook the hanging garden; in the third, facing east, are the Hall of Hercules and the royal chapel; and finally, the fourth arm leads to the grand staircase, from which one can see through a stained glass window the [Piazza Trieste e Trento](/wiki/Piazza_Trieste_e_Trento "Piazza Trieste e Trento"), with a view, in the distance, of the [Carthusian monastery of San Martino](/wiki/Carthusian_monastery_of_San_Martino "Carthusian monastery of San Martino"). This layout has been preserved unchanged, as it was designed by Domenico Fontana. The doors leading to the ambulatory are [lacquered](/wiki/Lacquered "Lacquered") in white, are in a neoclassical style and were built in the 1930s.{{Harvsp\|Carughi\|1999\|p\=146}}
### The King's Apartment
[right\|thumb\|250px\|The Court Theatre.](/wiki/File:Teatrino_di_Corte_%28Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli%29_001.jpg "Teatrino di Corte (Palazzo Reale di Napoli) 001.jpg")
The Court Theatre (Room I) was originally the "Sala Regia" or "Sala Maggiore" and was the largest room according to Fontana's project. From the beginning it was used for balls, comedies and festivities, and from 1648 Picchiatti decorated its ceiling with sumptuous gilded stucco and paintings by order of the viceroy [Count of Oñate](/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo_V%C3%A9lez_de_Guevara_el_Mozo "Íñigo Vélez de Guevara el Mozo"). This renovation ran parallel to the creation of another large ceremonial room in the palace, the "Sala de los Virreyes" (now the Hall of Hercules). During the reign of [Charles of Bourbon](/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain "Charles III of Spain") it was regularly used for theatrical performances and a large stage was set up on it.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ub.edu/enbach/es/escenario/4\-9/la\-sala\-regia.html\|title\=Enbach. Crossed visions. The Viceroys of Naples and the Image of the Spanish Monarchy in the Baroque\|accessdate\=2020\-11\-10\|website\=www.ub.edu}} Its current appearance, however, dates back to 1768, when on the occasion of the wedding of [Ferdinand IV](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies") and [Maria Carolina of Austria](/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria "Maria Carolina of Austria") it was completely remade by [Ferdinando Fuga](/wiki/Ferdinando_Fuga "Ferdinando Fuga") in a classicist baroque style.{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|p\=75}}
After the serious damage suffered during the Second World War, the stage and the ceiling had to be rebuilt between 1950 and 1954, with frescoes painted by [Francesco Galante](/wiki/Francesco_Galante "Francesco Galante"), [Alberto Chiancone](/wiki/Alberto_Chiancone "Alberto Chiancone"), [Vincenzo Ciardo](/wiki/Vincenzo_Ciardo "Vincenzo Ciardo") and [Antonio Bresciani](/wiki/Antonio_Bresciani "Antonio Bresciani"). These authors took up in their paintings the themes of the original frescoes by [Antonio Dominici](/wiki/Antonio_Dominici "Antonio Dominici") and [Crescenzio La Gamba](/wiki/Crescenzio_La_Gamba "Crescenzio La Gamba"). In the niches there are the original [cartapesta](/wiki/Cartapesta "Cartapesta") statues made by [Angelo Viva](/wiki/Angelo_Viva "Angelo Viva"), representing *[Minerva](/wiki/Minerva "Minerva")*, *[Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28mythology%29 "Mercury (mythology)")*, *[Apollo](/wiki/Apollo "Apollo")* and the nine *[Musess](/wiki/Muses "Muses")*.{{Harvsp\|Sale\|ref\=Sale\|2014\|p\=6}}
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The First Antechamber (room II).](/wiki/File:Sala_II_%28Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli%29_001.jpg "Sala II (Palazzo Reale di Napoli) 001.jpg")
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The First Antechamber with all its neo\-baroque decoration before the ravages (Room II)](/wiki/File:Prima_Anticamera_Palazzo_Reale_Napoli%2C_1900%2C_I_palazzi_e_le_ville_che_non_sono_pi%C3%B9_del_re.png "Prima Anticamera Palazzo Reale Napoli, 1900, I palazzi e le ville che non sono più del re.png")
The First Antechamber (room II) served as the "Room of the Guard Corps" during the time of Charles of Bourbon, while during the time of the Savoy it was called the "Dining Room of the Diplomatic Corps".{{Harvsp\|Fiadino\|2003\|pp\=154–155}} The most notable feature of the Carolingian period is the fresco, painted between 1737 and 1738, in commemoration of the wedding between the monarch and [Maria Amalia of Saxony](/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony "Maria Amalia of Saxony"). Painted in a [cloister vault](/wiki/Cloister_vault "Cloister vault"), it was the work of [Francesco de Mura](/wiki/Francesco_de_Mura "Francesco de Mura"), while the [trompe l'oeil](/wiki/Trompe_l%27oeil "Trompe l'oeil") were by Vincenzo Re. It represents the *Royal Genius and the virtues of the King and Queen* (these are *Fortitude*, *Justice*, *Clemency* and *Magnimity* for the sovereign, and *Loyalty*, *Prudence*, *Courage* and *Beauty* for the queen). Also painted was *[Imeneo](/wiki/Imeneo "Imeneo"), goddess of weddings, crushing Evil.* On all four sides is the *Allegory of the Four Parts of the World*, in monochrome, on a gold background.{{Harvsp\|Sale\|ref\=Sale\|2014\|p\=7}} On an easel is displayed a fragment of the early baroque decoration of the vault, dating from 1622 to 1629 and depicting the exploits of [Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba](/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo%2C_3rd_Duke_of_Alba "Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ub.edu/enbach/es/escenario/4\-12/las\-pinturas\-de\-los\-salones.html\|title\=Enbach. Crossed visions. The Viceroys of Naples and the Image of the Spanish Monarchy in the Baroque\|accessdate\=2020\-11\-10\|website\=www.ub.edu}} The doors, painted with tempera on a gold background, are attributed to the workshop of Antonio Dominici and were made between 1774 and 1776\.
The entire decoration of the room was completely redone in neo\-Baroque style in 1862 by [Pietro Cheloni](/wiki/Pietro_Cheloni "Pietro Cheloni"), being the first space redecorated in the Savoy period. Along with the large consoles and mirrors, two large [Gobelin](/wiki/Gobelin "Gobelin") tapestries were also placed, a gift from the [Apostolic Nunciature to Naples](/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_Naples "Apostolic Nunciature to Naples") in 1719 and dedicated to the [Sun King](/wiki/Louis_XIV "Louis XIV"), represented through the *Allegory of the Elements.*{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|pp\=77–78}} However, during the Allied occupation this room was used as a performance hall for the English troops.{{Cite web\|url\=http://palazzorealenapoliteam.blogspot.com/2018/03/un\-dipinto\-murale\-griffato\-disney\-al.html\|title\=Un dipinto murale 'griffato' Disney al Palazzo Reale di Naples!\|accessdate\=2020\-11\-10\|language\=it}} so several decorative elements were lost, such as the parquet, the sumptuous frames of the tapestries, the wall sconces or the rocaille overdoors with medallions. The furniture is now completed by stools dating back to 1815\.
The Neoclassical Room (room III), so called because of its [decorative style](/wiki/Neoclassicism "Neoclassicism"), was designed by [Gaetano Genovese](/wiki/Gaetano_Genovese "Gaetano Genovese").{{Harvsp\|Sale\|ref\=Sale\|2014\|p\=8}} On its walls are paintings such as the *Staircase of the Royal Palace with the exit of the Bourbon princesses after the wedding*, by Antonio Dominici, and the *Royal Chapel of Naples with the wedding of Maria Theresa and [Maria Luisa](/wiki/Princess_Luisa_of_Naples_and_Sicily "Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily") of Bourbon with [Francis II of Habsburg](/wiki/Francis_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor") and [Ferdinand III of Lorraine](/wiki/Ferdinand_III%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany "Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany")*, an event that took place on 12 August 1790\. There are also several tempera paintings on paper, made by [Anton Hartinger](/wiki/Anton_Hartinger "Anton Hartinger") and [Franz Xaver Petter](/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Petter "Franz Xaver Petter"), which belonged to [María Isabella of Spain](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Isabella_of_Spain "María Isabella of Spain"). In a niche of the [exedra](/wiki/Exedra "Exedra") there is a marble statue by Giovanni De Crescenzo dating from 1841 and representing a *Winged Nymph*.
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The Second Antechamber (room IV).](/wiki/File:Napoli_-_Palazzo_Reale2.jpg "Napoli - Palazzo Reale2.jpg")
The Second Antechamber (room IV) was in the time of Charles of Bourbon the "Antechamber of the [Officers](/wiki/Officers_%28armed_forces%29 "Officers (armed forces)")". It preserves a ceiling from the viceregal period and mannerist style that represents the glorious episodes of the reign of [Alfonso V of Aragon](/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon "Alfonso V of Aragon"),{{refn\|group\="note"\|The frescoes, whose titles were transcribed on the different cornices, successively represent *Alfonso enters Naples*, *Care of the arts and letters*, The city from Genoa offers the keys to Alfonso the Magnanimous, Alfonso gives the Order of the Golden Fleece to Alfonso, and Alfonso's royal investiture. The same subject can be found in some Roman palaces also built by Fontana for Pope Sixtus V, and was painted by Belisario Corenzio and his workshop around 1622\.{{Harvsp\|Sale\|ref\=Sale\|2014\|p\=9}} The walls contain paintings from the [Seicento](/wiki/Seicento "Seicento"), such as the Vestment of Saint Aspreno by [Massimo Stanzione](/wiki/Massimo_Stanzione "Massimo Stanzione"). The famous Pala Colonna by Raphael, acquired by King Ferdinand IV and taken into exile by Francis II in 1860, also hung there; It is currently in the [Metropolitan Museum](/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum "Metropolitan Museum") in New York.{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|1997\|p\=22}} The furnishings include a [console](/wiki/Console_%28piece_of_furniture%29 "Console (piece of furniture)") of Neapolitan manufacture from 1780,{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|p\=78}} 19th century armchairs and mirrors, and other [Empire style](/wiki/Empire_style "Empire style") furniture brought here by the Murat family. There are also clocks and candelabra by the bronzer [Pierre\-Philippe Thomire](/wiki/Pierre-Philippe_Thomire "Pierre-Philippe Thomire") and 19th\-century Chinese porcelain vases, which [Nicholas I of Russia](/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia "Nicholas I of Russia") gave to Ferdinand II on the occasion of his trip to Naples in 1845\.
[right\|thumb\|250px\|The Third Antechamber (room V).](/wiki/File:Sala_V_%28Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli%29_001.jpg "Sala V (Palazzo Reale di Napoli) 001.jpg")
The Third Antechamber (room V) was known in the 18th century as the "Antechamber of the [Titled](/wiki/Nobility "Nobility")". Its ceiling is decorated with a fresco by [Giuseppe Cammarano](/wiki/Giuseppe_Cammarano "Giuseppe Cammarano"), *Pallas Athena crowning Fidelity*, painted in 1818, and referring to the restoration of [Ferdinand I](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies") to the throne of the [Kingdom of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies").{{Harvsp\|Sale\|ref\=Sale\|2014\|p\=10}} The walls are decorated with a series of tapestries of Neapolitan manufacture, including the *Rape of Proserpina* by Pietro Duranti, made in 1762 from a preparatory [cartoon](/wiki/Cartoon_%28art%29 "Cartoon (art)") by Girolamo Starace Franchis, which was recommended by [Luigi Vanvitelli](/wiki/Luigi_Vanvitelli "Luigi Vanvitelli"). This coexists with four other works, two by Sebastiano Pieroni, the *Head of an Old Man* and the *Head of an Old Woman;* one by Antonio Rispoli, *Portrait of Young Women with Blue Cloak*; and another by Gaetano Leurie, *Figure of a Woman with Earrings*. The pictorial works in the room are completed by *Portrait of a Lady* by [Nicholas Lanier](/wiki/Nicholas_Lanier "Nicholas Lanier") and *Lot and his Daughters* by Massimo Stanzione.{{Harvsp\|Touring Club Italiano\|2008\|p\=126}} The furniture is in the [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque "Baroque") and [neo\-Rococo](/wiki/Rococo_Revival "Rococo Revival") styles and consists of a console table and mirrors from the second half of the 19th century. The ornaments include French porcelain vases from the 19th century, decorated with biblical figures and dancers from Pompeii, by Raffaele Giovine, who also painted two other vases from 1842, manufactured in Sèvres, placed on small columns and decorated with scenes and floral motifs.
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The Throne Room (room VI).](/wiki/File:Napoli_-_Palazzo_Reale3.jpg "Napoli - Palazzo Reale3.jpg")
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The Throne Room at the end of the century.](/wiki/File:06-_Sala_del_Trono%2C_1900.png "06- Sala del Trono, 1900.png")
The Throne Room or the Room of the Kiss of Hands (room VI) underwent several decorative changes throughout its history, but its function remained unchanged (with the exception of the Muratian period). The Baroque decoration with sumptuous hangings and a large illusionistic fresco was redone in 1818, when Ferdinand I wanted to erase the memory of the French interlude by redecorating the most symbolic space of the palace. [Antonio De Simone](/wiki/Antonio_De_Simone "Antonio De Simone") designed a new stucco ceiling by [Valério Villareale](/wiki/Val%C3%A9rio_Villareale "Valério Villareale") and [Domenico Masucci](/wiki/Domenico_Masucci "Domenico Masucci") depicting the *Fourteen Provinces* *of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies* in the form of female figures with crowns.{{Harvsp\|Sale\|ref\=Sale\|2014\|p\=11}} A new hanging and a canopy of red [velvet](/wiki/Velvet "Velvet") embroidered with [fleurs\-de\-lis](/wiki/Fleur-de-lis "Fleur-de-lis") in gold thread were also installed that same year. All this changed radically during the Savoy period; the gilded fleur\-de\-lis were removed in 1862, and a new "Turin brocade" and canopy were installed in the [Palazzo dei Normanni](/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Normanni "Palazzo dei Normanni") in 1877\. After the brocade was lost during the Allied occupation, it was replaced by the simpler hangings of today.{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|1997\|pp\=19–22}}
The furniture, meanwhile, dates from the 1840s and was made in the [Empire style](/wiki/Empire_style "Empire style") in Neapolitan workshops; They are complemented by four corner torchères from the Murat period, made in [Sarreguemines](/wiki/Sarreguemines "Sarreguemines"), and three 18th\-century chairs from the gilded wood, covered with amaranth velvet. The throne, also from the late Bourbon period (1850s) and in the Empire style, imitates the throne of [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte "Napoleon Bonaparte") in the [Tuileries Palace](/wiki/Tuileries_Palace "Tuileries Palace"), designed by [Percier and Fontaine](/wiki/Percier_and_Fontaine "Percier and Fontaine"). The dominant eagle and the coat of arms of the House of Savoy were added after 1860\. Due to the sumptuousness of its hangings, the Throne Room was not adorned with paintings, but since the 20th century it has displayed several royal portraits.{{refn\|group\="note"\|These are: ''Ferdinand I dedicating the basilica\-sanctuary of St. Francis of Paola'' by \[\[Vincenzo Camuccini]]; ''Ferdinand IV and Maria Carolina of Austria'' by Francesco Saverio Candido, dated around 1790 and donated in April 2008 by the \[\[Compagnia di San Paolo]] Foundation of \[\[Turin]]; a series of portraits painted by \[\[Giuseppe Bonito]] depicting the ''Turkish and Tripoli Ambassadors'', who arrived in Naples between 1740 and 1741 to sign political and commercial treaties; and finally, 18th\-century pastel portraits after \[\[Anton Raphael Mengs]] of ''Maria Antonia of Bavaria and Little Princesses'' and the ''Electors of Saxony''.{{Harvsp\|Borbonico\|ref\=Borbonico\|p\=5}}}}
The so\-called General's Passage (Room VII) is accessed via a corridor decorated with white and gold stucco, and was given its present neoclassical appearance between 1841 and 1845\.{{Harvsp\|Sale\|ref\=Sale\|2014\|p\=12}} Among the paintings on display are the *Stories of Judith* by Tommaso De Vivo, several paintings on religious themes by Neapolitan artists and one by [François Marius Granet](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Marius_Granet "François Marius Granet"). In the room there is a statue in [mahogany](/wiki/Mahogany "Mahogany") and bronze by the artist Thomire, which belonged to [Caroline Bonaparte](/wiki/Caroline_Bonaparte "Caroline Bonaparte") and represents *Psyche*. The furniture consists of a 19th century English\-made stool, with legs shaped like a lion's claw and decorated on the front with reproductions of shells.
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The Ambassadors' Hall (room VIII).](/wiki/File:PalazzoRealeNaples.jpg "PalazzoRealeNaples.jpg")
The Ambassadors' Hall (room VIII) was a transitional space between the reception rooms facing the square and the private rooms facing the sea. Here the ambassadors waited to be received by the monarch in the next room.{{Harvsp\|Sale\|ref\=Sale\|2014\|p\=13}} It was conceived as a French\-style Appartement, that is, a space where the owner exhibited his most precious art collections. However, it was a restricted space, which in the viceregal era was used for the meetings of the most important governing body, the Collateral Council.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ub.edu/enbach/es/escenario/4\-7/la\-galeria.html\|title\=Enbach. Crossed visions. The viceroys of Naples and the image of the Spanish Monarchy in the Baroque\|accessdate\=2020\-11\-11\|website\=www.ub.edu}} The ceiling paintings date from that period, inserted in fourteen compartments surrounded by gilded stucco and representing the great moments of the [House of Austria](/wiki/House_of_Austria "House of Austria") and several episodes from the life of [Ferrante of Aragon](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples "Ferdinand I of Naples").{{refn\|group\="note"\|The frescoes are: ''Departure of Mariana of Austria from Final Ligure'', ''Entry of Mariana of Austria into Madrid'', ''Marriage of Mariana of Austria with Philip III of Spain'', ''War against Louis XII of France'', ''The Spanish rescue Genoa, besieged by the French'', ''War against Alfonso of Portugal'', ''Battle against the Moors in the mountains of La Alpujarra'', ''Battle against the Moors of Granada'', ''Conquest of the Canaries'', ''Triumphal entry of Ferrante of Aragon into Barcelona'', ''Expulsion of the Jews from Spain'', ''Oath of loyalty of the Sicilians to Ferrante'', ''Discovery of the New World'' and ''Meeting of Saint Francis of Paola with Ferrante of Aragon''}} These paintings, executed in the third decade of the 17th century, are attributed to [Belisario Corenzio](/wiki/Belisario_Corenzio "Belisario Corenzio") and his workshop, with the assistance of Onofrio and [Andrea di Lione](/wiki/Andrea_di_Lione "Andrea di Lione"); except those dedicated to [Mariana of Austria](/wiki/Mariana_of_Austria "Mariana of Austria"), attributed to [Massimo Stanzione](/wiki/Massimo_Stanzione "Massimo Stanzione"), and after 1640\. In the four corners of the ceiling are the Bourbon shields, although during the restorations the emblems of [Fernando Ruiz de Castro](/wiki/Fernando_Ruiz_de_Castro_Andrade_y_Portugal "Fernando Ruiz de Castro Andrade y Portugal"), patron of the work, appeared below them.{{Harvsp\|Viceregno\|2015\|p\=6}}{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|p\=79}}
Originally the room was decorated with a large number of paintings, however between 1829 and 1832 a large part of the palace's ancient painting collection was sent to the *[Real Museo Borbonico](/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Naples "National Archaeological Museum of Naples")*, then the room was covered with a blue hanging (now in the Second Antechamber) and four tapestries: *Allegory of the Sea* and *Allegory of the Earth* by Louis Ovis de la Gira; and two other [Gobelins](/wiki/Gobelin "Gobelin") with the *History of Henry IV* dating from 1790 and acquired as a model for a series of tapestries destined for the [Royal Palace of Carditello](/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Carditello "Royal Palace of Carditello"). The furniture is in the Empire style of 1840 and two clocks from the Napoleonic period stand out, decorated respectively with the *Allegory of Time* and the *Genius of the Arts*.
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The Maria Cristina Room (room IV).](/wiki/File:Napoli_-_Palazzo_Reale5.jpg "Napoli - Palazzo Reale5.jpg")
The now called [Maria Cristina](/wiki/Maria_Cristina_of_Savoy "Maria Cristina of Savoy") Room (room IX) in honour of the first wife of Ferdinand II, was during the time of Charles of Bourbon the "Room where His Majesty dresses", while during the French period it was the "Room *à léver*", it was therefore a semi\-public space intended for morning receptions or *levers*. In addition, it allowed access to the king's private apartments in the Belvedere Wing and the hanging garden. After the reform of 1837–1844 it lost its [residential](/wiki/Housing "Housing") use and became the "Council Hall". Originally, it was decorated with a fresco by [Nicolo Maria Rossi](/wiki/Nicolo_Maria_Rossi "Nicolo Maria Rossi") from 1737 depicting the [Siege of Gaeta (1734\)](/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_%281734%29 "Siege of Gaeta (1734)"), but in 1763 the vault had to be rebuilt due to structural problems and a new fresco of *The Chariot of Aurora* by [Francesco de Mura](/wiki/Francesco_de_Mura "Francesco de Mura") was made. Unfortunately, this was lost during the bombings and the Allied occupation of Naples (1943–1946\).
The paintings that decorate the room are of sacred themes and date from the 16th and 17th centuries, such as *[Virgin and Child](/wiki/Virgin_and_Child "Virgin and Child")* and *Virgin and Child and Saint John*, attributed to Pedro de Rubiales, who was inspired for their creation by the work of [Filippino Lippi](/wiki/Filippino_Lippi "Filippino Lippi"); *Circumcision of Jesus*, by the school of [Ippolito Scarsella](/wiki/Scarsellino "Scarsellino"); and *[Massacre of the Innocents](/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents "Massacre of the Innocents")*, by [Andrea Vaccaro](/wiki/Andrea_Vaccaro "Andrea Vaccaro"). The furniture dates from around 1840 and among the ornaments are two Sèvres porcelain vases decorated by Jean\-Baptiste\-Gabriel Langlacé with *Seasons*, given by the [Duchess of Berry](/wiki/Marie-Caroline_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies%2C_Duchess_of_Berry "Marie-Caroline of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duchess of Berry") to her father [Francis I](/wiki/Francis_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Francis I of the Two Sicilies") in 1830\. There are also two clocks, one with the image of an *African Woman*, from 1795, and another with portraits of *[John II of France](/wiki/John_II_of_France "John II of France")* and *[Philip the Bold](/wiki/Philip_the_Bold "Philip the Bold")*.{{Harvsp\|Sale\|ref\=Sale\|2014\|p\=15}}
The former Rey's private oratory (room X), is a small room located next to the Maria Cristina Room. On its walls are displayed five paintings from 1760, from the royal chapel of Capodimonte. All of them have the *Nativity* as their theme, and were the work of Francesco Liani, court painter during the reign of Charles of Bourbon. In the center of the room is a wooden altar from the 19th century and behind it the silver\-plated copper sarcophagus of [Maria Christina of Savoy](/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_Savoy "Maria Christina of Savoy"), who died in 1836 giving birth to the future [Francis II](/wiki/Francis_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Francis II of the Two Sicilies"), was buried in the [basilica of Santa Chiara](/wiki/Basilica_of_Santa_Chiara_%28Naples%29 "Basilica of Santa Chiara (Naples)") and later beatified.{{Harvsp\|Sale\|ref\=Sale\|2014\|p\=16}}
The Hall of the Great Captain (room XI) owes its name to the fresco cycle *Stories of Gonzalo de Córdoba* by [Battistello Caracciolo](/wiki/Battistello_Caracciolo "Battistello Caracciolo"), which has as its theme episodes of the Spanish conquest of the kingdom of Naples by [Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba](/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba "Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba"), called the Great Captain.{{Harvsp\|Anselmi\|2009\|p\=174}}{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|pp\=99–100}} During the 18th century, this room, which had no windows, served as a bedroom for the king's valet. The paintings on the walls come from the [Farnese collection](/wiki/Farnese_collection "Farnese collection") and among them stands out *Pier Luigi Farnese*, attributed to [Titian](/wiki/Titian "Titian"), a series of figurative epigrams by [Otto van Veen](/wiki/Otto_van_Veen "Otto van Veen"), and a tapestry with the *Allegory of Chastity* from the series of *Conjugal Virtues*.{{refn\|group\="note"\|The series devised by \[\[Luigi Vanvitelli]] and \[\[Ferdinando Fuga]] was based on cartoons, currently in the Palace of Caserta, made by important painters of the time: the ''Allegory of Religion'' by \[\[Pompeo Batoni]]; the ''Allegory of Innocence'' and the ''Allegories of Charity and Generosity'' by \[\[Giuseppe Bonito]]; the ''Allegories of Justice and Peace'' by \[\[Stefano Pozzi]]; the ''Allegories of Fortitude and Vigilance'' by \[\[Corrado Giaquinto]] and the ''Allegory of Modesty'' by \[\[Francesco de Mura]]. The tapestries were woven from 1763 to 1767 with silver and silver\-gilt threads by Pietro Duranti at the \[\[Royal Tapestry Factory of Naples]] and were intended for the bedroom of Ferdinand IV in the now\-disappeared Belvedere wing.{{Harvsp\|Ascioni\|2010}}}}The furniture dates from the 18th century and includes [consoles](/wiki/Console_%28furniture%29 "Console (furniture)") and sofas in the [Louis XVI style](/wiki/Louis_XVI_style "Louis XVI style"), carved by Neapolitan craftsmen.{{Harvsp\|ref\=Sale\|Sale\|2014\|p\=17}}
The so\-called Flamingo Room (room XII) was, like the previous room, a dark space with no direct lighting in the 18th century, served as a rear antechamber. With the renovations of the mid\-19th century it was converted into a reception area and in 1840 [Gennaro Maldarelli](/wiki/Gennaro_Maldarelli "Gennaro Maldarelli") painted on the ceiling *[Tancred](/wiki/Tancred_of_Sicily "Tancred of Sicily") returns [Constance](/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily "Constance I of Sicily") to the Emperor Arrigo VI* following a neo\-Gothic aesthetic with references to the ancient [history of Sicily](/wiki/History_of_Sicily "History of Sicily"). The ceiling is surrounded by elaborate stuccos from the same period with coats of arms of the four Neapolitan provinces. The room is named after the numerous [Flemish paintings](/wiki/Flemish_painting "Flemish painting") from the 17th century that adorn it.{{refn\|group\="note"\|Among the works on display are ''Portrait of a Flute Player'' by \[\[Alexis Grimou]]; ''Portrait of a Gentleman'' by \[\[Bartholomeus van der Helst]]; ''Portrait of a Maid'' by \[\[Ludolf de Jongh]]; ''The Avaricious'', from the Farnese collection, by \[\[Marinus van Reymerswaele]]; ''Canoniguess'' by \[\[Nicolaes Maes]]; ''Portrait of Oliver Cromwell'' by an unknown artist from the 18th century; ''Portrait of a Gentleman'', ''Portrait of a Lady'' and ''Portrait of a Magistrate'', all by \[\[Abraham van den Tempel]]; and ''Portrait of a Cardinal'', attributed to \[\[Giovan Battista Gaulli]].}} and which were purchased by Domenico Venuti for Ferdinand IV in 1802 in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome").{{Harvsp\|ref\=Sale\|Sale\|2014\|p\=19}} Among the furniture ornaments are a 1730 clock by [Charles Clay](/wiki/Charles_Clay_%28clockmaker%29 "Charles Clay (clockmaker)"), with a mechanical barrel organ inside capable of producing ten different tones; and a *jardinière* table with views of Russian residences and a birdcage made by the Popov factory in Gorbunovo in Moscow, which was given to Ferdinand II during Tsar Nicholas I's trip to Naples in 1846\.{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|pp\=100–102}}
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The King's Study (room XIII).](/wiki/File:Napoli_Palazzo_reale_-_sala_XIII_studio_del_re_1040748.JPG "Napoli Palazzo reale - sala XIII studio del re 1040748.JPG")
What is now known as the King's Study (room XIII) is a modern creation. Under Charles of Bourbon this space was occupied by two windowless rooms: a private room and the staircase leading up to the [chambermaids'](/wiki/Ladies-in-waiting "Ladies-in-waiting") rooms. Genovese's renovation radically changed the space, converting it into a luxurious passageway leading to the "Queen's Etiquette Apartment". It was also [Gennaro Maldarelli](/wiki/Gennaro_Maldarelli "Gennaro Maldarelli") who painted another neo\-Gothic fresco in 1840, this time the *Disembarkation of [Roger the Norman](/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily "Roger I of Sicily") at Otranto.*{{Harvsp\|ref\=Sale\|Sale\|2014\|p\=21}} In the 1920s, the furniture from Ferdinand II's office in the east wing, which had been cleared to house the National Library, was installed in this room.{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|1999\|p\=30}} These pieces of furniture (desk, [chest of drawers](/wiki/Chest_of_drawers "Chest of drawers") and *secretaire*) were made by the Parisian cabinetmaker [Adam Weisweiler](/wiki/Adam_Weisweiler "Adam Weisweiler") and the bronzesmith [Pierre\-Philippe Thomire](/wiki/Pierre-Philippe_Thomire "Pierre-Philippe Thomire") between 1808 and 1811 for Napoleon's apartments at the [Quirinal Palace](/wiki/Quirinal_Palace "Quirinal Palace"). In 1814, after the fall of the French Empire, Murat ordered them to be moved to Capodimonte. The rest of the decoration is complemented by two Sèvres porcelain vases given in 1817 by [Louis XVIII](/wiki/Louis_XVIII "Louis XVIII") and decorated with portraits of the said sovereign and his brother the [Count of Artois](/wiki/Charles_X_of_France "Charles X of France"); and a clock and a barometer from 1812, also French.
The so\-called Hall of the [Corps Guards](/wiki/Corps_Guard "Corps Guard") (Room XXIX) was known in the 18th century as the "Dark Room", given its lack of windows. It is currently decorated with tapestries: the cycle of tapestries *Allegory of the Elements* (1740–1746\), inspired by the models of the Grand Ducal Tapestry Factory in Florence; and a tapestry depicting the *Allegory of* *Innocence* from the series of *Conjugal Virtues*.{{refn\|group\="note"\|The series conceived by \[\[Luigi Vanvitelli]] and \[\[Ferdinando Fuga]] was based on cartoons, currently in the Palace of Caserta, made by important painters of the time: the ''Allegory of Religion'' by \[\[Pompeo Batoni]]; the ''Allegory of Innocence'' and the ''Allegories of Charity and Generosity'' by \[\[Giuseppe Bonito]]; the ''Allegories of Justice and Peace'' by \[\[Stefano Pozzi]]; the ''Allegories of Fortitude and Vigilance'' by \[\[Corrado Giaquinto]] and the ''Allegory of Modesty'' by \[\[Francesco de Mura]]. The tapestries were woven from 1763 to 1767 with silver and silver\-gilt threads by Pietro Duranti at the \[\[Royal Tapestry Factory of Naples]] and were intended for the bedroom of Ferdinand IV in the now\-disappeared Belvedere wing.{{Harvsp\|Ascioni\|2010}}}} The furniture includes stools with crossed swords from the Murat period, a Bailly clock from 1812 with a Thomire sculpture depicting *Meditation*, and on a console, a wax bust of Queen [Maria Carolina of Austria](/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria "Maria Carolina of Austria").{{Harvsp\|ref\=Sale\|Sale\|2014\|p\=39}}
### Queen's Apartment
Today, this [enfilade](/wiki/Enfilade_%28architecture%29 "Enfilade (architecture)") of rooms facing the sea is visited in the opposite direction, entering through the more intimate spaces and exiting through the more public rooms. Then, the tour is made in the opposite direction along the row of private rooms, located facing the courtyard.
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The rocaille ceiling of the Queen's Fourth Living Room (room XIV).](/wiki/File:Napoli_Palazzo_reale_-_soffitto_rococ%C3%B2_1040752.JPG "Napoli Palazzo reale - soffitto rococò 1040752.JPG")
The Queen's Fourth Living Room (room XIV) received this name after Genovese's reform, since in the 18th century it was the "Queen's Bedchamber Room". The [alcove](/wiki/Alcove_%28architecture%29 "Alcove (architecture)") with the bed was situated where the central door is now (room XXVII), next to which there were two small steps leading to the private rooms, the one on the left served as a *cabinet* or toilet (room XXXIV) and the one on the right as an oratory (room XXXVI). The stuccoed ceiling in rococo style by [Giovanni Battista Natali](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Natali "Giovanni Battista Natali") dates from the Carolingian period. It features doves, a symbol of marital fidelity, *[putti](/wiki/Putto "Putto")* shooting arrows of love, hippogriffs and vases of flowers.{{Harvsp\|Borbonico\|ref\=Borbonico\|p\=6}} On the walls there are paintings from the Neapolitan school from the 17th and 18th century, including *Orpheus and the Bacchantes* and *The Meeting of Rachel and Jacob*, by [Andrea Vaccaro](/wiki/Andrea_Vaccaro "Andrea Vaccaro"), and two canvases by [Luca Giordano](/wiki/Luca_Giordano "Luca Giordano") from the [church of Santa Maria del Pianto](/wiki/Church_of_Santa_Maria_del_Pianto "Church of Santa Maria del Pianto"). The Neapolitan Empire style furniture dates from 1840 to 1841, the clock with carillon is English from the 18th century, while the table top is of hard stone, made by the [Opificio delle pietre dure](/wiki/Opificio_delle_pietre_dure "Opificio delle pietre dure") of [Florence](/wiki/Florence "Florence") and given by [Leopold II of Tuscany](/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Tuscany "Leopold II of Tuscany") to Francis I.{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|p\=121}}
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The Third Queen's Salon (room XV).The](/wiki/File:Sala_XV_%28Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli%29_001.jpg "Sala XV (Palazzo Reale di Napoli) 001.jpg") Third Queen's Salon (room XV) was the "Hand\-Kissing Room" of [Maria Amalia of Saxony](/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony "Maria Amalia of Saxony") and [Maria Carolina of Austria](/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria "Maria Carolina of Austria"), and it also preserves a rocaille ceiling of white and gold stucco with representations of [panoplies](/wiki/Panoply "Panoply").{{Harvsp\|ref\=Borbonico\|Borbonico\|pp\=6–7}} It is also called the Hall of Landscapes due to the landscape paintings from the 16th to the 19th centuries that are exhibited; such as works by [Pieter Mulier](/wiki/Pieter_Mulier "Pieter Mulier"), representations of Spanish royal palaces by [Antonio Joli](/wiki/Antonio_Joli "Antonio Joli"), chronicle paintings by [Jakob Philipp Hackert](/wiki/Jakob_Philipp_Hackert "Jakob Philipp Hackert"), the *Seaports* by [Orazio Grevenbroeck](/wiki/Orazio_Grevenbroeck "Orazio Grevenbroeck"), *Laying of the first stone of the [Basilica of San Francisco de Paola](/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Francisco_de_Paola "Basilica of San Francisco de Paola")* by [Aniello de Aloysio](/wiki/Aniello_de_Aloysio "Aniello de Aloysio"), and *Entry into Naples of Ferdinand I* by [Paolo Albertis](/wiki/Paolo_Albertis "Paolo Albertis"). The Empire furniture dates from 1840, as does the fireplace, which reproduces the mosaic of the [battle between Darius and Alexander the Great](/wiki/Issus_Mosaic "Issus Mosaic") in the [House of the Faun](/wiki/House_of_the_Faun "House of the Faun") at [Pompeii](/wiki/Pompeii "Pompeii"); in the centre of the room is a marble and soft stone table by [Giovanni Battista Calì](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Cal%C3%AC "Giovanni Battista Calì") with a depiction of Naples seen from the sea and Ferdinand II in military uniform.
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The Second Queen's Room (room XVI).The](/wiki/File:Sala_XVI_%28Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli%29_001.jpg "Sala XVI (Palazzo Reale di Napoli) 001.jpg") Second Queen's Room (room XVI) served as the "Queen's Antechamber" in the 18th century and again retains a rococo ceiling in white stucco and gold. On the walls are paintings such as *Venus*, *Eros and a Satyr* and *Battle of Horace Cocles* by [Luca Giordano](/wiki/Luca_Giordano "Luca Giordano"), *Perseus and Andromeda* and *Rape of Europa* by [Ilario Spolverini](/wiki/Ilario_Spolverini "Ilario Spolverini"); two representations of battles by [Pietro Graziani](/wiki/Pietro_Graziani "Pietro Graziani"); *Fantastic Shipwreck* by [Leonardo Coccorante](/wiki/Leonardo_Coccorante "Leonardo Coccorante"); and two canvases with the same theme, *Nocturne with the Burning of Troy*, attributed to [Diego Pereira](/wiki/Diego_Pereira "Diego Pereira"). The furniture, in this case, is in the neo\-baroque style and was added by the Savoys at the end of the 19th century, while the marble fireplace is from the Genovese period.
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The First Queen's Room (room XVII).The](/wiki/File:Napoli_-_Palazzo_Reale9.jpg "Napoli - Palazzo Reale9.jpg") First Queen's Room (room XVII) was the "Queen's Bodyguard Room" in the 18th century, but had to be completely rebuilt after the fire of 1837\. The ceiling by Gaetano Genovese dates from that period and is very similar to that of the two following rooms and those of the east wing. On the walls are paintings from the 17th century of the Italian school and other European schools belonging to the former collection of the palace: *Return of the Prodigal Son* by [Mattia Preti](/wiki/Mattia_Preti "Mattia Preti"), *Orpheus* by [Gerard van Honthorst](/wiki/Gerard_van_Honthorst "Gerard van Honthorst"), *Saint Jerome* by [Guercino](/wiki/Guercino "Guercino"), dating from 1640, and *Dispute of Jesus among the Doctors* by [Giovanni Antonio Galli](/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Galli_%28artist%29 "Giovanni Antonio Galli (artist)"). The Neapolitan neo\-baroque furniture in white and gold, consisting of an "extra\-large" sofa, armchairs and a console table, dates from the Savoy period; and the French clock with a porcelain statue of *Mary Stuart*, from about 1840\.{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|pp\=121–123}}
The Second Antechamber of the Queen (room XVIII) has a white and gold stucco ceiling from the Genovese reform under Ferdinand II, while the furniture is from the reign of Joachim Murat, of Neapolitan manufacture, and the Chinese vase is from the 18th century. The paintings on display in the room belong to the Farnese collection and are mostly by Emilian artists of the 17th century.{{refn\|group\="note"\|Some of the canvases are: Saint Joachim and Anne at the Golden Gate of Jerusalem and Workshop of Saint Joseph, both by Bartolomeo Schedoni and probably from the \[\[Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi (Piacenza)\|church of Saint Francis]] in Piacenza; Dream of Saint Joseph by Guercino; Madonna and Child with Saints Augustine and Dominic by Giovanni Lanfranco; Saint Matthew and the Angel by Camillo Gavasetti; and ''Vision of Saint Romuald'' by \[\[Pier Francesco Mola]].}}{{Harvsp\|ref\=Sale\|Sale\|2014\|p\=26}}
The First Antechamber of the Queen (room XIX) was later named the Still Life Room because of the still lifes hanging on its walls.{{refn\|group\="note"\|Among these works, on the left are ''Still Life with Parrot and Rabbit'' by \[\[Giovanni Paolo Castelli]], two copies of ''Still Life with Flowers and Fruit'' by \[\[Gaetano Cusati]], ''Still Life with a Rooster'' by \[\[Baldassarre De Caro]], ''Vase of Flowers'' by \[\[Mansù Dubuisson]], ''Still Life with a Tray of Sweets and Flowers'' and ''Fruits with a Pewter Vase'', by an anonymous author; on the right, ''Still Life with Allegory of Flora and Putti'' by Gaetano Cusati, ''Fish, Crustaceans and Shells in a Landscape'', ''Table Presented with Rustic Cake, Plate of Macaroni with Grater and Piece of Cheese'' by \[\[Giacomo Nani (painter)\|Giacomo Nani]] and ''Still Life with Hunted Animals, Fillets and Plate of Egg Yolks'' by \[\[Scartellato]].}} a genre widespread in Naples during the 18th and 19th century. Many come from the country houses and hunting lodges of the Bourbon kings.{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|p\=123}} The furniture consists of Neapolitan Empire\-style consoles from the 19th century, rococo\-style Sèvres porcelain vases, and a double table.{{Harvsp\|ref\=Sale\|Sale\|2014\|p\=27}}
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The Vestibule (room XX).](/wiki/File:N%C3%A1poles_Palacio_Real_sala_XX_04.jpg "Nápoles Palacio Real sala XX 04.jpg")
The Vestibule (room XX) is a large neoclassical space located in the centre of the south façade of the palace. It was created during the Genovese reform (1837–1844\), which conceived a T\-shaped space articulated by Corinthian columns and pilasters. It formed the fulcrum of the palace, connecting the "Queen's Etiquette Apartment", the Guest Staircase, the Hanging Garden and the eastern wing of the palace. The vault is covered in white stucco and the walls are home to four niches housing plaster copies of Roman sculptures. The other works on display also refer to neoclassical culture: engravings inspired by scenes on Greek vases in the [Hamilton collection](/wiki/William_Hamilton_%28diplomat%29 "William Hamilton (diplomat)"), made by [Wilhelm Tischbein](/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein "Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein") between 1791 and 1795; and three preparatory tempera paintings for the book of engravings *[Le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte](/wiki/Le_Antichit%C3%A0_di_Ercolano_Esposte "Le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte")*, from 1757 and 1792; *[Biedermeier](/wiki/Biedermeier "Biedermeier")* furniture; or a Neo\-[Pompeian](/wiki/Pompeian "Pompeian") bronze and marble table decorated with satyrs holding shells (originally portrait medallions of the royal family) a gift from Queen [Maria Isabella](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Isabella_of_Spain "María Isabella of Spain") to her husband Francis I for his birthday on 4 October 1827\. In addition, there is a temple\-shaped astronomical clock, a French Napoleonic clock with enamels by Coteau, the bronze bust *Antinous as Dionysus* by [Guglielmo Della Porta](/wiki/Guglielmo_Della_Porta "Guglielmo Della Porta"), and the marble sculptures *Roma Aeterna* by [Pietro Tenerani](/wiki/Pietro_Tenerani "Pietro Tenerani") and *Achilles with the Helmet* by a disciple of [Thorvaldsen](/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen "Bertel Thorvaldsen").{{Harvsp\|ref\=Sale\|Sale\|2014\|p\=28}}
### Gallery and Hall of Hercules
The so\-called Gallery (room XXI) leads directly onto the Carriage Courtyard and, like the nearby Vestibule (room XX), was a link between the western core of the palace and the eastern wing. The mirrors on the walls are set between neoclassical [pilasters](/wiki/Pilaster "Pilaster"), while the furniture consists of white and gold consoles from the late 18th century, as well as armchairs dating from the French decade, a gilt bronze centrepiece and French porcelain from the 19th century.{{Harvsp\|Touring Club Italiano\|2008\|p\=127}}{{Harvsp\|ref\=Sale\|Sale\|2014\|p\=29}}
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The Hall of Hercules (Sala XXII).](/wiki/File:Sala_XXII_%28Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli%29_001.jpg "Sala XXII (Palazzo Reale di Napoli) 001.jpg")
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The Hall of Hercules circa 1900\.](/wiki/File:Salone_d%27Ercole_Palazzo_Reale_Napoli%2C_1900%2C_I_palazzi_e_le_ville_che_non_sono_pi%C3%B9_del_re.png "Salone d'Ercole Palazzo Reale Napoli, 1900, I palazzi e le ville che non sono più del re.png")
The Hall of Hercules (Room XXII) did not exist in the original project by Domenico Fontana, being added from 1648 by the viceroy [Iñigo Vélez de Guevara](/wiki/I%C3%B1igo_V%C3%A9lez_de_Guevara_el_Mozo "Iñigo Vélez de Guevara el Mozo") and inaugurated in 1652 on the occasion of the celebrations for the end of the [Reapers' War](/wiki/Reapers%27_War "Reapers' War"). It was then decorated with a series of portraits of the Spanish viceroys from 1503 onwards, the work of [Massimo Stanzione](/wiki/Massimo_Stanzione "Massimo Stanzione"), later continued by [Paolo De Matteis](/wiki/Paolo_De_Matteis "Paolo De Matteis"), and was therefore given the name of "Hall of the Viceroys". As the "Sala Regia" (Room I) it was used for large\-scale festivities and theatrical celebrations.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ub.edu/enbach/es/escenario/4\-4/la\-sala\-dei\-vicere.html\|title\=Enbach. Crossed visions. The viceroys of Naples and the image of the Spanish Monarchy in the Baroque\|accessdate\=2020\-11\-12\|website\=www.ub.edu}} Under the reign of Murat, between 1807 and 1809, the architect [Antonio De Simone](/wiki/Antonio_De_Simone "Antonio De Simone") completely redecorated the space, removing the portraits and turning it into an *[antiquarium](/wiki/Antiquarium "Antiquarium")* with plaster casts from the collection of antiquities such as the [Farnese Hercules](/wiki/Farnese_Hercules "Farnese Hercules"), from which it took its name.
From 1866 onwards it was again redecorated with a frieze with the coats of arms of the provinces of the [unified Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy "Kingdom of Italy") (destroyed during Allied bombings), the coat of arms of the Savoy family and a series of tapestries of *Stories of Eros and Psyche* manufactured between 1783 and 1789 by the Royal Tapestry Factory of Naples. The tapestries, in a late Rococo style that foreshadows Neoclassicism, are inspired by the fable of [Apuleius](/wiki/Apuleius "Apuleius") and were made by [Pietro Duranti](/wiki/Pietro_Duranti "Pietro Duranti") from cartoons by [Fedele](/wiki/Fedele_Fischetti "Fedele Fischetti") and [Alessandro Fischetti](/wiki/Alessandro_Fischetti "Alessandro Fischetti").{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|p\=137}}
The room is also decorated with a French carpet from the second half of the 17th century made by the [Savonnerie Manufactory](/wiki/Savonnerie_Manufactory "Savonnerie Manufactory") for the [Louvre](/wiki/Louvre_Palace "Louvre Palace") and later brought to Naples by Murat; [Boulle](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Charles_Boulle "André-Charles Boulle") clock with marquetry, decorated with an *Atlante holding the globe*, by [Isaac Thuret](/wiki/Isaac_Thuret "Isaac Thuret"); a green Sèvres porcelain vase with a vignette depicting *Homer among the potters of Samos* by [Antoine Béranger](/wiki/Antoine_B%C3%A9ranger "Antoine Béranger"), donated to Francis I in 1830;{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|pp\=137–140}} and two "extra\-large" neo\-Rocaille vases of [Limoges](/wiki/Limoges_porcelain "Limoges porcelain") from 1847, from the Ballroom in the east wing and painted in Naples by Raffaele Giovine with scenes illustrating the abdication of Charles, Bourbon in favour of Ferdinand IV in 1759\.
### The Queen's private rooms
The sovereign's private and service rooms were located behind the main state rooms, facing the courtyard of honour. Today, it houses a collection of furniture and paintings from different periods from different areas of the palace.
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The first private room (room XXIII).](/wiki/File:Sala_XXIII_%28Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli%29_001.jpg "Sala XXIII (Palazzo Reale di Napoli) 001.jpg")
The first backroom (room XXIII) has a neoclassical ceiling designed by Genovese. On the walls are displayed six canvases of the *Seasons and work in the fields* by [Francesco Celebrano](/wiki/Francesco_Celebrano "Francesco Celebrano") and from the [Royal Palace of Carditello](/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Carditello "Royal Palace of Carditello"). The furniture is neo\-baroque and Neapolitan in manufacture. In the centre of the room there is a revolving lectern, typical of monasteries, made by [Giovanni Uldrich](/wiki/Giovanni_Uldrich "Giovanni Uldrich") in 1792\. It comes from the library of [Maria Carolina of Bourbon](/wiki/Princess_Maria_Carolina_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%28born_1820%29 "Princess Maria Carolina of the Two Sicilies (born 1820)") and allowed several books to be consulted at the same time, placed on eight hanging shelves that could be brought closer to the desk by turning a crank.{{Harvsp\|ref\=Sale\|Sale\|2014\|p\=32}}
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The second private room (room XXIV), dedicated to Don Quixote.The](/wiki/File:Sala_XXIV_%28Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli%29_001.jpg "Sala XXIV (Palazzo Reale di Napoli) 001.jpg") second private room (room XXIV) served in the 18th century as a cabinet where books were kept the queen's porcelain collection, and still preserves the rocaille ceiling of gilded and white stucco from the 18th century. It is now dedicated to [Don Quixote](/wiki/Don_Quixote_de_la_Mancha "Don Quixote de la Mancha") as it hangs nineteen preparatory canvases, out of thirty\-eight completed,{{refn\|group\="note"\|They were painted by court artists such as \[\[Giuseppe Bonito]], \[\[Benedetto Torre]], \[\[Giovanni Battista Rossi (painter)\|Giovanni Battista Rossi]], \[\[Antonio Dominici]] and \[\[Antonio Guastaferro]], while the drawings on the doors were made by \[\[Gaetano Magri]], \[\[Orlando Filippini]] and \[\[Giuseppe Bracci]].}} which have as their theme the *Stories of Don Quixote* and served as a model for a series of tapestries, woven between 1758 and 1779 by Pietro Duranti at the [Royal Tapestry Factory of Naples](/wiki/Royal_Tapestry_Factory_of_Naples "Royal Tapestry Factory of Naples"); They were commissioned by Charles of Bourbon for the king's bedroom at the [Royal Palace of Caserta](/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta "Royal Palace of Caserta") and later moved to the [Quirinal Palace](/wiki/Quirinal_Palace "Quirinal Palace") in Rome.{{Harvsp\|ref\=Borbonico\|Borbonico\|p\=8}} The furniture dates from the first [quindenio](/wiki/Quindenio "Quindenio") of the 19th century. The room is decorated with two Sèvres porcelain vases, decorated by [Etienne Le Guay](/wiki/Etienne_Le_Guay "Etienne Le Guay") with an *Allegory of Music and Dance* from 1822; and a porcelain and gilded brass centrepiece, with porcelain plaques painted by Raffaele Giovine with the royal palaces of Naples, [Capodimonte](/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Capodimonte "Royal Palace of Capodimonte") and Caserta, donated to Ferdinand II by the Municipality of Naples on the occasion of the promulgation of the Constitution of 1848\.{{Harvsp\|Sale\|2014\|ref\=Sale\|p\=33}}
The third and last room (room XXV) also preserves the rocaille ceiling with reticular motifs from the second half of the 18th century.{{Harvsp\|ref\=Sale\|Sale\|2014\|p\=34}} The walls are hung with canvases of landscapes and costumbristas by painters active in Naples in the 19th century.{{refn\|group\="note"\|Some of them are: three ''Seascapes'' by \[\[Salvatore Fregola]]; ''St. Mark's Square'' by \[\[Frans Vervloet]] from 1837; ''Tasso in the Convent of San Onofrio'' and ''Death of Tasso'', both by \[\[Franz Ludwig Catel]] from 1834; ''Landscape with Castle'' by \[\[Achille Carrillo]]; ''Fishermen'' by \[\[Orest Kiprenskij]] from 1829; and a series of canvases by \[\[Pasquale Mattej]] documenting different aspects of the folklore and history of the regions of the Kingdom of Naples.}} In addition, you can also see tapestries such as *Allegory of Air*, *of Water* and *of Earth* by [Domenico Del Ross](/wiki/Domenico_Del_Ross "Domenico Del Ross") made by the Royal Tapestry Factory of Naples between 1746 and 1750, and inspired by those of the Grand Ducal Tapestry Factory in Florence. The furniture consists of English consoles from the 18th century, painted in white and gold; stools with goat legs dating from the reign of Joachim Murat; furniture (French neo\-Gothic desk and bookcase from the 1830s) from the office of René Ilarie Degas (grandfather of [Edgar Degas](/wiki/Edgar_Degas "Edgar Degas")) in the [Palazzo Pignatelli di Monteleone](/wiki/Palazzo_Pignatelli_di_Monteleone "Palazzo Pignatelli di Monteleone"), donated in 1993 by Nicola Jannuzzi and Olga Guerrero de Balde; and the *Portrait of Therese Aurore Degas* by [Joseph\-Boniface Franque](/wiki/Joseph-Boniface_Franque "Joseph-Boniface Franque").
The now called Queen's Passage (room XXVI) is one of the side passages of her alcove (room XXVII) that connected the previous private room with her bedroom (room XIV), in the 18th century it served as a private oratory. In 1990, during a restoration, the [false ceiling](/wiki/False_ceiling "False ceiling") was removed, revealing a fresco depicting the *Allegory of the matrimonial union*, painted by [Domenico Antonio Vaccaro](/wiki/Domenico_Antonio_Vaccaro "Domenico Antonio Vaccaro") on the occasion of the wedding of [Charles of Bourbon](/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain "Charles III of Spain") and [Maria Amalia of Saxony](/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony "Maria Amalia of Saxony") in 1738, as evidenced by the signature and date present on the fresco and the artist's requests for payment in 1739\. Rococo in style with neo\-mannerist features, the work was covered around 1837 when the private rooms were moved to the second floor.{{Harvsp\|ref\=Borbonico\|Borbonico\|p\=9}} The paintings have literary and romantic themes, such as [Tommaso De Vivo's](/wiki/Tommaso_De_Vivo%27s "Tommaso De Vivo's") *Dante's Inferno* and [Beniamino De Francesco](/wiki/Beniamino_De_Francesco "Beniamino De Francesco")'s *Tasso in Sorrento*.{{Harvsp\|ref\=Sale\|Sale\|2014\|p\=36}} Among the furniture, a Sorrento [marquetry](/wiki/Marquetry "Marquetry") table stands out.{{Harvsp\|Porzio\|2014\|p\=160}}
The Alcove of Maria Amalia of Saxony (room XXVII) contained the sovereign's bed, and was open until 1837 with a large arch to the bedroom (room XIV). Its ceiling was decorated in the course of the 19th century with stucco, covering the previous frescoes painted in 1739 by [Nicola Maria Rossi](/wiki/Nicola_Maria_Rossi "Nicola Maria Rossi"). Among the paintings of Neapolitan customs on display are Two Fishermen by [Orest Adamovič Kiprenskij](/wiki/Orest_Adamovi%C4%8D_Kiprenskij "Orest Adamovič Kiprenskij"), presented at the Neapolitan Exhibition of 1829; The Wounded Bandit by [Luigi Rocco](/wiki/Luigi_Rocco "Luigi Rocco") from 1837; Easter Blessing by [Raffaele D'Auria](/wiki/Raffaele_D%27Auria "Raffaele D'Auria"); and *Sleeping Fisherman* by [Salvatore Castellano](/wiki/Salvatore_Castellano "Salvatore Castellano").{{Harvsp\|ref\=Sale\|Sale\|2014\|p\=37}}
The so\-called *[Boudoir](/wiki/Boudoir "Boudoir")* of the Queen (room XXXIV) is the other side passage that communicated with her bedroom (room XIV), originally it served as a toilet. Also after the demolition of the false ceiling another fresco by [Domenico Antonio Vaccaro](/wiki/Domenico_Antonio_Vaccaro "Domenico Antonio Vaccaro") came to light, depicting the *Joy of the Royal Majesty with Peace, Fortune and Dominion*. On the walls are placed various Chinese or [Chinesque](/wiki/Chinoiserie "Chinoiserie") works from the [Villa Favorita, Ercolano](/wiki/Villa_Favorita%2C_Ercolano "Villa Favorita, Ercolano") as: a series of small watercolours drawn in [Canton](/wiki/Canton_%28China%29 "Canton (China)") in the mid\-18th century that reproduce the themes dealt with in a Chinese text, the *[Gengzhitu](/wiki/Gengzhitu "Gengzhitu")*, such as rice cultivation, porcelain production and silk manufacturing; or life\-size representations of a *Mandarin* and a *Chinese Lady*, by [Lorenzo Giusto](/wiki/Lorenzo_Giusto "Lorenzo Giusto") from 1797\. In the display cases there are [urinals](/wiki/Urinal "Urinal"), desk services, instruments from the Royal Printing Office, fragments of pavement, an elliptical granite and marble desk and a porphyry table.{{Harvsp\|ref\=Sale\|Sale\|2014\|p\=38}}
Room XXVIII is a passageway.{{Harvsp\|ref\=Sale\|Sale\|2014\|p\=1}}
|
[
"The Royal Apartments\n--------------------",
"The Royal Apartments ({{Lang\\-it\\|Appartamento Reale}}) are the part currently open to visitors and is located on the *[piano nobile](/wiki/Piano_nobile \"Piano nobile\")* of the western core of the palace. Throughout its history it has undergone several changes of use and name: from 1616 to 1734 it was used as the apartments of the [Spanish and Austrian viceroys](/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Naples \"List of viceroys of Naples\") and their consorts; from 1734 to 1806 it was the public and private apartment of the [king and queen of Naples](/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Naples \"List of monarchs of Naples\"); from 1806 to 1815 it served as the \"honorary\" and \"ordinary\" apartment of [Joseph Bonaparte](/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte \"Joseph Bonaparte\") and [Joachim Murat](/wiki/Joachim_Murat \"Joachim Murat\"); It was later called the \"Grand Apartment of His Majesty the King\" and [Ferdinand I](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies\") and [Ferdinand II](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies\") were the last to inhabit it. After the 1837–1844 renovation by Gaetano Genovese, it was called the \"Etiquette Apartment of the King and Queen\" and was used only for receptions, as the sovereigns moved to the second floor of the eastern wing. In the travel guides of the beginning of the century it was simply called the \"Gala Apartment\", and could be visited from Thursday to Sunday from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. upon request for a permit.",
"When the palace ceased to be property of the Crown and passed to the State in 1919, the Royal Apartment became one of the *institutes of antiquities and art* (now called *[Italian national museums](/wiki/Musei_nazionali_italiani%23Storia_dei_musei_nazionali_archeologici_in_Italia \"Musei nazionali italiani#Storia dei musei nazionali archeologici in Italia\")*). Its present museum appearance is due to the restoration carried out between 1950 and 1954 to alleviate the damage suffered during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), when several ceilings were damaged by Allied bombing and the silk hangings of twenty rooms were removed when the apartment was transformed into a *Welfare Club* (social club) for the occupying English troops.{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|pp\\=69–70}}",
"Originally, to access the king's rooms, silver and gold keys were used, guarded by the [gentlemen](/wiki/Gentlemen \"Gentlemen\") of the chamber, some of which are in the [Museo Civico Filangieri](/wiki/Museo_Civico_Filangieri \"Museo Civico Filangieri\") donated by Neapolitan nobles.{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|pp\\=70–72}}",
"### The collections",
"The current decoration represents the tastes of the different dynasties and historical figures who have lived there, as well as different political messages typical of a building that represented the pinnacle of power in the kingdom. The reference date is the inventory made by the Savoy family in 1874, which describes the rooms after the late Bourbon modifications (1837–1844\\) and some slight changes introduced after the Unification in 1860\\.",
"First of all, the frescoes stand out. These essentially cover the viceregal period with works by [Belisario Corenzio](/wiki/Belisario_Corenzio \"Belisario Corenzio\") of Roman Renaissance inspiration or [Giovanni Battista Caracciolo](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Caracciolo \"Giovanni Battista Caracciolo\") in a more [Caravagesque](/wiki/Caravaggisti \"Caravaggisti\") line; the Baroque period of Charles of Bourbon with large allegorical frescoes with [trompe l'oeil](/wiki/Trompe_l%27oeil \"Trompe l'oeil\") by Solimena, Vaccaro or de Mura; and finally historicist and neo\\-medieval works from the mid\\-19th century.",
"The paintings in the rooms also correspond to different periods, highlighting the northern and European schools of the 16th and 17th centuries from the [Farnesio collection](/wiki/Farnesio_collection \"Farnesio collection\") inherited by Charles of Bourbon; Caravaggesque paintings and the Dutch portraits that Domenico Venuti bought for [Ferdinand I](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies\") and the large court portraits of the royal family.{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|pp\\=73–74}} There are also more intimate and contemporary paintings from the apartments in the east wing, such as *troubadour* paintings commissioned by the Murats from artists such as [Louis Nicolas Philippe Auguste de Forbin](/wiki/Louis_Nicolas_Philippe_Auguste_de_Forbin \"Louis Nicolas Philippe Auguste de Forbin\") or the chronicle paintings of the great moments of the reigns of Francis I and Ferdinand II by [Salvatore Fergola](/wiki/Salvatore_Fergola \"Salvatore Fergola\") and [Frans Vervloet](/wiki/Frans_Vervloet \"Frans Vervloet\"). However, due to the sending of the most important paintings to the [Real Museo Borbonico](/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Naples \"National Archaeological Museum of Naples\") between 1829 and 1832 and the transfer of paintings to the [Capodimonte](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Capodimonte \"National Museum of Capodimonte\") from 1862 onwards, the palace's collection of paintings today appears more scattered and impoverished than before, with its series and iconographies fragmented. In the 1874 inventory, the paintings were given special importance, together with the furniture, tapestries, flowered hangings and large neo\\-baroque mirrors, as creating a sumptuous atmosphere.{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|1999\\|pp\\=30–31}}",
"The furniture, in the [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque \"Baroque\"), [Rococo](/wiki/Rococo \"Rococo\") and historicist style, was made by Neapolitan [cabinetmakers](/wiki/Cabinetmakers \"Cabinetmakers\") between the 18th and 19th centuries or brought from [France](/wiki/First_French_Empire \"First French Empire\") during Murat's stay in Naples, together with carpets and [tapestries](/wiki/Tapestry \"Tapestry\"), some of them woven in the Royal Tapestry Factory of Naples. Also of note are the French clocks, the porcelain, especially [Sèvres](/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_porcelain \"Sèvres porcelain\"), Chinese and Russian; bronze and marble sculptures and works in hard stone. Many of the exhibits come from other parts of the palace, especially the eastern wing, which was completely stripped of furniture when the National Library was installed there.",
"In any case, the palace does not have a real collection, but rather loose pieces, since during the 19th century, on the initiative of the Bourbons and especially the Savoys, many works were transferred to other museums (see History).{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|pp\\=72–73}}",
"### Floor Plan",
"The Royal Apartment is composed of a grand staircase, an ambulatory, a chapel, the hanging gardens and the Gallery and Hall of Hercules, in addition to the rooms that make up the King's apartment and the Queen's apartment.",
"{{columns\\-start\\|num\\=3}}\n* ██ Grand Staircase\n* ██ [Ambulatory](/wiki/Ambulatory \"Ambulatory\")\n* ██ King's Apartment",
"1 Court Theatre\n2 First Antechamber\n3 Neoclassical Sitting Room\n4 Second Antechamber\n5 Third Antechamber\n6 Throne Room\n7 General's Passage\n8 Ambassadors' Room\n9 Maria Cristina Room\n10 Oratory\n11 Great Captain's Room\n12 Flamingo Room\n13 King's Office\n29 Bodyguards Room\n{{column}}\n* ██ Queen's Apartment",
"14 Queen's Fourth Drawing Room\n15 Queen's Third Drawing Room\n16 Queen's Second Drawing Room\n17 Queen's First Drawing Room\n18 Queen's Second Antechamber\n19 Queen's First Antechamber\n20 Vestibule\n23 First Backroom\n24 Second Backroom\n25 Third Backroom\n26 Queen's Passage\n27 Maria Amalia of Saxony's Bedchamber\n28 Passageway\n34 Queen's *[Boudoir](/wiki/Boudoir \"Boudoir\")*\n* ██ Gallery and Hall of Hercules.",
"21 Gallery\n22 Hall of Hercules\n* ██ Palatine Chapel\n* ██ Hanging Gardens\n{{column}}\n[right\\|400x400px\\|Pianta](/wiki/File:Palazzo_Reale_Napoli_Pianta_Museo_Appartamento.svg \"Palazzo Reale Napoli Pianta Museo Appartamento.svg\")\n{{columns\\-end}}",
"### Grand Staircase",
"The north side of the courtyard, orthogonal to the façade, was originally occupied by a modest two\\-ramp staircase, the work of [Domenico Fontana](/wiki/Domenico_Fontana \"Domenico Fontana\"). However, after the [anti\\-Spanish revolt of 1647](/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_%281647%29 \"Neapolitan Republic (1647)\"), the viceroy [Iñigo Vélez de Guevara](/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo_V%C3%A9lez_de_Guevara_el_Mozo \"Íñigo Vélez de Guevara el Mozo\") commissioned a new and monumental staircase from Francesco Antonio Picchiatti. The new space was built between 1650 and 1670 in Piperno, and was inspired by the immense staircase of the Real [Alcázar of Toledo](/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Toledo \"Alcázar of Toledo\"), built by [Alonso de Covarrubias](/wiki/Alonso_de_Covarrubias \"Alonso de Covarrubias\") and [Juan de Herrera](/wiki/Juan_de_Herrera \"Juan de Herrera\") between 1550 and 1605\\.{{Harvsp\\|Verde\\|2011}} The new staircase, which occupied an entire side of the courtyard of honour, was built in accordance with the importance that the Austrian ceremony gave to these spaces. [Montesquieu](/wiki/Montesquieu \"Montesquieu\") described it in 1729 as the most beautiful in Europe,{{Harvsp\\|Sale\\|ref\\=Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=4}} however it had to be rebuilt after the fire in February 1837\\.",
"File:Scalone Palazzo Reale Napoli \\- circa 1800 \\- Baldassarre Cavallotti.png\\|The Picchiatti staircase depicted in an early 19th century engraving by Baldassare Cavallotti.\nFile:Lo Scalone di Palazzo Reale \\- 1790\\.jpg\\|The idealised representation of Picchiatti's staircase in the painting ''Lo Scalone di Palazzo Reale, con le principesse Maria Teresa e Maria Luisa di Borbone'' painted by Antonio Dominici in 1790\\.\nFile:Fotografi från Neapel \\- Hallwylska museet \\- 104145\\.tif\\|The staircase after the remodelling by Genovese and Gavaudan, with the balustrade with several torches.\nFile: Napoli Palazzo reale \\- ingresso e scalone sinistro 1040723\\.JPG\\|The staircase today, note the absence of several torches.",
"The new design in a grandiose late neoclassical style was the work of [Gaetano Genovese](/wiki/Gaetano_Genovese \"Gaetano Genovese\"). In 1841 the problem of the staircase's luminosity was resolved with the demolition of the viceregal palace annex, the creation of the [Piazza Trieste e Trento](/wiki/Piazza_Trieste_e_Trento \"Piazza Trieste e Trento\") and the opening of large iron\\-framed windows. However, it was not until 1858 that Francesco Gavaudan completed the decoration characterized by sumptuous marbles such as pink marble, the *[porto venere](/wiki/Porto_venere \"Porto venere\")*, the red of [Vitulano](/wiki/Vitulano \"Vitulano\"), the *breccia rosata* of [Sicily](/wiki/Sicily \"Sicily\"), the marble of [Mondragone](/wiki/Mondragone \"Mondragone\") and the *lumachino* of [Trapani](/wiki/Trapani \"Trapani\"). For its part, the [cloister vault](/wiki/Cloister_vault \"Cloister vault\") that covers it is decorated with white stuccos on a gray background, representing garlands and the shields of the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples \"Kingdom of Naples\"), of the [Sicily](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily \"Kingdom of Sicily\"), of [Basilicata](/wiki/Basilicata \"Basilicata\"), of [Calabria](/wiki/Calabria \"Calabria\") and, although it was added later, of the [House of Savoy](/wiki/House_of_Savoy \"House of Savoy\"). Finally, the side walls are decorated with sculptures of the [cardinal virtues](/wiki/Cardinal_virtues \"Cardinal virtues\"): on one side, the *Fortitude* by [Antonio Calì](/wiki/Antonio_Cal%C3%AC \"Antonio Calì\") and the *Justice* by [Gennaro Calì](/wiki/Gennaro_Cal%C3%AC \"Gennaro Calì\"); on the other, the *Clemencia* by [Tito Angelini](/wiki/Tito_Angelini \"Tito Angelini\") and the *Prudencia* by Tommaso Scolari; and, flanking the central section, two [bas\\-reliefs](/wiki/Bas-relief \"Bas-relief\") in Carrara marble representing the *Victory between the Genius of Fame and Courage*, by [Salvatore Irdi](/wiki/Salvatore_Irdi \"Salvatore Irdi\"), and the *Glory between the symbols of Justice, War, Science, Art and Industry*, by [Francesco Liberti](/wiki/Francesco_Liberti \"Francesco Liberti\").",
"### Ambulatory",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|A corridor of the ambulatory.](/wiki/File:Ambulacro_%28Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli%29_001.jpg \"Ambulacro (Palazzo Reale di Napoli) 001.jpg\")\nThe ambulatory on the first floor is made up of four corridors surrounding the courtyard of honour: originally it was an open loggia which, during the restoration in the 19th century, was closed off by means of large windows. At this time the vaults were decorated with stuccoes by Gaetano Genovese.{{Harvsp\\|Sale\\|ref\\=Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=5}} The rooms of the royal apartment open off the ambulatory: in the first arm, which runs parallel to the façade towards the [Piazza del Plebiscito](/wiki/Piazza_del_Plebiscito \"Piazza del Plebiscito\"), are the [court theatre](/wiki/Court_theatre \"Court theatre\") and the audience chambers; in the second are the private rooms of the former private apartment, which overlook the hanging garden; in the third, facing east, are the Hall of Hercules and the royal chapel; and finally, the fourth arm leads to the grand staircase, from which one can see through a stained glass window the [Piazza Trieste e Trento](/wiki/Piazza_Trieste_e_Trento \"Piazza Trieste e Trento\"), with a view, in the distance, of the [Carthusian monastery of San Martino](/wiki/Carthusian_monastery_of_San_Martino \"Carthusian monastery of San Martino\"). This layout has been preserved unchanged, as it was designed by Domenico Fontana. The doors leading to the ambulatory are [lacquered](/wiki/Lacquered \"Lacquered\") in white, are in a neoclassical style and were built in the 1930s.{{Harvsp\\|Carughi\\|1999\\|p\\=146}}",
"### The King's Apartment",
"[right\\|thumb\\|250px\\|The Court Theatre.](/wiki/File:Teatrino_di_Corte_%28Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli%29_001.jpg \"Teatrino di Corte (Palazzo Reale di Napoli) 001.jpg\")\nThe Court Theatre (Room I) was originally the \"Sala Regia\" or \"Sala Maggiore\" and was the largest room according to Fontana's project. From the beginning it was used for balls, comedies and festivities, and from 1648 Picchiatti decorated its ceiling with sumptuous gilded stucco and paintings by order of the viceroy [Count of Oñate](/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo_V%C3%A9lez_de_Guevara_el_Mozo \"Íñigo Vélez de Guevara el Mozo\"). This renovation ran parallel to the creation of another large ceremonial room in the palace, the \"Sala de los Virreyes\" (now the Hall of Hercules). During the reign of [Charles of Bourbon](/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain \"Charles III of Spain\") it was regularly used for theatrical performances and a large stage was set up on it.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ub.edu/enbach/es/escenario/4\\-9/la\\-sala\\-regia.html\\|title\\=Enbach. Crossed visions. The Viceroys of Naples and the Image of the Spanish Monarchy in the Baroque\\|accessdate\\=2020\\-11\\-10\\|website\\=www.ub.edu}} Its current appearance, however, dates back to 1768, when on the occasion of the wedding of [Ferdinand IV](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies\") and [Maria Carolina of Austria](/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria \"Maria Carolina of Austria\") it was completely remade by [Ferdinando Fuga](/wiki/Ferdinando_Fuga \"Ferdinando Fuga\") in a classicist baroque style.{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|p\\=75}}",
"After the serious damage suffered during the Second World War, the stage and the ceiling had to be rebuilt between 1950 and 1954, with frescoes painted by [Francesco Galante](/wiki/Francesco_Galante \"Francesco Galante\"), [Alberto Chiancone](/wiki/Alberto_Chiancone \"Alberto Chiancone\"), [Vincenzo Ciardo](/wiki/Vincenzo_Ciardo \"Vincenzo Ciardo\") and [Antonio Bresciani](/wiki/Antonio_Bresciani \"Antonio Bresciani\"). These authors took up in their paintings the themes of the original frescoes by [Antonio Dominici](/wiki/Antonio_Dominici \"Antonio Dominici\") and [Crescenzio La Gamba](/wiki/Crescenzio_La_Gamba \"Crescenzio La Gamba\"). In the niches there are the original [cartapesta](/wiki/Cartapesta \"Cartapesta\") statues made by [Angelo Viva](/wiki/Angelo_Viva \"Angelo Viva\"), representing *[Minerva](/wiki/Minerva \"Minerva\")*, *[Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28mythology%29 \"Mercury (mythology)\")*, *[Apollo](/wiki/Apollo \"Apollo\")* and the nine *[Musess](/wiki/Muses \"Muses\")*.{{Harvsp\\|Sale\\|ref\\=Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=6}}",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The First Antechamber (room II).](/wiki/File:Sala_II_%28Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli%29_001.jpg \"Sala II (Palazzo Reale di Napoli) 001.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The First Antechamber with all its neo\\-baroque decoration before the ravages (Room II)](/wiki/File:Prima_Anticamera_Palazzo_Reale_Napoli%2C_1900%2C_I_palazzi_e_le_ville_che_non_sono_pi%C3%B9_del_re.png \"Prima Anticamera Palazzo Reale Napoli, 1900, I palazzi e le ville che non sono più del re.png\")\nThe First Antechamber (room II) served as the \"Room of the Guard Corps\" during the time of Charles of Bourbon, while during the time of the Savoy it was called the \"Dining Room of the Diplomatic Corps\".{{Harvsp\\|Fiadino\\|2003\\|pp\\=154–155}} The most notable feature of the Carolingian period is the fresco, painted between 1737 and 1738, in commemoration of the wedding between the monarch and [Maria Amalia of Saxony](/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony \"Maria Amalia of Saxony\"). Painted in a [cloister vault](/wiki/Cloister_vault \"Cloister vault\"), it was the work of [Francesco de Mura](/wiki/Francesco_de_Mura \"Francesco de Mura\"), while the [trompe l'oeil](/wiki/Trompe_l%27oeil \"Trompe l'oeil\") were by Vincenzo Re. It represents the *Royal Genius and the virtues of the King and Queen* (these are *Fortitude*, *Justice*, *Clemency* and *Magnimity* for the sovereign, and *Loyalty*, *Prudence*, *Courage* and *Beauty* for the queen). Also painted was *[Imeneo](/wiki/Imeneo \"Imeneo\"), goddess of weddings, crushing Evil.* On all four sides is the *Allegory of the Four Parts of the World*, in monochrome, on a gold background.{{Harvsp\\|Sale\\|ref\\=Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=7}} On an easel is displayed a fragment of the early baroque decoration of the vault, dating from 1622 to 1629 and depicting the exploits of [Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba](/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo%2C_3rd_Duke_of_Alba \"Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ub.edu/enbach/es/escenario/4\\-12/las\\-pinturas\\-de\\-los\\-salones.html\\|title\\=Enbach. Crossed visions. The Viceroys of Naples and the Image of the Spanish Monarchy in the Baroque\\|accessdate\\=2020\\-11\\-10\\|website\\=www.ub.edu}} The doors, painted with tempera on a gold background, are attributed to the workshop of Antonio Dominici and were made between 1774 and 1776\\.",
"The entire decoration of the room was completely redone in neo\\-Baroque style in 1862 by [Pietro Cheloni](/wiki/Pietro_Cheloni \"Pietro Cheloni\"), being the first space redecorated in the Savoy period. Along with the large consoles and mirrors, two large [Gobelin](/wiki/Gobelin \"Gobelin\") tapestries were also placed, a gift from the [Apostolic Nunciature to Naples](/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_Naples \"Apostolic Nunciature to Naples\") in 1719 and dedicated to the [Sun King](/wiki/Louis_XIV \"Louis XIV\"), represented through the *Allegory of the Elements.*{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|pp\\=77–78}} However, during the Allied occupation this room was used as a performance hall for the English troops.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://palazzorealenapoliteam.blogspot.com/2018/03/un\\-dipinto\\-murale\\-griffato\\-disney\\-al.html\\|title\\=Un dipinto murale 'griffato' Disney al Palazzo Reale di Naples!\\|accessdate\\=2020\\-11\\-10\\|language\\=it}} so several decorative elements were lost, such as the parquet, the sumptuous frames of the tapestries, the wall sconces or the rocaille overdoors with medallions. The furniture is now completed by stools dating back to 1815\\.",
"The Neoclassical Room (room III), so called because of its [decorative style](/wiki/Neoclassicism \"Neoclassicism\"), was designed by [Gaetano Genovese](/wiki/Gaetano_Genovese \"Gaetano Genovese\").{{Harvsp\\|Sale\\|ref\\=Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=8}} On its walls are paintings such as the *Staircase of the Royal Palace with the exit of the Bourbon princesses after the wedding*, by Antonio Dominici, and the *Royal Chapel of Naples with the wedding of Maria Theresa and [Maria Luisa](/wiki/Princess_Luisa_of_Naples_and_Sicily \"Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily\") of Bourbon with [Francis II of Habsburg](/wiki/Francis_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor\") and [Ferdinand III of Lorraine](/wiki/Ferdinand_III%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany \"Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany\")*, an event that took place on 12 August 1790\\. There are also several tempera paintings on paper, made by [Anton Hartinger](/wiki/Anton_Hartinger \"Anton Hartinger\") and [Franz Xaver Petter](/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Petter \"Franz Xaver Petter\"), which belonged to [María Isabella of Spain](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Isabella_of_Spain \"María Isabella of Spain\"). In a niche of the [exedra](/wiki/Exedra \"Exedra\") there is a marble statue by Giovanni De Crescenzo dating from 1841 and representing a *Winged Nymph*.",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The Second Antechamber (room IV).](/wiki/File:Napoli_-_Palazzo_Reale2.jpg \"Napoli - Palazzo Reale2.jpg\")\nThe Second Antechamber (room IV) was in the time of Charles of Bourbon the \"Antechamber of the [Officers](/wiki/Officers_%28armed_forces%29 \"Officers (armed forces)\")\". It preserves a ceiling from the viceregal period and mannerist style that represents the glorious episodes of the reign of [Alfonso V of Aragon](/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon \"Alfonso V of Aragon\"),{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|The frescoes, whose titles were transcribed on the different cornices, successively represent *Alfonso enters Naples*, *Care of the arts and letters*, The city from Genoa offers the keys to Alfonso the Magnanimous, Alfonso gives the Order of the Golden Fleece to Alfonso, and Alfonso's royal investiture. The same subject can be found in some Roman palaces also built by Fontana for Pope Sixtus V, and was painted by Belisario Corenzio and his workshop around 1622\\.{{Harvsp\\|Sale\\|ref\\=Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=9}} The walls contain paintings from the [Seicento](/wiki/Seicento \"Seicento\"), such as the Vestment of Saint Aspreno by [Massimo Stanzione](/wiki/Massimo_Stanzione \"Massimo Stanzione\"). The famous Pala Colonna by Raphael, acquired by King Ferdinand IV and taken into exile by Francis II in 1860, also hung there; It is currently in the [Metropolitan Museum](/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum \"Metropolitan Museum\") in New York.{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|1997\\|p\\=22}} The furnishings include a [console](/wiki/Console_%28piece_of_furniture%29 \"Console (piece of furniture)\") of Neapolitan manufacture from 1780,{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|p\\=78}} 19th century armchairs and mirrors, and other [Empire style](/wiki/Empire_style \"Empire style\") furniture brought here by the Murat family. There are also clocks and candelabra by the bronzer [Pierre\\-Philippe Thomire](/wiki/Pierre-Philippe_Thomire \"Pierre-Philippe Thomire\") and 19th\\-century Chinese porcelain vases, which [Nicholas I of Russia](/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia \"Nicholas I of Russia\") gave to Ferdinand II on the occasion of his trip to Naples in 1845\\.",
"[right\\|thumb\\|250px\\|The Third Antechamber (room V).](/wiki/File:Sala_V_%28Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli%29_001.jpg \"Sala V (Palazzo Reale di Napoli) 001.jpg\")\nThe Third Antechamber (room V) was known in the 18th century as the \"Antechamber of the [Titled](/wiki/Nobility \"Nobility\")\". Its ceiling is decorated with a fresco by [Giuseppe Cammarano](/wiki/Giuseppe_Cammarano \"Giuseppe Cammarano\"), *Pallas Athena crowning Fidelity*, painted in 1818, and referring to the restoration of [Ferdinand I](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies\") to the throne of the [Kingdom of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Kingdom of the Two Sicilies\").{{Harvsp\\|Sale\\|ref\\=Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=10}} The walls are decorated with a series of tapestries of Neapolitan manufacture, including the *Rape of Proserpina* by Pietro Duranti, made in 1762 from a preparatory [cartoon](/wiki/Cartoon_%28art%29 \"Cartoon (art)\") by Girolamo Starace Franchis, which was recommended by [Luigi Vanvitelli](/wiki/Luigi_Vanvitelli \"Luigi Vanvitelli\"). This coexists with four other works, two by Sebastiano Pieroni, the *Head of an Old Man* and the *Head of an Old Woman;* one by Antonio Rispoli, *Portrait of Young Women with Blue Cloak*; and another by Gaetano Leurie, *Figure of a Woman with Earrings*. The pictorial works in the room are completed by *Portrait of a Lady* by [Nicholas Lanier](/wiki/Nicholas_Lanier \"Nicholas Lanier\") and *Lot and his Daughters* by Massimo Stanzione.{{Harvsp\\|Touring Club Italiano\\|2008\\|p\\=126}} The furniture is in the [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque \"Baroque\") and [neo\\-Rococo](/wiki/Rococo_Revival \"Rococo Revival\") styles and consists of a console table and mirrors from the second half of the 19th century. The ornaments include French porcelain vases from the 19th century, decorated with biblical figures and dancers from Pompeii, by Raffaele Giovine, who also painted two other vases from 1842, manufactured in Sèvres, placed on small columns and decorated with scenes and floral motifs.",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The Throne Room (room VI).](/wiki/File:Napoli_-_Palazzo_Reale3.jpg \"Napoli - Palazzo Reale3.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The Throne Room at the end of the century.](/wiki/File:06-_Sala_del_Trono%2C_1900.png \"06- Sala del Trono, 1900.png\")\nThe Throne Room or the Room of the Kiss of Hands (room VI) underwent several decorative changes throughout its history, but its function remained unchanged (with the exception of the Muratian period). The Baroque decoration with sumptuous hangings and a large illusionistic fresco was redone in 1818, when Ferdinand I wanted to erase the memory of the French interlude by redecorating the most symbolic space of the palace. [Antonio De Simone](/wiki/Antonio_De_Simone \"Antonio De Simone\") designed a new stucco ceiling by [Valério Villareale](/wiki/Val%C3%A9rio_Villareale \"Valério Villareale\") and [Domenico Masucci](/wiki/Domenico_Masucci \"Domenico Masucci\") depicting the *Fourteen Provinces* *of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies* in the form of female figures with crowns.{{Harvsp\\|Sale\\|ref\\=Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=11}} A new hanging and a canopy of red [velvet](/wiki/Velvet \"Velvet\") embroidered with [fleurs\\-de\\-lis](/wiki/Fleur-de-lis \"Fleur-de-lis\") in gold thread were also installed that same year. All this changed radically during the Savoy period; the gilded fleur\\-de\\-lis were removed in 1862, and a new \"Turin brocade\" and canopy were installed in the [Palazzo dei Normanni](/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Normanni \"Palazzo dei Normanni\") in 1877\\. After the brocade was lost during the Allied occupation, it was replaced by the simpler hangings of today.{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|1997\\|pp\\=19–22}}",
"The furniture, meanwhile, dates from the 1840s and was made in the [Empire style](/wiki/Empire_style \"Empire style\") in Neapolitan workshops; They are complemented by four corner torchères from the Murat period, made in [Sarreguemines](/wiki/Sarreguemines \"Sarreguemines\"), and three 18th\\-century chairs from the gilded wood, covered with amaranth velvet. The throne, also from the late Bourbon period (1850s) and in the Empire style, imitates the throne of [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte \"Napoleon Bonaparte\") in the [Tuileries Palace](/wiki/Tuileries_Palace \"Tuileries Palace\"), designed by [Percier and Fontaine](/wiki/Percier_and_Fontaine \"Percier and Fontaine\"). The dominant eagle and the coat of arms of the House of Savoy were added after 1860\\. Due to the sumptuousness of its hangings, the Throne Room was not adorned with paintings, but since the 20th century it has displayed several royal portraits.{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|These are: ''Ferdinand I dedicating the basilica\\-sanctuary of St. Francis of Paola'' by \\[\\[Vincenzo Camuccini]]; ''Ferdinand IV and Maria Carolina of Austria'' by Francesco Saverio Candido, dated around 1790 and donated in April 2008 by the \\[\\[Compagnia di San Paolo]] Foundation of \\[\\[Turin]]; a series of portraits painted by \\[\\[Giuseppe Bonito]] depicting the ''Turkish and Tripoli Ambassadors'', who arrived in Naples between 1740 and 1741 to sign political and commercial treaties; and finally, 18th\\-century pastel portraits after \\[\\[Anton Raphael Mengs]] of ''Maria Antonia of Bavaria and Little Princesses'' and the ''Electors of Saxony''.{{Harvsp\\|Borbonico\\|ref\\=Borbonico\\|p\\=5}}}}",
"The so\\-called General's Passage (Room VII) is accessed via a corridor decorated with white and gold stucco, and was given its present neoclassical appearance between 1841 and 1845\\.{{Harvsp\\|Sale\\|ref\\=Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=12}} Among the paintings on display are the *Stories of Judith* by Tommaso De Vivo, several paintings on religious themes by Neapolitan artists and one by [François Marius Granet](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Marius_Granet \"François Marius Granet\"). In the room there is a statue in [mahogany](/wiki/Mahogany \"Mahogany\") and bronze by the artist Thomire, which belonged to [Caroline Bonaparte](/wiki/Caroline_Bonaparte \"Caroline Bonaparte\") and represents *Psyche*. The furniture consists of a 19th century English\\-made stool, with legs shaped like a lion's claw and decorated on the front with reproductions of shells.",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The Ambassadors' Hall (room VIII).](/wiki/File:PalazzoRealeNaples.jpg \"PalazzoRealeNaples.jpg\")\nThe Ambassadors' Hall (room VIII) was a transitional space between the reception rooms facing the square and the private rooms facing the sea. Here the ambassadors waited to be received by the monarch in the next room.{{Harvsp\\|Sale\\|ref\\=Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=13}} It was conceived as a French\\-style Appartement, that is, a space where the owner exhibited his most precious art collections. However, it was a restricted space, which in the viceregal era was used for the meetings of the most important governing body, the Collateral Council.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ub.edu/enbach/es/escenario/4\\-7/la\\-galeria.html\\|title\\=Enbach. Crossed visions. The viceroys of Naples and the image of the Spanish Monarchy in the Baroque\\|accessdate\\=2020\\-11\\-11\\|website\\=www.ub.edu}} The ceiling paintings date from that period, inserted in fourteen compartments surrounded by gilded stucco and representing the great moments of the [House of Austria](/wiki/House_of_Austria \"House of Austria\") and several episodes from the life of [Ferrante of Aragon](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples \"Ferdinand I of Naples\").{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|The frescoes are: ''Departure of Mariana of Austria from Final Ligure'', ''Entry of Mariana of Austria into Madrid'', ''Marriage of Mariana of Austria with Philip III of Spain'', ''War against Louis XII of France'', ''The Spanish rescue Genoa, besieged by the French'', ''War against Alfonso of Portugal'', ''Battle against the Moors in the mountains of La Alpujarra'', ''Battle against the Moors of Granada'', ''Conquest of the Canaries'', ''Triumphal entry of Ferrante of Aragon into Barcelona'', ''Expulsion of the Jews from Spain'', ''Oath of loyalty of the Sicilians to Ferrante'', ''Discovery of the New World'' and ''Meeting of Saint Francis of Paola with Ferrante of Aragon''}} These paintings, executed in the third decade of the 17th century, are attributed to [Belisario Corenzio](/wiki/Belisario_Corenzio \"Belisario Corenzio\") and his workshop, with the assistance of Onofrio and [Andrea di Lione](/wiki/Andrea_di_Lione \"Andrea di Lione\"); except those dedicated to [Mariana of Austria](/wiki/Mariana_of_Austria \"Mariana of Austria\"), attributed to [Massimo Stanzione](/wiki/Massimo_Stanzione \"Massimo Stanzione\"), and after 1640\\. In the four corners of the ceiling are the Bourbon shields, although during the restorations the emblems of [Fernando Ruiz de Castro](/wiki/Fernando_Ruiz_de_Castro_Andrade_y_Portugal \"Fernando Ruiz de Castro Andrade y Portugal\"), patron of the work, appeared below them.{{Harvsp\\|Viceregno\\|2015\\|p\\=6}}{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|p\\=79}}",
"Originally the room was decorated with a large number of paintings, however between 1829 and 1832 a large part of the palace's ancient painting collection was sent to the *[Real Museo Borbonico](/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Naples \"National Archaeological Museum of Naples\")*, then the room was covered with a blue hanging (now in the Second Antechamber) and four tapestries: *Allegory of the Sea* and *Allegory of the Earth* by Louis Ovis de la Gira; and two other [Gobelins](/wiki/Gobelin \"Gobelin\") with the *History of Henry IV* dating from 1790 and acquired as a model for a series of tapestries destined for the [Royal Palace of Carditello](/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Carditello \"Royal Palace of Carditello\"). The furniture is in the Empire style of 1840 and two clocks from the Napoleonic period stand out, decorated respectively with the *Allegory of Time* and the *Genius of the Arts*.",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The Maria Cristina Room (room IV).](/wiki/File:Napoli_-_Palazzo_Reale5.jpg \"Napoli - Palazzo Reale5.jpg\")\nThe now called [Maria Cristina](/wiki/Maria_Cristina_of_Savoy \"Maria Cristina of Savoy\") Room (room IX) in honour of the first wife of Ferdinand II, was during the time of Charles of Bourbon the \"Room where His Majesty dresses\", while during the French period it was the \"Room *à léver*\", it was therefore a semi\\-public space intended for morning receptions or *levers*. In addition, it allowed access to the king's private apartments in the Belvedere Wing and the hanging garden. After the reform of 1837–1844 it lost its [residential](/wiki/Housing \"Housing\") use and became the \"Council Hall\". Originally, it was decorated with a fresco by [Nicolo Maria Rossi](/wiki/Nicolo_Maria_Rossi \"Nicolo Maria Rossi\") from 1737 depicting the [Siege of Gaeta (1734\\)](/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_%281734%29 \"Siege of Gaeta (1734)\"), but in 1763 the vault had to be rebuilt due to structural problems and a new fresco of *The Chariot of Aurora* by [Francesco de Mura](/wiki/Francesco_de_Mura \"Francesco de Mura\") was made. Unfortunately, this was lost during the bombings and the Allied occupation of Naples (1943–1946\\).",
"The paintings that decorate the room are of sacred themes and date from the 16th and 17th centuries, such as *[Virgin and Child](/wiki/Virgin_and_Child \"Virgin and Child\")* and *Virgin and Child and Saint John*, attributed to Pedro de Rubiales, who was inspired for their creation by the work of [Filippino Lippi](/wiki/Filippino_Lippi \"Filippino Lippi\"); *Circumcision of Jesus*, by the school of [Ippolito Scarsella](/wiki/Scarsellino \"Scarsellino\"); and *[Massacre of the Innocents](/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents \"Massacre of the Innocents\")*, by [Andrea Vaccaro](/wiki/Andrea_Vaccaro \"Andrea Vaccaro\"). The furniture dates from around 1840 and among the ornaments are two Sèvres porcelain vases decorated by Jean\\-Baptiste\\-Gabriel Langlacé with *Seasons*, given by the [Duchess of Berry](/wiki/Marie-Caroline_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies%2C_Duchess_of_Berry \"Marie-Caroline of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duchess of Berry\") to her father [Francis I](/wiki/Francis_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Francis I of the Two Sicilies\") in 1830\\. There are also two clocks, one with the image of an *African Woman*, from 1795, and another with portraits of *[John II of France](/wiki/John_II_of_France \"John II of France\")* and *[Philip the Bold](/wiki/Philip_the_Bold \"Philip the Bold\")*.{{Harvsp\\|Sale\\|ref\\=Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=15}}",
"The former Rey's private oratory (room X), is a small room located next to the Maria Cristina Room. On its walls are displayed five paintings from 1760, from the royal chapel of Capodimonte. All of them have the *Nativity* as their theme, and were the work of Francesco Liani, court painter during the reign of Charles of Bourbon. In the center of the room is a wooden altar from the 19th century and behind it the silver\\-plated copper sarcophagus of [Maria Christina of Savoy](/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_Savoy \"Maria Christina of Savoy\"), who died in 1836 giving birth to the future [Francis II](/wiki/Francis_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Francis II of the Two Sicilies\"), was buried in the [basilica of Santa Chiara](/wiki/Basilica_of_Santa_Chiara_%28Naples%29 \"Basilica of Santa Chiara (Naples)\") and later beatified.{{Harvsp\\|Sale\\|ref\\=Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=16}}",
"The Hall of the Great Captain (room XI) owes its name to the fresco cycle *Stories of Gonzalo de Córdoba* by [Battistello Caracciolo](/wiki/Battistello_Caracciolo \"Battistello Caracciolo\"), which has as its theme episodes of the Spanish conquest of the kingdom of Naples by [Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba](/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba \"Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba\"), called the Great Captain.{{Harvsp\\|Anselmi\\|2009\\|p\\=174}}{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|pp\\=99–100}} During the 18th century, this room, which had no windows, served as a bedroom for the king's valet. The paintings on the walls come from the [Farnese collection](/wiki/Farnese_collection \"Farnese collection\") and among them stands out *Pier Luigi Farnese*, attributed to [Titian](/wiki/Titian \"Titian\"), a series of figurative epigrams by [Otto van Veen](/wiki/Otto_van_Veen \"Otto van Veen\"), and a tapestry with the *Allegory of Chastity* from the series of *Conjugal Virtues*.{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|The series devised by \\[\\[Luigi Vanvitelli]] and \\[\\[Ferdinando Fuga]] was based on cartoons, currently in the Palace of Caserta, made by important painters of the time: the ''Allegory of Religion'' by \\[\\[Pompeo Batoni]]; the ''Allegory of Innocence'' and the ''Allegories of Charity and Generosity'' by \\[\\[Giuseppe Bonito]]; the ''Allegories of Justice and Peace'' by \\[\\[Stefano Pozzi]]; the ''Allegories of Fortitude and Vigilance'' by \\[\\[Corrado Giaquinto]] and the ''Allegory of Modesty'' by \\[\\[Francesco de Mura]]. The tapestries were woven from 1763 to 1767 with silver and silver\\-gilt threads by Pietro Duranti at the \\[\\[Royal Tapestry Factory of Naples]] and were intended for the bedroom of Ferdinand IV in the now\\-disappeared Belvedere wing.{{Harvsp\\|Ascioni\\|2010}}}}The furniture dates from the 18th century and includes [consoles](/wiki/Console_%28furniture%29 \"Console (furniture)\") and sofas in the [Louis XVI style](/wiki/Louis_XVI_style \"Louis XVI style\"), carved by Neapolitan craftsmen.{{Harvsp\\|ref\\=Sale\\|Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=17}}",
"The so\\-called Flamingo Room (room XII) was, like the previous room, a dark space with no direct lighting in the 18th century, served as a rear antechamber. With the renovations of the mid\\-19th century it was converted into a reception area and in 1840 [Gennaro Maldarelli](/wiki/Gennaro_Maldarelli \"Gennaro Maldarelli\") painted on the ceiling *[Tancred](/wiki/Tancred_of_Sicily \"Tancred of Sicily\") returns [Constance](/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily \"Constance I of Sicily\") to the Emperor Arrigo VI* following a neo\\-Gothic aesthetic with references to the ancient [history of Sicily](/wiki/History_of_Sicily \"History of Sicily\"). The ceiling is surrounded by elaborate stuccos from the same period with coats of arms of the four Neapolitan provinces. The room is named after the numerous [Flemish paintings](/wiki/Flemish_painting \"Flemish painting\") from the 17th century that adorn it.{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|Among the works on display are ''Portrait of a Flute Player'' by \\[\\[Alexis Grimou]]; ''Portrait of a Gentleman'' by \\[\\[Bartholomeus van der Helst]]; ''Portrait of a Maid'' by \\[\\[Ludolf de Jongh]]; ''The Avaricious'', from the Farnese collection, by \\[\\[Marinus van Reymerswaele]]; ''Canoniguess'' by \\[\\[Nicolaes Maes]]; ''Portrait of Oliver Cromwell'' by an unknown artist from the 18th century; ''Portrait of a Gentleman'', ''Portrait of a Lady'' and ''Portrait of a Magistrate'', all by \\[\\[Abraham van den Tempel]]; and ''Portrait of a Cardinal'', attributed to \\[\\[Giovan Battista Gaulli]].}} and which were purchased by Domenico Venuti for Ferdinand IV in 1802 in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\").{{Harvsp\\|ref\\=Sale\\|Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=19}} Among the furniture ornaments are a 1730 clock by [Charles Clay](/wiki/Charles_Clay_%28clockmaker%29 \"Charles Clay (clockmaker)\"), with a mechanical barrel organ inside capable of producing ten different tones; and a *jardinière* table with views of Russian residences and a birdcage made by the Popov factory in Gorbunovo in Moscow, which was given to Ferdinand II during Tsar Nicholas I's trip to Naples in 1846\\.{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|pp\\=100–102}}",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The King's Study (room XIII).](/wiki/File:Napoli_Palazzo_reale_-_sala_XIII_studio_del_re_1040748.JPG \"Napoli Palazzo reale - sala XIII studio del re 1040748.JPG\")\nWhat is now known as the King's Study (room XIII) is a modern creation. Under Charles of Bourbon this space was occupied by two windowless rooms: a private room and the staircase leading up to the [chambermaids'](/wiki/Ladies-in-waiting \"Ladies-in-waiting\") rooms. Genovese's renovation radically changed the space, converting it into a luxurious passageway leading to the \"Queen's Etiquette Apartment\". It was also [Gennaro Maldarelli](/wiki/Gennaro_Maldarelli \"Gennaro Maldarelli\") who painted another neo\\-Gothic fresco in 1840, this time the *Disembarkation of [Roger the Norman](/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily \"Roger I of Sicily\") at Otranto.*{{Harvsp\\|ref\\=Sale\\|Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=21}} In the 1920s, the furniture from Ferdinand II's office in the east wing, which had been cleared to house the National Library, was installed in this room.{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|1999\\|p\\=30}} These pieces of furniture (desk, [chest of drawers](/wiki/Chest_of_drawers \"Chest of drawers\") and *secretaire*) were made by the Parisian cabinetmaker [Adam Weisweiler](/wiki/Adam_Weisweiler \"Adam Weisweiler\") and the bronzesmith [Pierre\\-Philippe Thomire](/wiki/Pierre-Philippe_Thomire \"Pierre-Philippe Thomire\") between 1808 and 1811 for Napoleon's apartments at the [Quirinal Palace](/wiki/Quirinal_Palace \"Quirinal Palace\"). In 1814, after the fall of the French Empire, Murat ordered them to be moved to Capodimonte. The rest of the decoration is complemented by two Sèvres porcelain vases given in 1817 by [Louis XVIII](/wiki/Louis_XVIII \"Louis XVIII\") and decorated with portraits of the said sovereign and his brother the [Count of Artois](/wiki/Charles_X_of_France \"Charles X of France\"); and a clock and a barometer from 1812, also French.",
"The so\\-called Hall of the [Corps Guards](/wiki/Corps_Guard \"Corps Guard\") (Room XXIX) was known in the 18th century as the \"Dark Room\", given its lack of windows. It is currently decorated with tapestries: the cycle of tapestries *Allegory of the Elements* (1740–1746\\), inspired by the models of the Grand Ducal Tapestry Factory in Florence; and a tapestry depicting the *Allegory of* *Innocence* from the series of *Conjugal Virtues*.{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|The series conceived by \\[\\[Luigi Vanvitelli]] and \\[\\[Ferdinando Fuga]] was based on cartoons, currently in the Palace of Caserta, made by important painters of the time: the ''Allegory of Religion'' by \\[\\[Pompeo Batoni]]; the ''Allegory of Innocence'' and the ''Allegories of Charity and Generosity'' by \\[\\[Giuseppe Bonito]]; the ''Allegories of Justice and Peace'' by \\[\\[Stefano Pozzi]]; the ''Allegories of Fortitude and Vigilance'' by \\[\\[Corrado Giaquinto]] and the ''Allegory of Modesty'' by \\[\\[Francesco de Mura]]. The tapestries were woven from 1763 to 1767 with silver and silver\\-gilt threads by Pietro Duranti at the \\[\\[Royal Tapestry Factory of Naples]] and were intended for the bedroom of Ferdinand IV in the now\\-disappeared Belvedere wing.{{Harvsp\\|Ascioni\\|2010}}}} The furniture includes stools with crossed swords from the Murat period, a Bailly clock from 1812 with a Thomire sculpture depicting *Meditation*, and on a console, a wax bust of Queen [Maria Carolina of Austria](/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria \"Maria Carolina of Austria\").{{Harvsp\\|ref\\=Sale\\|Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=39}}",
"### Queen's Apartment",
"Today, this [enfilade](/wiki/Enfilade_%28architecture%29 \"Enfilade (architecture)\") of rooms facing the sea is visited in the opposite direction, entering through the more intimate spaces and exiting through the more public rooms. Then, the tour is made in the opposite direction along the row of private rooms, located facing the courtyard.\n[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The rocaille ceiling of the Queen's Fourth Living Room (room XIV).](/wiki/File:Napoli_Palazzo_reale_-_soffitto_rococ%C3%B2_1040752.JPG \"Napoli Palazzo reale - soffitto rococò 1040752.JPG\")",
"The Queen's Fourth Living Room (room XIV) received this name after Genovese's reform, since in the 18th century it was the \"Queen's Bedchamber Room\". The [alcove](/wiki/Alcove_%28architecture%29 \"Alcove (architecture)\") with the bed was situated where the central door is now (room XXVII), next to which there were two small steps leading to the private rooms, the one on the left served as a *cabinet* or toilet (room XXXIV) and the one on the right as an oratory (room XXXVI). The stuccoed ceiling in rococo style by [Giovanni Battista Natali](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Natali \"Giovanni Battista Natali\") dates from the Carolingian period. It features doves, a symbol of marital fidelity, *[putti](/wiki/Putto \"Putto\")* shooting arrows of love, hippogriffs and vases of flowers.{{Harvsp\\|Borbonico\\|ref\\=Borbonico\\|p\\=6}} On the walls there are paintings from the Neapolitan school from the 17th and 18th century, including *Orpheus and the Bacchantes* and *The Meeting of Rachel and Jacob*, by [Andrea Vaccaro](/wiki/Andrea_Vaccaro \"Andrea Vaccaro\"), and two canvases by [Luca Giordano](/wiki/Luca_Giordano \"Luca Giordano\") from the [church of Santa Maria del Pianto](/wiki/Church_of_Santa_Maria_del_Pianto \"Church of Santa Maria del Pianto\"). The Neapolitan Empire style furniture dates from 1840 to 1841, the clock with carillon is English from the 18th century, while the table top is of hard stone, made by the [Opificio delle pietre dure](/wiki/Opificio_delle_pietre_dure \"Opificio delle pietre dure\") of [Florence](/wiki/Florence \"Florence\") and given by [Leopold II of Tuscany](/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Tuscany \"Leopold II of Tuscany\") to Francis I.{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|p\\=121}}\n[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The Third Queen's Salon (room XV).The](/wiki/File:Sala_XV_%28Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli%29_001.jpg \"Sala XV (Palazzo Reale di Napoli) 001.jpg\") Third Queen's Salon (room XV) was the \"Hand\\-Kissing Room\" of [Maria Amalia of Saxony](/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony \"Maria Amalia of Saxony\") and [Maria Carolina of Austria](/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria \"Maria Carolina of Austria\"), and it also preserves a rocaille ceiling of white and gold stucco with representations of [panoplies](/wiki/Panoply \"Panoply\").{{Harvsp\\|ref\\=Borbonico\\|Borbonico\\|pp\\=6–7}} It is also called the Hall of Landscapes due to the landscape paintings from the 16th to the 19th centuries that are exhibited; such as works by [Pieter Mulier](/wiki/Pieter_Mulier \"Pieter Mulier\"), representations of Spanish royal palaces by [Antonio Joli](/wiki/Antonio_Joli \"Antonio Joli\"), chronicle paintings by [Jakob Philipp Hackert](/wiki/Jakob_Philipp_Hackert \"Jakob Philipp Hackert\"), the *Seaports* by [Orazio Grevenbroeck](/wiki/Orazio_Grevenbroeck \"Orazio Grevenbroeck\"), *Laying of the first stone of the [Basilica of San Francisco de Paola](/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Francisco_de_Paola \"Basilica of San Francisco de Paola\")* by [Aniello de Aloysio](/wiki/Aniello_de_Aloysio \"Aniello de Aloysio\"), and *Entry into Naples of Ferdinand I* by [Paolo Albertis](/wiki/Paolo_Albertis \"Paolo Albertis\"). The Empire furniture dates from 1840, as does the fireplace, which reproduces the mosaic of the [battle between Darius and Alexander the Great](/wiki/Issus_Mosaic \"Issus Mosaic\") in the [House of the Faun](/wiki/House_of_the_Faun \"House of the Faun\") at [Pompeii](/wiki/Pompeii \"Pompeii\"); in the centre of the room is a marble and soft stone table by [Giovanni Battista Calì](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Cal%C3%AC \"Giovanni Battista Calì\") with a depiction of Naples seen from the sea and Ferdinand II in military uniform.\n[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The Second Queen's Room (room XVI).The](/wiki/File:Sala_XVI_%28Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli%29_001.jpg \"Sala XVI (Palazzo Reale di Napoli) 001.jpg\") Second Queen's Room (room XVI) served as the \"Queen's Antechamber\" in the 18th century and again retains a rococo ceiling in white stucco and gold. On the walls are paintings such as *Venus*, *Eros and a Satyr* and *Battle of Horace Cocles* by [Luca Giordano](/wiki/Luca_Giordano \"Luca Giordano\"), *Perseus and Andromeda* and *Rape of Europa* by [Ilario Spolverini](/wiki/Ilario_Spolverini \"Ilario Spolverini\"); two representations of battles by [Pietro Graziani](/wiki/Pietro_Graziani \"Pietro Graziani\"); *Fantastic Shipwreck* by [Leonardo Coccorante](/wiki/Leonardo_Coccorante \"Leonardo Coccorante\"); and two canvases with the same theme, *Nocturne with the Burning of Troy*, attributed to [Diego Pereira](/wiki/Diego_Pereira \"Diego Pereira\"). The furniture, in this case, is in the neo\\-baroque style and was added by the Savoys at the end of the 19th century, while the marble fireplace is from the Genovese period.",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The First Queen's Room (room XVII).The](/wiki/File:Napoli_-_Palazzo_Reale9.jpg \"Napoli - Palazzo Reale9.jpg\") First Queen's Room (room XVII) was the \"Queen's Bodyguard Room\" in the 18th century, but had to be completely rebuilt after the fire of 1837\\. The ceiling by Gaetano Genovese dates from that period and is very similar to that of the two following rooms and those of the east wing. On the walls are paintings from the 17th century of the Italian school and other European schools belonging to the former collection of the palace: *Return of the Prodigal Son* by [Mattia Preti](/wiki/Mattia_Preti \"Mattia Preti\"), *Orpheus* by [Gerard van Honthorst](/wiki/Gerard_van_Honthorst \"Gerard van Honthorst\"), *Saint Jerome* by [Guercino](/wiki/Guercino \"Guercino\"), dating from 1640, and *Dispute of Jesus among the Doctors* by [Giovanni Antonio Galli](/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Galli_%28artist%29 \"Giovanni Antonio Galli (artist)\"). The Neapolitan neo\\-baroque furniture in white and gold, consisting of an \"extra\\-large\" sofa, armchairs and a console table, dates from the Savoy period; and the French clock with a porcelain statue of *Mary Stuart*, from about 1840\\.{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|pp\\=121–123}}",
"The Second Antechamber of the Queen (room XVIII) has a white and gold stucco ceiling from the Genovese reform under Ferdinand II, while the furniture is from the reign of Joachim Murat, of Neapolitan manufacture, and the Chinese vase is from the 18th century. The paintings on display in the room belong to the Farnese collection and are mostly by Emilian artists of the 17th century.{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|Some of the canvases are: Saint Joachim and Anne at the Golden Gate of Jerusalem and Workshop of Saint Joseph, both by Bartolomeo Schedoni and probably from the \\[\\[Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi (Piacenza)\\|church of Saint Francis]] in Piacenza; Dream of Saint Joseph by Guercino; Madonna and Child with Saints Augustine and Dominic by Giovanni Lanfranco; Saint Matthew and the Angel by Camillo Gavasetti; and ''Vision of Saint Romuald'' by \\[\\[Pier Francesco Mola]].}}{{Harvsp\\|ref\\=Sale\\|Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=26}}",
"The First Antechamber of the Queen (room XIX) was later named the Still Life Room because of the still lifes hanging on its walls.{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|Among these works, on the left are ''Still Life with Parrot and Rabbit'' by \\[\\[Giovanni Paolo Castelli]], two copies of ''Still Life with Flowers and Fruit'' by \\[\\[Gaetano Cusati]], ''Still Life with a Rooster'' by \\[\\[Baldassarre De Caro]], ''Vase of Flowers'' by \\[\\[Mansù Dubuisson]], ''Still Life with a Tray of Sweets and Flowers'' and ''Fruits with a Pewter Vase'', by an anonymous author; on the right, ''Still Life with Allegory of Flora and Putti'' by Gaetano Cusati, ''Fish, Crustaceans and Shells in a Landscape'', ''Table Presented with Rustic Cake, Plate of Macaroni with Grater and Piece of Cheese'' by \\[\\[Giacomo Nani (painter)\\|Giacomo Nani]] and ''Still Life with Hunted Animals, Fillets and Plate of Egg Yolks'' by \\[\\[Scartellato]].}} a genre widespread in Naples during the 18th and 19th century. Many come from the country houses and hunting lodges of the Bourbon kings.{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|p\\=123}} The furniture consists of Neapolitan Empire\\-style consoles from the 19th century, rococo\\-style Sèvres porcelain vases, and a double table.{{Harvsp\\|ref\\=Sale\\|Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=27}}\n[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The Vestibule (room XX).](/wiki/File:N%C3%A1poles_Palacio_Real_sala_XX_04.jpg \"Nápoles Palacio Real sala XX 04.jpg\")\nThe Vestibule (room XX) is a large neoclassical space located in the centre of the south façade of the palace. It was created during the Genovese reform (1837–1844\\), which conceived a T\\-shaped space articulated by Corinthian columns and pilasters. It formed the fulcrum of the palace, connecting the \"Queen's Etiquette Apartment\", the Guest Staircase, the Hanging Garden and the eastern wing of the palace. The vault is covered in white stucco and the walls are home to four niches housing plaster copies of Roman sculptures. The other works on display also refer to neoclassical culture: engravings inspired by scenes on Greek vases in the [Hamilton collection](/wiki/William_Hamilton_%28diplomat%29 \"William Hamilton (diplomat)\"), made by [Wilhelm Tischbein](/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein \"Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein\") between 1791 and 1795; and three preparatory tempera paintings for the book of engravings *[Le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte](/wiki/Le_Antichit%C3%A0_di_Ercolano_Esposte \"Le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte\")*, from 1757 and 1792; *[Biedermeier](/wiki/Biedermeier \"Biedermeier\")* furniture; or a Neo\\-[Pompeian](/wiki/Pompeian \"Pompeian\") bronze and marble table decorated with satyrs holding shells (originally portrait medallions of the royal family) a gift from Queen [Maria Isabella](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Isabella_of_Spain \"María Isabella of Spain\") to her husband Francis I for his birthday on 4 October 1827\\. In addition, there is a temple\\-shaped astronomical clock, a French Napoleonic clock with enamels by Coteau, the bronze bust *Antinous as Dionysus* by [Guglielmo Della Porta](/wiki/Guglielmo_Della_Porta \"Guglielmo Della Porta\"), and the marble sculptures *Roma Aeterna* by [Pietro Tenerani](/wiki/Pietro_Tenerani \"Pietro Tenerani\") and *Achilles with the Helmet* by a disciple of [Thorvaldsen](/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen \"Bertel Thorvaldsen\").{{Harvsp\\|ref\\=Sale\\|Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=28}}",
"### Gallery and Hall of Hercules",
"The so\\-called Gallery (room XXI) leads directly onto the Carriage Courtyard and, like the nearby Vestibule (room XX), was a link between the western core of the palace and the eastern wing. The mirrors on the walls are set between neoclassical [pilasters](/wiki/Pilaster \"Pilaster\"), while the furniture consists of white and gold consoles from the late 18th century, as well as armchairs dating from the French decade, a gilt bronze centrepiece and French porcelain from the 19th century.{{Harvsp\\|Touring Club Italiano\\|2008\\|p\\=127}}{{Harvsp\\|ref\\=Sale\\|Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=29}}",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The Hall of Hercules (Sala XXII).](/wiki/File:Sala_XXII_%28Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli%29_001.jpg \"Sala XXII (Palazzo Reale di Napoli) 001.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The Hall of Hercules circa 1900\\.](/wiki/File:Salone_d%27Ercole_Palazzo_Reale_Napoli%2C_1900%2C_I_palazzi_e_le_ville_che_non_sono_pi%C3%B9_del_re.png \"Salone d'Ercole Palazzo Reale Napoli, 1900, I palazzi e le ville che non sono più del re.png\")\nThe Hall of Hercules (Room XXII) did not exist in the original project by Domenico Fontana, being added from 1648 by the viceroy [Iñigo Vélez de Guevara](/wiki/I%C3%B1igo_V%C3%A9lez_de_Guevara_el_Mozo \"Iñigo Vélez de Guevara el Mozo\") and inaugurated in 1652 on the occasion of the celebrations for the end of the [Reapers' War](/wiki/Reapers%27_War \"Reapers' War\"). It was then decorated with a series of portraits of the Spanish viceroys from 1503 onwards, the work of [Massimo Stanzione](/wiki/Massimo_Stanzione \"Massimo Stanzione\"), later continued by [Paolo De Matteis](/wiki/Paolo_De_Matteis \"Paolo De Matteis\"), and was therefore given the name of \"Hall of the Viceroys\". As the \"Sala Regia\" (Room I) it was used for large\\-scale festivities and theatrical celebrations.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ub.edu/enbach/es/escenario/4\\-4/la\\-sala\\-dei\\-vicere.html\\|title\\=Enbach. Crossed visions. The viceroys of Naples and the image of the Spanish Monarchy in the Baroque\\|accessdate\\=2020\\-11\\-12\\|website\\=www.ub.edu}} Under the reign of Murat, between 1807 and 1809, the architect [Antonio De Simone](/wiki/Antonio_De_Simone \"Antonio De Simone\") completely redecorated the space, removing the portraits and turning it into an *[antiquarium](/wiki/Antiquarium \"Antiquarium\")* with plaster casts from the collection of antiquities such as the [Farnese Hercules](/wiki/Farnese_Hercules \"Farnese Hercules\"), from which it took its name.",
"From 1866 onwards it was again redecorated with a frieze with the coats of arms of the provinces of the [unified Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy \"Kingdom of Italy\") (destroyed during Allied bombings), the coat of arms of the Savoy family and a series of tapestries of *Stories of Eros and Psyche* manufactured between 1783 and 1789 by the Royal Tapestry Factory of Naples. The tapestries, in a late Rococo style that foreshadows Neoclassicism, are inspired by the fable of [Apuleius](/wiki/Apuleius \"Apuleius\") and were made by [Pietro Duranti](/wiki/Pietro_Duranti \"Pietro Duranti\") from cartoons by [Fedele](/wiki/Fedele_Fischetti \"Fedele Fischetti\") and [Alessandro Fischetti](/wiki/Alessandro_Fischetti \"Alessandro Fischetti\").{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|p\\=137}}",
"The room is also decorated with a French carpet from the second half of the 17th century made by the [Savonnerie Manufactory](/wiki/Savonnerie_Manufactory \"Savonnerie Manufactory\") for the [Louvre](/wiki/Louvre_Palace \"Louvre Palace\") and later brought to Naples by Murat; [Boulle](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Charles_Boulle \"André-Charles Boulle\") clock with marquetry, decorated with an *Atlante holding the globe*, by [Isaac Thuret](/wiki/Isaac_Thuret \"Isaac Thuret\"); a green Sèvres porcelain vase with a vignette depicting *Homer among the potters of Samos* by [Antoine Béranger](/wiki/Antoine_B%C3%A9ranger \"Antoine Béranger\"), donated to Francis I in 1830;{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|pp\\=137–140}} and two \"extra\\-large\" neo\\-Rocaille vases of [Limoges](/wiki/Limoges_porcelain \"Limoges porcelain\") from 1847, from the Ballroom in the east wing and painted in Naples by Raffaele Giovine with scenes illustrating the abdication of Charles, Bourbon in favour of Ferdinand IV in 1759\\.",
"### The Queen's private rooms",
"The sovereign's private and service rooms were located behind the main state rooms, facing the courtyard of honour. Today, it houses a collection of furniture and paintings from different periods from different areas of the palace.\n[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The first private room (room XXIII).](/wiki/File:Sala_XXIII_%28Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli%29_001.jpg \"Sala XXIII (Palazzo Reale di Napoli) 001.jpg\")",
"The first backroom (room XXIII) has a neoclassical ceiling designed by Genovese. On the walls are displayed six canvases of the *Seasons and work in the fields* by [Francesco Celebrano](/wiki/Francesco_Celebrano \"Francesco Celebrano\") and from the [Royal Palace of Carditello](/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Carditello \"Royal Palace of Carditello\"). The furniture is neo\\-baroque and Neapolitan in manufacture. In the centre of the room there is a revolving lectern, typical of monasteries, made by [Giovanni Uldrich](/wiki/Giovanni_Uldrich \"Giovanni Uldrich\") in 1792\\. It comes from the library of [Maria Carolina of Bourbon](/wiki/Princess_Maria_Carolina_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%28born_1820%29 \"Princess Maria Carolina of the Two Sicilies (born 1820)\") and allowed several books to be consulted at the same time, placed on eight hanging shelves that could be brought closer to the desk by turning a crank.{{Harvsp\\|ref\\=Sale\\|Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=32}}",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The second private room (room XXIV), dedicated to Don Quixote.The](/wiki/File:Sala_XXIV_%28Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli%29_001.jpg \"Sala XXIV (Palazzo Reale di Napoli) 001.jpg\") second private room (room XXIV) served in the 18th century as a cabinet where books were kept the queen's porcelain collection, and still preserves the rocaille ceiling of gilded and white stucco from the 18th century. It is now dedicated to [Don Quixote](/wiki/Don_Quixote_de_la_Mancha \"Don Quixote de la Mancha\") as it hangs nineteen preparatory canvases, out of thirty\\-eight completed,{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|They were painted by court artists such as \\[\\[Giuseppe Bonito]], \\[\\[Benedetto Torre]], \\[\\[Giovanni Battista Rossi (painter)\\|Giovanni Battista Rossi]], \\[\\[Antonio Dominici]] and \\[\\[Antonio Guastaferro]], while the drawings on the doors were made by \\[\\[Gaetano Magri]], \\[\\[Orlando Filippini]] and \\[\\[Giuseppe Bracci]].}} which have as their theme the *Stories of Don Quixote* and served as a model for a series of tapestries, woven between 1758 and 1779 by Pietro Duranti at the [Royal Tapestry Factory of Naples](/wiki/Royal_Tapestry_Factory_of_Naples \"Royal Tapestry Factory of Naples\"); They were commissioned by Charles of Bourbon for the king's bedroom at the [Royal Palace of Caserta](/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta \"Royal Palace of Caserta\") and later moved to the [Quirinal Palace](/wiki/Quirinal_Palace \"Quirinal Palace\") in Rome.{{Harvsp\\|ref\\=Borbonico\\|Borbonico\\|p\\=8}} The furniture dates from the first [quindenio](/wiki/Quindenio \"Quindenio\") of the 19th century. The room is decorated with two Sèvres porcelain vases, decorated by [Etienne Le Guay](/wiki/Etienne_Le_Guay \"Etienne Le Guay\") with an *Allegory of Music and Dance* from 1822; and a porcelain and gilded brass centrepiece, with porcelain plaques painted by Raffaele Giovine with the royal palaces of Naples, [Capodimonte](/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Capodimonte \"Royal Palace of Capodimonte\") and Caserta, donated to Ferdinand II by the Municipality of Naples on the occasion of the promulgation of the Constitution of 1848\\.{{Harvsp\\|Sale\\|2014\\|ref\\=Sale\\|p\\=33}}",
"The third and last room (room XXV) also preserves the rocaille ceiling with reticular motifs from the second half of the 18th century.{{Harvsp\\|ref\\=Sale\\|Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=34}} The walls are hung with canvases of landscapes and costumbristas by painters active in Naples in the 19th century.{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|Some of them are: three ''Seascapes'' by \\[\\[Salvatore Fregola]]; ''St. Mark's Square'' by \\[\\[Frans Vervloet]] from 1837; ''Tasso in the Convent of San Onofrio'' and ''Death of Tasso'', both by \\[\\[Franz Ludwig Catel]] from 1834; ''Landscape with Castle'' by \\[\\[Achille Carrillo]]; ''Fishermen'' by \\[\\[Orest Kiprenskij]] from 1829; and a series of canvases by \\[\\[Pasquale Mattej]] documenting different aspects of the folklore and history of the regions of the Kingdom of Naples.}} In addition, you can also see tapestries such as *Allegory of Air*, *of Water* and *of Earth* by [Domenico Del Ross](/wiki/Domenico_Del_Ross \"Domenico Del Ross\") made by the Royal Tapestry Factory of Naples between 1746 and 1750, and inspired by those of the Grand Ducal Tapestry Factory in Florence. The furniture consists of English consoles from the 18th century, painted in white and gold; stools with goat legs dating from the reign of Joachim Murat; furniture (French neo\\-Gothic desk and bookcase from the 1830s) from the office of René Ilarie Degas (grandfather of [Edgar Degas](/wiki/Edgar_Degas \"Edgar Degas\")) in the [Palazzo Pignatelli di Monteleone](/wiki/Palazzo_Pignatelli_di_Monteleone \"Palazzo Pignatelli di Monteleone\"), donated in 1993 by Nicola Jannuzzi and Olga Guerrero de Balde; and the *Portrait of Therese Aurore Degas* by [Joseph\\-Boniface Franque](/wiki/Joseph-Boniface_Franque \"Joseph-Boniface Franque\").",
"The now called Queen's Passage (room XXVI) is one of the side passages of her alcove (room XXVII) that connected the previous private room with her bedroom (room XIV), in the 18th century it served as a private oratory. In 1990, during a restoration, the [false ceiling](/wiki/False_ceiling \"False ceiling\") was removed, revealing a fresco depicting the *Allegory of the matrimonial union*, painted by [Domenico Antonio Vaccaro](/wiki/Domenico_Antonio_Vaccaro \"Domenico Antonio Vaccaro\") on the occasion of the wedding of [Charles of Bourbon](/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain \"Charles III of Spain\") and [Maria Amalia of Saxony](/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony \"Maria Amalia of Saxony\") in 1738, as evidenced by the signature and date present on the fresco and the artist's requests for payment in 1739\\. Rococo in style with neo\\-mannerist features, the work was covered around 1837 when the private rooms were moved to the second floor.{{Harvsp\\|ref\\=Borbonico\\|Borbonico\\|p\\=9}} The paintings have literary and romantic themes, such as [Tommaso De Vivo's](/wiki/Tommaso_De_Vivo%27s \"Tommaso De Vivo's\") *Dante's Inferno* and [Beniamino De Francesco](/wiki/Beniamino_De_Francesco \"Beniamino De Francesco\")'s *Tasso in Sorrento*.{{Harvsp\\|ref\\=Sale\\|Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=36}} Among the furniture, a Sorrento [marquetry](/wiki/Marquetry \"Marquetry\") table stands out.{{Harvsp\\|Porzio\\|2014\\|p\\=160}}",
"The Alcove of Maria Amalia of Saxony (room XXVII) contained the sovereign's bed, and was open until 1837 with a large arch to the bedroom (room XIV). Its ceiling was decorated in the course of the 19th century with stucco, covering the previous frescoes painted in 1739 by [Nicola Maria Rossi](/wiki/Nicola_Maria_Rossi \"Nicola Maria Rossi\"). Among the paintings of Neapolitan customs on display are Two Fishermen by [Orest Adamovič Kiprenskij](/wiki/Orest_Adamovi%C4%8D_Kiprenskij \"Orest Adamovič Kiprenskij\"), presented at the Neapolitan Exhibition of 1829; The Wounded Bandit by [Luigi Rocco](/wiki/Luigi_Rocco \"Luigi Rocco\") from 1837; Easter Blessing by [Raffaele D'Auria](/wiki/Raffaele_D%27Auria \"Raffaele D'Auria\"); and *Sleeping Fisherman* by [Salvatore Castellano](/wiki/Salvatore_Castellano \"Salvatore Castellano\").{{Harvsp\\|ref\\=Sale\\|Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=37}}",
"The so\\-called *[Boudoir](/wiki/Boudoir \"Boudoir\")* of the Queen (room XXXIV) is the other side passage that communicated with her bedroom (room XIV), originally it served as a toilet. Also after the demolition of the false ceiling another fresco by [Domenico Antonio Vaccaro](/wiki/Domenico_Antonio_Vaccaro \"Domenico Antonio Vaccaro\") came to light, depicting the *Joy of the Royal Majesty with Peace, Fortune and Dominion*. On the walls are placed various Chinese or [Chinesque](/wiki/Chinoiserie \"Chinoiserie\") works from the [Villa Favorita, Ercolano](/wiki/Villa_Favorita%2C_Ercolano \"Villa Favorita, Ercolano\") as: a series of small watercolours drawn in [Canton](/wiki/Canton_%28China%29 \"Canton (China)\") in the mid\\-18th century that reproduce the themes dealt with in a Chinese text, the *[Gengzhitu](/wiki/Gengzhitu \"Gengzhitu\")*, such as rice cultivation, porcelain production and silk manufacturing; or life\\-size representations of a *Mandarin* and a *Chinese Lady*, by [Lorenzo Giusto](/wiki/Lorenzo_Giusto \"Lorenzo Giusto\") from 1797\\. In the display cases there are [urinals](/wiki/Urinal \"Urinal\"), desk services, instruments from the Royal Printing Office, fragments of pavement, an elliptical granite and marble desk and a porphyry table.{{Harvsp\\|ref\\=Sale\\|Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=38}}",
"Room XXVIII is a passageway.{{Harvsp\\|ref\\=Sale\\|Sale\\|2014\\|p\\=1}}",
""
] |
Community
---------
OVNV’s Community programme invites members of the London community to debate issues faced living in the capital, working to create and perform ambitious productions. OVNV offers drop\-in sessions, theatre bootcamps and free access to The Old Vic, helping to open up theatre to everyone.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.oldvicnewvoices.com/community/\|title\=Old Vic New Voices: Community\|date\=29 November 2013\|publisher\=Old Vic New Voices\|access\-date\=29 November 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022508/http://www.oldvicnewvoices.com/community/\|archive\-date\=3 December 2013\|url\-status\=dead}}
### The Old Vic Community Company
In 2013, it was announced that building on the multi award\-winning community work already undertaken, OVNV will create London’s largest inclusive Community Company, reaching out to the most talented and outspoken individuals from all walks of life who want to make a difference to their community. The Company will explore shared social issues, empowering participants with the skills and platforms to express themselves collectively as theatre makers.{{cite web\|url\=http://performancemediaartsclub.com/2013/03/25/old\-vic\-new\-voices\-ovnv\-season\-2013/\|title\=Old Vic New Voices Season 2013\|date\=25 March 2013\|publisher\=\[\[Performance Media Arts Club]]\|access\-date\=29 November 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233920/http://performancemediaartsclub.com/2013/03/25/old\-vic\-new\-voices\-ovnv\-season\-2013/\|archive\-date\=2 December 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} Over three years, 200 people will take part in workshops, projects, pop\-up performances and theatre productions.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.artsawardvoice.com/magazine/opportunities/join\-old\-vic\-community\-company\-16\|title\=Joining the Old Vic Community Company\|date\=19 July 2013\|publisher\=\[\[Arts Award Voice]]\|access\-date\=2013\-11\-29\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203020101/http://www.artsawardvoice.com/magazine/opportunities/join\-old\-vic\-community\-company\-16\#\|archive\-date\=2013\-12\-03\|url\-status\=dead}} There will also be opportunities for aspiring writers to be part of the project through a Writers on Attachment programme.
### Rise (2016\)
Rise will be the third, and last production from The Old Vic Community Company. In August 2016, 200 Londoners will take over an outdoor space to present a kaleidoscope of ideas, discussions and stories that explore our relationship with the environment. With music, movement and bicycles, Rise will explore the impact of living in a city where the temperature is rising.
### Ages (2015\)
Ages was the second production from The Old Vic Community Company. The specially commissioned play with cutting\-edge scientific views and a platform for opinion will start a debate about what it means to grow up and grow old in the city.
Inspired by testimonies of real Londoners, Ages will feature music, movement and drama.
Ages played to hundreds of people at The Old Vic Workrooms in May 2015\.
### Housed (2014\)
From estate agents to squatters, from support workers to oligarchs, we are all united in a race to get a place. But who can afford to go the distance? Luckily Sam’s got a chance to make a change, to make things better somehow. Sam’s going to tell us the answer. He just doesn't know what it is yet.
David Watson’s epic tale, based on the testimonies of over 200 Londoners, was a response to the mounting housing crisis and asked what it means to find some space in a city that’s squeezing you out.
Housed played to packed houses at The Old Vic and Hotel Elephant in July 2014\.
|
[
"Community\n---------",
"",
"OVNV’s Community programme invites members of the London community to debate issues faced living in the capital, working to create and perform ambitious productions. OVNV offers drop\\-in sessions, theatre bootcamps and free access to The Old Vic, helping to open up theatre to everyone.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.oldvicnewvoices.com/community/\\|title\\=Old Vic New Voices: Community\\|date\\=29 November 2013\\|publisher\\=Old Vic New Voices\\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022508/http://www.oldvicnewvoices.com/community/\\|archive\\-date\\=3 December 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### The Old Vic Community Company",
"In 2013, it was announced that building on the multi award\\-winning community work already undertaken, OVNV will create London’s largest inclusive Community Company, reaching out to the most talented and outspoken individuals from all walks of life who want to make a difference to their community. The Company will explore shared social issues, empowering participants with the skills and platforms to express themselves collectively as theatre makers.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://performancemediaartsclub.com/2013/03/25/old\\-vic\\-new\\-voices\\-ovnv\\-season\\-2013/\\|title\\=Old Vic New Voices Season 2013\\|date\\=25 March 2013\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Performance Media Arts Club]]\\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233920/http://performancemediaartsclub.com/2013/03/25/old\\-vic\\-new\\-voices\\-ovnv\\-season\\-2013/\\|archive\\-date\\=2 December 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Over three years, 200 people will take part in workshops, projects, pop\\-up performances and theatre productions.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.artsawardvoice.com/magazine/opportunities/join\\-old\\-vic\\-community\\-company\\-16\\|title\\=Joining the Old Vic Community Company\\|date\\=19 July 2013\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Arts Award Voice]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-11\\-29\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203020101/http://www.artsawardvoice.com/magazine/opportunities/join\\-old\\-vic\\-community\\-company\\-16\\#\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-03\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} There will also be opportunities for aspiring writers to be part of the project through a Writers on Attachment programme.",
"### Rise (2016\\)",
"Rise will be the third, and last production from The Old Vic Community Company. In August 2016, 200 Londoners will take over an outdoor space to present a kaleidoscope of ideas, discussions and stories that explore our relationship with the environment. With music, movement and bicycles, Rise will explore the impact of living in a city where the temperature is rising.",
"### Ages (2015\\)",
"Ages was the second production from The Old Vic Community Company. The specially commissioned play with cutting\\-edge scientific views and a platform for opinion will start a debate about what it means to grow up and grow old in the city.",
"Inspired by testimonies of real Londoners, Ages will feature music, movement and drama.",
"Ages played to hundreds of people at The Old Vic Workrooms in May 2015\\.",
"### Housed (2014\\)",
"From estate agents to squatters, from support workers to oligarchs, we are all united in a race to get a place. But who can afford to go the distance? Luckily Sam’s got a chance to make a change, to make things better somehow. Sam’s going to tell us the answer. He just doesn't know what it is yet.",
"David Watson’s epic tale, based on the testimonies of over 200 Londoners, was a response to the mounting housing crisis and asked what it means to find some space in a city that’s squeezing you out.",
"Housed played to packed houses at The Old Vic and Hotel Elephant in July 2014\\.",
""
] |
Previous Productions
--------------------
### Epidemic (2012\)
In 2012 Old Vic New Voices produced the community musical Epidemic at The Old Vic Tunnels (29\). The production focused on the public health issues of obesity and mental health and was backed by the [Wellcome Trust](/wiki/Wellcome_Trust "Wellcome Trust").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/may/20/musical\-about\-obesity\-mental\-illness\|title\=Musical therapy\|date\=20 May 2012\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]}} Written by Morgan Lloyd Malcolm, the production was the culmination of 18 months of research including one\-on\-one interviews, group workshops, creative writing sessions, and community events. It focused on the character of Marlon, who needs help from a system he doesn't trust and runs away to find answers; the musical featured 10 new songs.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/culture\-professionals\-network/culture\-professionals\-blog/2012/apr/12/epidemic\-community\-theatre\-old\-vichttps://www.theguardian.com/culture\-professionals\-network/culture\-professionals\-blog/2013/may/02/theatre\-support\-old\-vic\-new\-voices\|title\=Epidemic: catching the community bug\|date\=2 May 2013\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]}}
Epidemic won an Arts and Health Award from the [Royal Society for Public Health](/wiki/Royal_Society_for_Public_Health "Royal Society for Public Health") in recognition of “innovative theatre work highlighting the major public health challenges of mental illness and obesity”.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rsph.org.uk/en/about\-us/latest\-news/press\-releases/press\-release1\.cfm/pid/4811CFD3\-0AE6\-4561\-B57D3CB98BB88858\|title\=Kids Company, MAC\-UK and The Old Vic announced as winners of the RSPH Arts and Health Awards\|date\=13 September 2012\|publisher\=\[\[Royal Society for Public Health]]}}
### Platform (2010\)
Platform was a promenade piece staged for a week at [The Old Vic Tunnels](/wiki/The_Old_Vic_Tunnels "The Old Vic Tunnels") that looked at what it meant to be a Londoner in 2010\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ideastap.com/IdeasMag/all\-articles/duncan\-and\-morgan\|title\=Platform Playwrights\|date\=19 September 2010\|publisher\=\[\[IdeasTap]]\|access\-date\=29 November 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013801/http://www.ideastap.com/IdeasMag/all\-articles/duncan\-and\-morgan\|archive\-date\=3 December 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} The show featured a largely non\-professional cast and crew of 120 people, ranging in age from 17 to 75 from diverse backgrounds and professions,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/platform\-rev\|title\=Theatre review: Platform\|date\=14 November 2010\|publisher\=British Theatre Guide}} including students, city workers, former drug addicts and a 74\-year\-old former hospital social worker.
The script for Platform was created from 200 hours of interviews by writers Duncan Macmillan and Morgan Lloyd Malcolm, themselves part of OVNV's emerging talent programme.
The British Theatre Guide said: “Platform is truly inventive and its affection and passion for London and her people unmistakably shine through".
The [Evening Standard](/wiki/Evening_Standard "Evening Standard") described the project as “a striking testament to \[The Old Vic’s] imperviousness to arts cuts.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/we\-need\-to\-talk\-about\-kevin\-spacey\-6532293\.html\|title\=We need to talk about Kevin Spacey\|date\=4 November 2010\|publisher\=\[\[The Evening Standard]]}}
Kevin Spacey said of the project: "I'm delighted we're doing our third community show and have managed to pull off something as remarkable and crazily ambitious as a 120\-strong acting company. The show pulls all these stories of different Londoners together. And what's really pleasing is that it's so positive and upbeat about the city".
### Branded (2008\)
OVNV’s second community production, Branded, was written by [Simon Bent](/wiki/Simon_Bent "Simon Bent"), and staged at The Old Vic from 1–3 May 2008, for five performances, all free of charge.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.whatsonstage.com/west\-end\-theatre/news/04\-2008/bent\-brands\-old\-vic\-green\-in\-community\-project\_19593\.html\|title\=Bent brands Old Vic green in community project\|date\=30 April 2008\|publisher\=\[\[What's On Stage]]}} The piece, commissioned as part of OVNV’s Go for Green outreach and community project, featured a cast and crew of 50, aged from 16 to 60, selected through a series of London\-wide open auditions.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/2008/02/old\-vic\-launches\-green\-community\-scheme/\|title\=Old Vic launches green community scheme\|date\=7 February 2008\|work\=\[\[The Stage]]}} The play used a diverse selection of skills including; free\-running, poetry, dance and physical theatre, to tell the story of the launch of an environmentally\-friendly range of training shoes.
Funders of the programme included Adventure Ecology, [HSBC](/wiki/HSBC "HSBC") and the [Hunter Foundation](/wiki/Hunter_Foundation "Hunter Foundation").
{{cite web\|url\=http://www.oldvictheatre.com/oldvicnewvoices/community/the\-old\-vic\-community\-company/housed/\|title\=Housed \- The Old Vic\|publisher\=\|accessdate\=31 July 2016}}
### Somme Theatre (2006\)
OVNV’s first community production, Somme Theatre, was a collaboration with the [Imperial War Museum](/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum "Imperial War Museum") which saw a cast of locals perform a play, On the Middle Day, about the [Battle of the Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme "Battle of the Somme").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.london\-se1\.co.uk/news/view/2919\|title\=Old Vic Somme Theatre project wins Lottery Award\|date\=17 September 2007\|publisher\=\[\[London SE1 Community Magazine]]}} The play was staged to mark the 90th anniversary of the battle in which the [British Army](/wiki/British_Army "British Army") lost 58,000 troops, and included a cameo appearance by the Old Vic’s artistic director Kevin Spacey as the voice of [King George V](/wiki/King_George_V "King George V").
Somme Theatre was funded by a £46,100 grant from the [Heritage Lottery Fund](/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund "Heritage Lottery Fund").
The project was named the UK’s favourite Lottery\-funded heritage project at [The National Lottery Awards](/wiki/The_National_Lottery_Awards "The National Lottery Awards") in 2007; the awards were chosen by the public.
|
[
"Previous Productions\n--------------------",
"### Epidemic (2012\\)",
"In 2012 Old Vic New Voices produced the community musical Epidemic at The Old Vic Tunnels (29\\). The production focused on the public health issues of obesity and mental health and was backed by the [Wellcome Trust](/wiki/Wellcome_Trust \"Wellcome Trust\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/may/20/musical\\-about\\-obesity\\-mental\\-illness\\|title\\=Musical therapy\\|date\\=20 May 2012\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]}} Written by Morgan Lloyd Malcolm, the production was the culmination of 18 months of research including one\\-on\\-one interviews, group workshops, creative writing sessions, and community events. It focused on the character of Marlon, who needs help from a system he doesn't trust and runs away to find answers; the musical featured 10 new songs.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/culture\\-professionals\\-network/culture\\-professionals\\-blog/2012/apr/12/epidemic\\-community\\-theatre\\-old\\-vichttps://www.theguardian.com/culture\\-professionals\\-network/culture\\-professionals\\-blog/2013/may/02/theatre\\-support\\-old\\-vic\\-new\\-voices\\|title\\=Epidemic: catching the community bug\\|date\\=2 May 2013\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]}}",
"Epidemic won an Arts and Health Award from the [Royal Society for Public Health](/wiki/Royal_Society_for_Public_Health \"Royal Society for Public Health\") in recognition of “innovative theatre work highlighting the major public health challenges of mental illness and obesity”.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rsph.org.uk/en/about\\-us/latest\\-news/press\\-releases/press\\-release1\\.cfm/pid/4811CFD3\\-0AE6\\-4561\\-B57D3CB98BB88858\\|title\\=Kids Company, MAC\\-UK and The Old Vic announced as winners of the RSPH Arts and Health Awards\\|date\\=13 September 2012\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Royal Society for Public Health]]}}",
"### Platform (2010\\)",
"Platform was a promenade piece staged for a week at [The Old Vic Tunnels](/wiki/The_Old_Vic_Tunnels \"The Old Vic Tunnels\") that looked at what it meant to be a Londoner in 2010\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ideastap.com/IdeasMag/all\\-articles/duncan\\-and\\-morgan\\|title\\=Platform Playwrights\\|date\\=19 September 2010\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[IdeasTap]]\\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013801/http://www.ideastap.com/IdeasMag/all\\-articles/duncan\\-and\\-morgan\\|archive\\-date\\=3 December 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The show featured a largely non\\-professional cast and crew of 120 people, ranging in age from 17 to 75 from diverse backgrounds and professions,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/platform\\-rev\\|title\\=Theatre review: Platform\\|date\\=14 November 2010\\|publisher\\=British Theatre Guide}} including students, city workers, former drug addicts and a 74\\-year\\-old former hospital social worker.",
"The script for Platform was created from 200 hours of interviews by writers Duncan Macmillan and Morgan Lloyd Malcolm, themselves part of OVNV's emerging talent programme.",
"The British Theatre Guide said: “Platform is truly inventive and its affection and passion for London and her people unmistakably shine through\".",
"The [Evening Standard](/wiki/Evening_Standard \"Evening Standard\") described the project as “a striking testament to \\[The Old Vic’s] imperviousness to arts cuts.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/we\\-need\\-to\\-talk\\-about\\-kevin\\-spacey\\-6532293\\.html\\|title\\=We need to talk about Kevin Spacey\\|date\\=4 November 2010\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Evening Standard]]}}",
"Kevin Spacey said of the project: \"I'm delighted we're doing our third community show and have managed to pull off something as remarkable and crazily ambitious as a 120\\-strong acting company. The show pulls all these stories of different Londoners together. And what's really pleasing is that it's so positive and upbeat about the city\".",
"### Branded (2008\\)",
"OVNV’s second community production, Branded, was written by [Simon Bent](/wiki/Simon_Bent \"Simon Bent\"), and staged at The Old Vic from 1–3 May 2008, for five performances, all free of charge.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.whatsonstage.com/west\\-end\\-theatre/news/04\\-2008/bent\\-brands\\-old\\-vic\\-green\\-in\\-community\\-project\\_19593\\.html\\|title\\=Bent brands Old Vic green in community project\\|date\\=30 April 2008\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[What's On Stage]]}} The piece, commissioned as part of OVNV’s Go for Green outreach and community project, featured a cast and crew of 50, aged from 16 to 60, selected through a series of London\\-wide open auditions.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/2008/02/old\\-vic\\-launches\\-green\\-community\\-scheme/\\|title\\=Old Vic launches green community scheme\\|date\\=7 February 2008\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Stage]]}} The play used a diverse selection of skills including; free\\-running, poetry, dance and physical theatre, to tell the story of the launch of an environmentally\\-friendly range of training shoes.",
"Funders of the programme included Adventure Ecology, [HSBC](/wiki/HSBC \"HSBC\") and the [Hunter Foundation](/wiki/Hunter_Foundation \"Hunter Foundation\").",
"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.oldvictheatre.com/oldvicnewvoices/community/the\\-old\\-vic\\-community\\-company/housed/\\|title\\=Housed \\- The Old Vic\\|publisher\\=\\|accessdate\\=31 July 2016}}",
"### Somme Theatre (2006\\)",
"OVNV’s first community production, Somme Theatre, was a collaboration with the [Imperial War Museum](/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum \"Imperial War Museum\") which saw a cast of locals perform a play, On the Middle Day, about the [Battle of the Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme \"Battle of the Somme\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.london\\-se1\\.co.uk/news/view/2919\\|title\\=Old Vic Somme Theatre project wins Lottery Award\\|date\\=17 September 2007\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[London SE1 Community Magazine]]}} The play was staged to mark the 90th anniversary of the battle in which the [British Army](/wiki/British_Army \"British Army\") lost 58,000 troops, and included a cameo appearance by the Old Vic’s artistic director Kevin Spacey as the voice of [King George V](/wiki/King_George_V \"King George V\").",
"Somme Theatre was funded by a £46,100 grant from the [Heritage Lottery Fund](/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund \"Heritage Lottery Fund\").\nThe project was named the UK’s favourite Lottery\\-funded heritage project at [The National Lottery Awards](/wiki/The_National_Lottery_Awards \"The National Lottery Awards\") in 2007; the awards were chosen by the public.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Lily Bloom's daughter Emerson with her ex\-husband Ryle Kincaid is now 11 months old. Lily unexpectedly runs into her former lover, Atlas Corrigan, on the streets of Boston, but the encounter is cut short. After dropping Emerson off with Ryle, Lily returns to work. She is unable to stop thinking about her run\-in with Atlas, but is hesitant to text him out of fear of how Ryle will react.
Atlas's friend Theo convinces him to text Lily, but Atlas is disappointed by her rather curt response. When Lily returns to her apartment that evening, she finds Ryle and Emerson inside. He requests to start having overnights with Emerson, but Lily asserts that Emerson will not be allowed to stay with Ryle overnight until she is old enough to speak. She also requests that Ryle return her apartment key, which he begrudgingly does.
Atlas' restaurants are being vandalized, but he chooses not to report it to the police after he discovers some food missing, empathizing with the vandal as he too was once homeless and starving. While inspecting some of the damage, he receives a call from his estranged mother, Sutton, whom he hangs up on and immediately blocks.
Atlas visits Lily at her flower shop. Ryle arrives unannounced. Lily, nervous about how Ryle will react to seeing Atlas there, hides Atlas in a closet. That night, Atlas invites Lily on a date, and she accepts. She drops off Emerson with her best friend and Ryle's sister, Allysa. While on the drive to their date, Lily falls asleep. Instead of waking her up, Atlas occupies himself by reading some of the journal entries that Lily wrote about Atlas when they were kids.
When Lily returns to pick up Emerson, she finds Ryle with Emerson watching *[Finding Nemo](/wiki/Finding_Nemo "Finding Nemo")*. Ryle is angry after having deduced that Emerson's middle name, Dory, is dedicated to Atlas because of the significance the movie had to Lily and Atlas when they were children.
Sutton shows up at one of Atlas' restaurants and reveals to him that he has an eleven\-year\-old brother named Josh, who is missing. Later that night, he waits at one of his restaurants, ready to confront the vandal if they return. The vandal returns, Atlas discovers that it is Josh. Atlas takes him in and resolves to return Josh to Sutton, but changes his mind after witnessing her abusing Josh.
While attending a wedding together, Atlas notices a heart\-shaped tattoo on Lily's collarbone. After she tells him he was the reason she got the tattoo, they share a kiss, and have sex later that night. Atlas leaves early the next morning to take care of Josh, leaving Lily a note. Ryle arrives at Lily's apartment; when he sees loose undergarments strewn around her living room, he assaults Lily in a jealous rage. She flees the apartment and collects Emerson from Lily's mother's house. Lily takes Emerson to Atlas' house, where Lily and Atlas officially define their relationship.
Ryle sends Lily aggressive texts throughout the days following the incident. Eventually, he shows up at Lily's flower shop looking for her. Lily says she will be talking to a lawyer about his custody of their daughter. Ryle goes to Atlas's restaurant and assaults him. Atlas does not fight back, instead trying to talk him down. Ryle is still frustrated, but ends up leaving.
While at Emerson's birthday party, Ryle tries to talk to Lily. Lily refuses to speak with him alone, saying she will only converse with him if Allysa and her husband Marshall are there. When the four meet, Lily delivers Ryle an ultimatum, requesting that he attend anger management courses, and that his visits with Emerson be supervised. Ryle is enraged, but ultimately agrees to her terms.
Meanwhile, Sutton implores Josh to come live with her, but he declines, insisting on living with his father in Vermont. Atlas takes Josh to see his father, but Josh decides he wants to live with Atlas instead. Atlas meets with Sutton at his restaurant and requests full parental rights over Josh, as well as that they meet up for weekly family dinners at Atlas's restaurant. Sutton ultimately agrees.
Six months later, Atlas asks Lily to move in with him, and she accepts. A year and a half later, Theo helps a nervous Atlas go over his wedding vows to Lily, which include a reference to *[Finding Nemo](/wiki/Finding_Nemo "Finding Nemo")*.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Lily Bloom's daughter Emerson with her ex\\-husband Ryle Kincaid is now 11 months old. Lily unexpectedly runs into her former lover, Atlas Corrigan, on the streets of Boston, but the encounter is cut short. After dropping Emerson off with Ryle, Lily returns to work. She is unable to stop thinking about her run\\-in with Atlas, but is hesitant to text him out of fear of how Ryle will react.",
"Atlas's friend Theo convinces him to text Lily, but Atlas is disappointed by her rather curt response. When Lily returns to her apartment that evening, she finds Ryle and Emerson inside. He requests to start having overnights with Emerson, but Lily asserts that Emerson will not be allowed to stay with Ryle overnight until she is old enough to speak. She also requests that Ryle return her apartment key, which he begrudgingly does.",
"Atlas' restaurants are being vandalized, but he chooses not to report it to the police after he discovers some food missing, empathizing with the vandal as he too was once homeless and starving. While inspecting some of the damage, he receives a call from his estranged mother, Sutton, whom he hangs up on and immediately blocks.",
"Atlas visits Lily at her flower shop. Ryle arrives unannounced. Lily, nervous about how Ryle will react to seeing Atlas there, hides Atlas in a closet. That night, Atlas invites Lily on a date, and she accepts. She drops off Emerson with her best friend and Ryle's sister, Allysa. While on the drive to their date, Lily falls asleep. Instead of waking her up, Atlas occupies himself by reading some of the journal entries that Lily wrote about Atlas when they were kids.",
"When Lily returns to pick up Emerson, she finds Ryle with Emerson watching *[Finding Nemo](/wiki/Finding_Nemo \"Finding Nemo\")*. Ryle is angry after having deduced that Emerson's middle name, Dory, is dedicated to Atlas because of the significance the movie had to Lily and Atlas when they were children.",
"Sutton shows up at one of Atlas' restaurants and reveals to him that he has an eleven\\-year\\-old brother named Josh, who is missing. Later that night, he waits at one of his restaurants, ready to confront the vandal if they return. The vandal returns, Atlas discovers that it is Josh. Atlas takes him in and resolves to return Josh to Sutton, but changes his mind after witnessing her abusing Josh.",
"While attending a wedding together, Atlas notices a heart\\-shaped tattoo on Lily's collarbone. After she tells him he was the reason she got the tattoo, they share a kiss, and have sex later that night. Atlas leaves early the next morning to take care of Josh, leaving Lily a note. Ryle arrives at Lily's apartment; when he sees loose undergarments strewn around her living room, he assaults Lily in a jealous rage. She flees the apartment and collects Emerson from Lily's mother's house. Lily takes Emerson to Atlas' house, where Lily and Atlas officially define their relationship.",
"Ryle sends Lily aggressive texts throughout the days following the incident. Eventually, he shows up at Lily's flower shop looking for her. Lily says she will be talking to a lawyer about his custody of their daughter. Ryle goes to Atlas's restaurant and assaults him. Atlas does not fight back, instead trying to talk him down. Ryle is still frustrated, but ends up leaving.",
"While at Emerson's birthday party, Ryle tries to talk to Lily. Lily refuses to speak with him alone, saying she will only converse with him if Allysa and her husband Marshall are there. When the four meet, Lily delivers Ryle an ultimatum, requesting that he attend anger management courses, and that his visits with Emerson be supervised. Ryle is enraged, but ultimately agrees to her terms.",
"Meanwhile, Sutton implores Josh to come live with her, but he declines, insisting on living with his father in Vermont. Atlas takes Josh to see his father, but Josh decides he wants to live with Atlas instead. Atlas meets with Sutton at his restaurant and requests full parental rights over Josh, as well as that they meet up for weekly family dinners at Atlas's restaurant. Sutton ultimately agrees.",
"Six months later, Atlas asks Lily to move in with him, and she accepts. A year and a half later, Theo helps a nervous Atlas go over his wedding vows to Lily, which include a reference to *[Finding Nemo](/wiki/Finding_Nemo \"Finding Nemo\")*.",
""
] |
Synopsis
--------
### The Cat Burglar
Fedora Funklefink is a notorious [con artist](/wiki/Con_artist "Con artist") who uses any way she can to avoid responsibilities or get rich quick. She forces girls to pay to use the girls' toilets, [forges](/wiki/Forgery "Forgery") her mother's handwriting so that she could sit out of [P. E.](/wiki/Physical_education "Physical education") lessons, makes other schoolchildren pay to lick her [mints](/wiki/Mint_%28candy%29 "Mint (candy)"), refuses to let her father use his car until he paid her for cleaning the [windscreen](/wiki/Windscreen "Windscreen"), and uses mirrors in exams to cheat. On the way to plan her next get\-rich\-quick scheme, she spots a poster for a missing cat, offering a [£10](/wiki/Bank_of_England_%C2%A310_note "Bank of England £10 note") reward. She rips the poster off, runs home, changes into a "hunting" costume, and kidnaps a [black](/wiki/Black_cat "Black cat") [stray](/wiki/Feral_cat "Feral cat") behind her garden. The mother of the missing cat's owner answers the front door when Fedora goes to deliver but her daughter, Angela Tearful, runs out past her mother, excited about reuniting with her cat, and sobs when she sees the black stray. Believing Tearful to be insane, Fedora sneaks away with the cat to try something else.
The black stray is given a makeover with [paints](/wiki/Paint "Paint"), [boot polish](/wiki/Boot_polish "Boot polish") and anything Fedora can find until it matched the description on the poster. However, Angela and her mother are not convinced, possibly because the "makeup" was dripping and Funklefink's clothes were covered in it. The next day, she returns with a white [Persian cat](/wiki/Persian_cat "Persian cat") but she is denied money. Then Fedora returned with a dog, then a [tennis racket](/wiki/Tennis_racket "Tennis racket"), and then a [pepperoni pizza](/wiki/Pepperoni_pizza "Pepperoni pizza"), but Angela's mother yells "NO!" and slams the door every time. Fedora finally leaves, officially out of ideas and reluctantly decides to abandon the plan. Suddenly, a cat jumps out of a bush and is [ran over by a car](/wiki/Hit_and_run "Hit and run"). It has white paws, a black tail, a marmalade body, and a diamond shape on its [forehead](/wiki/Forehead "Forehead"). Fedora realises it is Angela's missing cat and takes her home to look alive with a [bicycle pump](/wiki/Bicycle_pump "Bicycle pump"). "Not you again," groans Angela's mother when she sees Fedora outside her the front door. Fedora shows off the dead cat and uses it as a [ventriloquist's dummy](/wiki/Ventriloquist%27s_dummy "Ventriloquist's dummy") to convince the family to hand her [£20](/wiki/%C2%A320 "£20"). Angela decides to give Fedora a [£50 note](/wiki/%C2%A350_note "£50 note") and takes the cat in for a [bath](/wiki/Bathing "Bathing").
Fedora runs off to laugh maniacally about scamming yet another group of people and sees another poster for a missing cat on the same tree she found the previous with a reward of £5000\. Fedora salivates thinking about how she will spend £5000 and hears [purring](/wiki/Purr "Purr") behind her. She turns gleefully to find a [circus](/wiki/Circus "Circus") [tiger](/wiki/Tiger "Tiger"), which eats her whole. The circus owner later finds the tiger asleep from a [stomach ache](/wiki/Stomach_ache "Stomach ache").
### Mr. Peeler's Butterflies
{{Quote box
\|title \= The Mr Peeler nursery rhyme
\|quote \=
Sleep, sleep, now close your eyes
Don't tempt our Mr Peeler
For if you lie awake at night,
You'll summon the Sleep Stealer.{{harvnb\|''Fearsome Tales''\|1996\|p\=25\|loc\=chpt. 2}}
}}
Alexander uses numerous tactics to stay awake past his 7:30{{nbsp}}pm [bedtime](/wiki/Bedtime "Bedtime") by pestering his exhausted parents, such as taking time to put on a swimming costume, pretending to be interested in minute details of keeping his bedroom protected from creepy shadows, forcing his mother to search for his toys downstairs that he knowingly had in his room, and asking for water a few minutes later so that he could pretend to use the toilet. His parents (particularly his father) become angrier by the second, but Alexander does not break his naivety ploy.
By four o'clock, Alexander is asleep. His window [latch](/wiki/Latch "Latch") creaks open and a [sardine](/wiki/Sardine "Sardine") smell fills the bedroom. He wakes up terrified and calls for his parents. His father rushes in angrily and checks the window—it was closed—but only his mother admits she can smell the sardine, despite his father finding a sardine tin. Alexander denies throwing it there for a prank. "Then who did? Mr Peeler?" shouts his father, and then explains to his confused wife that Peeler was a character from a [nursery rhyme](/wiki/Nursery_rhyme "Nursery rhyme") he remembers from childhood. He leaves the room, followed by his wife, demanding Alexander to not bother them again for the rest of the night.
The window latch reopens and in creeps a man dressed in [tweed](/wiki/Tweed "Tweed") clothing and holding a [butterfly net](/wiki/Butterfly_net "Butterfly net") with strange\-looking [butterflies](/wiki/Butterflies "Butterflies") surrounding him. He introduces himself as Mr Peeler. Alexander declares that he is not scared because he is still wearing his swimming costume. Peeler points out that he cannot call for his parents regardless because they are in a [deep sleep](/wiki/Deep_sleep "Deep sleep"). He moves to Alexander's bedside and explains he wants to help the boy stay awake, and takes out a key that opens sardine tins. With the key, he peels off Alexander's [eyelids](/wiki/Eyelid "Eyelid") and uses the net to catch the rest of his butterflies, and dissects them into eyelids to stick onto his face, with Alexander's on the top. He floats into the air as he gloats, reopens the window and flies out, leaving a regretful Alexander with no eyelids, unable to sleep again.
### Fat Boy with a Trumpet \[a true story]
An anonymous student recounts the time the worst [bully](/wiki/Bully "Bully") in their school is finally defeated. The bully in question is Johnny Bullneck, a pale\-skinned, [overweight](/wiki/Overweight "Overweight") and angry\-looking twelve\-year\-old who enjoyed interrogating students at random and torturing them if one of their answers displeases him. One anecdote features Johnny ordering a boy named Miles to sneak out of school and look for three gallons of [polka dot](/wiki/Polka_dot "Polka dot") paint; the narrator adds that they and the rest of school believe that Miles is too embarrassed to return empty\-handed because after he obeys, he is never seen again, and is rumoured to have relocated to [Darlington](/wiki/Darlington "Darlington") under an [alias](/wiki/Pseudonym "Pseudonym").
One day, an overweight, bespectacled boy becomes a new student to the narrator's class, who carries a [trumpet](/wiki/Trumpet "Trumpet") case. His name is Timothy and he becomes famous for performing for everyone on the playground. Johnny approaches him on the outskirts of the school grounds and orders him to remove his clothes so that Johnny and his gang can take a mandatory "medical photo". When Timothy obeys, the school bell rings and Timothy is given detention from the headmaster. Johnny continues to target Timothy, forcing him to take [laxatives](/wiki/Laxative "Laxative"), stealing his [glasses](/wiki/Glasses "Glasses"), and name\-calling him about his weight. A girl named Tina briefly confronts Johnny and snatches Timothy's glasses out of his hand so Johnny decides to take the trumpet case instead. Timothy roars at Johnny and holds the trumpet case tightly, snapping Johnny into a sulking silence for a week and stunning the petrified audience into awe.
Johnny garners permission to borrow the school's [cricket](/wiki/Cricket "Cricket") equipment and waits for school to finish. When school is over, it begins to [thunderstorm](/wiki/Thunderstorm "Thunderstorm") as Timothy walks past. Johnny's gang jumps out of the shadows to roll him through [mud](/wiki/Mud "Mud") and tie him up, positions him in front of the [goal](/wiki/Goal_%28sports%29 "Goal (sports)") net. Johnny appears and gloats about having the upper hand, taking Timothy's glasses and trumpet case as he explains his [revenge](/wiki/Revenge "Revenge") plan: attempting to play Timothy's trumpet as his gang throws [cricket balls](/wiki/Cricket_ball "Cricket ball") at Timothy like a [firing squad](/wiki/Firing_squad "Firing squad"). Johnny puts on the glasses and takes out the trumpet, and begins to play as Timothy tries to see through his blurry vision. A [lightning](/wiki/Lightning "Lightning") flash hits close to the ground and Johnny 's gang ran away screaming as the rain stops. It becomes clear enough for Timothy to see Johnny's [charred](/wiki/Char_%28chemistry%29 "Char (chemistry)") statue with the frame of Timothy's glasses glowing red. In the [epilogue](/wiki/Epilogue "Epilogue"), the narrator recalls no one seeming mournful when the next [school assembly](/wiki/School_assembly "School assembly") announces Johnny's death, but personally admits they [wish that Johnny had suffered longer](/wiki/Schadenfreude "Schadenfreude") during the accident because the headmaster had claimed it happened "in a flash".
### The Chipper Chums Go Scrumping
Back in 1952, Algie visited his aunt Fanny and uncle Herbert, with his pet dog Stinker and his best friend Col in [Kent](/wiki/Kent "Kent") for their [summer holidays](/wiki/Summer_vacation "Summer vacation"). They had created a gang, named The Chipper Chums, with three of the neighbourhood kids: the children of a [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") captain, Alice and her older brother Ginger; and gentle giant [tomboy](/wiki/Tomboy "Tomboy") Sam, "a girl [with a boy's name](/wiki/Gender-neutral_name "Gender-neutral name")" who slapped Dick Stick, the son of an [underclass](/wiki/Underclass "Underclass") rat skin seller, for teasing her.
One morning before breakfast, Algie and Col decide to go on a [picnic](/wiki/Picnic "Picnic") and look for an adventure. Aunt Fanny offers to pack them [scones](/wiki/Scone "Scone") and Herbert's tomatoes; Ginger and Alice's mother gives them [gingerbread men](/wiki/Gingerbread_man "Gingerbread man"), and Sam's mother gives them a [Victoria sponge cake](/wiki/Victoria_sponge_cake "Victoria sponge cake"). The group [cycle](/wiki/Cycling "Cycling") through the fields and stop by a river next to an apple [orchard](/wiki/Orchard "Orchard"). They decide to open the [hamper](/wiki/Hamper "Hamper") and eat despite the time being 11{{nbsp}}am and find scones covered in [clotted cream](/wiki/Clotted_cream "Clotted cream"), sardine sandwiches, a tin of [spam](/wiki/Spam_%28food%29 "Spam (food)"), [ginger beer](/wiki/Ginger_beer "Ginger beer") and Uncle Herbert's tomatoes, along with the other families' donations. After finishing the picnic, the hot sun makes the children drowsy, and they fall asleep. The sun had disappears behind a cloud when they wake up and Algie is disappoints that Sam (the noted logical member of the gang) suggests leaving for home despite only eaten lunch. Col suggests fishing from a string in his pocket and a stick he could look for by the riverbank, but the ultimate decision is given to Alice, who wants an apple from the orchard. Col is hesitant to [scrump](/wiki/wiktionary:Scrump "Scrump") but Ginger and Algie point out that the orchard is too big for the owner to notice four missing apples.
The group tidy their picnic away and climb through a fence hole. Col cannot reach the branches and Sam fails to climb the trunk. Algie reminds them of a [circus](/wiki/Circus "Circus") act they saw a week ago and suggests two members should re\-enact it. Being the tallest, Sam allows Algie to walk up her back and pick the apples, and the four children begin to eat. A [gunshot](/wiki/Gunshot "Gunshot") rings through the [meadow](/wiki/Meadow "Meadow") and the orchard's owner appears: an angry, unshaven Farmer Tregowan with a [shotgun](/wiki/Shotgun "Shotgun"). Stinker leaps at the farmer to protect the children and Tregowan shoots him in the chest, killing him in [point\-blank range](/wiki/Point-blank_range "Point-blank range"). Algie threatens to tell his father about the murder, but Tregowan refuses to back down. The children attempt to apologise, even consenting to [corporal punishment](/wiki/Corporal_punishment "Corporal punishment") but Tregowan points out it will not bring the four apples back, so he has to squeeze every drop of juice out of them. Conveniently, the children become [paralysed](/wiki/Paralyse "Paralyse") and collapse due to the [insecticide](/wiki/Insecticide "Insecticide") that Tregowan often sprays around the orchard. He gathers their bodies onto his [tractor](/wiki/Tractor "Tractor") and drives to his [fruit press](/wiki/Fruit_press "Fruit press"), where he crushes their corpses and drains out the juice for [cider](/wiki/Cider "Cider"). The story ends with a warning that "if you ever come across Tregowan's Vintage Cider from 1952, do not drink it!"
### Prince Noman
Somewhere in the desert is a secluded town named Misery. It had been ruled for over 400 years by the [House](/wiki/Dynasty "Dynasty") of Volgar. The aging king Norman had [married](/wiki/Forced_marriage "Forced marriage") a young, beautiful peasant named Letitia, who had just [given birth](/wiki/Childbirth "Childbirth") to a son. When the newborn boy is ready to be shown to the rest of the family, each member passes the child around and gushes over the [features](/wiki/Phenotype "Phenotype") he has inherited from each of them. Letitia points out they never mentioned any features that her son had inherited from her but her [in\-laws](/wiki/In-laws "In-laws") sneer and ignore her. The king wants to name his new son [Norman](/wiki/Norman_%28name%29 "Norman (name)"), despite Letitia's hesitations, but at the [naming ceremony](/wiki/Naming_ceremony "Naming ceremony"), he forgets his [reading glasses](/wiki/Reading_glasses "Reading glasses") and misreads the name as Noman. The royal family are concerned and Letitia is horrified—"Noman" had unfortunate connotations because it could also be read as "No man".
In the days since the blooper, the royal staff have lots of trouble with the new prince, who keeps turning [invisible](/wiki/Invisibility "Invisibility"). The royal family panics as the king's failing health and the prince's condition could destroy the [monarchy](/wiki/Monarchy "Monarchy"). Letitia [sews](/wiki/Sew "Sew") a [babygrow](/wiki/Babygrow "Babygrow") out of [lead](/wiki/Lead "Lead") from the rooftops with a [balaclava](/wiki/Balaclava_%28clothing%29 "Balaclava (clothing)") but has nothing for the face itself. The king's doctor declares the king unfit for power and orders the Volgar family find a new ruler. The family immediately nominate Noman but Letitia protests that Misery would not trust a ruler without a face. Her sister\-in\-law,Princess Florrie, demands she finds a solution by tomorrow otherwise she would be [buried alive](/wiki/Buried_alive "Buried alive") in a sandpit near [scorpions](/wiki/Scorpions "Scorpions").
The next morning, the new King Noman is revealed to the people of Misery with a face identical to the one he had the day he was born. The rest of the family are absent, refusing to leave their bedrooms for the rest of their lives. Inside the palace, the [servants](/wiki/Servant "Servant") are ordered to destroy every [mirror](/wiki/Mirror "Mirror") in the building.
### Death By Chocolate
[thumb\|Eli (right) defending herself against a giant fly (unknowingly, sister Serena); drawn by Kerstin Meyer for *Scary Stories for Eight Year Olds*.](/wiki/File:Death_by_Chocolate_-_Eli_fighting_her_sister_Serena.png "Death by Chocolate - Eli fighting her sister Serena.png")
A [boardroom](/wiki/Boardroom "Boardroom") of the Squarebrush Sou'wester chocolate factory is celebrating its improved sales for the year when an employee alerts them to a [fly](/wiki/Fly "Fly") that has been seen around the factory lines. The directors order production to be ceased until the fly is found but it had already laid its eggs in an open [Easter](/wiki/Chocolate_egg "Chocolate egg") [chocolate bunny](/wiki/Chocolate_bunny "Chocolate bunny") and flown out of an open window. The affected bunny is bought by the mother of Serena Slurp, a stubborn [chocoholic](/wiki/Chocoholic "Chocoholic") who will eat chocolate from anywhere, even stealing other people's or licking chocolate wrappers she finds. Because she has enough chocolate to last, the chocolate bunny is stored at the back of the [fridge](/wiki/Fridge "Fridge") for emergencies.
Serena's younger sister, {{not a typo\|Ellie}}, enjoys hunting flies with their mother's [fly swatter](/wiki/Fly_swatter "Fly swatter") and does it throughout the summer holidays. One day, Serena catches her with the swatter snapped in two and threatens to tell their mother unless Ellie agrees to be her [slave](/wiki/Slave "Slave"). Ellie is forced to make Serena's meals, bring her chocolate with a [wheelbarrow](/wiki/Wheelbarrow "Wheelbarrow") and fold her clothes; Serena would always take the broken fly swatter with her to [blackmail](/wiki/Blackmail "Blackmail") Ellie with whenever her demands were refused. Their mother is seemingly oblivious to the situation, only making an appearance to scold Serena for eating too much chocolate whenever Serena locks herself in the bathroom to [vomit](/wiki/Vomit "Vomit").
A sudden late\-August [heatwave](/wiki/Heatwave "Heatwave") causes a nationwide chocolate shortage. Serena is ballistic because her chocolate supply is ruined and Ellie cannot find any shops that have any bars and packets available. Ellie gives her the chocolate bunny and she rips it apart with her teeth, swallowing everything, including the fly egg. The [maggot](/wiki/Maggot "Maggot") that hatches from the egg grows inside her, feeding off the undigested chocolate inside Serena's [stomach](/wiki/Stomach "Stomach"), and slowly merges with her [DNA](/wiki/DNA "DNA"). Days later, Ellie enters her sister's bedroom and sees a giant fly sitting up in Serena's bed. She runs away in terror and the fly follows her, begging her not to panic because it is still Serena. Ellie flees to the living room, grabs the fly swatter and beats it dead with one strike, her sister's corpse landing in front of her in a black pile. Her mother appears in the doorway to ask about the screaming, making Ellie confess she broke the fly swatter. "Is that all?" her mother replies as she walks away. "I thought it was something serious."
### Well 'Ard Willard
Science [nerds](/wiki/Nerd "Nerd") are the most shunned people in his school, so Willard left his science interests at home and spends schooltime pretending to be the most talented, [namedropping](/wiki/Namedropping "Namedropping"), and globetrotting boy in the world. Younger students are in awe of his lies and envy Willard's interesting life, but are terrified of disappointing him; he got the nickname "Well 'Ard Willard" ("well hard" meaning "very tough") because he never smiled around anyone. One Friday lunchtime, Willard asks his audience whether they had stolen something. Some students struggle to find an impressive answer to not embarrass themselves, but Willard scoffs at every confession, revealing that he stole the [Sun](/wiki/Sun "Sun"). Through the crowd of impressed murmurs, a girl named Felicity calls him a liar and points out the sun is still in the sky. Willard claims he is telling the truth and that "the sun" she is referring to is a model he made. Felicity continues to accuse him of lying and the crowd disperses, realising Willard was not as interesting as they had believed for so long. In fear of losing his audience, Willard agrees to prove it and show everyone on Monday.
Willard plans to capture the sun in a similar way to the [burning glass](/wiki/Burning_glass "Burning glass") technique. Despite basing a reputation on far\-fetched lying in school, he struggles to lie to his mother on the spot but she does not notice and allows him to borrow empty [jam](/wiki/Jam "Jam") [jars](/wiki/Jar "Jar"). Willard takes the jars and his [telescope](/wiki/Telescope "Telescope") to a sunny field and captures [sunbeam](/wiki/Sunbeam "Sunbeam") particles by angling the telescope's magnifying end towards the sun and placing the jars underneath the eyepiece, which he examines under his [microscope](/wiki/Microscope "Microscope") back in his bedroom. He continues the process throughout the weekend until the entirety of the sun is hiding in jam jars under his bed. When Willard was out of earshot, his parents frequently refer to newspaper reports about worldwide scientists' growing concerns over the shrinking sun, comment on the early [sunsets](/wiki/Sunset "Sunset"), and his boiling hot bedroom.
On Monday, Willard gathers his jars into a [rucksack](/wiki/Rucksack "Rucksack") and staggers to school feeling triumphant about saving his reputation; a sign on the school gates reports the school is closed due to frozen [pipes](/wiki/Pipe_%28fluid_conveyance%29 "Pipe (fluid conveyance)"). Willard staggers back home to find his grey\-skinned parents in the living room by the empty fireplace. They point out his [sunburn](/wiki/Sunburn "Sunburn") (which he got from sleeping above his jar collection) and interrogate him about it. Willard struggles to improvise a few lies by claiming he built a [time machine](/wiki/Time_machine "Time machine") sometime ago and travelled back to a time when the sun was still in the sky so he could visit [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"), but when he returns to the present he destroys the machine and threw it away. His father is disappointed his son has made a time machine and never decides to show it to the rest of the family as his mother reads the newspaper. She finds an interview with the chief of the local police, who [alleges](/wiki/Allegation "Allegation") Willard is the person who stole the sun because of his illuminating bedroom. Due to being members of the [neighbourhood watch](/wiki/Neighbourhood_watch "Neighbourhood watch"), Willard's parents immediately become suspicious.
Willard grabs his bag and runs to his bedroom, locking the door. He puts on [oven gloves](/wiki/Oven_gloves "Oven gloves"), opens his window and throws the sunbeam particles out of it, and pulls at his [carpet](/wiki/Carpet "Carpet") to scoop other particles and tips the contents out with the rest, as his parents knock harshly outside. When the last of the sunbeams are out, all the [hovering](/wiki/Levitation_%28physics%29 "Levitation (physics)") particles mould together into a sphere outside of the window and [explode](/wiki/Supernova "Supernova"), [burning Willard alive](/wiki/Burning_alive "Burning alive") as the reformed and recharged sun floats away towards the [atmosphere](/wiki/Atmosphere "Atmosphere"). Willard's parents break the door off the hinges and find his [skin](/wiki/Skin "Skin") laying below the window pane. In the story's [epilogue](/wiki/Epilogue "Epilogue"), it is revealed that three weeks later, the liquified remains of Willard's body rain over [Madagascar](/wiki/Madagascar "Madagascar").
### Athlete's Foot
Oliver "Ollie" Littlebody is terrible at track races. He hates running and always falls over the finish line in last place. He is always competing against Anthony [St John](/wiki/St_John_%28name%29 "St John (name)") Smythe, who is always winning races and enjoys waiting for Ollie to cross the finish line to gloat about winning at him. After embarrassing himself at another track race, Ollie is approached by an old man, who offers to train him into a successful athlete that will stop Anthony's boasting and put his name at the top of the running leagues; although unconvinced, Ollie accepts. The next day, Ollie arrives at the stadium after school and is amazed to see the old man sprinting around the race track. When the old man finishes, he gives Ollie his training schedule: at the end of every school day, Ollie must go to the supermarket and buy soup, take it to the old man's house and cook it, and then clean up after dinner. Despite Ollie's protests, he reluctantly follows the old man's orders.
On the day of the running league's first race, the old man gives Ollie [studded running shoes](/wiki/Cleat_%28shoe%29 "Cleat (shoe)"). They formerly belonged to a schoolboy named Tommy Knock, one of the best track runners in the county 50 years ago who failed to win a race that would cement his All England Schools Champion title. Ollie puts them on and reluctantly leaves the changing rooms for the race track. When the starting gun fires, Ollie sprints around the track, passes his opponents and wins the race. Ollie is in disbelief and regrets doubting the old man's strategy. He wears the shoes in other races, winning all and being promoted each time. He wins the semi\-final race and is named the best 400m runner in British history by a magazine for young athletes, which is purchased by the St John Smythe family. Anthony, who is due to appear in the final with Ollie, is suspicious over Ollie's sudden success but is so furious that he eats some of the magazine pages.
In the minutes before the final, Anthony confronts Ollie in the [changing room](/wiki/Changing_room "Changing room") and steals the running shoes. Ollie tries to chase him but cannot move because his clothes are stuck to the seat, thanks to Anthony's secret glue container. The old man runs into the room in a panic and frees him. Ollie decides to forfeit the race and begins to cry, terrified that he will embarrass himself without his shoes but the old man convinces him to race and admits that he was going to give the shoes to Anthony anyway. Ollie accuses his mentor of betraying him but walks out to join the race, clothes ripped from being freed from the seat and with no shoes on. The race starts and Ollie struggles to overtake his opponents, whilst Anthony is far in the lead. Ollie hears the sounds of [Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe "Luftwaffe") planes and a loud whistle. Anthony explodes into ash as he is about to reach the finish line; Ollie staggers into seventh place.
When Ollie and the old man reunite by the changing rooms, the old man explains that Anthony's death was the reason why Tommy Knock could not win his final race in 1941 because he was killed by a Luftwaffe bomb that landed in front of him as he was about to cross the finish line. Ollie expresses his condolences to Knock who died trying to reach his dreams but the old man tells Ollie not to worry because "I didn't feel a thing," and disappears in a puff of smoke.
### The Matchstick Girl
Eight\-year\-old Polly Peach lives with her family and 15 siblings in [Victorian Britain](/wiki/Victorian_Britain "Victorian Britain"). After her father is made redundant from the [steel mill](/wiki/Steel_mill "Steel mill"), she finds a job selling [matchboxes](/wiki/Matchbox "Matchbox") and is paid [twopence](/wiki/Twopence_%28British_pre-decimal_coin%29 "Twopence (British pre-decimal coin)") for every twenty sold. One day, the owner of the matchstick shop announces he is going to deduct her wage to a [penny](/wiki/Penny_%28British_pre-decimal_coin%29 "Penny (British pre-decimal coin)") per 20 sales "because I said so." Remembering her parents warning her and her siblings about exploitative bosses, Polly threatens to [strike](/wiki/Work_strike "Work strike"). Suddenly, her hair catches fire from a [phosphorescence](/wiki/Phosphorescence "Phosphorescence") flash and burns her body into a giant [match](/wiki/Match "Match"). Her boss uses her body to clean the [shag](/wiki/Shag_%28tobacco%29 "Shag (tobacco)") out of his [smoking pipe](/wiki/Smoking_pipe "Smoking pipe") and throws the rest of her remains into an [ashtray](/wiki/Ashtray "Ashtray"). He closes his shop and leaves for his [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool "Blackpool") holiday with his wife.
### Simon Sulk
The story begins with an [Icelandic](/wiki/Iceland "Iceland") legend about [trolls](/wiki/Troll "Troll"), which are believed to be creatures that originally lived in the sea: 500 years ago in the village of Trollvik, the villagers hid in a church from [wolves](/wiki/Wolf "Wolf") when [travellers](/wiki/Romani_people "Romani people") knocked on the front door begging to be rescued because their [caravan](/wiki/Vardo_%28Romani_wagon%29 "Vardo (Romani wagon)") was on fire. Thor, the villagers' leader, allows them inside but notices that there is no sign of smoke and fire. He realises his mistake but the doors had already shut and the travellers were beginning to [shapeshift](/wiki/Shapeshift "Shapeshift"). They turn into wolfish [humanoid](/wiki/Humanoid "Humanoid") beasts and slaughter every villager in the church. Due to the name of the village, this was where the creatures got their name, and they were eventually driven out of the country by King Magnus.
In the present day, spoilt Simon discovers that his parents want to [move](/wiki/Moving_house "Moving house") to [Devon](/wiki/Devon "Devon") and have already bought a house. Known for his [tantrums](/wiki/Tantrum "Tantrum"), Simon causes commotion in a clothes shop when he discovers the [school uniform](/wiki/School_uniform "School uniform") he will have to wear and locks his bedroom door when he gets home, vowing to die in the room if it means that he will never leave with his parents. He wakes up before 6{{nbsp}}am to hear his parents arguing over what to take with them before the [removal team](/wiki/Moving_company "Moving company") arrives. When they hear him stirring, they try again to make him prepare to leave. Simon still refuses which further irritates his father. His parents leave and secretly plan to return 30 minutes later to call Simon's bluff, and drive to a café down the road.
Simon hears movement downstairs minutes later and his parents' voices at his bedroom door. He gloats that he knows that they will be back for him and still refuses to leave with them. His parents are in a panic because they have been chased back to the house by wolves. Simon gloats that he knows they are lying. The parents begin to scream because the house is on fire and Simon has to evacuate. Simon is still not convinced. The parents continue begging. Simon still refuses. The parents demand that Simon opens the door. Suspicious, Simon obeys and sees no fire outside the room as his parents barge in. He admits defeat but tells them that he has no plans of leaving regardless. His parents shapeshift into Icelandic trolls, and [decapitate](/wiki/Decapitation "Decapitation") him.
Simon's real parents return to the house, as planned, to find the Icelandic couple from Devon that they have switched houses with answering the front door. They explain to the new owners the situation with their son being stubborn in his bedroom. The Icelandic couple invites them inside to help the parents convince their son to leave. Hours later, the Icelandic couple have a tiny [housewarming party](/wiki/Housewarming_party "Housewarming party") in their new garden, cooking giant pieces of "[chicken](/wiki/Chicken_as_food "Chicken as food")" on a [barbeque](/wiki/Barbeque "Barbeque").
### The Dumb Clucks
The Clucks are a family who live in Dork, [Stargazy Pie](/wiki/Stargazy_Pie "Stargazy Pie"); a [village](/wiki/Village "Village") notorious for its stupid citizens. One rainy day, a [cowboy](/wiki/Cowboy "Cowboy") smoking [cheroot](/wiki/Cheroot "Cheroot") rides into the village and announces himself as the [Son of God](/wiki/Son_of_God "Son of God"), a messenger of his father. The villagers are in awe as the cowboy explains that his father can make wishes come true to anyone who follows rituals. Mrs Cluck asks for [hair rollers](/wiki/Hair_roller "Hair roller"), one of their children wants a [hoverboard](/wiki/Hoverboard "Hoverboard") and Mr Cluck asks for replacement [golf clubs](/wiki/Golf_club "Golf club"). The cowboy promises to get every wish if the Dorks followed his instructions. Mr Pojo the village [cobbler](/wiki/Shoemaker "Shoemaker") accuses the cowboy of being a [conman](/wiki/Conman "Conman") but his neighbours and customers ignore him. The cowboy orders the villagers to destroy their mirrors and dump the glass in a ring surrounding the village, burn all their shoes and cover themselves in ketchup and mustard. Mr Pojo is thrown out of the village for [blasphemy](/wiki/Blasphemy "Blasphemy") and the Dorks obey the cowboy's orders.
The cowboy dials [666](/wiki/Number_of_the_beast "Number of the beast") on his [mobile phone](/wiki/Mobile_phone "Mobile phone") to contact "his father" and tells the villagers that God is ready for them. Heavy footsteps shake the village and a giant [cyclops](/wiki/Cyclops "Cyclops") steps into Dork. "You have done well, son," it says to the cowboy. Mr Cluck asks for God and the cyclops replies that his name is Nigel. The cowboy admits that he lies to Dork and his father was no [Fairy Godmother](/wiki/Fairy_Godmother "Fairy Godmother")\-esque wish granter. The Dorks try to run but realise they cannot run over the glass ring with no shoes on and Nigel eats all the villagers and the buildings, and leaves with his son for [Bombay](/wiki/Bombay "Bombay"). In the years after the tragedy, a new village has been created: Pojo, which only has one citizen: the banished Mr Pojo from Dork.
### Doctor Moribundus
Lorelei Lee never goes to school because she pretends to be [ill](/wiki/Illness "Illness") every [weekday](/wiki/Weekday "Weekday"), and her family believes it, no matter how implausible. During school holidays and weekends, she makes miraculous recoveries but will suddenly feel unwell on Sundays or the last day of the holiday and cannot go to school for a week. She will use a variety of methods to be convincing, such as placing thermometers in hot drinks, making herself cold at night, and create scars by [waxing](/wiki/Waxing "Waxing") her limbs with [plasters](/wiki/Adhesive_bandage "Adhesive bandage"), only to be unusually excitable when her father arrives home at the end of every "sick" day with a get\-well present.
One morning, Lorelei Lee covers her mouth with [toothpaste](/wiki/Toothpaste "Toothpaste") and pretends to have a [seizure](/wiki/Seizure "Seizure"). Her mother assumes she has [rabies](/wiki/Rabies "Rabies") and telephones for yet another emergency doctor. Unlike the other doctors usually send into Lorelei Lee's home, the doctor recognises the tricks and smells the toothpaste. He writes out a [prescription](/wiki/Prescription_%28medical%29 "Prescription (medical)") and leaves in a tranquil fury. Lorelei Lee's mother fails to find any medicine in any nearby pharmacies that match the prescription and asks her husband whether he has heard of "Medicus moribundus". Her husband scoffs at the need for said prescription now that the "rabies" had worn off their daughter but the doorbell rings.
On the doorstep is a bearded man wearing a cape and an overweight woman dressed in black. The man introduces himself as Dr Moribundus and the woman as his night [nurse](/wiki/Nurse "Nurse"). The parents invite the guests inside and Dr Moribundus orders them to stay downstairs as he treats their daughter. Moribundus and the night nurse enter Lorelei Lee's bedroom and Lorelei Lee protests that she is fine but the two guests ignore her, preparing their equipment. The night nurse turns her over to cover her back in [leeches](/wiki/Leech "Leech") and then rubs [poultice](/wiki/Poultice "Poultice") [mustard](/wiki/Mustard_%28condiment%29 "Mustard (condiment)") all over her body, as Lorelei Lee screams that she is healthy and promises to go to school every day. After the poultice is peeled off, Moribundus explains that he specialises in [alternative medicine](/wiki/Alternative_medicine "Alternative medicine") and prepares for [brain surgery](/wiki/Brain_surgery "Brain surgery"). Lorelei Lee points out that brain surgery seems unconventional but Moribundus replies that his method is alternate too and takes out a giant [injection](/wiki/Injection_%28medicine%29 "Injection (medicine)") from his medical kit. She admits that she is pretending to be sick and begs to be reconsidered; Moribundus says, "I know," and injects the top of her head. The syringe sticks out the bottom of her body and she becomes [numb](/wiki/Hypoesthesia "Hypoesthesia"), a hole growing through her tongue. Moribundus [saws](/wiki/Saw "Saw") off the top of her head and digs around her brain with a [teaspoon](/wiki/Teaspoon "Teaspoon"), pulling out a piece (which is said to be the part of her brain that makes her play sick) and [eating it](/wiki/Human_cannibalism "Human cannibalism").
Lorelei Lee returns to school the next day and continues to do so. Still traumatised from Moribundus' visit, and with a hole still in her tongue as a souvenir, the epilogue reveals that she even hides [common colds](/wiki/Common_cold "Common cold") from her parents in case the [witch doctor](/wiki/Witch_doctor "Witch doctor") returns to her house, but has to stay home for a morning when a breeze blows the top of her head open so her head could be [stapled](/wiki/Staple_%28fastener%29 "Staple (fastener)") shut. In her [Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin") class—the catalyst of her feigning rabies—the teacher asks for the definition of *Medicus moribundus*. A lisping Lorelei Lee suggests being injected in the head making the teacher laugh as he strokes his beard, which lookes similar to Moribundus' thin, black one.
### The Stick Men
Chico has drawn on the walls with [felt tips](/wiki/Felt_tips "Felt tips") all his life, despite it annoying his wealthy (described as ["Not now! Can't you see I'm working?"](/wiki/Workaholic "Workaholic")) parents, who frequently point out that they never want him anyway as they scold him. One day, Chico's mother is horrified to find Chico's [stick people](/wiki/Stick_people "Stick people") and doodles buildings all over his bedroom walls and she and Chico's father [ground him](/wiki/Grounding_%28discipline_technique%29 "Grounding (discipline technique)") for two days, assigning him with yet another apathetic [babysitter](/wiki/Babysitter "Babysitter"). Chico continues drawing, creating the enchanted land of Fiddle\-Dee\-Dee with a magical river where a [blind](/wiki/Blindness "Blindness") [sorceress](/wiki/Sorcerer_%28paranormal%29 "Sorcerer (paranormal)") lives in a castle and Knobbly Hob[goblins](/wiki/Goblins "Goblins") lurk in the caves. The babysitter appears in the doorway and harshly insults Chico's drawing abilities.
A stick man pulls himself off the wall and introduces himself as Stan after Chico stops screaming, calming him down. Other characters jump off the wall, pick up Chico's pens and draw all over every wall as Chico panics. Stan is too late to tell Chico to keep quiet as the leader of Knobbly Hobgoblins appears, takes a pen and draws Chico's babysitter with a snake growing out of her mobile phone. A scream is heard from downstairs, followed by the sound of the front door slamming shut. The hobgoblin draws two crashing helicopters before Chico wipes it out, chasing the hobgoblin away.
Through magic, Chico is taken to the sorceress' castle and the sorceress expresses gratitude to him and explains that a human living amongst the land of Fiddle\-Dee\-Dee would make the stick people come to life. Although wanting to stay, Chico believes it is his duty to stay with his parents, regardless of their treatment of him, but through the castle window, he sees his furious parents staring at the stick people's mess all over their son's bedroom. Chico's father rushes out and returns with a bucket full of soapy water and dumps it against the wall where the castle is drawn, trapping Chico inside Fiddle\-Dee\-Dee forever.
The epilogue reveals that Chico lives happily ever after with his new friends in Fiddle\-Dee\-Dee. Its citizens become human, the sorceress regains her sight and Chico's world becomes magical again. In the real world, Chico's parents die in a helicopter accident over the sea. When their bodies are recovered, their heads have inflated five times larger.
### Little Fingers
Daffyd Thomas has a horrible\-looking thumb. He uses to [suck it frequently](/wiki/Thumb_sucking "Thumb sucking") when he is younger and it now looks shrivelled and cannot grow fingernails. It seems that due to the lack of "affection", the thumb has "controlled" the hands into becoming [fidgety](/wiki/Fidgeting "Fidgeting") and Daffyd is constantly told off by his parents for sticking his fingers in different places, regardless of sanitation. Exhausted by their son's behaviour, Daffyd's parents announce that they are going on holiday for a week, leaving their son with his 93\-year\-old, [deaf](/wiki/Deaf "Deaf") grandmother, Gwenyth. Daffyd is devastated because his grandmother can talk for hours about boring parts of her childhood.
Four days of Granny Gwenyth later, Daffyd is still trapped in the living room with her as she talks about her memories and various hobbies. Instead of listening, he uses the house phone to perform [prank calls](/wiki/Prank_calls "Prank calls") until he has no desire left. He dials randomly and contacts an Italian pizza restaurant, which offers him a delicious\-sounding "Kidnapped Caper". When he answers the front door, a man in sunglasses and a black suit with a [machine gun](/wiki/Machine_gun "Machine gun") is on the doorstep, who frogmarches him into a [limousine](/wiki/Limousine "Limousine") and [bashes him](/wiki/Pistol-whipping "Pistol-whipping") unconscious.
Daffyd's parents return from holiday over a week later to find envelopes full of fingers and [ransom notes](/wiki/Ransom_note "Ransom note"). When confronted, a confused Gwenyth admits she never notices her grandson has vanished nine days ago. Mr Thomas pays the £10,000 ransom and Daffyd is returned home the next day with only a thumb left on his hand. His mother appreciates that her son will not get into any more trouble for fiddling but he sticks it in his mouth to suck. His father tells her to look for the [Bitter Aloe](/wiki/Bitter_Aloe "Bitter Aloe").
### Bessy O'Messy
Bessy is a beautiful, red\-haired, green\-eyed Irish girl who is wasteful and forgetful. Her brother Callum is a neat freak, who cleans up after his sister, which makes Bessy suspicious, assuming that he is trying to make her look irresponsible. One morning, her mother discovers a mountain of dirty laundry and empty containers behind Bessy's bedroom door and orders her to clean her room. Bessy refuses, Callum offers to help, but their mother denies both of their requests. Bessy gets out of bed and attempts to climb the mountain but falls inside it and lands outside a cottage where six [leprechauns](/wiki/Leprechaun "Leprechaun") live. They introduce themselves as O'Reilly, O'Reilly, O'Reilly, O'Reilly, O'Reilly, and O'Reilly (real name Rafferty) and explain that they prefer to live in untidy places. Bessy realises how much she and the leprechauns have in common and agrees to live with them for the rest of her life.
The leprechauns lead Bessy into their home and refer her to the kitchen. Confused, Bessy asks what was the kitchen's significance. The leprechauns tell her that as their new [housekeeper](/wiki/Maid "Maid"), she must clean whatever they say. Bessy argues that they never said that she wants to be their housekeeper and the leprechauns remind her that they shake hands, but Bessy points out that they never mention housekeeping and that she and one of the leprechauns shake hands on no agreement. The leprechauns shed their fingers and grow [claws](/wiki/Claw "Claw"), and threaten her to clean their kitchen otherwise they will kill her. Bessy shoves the closest out of her way and runs out of the cottage. She runs towards the assumed escape route—a black hole under a jumper—as the leprechauns chase her. The hole disappears and the ground shakes. The leprechauns gloat that they have the upper hand as they pull themselves off the ground and crowd around her. A jet of water sprays the leprechauns flat and the world crashes down.
Sometime later, Callum is ironing the rest of Bessy's clean clothes. He finds his sister, now {{convert\|6\|in\|cm}} tall, with her red hair now white. She snaps at him for making "\[her] colours run" and apologises for her behaviour, offering to help him clean her room.
### Jack in a Box
[The Honourable](/wiki/The_Honourable "The Honourable") Jack Delaunay de Havilland De Trop{{efn\|{{IPAc\-en\|d\|ə\|l\|ɔːr\|ŋ\|iː\|\_\|d\|ə\|ˈ\|h\|æ\|v\|ᵻ\|l\|ən\|d\|\_\|d\|ə\|'\|tʃ\|r\|oʊ}}{{harvnb\|Planer\|2000, 2011 \& 2016\|loc\=04:53:55\.998 — 04:53:59\.867}}}} embarrasses and angers his parents because he frequently interrupts adults' conversations. Anecdotes show him interrupting his mother at a party, [the Queen](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II "Queen Elizabeth II"), [the Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom"), and a couple in the middle of [flirting](/wiki/Flirting "Flirting"), offering to show them the [verruca](/wiki/Plantar_wart "Plantar wart") on his foot.
On the day of his sister's [birthday party](/wiki/Birthday_party "Birthday party"), Lord and Lady Delaunay de Havilland De Trop has approved of a self\-hiring children's entertainer, Mr Frankenstein the [ventriloquist](/wiki/Ventriloquism "Ventriloquism"). Jack pesters Frankenstein throughout his visit, isolating him in an empty room from Rosie and her guests, bombarding him with questions, interrupting constantly, and offering to show the foot verruca. Jack finally stops when he hears a panicky, muffled voice coming from Frankenstein's suitcase. Frankenstein opens it to reveal a [ventriloquist dummy](/wiki/Ventriloquist_dummy "Ventriloquist dummy"), which jumps out of the box to latch itself onto the back of Jack's neck and warns him to run away. Jack believes it to be a trick at first but Frankenstein adamantly claims the dummy is magic, and says he can teach Jack about the powers of the Elders of the Black Circle. He passes Jack an [address card](/wiki/Business_card "Business card") to a joke shop in Great Pessaries and lets in his audience.
The next day, Jack sneaks to the joke shop and allows himself in. A back door creaks open. Jack steps in the room calling for Frankenstein as he looks at the creepy ornaments on the shelves, with eyes secretly following him whenever his back turns. Disturbed, he turns to leave but stops when he sees severed heads of children hanging from wires over 30 transparent tanks of bubbling [formaldehyde](/wiki/Formaldehyde "Formaldehyde"). A light turns on and the heads come to life, yelling at him to get out of the shop immediately. Frankenstein enters, in the middle of sewing a new dummy, and picks up an [axe](/wiki/Axe "Axe") as Jack begs for mercy.
A few weeks later, Jack's parents are still concerned over their daughter, who stands in the garden mumbling a song that begs for her brother to come home. Lord Delaunay de Havilland De Trop opens a suitcase and pulls out a dummy with a sewn\-closed mouth, explaining he bought it from a Great Pessaries joke shop, hoping it will cheer his daughter up by reminding her of her love of Frankenstein's party performance. Lady Delaunay de Havilland De Trop points out the dummy reminds her of Jack. The dummy blinks.
|
[
"Synopsis\n--------",
"### The Cat Burglar",
"Fedora Funklefink is a notorious [con artist](/wiki/Con_artist \"Con artist\") who uses any way she can to avoid responsibilities or get rich quick. She forces girls to pay to use the girls' toilets, [forges](/wiki/Forgery \"Forgery\") her mother's handwriting so that she could sit out of [P. E.](/wiki/Physical_education \"Physical education\") lessons, makes other schoolchildren pay to lick her [mints](/wiki/Mint_%28candy%29 \"Mint (candy)\"), refuses to let her father use his car until he paid her for cleaning the [windscreen](/wiki/Windscreen \"Windscreen\"), and uses mirrors in exams to cheat. On the way to plan her next get\\-rich\\-quick scheme, she spots a poster for a missing cat, offering a [£10](/wiki/Bank_of_England_%C2%A310_note \"Bank of England £10 note\") reward. She rips the poster off, runs home, changes into a \"hunting\" costume, and kidnaps a [black](/wiki/Black_cat \"Black cat\") [stray](/wiki/Feral_cat \"Feral cat\") behind her garden. The mother of the missing cat's owner answers the front door when Fedora goes to deliver but her daughter, Angela Tearful, runs out past her mother, excited about reuniting with her cat, and sobs when she sees the black stray. Believing Tearful to be insane, Fedora sneaks away with the cat to try something else.",
"The black stray is given a makeover with [paints](/wiki/Paint \"Paint\"), [boot polish](/wiki/Boot_polish \"Boot polish\") and anything Fedora can find until it matched the description on the poster. However, Angela and her mother are not convinced, possibly because the \"makeup\" was dripping and Funklefink's clothes were covered in it. The next day, she returns with a white [Persian cat](/wiki/Persian_cat \"Persian cat\") but she is denied money. Then Fedora returned with a dog, then a [tennis racket](/wiki/Tennis_racket \"Tennis racket\"), and then a [pepperoni pizza](/wiki/Pepperoni_pizza \"Pepperoni pizza\"), but Angela's mother yells \"NO!\" and slams the door every time. Fedora finally leaves, officially out of ideas and reluctantly decides to abandon the plan. Suddenly, a cat jumps out of a bush and is [ran over by a car](/wiki/Hit_and_run \"Hit and run\"). It has white paws, a black tail, a marmalade body, and a diamond shape on its [forehead](/wiki/Forehead \"Forehead\"). Fedora realises it is Angela's missing cat and takes her home to look alive with a [bicycle pump](/wiki/Bicycle_pump \"Bicycle pump\"). \"Not you again,\" groans Angela's mother when she sees Fedora outside her the front door. Fedora shows off the dead cat and uses it as a [ventriloquist's dummy](/wiki/Ventriloquist%27s_dummy \"Ventriloquist's dummy\") to convince the family to hand her [£20](/wiki/%C2%A320 \"£20\"). Angela decides to give Fedora a [£50 note](/wiki/%C2%A350_note \"£50 note\") and takes the cat in for a [bath](/wiki/Bathing \"Bathing\").",
"Fedora runs off to laugh maniacally about scamming yet another group of people and sees another poster for a missing cat on the same tree she found the previous with a reward of £5000\\. Fedora salivates thinking about how she will spend £5000 and hears [purring](/wiki/Purr \"Purr\") behind her. She turns gleefully to find a [circus](/wiki/Circus \"Circus\") [tiger](/wiki/Tiger \"Tiger\"), which eats her whole. The circus owner later finds the tiger asleep from a [stomach ache](/wiki/Stomach_ache \"Stomach ache\").",
"### Mr. Peeler's Butterflies",
"{{Quote box\n \\|title \\= The Mr Peeler nursery rhyme\n \\|quote \\= \nSleep, sleep, now close your eyes\nDon't tempt our Mr Peeler\nFor if you lie awake at night,\nYou'll summon the Sleep Stealer.{{harvnb\\|''Fearsome Tales''\\|1996\\|p\\=25\\|loc\\=chpt. 2}}",
"}}\nAlexander uses numerous tactics to stay awake past his 7:30{{nbsp}}pm [bedtime](/wiki/Bedtime \"Bedtime\") by pestering his exhausted parents, such as taking time to put on a swimming costume, pretending to be interested in minute details of keeping his bedroom protected from creepy shadows, forcing his mother to search for his toys downstairs that he knowingly had in his room, and asking for water a few minutes later so that he could pretend to use the toilet. His parents (particularly his father) become angrier by the second, but Alexander does not break his naivety ploy.",
"By four o'clock, Alexander is asleep. His window [latch](/wiki/Latch \"Latch\") creaks open and a [sardine](/wiki/Sardine \"Sardine\") smell fills the bedroom. He wakes up terrified and calls for his parents. His father rushes in angrily and checks the window—it was closed—but only his mother admits she can smell the sardine, despite his father finding a sardine tin. Alexander denies throwing it there for a prank. \"Then who did? Mr Peeler?\" shouts his father, and then explains to his confused wife that Peeler was a character from a [nursery rhyme](/wiki/Nursery_rhyme \"Nursery rhyme\") he remembers from childhood. He leaves the room, followed by his wife, demanding Alexander to not bother them again for the rest of the night.",
"The window latch reopens and in creeps a man dressed in [tweed](/wiki/Tweed \"Tweed\") clothing and holding a [butterfly net](/wiki/Butterfly_net \"Butterfly net\") with strange\\-looking [butterflies](/wiki/Butterflies \"Butterflies\") surrounding him. He introduces himself as Mr Peeler. Alexander declares that he is not scared because he is still wearing his swimming costume. Peeler points out that he cannot call for his parents regardless because they are in a [deep sleep](/wiki/Deep_sleep \"Deep sleep\"). He moves to Alexander's bedside and explains he wants to help the boy stay awake, and takes out a key that opens sardine tins. With the key, he peels off Alexander's [eyelids](/wiki/Eyelid \"Eyelid\") and uses the net to catch the rest of his butterflies, and dissects them into eyelids to stick onto his face, with Alexander's on the top. He floats into the air as he gloats, reopens the window and flies out, leaving a regretful Alexander with no eyelids, unable to sleep again.",
"### Fat Boy with a Trumpet \\[a true story]",
"An anonymous student recounts the time the worst [bully](/wiki/Bully \"Bully\") in their school is finally defeated. The bully in question is Johnny Bullneck, a pale\\-skinned, [overweight](/wiki/Overweight \"Overweight\") and angry\\-looking twelve\\-year\\-old who enjoyed interrogating students at random and torturing them if one of their answers displeases him. One anecdote features Johnny ordering a boy named Miles to sneak out of school and look for three gallons of [polka dot](/wiki/Polka_dot \"Polka dot\") paint; the narrator adds that they and the rest of school believe that Miles is too embarrassed to return empty\\-handed because after he obeys, he is never seen again, and is rumoured to have relocated to [Darlington](/wiki/Darlington \"Darlington\") under an [alias](/wiki/Pseudonym \"Pseudonym\").",
"One day, an overweight, bespectacled boy becomes a new student to the narrator's class, who carries a [trumpet](/wiki/Trumpet \"Trumpet\") case. His name is Timothy and he becomes famous for performing for everyone on the playground. Johnny approaches him on the outskirts of the school grounds and orders him to remove his clothes so that Johnny and his gang can take a mandatory \"medical photo\". When Timothy obeys, the school bell rings and Timothy is given detention from the headmaster. Johnny continues to target Timothy, forcing him to take [laxatives](/wiki/Laxative \"Laxative\"), stealing his [glasses](/wiki/Glasses \"Glasses\"), and name\\-calling him about his weight. A girl named Tina briefly confronts Johnny and snatches Timothy's glasses out of his hand so Johnny decides to take the trumpet case instead. Timothy roars at Johnny and holds the trumpet case tightly, snapping Johnny into a sulking silence for a week and stunning the petrified audience into awe.",
"Johnny garners permission to borrow the school's [cricket](/wiki/Cricket \"Cricket\") equipment and waits for school to finish. When school is over, it begins to [thunderstorm](/wiki/Thunderstorm \"Thunderstorm\") as Timothy walks past. Johnny's gang jumps out of the shadows to roll him through [mud](/wiki/Mud \"Mud\") and tie him up, positions him in front of the [goal](/wiki/Goal_%28sports%29 \"Goal (sports)\") net. Johnny appears and gloats about having the upper hand, taking Timothy's glasses and trumpet case as he explains his [revenge](/wiki/Revenge \"Revenge\") plan: attempting to play Timothy's trumpet as his gang throws [cricket balls](/wiki/Cricket_ball \"Cricket ball\") at Timothy like a [firing squad](/wiki/Firing_squad \"Firing squad\"). Johnny puts on the glasses and takes out the trumpet, and begins to play as Timothy tries to see through his blurry vision. A [lightning](/wiki/Lightning \"Lightning\") flash hits close to the ground and Johnny 's gang ran away screaming as the rain stops. It becomes clear enough for Timothy to see Johnny's [charred](/wiki/Char_%28chemistry%29 \"Char (chemistry)\") statue with the frame of Timothy's glasses glowing red. In the [epilogue](/wiki/Epilogue \"Epilogue\"), the narrator recalls no one seeming mournful when the next [school assembly](/wiki/School_assembly \"School assembly\") announces Johnny's death, but personally admits they [wish that Johnny had suffered longer](/wiki/Schadenfreude \"Schadenfreude\") during the accident because the headmaster had claimed it happened \"in a flash\".",
"### The Chipper Chums Go Scrumping",
"Back in 1952, Algie visited his aunt Fanny and uncle Herbert, with his pet dog Stinker and his best friend Col in [Kent](/wiki/Kent \"Kent\") for their [summer holidays](/wiki/Summer_vacation \"Summer vacation\"). They had created a gang, named The Chipper Chums, with three of the neighbourhood kids: the children of a [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") captain, Alice and her older brother Ginger; and gentle giant [tomboy](/wiki/Tomboy \"Tomboy\") Sam, \"a girl [with a boy's name](/wiki/Gender-neutral_name \"Gender-neutral name\")\" who slapped Dick Stick, the son of an [underclass](/wiki/Underclass \"Underclass\") rat skin seller, for teasing her.",
"One morning before breakfast, Algie and Col decide to go on a [picnic](/wiki/Picnic \"Picnic\") and look for an adventure. Aunt Fanny offers to pack them [scones](/wiki/Scone \"Scone\") and Herbert's tomatoes; Ginger and Alice's mother gives them [gingerbread men](/wiki/Gingerbread_man \"Gingerbread man\"), and Sam's mother gives them a [Victoria sponge cake](/wiki/Victoria_sponge_cake \"Victoria sponge cake\"). The group [cycle](/wiki/Cycling \"Cycling\") through the fields and stop by a river next to an apple [orchard](/wiki/Orchard \"Orchard\"). They decide to open the [hamper](/wiki/Hamper \"Hamper\") and eat despite the time being 11{{nbsp}}am and find scones covered in [clotted cream](/wiki/Clotted_cream \"Clotted cream\"), sardine sandwiches, a tin of [spam](/wiki/Spam_%28food%29 \"Spam (food)\"), [ginger beer](/wiki/Ginger_beer \"Ginger beer\") and Uncle Herbert's tomatoes, along with the other families' donations. After finishing the picnic, the hot sun makes the children drowsy, and they fall asleep. The sun had disappears behind a cloud when they wake up and Algie is disappoints that Sam (the noted logical member of the gang) suggests leaving for home despite only eaten lunch. Col suggests fishing from a string in his pocket and a stick he could look for by the riverbank, but the ultimate decision is given to Alice, who wants an apple from the orchard. Col is hesitant to [scrump](/wiki/wiktionary:Scrump \"Scrump\") but Ginger and Algie point out that the orchard is too big for the owner to notice four missing apples.",
"The group tidy their picnic away and climb through a fence hole. Col cannot reach the branches and Sam fails to climb the trunk. Algie reminds them of a [circus](/wiki/Circus \"Circus\") act they saw a week ago and suggests two members should re\\-enact it. Being the tallest, Sam allows Algie to walk up her back and pick the apples, and the four children begin to eat. A [gunshot](/wiki/Gunshot \"Gunshot\") rings through the [meadow](/wiki/Meadow \"Meadow\") and the orchard's owner appears: an angry, unshaven Farmer Tregowan with a [shotgun](/wiki/Shotgun \"Shotgun\"). Stinker leaps at the farmer to protect the children and Tregowan shoots him in the chest, killing him in [point\\-blank range](/wiki/Point-blank_range \"Point-blank range\"). Algie threatens to tell his father about the murder, but Tregowan refuses to back down. The children attempt to apologise, even consenting to [corporal punishment](/wiki/Corporal_punishment \"Corporal punishment\") but Tregowan points out it will not bring the four apples back, so he has to squeeze every drop of juice out of them. Conveniently, the children become [paralysed](/wiki/Paralyse \"Paralyse\") and collapse due to the [insecticide](/wiki/Insecticide \"Insecticide\") that Tregowan often sprays around the orchard. He gathers their bodies onto his [tractor](/wiki/Tractor \"Tractor\") and drives to his [fruit press](/wiki/Fruit_press \"Fruit press\"), where he crushes their corpses and drains out the juice for [cider](/wiki/Cider \"Cider\"). The story ends with a warning that \"if you ever come across Tregowan's Vintage Cider from 1952, do not drink it!\"",
"### Prince Noman",
"Somewhere in the desert is a secluded town named Misery. It had been ruled for over 400 years by the [House](/wiki/Dynasty \"Dynasty\") of Volgar. The aging king Norman had [married](/wiki/Forced_marriage \"Forced marriage\") a young, beautiful peasant named Letitia, who had just [given birth](/wiki/Childbirth \"Childbirth\") to a son. When the newborn boy is ready to be shown to the rest of the family, each member passes the child around and gushes over the [features](/wiki/Phenotype \"Phenotype\") he has inherited from each of them. Letitia points out they never mentioned any features that her son had inherited from her but her [in\\-laws](/wiki/In-laws \"In-laws\") sneer and ignore her. The king wants to name his new son [Norman](/wiki/Norman_%28name%29 \"Norman (name)\"), despite Letitia's hesitations, but at the [naming ceremony](/wiki/Naming_ceremony \"Naming ceremony\"), he forgets his [reading glasses](/wiki/Reading_glasses \"Reading glasses\") and misreads the name as Noman. The royal family are concerned and Letitia is horrified—\"Noman\" had unfortunate connotations because it could also be read as \"No man\".",
"In the days since the blooper, the royal staff have lots of trouble with the new prince, who keeps turning [invisible](/wiki/Invisibility \"Invisibility\"). The royal family panics as the king's failing health and the prince's condition could destroy the [monarchy](/wiki/Monarchy \"Monarchy\"). Letitia [sews](/wiki/Sew \"Sew\") a [babygrow](/wiki/Babygrow \"Babygrow\") out of [lead](/wiki/Lead \"Lead\") from the rooftops with a [balaclava](/wiki/Balaclava_%28clothing%29 \"Balaclava (clothing)\") but has nothing for the face itself. The king's doctor declares the king unfit for power and orders the Volgar family find a new ruler. The family immediately nominate Noman but Letitia protests that Misery would not trust a ruler without a face. Her sister\\-in\\-law,Princess Florrie, demands she finds a solution by tomorrow otherwise she would be [buried alive](/wiki/Buried_alive \"Buried alive\") in a sandpit near [scorpions](/wiki/Scorpions \"Scorpions\").",
"The next morning, the new King Noman is revealed to the people of Misery with a face identical to the one he had the day he was born. The rest of the family are absent, refusing to leave their bedrooms for the rest of their lives. Inside the palace, the [servants](/wiki/Servant \"Servant\") are ordered to destroy every [mirror](/wiki/Mirror \"Mirror\") in the building.",
"### Death By Chocolate",
"[thumb\\|Eli (right) defending herself against a giant fly (unknowingly, sister Serena); drawn by Kerstin Meyer for *Scary Stories for Eight Year Olds*.](/wiki/File:Death_by_Chocolate_-_Eli_fighting_her_sister_Serena.png \"Death by Chocolate - Eli fighting her sister Serena.png\")\nA [boardroom](/wiki/Boardroom \"Boardroom\") of the Squarebrush Sou'wester chocolate factory is celebrating its improved sales for the year when an employee alerts them to a [fly](/wiki/Fly \"Fly\") that has been seen around the factory lines. The directors order production to be ceased until the fly is found but it had already laid its eggs in an open [Easter](/wiki/Chocolate_egg \"Chocolate egg\") [chocolate bunny](/wiki/Chocolate_bunny \"Chocolate bunny\") and flown out of an open window. The affected bunny is bought by the mother of Serena Slurp, a stubborn [chocoholic](/wiki/Chocoholic \"Chocoholic\") who will eat chocolate from anywhere, even stealing other people's or licking chocolate wrappers she finds. Because she has enough chocolate to last, the chocolate bunny is stored at the back of the [fridge](/wiki/Fridge \"Fridge\") for emergencies.",
"Serena's younger sister, {{not a typo\\|Ellie}}, enjoys hunting flies with their mother's [fly swatter](/wiki/Fly_swatter \"Fly swatter\") and does it throughout the summer holidays. One day, Serena catches her with the swatter snapped in two and threatens to tell their mother unless Ellie agrees to be her [slave](/wiki/Slave \"Slave\"). Ellie is forced to make Serena's meals, bring her chocolate with a [wheelbarrow](/wiki/Wheelbarrow \"Wheelbarrow\") and fold her clothes; Serena would always take the broken fly swatter with her to [blackmail](/wiki/Blackmail \"Blackmail\") Ellie with whenever her demands were refused. Their mother is seemingly oblivious to the situation, only making an appearance to scold Serena for eating too much chocolate whenever Serena locks herself in the bathroom to [vomit](/wiki/Vomit \"Vomit\").",
"A sudden late\\-August [heatwave](/wiki/Heatwave \"Heatwave\") causes a nationwide chocolate shortage. Serena is ballistic because her chocolate supply is ruined and Ellie cannot find any shops that have any bars and packets available. Ellie gives her the chocolate bunny and she rips it apart with her teeth, swallowing everything, including the fly egg. The [maggot](/wiki/Maggot \"Maggot\") that hatches from the egg grows inside her, feeding off the undigested chocolate inside Serena's [stomach](/wiki/Stomach \"Stomach\"), and slowly merges with her [DNA](/wiki/DNA \"DNA\"). Days later, Ellie enters her sister's bedroom and sees a giant fly sitting up in Serena's bed. She runs away in terror and the fly follows her, begging her not to panic because it is still Serena. Ellie flees to the living room, grabs the fly swatter and beats it dead with one strike, her sister's corpse landing in front of her in a black pile. Her mother appears in the doorway to ask about the screaming, making Ellie confess she broke the fly swatter. \"Is that all?\" her mother replies as she walks away. \"I thought it was something serious.\"",
"### Well 'Ard Willard",
"Science [nerds](/wiki/Nerd \"Nerd\") are the most shunned people in his school, so Willard left his science interests at home and spends schooltime pretending to be the most talented, [namedropping](/wiki/Namedropping \"Namedropping\"), and globetrotting boy in the world. Younger students are in awe of his lies and envy Willard's interesting life, but are terrified of disappointing him; he got the nickname \"Well 'Ard Willard\" (\"well hard\" meaning \"very tough\") because he never smiled around anyone. One Friday lunchtime, Willard asks his audience whether they had stolen something. Some students struggle to find an impressive answer to not embarrass themselves, but Willard scoffs at every confession, revealing that he stole the [Sun](/wiki/Sun \"Sun\"). Through the crowd of impressed murmurs, a girl named Felicity calls him a liar and points out the sun is still in the sky. Willard claims he is telling the truth and that \"the sun\" she is referring to is a model he made. Felicity continues to accuse him of lying and the crowd disperses, realising Willard was not as interesting as they had believed for so long. In fear of losing his audience, Willard agrees to prove it and show everyone on Monday.",
"Willard plans to capture the sun in a similar way to the [burning glass](/wiki/Burning_glass \"Burning glass\") technique. Despite basing a reputation on far\\-fetched lying in school, he struggles to lie to his mother on the spot but she does not notice and allows him to borrow empty [jam](/wiki/Jam \"Jam\") [jars](/wiki/Jar \"Jar\"). Willard takes the jars and his [telescope](/wiki/Telescope \"Telescope\") to a sunny field and captures [sunbeam](/wiki/Sunbeam \"Sunbeam\") particles by angling the telescope's magnifying end towards the sun and placing the jars underneath the eyepiece, which he examines under his [microscope](/wiki/Microscope \"Microscope\") back in his bedroom. He continues the process throughout the weekend until the entirety of the sun is hiding in jam jars under his bed. When Willard was out of earshot, his parents frequently refer to newspaper reports about worldwide scientists' growing concerns over the shrinking sun, comment on the early [sunsets](/wiki/Sunset \"Sunset\"), and his boiling hot bedroom.",
"On Monday, Willard gathers his jars into a [rucksack](/wiki/Rucksack \"Rucksack\") and staggers to school feeling triumphant about saving his reputation; a sign on the school gates reports the school is closed due to frozen [pipes](/wiki/Pipe_%28fluid_conveyance%29 \"Pipe (fluid conveyance)\"). Willard staggers back home to find his grey\\-skinned parents in the living room by the empty fireplace. They point out his [sunburn](/wiki/Sunburn \"Sunburn\") (which he got from sleeping above his jar collection) and interrogate him about it. Willard struggles to improvise a few lies by claiming he built a [time machine](/wiki/Time_machine \"Time machine\") sometime ago and travelled back to a time when the sun was still in the sky so he could visit [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"), but when he returns to the present he destroys the machine and threw it away. His father is disappointed his son has made a time machine and never decides to show it to the rest of the family as his mother reads the newspaper. She finds an interview with the chief of the local police, who [alleges](/wiki/Allegation \"Allegation\") Willard is the person who stole the sun because of his illuminating bedroom. Due to being members of the [neighbourhood watch](/wiki/Neighbourhood_watch \"Neighbourhood watch\"), Willard's parents immediately become suspicious.",
"Willard grabs his bag and runs to his bedroom, locking the door. He puts on [oven gloves](/wiki/Oven_gloves \"Oven gloves\"), opens his window and throws the sunbeam particles out of it, and pulls at his [carpet](/wiki/Carpet \"Carpet\") to scoop other particles and tips the contents out with the rest, as his parents knock harshly outside. When the last of the sunbeams are out, all the [hovering](/wiki/Levitation_%28physics%29 \"Levitation (physics)\") particles mould together into a sphere outside of the window and [explode](/wiki/Supernova \"Supernova\"), [burning Willard alive](/wiki/Burning_alive \"Burning alive\") as the reformed and recharged sun floats away towards the [atmosphere](/wiki/Atmosphere \"Atmosphere\"). Willard's parents break the door off the hinges and find his [skin](/wiki/Skin \"Skin\") laying below the window pane. In the story's [epilogue](/wiki/Epilogue \"Epilogue\"), it is revealed that three weeks later, the liquified remains of Willard's body rain over [Madagascar](/wiki/Madagascar \"Madagascar\").",
"### Athlete's Foot",
"Oliver \"Ollie\" Littlebody is terrible at track races. He hates running and always falls over the finish line in last place. He is always competing against Anthony [St John](/wiki/St_John_%28name%29 \"St John (name)\") Smythe, who is always winning races and enjoys waiting for Ollie to cross the finish line to gloat about winning at him. After embarrassing himself at another track race, Ollie is approached by an old man, who offers to train him into a successful athlete that will stop Anthony's boasting and put his name at the top of the running leagues; although unconvinced, Ollie accepts. The next day, Ollie arrives at the stadium after school and is amazed to see the old man sprinting around the race track. When the old man finishes, he gives Ollie his training schedule: at the end of every school day, Ollie must go to the supermarket and buy soup, take it to the old man's house and cook it, and then clean up after dinner. Despite Ollie's protests, he reluctantly follows the old man's orders.",
"On the day of the running league's first race, the old man gives Ollie [studded running shoes](/wiki/Cleat_%28shoe%29 \"Cleat (shoe)\"). They formerly belonged to a schoolboy named Tommy Knock, one of the best track runners in the county 50 years ago who failed to win a race that would cement his All England Schools Champion title. Ollie puts them on and reluctantly leaves the changing rooms for the race track. When the starting gun fires, Ollie sprints around the track, passes his opponents and wins the race. Ollie is in disbelief and regrets doubting the old man's strategy. He wears the shoes in other races, winning all and being promoted each time. He wins the semi\\-final race and is named the best 400m runner in British history by a magazine for young athletes, which is purchased by the St John Smythe family. Anthony, who is due to appear in the final with Ollie, is suspicious over Ollie's sudden success but is so furious that he eats some of the magazine pages.",
"In the minutes before the final, Anthony confronts Ollie in the [changing room](/wiki/Changing_room \"Changing room\") and steals the running shoes. Ollie tries to chase him but cannot move because his clothes are stuck to the seat, thanks to Anthony's secret glue container. The old man runs into the room in a panic and frees him. Ollie decides to forfeit the race and begins to cry, terrified that he will embarrass himself without his shoes but the old man convinces him to race and admits that he was going to give the shoes to Anthony anyway. Ollie accuses his mentor of betraying him but walks out to join the race, clothes ripped from being freed from the seat and with no shoes on. The race starts and Ollie struggles to overtake his opponents, whilst Anthony is far in the lead. Ollie hears the sounds of [Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe \"Luftwaffe\") planes and a loud whistle. Anthony explodes into ash as he is about to reach the finish line; Ollie staggers into seventh place.",
"When Ollie and the old man reunite by the changing rooms, the old man explains that Anthony's death was the reason why Tommy Knock could not win his final race in 1941 because he was killed by a Luftwaffe bomb that landed in front of him as he was about to cross the finish line. Ollie expresses his condolences to Knock who died trying to reach his dreams but the old man tells Ollie not to worry because \"I didn't feel a thing,\" and disappears in a puff of smoke.",
"### The Matchstick Girl",
"Eight\\-year\\-old Polly Peach lives with her family and 15 siblings in [Victorian Britain](/wiki/Victorian_Britain \"Victorian Britain\"). After her father is made redundant from the [steel mill](/wiki/Steel_mill \"Steel mill\"), she finds a job selling [matchboxes](/wiki/Matchbox \"Matchbox\") and is paid [twopence](/wiki/Twopence_%28British_pre-decimal_coin%29 \"Twopence (British pre-decimal coin)\") for every twenty sold. One day, the owner of the matchstick shop announces he is going to deduct her wage to a [penny](/wiki/Penny_%28British_pre-decimal_coin%29 \"Penny (British pre-decimal coin)\") per 20 sales \"because I said so.\" Remembering her parents warning her and her siblings about exploitative bosses, Polly threatens to [strike](/wiki/Work_strike \"Work strike\"). Suddenly, her hair catches fire from a [phosphorescence](/wiki/Phosphorescence \"Phosphorescence\") flash and burns her body into a giant [match](/wiki/Match \"Match\"). Her boss uses her body to clean the [shag](/wiki/Shag_%28tobacco%29 \"Shag (tobacco)\") out of his [smoking pipe](/wiki/Smoking_pipe \"Smoking pipe\") and throws the rest of her remains into an [ashtray](/wiki/Ashtray \"Ashtray\"). He closes his shop and leaves for his [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool \"Blackpool\") holiday with his wife.",
"### Simon Sulk",
"The story begins with an [Icelandic](/wiki/Iceland \"Iceland\") legend about [trolls](/wiki/Troll \"Troll\"), which are believed to be creatures that originally lived in the sea: 500 years ago in the village of Trollvik, the villagers hid in a church from [wolves](/wiki/Wolf \"Wolf\") when [travellers](/wiki/Romani_people \"Romani people\") knocked on the front door begging to be rescued because their [caravan](/wiki/Vardo_%28Romani_wagon%29 \"Vardo (Romani wagon)\") was on fire. Thor, the villagers' leader, allows them inside but notices that there is no sign of smoke and fire. He realises his mistake but the doors had already shut and the travellers were beginning to [shapeshift](/wiki/Shapeshift \"Shapeshift\"). They turn into wolfish [humanoid](/wiki/Humanoid \"Humanoid\") beasts and slaughter every villager in the church. Due to the name of the village, this was where the creatures got their name, and they were eventually driven out of the country by King Magnus.",
"In the present day, spoilt Simon discovers that his parents want to [move](/wiki/Moving_house \"Moving house\") to [Devon](/wiki/Devon \"Devon\") and have already bought a house. Known for his [tantrums](/wiki/Tantrum \"Tantrum\"), Simon causes commotion in a clothes shop when he discovers the [school uniform](/wiki/School_uniform \"School uniform\") he will have to wear and locks his bedroom door when he gets home, vowing to die in the room if it means that he will never leave with his parents. He wakes up before 6{{nbsp}}am to hear his parents arguing over what to take with them before the [removal team](/wiki/Moving_company \"Moving company\") arrives. When they hear him stirring, they try again to make him prepare to leave. Simon still refuses which further irritates his father. His parents leave and secretly plan to return 30 minutes later to call Simon's bluff, and drive to a café down the road.",
"Simon hears movement downstairs minutes later and his parents' voices at his bedroom door. He gloats that he knows that they will be back for him and still refuses to leave with them. His parents are in a panic because they have been chased back to the house by wolves. Simon gloats that he knows they are lying. The parents begin to scream because the house is on fire and Simon has to evacuate. Simon is still not convinced. The parents continue begging. Simon still refuses. The parents demand that Simon opens the door. Suspicious, Simon obeys and sees no fire outside the room as his parents barge in. He admits defeat but tells them that he has no plans of leaving regardless. His parents shapeshift into Icelandic trolls, and [decapitate](/wiki/Decapitation \"Decapitation\") him.",
"Simon's real parents return to the house, as planned, to find the Icelandic couple from Devon that they have switched houses with answering the front door. They explain to the new owners the situation with their son being stubborn in his bedroom. The Icelandic couple invites them inside to help the parents convince their son to leave. Hours later, the Icelandic couple have a tiny [housewarming party](/wiki/Housewarming_party \"Housewarming party\") in their new garden, cooking giant pieces of \"[chicken](/wiki/Chicken_as_food \"Chicken as food\")\" on a [barbeque](/wiki/Barbeque \"Barbeque\").",
"### The Dumb Clucks",
"The Clucks are a family who live in Dork, [Stargazy Pie](/wiki/Stargazy_Pie \"Stargazy Pie\"); a [village](/wiki/Village \"Village\") notorious for its stupid citizens. One rainy day, a [cowboy](/wiki/Cowboy \"Cowboy\") smoking [cheroot](/wiki/Cheroot \"Cheroot\") rides into the village and announces himself as the [Son of God](/wiki/Son_of_God \"Son of God\"), a messenger of his father. The villagers are in awe as the cowboy explains that his father can make wishes come true to anyone who follows rituals. Mrs Cluck asks for [hair rollers](/wiki/Hair_roller \"Hair roller\"), one of their children wants a [hoverboard](/wiki/Hoverboard \"Hoverboard\") and Mr Cluck asks for replacement [golf clubs](/wiki/Golf_club \"Golf club\"). The cowboy promises to get every wish if the Dorks followed his instructions. Mr Pojo the village [cobbler](/wiki/Shoemaker \"Shoemaker\") accuses the cowboy of being a [conman](/wiki/Conman \"Conman\") but his neighbours and customers ignore him. The cowboy orders the villagers to destroy their mirrors and dump the glass in a ring surrounding the village, burn all their shoes and cover themselves in ketchup and mustard. Mr Pojo is thrown out of the village for [blasphemy](/wiki/Blasphemy \"Blasphemy\") and the Dorks obey the cowboy's orders.",
"The cowboy dials [666](/wiki/Number_of_the_beast \"Number of the beast\") on his [mobile phone](/wiki/Mobile_phone \"Mobile phone\") to contact \"his father\" and tells the villagers that God is ready for them. Heavy footsteps shake the village and a giant [cyclops](/wiki/Cyclops \"Cyclops\") steps into Dork. \"You have done well, son,\" it says to the cowboy. Mr Cluck asks for God and the cyclops replies that his name is Nigel. The cowboy admits that he lies to Dork and his father was no [Fairy Godmother](/wiki/Fairy_Godmother \"Fairy Godmother\")\\-esque wish granter. The Dorks try to run but realise they cannot run over the glass ring with no shoes on and Nigel eats all the villagers and the buildings, and leaves with his son for [Bombay](/wiki/Bombay \"Bombay\"). In the years after the tragedy, a new village has been created: Pojo, which only has one citizen: the banished Mr Pojo from Dork.",
"### Doctor Moribundus",
"Lorelei Lee never goes to school because she pretends to be [ill](/wiki/Illness \"Illness\") every [weekday](/wiki/Weekday \"Weekday\"), and her family believes it, no matter how implausible. During school holidays and weekends, she makes miraculous recoveries but will suddenly feel unwell on Sundays or the last day of the holiday and cannot go to school for a week. She will use a variety of methods to be convincing, such as placing thermometers in hot drinks, making herself cold at night, and create scars by [waxing](/wiki/Waxing \"Waxing\") her limbs with [plasters](/wiki/Adhesive_bandage \"Adhesive bandage\"), only to be unusually excitable when her father arrives home at the end of every \"sick\" day with a get\\-well present.",
"One morning, Lorelei Lee covers her mouth with [toothpaste](/wiki/Toothpaste \"Toothpaste\") and pretends to have a [seizure](/wiki/Seizure \"Seizure\"). Her mother assumes she has [rabies](/wiki/Rabies \"Rabies\") and telephones for yet another emergency doctor. Unlike the other doctors usually send into Lorelei Lee's home, the doctor recognises the tricks and smells the toothpaste. He writes out a [prescription](/wiki/Prescription_%28medical%29 \"Prescription (medical)\") and leaves in a tranquil fury. Lorelei Lee's mother fails to find any medicine in any nearby pharmacies that match the prescription and asks her husband whether he has heard of \"Medicus moribundus\". Her husband scoffs at the need for said prescription now that the \"rabies\" had worn off their daughter but the doorbell rings.",
"On the doorstep is a bearded man wearing a cape and an overweight woman dressed in black. The man introduces himself as Dr Moribundus and the woman as his night [nurse](/wiki/Nurse \"Nurse\"). The parents invite the guests inside and Dr Moribundus orders them to stay downstairs as he treats their daughter. Moribundus and the night nurse enter Lorelei Lee's bedroom and Lorelei Lee protests that she is fine but the two guests ignore her, preparing their equipment. The night nurse turns her over to cover her back in [leeches](/wiki/Leech \"Leech\") and then rubs [poultice](/wiki/Poultice \"Poultice\") [mustard](/wiki/Mustard_%28condiment%29 \"Mustard (condiment)\") all over her body, as Lorelei Lee screams that she is healthy and promises to go to school every day. After the poultice is peeled off, Moribundus explains that he specialises in [alternative medicine](/wiki/Alternative_medicine \"Alternative medicine\") and prepares for [brain surgery](/wiki/Brain_surgery \"Brain surgery\"). Lorelei Lee points out that brain surgery seems unconventional but Moribundus replies that his method is alternate too and takes out a giant [injection](/wiki/Injection_%28medicine%29 \"Injection (medicine)\") from his medical kit. She admits that she is pretending to be sick and begs to be reconsidered; Moribundus says, \"I know,\" and injects the top of her head. The syringe sticks out the bottom of her body and she becomes [numb](/wiki/Hypoesthesia \"Hypoesthesia\"), a hole growing through her tongue. Moribundus [saws](/wiki/Saw \"Saw\") off the top of her head and digs around her brain with a [teaspoon](/wiki/Teaspoon \"Teaspoon\"), pulling out a piece (which is said to be the part of her brain that makes her play sick) and [eating it](/wiki/Human_cannibalism \"Human cannibalism\").",
"Lorelei Lee returns to school the next day and continues to do so. Still traumatised from Moribundus' visit, and with a hole still in her tongue as a souvenir, the epilogue reveals that she even hides [common colds](/wiki/Common_cold \"Common cold\") from her parents in case the [witch doctor](/wiki/Witch_doctor \"Witch doctor\") returns to her house, but has to stay home for a morning when a breeze blows the top of her head open so her head could be [stapled](/wiki/Staple_%28fastener%29 \"Staple (fastener)\") shut. In her [Latin](/wiki/Latin \"Latin\") class—the catalyst of her feigning rabies—the teacher asks for the definition of *Medicus moribundus*. A lisping Lorelei Lee suggests being injected in the head making the teacher laugh as he strokes his beard, which lookes similar to Moribundus' thin, black one.",
"### The Stick Men",
"Chico has drawn on the walls with [felt tips](/wiki/Felt_tips \"Felt tips\") all his life, despite it annoying his wealthy (described as [\"Not now! Can't you see I'm working?\"](/wiki/Workaholic \"Workaholic\")) parents, who frequently point out that they never want him anyway as they scold him. One day, Chico's mother is horrified to find Chico's [stick people](/wiki/Stick_people \"Stick people\") and doodles buildings all over his bedroom walls and she and Chico's father [ground him](/wiki/Grounding_%28discipline_technique%29 \"Grounding (discipline technique)\") for two days, assigning him with yet another apathetic [babysitter](/wiki/Babysitter \"Babysitter\"). Chico continues drawing, creating the enchanted land of Fiddle\\-Dee\\-Dee with a magical river where a [blind](/wiki/Blindness \"Blindness\") [sorceress](/wiki/Sorcerer_%28paranormal%29 \"Sorcerer (paranormal)\") lives in a castle and Knobbly Hob[goblins](/wiki/Goblins \"Goblins\") lurk in the caves. The babysitter appears in the doorway and harshly insults Chico's drawing abilities.",
"A stick man pulls himself off the wall and introduces himself as Stan after Chico stops screaming, calming him down. Other characters jump off the wall, pick up Chico's pens and draw all over every wall as Chico panics. Stan is too late to tell Chico to keep quiet as the leader of Knobbly Hobgoblins appears, takes a pen and draws Chico's babysitter with a snake growing out of her mobile phone. A scream is heard from downstairs, followed by the sound of the front door slamming shut. The hobgoblin draws two crashing helicopters before Chico wipes it out, chasing the hobgoblin away.",
"Through magic, Chico is taken to the sorceress' castle and the sorceress expresses gratitude to him and explains that a human living amongst the land of Fiddle\\-Dee\\-Dee would make the stick people come to life. Although wanting to stay, Chico believes it is his duty to stay with his parents, regardless of their treatment of him, but through the castle window, he sees his furious parents staring at the stick people's mess all over their son's bedroom. Chico's father rushes out and returns with a bucket full of soapy water and dumps it against the wall where the castle is drawn, trapping Chico inside Fiddle\\-Dee\\-Dee forever.",
"The epilogue reveals that Chico lives happily ever after with his new friends in Fiddle\\-Dee\\-Dee. Its citizens become human, the sorceress regains her sight and Chico's world becomes magical again. In the real world, Chico's parents die in a helicopter accident over the sea. When their bodies are recovered, their heads have inflated five times larger.",
"### Little Fingers",
"Daffyd Thomas has a horrible\\-looking thumb. He uses to [suck it frequently](/wiki/Thumb_sucking \"Thumb sucking\") when he is younger and it now looks shrivelled and cannot grow fingernails. It seems that due to the lack of \"affection\", the thumb has \"controlled\" the hands into becoming [fidgety](/wiki/Fidgeting \"Fidgeting\") and Daffyd is constantly told off by his parents for sticking his fingers in different places, regardless of sanitation. Exhausted by their son's behaviour, Daffyd's parents announce that they are going on holiday for a week, leaving their son with his 93\\-year\\-old, [deaf](/wiki/Deaf \"Deaf\") grandmother, Gwenyth. Daffyd is devastated because his grandmother can talk for hours about boring parts of her childhood.",
"Four days of Granny Gwenyth later, Daffyd is still trapped in the living room with her as she talks about her memories and various hobbies. Instead of listening, he uses the house phone to perform [prank calls](/wiki/Prank_calls \"Prank calls\") until he has no desire left. He dials randomly and contacts an Italian pizza restaurant, which offers him a delicious\\-sounding \"Kidnapped Caper\". When he answers the front door, a man in sunglasses and a black suit with a [machine gun](/wiki/Machine_gun \"Machine gun\") is on the doorstep, who frogmarches him into a [limousine](/wiki/Limousine \"Limousine\") and [bashes him](/wiki/Pistol-whipping \"Pistol-whipping\") unconscious.",
"Daffyd's parents return from holiday over a week later to find envelopes full of fingers and [ransom notes](/wiki/Ransom_note \"Ransom note\"). When confronted, a confused Gwenyth admits she never notices her grandson has vanished nine days ago. Mr Thomas pays the £10,000 ransom and Daffyd is returned home the next day with only a thumb left on his hand. His mother appreciates that her son will not get into any more trouble for fiddling but he sticks it in his mouth to suck. His father tells her to look for the [Bitter Aloe](/wiki/Bitter_Aloe \"Bitter Aloe\").",
"### Bessy O'Messy",
"Bessy is a beautiful, red\\-haired, green\\-eyed Irish girl who is wasteful and forgetful. Her brother Callum is a neat freak, who cleans up after his sister, which makes Bessy suspicious, assuming that he is trying to make her look irresponsible. One morning, her mother discovers a mountain of dirty laundry and empty containers behind Bessy's bedroom door and orders her to clean her room. Bessy refuses, Callum offers to help, but their mother denies both of their requests. Bessy gets out of bed and attempts to climb the mountain but falls inside it and lands outside a cottage where six [leprechauns](/wiki/Leprechaun \"Leprechaun\") live. They introduce themselves as O'Reilly, O'Reilly, O'Reilly, O'Reilly, O'Reilly, and O'Reilly (real name Rafferty) and explain that they prefer to live in untidy places. Bessy realises how much she and the leprechauns have in common and agrees to live with them for the rest of her life.",
"The leprechauns lead Bessy into their home and refer her to the kitchen. Confused, Bessy asks what was the kitchen's significance. The leprechauns tell her that as their new [housekeeper](/wiki/Maid \"Maid\"), she must clean whatever they say. Bessy argues that they never said that she wants to be their housekeeper and the leprechauns remind her that they shake hands, but Bessy points out that they never mention housekeeping and that she and one of the leprechauns shake hands on no agreement. The leprechauns shed their fingers and grow [claws](/wiki/Claw \"Claw\"), and threaten her to clean their kitchen otherwise they will kill her. Bessy shoves the closest out of her way and runs out of the cottage. She runs towards the assumed escape route—a black hole under a jumper—as the leprechauns chase her. The hole disappears and the ground shakes. The leprechauns gloat that they have the upper hand as they pull themselves off the ground and crowd around her. A jet of water sprays the leprechauns flat and the world crashes down.",
"Sometime later, Callum is ironing the rest of Bessy's clean clothes. He finds his sister, now {{convert\\|6\\|in\\|cm}} tall, with her red hair now white. She snaps at him for making \"\\[her] colours run\" and apologises for her behaviour, offering to help him clean her room.",
"### Jack in a Box",
"[The Honourable](/wiki/The_Honourable \"The Honourable\") Jack Delaunay de Havilland De Trop{{efn\\|{{IPAc\\-en\\|d\\|ə\\|l\\|ɔːr\\|ŋ\\|iː\\|\\_\\|d\\|ə\\|ˈ\\|h\\|æ\\|v\\|ᵻ\\|l\\|ən\\|d\\|\\_\\|d\\|ə\\|'\\|tʃ\\|r\\|oʊ}}{{harvnb\\|Planer\\|2000, 2011 \\& 2016\\|loc\\=04:53:55\\.998 — 04:53:59\\.867}}}} embarrasses and angers his parents because he frequently interrupts adults' conversations. Anecdotes show him interrupting his mother at a party, [the Queen](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II \"Queen Elizabeth II\"), [the Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\"), and a couple in the middle of [flirting](/wiki/Flirting \"Flirting\"), offering to show them the [verruca](/wiki/Plantar_wart \"Plantar wart\") on his foot.",
"On the day of his sister's [birthday party](/wiki/Birthday_party \"Birthday party\"), Lord and Lady Delaunay de Havilland De Trop has approved of a self\\-hiring children's entertainer, Mr Frankenstein the [ventriloquist](/wiki/Ventriloquism \"Ventriloquism\"). Jack pesters Frankenstein throughout his visit, isolating him in an empty room from Rosie and her guests, bombarding him with questions, interrupting constantly, and offering to show the foot verruca. Jack finally stops when he hears a panicky, muffled voice coming from Frankenstein's suitcase. Frankenstein opens it to reveal a [ventriloquist dummy](/wiki/Ventriloquist_dummy \"Ventriloquist dummy\"), which jumps out of the box to latch itself onto the back of Jack's neck and warns him to run away. Jack believes it to be a trick at first but Frankenstein adamantly claims the dummy is magic, and says he can teach Jack about the powers of the Elders of the Black Circle. He passes Jack an [address card](/wiki/Business_card \"Business card\") to a joke shop in Great Pessaries and lets in his audience.",
"The next day, Jack sneaks to the joke shop and allows himself in. A back door creaks open. Jack steps in the room calling for Frankenstein as he looks at the creepy ornaments on the shelves, with eyes secretly following him whenever his back turns. Disturbed, he turns to leave but stops when he sees severed heads of children hanging from wires over 30 transparent tanks of bubbling [formaldehyde](/wiki/Formaldehyde \"Formaldehyde\"). A light turns on and the heads come to life, yelling at him to get out of the shop immediately. Frankenstein enters, in the middle of sewing a new dummy, and picks up an [axe](/wiki/Axe \"Axe\") as Jack begs for mercy.",
"A few weeks later, Jack's parents are still concerned over their daughter, who stands in the garden mumbling a song that begs for her brother to come home. Lord Delaunay de Havilland De Trop opens a suitcase and pulls out a dummy with a sewn\\-closed mouth, explaining he bought it from a Great Pessaries joke shop, hoping it will cheer his daughter up by reminding her of her love of Frankenstein's party performance. Lady Delaunay de Havilland De Trop points out the dummy reminds her of Jack. The dummy blinks.",
""
] |
Electoral division results
--------------------------
The [electoral division](/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom "Wards and electoral divisions of the United Kingdom") results listed below are based on the changes from the [2013 elections](/wiki/2013_Wiltshire_Council_election "2013 Wiltshire Council election"), not taking into account any party defections or by\-elections.
### Aldbourne and Ramsbury
{{Election box begin \| title\=Aldbourne and Ramsbury}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= James Sheppard
\|votes \= 1,056
\|percentage \= 67\.4
\|change \= \+3\.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Fran Bishop
\|votes \= 538
\|percentage \= 17\.8
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Jason Steven Haythornwaite
\|votes \= 147
\|percentage \= 9\.4
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Brian Roy Utton
\|votes \= 147
\|percentage \= 5\.4
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 778
\|percentage \= 49\.6
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,568
\|percentage \= 38\.8
\|change \= \+1\.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Alderbury and Whiteparish
{{Election box begin \| title\=Alderbury and Whiteparish}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Richard Britton
\|votes \= 825
\|percentage \= 59\.4
\|change \= \+2\.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Gideon Bruce Aymes
\|votes \= 342
\|percentage \= 24\.6
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= John Phillip Edrich
\|votes \= 118
\|percentage \= 8\.5
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Kim Eleanor Glennon\-Alty
\|votes \= 105
\|percentage \= 7\.6
\|change \= \-3\.7
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 483
\|percentage \= 34\.8
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,394
\|percentage \= 41\.0
\|change \= \+5\.0
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Amesbury East
{{Election box begin \| title\=Amesbury East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Robert Alexander Yuill
\|votes \= 669
\|percentage \= 48\.2
\|change \= \+3\.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Helen Martina Holdsworth
\|votes \= 434
\|percentage \= 31\.3
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= UKIP
\|candidate \= Rhod Evans
\|votes \= 118
\|percentage \= 8\.5
\|change \= \-33\.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Julie Anne Martingale
\|votes \= 84
\|percentage \= 6\.1
\|change \= \-6\.9
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 235
\|percentage \= 16\.9
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,389
\|percentage \= 29\.7
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|loser \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
Note: Jamie Paul Capp had previously gained the seat for the Liberal Democrats in a 2016 by\-election.
### Amesbury West
{{Election box begin \| title\=Amesbury West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Fred Westmoreland
\|votes \= 874
\|percentage \= 74\.2
\|change \= \+37\.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Tom Corbin
\|votes \= 168
\|percentage \= 14\.3
\|change \= \+3\.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Gerard Francis Wynn
\|votes \= 136
\|percentage \= 11\.5
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 706
\|percentage \= 58\.9
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,196
\|percentage \= 32\.3
\|change \= \+0\.2
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Bourne and Woodford Valley
{{Election box begin \| title\=Bourne and Woodford Valley}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Mike Hewitt
\|votes \= 983
\|percentage \= 65\.5
\|change \= \-6\.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Dineen Marianne Hopper
\|votes \= 364
\|percentage \= 24\.2
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Lindsey Elizabeth Bellringer
\|votes \= 155
\|percentage \= 10\.3
\|change \= \-17\.8
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 619
\|percentage \= 41\.3
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,509
\|percentage \= 43\.7
\|change \= \+8\.7
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Box and Colerne
{{Election box begin \| title\=Box and Colerne}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= \[\[Brian Mathew (politician)\|Brian George Felton Mathew]]
\|votes \= 979
\|percentage \= 52\.4
\|change \= \+15\.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Sheila Gladys Parker
\|votes \= 818
\|percentage \= 43\.8
\|change \= \+0\.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Peter Neil Baldrey
\|votes \= 70
\|percentage \= 3\.8
\|change \= \-5\.2
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 161
\|percentage \= 8\.6
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,867
\|percentage \= 49\.2
\|change \= \+8\.1
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|loser \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Bradford\-on\-Avon North
{{Election box begin \| title\=Bradford\-on\-Avon North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Jim Lynch
\|votes \= 1,262
\|percentage \= 59\.8
\|change \= \+13\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Pam Hyde
\|votes \= 850
\|percentage \= 40\.3
\|change \= \+20\.1
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 412
\|percentage \= 19\.5
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 2,145
\|percentage \= 56\.5
\|change \= \+14\.9
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Bradford\-on\-Avon South
{{Election box begin \| title\=Bradford\-on\-Avon South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= \[\[Sarah Gibson (politician)\|Sarah Gibson]]
\|votes \= 1,197
\|percentage \= 55\.8
\|change \= \+7\.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Clive Alfred Samuel Hilton
\|votes \= 724
\|percentage \= 33\.8
\|change \= \+11\.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Rosie Macgregor
\|votes \= 224
\|percentage \= 10\.4
\|change \= \-3\.4
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 473
\|percentage \= 22\.0
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 2,157
\|percentage \= 52\.8
\|change \= \+8\.9
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Brinkworth
{{Election box begin \| title\=Brinkworth}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Toby Russell Sturgis
\|votes \= 1,083
\|percentage \= 65\.4
\|change \= \+6\.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Christopher Hugh Tuite
\|votes \= 572
\|percentage \= 34\.6
\|change \= \+20\.3
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 511
\|percentage \= 30\.8
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,667
\|percentage \= 45\.2
\|change \= \+7\.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Bromham, Rowde and Potterne
{{Election box begin \| title\=Bromham, Rowde and Potterne}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Anna Louise Cuthbert
\|votes \= 823
\|percentage \= 59\.3
\|change \= \+3\.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Philip Alfred Brown
\|votes \= 242
\|percentage \= 17\.4
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Ralph Andre Frederick Elia
\|votes \= 138
\|percentage \= 9\.9
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Dianne Mary Gilpin
\|votes \= 106
\|percentage \= 7\.6
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Margaret Ursula Green
\|votes \= 79
\|percentage \= 5\.7
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 581
\|percentage \= 41\.9
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,394
\|percentage \= 36\.1
\|change \= \-38\.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
Note: Anna Louise Cuthbert had previously held the seat for the Conservative Party in a 2015 by\-election.
### Bulford, Allington and Figheldean
{{Election box begin \| title\=Bulford, Allington and Figheldean}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= John Frederick Smale
\|votes \= unopposed
\|percentage \= n/a
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Burbage and The Bedwyns
{{Election box begin \| title\=Burbage and The Bedwyns}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Stuart John Kennedy Wheeler
\|votes \= 1,021
\|percentage \= 68\.0
\|change \= \-14\.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Parvis Jamieson
\|votes \= 216
\|percentage \= 14\.4
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= John Brian Thornton
\|votes \= 134
\|percentage \= 8\.9
\|change \= \-8\.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Emma Jane Clarissa Dawnay
\|votes \= 130
\|percentage \= 8\.7
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 805
\|percentage \= 53\.6
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,504
\|percentage \= 38\.8
\|change \= \+7\.2
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### By Brook
{{Election box begin \| title\=By Brook}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= \[\[Jane Scott, Baroness Scott of Bybrook\|Jane Scott]]
\|votes \= 1,032
\|percentage \= 71\.5
\|change \= \+5\.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Mary Geraldine Sheila Finch
\|votes \= 223
\|percentage \= 15\.5
\|change \= \+2\.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Phillip Christopher Chamberlain
\|votes \= 100
\|percentage \= 6\.9
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Stephen Charles Wheeler
\|votes \= 88
\|percentage \= 6\.1
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 809
\|percentage \= 56\.0
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,446
\|percentage \= 40\.3
\|change \= \+4\.7
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
Note: Jane Scott retired in February 2020\.{{Cite web\|date\=18 February 2020\|title\=Councillor resigns following appointment to Government role\|url\=https://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/news/Councillor\-resigns\-following\-appointment\-to\-Government\-role\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-20\|website\=Wiltshire Council\|language\=en}}
### Calne Central
{{Election box begin \| title\=Calne Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Ian Leslie Thorn
\|votes \= 754
\|percentage \=51\.6
\|change \= \+13\.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Howard Robin Marshall
\|votes \= 562
\|percentage \= 38\.5
\|change \= \+2\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= John Boaler
\|votes \= 144
\|percentage \= 9\.9
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 192
\|percentage \= 13\.1
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,462
\|percentage \= 42\.6
\|change \= \+9\.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Calne Chilvester and Abberd
{{Election box begin \| title\=Calne Chilvester and Abberd}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Tony Trotman
\|votes \= 683
\|percentage \= 50\.4
\|change \= \+3\.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Robert Matthew Merrick
\|votes \= 417
\|percentage \= 30\.8
\|change \= \+6\.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Mike MacGregor\-Fairlie
\|votes \= 254
\|percentage \= 18\.8
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 266
\|percentage \= 19\.6
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,356
\|percentage \= 34\.4
\|change \= \+7\.6
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Calne North
{{Election box begin \| title\=Calne North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Tom Rounds
\|votes \= 459
\|percentage \= 45\.4
\|change \= \+11\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Glenis Jean Ansell
\|votes \= 380
\|percentage \= 37\.6
\|change \= \-2\.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Jon Fisher
\|votes \= 172
\|percentage \= 17\.0
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 79
\|percentage \= 7\.8
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,014
\|percentage \= 30\.8
\|change \= \+6\.4
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|loser \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Calne Rural
{{Election box begin \| title\=Calne Rural}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Christine Crisp
\|votes \= 1,092
\|percentage \= 68\.2
\|change \= \+21\.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Rob Clarke
\|votes \= 356
\|percentage \= 22\.2
\|change \= \+13\.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Tom Morris
\|votes \= 154
\|percentage \= 9\.6
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 736
\|percentage \= 45\.8
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,607
\|percentage \= 45\.5
\|change \= \+4\.7
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Calne South and Cherhill
{{Election box begin \| title\=Calne South and Cherhill}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Alan Kenneth Hill
\|votes \= 892
\|percentage \= 65\.1
\|change \= \+18\.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Declan Alexander William Boore
\|votes \= 312
\|percentage \= 22\.8
\|change \= \-5\.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= John Alan Bennett
\|votes \= 167
\|percentage \= 12\.2
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 580
\|percentage \= 45\.8
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,380
\|percentage \= 36\.6
\|change \= \+0\.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Chippenham Cepen Park and Derriads
{{Election box begin \| title\=Chippenham Cepen Park and Derriads}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Peter John Hutton
\|votes \= 901
\|percentage \= 68\.0
\|change \= \+22\.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Christopher Leonard Norris
\|votes \= 270
\|percentage \= 20\.4
\|change \= \+11\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Ian Shaun Flower
\|votes \= 155
\|percentage \= 11\.7
\|change \= \-3\.2
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 631
\|percentage \= 47\.3
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,333
\|percentage \= 39\.7
\|change \= \+6\.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Chippenham Cepen Park and Redlands
{{Election box begin \| title\=Chippenham Cepen Park and Redlands}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Andy Phillips
\|votes \= 700
\|percentage \= 63\.4
\|change \= \+13\.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Conor Melvin
\|votes \= 268
\|percentage \= 24\.3
\|change \= \+14\.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Jeremy Richard Griffin Comerford
\|votes \= 137
\|percentage \= 12\.4
\|change \= \-4\.8
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 432
\|percentage \= 39\.1
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,106
\|percentage \= 31\.4
\|change \= \+2\.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Chippenham Hardenhuish
{{Election box begin \| title\=Chippenham Hardenhuish}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Melody Rhonda Thompson
\|votes \= 669
\|percentage \= 46\.7
\|change \= \+27\.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Daniel Andrew Webb
\|votes \= 634
\|percentage \= 44\.3
\|change \= \+14\.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= David Charles Barter
\|votes \= 128
\|percentage \= 8\.9
\|change \= \+2\.2
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 35
\|percentage \= 2\.4
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,440
\|percentage \= 41\.5
\|change \= \+4\.4
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|loser \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
Note: Melody Rhonda Thompson had previously gained the seat for the Conservative Party in a 2015 by\-election.
### Chippenham Hardens and England
{{Election box begin \| title\=Chippenham Hardens and England}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Bill Douglas
\|votes \= 662
\|percentage \= 54\.9
\|change \= \+17\.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Robert John Bradfield Giles
\|votes \= 543
\|percentage \= 45\.1
\|change \= \+22\.5
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 119
\|percentage \= 9\.7
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,223
\|percentage \= 37\.1
\|change \= \+6\.2
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Chippenham Lowden and Rowden
{{Election box begin \| title\=Chippenham Lowden and Rowden}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Ross Henning
\|votes \= 539
\|percentage \= 40\.1
\|change \= \+7\.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= David Keith Poole
\|votes \= 406
\|percentage \= 30\.2
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Paul Duncan Newman
\|votes \= 400
\|percentage \= 29\.7
\|change \= \+9\.5
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 133
\|percentage \= 9\.8
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,353
\|percentage \= 37\.0
\|change \= \+6\.7
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Chippenham Monkton
{{Election box begin \| title\=Chippenham Monkton}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Nick Murry
\|votes \= 983
\|percentage \= 62\.4
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Caroline Veronica Ramsey
\|votes \= 300
\|percentage \= 19\.0
\|change \= \+6\.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Matt Harding
\|votes \= 293
\|percentage \= 18\.6
\|change \= \-51\.7
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 683
\|percentage \= 43\.1
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,585
\|percentage \= 52\.2
\|change \= \+5\.8
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Independent (politician)
\|loser \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Chippenham Pewsham
{{Election box begin \| title\=Chippenham Pewsham}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Clare Morforwyn Cape
\|votes \= 740
\|percentage \= 51\.5
\|change \= \+3\.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Teresa Marie Hutton
\|votes \= 696
\|percentage \= 48\.5
\|change \= \+23\.9
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 44
\|percentage \= 3\.0
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,448
\|percentage \= 42\.0
\|change \= \+10\.6
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Chippenham Queens and Sheldon
{{Election box begin \| title\=Chippenham Queens and Sheldon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Ashley O'Neill
\|votes \= 817
\|percentage \= 60\.4
\|change \= \+27\.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Desna Barbara Allen
\|votes \= 536
\|percentage \= 39\.6
\|change \= \+4\.4
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 281
\|percentage \= 20\.7
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,357
\|percentage \= 41\.3
\|change \= \+4\.0
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|loser \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Corsham Pickwick
{{Election box begin \| title\=Corsham Pickwick}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Ruth Mary Catherine Hopkinson
\|votes \= 753
\|percentage \= 50\.3
\|change \= \+36\.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Alan MacRae
\|votes \= 601
\|percentage \= 40\.2
\|change \= \+4\.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= William Stephen Gilbert
\|votes \= 142
\|percentage \= 9\.5
\|change \= \-12\.4
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 152
\|percentage \= 10\.1
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,500
\|percentage \= 39\.8
\|change \= \+8\.8
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|loser \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Corsham Town
{{Election box begin \| title\=Corsham Town}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Philip Hardman Whalley
\|votes \= 980
\|percentage \= 52\.5
\|change \= \+12\.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Kelly Ann Duckhouse
\|votes \= 746
\|percentage \= 40\.0
\|change \= \+6\.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Steve Abbott
\|votes \= 141
\|percentage \= 7\.6
\|change \= \+0\.3
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 234
\|percentage \= 12\.5
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,868
\|percentage \= 49\.0
\|change \= \+5\.7
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Corsham Without and Box Hill
{{Election box begin \| title\=Corsham Without and Box Hill}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Ben Anderson
\|votes \= 1,168
\|percentage \= 69\.4
\|change \= \+12\.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Tina Maria Johnston
\|votes \= 514
\|percentage \= 30\.6
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 654
\|percentage \= 38\.6
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,693
\|percentage \= 41\.3
\|change \= \+3\.0
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Cricklade and Latton
{{Election box begin \| title\=Cricklade and Latton}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Bob Jones
\|votes \= 923
\|percentage \= 48\.8
\|change \= \-7\.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Peter Anthony Colmer
\|votes \= 883
\|percentage \= 46\.7
\|change \= \+3\.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Graham William Davies
\|votes \= 85
\|percentage \= 4\.5
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 40
\|percentage \= 2\.1
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,894
\|percentage \= 48\.7
\|change \= \+7\.1
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Devizes and Roundway South
{{Election box begin \| title\=Devizes and Roundway South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Simon David Jacobs
\|votes \= 613
\|percentage \= 40\.2
\|change \= \+6\.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Devizes Guardians
\|candidate \= Chris Greenwood
\|votes \= 294
\|percentage \= 19\.3
\|change \= \-10\.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Chris Callow
\|votes \= 177
\|percentage \= 11\.6
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Ian Richard Porter Hopkins
\|votes \= 168
\|percentage \= 11\.0
\|change \= \-5\.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Ivor Llewellyn Blackmore
\|votes \= 146
\|percentage \= 9\.6
\|change \= \-3\.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= James Thomas Melville Kay
\|votes \= 128
\|percentage \= 8\.4
\|change \= \+2\.4
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 319
\|percentage \= 20\.8
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,532
\|percentage \= 44\.4
\|change \= \+3\.7
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Devizes East
{{Election box begin \| title\=Devizes East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Peter Evans
\|votes \= 483
\|percentage \= 42\.8
\|change \= \-2\.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Devizes Guardians
\|candidate \= Jane Mary Burton
\|votes \= 276
\|percentage \= 24\.5
\|change \= \-7\.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Alan Charles Rankin
\|votes \= 192
\|percentage \= 17\.0
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Laura Kate Naylor
\|votes \= 177
\|percentage \= 15\.7
\|change \= \-7\.2
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 207
\|percentage \= 18\.2
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,135
\|percentage \= 36\.7
\|change \= \+5\.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Devizes North
{{Election box begin \| title\=Devizes North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Sue Evans
\|votes \= 579
\|percentage \= 46\.8
\|change \= \+4\.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Devizes Guardians
\|candidate \= \[\[Nigel Carter\|Nigel Denys Carter]]
\|votes \= 335
\|percentage \= 27\.1
\|change \= \-9\.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Simon Charles Thompson
\|votes \= 171
\|percentage \= 13\.8
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Patricia Baxter
\|votes \= 153
\|percentage \= 12\.4
\|change \= \-9\.2
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 244
\|percentage \= 19\.6
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,245
\|percentage \= 38\.7
\|change \= \+5\.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Downton and Ebble Valley
{{Election box begin \| title\=Downton and Ebble Valley}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Richard John Clewer
\|votes \= 944
\|percentage \= 64\.7
\|change \= \+2\.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Robert William Steel
\|votes \= 208
\|percentage \= 14\.3
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Ben Wynn
\|votes \= 188
\|percentage \= 12\.9
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Harry David Ashcroft
\|votes \= 120
\|percentage \= 8\.2
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 736
\|percentage \= 50\.3
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,464
\|percentage \= 39\.0
\|change \= \+0\.6
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Durrington and Larkhill
{{Election box begin \| title\=Durrington and Larkhill}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Graham Wright
\|votes \= 1,384
\|percentage \= 80\.1
\|change \= \+1\.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Jan Burns
\|votes \= 345
\|percentage \= 20\.0
\|change \= \-1\.6
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 1,039
\|percentage \= 59\.8
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,738
\|percentage \= 34\.9
\|change \= \+5\.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Independent (politician)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
Note: Graham Wright had previously been elected in 2013 for the Liberal Democrats. The change in his voteshare shown is the change from the voteshare he won as a Liberal Democrat in 2013\.
### Ethandune
{{Election box begin \| title\=Ethandune}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Jerry Wickham
\|votes \= 1,059
\|percentage \= 71\.8
\|change \= \+11\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Anne Elizabeth Ball
\|votes \= 416
\|percentage \= 28\.2
\|change \= \+3\.6
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 643
\|percentage \= 43\.1
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,492
\|percentage \= 41\.3
\|change \= \+5\.6
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
Note: Jerry Wickham had previously held the seat for the Conservatives in a 2014 by\-election.
### Fovant and Chalke Valley
{{Election box begin \| title\=Fovant and Chalke Valley}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Jose Green
\|votes \= 971
\|percentage \= 65\.0
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= William Donald Keir Holmes
\|votes \= 339
\|percentage \= 22\.7
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Oliver Arthur Broomfield Holdsworth
\|votes \= 185
\|percentage \= 12\.4
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 632
\|percentage \= 42\.1
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,501
\|percentage \= 44\.1
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Hilperton
{{Election box begin \| title\=Hilperton}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Ernie Clark
\|votes \= 1,342
\|percentage \= 79\.7
\|change \= \-7\.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Charles Russ
\|votes \= 208
\|percentage \= 12\.3
\|change \= \+4\.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= George Stanton
\|votes \= 135
\|percentage \= 8\.0
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 1,134
\|percentage \= 67\.0
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,692
\|percentage \= 43\.3
\|change \= \+2\.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Independent (politician)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Holt and Staverton
{{Election box begin \| title\=Holt and Staverton}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Trevor William Carbin
\|votes \= 941
\|percentage \= 64\.3
\|change \= \+18\.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Richard William Nathaniel Warren
\|votes \= 522
\|percentage \= 35\.7
\|change \= \+5\.7
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 419
\|percentage \= 28\.6
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,466
\|percentage \= 42\.0
\|change \= \+8\.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Kington
{{Election box begin \| title\=Kington}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Howard Greenman
\|votes \= 1,257
\|percentage \= 69\.2
\|change \= \+6\.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Matthew John Bragg
\|votes \= 380
\|percentage \= 20\.9
\|change \= \+4\.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Liam Nicholas John Stokes
\|votes \= 179
\|percentage \= 9\.9
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 877
\|percentage \= 48\.3
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,817
\|percentage \= 45\.4
\|change \= \+4\.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Laverstock, Ford and Old Sarum
{{Election box begin \| title\=Laverstock, Ford and Old Sarum}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Ian David McLennan
\|votes \= 1,050
\|percentage \= 63\.4
\|change \= \-11\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Mark Jonathan Lamdin McClelland
\|votes \= 607
\|percentage \= 36\.6
\|change \= \+11\.1
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 443
\|percentage \= 26\.7
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,660
\|percentage \= 41\.7
\|change \= \+9\.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Labour Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Ludgershall and Perham Down
{{Election box begin \| title\=Ludgershall and Perham Down}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Chris Williams
\|votes \= 679
\|percentage \= 69\.9
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Charles Edward Lambert
\|votes \= 100
\|percentage \= 10\.3
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= UKIP
\|candidate \= Leslie Alexander Webster
\|votes \= 98
\|percentage \= 10\.1
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Teresa Mary Thornton
\|votes \= 94
\|percentage \= 9\.7
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 579
\|percentage \= 69\.6
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 976
\|percentage \= 26\.7
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Lyneham
{{Election box begin \| title\=Lyneham}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Allison Mary Bucknell
\|votes \= 938
\|percentage \= 77\.0
\|change \= \+18\.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Trudie Ann Clarkson
\|votes \= 217
\|percentage \= 17\.8
\|change \= \+5\.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Terry Couchman
\|votes \= 64
\|percentage \= 5\.3
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 721
\|percentage \= 59\.0
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,223
\|percentage \= 38\.7
\|change \= \+5\.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Malmesbury
{{Election box begin \| title\=Malmesbury}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= \[\[Gavin Grant (executive)\|Gavin Grant]]
\|votes \= 946
\|percentage \= 53\.9
\|change \= \+5\.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Frances Sheppard
\|votes \= 699
\|percentage \= 39\.8
\|change \= \+11\.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Fred Price
\|votes \= 110
\|percentage \= 6\.3
\|change \= \-1\.7
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 247
\|percentage \= 14\.0
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,761
\|percentage \= 43\.1
\|change \= \+3\.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Marlborough East
{{Election box begin \| title\=Marlborough East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Stewart Raymond Dobson
\|votes \= 733
\|percentage \= 60\.5
\|change \= \+28\.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= John Alexander Kirk Wilson
\|votes \= 274
\|percentage \= 22\.6
\|change \= \+10\.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Katherine Grace Davis
\|votes \= 205
\|percentage \= 16\.9
\|change \= \+8\.6
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 459
\|percentage \= 37\.7
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,217
\|percentage \= 37\.1
\|change \= \+3\.6
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Marlborough West
{{Election box begin \| title\=Marlborough West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Nick Fogg
\|votes \= 754
\|percentage \= 54\.6
\|change \= \-0\.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Tamara Louise Reay
\|votes \= 507
\|percentage \= 36\.7
\|change \= \-1\.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Sylvia Christine Card
\|votes \= 121
\|percentage \= 8\.8
\|change \= \+2\.9
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 247
\|percentage \= 17\.8
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,386
\|percentage \= 46\.6
\|change \= \+6\.6
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Independent (politician)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Melksham Central
{{Election box begin \| title\=Melksham Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Hayley Jayne Spencer
\|votes \= 481
\|percentage \= 37\.9
\|change \= \+8\.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Mike Swanton
\|votes \= 379
\|percentage \= 29\.8
\|change \= \+6\.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= UKIP
\|candidate \= David Martin Pollitt
\|votes \= 152
\|percentage \= 12\.0
\|change \= \-21\.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Martin Willard Pain
\|votes \= 150
\|percentage \= 11\.8
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Paul Grainger
\|votes \= 108
\|percentage \= 8\.5
\|change \= \-4\.7
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 102
\|percentage \= 7\.9
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,284
\|percentage \= 33\.7
\|change \= \+4\.0
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|loser \= UKIP
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Melksham North
{{Election box begin \| title\=Melksham North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Pat Aves
\|votes \= 590
\|percentage \= 45\.5
\|change \= \+13\.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Nick Holder
\|votes \= 519
\|percentage \= 40\.0
\|change \= \+11\.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Geoff Mitcham
\|votes \= 104
\|percentage \= 8\.0
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Richard George Wiltshire
\|votes \= 85
\|percentage \= 6\.6
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 71
\|percentage \= 5\.4
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,311
\|percentage \= 36\.3
\|change \= \+3\.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Melksham South
{{Election box begin \| title\=Melksham South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Jon Hubbard
\|votes \= 1,045
\|percentage \= 68\.4
\|change \= \+17\.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Mike Sankey
\|votes \= 484
\|percentage \= 31\.7
\|change \= \+16\.8
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 561
\|percentage \= 36\.3
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,544
\|percentage \= 38\.6
\|change \= \+1\.6
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Melksham Without North
{{Election box begin \| title\=Melksham Without North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Phil Alford
\|votes \= 1,019
\|percentage \= 54\.9
\|change \= \+28\.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Terry Chivers
\|votes \= 838
\|percentage \= 45\.1
\|change \= \+4\.2
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 181
\|percentage \= 9\.7
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,871
\|percentage \= 43\.3
\|change \= \+0\.9
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|loser \= Independent (politician)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Melksham Without South
{{Election box begin \| title\=Melksham Without South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Roy Sidney While
\|votes \= 709
\|percentage \= 55\.3
\|change \= \+14\.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Ryan James Clarke
\|votes \= 232
\|percentage \= 18\.1
\|change \= \+5\.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= UKIP
\|candidate \= Paul Robert Carter
\|votes \= 178
\|percentage \= 13\.9
\|change \= \-24\.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Steve Petty
\|votes \= 163
\|percentage \= 12\.7
\|change \= \-n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 477
\|percentage \= 37\.0
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,289
\|percentage \= 32\.0
\|change \= \+2\.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Mere
{{Election box begin \| title\=Mere}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= George Edwin Jeans
\|votes \= 1,339
\|percentage \= 66\.9
\|change \= \-9\.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Mike Liddicoat
\|votes \= 399
\|percentage \= 19\.9
\|change \= \+4\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= John Anthony Jordan
\|votes \= 264
\|percentage \= 13\.2
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 940
\|percentage \= 46\.8
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 2,010
\|percentage \= 57\.9
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Independent (politician)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Minety
{{Election box begin \| title\=Minety}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Chuck Berry
\|votes \= 1,137
\|percentage \= 74\.3
\|change \= \+21\.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Nicola Helen Middleton
\|votes \= 294
\|percentage \= 19\.2
\|change \= \+9\.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Hilary Ann Foord
\|votes \= 99
\|percentage \= 6\.5
\|change \= \-1\.2
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 843
\|percentage \= 54\.9
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,535
\|percentage \= 40\.1
\|change \= \-2\.6
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Nadder and East Knoyle
{{Election box begin \| title\=Nadder and East Knoyle}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Bridget Anne Wayman
\|votes \= 964
\|percentage \= 66\.9
\|change \= \+4\.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Jill Caudle
\|votes \= 478
\|percentage \= 33\.2
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 486
\|percentage \= 33\.6
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,447
\|percentage \= 41\.5
\|change \= \+2\.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Pewsey
{{Election box begin \| title\=Pewsey}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Jeremy James Kunkler
\|votes \= 1,085
\|percentage \= 72\.1
\|change \= \-2\.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= David Roland Leighton
\|votes \= 249
\|percentage \= 16\.6
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Hannah Sarah White\-Overton
\|votes \= 170
\|percentage \= 11\.3
\|change \= \-14\.6
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 836
\|percentage \= 55\.2
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,514
\|percentage \= 39\.4
\|change \= \+4\.6
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Pewsey Vale
{{Election box begin \| title\=Pewsey Vale}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Paul Oatway
\|votes \= 1,064
\|percentage \= 77\.3
\|change \= \+12\.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Fiona Clare Hornby
\|votes \= 176
\|percentage \= 12\.8
\|change \= \-9\.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Michael Anthony Bohan
\|votes \= 137
\|percentage \= 10\.0
\|change \= \-3\.3
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 888
\|percentage \= 64\.3
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,382
\|percentage \= 39\.2
\|change \= \+4\.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Purton
{{Election box begin \| title\=Purton}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Jacqui Lay
\|votes \= 991
\|percentage \= 74\.7
\|change \= \+3\.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Kate Ann Blye
\|votes \= 335
\|percentage \= 25\.3
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 656
\|percentage \= 49\.1
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,337
\|percentage \= 32\.2
\|change \= \+2\.9
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Redlynch and Landford
{{Election box begin \| title\=Redlynch and Landford}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Leo Randall
\|votes \= 1,020
\|percentage \= 66\.5
\|change \= \+7\.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Martin James Rosell
\|votes \= 316
\|percentage \= 20\.6
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Finbarr Sheehan
\|votes \= 198
\|percentage \= 12\.9
\|change \= \-2\.5
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 704
\|percentage \= 45\.9
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,535
\|percentage \= 41\.0
\|change \= \+6\.9
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Roundway
{{Election box begin \| title\=Roundway}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Laura Evelyn Mayes
\|votes \= 838
\|percentage \= 69\.0
\|change \= \+5\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Kathleen Margaret Shaw
\|votes \= 137
\|percentage \= 11\.3
\|change \= \+1\.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Geoff Brewer
\|votes \= 124
\|percentage \= 10\.2
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Alasdair Kirkpatrick
\|votes \= 115
\|percentage \= 9\.5
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 701
\|percentage \= 57\.7
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,215
\|percentage \= 34\.9
\|change \= \+2\.9
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Royal Wootton Bassett East
{{Election box begin \| title\=Royal Wootton Bassett East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Mollie Eileen May Groom
\|votes \= 1,048
\|percentage \= 69\.8
\|change \= \-4\.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Simon Richard Hodkinson
\|votes \= 279
\|percentage \= 18\.6
\|change \= \-7\.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= James Edward Sexton
\|votes \= 174
\|percentage \= 11\.6
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 769
\|percentage \= 50\.9
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,512
\|percentage \= 39\.2
\|change \= \+5\.8
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Royal Wootton Bassett North
{{Election box begin \| title\=Royal Wootton Bassett North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Mary Isabel Champion
\|votes \= 744
\|percentage \= 52\.6
\|change \= \+6\.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Stephen Richard Walls
\|votes \= 510
\|percentage \= 36\.1
\|change \= \+7\.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Heather Denise Reilly
\|votes \= 160
\|percentage \= 11\.3
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 234
\|percentage \= 16\.5
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,418
\|percentage \= 39\.5
\|change \= \+10\.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Royal Wootton Bassett South
{{Election box begin \| title\=Royal Wootton Basset South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Chris Hurst
\|votes \= 1,061
\|percentage \= 49\.2
\|change \= \+9\.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Paul Justin Heaphy
\|votes \= 863
\|percentage \= 40\.0
\|change \= \+3\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Ron Bardwell
\|votes \= 132
\|percentage \= 6\.1
\|change \= \-0\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Peter Joseph Doyle
\|votes \= 102
\|percentage \= 4\.7
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 198
\|percentage \= 9\.1
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 2,164
\|percentage \= 44\.0
\|change \= \+6\.1
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Salisbury Bemerton
{{Election box begin \| title\=Salisbury Bemerton}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Ricky Rogers
\|votes \= 568
\|percentage \= 46\.3
\|change \= \-11\.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Gavin Paul Barrett
\|votes \= 408
\|percentage \= 33\.2
\|change \= \+14\.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= UKIP
\|candidate \= Dean Palethorpe
\|votes \= 92
\|percentage \= 7\.5
\|change \= \-16\.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Robert William Steel
\|votes \= 87
\|percentage \= 7\.1
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Julia Anne Richardson
\|votes \= 73
\|percentage \= 5\.9
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 160
\|percentage \= 13\.0
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,232
\|percentage \= 28\.0
\|change \= \+6\.1
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Labour Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Salisbury Fisherton and Bemerton Village
{{Election box begin \| title\=Salisbury Fisherton and Bemerton Village}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= John Michael Perrings Walsh
\|votes \= 471
\|percentage \= 34\.3
\|change \= \-2\.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Jeremy Robert Lloyd Nettle
\|votes \= 405
\|percentage \= 29\.5
\|change \= \-6\.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Mark Philip Duly
\|votes \= 208
\|percentage \= 15\.1
\|change \= \-12\.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Chris Cochrane
\|votes \= 139
\|percentage \= 10\.1
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Alison Craig
\|votes \= 102
\|percentage \= 7\.4
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= UKIP
\|candidate \= Paddy Singh
\|votes \= 49
\|percentage \= 3\.6
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 67
\|percentage \= 4\.9
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,379
\|percentage \= 39\.9
\|change \= \+7\.9
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Labour Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Salisbury Harnham
{{Election box begin \| title\=Salisbury Harnham}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Brian Edward Dalton
\|votes \= 827
\|percentage \= 44\.5
\|change \= \-2\.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Simon James Jackson
\|votes \= 756
\|percentage \= 40\.7
\|change \= \+8\.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Merrin Holroyd
\|votes \= 112
\|percentage \= 6\.0
\|change \= \-0\.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Peter Jolyon Matthews
\|votes \= 97
\|percentage \= 5\.2
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= UKIP
\|candidate \= Naomi May King
\|votes \= 66
\|percentage \= 3\.6
\|change \= \-9\.9
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 71
\|percentage \= 3\.8
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,862
\|percentage \= 45\.5
\|change \= \+8\.6
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Salisbury St Edmund and Milford
{{Election box begin \| title\=Salisbury St Edmund and Milford}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Atiqul Hoque
\|votes \= 654
\|percentage \= 40\.5
\|change \= \+17\.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Bobbie Chettleburgh
\|votes \= 551
\|percentage \= 34\.1
\|change \= \-8\.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Clive Robert Vincent
\|votes \= 209
\|percentage \= 12\.9
\|change \= \-1\.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Sue Wright
\|votes \= 182
\|percentage \= 11\.3
\|change \= \+3\.8
}}
{{Election box candidate\|
\|party \= Together We Can Reform
\|candidate \= Colin Skelton
\|votes \= 21
\|percentage \= 1\.3
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 103
\|percentage \= 6\.4
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,619
\|percentage \= 44\.4
\|change \= \+10\.8
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|loser \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
Note: Atiqul Hoque had previously gained the seat for the Conservative Party in a 2015 by\-election.
### Salisbury St Francis and Stratford
{{Election box begin \| title\=Salisbury St Francis and Stratford}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Mary Jacquelin Douglas
\|votes \= 909
\|percentage \= 49\.4
\|change \= \-4\.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Julian James Sargood Ellis
\|votes \= 596
\|percentage \= 32\.4
\|change \= \+18\.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Richard Bolton
\|votes \= 187
\|percentage \= 10\.2
\|change \= \-1\.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Steven Ian Wadsworth
\|votes \= 147
\|percentage \= 8\.0
\|change \= \-12\.1
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 313
\|percentage \= 17\.0
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,845
\|percentage \= 45\.0
\|change \= \+11\.0
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Salisbury St Marks and Bishopdown
{{Election box begin \| title\=Salisbury St Marks and Bishopdown}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Derek William Brown
\|votes \= 671
\|percentage \= 45\.0
\|change \= \-12\.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Hilary Anne Davidson
\|votes \= 416
\|percentage \= 27\.9
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Rebecca Ann Heulwen Foster
\|votes \= 241
\|percentage \= 16\.2
\|change \= \+0\.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Tom Mettyear
\|votes \= 164
\|percentage \= 11\.0
\|change \= \-15\.6
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 255
\|percentage \= 17\.0
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,496
\|percentage \= 37\.2
\|change \= \+5\.8
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Salisbury St Martins and Cathedral
{{Election box begin \| title\=Salisbury St Martins and Cathedral}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Sven Hocking
\|votes \= 817
\|percentage \= 41\.0
\|change \= \+9\.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Ian Robert Tomes
\|votes \= 699
\|percentage \= 35\.1
\|change \= \-6\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Greg Condliffe
\|votes \= 313
\|percentage \= 15\.7
\|change \= \+9\.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Teresa Jane Mary Fallon
\|votes \= 115
\|percentage \= 5\.8
\|change \= \-0\.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= UKIP
\|candidate \= Frances Mary Patricia Howard
\|votes \= 50
\|percentage \= 2\.5
\|change \= \-12\.7
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 118
\|percentage \= 5\.9
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 2,007
\|percentage \= 48\.0
\|change \= \+9\.1
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|loser \= Labour Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Salisbury St Pauls
{{Election box begin \| title\=Salisbury St Pauls}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Matthew Jonathan Anthony Dean
\|votes \= 650
\|percentage \= 44\.7
\|change \= \+11\.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Paul William Leslie Sample
\|votes \= 324
\|percentage \= 22\.3
\|change \= \+15\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Caroline Susan Corbin
\|votes \= 301
\|percentage \= 20\.7
\|change \= \-7\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Benji Goehl
\|votes \= 180
\|percentage \= 12\.4
\|change \= \-2\.6
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 326
\|percentage \= 22\.3
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,462
\|percentage \= 39\.3
\|change \= \+7\.7
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Sherston
{{Election box begin \| title\=Sherston}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= John Percy Simon Stuart Thomson
\|votes \= 1,150
\|percentage \= 68\.6
\|change \= \-6\.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Martin Fausing Smith
\|votes \= 418
\|percentage \= 24\.9
\|change \= \+10\.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Steven James Clark
\|votes \= 108
\|percentage \= 6\.4
\|change \= \-5\.0
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 732
\|percentage \= 43\.5
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,683
\|percentage \= 42\.0
\|change \= \+6\.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Southwick
{{Election box begin \| title\=Southwick}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Horace John Prickett
\|votes \= 1,142
\|percentage \= 81\.5
\|change \= \+38\.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Kevin Ian Cottrell
\|votes \= 259
\|percentage \= 18\.5
\|change \= \+14\.5
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 883
\|percentage \= 62\.4
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,415
\|percentage \= 39\.9
\|change \= \+6\.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Summerham and Seend
{{Election box begin \| title\=Summerham and Seend}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Jonathon Seed
\|votes \= 1,047
\|percentage \= 56\.1
\|change \= \-12\.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Jo McManus
\|votes \= 821
\|percentage \= 44\.0
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 226
\|percentage \= 12\.1
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,873
\|percentage \= 53\.7
\|change \= \+10\.6
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### The Collingbournes and Netheravon
{{Election box begin \| title\=The Collingbournes and Netheravon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Ian Charles Duke Blair\-Pilling
\|votes \= 808
\|percentage \= 63\.8
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Alan Stephen Wood
\|votes \= 276
\|percentage \= 21\.8
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Glenn Barry Price
\|votes \= 91
\|percentage \= 7\.2
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Denis Christopher Griffin
\|votes \= 91
\|percentage \= 7\.2
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 532
\|percentage \= 42\.0
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,266
\|percentage \= 38\.6
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### The Lavingtons and Erlestoke
{{Election box begin \| title\=The Lavingtons and Erlestoke}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Richard Elliott Gamble
\|votes \= 1,213
\|percentage \= 74\.1
\|change \= \-2\.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Mark Domnech William Mangham
\|votes \= 157
\|percentage \= 9\.6
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Carol Black
\|votes \= 142
\|percentage \= 8\.7
\|change \= \-14\.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Chris Gingell
\|votes \= 125
\|percentage \= 7\.6
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 1,056
\|percentage \= 64\.2
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,644
\|percentage \= 40\.7
\|change \= \+8\.2
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Tidworth
{{Election box begin \| title\=Tidworth}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Mark Connolly
\|votes \= 711
\|percentage \= 84\.3
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Joan Barnett
\|votes \= 133
\|percentage \= 15\.8
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 578
\|percentage \= 68\.4
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 845
\|percentage \= 18\.1
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Till and Wylye Valley
{{Election box begin \| title\=Till and Wylye Valley}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= \[\[Darren Henry\|Darren George Henry]]
\|votes \= 1,134
\|percentage \= 54\.2
\|change \= \+14\.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Ian Clive West
\|votes \= 923
\|percentage \= 44\.1
\|change \= \-11\.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Gary James Buckley
\|votes \= 34
\|percentage \= 1\.6
\|change \= \-3\.6
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 211
\|percentage \= 10\.1
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 2,095
\|percentage \= 57\.8
\|change \= \+12\.5
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|loser \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Tisbury
{{Election box begin \| title\=Tisbury}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Tony Deane
\|votes \= 846
\|percentage \= 61\.8
\|change \= \+1\.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Marcus Deyes
\|votes \= 341
\|percentage \= 24\.9
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Christopher H Walford
\|votes \= 182
\|percentage \= 13\.3
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 505
\|percentage \= 36\.9
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,370
\|percentage \= 38\.4
\|change \= \+1\.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Trowbridge Adcroft
{{Election box begin \| title\=Trowbridge Adcroft}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Edward Kirk
\|votes \= 483
\|percentage \= 42\.7
\|change \= \+25\.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Nicholas Blakemore
\|votes \= 446
\|percentage \= 39\.4
\|change \= \-12\.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Adrian John Poole
\|votes \= 202
\|percentage \= 17\.9
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 37
\|percentage \= 3\.3
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,135
\|percentage \= 31\.5
\|change \= \+3\.2
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|loser \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Trowbridge Central
{{Election box begin \| title\=Trowbridge Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Stewart Martin Palmen
\|votes \= 511
\|percentage \= 42\.6
\|change \= \+1\.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= John Roland Wallace Knight
\|votes \= 417
\|percentage \= 34\.8
\|change \= \+17\.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Phoebe Eliana Rosalind Kemp
\|votes \= 271
\|percentage \= 22\.6
\|change \= \+7\.6
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 94
\|percentage \= 7\.8
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,202
\|percentage \= 32\.0
\|change \= \+6\.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Trowbridge Drynham
{{Election box begin \| title\=Trowbridge Drynham}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Graham David Payne
\|votes \= 654
\|percentage \= 66\.3
\|change \= \-5\.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Laura Michelle Pictor
\|votes \= 203
\|percentage \= 20\.6
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= John Richard Marsden
\|votes \= 130
\|percentage \= 13\.2
\|change \= \-14\.7
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 451
\|percentage \= 45\.5
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 992
\|percentage \= 31\.2
\|change \= \+7\.7
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Trowbridge Grove
{{Election box begin \| title\=Trowbridge Grove}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= David Edward Halik
\|votes \= 509
\|percentage \= 44\.8
\|change \= \+25\.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Bob Brice
\|votes \= 457
\|percentage \= 40\.2
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Liz Gifford
\|votes \= 170
\|percentage \= 15\.0
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 52
\|percentage \= 4\.6
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,138
\|percentage \= 34\.5
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|loser \= Independent (politician)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
Note: Chris Auckland had previously gained the seat for the Liberal Democrats in a 2016 by\-election.
### Trowbridge Lambrok
{{Election box begin \| title\=Trowbridge Lambrok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Deborah Ann Halik
\|votes \= 488
\|percentage \= 45\.5
\|change \= \+13\.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Ben Midgley
\|votes \= 344
\|percentage \= 32\.1
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Shaun Samuel James Henley
\|votes \= 165
\|percentage \= 15\.4
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Marie Hillcoat
\|votes \= 75
\|percentage \= 7\.0
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 144
\|percentage \= 13\.4
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,075
\|percentage \= 29\.3
\|change \= \+2\.3
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|loser \= Independent (politician)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Trowbridge Park
{{Election box begin \| title\=Trowbridge Park}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Peter Fuller
\|votes \= 551
\|percentage \= 47\.8
\|change \= \+7\.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Dennis Paul Drewett
\|votes \= 213
\|percentage \= 18\.5
\|change \= \-24\.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Jackie Harding
\|votes \= 199
\|percentage \= 17\.3
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Roger Guy Andrews
\|votes \= 190
\|percentage \= 16\.5
\|change \= \-0\.2
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 338
\|percentage \= 29\.2
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,158
\|percentage \= 31\.3
\|change \= \+6\.1
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|loser \= Independent (politician)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Trowbridge Paxcroft
{{Election box begin \| title\=Trowbridge Paxcroft}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Stephen John Oldrieve
\|votes \= 750
\|percentage \= 54\.5
\|change \= \-11\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= James Rothschild St Clair
\|votes \= 516
\|percentage \= 37\.5
\|change \= \+3\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Maria Adlam\-Apps
\|votes \= 110
\|percentage \= 8\.0
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 234
\|percentage \= 17\.0
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,379
\|percentage \= 30\.8
\|change \= \+1\.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Urchfont and The Cannings
{{Election box begin \| title\=Urchfont and The Cannings}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Philip Whitehead
\|votes \= 1,156
\|percentage \= 71\.8
\|change \= \+22\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= John Nicholas Merrett
\|votes \= 256
\|percentage \= 15\.9
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Amanda Hopgood
\|votes \= 199
\|percentage \= 12\.4
\|change \= \-4\.5
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 900
\|percentage \= 55\.1
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,633
\|percentage \= 42\.4
\|change \= \+5\.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Warminster Broadway
{{Election box begin \| title\=Warminster Broadway}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Tony Jackson
\|votes \= 665
\|percentage \= 49\.5
\|change \= \-5\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Paul Batchelor
\|votes \= 335
\|percentage \= 24\.9
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Eden Morris
\|votes \= 173
\|percentage \= 12\.9
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Martin David John Papworth
\|votes \= 171
\|percentage \= 12\.7
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 330
\|percentage \= 24\.5
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,349
\|percentage \= 36\.8
\|change \= \+6\.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Warminster Copheap and Wylye
{{Election box begin \| title\=Warminster Copheap and Wylye}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= \[\[Christopher Newbury]]
\|votes \= 1,046
\|percentage \= 74\.6
\|change \= \+3\.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Ryan John Ellis Bird
\|votes \= 204
\|percentage \= 14\.5
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Nicola Clare Grove
\|votes \= 153
\|percentage \= 10\.9
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 842
\|percentage \= 59\.5
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,416
\|percentage \= 39\.9
\|change \= \+8\.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Warminster East
{{Election box begin \| title\=Warminster East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Andrew Davis
\|votes \= 734
\|percentage \= 48\.3
\|change \= \+8\.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Paul Ian MacDonald
\|votes \= 480
\|percentage \= 31\.6
\|change \= \-2\.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Eleanor May Free
\|votes \= 136
\|percentage \= 9\.0
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Nigel Paul Hampson
\|votes \= 109
\|percentage \= 7\.2
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Maggie Richens
\|votes \= 60
\|percentage \= 4\.0
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 254
\|percentage \= 16\.6
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,528
\|percentage \= 36\.1
\|change \= \+3\.9
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Warminster West
{{Election box begin \| title\=Warminster West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Pip Ridout
\|votes \= 694
\|percentage \= 58\.4
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Stacie Allensby
\|votes \= 189
\|percentage \= 15\.9
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Andy Hinchcliffe
\|votes \= 152
\|percentage \= 12\.8
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Carrie Moyes
\|votes \= 90
\|percentage \= 7\.6
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Tony Free
\|votes \= 64
\|percentage \= 5\.4
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 505
\|percentage \= 42\.3
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,193
\|percentage \= 28\.7
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Warminster Without
{{Election box begin \| title\=Warminster Without}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Fleur de Rhé\-Philipe
\|votes \= 1,014
\|percentage \= 73\.3
\|change \= \+0\.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Jonathan Whitehead\-Whiting
\|votes \= 214
\|percentage \= 15\.5
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Anthony Paul Tyler
\|votes \= 156
\|percentage \= 11\.3
\|change \= \-11/4
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 658
\|percentage \= 49\.3
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,334
\|percentage \= 39\.4
\|change \= \+7\.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### West Selkley
{{Election box begin \| title\=West Selkley}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Jane Frances Davies
\|votes \= 933
\|percentage \= 70\.2
\|change \= \-7\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Sara Elizabeth Spratt
\|votes \= 275
\|percentage \= 20\.7
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Matthew James Bowman Lee
\|votes \= 122
\|percentage \= 9\.2
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 800
\|percentage \= 57\.8
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,385
\|percentage \= 40\.3
\|change \= \+4\.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Westbury East
{{Election box begin \| title\=Westbury East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Gordon Ian King
\|votes \= 661
\|percentage \= 47\.1
\|change \= \+5\.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Rupert Ashley Lescott
\|votes \= 607
\|percentage \= 43\.2
\|change \= \+26\.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Mike Kettlety
\|votes \= 137
\|percentage \= 9\.8
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 54
\|percentage \= 3\.8
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,408
\|percentage \= 37\.1
\|change \= \+5\.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Westbury North
{{Election box begin \| title\=Westbury North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= David Jenkins
\|votes \= 596
\|percentage \= 57\.9
\|change \= \+3\.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= David Lancashire
\|votes \= 299
\|percentage \= 29\.1
\|change \= \+16\.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Michael Sutton
\|votes \= 134
\|percentage \= 13\.0
\|change \= \+1\.3
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 297
\|percentage \= 28\.8
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,033
\|percentage \= 29\.1
\|change \= \+1\.8
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Westbury West
{{Election box begin \| title\=Westbury West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Russell Mark Jonathan Hawker
\|votes \= 352
\|percentage \= 33\.4
\|change \= \-4\.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Nick Stovold
\|votes \= 301
\|percentage \= 28\.6
\|change \= \+15\.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Carole King
\|votes \= 260
\|percentage \= 24\.7
\|change \= \+19\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Jane Francesca Russ
\|votes \= 111
\|percentage \= 10\.5
\|change \= \-4\.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Margaret Frances Cavanna
\|votes \= 29
\|percentage \= 2\.8
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 51
\|percentage \= 4\.8
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,053
\|percentage \= 27\.1
\|change \= \+5\.1
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Independent (politician)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Wilton and Lower Wylye Valley
{{Election box begin \| title\=Wilton and Lower Wylye Valley}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Pauline Elizabeth Church
\|votes \= 760
\|percentage \= 46\.0
\|change \= \+12\.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Peter Derek Edge
\|votes \= 692
\|percentage \= 41\.9
\|change \= \-15\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Olivia McLennan
\|votes \= 200
\|percentage \= 12\.1
\|change \= \+2\.8
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 68
\|percentage \= 4\.1
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,661
\|percentage \= 43\.3
\|change \= \+10\.0
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|loser \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Winsley and Westwood
{{Election box begin \| title\=Winsley and Westwood}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Johnny Kidney
\|votes \= 1,040
\|percentage \= 56\.9
\|change \= \+15\.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Magnus Ian Macdonald
\|votes \= 788
\|percentage \= 43\.1
\|change \= \-3\.0
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 252
\|percentage \= 13\.7
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,836
\|percentage \= 55\.2
\|change \= \+11\.8
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|loser \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Winterslow
{{Election box begin \| title\=Winterslow}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Christopher Devine
\|votes \= 775
\|percentage \= 47\.2
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Christopher Duncan Miller
\|votes \= 590
\|percentage \= 35\.9
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Liberal Democrats (UK)
\|candidate \= Colin Richard Baxter
\|votes \= 159
\|percentage \= 9\.7
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party of England and Wales
\|candidate \= Alice Jean Kiff
\|votes \= 74
\|percentage \= 4\.5
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Labour Party (UK)
\|candidate \= Ian Martingale
\|votes \= 45
\|percentage \= 2\.7
\|change \= n/a
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 185
\|percentage \= 11\.2
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 1,645
\|percentage \= 51\.9
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Independent (politician)
\|loser \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
Note: In 2013, Christopher Devine had won the seat unopposed as a Conservative candidate.
|
[
"Electoral division results\n--------------------------",
"The [electoral division](/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Wards and electoral divisions of the United Kingdom\") results listed below are based on the changes from the [2013 elections](/wiki/2013_Wiltshire_Council_election \"2013 Wiltshire Council election\"), not taking into account any party defections or by\\-elections.",
"### Aldbourne and Ramsbury",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Aldbourne and Ramsbury}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= James Sheppard\n \\|votes \\= 1,056\n \\|percentage \\= 67\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+3\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Fran Bishop\n \\|votes \\= 538\n \\|percentage \\= 17\\.8\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Jason Steven Haythornwaite\n \\|votes \\= 147\n \\|percentage \\= 9\\.4\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Brian Roy Utton\n \\|votes \\= 147\n \\|percentage \\= 5\\.4\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 778\n \\|percentage \\= 49\\.6\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,568\n \\|percentage \\= 38\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+1\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Alderbury and Whiteparish",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Alderbury and Whiteparish}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Richard Britton\n \\|votes \\= 825\n \\|percentage \\= 59\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+2\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Gideon Bruce Aymes\n \\|votes \\= 342\n \\|percentage \\= 24\\.6\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= John Phillip Edrich\n \\|votes \\= 118\n \\|percentage \\= 8\\.5\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Kim Eleanor Glennon\\-Alty\n \\|votes \\= 105\n \\|percentage \\= 7\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\-3\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 483\n \\|percentage \\= 34\\.8\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,394\n \\|percentage \\= 41\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+5\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Amesbury East",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Amesbury East}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Robert Alexander Yuill\n \\|votes \\= 669\n \\|percentage \\= 48\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+3\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Helen Martina Holdsworth\n \\|votes \\= 434\n \\|percentage \\= 31\\.3\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= UKIP\n \\|candidate \\= Rhod Evans\n \\|votes \\= 118\n \\|percentage \\= 8\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\-33\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Julie Anne Martingale\n \\|votes \\= 84\n \\|percentage \\= 6\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\-6\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 235\n \\|percentage \\= 16\\.9\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,389\n \\|percentage \\= 29\\.7\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|loser \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"Note: Jamie Paul Capp had previously gained the seat for the Liberal Democrats in a 2016 by\\-election.",
"### Amesbury West",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Amesbury West}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Fred Westmoreland\n \\|votes \\= 874\n \\|percentage \\= 74\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+37\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Tom Corbin\n \\|votes \\= 168\n \\|percentage \\= 14\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+3\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Gerard Francis Wynn\n \\|votes \\= 136\n \\|percentage \\= 11\\.5\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 706\n \\|percentage \\= 58\\.9\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,196\n \\|percentage \\= 32\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+0\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Bourne and Woodford Valley",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Bourne and Woodford Valley}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Mike Hewitt\n \\|votes \\= 983\n \\|percentage \\= 65\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\-6\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Dineen Marianne Hopper\n \\|votes \\= 364\n \\|percentage \\= 24\\.2\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Lindsey Elizabeth Bellringer\n \\|votes \\= 155\n \\|percentage \\= 10\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\-17\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 619\n \\|percentage \\= 41\\.3\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,509\n \\|percentage \\= 43\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+8\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Box and Colerne",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Box and Colerne}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Brian Mathew (politician)\\|Brian George Felton Mathew]]\n \\|votes \\= 979\n \\|percentage \\= 52\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+15\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Sheila Gladys Parker\n \\|votes \\= 818\n \\|percentage \\= 43\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+0\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Peter Neil Baldrey\n \\|votes \\= 70\n \\|percentage \\= 3\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\-5\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 161\n \\|percentage \\= 8\\.6\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,867\n \\|percentage \\= 49\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+8\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|loser \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Bradford\\-on\\-Avon North",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Bradford\\-on\\-Avon North}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Jim Lynch\n \\|votes \\= 1,262\n \\|percentage \\= 59\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+13\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Pam Hyde\n \\|votes \\= 850\n \\|percentage \\= 40\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+20\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 412\n \\|percentage \\= 19\\.5\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 2,145\n \\|percentage \\= 56\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\+14\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Bradford\\-on\\-Avon South",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Bradford\\-on\\-Avon South}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Sarah Gibson (politician)\\|Sarah Gibson]]\n \\|votes \\= 1,197\n \\|percentage \\= 55\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+7\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Clive Alfred Samuel Hilton\n \\|votes \\= 724\n \\|percentage \\= 33\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+11\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Rosie Macgregor\n \\|votes \\= 224\n \\|percentage \\= 10\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\-3\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 473\n \\|percentage \\= 22\\.0\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 2,157\n \\|percentage \\= 52\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+8\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Brinkworth",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Brinkworth}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Toby Russell Sturgis\n \\|votes \\= 1,083\n \\|percentage \\= 65\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+6\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Christopher Hugh Tuite\n \\|votes \\= 572\n \\|percentage \\= 34\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\+20\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 511\n \\|percentage \\= 30\\.8\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,667\n \\|percentage \\= 45\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+7\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Bromham, Rowde and Potterne",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Bromham, Rowde and Potterne}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Anna Louise Cuthbert\n \\|votes \\= 823\n \\|percentage \\= 59\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+3\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Philip Alfred Brown\n \\|votes \\= 242\n \\|percentage \\= 17\\.4\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Ralph Andre Frederick Elia\n \\|votes \\= 138\n \\|percentage \\= 9\\.9\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Dianne Mary Gilpin\n \\|votes \\= 106\n \\|percentage \\= 7\\.6\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Margaret Ursula Green\n \\|votes \\= 79\n \\|percentage \\= 5\\.7\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 581\n \\|percentage \\= 41\\.9\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,394\n \\|percentage \\= 36\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\-38\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"Note: Anna Louise Cuthbert had previously held the seat for the Conservative Party in a 2015 by\\-election.",
"### Bulford, Allington and Figheldean",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Bulford, Allington and Figheldean}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= John Frederick Smale\n \\|votes \\= unopposed\n \\|percentage \\= n/a\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link no swing\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Burbage and The Bedwyns",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Burbage and The Bedwyns}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Stuart John Kennedy Wheeler\n \\|votes \\= 1,021\n \\|percentage \\= 68\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\-14\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Parvis Jamieson\n \\|votes \\= 216\n \\|percentage \\= 14\\.4\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= John Brian Thornton\n \\|votes \\= 134\n \\|percentage \\= 8\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\-8\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Emma Jane Clarissa Dawnay\n \\|votes \\= 130\n \\|percentage \\= 8\\.7\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 805\n \\|percentage \\= 53\\.6\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,504\n \\|percentage \\= 38\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+7\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### By Brook",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=By Brook}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Jane Scott, Baroness Scott of Bybrook\\|Jane Scott]]\n \\|votes \\= 1,032\n \\|percentage \\= 71\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\+5\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Mary Geraldine Sheila Finch\n \\|votes \\= 223\n \\|percentage \\= 15\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\+2\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Phillip Christopher Chamberlain\n \\|votes \\= 100\n \\|percentage \\= 6\\.9\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Stephen Charles Wheeler\n \\|votes \\= 88\n \\|percentage \\= 6\\.1\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 809\n \\|percentage \\= 56\\.0\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,446\n \\|percentage \\= 40\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+4\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}\nNote: Jane Scott retired in February 2020\\.{{Cite web\\|date\\=18 February 2020\\|title\\=Councillor resigns following appointment to Government role\\|url\\=https://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/news/Councillor\\-resigns\\-following\\-appointment\\-to\\-Government\\-role\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-20\\|website\\=Wiltshire Council\\|language\\=en}}",
"### Calne Central",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Calne Central}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Ian Leslie Thorn\n \\|votes \\= 754\n \\|percentage \\=51\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\+13\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Howard Robin Marshall\n \\|votes \\= 562\n \\|percentage \\= 38\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\+2\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= John Boaler\n \\|votes \\= 144\n \\|percentage \\= 9\\.9\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 192\n \\|percentage \\= 13\\.1\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,462\n \\|percentage \\= 42\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\+9\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Calne Chilvester and Abberd",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Calne Chilvester and Abberd}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Tony Trotman\n \\|votes \\= 683\n \\|percentage \\= 50\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+3\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Robert Matthew Merrick\n \\|votes \\= 417\n \\|percentage \\= 30\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+6\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Mike MacGregor\\-Fairlie\n \\|votes \\= 254\n \\|percentage \\= 18\\.8\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 266\n \\|percentage \\= 19\\.6\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,356\n \\|percentage \\= 34\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+7\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Calne North",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Calne North}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Tom Rounds\n \\|votes \\= 459\n \\|percentage \\= 45\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+11\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Glenis Jean Ansell\n \\|votes \\= 380\n \\|percentage \\= 37\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\-2\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Jon Fisher\n \\|votes \\= 172\n \\|percentage \\= 17\\.0\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 79\n \\|percentage \\= 7\\.8\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,014\n \\|percentage \\= 30\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+6\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|loser \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Calne Rural",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Calne Rural}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Christine Crisp\n \\|votes \\= 1,092\n \\|percentage \\= 68\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+21\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Rob Clarke\n \\|votes \\= 356\n \\|percentage \\= 22\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+13\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Tom Morris\n \\|votes \\= 154\n \\|percentage \\= 9\\.6\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 736\n \\|percentage \\= 45\\.8\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,607\n \\|percentage \\= 45\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\+4\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Calne South and Cherhill",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Calne South and Cherhill}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Alan Kenneth Hill\n \\|votes \\= 892\n \\|percentage \\= 65\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\+18\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Declan Alexander William Boore\n \\|votes \\= 312\n \\|percentage \\= 22\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\-5\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= John Alan Bennett\n \\|votes \\= 167\n \\|percentage \\= 12\\.2\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 580\n \\|percentage \\= 45\\.8\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,380\n \\|percentage \\= 36\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\+0\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Chippenham Cepen Park and Derriads",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Chippenham Cepen Park and Derriads}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Peter John Hutton\n \\|votes \\= 901\n \\|percentage \\= 68\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+22\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Christopher Leonard Norris\n \\|votes \\= 270\n \\|percentage \\= 20\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+11\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Ian Shaun Flower\n \\|votes \\= 155\n \\|percentage \\= 11\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\-3\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 631\n \\|percentage \\= 47\\.3\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,333\n \\|percentage \\= 39\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+6\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Chippenham Cepen Park and Redlands",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Chippenham Cepen Park and Redlands}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Andy Phillips\n \\|votes \\= 700\n \\|percentage \\= 63\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+13\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Conor Melvin\n \\|votes \\= 268\n \\|percentage \\= 24\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+14\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Jeremy Richard Griffin Comerford\n \\|votes \\= 137\n \\|percentage \\= 12\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\-4\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 432\n \\|percentage \\= 39\\.1\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,106\n \\|percentage \\= 31\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+2\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Chippenham Hardenhuish",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Chippenham Hardenhuish}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Melody Rhonda Thompson\n \\|votes \\= 669\n \\|percentage \\= 46\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+27\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Daniel Andrew Webb\n \\|votes \\= 634\n \\|percentage \\= 44\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+14\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= David Charles Barter\n \\|votes \\= 128\n \\|percentage \\= 8\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\+2\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 35\n \\|percentage \\= 2\\.4\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,440\n \\|percentage \\= 41\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\+4\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|loser \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"Note: Melody Rhonda Thompson had previously gained the seat for the Conservative Party in a 2015 by\\-election.",
"### Chippenham Hardens and England",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Chippenham Hardens and England}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Bill Douglas\n \\|votes \\= 662\n \\|percentage \\= 54\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\+17\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Robert John Bradfield Giles\n \\|votes \\= 543\n \\|percentage \\= 45\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\+22\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 119\n \\|percentage \\= 9\\.7\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,223\n \\|percentage \\= 37\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\+6\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Chippenham Lowden and Rowden",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Chippenham Lowden and Rowden}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Ross Henning\n \\|votes \\= 539\n \\|percentage \\= 40\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\+7\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= David Keith Poole\n \\|votes \\= 406\n \\|percentage \\= 30\\.2\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Paul Duncan Newman\n \\|votes \\= 400\n \\|percentage \\= 29\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+9\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 133\n \\|percentage \\= 9\\.8\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,353\n \\|percentage \\= 37\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+6\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Chippenham Monkton",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Chippenham Monkton}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Nick Murry\n \\|votes \\= 983\n \\|percentage \\= 62\\.4\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Caroline Veronica Ramsey\n \\|votes \\= 300\n \\|percentage \\= 19\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+6\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Matt Harding\n \\|votes \\= 293\n \\|percentage \\= 18\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\-51\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 683\n \\|percentage \\= 43\\.1\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,585\n \\|percentage \\= 52\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+5\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|loser \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Chippenham Pewsham",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Chippenham Pewsham}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Clare Morforwyn Cape\n \\|votes \\= 740\n \\|percentage \\= 51\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\+3\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Teresa Marie Hutton\n \\|votes \\= 696\n \\|percentage \\= 48\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\+23\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 44\n \\|percentage \\= 3\\.0\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,448\n \\|percentage \\= 42\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+10\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Chippenham Queens and Sheldon",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Chippenham Queens and Sheldon}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Ashley O'Neill\n \\|votes \\= 817\n \\|percentage \\= 60\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+27\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Desna Barbara Allen\n \\|votes \\= 536\n \\|percentage \\= 39\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\+4\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 281\n \\|percentage \\= 20\\.7\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,357\n \\|percentage \\= 41\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+4\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|loser \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Corsham Pickwick",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Corsham Pickwick}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Ruth Mary Catherine Hopkinson\n \\|votes \\= 753\n \\|percentage \\= 50\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+36\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Alan MacRae\n \\|votes \\= 601\n \\|percentage \\= 40\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+4\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= William Stephen Gilbert\n \\|votes \\= 142\n \\|percentage \\= 9\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\-12\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 152\n \\|percentage \\= 10\\.1\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,500\n \\|percentage \\= 39\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+8\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|loser \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Corsham Town",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Corsham Town}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Philip Hardman Whalley\n \\|votes \\= 980\n \\|percentage \\= 52\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\+12\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Kelly Ann Duckhouse\n \\|votes \\= 746\n \\|percentage \\= 40\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+6\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Steve Abbott\n \\|votes \\= 141\n \\|percentage \\= 7\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\+0\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 234\n \\|percentage \\= 12\\.5\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,868\n \\|percentage \\= 49\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+5\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Corsham Without and Box Hill",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Corsham Without and Box Hill}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Ben Anderson\n \\|votes \\= 1,168\n \\|percentage \\= 69\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+12\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Tina Maria Johnston\n \\|votes \\= 514\n \\|percentage \\= 30\\.6\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 654\n \\|percentage \\= 38\\.6\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,693\n \\|percentage \\= 41\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+3\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Cricklade and Latton",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Cricklade and Latton}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Bob Jones\n \\|votes \\= 923\n \\|percentage \\= 48\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\-7\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Peter Anthony Colmer\n \\|votes \\= 883\n \\|percentage \\= 46\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+3\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Graham William Davies\n \\|votes \\= 85\n \\|percentage \\= 4\\.5\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 40\n \\|percentage \\= 2\\.1\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,894\n \\|percentage \\= 48\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+7\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Devizes and Roundway South",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Devizes and Roundway South}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Simon David Jacobs\n \\|votes \\= 613\n \\|percentage \\= 40\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+6\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Devizes Guardians\n \\|candidate \\= Chris Greenwood\n \\|votes \\= 294\n \\|percentage \\= 19\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\-10\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Chris Callow\n \\|votes \\= 177\n \\|percentage \\= 11\\.6\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Ian Richard Porter Hopkins\n \\|votes \\= 168\n \\|percentage \\= 11\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\-5\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Ivor Llewellyn Blackmore\n \\|votes \\= 146\n \\|percentage \\= 9\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\-3\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= James Thomas Melville Kay\n \\|votes \\= 128\n \\|percentage \\= 8\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+2\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 319\n \\|percentage \\= 20\\.8\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,532\n \\|percentage \\= 44\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+3\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Devizes East",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Devizes East}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Peter Evans\n \\|votes \\= 483\n \\|percentage \\= 42\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\-2\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Devizes Guardians\n \\|candidate \\= Jane Mary Burton\n \\|votes \\= 276\n \\|percentage \\= 24\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\-7\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Alan Charles Rankin\n \\|votes \\= 192\n \\|percentage \\= 17\\.0\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Laura Kate Naylor\n \\|votes \\= 177\n \\|percentage \\= 15\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\-7\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 207\n \\|percentage \\= 18\\.2\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,135\n \\|percentage \\= 36\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+5\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Devizes North",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Devizes North}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Sue Evans\n \\|votes \\= 579\n \\|percentage \\= 46\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+4\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Devizes Guardians\n \\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Nigel Carter\\|Nigel Denys Carter]]\n \\|votes \\= 335\n \\|percentage \\= 27\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\-9\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Simon Charles Thompson\n \\|votes \\= 171\n \\|percentage \\= 13\\.8\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Patricia Baxter\n \\|votes \\= 153\n \\|percentage \\= 12\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\-9\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 244\n \\|percentage \\= 19\\.6\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,245\n \\|percentage \\= 38\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+5\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Downton and Ebble Valley",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Downton and Ebble Valley}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Richard John Clewer\n \\|votes \\= 944\n \\|percentage \\= 64\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+2\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Robert William Steel\n \\|votes \\= 208\n \\|percentage \\= 14\\.3\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Ben Wynn\n \\|votes \\= 188\n \\|percentage \\= 12\\.9\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Harry David Ashcroft\n \\|votes \\= 120\n \\|percentage \\= 8\\.2\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 736\n \\|percentage \\= 50\\.3\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,464\n \\|percentage \\= 39\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+0\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Durrington and Larkhill",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Durrington and Larkhill}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Graham Wright\n \\|votes \\= 1,384\n \\|percentage \\= 80\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\+1\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Jan Burns\n \\|votes \\= 345\n \\|percentage \\= 20\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\-1\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,039\n \\|percentage \\= 59\\.8\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,738\n \\|percentage \\= 34\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\+5\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"Note: Graham Wright had previously been elected in 2013 for the Liberal Democrats. The change in his voteshare shown is the change from the voteshare he won as a Liberal Democrat in 2013\\.",
"### Ethandune",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Ethandune}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Jerry Wickham\n \\|votes \\= 1,059\n \\|percentage \\= 71\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+11\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Anne Elizabeth Ball\n \\|votes \\= 416\n \\|percentage \\= 28\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+3\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 643\n \\|percentage \\= 43\\.1\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,492\n \\|percentage \\= 41\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+5\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"Note: Jerry Wickham had previously held the seat for the Conservatives in a 2014 by\\-election.",
"### Fovant and Chalke Valley",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Fovant and Chalke Valley}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Jose Green\n \\|votes \\= 971\n \\|percentage \\= 65\\.0\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= William Donald Keir Holmes\n \\|votes \\= 339\n \\|percentage \\= 22\\.7\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Oliver Arthur Broomfield Holdsworth\n \\|votes \\= 185\n \\|percentage \\= 12\\.4\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 632\n \\|percentage \\= 42\\.1\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,501\n \\|percentage \\= 44\\.1\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Hilperton",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Hilperton}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Ernie Clark\n \\|votes \\= 1,342\n \\|percentage \\= 79\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\-7\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Charles Russ\n \\|votes \\= 208\n \\|percentage \\= 12\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+4\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= George Stanton\n \\|votes \\= 135\n \\|percentage \\= 8\\.0\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,134\n \\|percentage \\= 67\\.0\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,692\n \\|percentage \\= 43\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+2\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Holt and Staverton",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Holt and Staverton}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Trevor William Carbin\n \\|votes \\= 941\n \\|percentage \\= 64\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+18\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Richard William Nathaniel Warren\n \\|votes \\= 522\n \\|percentage \\= 35\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+5\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 419\n \\|percentage \\= 28\\.6\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,466\n \\|percentage \\= 42\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+8\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Kington",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Kington}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Howard Greenman\n \\|votes \\= 1,257\n \\|percentage \\= 69\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+6\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Matthew John Bragg\n \\|votes \\= 380\n \\|percentage \\= 20\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\+4\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Liam Nicholas John Stokes\n \\|votes \\= 179\n \\|percentage \\= 9\\.9\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 877\n \\|percentage \\= 48\\.3\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,817\n \\|percentage \\= 45\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+4\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Laverstock, Ford and Old Sarum",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Laverstock, Ford and Old Sarum}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Ian David McLennan\n \\|votes \\= 1,050\n \\|percentage \\= 63\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\-11\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Mark Jonathan Lamdin McClelland\n \\|votes \\= 607\n \\|percentage \\= 36\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\+11\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 443\n \\|percentage \\= 26\\.7\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,660\n \\|percentage \\= 41\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+9\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Ludgershall and Perham Down",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Ludgershall and Perham Down}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Chris Williams\n \\|votes \\= 679\n \\|percentage \\= 69\\.9\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Charles Edward Lambert\n \\|votes \\= 100\n \\|percentage \\= 10\\.3\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= UKIP\n \\|candidate \\= Leslie Alexander Webster\n \\|votes \\= 98\n \\|percentage \\= 10\\.1\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Teresa Mary Thornton\n \\|votes \\= 94\n \\|percentage \\= 9\\.7\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 579\n \\|percentage \\= 69\\.6\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 976\n \\|percentage \\= 26\\.7\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Lyneham",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Lyneham}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Allison Mary Bucknell\n \\|votes \\= 938\n \\|percentage \\= 77\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+18\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Trudie Ann Clarkson\n \\|votes \\= 217\n \\|percentage \\= 17\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+5\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Terry Couchman\n \\|votes \\= 64\n \\|percentage \\= 5\\.3\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 721\n \\|percentage \\= 59\\.0\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,223\n \\|percentage \\= 38\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+5\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Malmesbury",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Malmesbury}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Gavin Grant (executive)\\|Gavin Grant]]\n \\|votes \\= 946\n \\|percentage \\= 53\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\+5\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Frances Sheppard\n \\|votes \\= 699\n \\|percentage \\= 39\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+11\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Fred Price\n \\|votes \\= 110\n \\|percentage \\= 6\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\-1\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 247\n \\|percentage \\= 14\\.0\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,761\n \\|percentage \\= 43\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\+3\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Marlborough East",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Marlborough East}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Stewart Raymond Dobson\n \\|votes \\= 733\n \\|percentage \\= 60\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\+28\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= John Alexander Kirk Wilson\n \\|votes \\= 274\n \\|percentage \\= 22\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\+10\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Katherine Grace Davis\n \\|votes \\= 205\n \\|percentage \\= 16\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\+8\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 459\n \\|percentage \\= 37\\.7\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,217\n \\|percentage \\= 37\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\+3\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Marlborough West",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Marlborough West}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Nick Fogg\n \\|votes \\= 754\n \\|percentage \\= 54\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\-0\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Tamara Louise Reay\n \\|votes \\= 507\n \\|percentage \\= 36\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\-1\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Sylvia Christine Card\n \\|votes \\= 121\n \\|percentage \\= 8\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+2\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 247\n \\|percentage \\= 17\\.8\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,386\n \\|percentage \\= 46\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\+6\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Melksham Central",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Melksham Central}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Hayley Jayne Spencer\n \\|votes \\= 481\n \\|percentage \\= 37\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\+8\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Mike Swanton\n \\|votes \\= 379\n \\|percentage \\= 29\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+6\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= UKIP\n \\|candidate \\= David Martin Pollitt\n \\|votes \\= 152\n \\|percentage \\= 12\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\-21\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Martin Willard Pain\n \\|votes \\= 150\n \\|percentage \\= 11\\.8\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Paul Grainger\n \\|votes \\= 108\n \\|percentage \\= 8\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\-4\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 102\n \\|percentage \\= 7\\.9\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,284\n \\|percentage \\= 33\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+4\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|loser \\= UKIP\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Melksham North",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Melksham North}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Pat Aves\n \\|votes \\= 590\n \\|percentage \\= 45\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\+13\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Nick Holder\n \\|votes \\= 519\n \\|percentage \\= 40\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+11\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Geoff Mitcham\n \\|votes \\= 104\n \\|percentage \\= 8\\.0\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Richard George Wiltshire\n \\|votes \\= 85\n \\|percentage \\= 6\\.6\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 71\n \\|percentage \\= 5\\.4\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,311\n \\|percentage \\= 36\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+3\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Melksham South",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Melksham South}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Jon Hubbard\n \\|votes \\= 1,045\n \\|percentage \\= 68\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+17\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Mike Sankey\n \\|votes \\= 484\n \\|percentage \\= 31\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+16\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 561\n \\|percentage \\= 36\\.3\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,544\n \\|percentage \\= 38\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\+1\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Melksham Without North",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Melksham Without North}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Phil Alford\n \\|votes \\= 1,019\n \\|percentage \\= 54\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\+28\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Terry Chivers\n \\|votes \\= 838\n \\|percentage \\= 45\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\+4\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 181\n \\|percentage \\= 9\\.7\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,871\n \\|percentage \\= 43\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+0\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|loser \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Melksham Without South",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Melksham Without South}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Roy Sidney While\n \\|votes \\= 709\n \\|percentage \\= 55\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+14\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Ryan James Clarke\n \\|votes \\= 232\n \\|percentage \\= 18\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\+5\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= UKIP\n \\|candidate \\= Paul Robert Carter\n \\|votes \\= 178\n \\|percentage \\= 13\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\-24\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Steve Petty\n \\|votes \\= 163\n \\|percentage \\= 12\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\-n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 477\n \\|percentage \\= 37\\.0\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,289\n \\|percentage \\= 32\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+2\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Mere",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Mere}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= George Edwin Jeans\n \\|votes \\= 1,339\n \\|percentage \\= 66\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\-9\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Mike Liddicoat\n \\|votes \\= 399\n \\|percentage \\= 19\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\+4\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= John Anthony Jordan\n \\|votes \\= 264\n \\|percentage \\= 13\\.2\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 940\n \\|percentage \\= 46\\.8\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 2,010\n \\|percentage \\= 57\\.9\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Minety",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Minety}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Chuck Berry\n \\|votes \\= 1,137\n \\|percentage \\= 74\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+21\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Nicola Helen Middleton\n \\|votes \\= 294\n \\|percentage \\= 19\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+9\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Hilary Ann Foord\n \\|votes \\= 99\n \\|percentage \\= 6\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\-1\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 843\n \\|percentage \\= 54\\.9\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,535\n \\|percentage \\= 40\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\-2\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Nadder and East Knoyle",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Nadder and East Knoyle}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Bridget Anne Wayman\n \\|votes \\= 964\n \\|percentage \\= 66\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\+4\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Jill Caudle\n \\|votes \\= 478\n \\|percentage \\= 33\\.2\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 486\n \\|percentage \\= 33\\.6\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,447\n \\|percentage \\= 41\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\+2\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Pewsey",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Pewsey}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Jeremy James Kunkler\n \\|votes \\= 1,085\n \\|percentage \\= 72\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\-2\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= David Roland Leighton\n \\|votes \\= 249\n \\|percentage \\= 16\\.6\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Hannah Sarah White\\-Overton\n \\|votes \\= 170\n \\|percentage \\= 11\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\-14\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 836\n \\|percentage \\= 55\\.2\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,514\n \\|percentage \\= 39\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+4\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Pewsey Vale",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Pewsey Vale}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Paul Oatway\n \\|votes \\= 1,064\n \\|percentage \\= 77\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+12\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Fiona Clare Hornby\n \\|votes \\= 176\n \\|percentage \\= 12\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\-9\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Michael Anthony Bohan\n \\|votes \\= 137\n \\|percentage \\= 10\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\-3\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 888\n \\|percentage \\= 64\\.3\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,382\n \\|percentage \\= 39\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+4\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Purton",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Purton}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Jacqui Lay\n \\|votes \\= 991\n \\|percentage \\= 74\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+3\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Kate Ann Blye\n \\|votes \\= 335\n \\|percentage \\= 25\\.3\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 656\n \\|percentage \\= 49\\.1\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,337\n \\|percentage \\= 32\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+2\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Redlynch and Landford",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Redlynch and Landford}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Leo Randall\n \\|votes \\= 1,020\n \\|percentage \\= 66\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\+7\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Martin James Rosell\n \\|votes \\= 316\n \\|percentage \\= 20\\.6\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Finbarr Sheehan\n \\|votes \\= 198\n \\|percentage \\= 12\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\-2\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 704\n \\|percentage \\= 45\\.9\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,535\n \\|percentage \\= 41\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+6\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Roundway",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Roundway}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Laura Evelyn Mayes\n \\|votes \\= 838\n \\|percentage \\= 69\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+5\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Kathleen Margaret Shaw\n \\|votes \\= 137\n \\|percentage \\= 11\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+1\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Geoff Brewer\n \\|votes \\= 124\n \\|percentage \\= 10\\.2\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Alasdair Kirkpatrick\n \\|votes \\= 115\n \\|percentage \\= 9\\.5\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 701\n \\|percentage \\= 57\\.7\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,215\n \\|percentage \\= 34\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\+2\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Royal Wootton Bassett East",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Royal Wootton Bassett East}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Mollie Eileen May Groom\n \\|votes \\= 1,048\n \\|percentage \\= 69\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\-4\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Simon Richard Hodkinson\n \\|votes \\= 279\n \\|percentage \\= 18\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\-7\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= James Edward Sexton\n \\|votes \\= 174\n \\|percentage \\= 11\\.6\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 769\n \\|percentage \\= 50\\.9\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,512\n \\|percentage \\= 39\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+5\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Royal Wootton Bassett North",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Royal Wootton Bassett North}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Mary Isabel Champion\n \\|votes \\= 744\n \\|percentage \\= 52\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\+6\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Stephen Richard Walls\n \\|votes \\= 510\n \\|percentage \\= 36\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\+7\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Heather Denise Reilly\n \\|votes \\= 160\n \\|percentage \\= 11\\.3\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 234\n \\|percentage \\= 16\\.5\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,418\n \\|percentage \\= 39\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\+10\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Royal Wootton Bassett South",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Royal Wootton Basset South}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Chris Hurst\n \\|votes \\= 1,061\n \\|percentage \\= 49\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+9\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Paul Justin Heaphy\n \\|votes \\= 863\n \\|percentage \\= 40\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+3\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Ron Bardwell\n \\|votes \\= 132\n \\|percentage \\= 6\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\-0\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Peter Joseph Doyle\n \\|votes \\= 102\n \\|percentage \\= 4\\.7\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 198\n \\|percentage \\= 9\\.1\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 2,164\n \\|percentage \\= 44\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+6\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Salisbury Bemerton",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Salisbury Bemerton}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Ricky Rogers\n \\|votes \\= 568\n \\|percentage \\= 46\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\-11\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Gavin Paul Barrett\n \\|votes \\= 408\n \\|percentage \\= 33\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+14\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= UKIP\n \\|candidate \\= Dean Palethorpe\n \\|votes \\= 92\n \\|percentage \\= 7\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\-16\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Robert William Steel\n \\|votes \\= 87\n \\|percentage \\= 7\\.1\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Julia Anne Richardson\n \\|votes \\= 73\n \\|percentage \\= 5\\.9\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 160\n \\|percentage \\= 13\\.0\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,232\n \\|percentage \\= 28\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+6\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Salisbury Fisherton and Bemerton Village",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Salisbury Fisherton and Bemerton Village}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= John Michael Perrings Walsh\n \\|votes \\= 471\n \\|percentage \\= 34\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\-2\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Jeremy Robert Lloyd Nettle\n \\|votes \\= 405\n \\|percentage \\= 29\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\-6\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Mark Philip Duly\n \\|votes \\= 208\n \\|percentage \\= 15\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\-12\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Chris Cochrane\n \\|votes \\= 139\n \\|percentage \\= 10\\.1\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Alison Craig\n \\|votes \\= 102\n \\|percentage \\= 7\\.4\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= UKIP\n \\|candidate \\= Paddy Singh\n \\|votes \\= 49\n \\|percentage \\= 3\\.6\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 67\n \\|percentage \\= 4\\.9\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,379\n \\|percentage \\= 39\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\+7\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Salisbury Harnham",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Salisbury Harnham}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Brian Edward Dalton\n \\|votes \\= 827\n \\|percentage \\= 44\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\-2\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Simon James Jackson\n \\|votes \\= 756\n \\|percentage \\= 40\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+8\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Merrin Holroyd\n \\|votes \\= 112\n \\|percentage \\= 6\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\-0\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Peter Jolyon Matthews\n \\|votes \\= 97\n \\|percentage \\= 5\\.2\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= UKIP\n \\|candidate \\= Naomi May King\n \\|votes \\= 66\n \\|percentage \\= 3\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\-9\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 71\n \\|percentage \\= 3\\.8\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,862\n \\|percentage \\= 45\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\+8\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Salisbury St Edmund and Milford",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Salisbury St Edmund and Milford}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Atiqul Hoque\n \\|votes \\= 654\n \\|percentage \\= 40\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\+17\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Bobbie Chettleburgh\n \\|votes \\= 551\n \\|percentage \\= 34\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\-8\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Clive Robert Vincent\n \\|votes \\= 209\n \\|percentage \\= 12\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\-1\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Sue Wright\n \\|votes \\= 182\n \\|percentage \\= 11\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+3\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box candidate\\|\n \\|party \\= Together We Can Reform\n \\|candidate \\= Colin Skelton\n \\|votes \\= 21\n \\|percentage \\= 1\\.3\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 103\n \\|percentage \\= 6\\.4\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,619\n \\|percentage \\= 44\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+10\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|loser \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"Note: Atiqul Hoque had previously gained the seat for the Conservative Party in a 2015 by\\-election.",
"### Salisbury St Francis and Stratford",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Salisbury St Francis and Stratford}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Mary Jacquelin Douglas\n \\|votes \\= 909\n \\|percentage \\= 49\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\-4\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Julian James Sargood Ellis\n \\|votes \\= 596\n \\|percentage \\= 32\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+18\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Richard Bolton\n \\|votes \\= 187\n \\|percentage \\= 10\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\-1\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Steven Ian Wadsworth\n \\|votes \\= 147\n \\|percentage \\= 8\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\-12\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 313\n \\|percentage \\= 17\\.0\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,845\n \\|percentage \\= 45\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+11\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Salisbury St Marks and Bishopdown",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Salisbury St Marks and Bishopdown}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Derek William Brown\n \\|votes \\= 671\n \\|percentage \\= 45\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\-12\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Hilary Anne Davidson\n \\|votes \\= 416\n \\|percentage \\= 27\\.9\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Rebecca Ann Heulwen Foster\n \\|votes \\= 241\n \\|percentage \\= 16\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+0\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Tom Mettyear\n \\|votes \\= 164\n \\|percentage \\= 11\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\-15\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 255\n \\|percentage \\= 17\\.0\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,496\n \\|percentage \\= 37\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+5\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Salisbury St Martins and Cathedral",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Salisbury St Martins and Cathedral}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Sven Hocking\n \\|votes \\= 817\n \\|percentage \\= 41\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+9\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Ian Robert Tomes\n \\|votes \\= 699\n \\|percentage \\= 35\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\-6\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Greg Condliffe\n \\|votes \\= 313\n \\|percentage \\= 15\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+9\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Teresa Jane Mary Fallon\n \\|votes \\= 115\n \\|percentage \\= 5\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\-0\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= UKIP\n \\|candidate \\= Frances Mary Patricia Howard\n \\|votes \\= 50\n \\|percentage \\= 2\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\-12\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 118\n \\|percentage \\= 5\\.9\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 2,007\n \\|percentage \\= 48\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+9\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|loser \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Salisbury St Pauls",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Salisbury St Pauls}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Matthew Jonathan Anthony Dean\n \\|votes \\= 650\n \\|percentage \\= 44\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+11\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Paul William Leslie Sample\n \\|votes \\= 324\n \\|percentage \\= 22\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+15\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Caroline Susan Corbin\n \\|votes \\= 301\n \\|percentage \\= 20\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\-7\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Benji Goehl\n \\|votes \\= 180\n \\|percentage \\= 12\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\-2\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 326\n \\|percentage \\= 22\\.3\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,462\n \\|percentage \\= 39\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+7\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Sherston",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Sherston}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= John Percy Simon Stuart Thomson\n \\|votes \\= 1,150\n \\|percentage \\= 68\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\-6\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Martin Fausing Smith\n \\|votes \\= 418\n \\|percentage \\= 24\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\+10\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Steven James Clark\n \\|votes \\= 108\n \\|percentage \\= 6\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\-5\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 732\n \\|percentage \\= 43\\.5\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,683\n \\|percentage \\= 42\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+6\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Southwick",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Southwick}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Horace John Prickett\n \\|votes \\= 1,142\n \\|percentage \\= 81\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\+38\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Kevin Ian Cottrell\n \\|votes \\= 259\n \\|percentage \\= 18\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\+14\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 883\n \\|percentage \\= 62\\.4\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,415\n \\|percentage \\= 39\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\+6\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Summerham and Seend",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Summerham and Seend}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Jonathon Seed\n \\|votes \\= 1,047\n \\|percentage \\= 56\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\-12\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Jo McManus\n \\|votes \\= 821\n \\|percentage \\= 44\\.0\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 226\n \\|percentage \\= 12\\.1\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,873\n \\|percentage \\= 53\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+10\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### The Collingbournes and Netheravon",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=The Collingbournes and Netheravon}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Ian Charles Duke Blair\\-Pilling\n \\|votes \\= 808\n \\|percentage \\= 63\\.8\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Alan Stephen Wood\n \\|votes \\= 276\n \\|percentage \\= 21\\.8\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Glenn Barry Price\n \\|votes \\= 91\n \\|percentage \\= 7\\.2\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Denis Christopher Griffin\n \\|votes \\= 91\n \\|percentage \\= 7\\.2\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 532\n \\|percentage \\= 42\\.0\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,266\n \\|percentage \\= 38\\.6\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### The Lavingtons and Erlestoke",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=The Lavingtons and Erlestoke}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Richard Elliott Gamble\n \\|votes \\= 1,213\n \\|percentage \\= 74\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\-2\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Mark Domnech William Mangham\n \\|votes \\= 157\n \\|percentage \\= 9\\.6\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Carol Black\n \\|votes \\= 142\n \\|percentage \\= 8\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\-14\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Chris Gingell\n \\|votes \\= 125\n \\|percentage \\= 7\\.6\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,056\n \\|percentage \\= 64\\.2\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,644\n \\|percentage \\= 40\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+8\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Tidworth",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Tidworth}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Mark Connolly\n \\|votes \\= 711\n \\|percentage \\= 84\\.3\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Joan Barnett\n \\|votes \\= 133\n \\|percentage \\= 15\\.8\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 578\n \\|percentage \\= 68\\.4\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 845\n \\|percentage \\= 18\\.1\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Till and Wylye Valley",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Till and Wylye Valley}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Darren Henry\\|Darren George Henry]]\n \\|votes \\= 1,134\n \\|percentage \\= 54\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+14\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Ian Clive West\n \\|votes \\= 923\n \\|percentage \\= 44\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\-11\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Gary James Buckley\n \\|votes \\= 34\n \\|percentage \\= 1\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\-3\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 211\n \\|percentage \\= 10\\.1\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 2,095\n \\|percentage \\= 57\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+12\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|loser \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Tisbury",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Tisbury}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Tony Deane\n \\|votes \\= 846\n \\|percentage \\= 61\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+1\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Marcus Deyes\n \\|votes \\= 341\n \\|percentage \\= 24\\.9\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Christopher H Walford\n \\|votes \\= 182\n \\|percentage \\= 13\\.3\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 505\n \\|percentage \\= 36\\.9\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,370\n \\|percentage \\= 38\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+1\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Trowbridge Adcroft",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Trowbridge Adcroft}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Edward Kirk\n \\|votes \\= 483\n \\|percentage \\= 42\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+25\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Nicholas Blakemore\n \\|votes \\= 446\n \\|percentage \\= 39\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\-12\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Adrian John Poole\n \\|votes \\= 202\n \\|percentage \\= 17\\.9\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 37\n \\|percentage \\= 3\\.3\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,135\n \\|percentage \\= 31\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\+3\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|loser \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Trowbridge Central",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Trowbridge Central}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Stewart Martin Palmen\n \\|votes \\= 511\n \\|percentage \\= 42\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\+1\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= John Roland Wallace Knight\n \\|votes \\= 417\n \\|percentage \\= 34\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+17\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Phoebe Eliana Rosalind Kemp\n \\|votes \\= 271\n \\|percentage \\= 22\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\+7\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 94\n \\|percentage \\= 7\\.8\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,202\n \\|percentage \\= 32\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+6\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Trowbridge Drynham",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Trowbridge Drynham}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Graham David Payne\n \\|votes \\= 654\n \\|percentage \\= 66\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\-5\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Laura Michelle Pictor\n \\|votes \\= 203\n \\|percentage \\= 20\\.6\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= John Richard Marsden\n \\|votes \\= 130\n \\|percentage \\= 13\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\-14\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 451\n \\|percentage \\= 45\\.5\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 992\n \\|percentage \\= 31\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+7\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Trowbridge Grove",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Trowbridge Grove}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= David Edward Halik\n \\|votes \\= 509\n \\|percentage \\= 44\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+25\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Bob Brice\n \\|votes \\= 457\n \\|percentage \\= 40\\.2\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Liz Gifford\n \\|votes \\= 170\n \\|percentage \\= 15\\.0\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 52\n \\|percentage \\= 4\\.6\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,138\n \\|percentage \\= 34\\.5\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|loser \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"Note: Chris Auckland had previously gained the seat for the Liberal Democrats in a 2016 by\\-election.",
"### Trowbridge Lambrok",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Trowbridge Lambrok}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Deborah Ann Halik\n \\|votes \\= 488\n \\|percentage \\= 45\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\+13\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Ben Midgley\n \\|votes \\= 344\n \\|percentage \\= 32\\.1\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Shaun Samuel James Henley\n \\|votes \\= 165\n \\|percentage \\= 15\\.4\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Marie Hillcoat\n \\|votes \\= 75\n \\|percentage \\= 7\\.0\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 144\n \\|percentage \\= 13\\.4\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,075\n \\|percentage \\= 29\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+2\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|loser \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Trowbridge Park",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Trowbridge Park}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Peter Fuller\n \\|votes \\= 551\n \\|percentage \\= 47\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+7\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Dennis Paul Drewett\n \\|votes \\= 213\n \\|percentage \\= 18\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\-24\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Jackie Harding\n \\|votes \\= 199\n \\|percentage \\= 17\\.3\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Roger Guy Andrews\n \\|votes \\= 190\n \\|percentage \\= 16\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\-0\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 338\n \\|percentage \\= 29\\.2\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,158\n \\|percentage \\= 31\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+6\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|loser \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Trowbridge Paxcroft",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Trowbridge Paxcroft}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Stephen John Oldrieve\n \\|votes \\= 750\n \\|percentage \\= 54\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\-11\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= James Rothschild St Clair\n \\|votes \\= 516\n \\|percentage \\= 37\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\+3\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Maria Adlam\\-Apps\n \\|votes \\= 110\n \\|percentage \\= 8\\.0\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 234\n \\|percentage \\= 17\\.0\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,379\n \\|percentage \\= 30\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+1\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Urchfont and The Cannings",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Urchfont and The Cannings}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Philip Whitehead\n \\|votes \\= 1,156\n \\|percentage \\= 71\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+22\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= John Nicholas Merrett\n \\|votes \\= 256\n \\|percentage \\= 15\\.9\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Amanda Hopgood\n \\|votes \\= 199\n \\|percentage \\= 12\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\-4\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 900\n \\|percentage \\= 55\\.1\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,633\n \\|percentage \\= 42\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+5\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Warminster Broadway",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Warminster Broadway}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Tony Jackson\n \\|votes \\= 665\n \\|percentage \\= 49\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\-5\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Paul Batchelor\n \\|votes \\= 335\n \\|percentage \\= 24\\.9\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Eden Morris\n \\|votes \\= 173\n \\|percentage \\= 12\\.9\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Martin David John Papworth\n \\|votes \\= 171\n \\|percentage \\= 12\\.7\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 330\n \\|percentage \\= 24\\.5\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,349\n \\|percentage \\= 36\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+6\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Warminster Copheap and Wylye",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Warminster Copheap and Wylye}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Christopher Newbury]]\n \\|votes \\= 1,046\n \\|percentage \\= 74\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\+3\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Ryan John Ellis Bird\n \\|votes \\= 204\n \\|percentage \\= 14\\.5\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Nicola Clare Grove\n \\|votes \\= 153\n \\|percentage \\= 10\\.9\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 842\n \\|percentage \\= 59\\.5\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,416\n \\|percentage \\= 39\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\+8\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Warminster East",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Warminster East}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Andrew Davis\n \\|votes \\= 734\n \\|percentage \\= 48\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+8\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Paul Ian MacDonald\n \\|votes \\= 480\n \\|percentage \\= 31\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\-2\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Eleanor May Free\n \\|votes \\= 136\n \\|percentage \\= 9\\.0\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Nigel Paul Hampson\n \\|votes \\= 109\n \\|percentage \\= 7\\.2\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Maggie Richens\n \\|votes \\= 60\n \\|percentage \\= 4\\.0\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 254\n \\|percentage \\= 16\\.6\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,528\n \\|percentage \\= 36\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\+3\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Warminster West",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Warminster West}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Pip Ridout\n \\|votes \\= 694\n \\|percentage \\= 58\\.4\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Stacie Allensby\n \\|votes \\= 189\n \\|percentage \\= 15\\.9\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Andy Hinchcliffe\n \\|votes \\= 152\n \\|percentage \\= 12\\.8\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Carrie Moyes\n \\|votes \\= 90\n \\|percentage \\= 7\\.6\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Tony Free\n \\|votes \\= 64\n \\|percentage \\= 5\\.4\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 505\n \\|percentage \\= 42\\.3\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,193\n \\|percentage \\= 28\\.7\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Warminster Without",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Warminster Without}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Fleur de Rhé\\-Philipe\n \\|votes \\= 1,014\n \\|percentage \\= 73\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+0\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Jonathan Whitehead\\-Whiting\n \\|votes \\= 214\n \\|percentage \\= 15\\.5\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Anthony Paul Tyler\n \\|votes \\= 156\n \\|percentage \\= 11\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\-11/4\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 658\n \\|percentage \\= 49\\.3\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,334\n \\|percentage \\= 39\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\+7\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### West Selkley",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=West Selkley}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Jane Frances Davies\n \\|votes \\= 933\n \\|percentage \\= 70\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\-7\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Sara Elizabeth Spratt\n \\|votes \\= 275\n \\|percentage \\= 20\\.7\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Matthew James Bowman Lee\n \\|votes \\= 122\n \\|percentage \\= 9\\.2\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 800\n \\|percentage \\= 57\\.8\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,385\n \\|percentage \\= 40\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+4\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Westbury East",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Westbury East}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Gordon Ian King\n \\|votes \\= 661\n \\|percentage \\= 47\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\+5\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Rupert Ashley Lescott\n \\|votes \\= 607\n \\|percentage \\= 43\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+26\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Mike Kettlety\n \\|votes \\= 137\n \\|percentage \\= 9\\.8\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 54\n \\|percentage \\= 3\\.8\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,408\n \\|percentage \\= 37\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\+5\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Westbury North",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Westbury North}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= David Jenkins\n \\|votes \\= 596\n \\|percentage \\= 57\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\+3\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= David Lancashire\n \\|votes \\= 299\n \\|percentage \\= 29\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\+16\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Michael Sutton\n \\|votes \\= 134\n \\|percentage \\= 13\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+1\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 297\n \\|percentage \\= 28\\.8\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,033\n \\|percentage \\= 29\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\+1\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Westbury West",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Westbury West}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Russell Mark Jonathan Hawker\n \\|votes \\= 352\n \\|percentage \\= 33\\.4\n \\|change \\= \\-4\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Nick Stovold\n \\|votes \\= 301\n \\|percentage \\= 28\\.6\n \\|change \\= \\+15\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Carole King\n \\|votes \\= 260\n \\|percentage \\= 24\\.7\n \\|change \\= \\+19\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Jane Francesca Russ\n \\|votes \\= 111\n \\|percentage \\= 10\\.5\n \\|change \\= \\-4\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Margaret Frances Cavanna\n \\|votes \\= 29\n \\|percentage \\= 2\\.8\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 51\n \\|percentage \\= 4\\.8\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,053\n \\|percentage \\= 27\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\+5\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Wilton and Lower Wylye Valley",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Wilton and Lower Wylye Valley}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Pauline Elizabeth Church\n \\|votes \\= 760\n \\|percentage \\= 46\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+12\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Peter Derek Edge\n \\|votes \\= 692\n \\|percentage \\= 41\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\-15\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Olivia McLennan\n \\|votes \\= 200\n \\|percentage \\= 12\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\+2\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 68\n \\|percentage \\= 4\\.1\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,661\n \\|percentage \\= 43\\.3\n \\|change \\= \\+10\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|loser \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Winsley and Westwood",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Winsley and Westwood}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Johnny Kidney\n \\|votes \\= 1,040\n \\|percentage \\= 56\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\+15\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Magnus Ian Macdonald\n \\|votes \\= 788\n \\|percentage \\= 43\\.1\n \\|change \\= \\-3\\.0\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 252\n \\|percentage \\= 13\\.7\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,836\n \\|percentage \\= 55\\.2\n \\|change \\= \\+11\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|loser \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Winterslow",
"{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Winterslow}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Christopher Devine\n \\|votes \\= 775\n \\|percentage \\= 47\\.2\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Christopher Duncan Miller\n \\|votes \\= 590\n \\|percentage \\= 35\\.9\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Democrats (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Colin Richard Baxter\n \\|votes \\= 159\n \\|percentage \\= 9\\.7\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party of England and Wales\n \\|candidate \\= Alice Jean Kiff\n \\|votes \\= 74\n \\|percentage \\= 4\\.5\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Ian Martingale\n \\|votes \\= 45\n \\|percentage \\= 2\\.7\n \\|change \\= n/a\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 185\n \\|percentage \\= 11\\.2\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,645\n \\|percentage \\= 51\\.9\n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|loser \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"Note: In 2013, Christopher Devine had won the seat unopposed as a Conservative candidate.",
""
] |
Career
------
Halbert became a licensed interpreter in 1915\. His strong command of the [Māori language](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language "Māori language") combined with his knowledge of Māori literature gained him important roles such as assisting the [New Zealand Geographic Board](/wiki/New_Zealand_Geographic_Board "New Zealand Geographic Board") with Māori place names, and revising the sixth edition of H. W. Williams's Māori dictionary. Later he acted as an adviser on Māori texts for the [Polynesian Society](/wiki/Polynesian_Society "Polynesian Society"). Halbert was a founding member of the Gisborne Art Gallery and Museum in 1955, and the first chairman of the Maori Museum Committee, advising on the Māori collections.
As a historian and genealogist, Halbert contributed to John Hikawera Mitchell's *Takitimu* (1944\), a record of the migration of the [Ngāti Kahungunu](/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Kahungunu "Ngāti Kahungunu"). He also contributed to the Whakatane and District Historical Society's first memoir, *Te Tini o Toi*, as well as papers on the dating of Maori genealogies.
From 1940 onwards Halbert devoted most of his time to studying the history and genealogy of the East Coast [iwi](/wiki/Iwi "Iwi"). In 1999 his book *Horouta: The History of the Horouta Canoe, Gisborne and East Coast* was posthumously published by [Reed Publishing](/wiki/Reed_Publishing "Reed Publishing").
Poor health forced Halbert's retirement from the Maori Purposes Fund Board in 1968\. He died at Lavington Private Hospital in [Epsom](/wiki/Epsom%2C_New_Zealand "Epsom, New Zealand"), Auckland on 11 April 1973 and was buried at Taruheru Cemetery in Gisborne. He was survived by three daughters and three sons.
At the time of his death, Halbert was preparing a major historical and genealogical work. He left three main collections of papers: a manuscript called 'Horouta', 130 complete [whakapapa](/wiki/Whakapapa "Whakapapa") charts, and a series of maps and historical data with iwi and [hapū](/wiki/Hap%C5%AB "Hapū").
In 1953, Halbert was awarded the [Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation_Medal "Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal").{{cite book \|last1\=Taylor \|first1\=Alister \|last2\=Coddington \|first2\=Deborah \|authorlink1\=Alister Taylor \|authorlink2\=Deborah Coddington \|title\=Honoured by the Queen – New Zealand \|year\=1994 \|publisher\=New Zealand Who's Who Aotearoa \|location\=Auckland \|isbn\=0\-908578\-34\-2 \|page\=413}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Halbert became a licensed interpreter in 1915\\. His strong command of the [Māori language](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language \"Māori language\") combined with his knowledge of Māori literature gained him important roles such as assisting the [New Zealand Geographic Board](/wiki/New_Zealand_Geographic_Board \"New Zealand Geographic Board\") with Māori place names, and revising the sixth edition of H. W. Williams's Māori dictionary. Later he acted as an adviser on Māori texts for the [Polynesian Society](/wiki/Polynesian_Society \"Polynesian Society\"). Halbert was a founding member of the Gisborne Art Gallery and Museum in 1955, and the first chairman of the Maori Museum Committee, advising on the Māori collections.",
"As a historian and genealogist, Halbert contributed to John Hikawera Mitchell's *Takitimu* (1944\\), a record of the migration of the [Ngāti Kahungunu](/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Kahungunu \"Ngāti Kahungunu\"). He also contributed to the Whakatane and District Historical Society's first memoir, *Te Tini o Toi*, as well as papers on the dating of Maori genealogies.",
"From 1940 onwards Halbert devoted most of his time to studying the history and genealogy of the East Coast [iwi](/wiki/Iwi \"Iwi\"). In 1999 his book *Horouta: The History of the Horouta Canoe, Gisborne and East Coast* was posthumously published by [Reed Publishing](/wiki/Reed_Publishing \"Reed Publishing\").",
"Poor health forced Halbert's retirement from the Maori Purposes Fund Board in 1968\\. He died at Lavington Private Hospital in [Epsom](/wiki/Epsom%2C_New_Zealand \"Epsom, New Zealand\"), Auckland on 11 April 1973 and was buried at Taruheru Cemetery in Gisborne. He was survived by three daughters and three sons.",
"At the time of his death, Halbert was preparing a major historical and genealogical work. He left three main collections of papers: a manuscript called 'Horouta', 130 complete [whakapapa](/wiki/Whakapapa \"Whakapapa\") charts, and a series of maps and historical data with iwi and [hapū](/wiki/Hap%C5%AB \"Hapū\").",
"In 1953, Halbert was awarded the [Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation_Medal \"Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal\").{{cite book \\|last1\\=Taylor \\|first1\\=Alister \\|last2\\=Coddington \\|first2\\=Deborah \\|authorlink1\\=Alister Taylor \\|authorlink2\\=Deborah Coddington \\|title\\=Honoured by the Queen – New Zealand \\|year\\=1994 \\|publisher\\=New Zealand Who's Who Aotearoa \\|location\\=Auckland \\|isbn\\=0\\-908578\\-34\\-2 \\|page\\=413}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Khakamada was born to a Japanese father, Mutsuo Hakamada, a [communist](/wiki/Communist "Communist") who defected to the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") in 1939\. Her mother, Nina Sinelnikova, with Russian, Lezgian and Armenian roots,{{Cite news\|url\=https://stuki\-druki.com/authors/Hakamada.php \| title \= Источник: https://stuki\-druki.com/authors/Hakamada.php Штуки\-дрюки ©\| date\=2022\-01\-09 \|language\=ru}} was an English schoolteacher who lost her father to the [Stalinist purges](/wiki/Great_Purge "Great Purge") and her mother to suicide following the family's forced relocation to [Khabarovsk](/wiki/Khabarovsk "Khabarovsk").Noonan, Norma C. \& Nechemias, Carol. Encyclopedia of Russian Women's Movements. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001\. {{ISBN\|0\-313\-30438\-6}}, {{ISBN\|978\-0\-313\-30438\-5}}
Khakamada's paternal uncle is {{nihongo\|Satomi Hakamada\|\[\[:ja:袴田里見\|袴田 里見]]}}, a member of the [Japanese Communist Party](/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party "Japanese Communist Party") leadership. The Russia expert and political science professor Shigeki Hakamada is her half\-brother.
In [kanji](/wiki/Kanji "Kanji"), Khakamada's family name is {{lang\|ja\|袴田}}; in [katakana](/wiki/Katakana "Katakana"), her name is イリーナ・ハカマダ.Mitrokhin, Vasili, Christopher Andrew (2005\). The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World. Basic Books. {{ISBN\|978\-0\-465\-00311\-2}}.
Khakamada graduated from the Department of Economy of the [Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University](/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba_Peoples%27_Friendship_University "Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University") in Moscow in 1978\. She obtained her PhD degree from the [Faculty of Economics of Lomonosov Moscow State University](/wiki/MSU_Faculty_of_Economics "MSU Faculty of Economics"). In 1983, she received the academic title of associate professor in the specialty "political economy". She was a member of the [CPSU](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union "Communist Party of the Soviet Union") from 1984 to 1989\.{{cite web\|title\=Хакамада, Ирина\|url\=https://lenta.ru/lib/14159873/\|website\=Lenta.ru\|access\-date\=8 October 2016}}
### Duma career
Khakamada was an elected [Duma](/wiki/Duma "Duma") representative from 1993 to 2003\. She is regarded as a democratic politician who is in a moderate opposition to the Russian government. She is known for criticizing the governmental actions during [Moscow theater hostage crisis](/wiki/Moscow_theater_hostage_crisis "Moscow theater hostage crisis") where she was involved as one of the negotiators. Khakamada stated that the hostage takers were not going to use their bombs to kill the people and destroy the building.{{cite web\|url\=http://2004\.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2004/02n/n02n\-s13\.shtml\|title\=ПРЕЗИДЕНТСКИЕ ВЫБОРЫ — НАШ ПОСЛЕДНИЙ ШАНС УЗНАТЬ ПРАВДУ\|access\-date\=May 8, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602081941/http://2004\.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2004/02n/n02n\-s13\.shtml\|archive\-date\=June 2, 2016\|url\-status\=dead}}
Khakamada was a member of the coordinating council of the [Union of Right Forces](/wiki/Union_of_Right_Forces "Union of Right Forces"). She opted to abstain from the council's vote on their endorsement in the [2000 presidential election](/wiki/2000_Russian_presidential_election "2000 Russian presidential election"), in which the party ultimately voted to support [Vladimir Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin")'s [campaign](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin_presidential_campaign%2C_2000 "Vladimir Putin presidential campaign, 2000") over that of council member [Konstantin Titov](/wiki/Konstantin_Titov "Konstantin Titov").[Антикомпромат. Союз Правых сил](http://www.anticompromat.org/sps/spr_sps.html)
### 2004 presidential campaign
{{See also\|2004 Russian presidential election}}
Khakamada was one of the leaders of the Union of Rightist Forces when she decided to run in the [2004 Russian presidential election](/wiki/2004_Russian_presidential_election "2004 Russian presidential election"). She was not supported by her party, which had decided that they would not nominate a candidate.{{cite web \|title\=PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 14 March 2004 OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Report \|url\=https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/russia/33101?download\=true \|website\=\[\[osce.org]] \|publisher\=Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights \|date\=2 June 2004 \|access\-date\=29 October 2018}} She announced her candidacy in December 2003\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/rew204\.pdf \|title\=RUSSIAN ELECTION WATCH Vol.3, No.5 \|author\= \|date\=February 2004\|website\=www.belfercenter.org \|publisher\=Harvard University (Belfer Center for Science \& International Affairs, Davis Center for Russian \& Eurasian Studies) and Indiana University\-Bloomington \|access\-date\=October 29, 2018 }}
Khakamada kicked off her campaign by delivering a speech which placed the blame for the [Moscow theater hostage crisis](/wiki/Moscow_theater_hostage_crisis "Moscow theater hostage crisis") at Putin's feet. She entered the election with better [name recognition](/wiki/Name_recognition "Name recognition") than most of the other candidates challenging Putin. Her candidacy was officially registered on 8 February. Khakamada was only the second woman to be a registered candidate in a Russian presidential election, after only [Ella Pamfilova](/wiki/Ella_Pamfilova "Ella Pamfilova") [in 2000](/wiki/2000_Russian_presidential_election "2000 Russian presidential election").[Ksenia Sobchak announced the participation in the presidential elections in Russia](https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2017/09/30/736005-sobchak-viborah-prezidenta) October 18 18:30, Ksenia Sobchak for Vedomosti
Khakamada claimed her motivation for running was her desire to see a liberal opposition candidate.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/rew304\.pdf \|title\=RUSSIAN ELECTION WATCH Vol.3, No.6 \|author\= \|date\=March 2004\|website\=www.belfercenter.org \|publisher\=Harvard University (Belfer Center for Science \& International Affairs, Davis Center for Russian \& Eurasian Studies) and Indiana University\-Bloomington \|access\-date\=October 23, 2018 }} She would ultimately be the only liberal opposition candidate to run.
In an article published in *[Novaya Gazeta](/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta "Novaya Gazeta")*, [Yulia Latynina](/wiki/Yulia_Latynina "Yulia Latynina") alleged that Khakamada only entered the election to feign a role of a democratic opponent to provide more legitimacy to the election of [Vladimir Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin"). Khakamada denied such allegations.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mn.ru/issue.php?2003\-49\-59 \|title\=Московские новости \|access\-date\=2006\-12\-04 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127005204/http://www.mn.ru/issue.php?2003\-49\-59 \|archive\-date\=November 27, 2005 \|df\=mdy\-all }}{{cite web\|url\=http://2004\.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2004/03n/n03n\-s03\.shtml\|title\=ХАКАМАДА ОТКАЗАЛАСЬ БЫТЬ "КРЕМЛЕВСКИМ ПРОЕКТОМ"?\|access\-date\=May 8, 2016\|archive\-date\=March 3, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170926/http://2004\.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2004/03n/n03n\-s03\.shtml\|url\-status\=dead}}
Khakamada's campaign slogan was “Irina Khakamada: Our Voice”. Her campaign received funding from [Boris Nevzlin](/wiki/Boris_Nevzlin "Boris Nevzlin"), a former [Yukos](/wiki/Yukos "Yukos") chief who was being targeted for international investigation by Russian authorities and was residing in Israel during the campaign. She was outspoken about unfair conditions of the election, particularly about its media coverage. Early into the campaign, analysts predicted that she might be able to receive more than 10% of the vote. Khakamada received 3\.9% of votes.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3511164\.stm\|title\=BBC NEWS \- Europe \- Russia's Putin sweeps to victory\|date\=March 15, 2004 \|access\-date\=May 8, 2016}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/rew104\.pdf \|title\=RUSSIAN ELECTION WATCH Vol.3, No.4 \|author\= \|date\=January 2004\|publisher\=Harvard University (Belfer Center for Science \& International Affairs, Davis Center for Russian \& Eurasian Studies) and Indiana University\-Bloomington \|access\-date\=October 29, 2018 }} While she declared that she found her performance in the election to have been, "satisfactory", she alleged that there had been many irregularities with the vote.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/rew404\.pdf \|title\=RUSSIAN ELECTION WATCH Vol.3, No.7 \|author\= \|date\=April 2004\|website\=www.belfercenter.org \|publisher\=Harvard University (Belfer Center for Science \& International Affairs, Davis Center for Russian \& Eurasian Studies) and Indiana University\-Bloomington \|access\-date\=October 29, 2018 }}
### Subsequent political activities (2004– present)
{{expand section\|date\=November 2018}}
After the election Khakamada founded a new political party named [Our Choice](/wiki/Our_Choice_%28Russia%29 "Our Choice (Russia)"). Since 2004, the chairman of the Party reorganized into the "Our Choice Interregional Public Fund for Social Solidarity", which in 2006 became part of the Russian [People's Democratic Union](/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Union_%28Russia%29 "People's Democratic Union (Russia)") (RNDS) political party, led by [Mikhail Kasyanov](/wiki/Mikhail_Kasyanov "Mikhail Kasyanov") and her.
Khakamada published the book "Gender in big\-time politics"{{cite web\|url\=http://2006\.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2006/18n/n18n\-s32\.shtml\|title\=SEX В БОЛЬШОЙ ПОЛИТИКЕ\|access\-date\=May 8, 2016\|archive\-date\=March 3, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191935/http://2006\.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2006/18n/n18n\-s32\.shtml\|url\-status\=dead}} describing her personal experience of work in Kremlin.{{cite web\|url\=http://2005\.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2005/43n/n43n\-s25\.shtml\|title\=СИНХРОННЫЙ ПЕРЕВОД С КРЕМЛЕВСКОГО\|access\-date\=May 8, 2016\|archive\-date\=March 3, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170352/http://2005\.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2005/43n/n43n\-s25\.shtml\|url\-status\=dead}}
On 11 June 2006 [Boris Berezovsky](/wiki/Boris_Berezovsky_%28businessman%29 "Boris Berezovsky (businessman)"), a fugitive from the Russian justice system, said [Boris Nemtsov](/wiki/Boris_Nemtsov "Boris Nemtsov") received word from Khakamada that [Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") threatened her and like\-minded colleagues in person. According to Berezovsky, Putin had issued threats that Khakamada and her colleagues "will take in the head immediately, literally, not figuratively" if they "open the mouth" about the [Russian apartment bombings](/wiki/Russian_apartment_bombings "Russian apartment bombings").Live interview with Berezovsky by [Evgenia Albats](/wiki/Evgenia_Albats "Evgenia Albats"), Radio [Echo of Moscow](/wiki/Echo_of_Moscow "Echo of Moscow"), 11 June 2006\. [Transcript in Russian](http://www.echo.msk.ru/interview/44072/), [computer translation](http://www.online-translator.com/url/tran_url.asp?direction=re&autotranslate=on&transliterate=on&url=http://www.echo.msk.ru/interview/44072/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031085346/http://www.echo.msk.ru/interview/44072/ \|date\=October 31, 2007 }}.
Former [FSS](/wiki/Federal_Security_Service "Federal Security Service") officer [Alexander Litvinenko](/wiki/Alexander_Litvinenko "Alexander Litvinenko") said he had learned from [Anna Politkovskaya](/wiki/Anna_Politkovskaya "Anna Politkovskaya") that Putin asked Khakamada to pass a threat to Politkovskaya.Litvinenko's statement at the [Frontline Club](/wiki/Frontline_Club "Frontline Club"), 19 October 2006\. [Google video in Russian and English](http://video.google.co.uk/videoplay?docid=-7225032942379831216&q=Anna+Politkovskaya) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210162444/http://video.google.co.uk/videoplay?docid\=\-7225032942379831216\&q\=Anna\+Politkovskaya \|date\=February 10, 2012 }}. Khakamada denied her involvement in passing any specific threats, and said that she warned Politkovskaya only in general terms more than a year earlier, and that Politkovskaya blamed her and [Mikhail Kasyanov](/wiki/Mikhail_Kasyanov "Mikhail Kasyanov") for becoming Kremlin's puppets.Live interview with Irina Hakamada by [Anna Kachkayeva](/wiki/Anna_Kachkayeva "Anna Kachkayeva"). "Irina Hakamada on party engineering and Russian economy", [Radio Liberty](/wiki/Radio_Liberty "Radio Liberty"), December 4, 2006\. [Transcript in Russian](http://www.svobodanews.ru/Transcript/2006/12/04/20061204200017950.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180758/http://www.svobodanews.ru/Transcript/2006/12/04/20061204200017950\.html\|date\=September 30, 2007}}, [computer translation](http://www.online-translator.com/url/tran_url.asp?direction=re&autotranslate=on&transliterate=on&url=http://www.svobodanews.ru/Transcript/2006/12/04/20061204200017950.html) . Politkovskaya and Litvinenko were murdered in October and November 2006\.
2008, Khakamada left the party of her own accord, explaining the cessation of her political activities.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.vedomosti.ru/library/articles/2008/05/19/irina\-hakamada\-uhodit\-iz\-politiki\|title\=Irina Hakamada uhodit iz politiki\|date\=May 19, 2008 }}
[thumb\|Khakamada in 2013](/wiki/File:%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg "Ирина Муцуовна Хакамада.jpg")
2016, she became a member of the Council of the [Political Growth Party](/wiki/Party_of_Growth "Party of Growth").{{Cite web\|url\=https://rost.ru/team/\#blue\|title\=Party of growth}} She took part in the elections to the State Duma of the 7th convocation as a candidate from the “[Party of Growth](/wiki/Party_of_Growth "Party of Growth")”, in the first part of the regional list of [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.samara.vybory.izbirkom.ru/region/region/samara?action\=show\&root\=1000208\&tvd\=100100067795849\&vrn\=100100067795849\®ion\=63\&global\=1⊂\_region\=63\&prver\=0\&pronetvd\=0\&type\=341\&vibid\=100100072887500\|title\=Candidate information\|access\-date\=April 29, 2019\|archive\-date\=December 1, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043810/http://www.samara.vybory.izbirkom.ru/region/region/samara?action\=show\&root\=1000208\&tvd\=100100067795849\&vrn\=100100067795849\®ion\=63\&global\=1⊂\_region\=63\&prver\=0\&pronetvd\=0\&type\=341\&vibid\=100100072887500\|url\-status\=dead}} The party won 1\.28% of the vote and was unable to sit in parliament.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.m24\.ru/articles/vybory/19092016/116840\|title\=Elections to the State Duma \- 2016: Results}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Khakamada was born to a Japanese father, Mutsuo Hakamada, a [communist](/wiki/Communist \"Communist\") who defected to the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") in 1939\\. Her mother, Nina Sinelnikova, with Russian, Lezgian and Armenian roots,{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://stuki\\-druki.com/authors/Hakamada.php \\| title \\= Источник: https://stuki\\-druki.com/authors/Hakamada.php Штуки\\-дрюки ©\\| date\\=2022\\-01\\-09 \\|language\\=ru}} was an English schoolteacher who lost her father to the [Stalinist purges](/wiki/Great_Purge \"Great Purge\") and her mother to suicide following the family's forced relocation to [Khabarovsk](/wiki/Khabarovsk \"Khabarovsk\").Noonan, Norma C. \\& Nechemias, Carol. Encyclopedia of Russian Women's Movements. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-313\\-30438\\-6}}, {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-313\\-30438\\-5}}",
"Khakamada's paternal uncle is {{nihongo\\|Satomi Hakamada\\|\\[\\[:ja:袴田里見\\|袴田 里見]]}}, a member of the [Japanese Communist Party](/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party \"Japanese Communist Party\") leadership. The Russia expert and political science professor Shigeki Hakamada is her half\\-brother.",
"In [kanji](/wiki/Kanji \"Kanji\"), Khakamada's family name is {{lang\\|ja\\|袴田}}; in [katakana](/wiki/Katakana \"Katakana\"), her name is イリーナ・ハカマダ.Mitrokhin, Vasili, Christopher Andrew (2005\\). The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World. Basic Books. {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-465\\-00311\\-2}}.",
"Khakamada graduated from the Department of Economy of the [Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University](/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba_Peoples%27_Friendship_University \"Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University\") in Moscow in 1978\\. She obtained her PhD degree from the [Faculty of Economics of Lomonosov Moscow State University](/wiki/MSU_Faculty_of_Economics \"MSU Faculty of Economics\"). In 1983, she received the academic title of associate professor in the specialty \"political economy\". She was a member of the [CPSU](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Communist Party of the Soviet Union\") from 1984 to 1989\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Хакамада, Ирина\\|url\\=https://lenta.ru/lib/14159873/\\|website\\=Lenta.ru\\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2016}}",
"### Duma career",
"Khakamada was an elected [Duma](/wiki/Duma \"Duma\") representative from 1993 to 2003\\. She is regarded as a democratic politician who is in a moderate opposition to the Russian government. She is known for criticizing the governmental actions during [Moscow theater hostage crisis](/wiki/Moscow_theater_hostage_crisis \"Moscow theater hostage crisis\") where she was involved as one of the negotiators. Khakamada stated that the hostage takers were not going to use their bombs to kill the people and destroy the building.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://2004\\.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2004/02n/n02n\\-s13\\.shtml\\|title\\=ПРЕЗИДЕНТСКИЕ ВЫБОРЫ — НАШ ПОСЛЕДНИЙ ШАНС УЗНАТЬ ПРАВДУ\\|access\\-date\\=May 8, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602081941/http://2004\\.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2004/02n/n02n\\-s13\\.shtml\\|archive\\-date\\=June 2, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Khakamada was a member of the coordinating council of the [Union of Right Forces](/wiki/Union_of_Right_Forces \"Union of Right Forces\"). She opted to abstain from the council's vote on their endorsement in the [2000 presidential election](/wiki/2000_Russian_presidential_election \"2000 Russian presidential election\"), in which the party ultimately voted to support [Vladimir Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin \"Vladimir Putin\")'s [campaign](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin_presidential_campaign%2C_2000 \"Vladimir Putin presidential campaign, 2000\") over that of council member [Konstantin Titov](/wiki/Konstantin_Titov \"Konstantin Titov\").[Антикомпромат. Союз Правых сил](http://www.anticompromat.org/sps/spr_sps.html)",
"### 2004 presidential campaign",
"{{See also\\|2004 Russian presidential election}}\nKhakamada was one of the leaders of the Union of Rightist Forces when she decided to run in the [2004 Russian presidential election](/wiki/2004_Russian_presidential_election \"2004 Russian presidential election\"). She was not supported by her party, which had decided that they would not nominate a candidate.{{cite web \\|title\\=PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 14 March 2004 OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Report \\|url\\=https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/russia/33101?download\\=true \\|website\\=\\[\\[osce.org]] \\|publisher\\=Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights \\|date\\=2 June 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=29 October 2018}} She announced her candidacy in December 2003\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/rew204\\.pdf \\|title\\=RUSSIAN ELECTION WATCH Vol.3, No.5 \\|author\\= \\|date\\=February 2004\\|website\\=www.belfercenter.org \\|publisher\\=Harvard University (Belfer Center for Science \\& International Affairs, Davis Center for Russian \\& Eurasian Studies) and Indiana University\\-Bloomington \\|access\\-date\\=October 29, 2018 }}",
"Khakamada kicked off her campaign by delivering a speech which placed the blame for the [Moscow theater hostage crisis](/wiki/Moscow_theater_hostage_crisis \"Moscow theater hostage crisis\") at Putin's feet. She entered the election with better [name recognition](/wiki/Name_recognition \"Name recognition\") than most of the other candidates challenging Putin. Her candidacy was officially registered on 8 February. Khakamada was only the second woman to be a registered candidate in a Russian presidential election, after only [Ella Pamfilova](/wiki/Ella_Pamfilova \"Ella Pamfilova\") [in 2000](/wiki/2000_Russian_presidential_election \"2000 Russian presidential election\").[Ksenia Sobchak announced the participation in the presidential elections in Russia](https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2017/09/30/736005-sobchak-viborah-prezidenta) October 18 18:30, Ksenia Sobchak for Vedomosti",
"Khakamada claimed her motivation for running was her desire to see a liberal opposition candidate.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/rew304\\.pdf \\|title\\=RUSSIAN ELECTION WATCH Vol.3, No.6 \\|author\\= \\|date\\=March 2004\\|website\\=www.belfercenter.org \\|publisher\\=Harvard University (Belfer Center for Science \\& International Affairs, Davis Center for Russian \\& Eurasian Studies) and Indiana University\\-Bloomington \\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2018 }} She would ultimately be the only liberal opposition candidate to run.",
"In an article published in *[Novaya Gazeta](/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta \"Novaya Gazeta\")*, [Yulia Latynina](/wiki/Yulia_Latynina \"Yulia Latynina\") alleged that Khakamada only entered the election to feign a role of a democratic opponent to provide more legitimacy to the election of [Vladimir Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin \"Vladimir Putin\"). Khakamada denied such allegations.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mn.ru/issue.php?2003\\-49\\-59 \\|title\\=Московские новости \\|access\\-date\\=2006\\-12\\-04 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127005204/http://www.mn.ru/issue.php?2003\\-49\\-59 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 27, 2005 \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://2004\\.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2004/03n/n03n\\-s03\\.shtml\\|title\\=ХАКАМАДА ОТКАЗАЛАСЬ БЫТЬ \"КРЕМЛЕВСКИМ ПРОЕКТОМ\"?\\|access\\-date\\=May 8, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=March 3, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170926/http://2004\\.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2004/03n/n03n\\-s03\\.shtml\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Khakamada's campaign slogan was “Irina Khakamada: Our Voice”. Her campaign received funding from [Boris Nevzlin](/wiki/Boris_Nevzlin \"Boris Nevzlin\"), a former [Yukos](/wiki/Yukos \"Yukos\") chief who was being targeted for international investigation by Russian authorities and was residing in Israel during the campaign. She was outspoken about unfair conditions of the election, particularly about its media coverage. Early into the campaign, analysts predicted that she might be able to receive more than 10% of the vote. Khakamada received 3\\.9% of votes.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3511164\\.stm\\|title\\=BBC NEWS \\- Europe \\- Russia's Putin sweeps to victory\\|date\\=March 15, 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=May 8, 2016}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/rew104\\.pdf \\|title\\=RUSSIAN ELECTION WATCH Vol.3, No.4 \\|author\\= \\|date\\=January 2004\\|publisher\\=Harvard University (Belfer Center for Science \\& International Affairs, Davis Center for Russian \\& Eurasian Studies) and Indiana University\\-Bloomington \\|access\\-date\\=October 29, 2018 }} While she declared that she found her performance in the election to have been, \"satisfactory\", she alleged that there had been many irregularities with the vote.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/rew404\\.pdf \\|title\\=RUSSIAN ELECTION WATCH Vol.3, No.7 \\|author\\= \\|date\\=April 2004\\|website\\=www.belfercenter.org \\|publisher\\=Harvard University (Belfer Center for Science \\& International Affairs, Davis Center for Russian \\& Eurasian Studies) and Indiana University\\-Bloomington \\|access\\-date\\=October 29, 2018 }}",
"### Subsequent political activities (2004– present)",
"{{expand section\\|date\\=November 2018}}\nAfter the election Khakamada founded a new political party named [Our Choice](/wiki/Our_Choice_%28Russia%29 \"Our Choice (Russia)\"). Since 2004, the chairman of the Party reorganized into the \"Our Choice Interregional Public Fund for Social Solidarity\", which in 2006 became part of the Russian [People's Democratic Union](/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Union_%28Russia%29 \"People's Democratic Union (Russia)\") (RNDS) political party, led by [Mikhail Kasyanov](/wiki/Mikhail_Kasyanov \"Mikhail Kasyanov\") and her.",
"Khakamada published the book \"Gender in big\\-time politics\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://2006\\.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2006/18n/n18n\\-s32\\.shtml\\|title\\=SEX В БОЛЬШОЙ ПОЛИТИКЕ\\|access\\-date\\=May 8, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=March 3, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191935/http://2006\\.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2006/18n/n18n\\-s32\\.shtml\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} describing her personal experience of work in Kremlin.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://2005\\.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2005/43n/n43n\\-s25\\.shtml\\|title\\=СИНХРОННЫЙ ПЕРЕВОД С КРЕМЛЕВСКОГО\\|access\\-date\\=May 8, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=March 3, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170352/http://2005\\.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2005/43n/n43n\\-s25\\.shtml\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"On 11 June 2006 [Boris Berezovsky](/wiki/Boris_Berezovsky_%28businessman%29 \"Boris Berezovsky (businessman)\"), a fugitive from the Russian justice system, said [Boris Nemtsov](/wiki/Boris_Nemtsov \"Boris Nemtsov\") received word from Khakamada that [Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin \"Vladimir Putin\") threatened her and like\\-minded colleagues in person. According to Berezovsky, Putin had issued threats that Khakamada and her colleagues \"will take in the head immediately, literally, not figuratively\" if they \"open the mouth\" about the [Russian apartment bombings](/wiki/Russian_apartment_bombings \"Russian apartment bombings\").Live interview with Berezovsky by [Evgenia Albats](/wiki/Evgenia_Albats \"Evgenia Albats\"), Radio [Echo of Moscow](/wiki/Echo_of_Moscow \"Echo of Moscow\"), 11 June 2006\\. [Transcript in Russian](http://www.echo.msk.ru/interview/44072/), [computer translation](http://www.online-translator.com/url/tran_url.asp?direction=re&autotranslate=on&transliterate=on&url=http://www.echo.msk.ru/interview/44072/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031085346/http://www.echo.msk.ru/interview/44072/ \\|date\\=October 31, 2007 }}.",
"Former [FSS](/wiki/Federal_Security_Service \"Federal Security Service\") officer [Alexander Litvinenko](/wiki/Alexander_Litvinenko \"Alexander Litvinenko\") said he had learned from [Anna Politkovskaya](/wiki/Anna_Politkovskaya \"Anna Politkovskaya\") that Putin asked Khakamada to pass a threat to Politkovskaya.Litvinenko's statement at the [Frontline Club](/wiki/Frontline_Club \"Frontline Club\"), 19 October 2006\\. [Google video in Russian and English](http://video.google.co.uk/videoplay?docid=-7225032942379831216&q=Anna+Politkovskaya) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210162444/http://video.google.co.uk/videoplay?docid\\=\\-7225032942379831216\\&q\\=Anna\\+Politkovskaya \\|date\\=February 10, 2012 }}. Khakamada denied her involvement in passing any specific threats, and said that she warned Politkovskaya only in general terms more than a year earlier, and that Politkovskaya blamed her and [Mikhail Kasyanov](/wiki/Mikhail_Kasyanov \"Mikhail Kasyanov\") for becoming Kremlin's puppets.Live interview with Irina Hakamada by [Anna Kachkayeva](/wiki/Anna_Kachkayeva \"Anna Kachkayeva\"). \"Irina Hakamada on party engineering and Russian economy\", [Radio Liberty](/wiki/Radio_Liberty \"Radio Liberty\"), December 4, 2006\\. [Transcript in Russian](http://www.svobodanews.ru/Transcript/2006/12/04/20061204200017950.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180758/http://www.svobodanews.ru/Transcript/2006/12/04/20061204200017950\\.html\\|date\\=September 30, 2007}}, [computer translation](http://www.online-translator.com/url/tran_url.asp?direction=re&autotranslate=on&transliterate=on&url=http://www.svobodanews.ru/Transcript/2006/12/04/20061204200017950.html) . Politkovskaya and Litvinenko were murdered in October and November 2006\\.",
"2008, Khakamada left the party of her own accord, explaining the cessation of her political activities.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vedomosti.ru/library/articles/2008/05/19/irina\\-hakamada\\-uhodit\\-iz\\-politiki\\|title\\=Irina Hakamada uhodit iz politiki\\|date\\=May 19, 2008 }}\n[thumb\\|Khakamada in 2013](/wiki/File:%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg \"Ирина Муцуовна Хакамада.jpg\")\n2016, she became a member of the Council of the [Political Growth Party](/wiki/Party_of_Growth \"Party of Growth\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://rost.ru/team/\\#blue\\|title\\=Party of growth}} She took part in the elections to the State Duma of the 7th convocation as a candidate from the “[Party of Growth](/wiki/Party_of_Growth \"Party of Growth\")”, in the first part of the regional list of [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.samara.vybory.izbirkom.ru/region/region/samara?action\\=show\\&root\\=1000208\\&tvd\\=100100067795849\\&vrn\\=100100067795849\\®ion\\=63\\&global\\=1⊂\\_region\\=63\\&prver\\=0\\&pronetvd\\=0\\&type\\=341\\&vibid\\=100100072887500\\|title\\=Candidate information\\|access\\-date\\=April 29, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=December 1, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043810/http://www.samara.vybory.izbirkom.ru/region/region/samara?action\\=show\\&root\\=1000208\\&tvd\\=100100067795849\\&vrn\\=100100067795849\\®ion\\=63\\&global\\=1⊂\\_region\\=63\\&prver\\=0\\&pronetvd\\=0\\&type\\=341\\&vibid\\=100100072887500\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The party won 1\\.28% of the vote and was unable to sit in parliament.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.m24\\.ru/articles/vybory/19092016/116840\\|title\\=Elections to the State Duma \\- 2016: Results}}",
""
] |
Massachusetts State Senate
--------------------------
### Elections
On February 3, 2014, *The Republican* newspaper reported that Lesser was considering a bid for the [First Hampden \& Hampshire](/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate%27s_1st_Hampden_and_Hampshire_district "Massachusetts Senate's 1st Hampden and Hampshire district") seat in the Massachusetts State Senate that was recently vacated by Sen. [Gale Candaras](/wiki/Gale_D._Candaras "Gale D. Candaras").{{cite news\|last\=Schoenberg\|first\=Shira\|title\=Eric Lesser, former White House staffer from Longmeadow, considering state Senate run\|url\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/02/eric\_lesser\_former\_white\_house.html\|access\-date\=February 17, 2014\|newspaper\=The Republican\|date\=February 3, 2014}} On February 18, 2014, Lesser announced his candidacy for Massachusetts State Senate.{{cite news\|last\=Schoenberg\|first\=Shira\|title\=Eric Lesser, former White House aide, to run for Massachusetts State Senate from Longmeadow\|url\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/02/eric\_lesser\_former\_white\_house\_1\.html\|access\-date\=February 18, 2014\|newspaper\=The Republican\|date\=February 18, 2014}} On September 9, Lesser won the five\-way Democratic primary.{{cite news\|last\=Goonan\|first\=Peter\|title\=Eric Lesser edges Tim Allen in 1st Hampden\-Hampshire District state Senate Democratic primary\|url\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/09/eric\_lesser\_declared\_winner\_by.html\|access\-date\= September 10, 2014\|newspaper\=The Republican\|date\=September 10, 2014}} On November 4, Lesser defeated Republican Debra Boronski and America First candidate Mike Franco to win the State Senate seat.{{cite news\|last\=Goonan\|first\=Peter\|title\=Eric Lesser claims victory over Debra Boronski in 1st Hampden\-Hampshire Senate District\|url\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/11/eric\_lesser\_claims\_victory\_debra\_boronski\_1st\_hampden\_hampshire\_massachusetts\_senate.html\|access\-date\= November 5, 2014\|newspaper\=The Republican\|date\= November 9, 2014}}
[thumb\|248x248px\|In 2016, Senator Eric Lesser hosted a campaign event in East Longmeadow with supporters U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren and Congressman [Seth Moulton](/wiki/Seth_Moulton "Seth Moulton").{{Cite web\|last\=Goudreau\|first\=Chris\|date\=2016\-10\-27\|title\=Warren visits East Longmeadow to stump for Lesser\|url\=https://www.thereminder.com/localnews/eastlongmeadow/elizabethwarrenericlesser/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=Reminder Publications\|language\=en}}](/wiki/File:Lesser_campaign_event_with_U.S._Sen._Elizabeth_Warren%2C_others.jpg "Lesser campaign event with U.S. Sen. Elizabeth Warren, others.jpg")
Lesser launched his reelection bid in September 2016 after an uncontested Democratic primary.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2016/09/state\_sen\_eric\_lesser\_launches.html\|title\=State Sen. Eric Lesser launches re\-election campaign, pledges to advocate for Western Mass.\|newspaper\=masslive.com\|access\-date\=January 13, 2017}} On November 8, 2016, Lesser defeated James "Chip" Harrington, earning 56 percent of the vote to Harrington's 44 percent.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/11/2016\_massachusetts\_general\_ele.html\|title\=2016 Massachusetts General Election results for president, ballot questions, senate, sheriff and more\|newspaper\=masslive.com\|access\-date\=January 13, 2017}} During the campaign, Lesser attracted a series of high\-profile endorsements, including both U.S. Senators from Massachusetts, [Elizabeth Warren](/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren "Elizabeth Warren") and [Ed Markey](/wiki/Ed_Markey "Ed Markey"); U.S. Representatives [Richard Neal](/wiki/Richard_Neal "Richard Neal"), [Joe Kennedy III](/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_III "Joseph P. Kennedy III"), and [Seth Moulton](/wiki/Seth_Moulton "Seth Moulton"); former Massachusetts Governor [Michael Dukakis](/wiki/Michael_Dukakis "Michael Dukakis"); and Springfield, Massachusetts mayor [Domenic Sarno](/wiki/Domenic_Sarno "Domenic Sarno").{{Cite web\|url\=http://wwlp.com/2016/11/08/senator\-eric\-lesser\-claiming\-victory\-in\-re\-election\-bid\-for\-1st\-hampden\-and\-hampshire\-seat/\|title\=Senator Eric Lesser claiming victory in re\-election bid for 1st Hampden and Hampshire seat\|last\=Fay\|first\=Anthony\|date\=November 9, 2016\|website\=WWLP.com\|access\-date\=January 13, 2017}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2016/10/elizabeth\_warren\_seth\_moulton.html\|title\=Elizabeth Warren, Seth Moulton campaign for State Sen. Eric Lesser\|newspaper\=masslive.com\|access\-date\=January 13, 2017}} Notably, Lesser earned the endorsement of his former boss, President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama"), who only endorsed 161 candidates nationwide that year.{{Cite web\|title\=Eric Lesser\|url\=https://ballotpedia.org/Eric\_Lesser\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-16\|website\=Ballotpedia\|language\=en}} That year, Obama endorsed no other candidate in Massachusetts. Lesser was sworn in for a second term in the Massachusetts State Senate on January 4, 2017\.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/01/longmeadows\_eric\_lesser\_sworn.html\|title\=Longmeadow's Eric Lesser sworn in for second state Senate term\|newspaper\=masslive.com\|access\-date\=January 13, 2017}}
Lesser won his third and fourth elections to the Massachusetts State Senate in 2018 and 2020, running uncontested each time in the Democratic primary and general election.{{Cite web\|url\=https://ballotpedia.org/Massachusetts\_State\_Senate\_elections,\_2018\|title\=Massachusetts State Senate elections, 2018\|website\=Ballotpedia\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-12}}
#### 2022 lieutenant gubernatorial election
{{Main\|2022 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\#Lieutenant governor}}
In January 2022, Lesser announced his campaign for lieutenant governor of Massachusetts.{{cite web \|last1\=Kuznitz \|first1\=Alison \|title\=Massachusetts state Sen. Eric Lesser is running for lieutenant governor \|url\=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2022/01/massachusetts\-state\-sen\-eric\-lesser\-launches\-campaign\-for\-lieutenant\-governor.html \|website\=MassLive \|publisher\=Advance Local Media \|access\-date\=9 August 2022 \|language\=en \|date\=4 January 2022}} If elected, he would be the first [Jewish](/wiki/Jews "Jews") person and the first [millennial](/wiki/Millennials "Millennials") to be lieutenant governor or governor in Massachusetts. He would also be the first Democrat from western Massachusetts to serve in the role since 1853\.{{cite web \|last1\=Deutch \|first1\=Gabby \|title\=The 'Seder Guy' attempting a leap to the LG's office \|url\=https://jewishinsider.com/2022/01/eric\-lesser\-massachusetts\-lieutenant\-governor/ \|website\=Jewish Insider \|access\-date\=9 August 2022 \|date\=24 January 2022}}
### Policy priorities
#### High\-speed rail
Lesser believes that a high\-speed rail line between [Pittsfield](/wiki/Pittsfield%2C_Massachusetts "Pittsfield, Massachusetts") and [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston") would increase employment and boost the economy in Western Massachusetts.{{cite web\|last1\=Lesser \|first1\=Eric \|title\=High Speed Rail Will Pay Dividends for Western Mass \|url\=http://www.ericlesser.com/issues/high\-speed\-rail\-will\-pay\-dividends\-western\-mass \|website\=ericlesser.com \|access\-date\=June 18, 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725010448/http://www.ericlesser.com/issues/high\-speed\-rail\-will\-pay\-dividends\-western\-mass \|archive\-date\=July 25, 2014 }} In his first month in office, Lesser filed a bill that would require a report of the costs and benefits of building higher\-speed rail across the state. The State Senate passed Lesser's feasibility study unanimously, 39–0, and the State House of Representatives later passed the measure.{{Cite web\|title\=Sen. Eric Lesser's Legislation Studying Feasibility of Springfield\-Boston Rail Service Unanimously Passes Senate {{!}} Senator Eric P. Lesser\|url\=http://senatorlesser.com/2016/05/sen\-eric\-lessers\-legislation\-studying\-feasibility\-of\-springfield\-boston\-rail\-service\-unanimously\-passes\-senate/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116145943/http://senatorlesser.com/2016/05/sen\-eric\-lessers\-legislation\-studying\-feasibility\-of\-springfield\-boston\-rail\-service\-unanimously\-passes\-senate/\|archive\-date\=January 16, 2017\|access\-date\=January 13, 2017\|website\=senatorlesser.com}} Governor [Charlie Baker](/wiki/Charlie_Baker "Charlie Baker") vetoed the legislation; it was later revealed that Peter Picknelly, the chief executive of Peter Pan Bus Lines, had personally lobbied the governor, sending Baker an email urging him to reject the proposal.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2016/07/peter\_picknelly\_lesser\_rail\_bi.html\|title\=Peter Picknelly lobbied against proposed Springfield to Boston rail study, sending email two days before Gov. Baker's veto\|newspaper\=masslive.com\|access\-date\=January 13, 2017}} Picknelly donated $1,000 to Baker's election campaign and hosted a campaign fundraiser for him.
In 2018, the [Massachusetts Department of Transportation](/wiki/Massachusetts_Department_of_Transportation "Massachusetts Department of Transportation") (MassDOT) announced their intention to study Lesser's east–west high\-speed rail proposal; Lesser called this step a "major breakthrough."{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2018/01/east\-west\_rail\_studys\_inclusio.html\|title\=East\-West rail study's inclusion in MassDOT plan a 'major breakthrough,' Sen. Eric Lesser says\|last\=Glaun\|first\=Dan\|date\=2018\-01\-29\|website\=masslive.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-12}} Lesser's proposed high\-speed rail connection has gained the widespread support, including U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2017/03/sen\_elizabeth\_warren\_backs\_hig.html\|title\=Sen. Elizabeth Warren backs high\-speed rail connecting Springfield, Worcester and Boston\|last\=Dumcius\|first\=Gintautas\|date\=2017\-03\-17\|website\=masslive.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-12}} nearly all western Massachusetts lawmakers,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.wwlp.com/news/state\-politics/northampton\-senator\-requesting\-extensive\-study\-of\-east\-west\-rail\-service/\|title\=Northampton senator requesting extensive study of East\-West rail service\|date\=2019\-05\-14\|website\=WWLP\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-12}} transportation advocate and former Governor [Michael Dukakis](/wiki/Michael_Dukakis "Michael Dukakis"), the [Boston City Council](/wiki/Boston_City_Council "Boston City Council"),{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2019/05/boston\-city\-council\-votes\-to\-support\-springfield\-to\-boston\-high\-speed\-passenger\-rail.html\|title\=Boston City Council supports rail link to Springfield\|last\=Schoenberg\|first\=Shira\|date\=2019\-05\-01\|website\=masslive.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-12}} and business leaders like the Greater Springfield and Greater Boston Chambers of Commerce. In 2019, MassDOT offered six alternatives for the rail project and, in January 2021, narrowed the options to three.{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-07\-24\|title\=Six Options Being Evaluated For East\-West Passenger Rail\|url\=https://www.wamc.org/new\-england\-news/2019\-07\-24/six\-options\-being\-evaluated\-for\-east\-west\-passenger\-rail\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=WAMC\|language\=en}}{{Cite web\|last\=Dobbs\|first\=G. Michael\|date\=2021\-01\-12\|title\=MassDOT report gives three alternatives for east\-west rail\|url\=https://www.thereminder.com/localnews/springfield/massdot\-report\-gives\-three\-alternatives\-for\-east\-w/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=Reminder Publications\|language\=en}}[thumb\|334x334px\|Sen. Eric Lesser speaks at the Rally for Rail at Union Station in Springfield, MA.When](/wiki/File:Sen._Eric_Lesser_speaks_at_the_Rally_for_Rail_at_Union_Station_in_Springfield%2C_MA.png "Sen. Eric Lesser speaks at the Rally for Rail at Union Station in Springfield, MA.png") President [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") signed the Bipartisan Infrastructure Deal in November 2021, the East–West Rail project (or "West–East Rail") gained renewed momentum. Congressman Richard Neal, who currently chairs the powerful [House Ways \& Means Committee](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means "United States House Committee on Ways and Means"), noted that the "$66 billion that Amtrak will receive has the potential to be transformative nationwide but also right here in western and central Massachusetts."{{Cite web\|last\=Jonas\|first\=Michael\|date\=2021\-11\-10\|title\=Could infrastructure bill put East\-West rail on track?\|url\=https://commonwealthmagazine.org/transportation/could\-infrastructure\-bill\-put\-east\-west\-rail\-on\-track/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=CommonWealth Magazine\|language\=en\-US}} Lesser has spoken about the project with Secretary of Transportation [Pete Buttigieg](/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg "Pete Buttigieg"), Lesser's former classmate at Harvard.{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-06\-01\|title\=New Eras in DC, Boston Favor East\-West Rail…\& Perhaps Lesser, Too…\|url\=https://www.wmasspi.com/2021/05/new\-eras\-in\-dc\-boston\-favor\-east\-west\-rail\-perhaps\-lesser\-too.html\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=Western Mass Politics \& Insight\|language\=en\-US}}
The project, if completed, could take 10,000 cars off the road which, in addition to reducing traffic and congestion on the Mass Pike, would reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the region.
#### Opioid epidemic
After the heroin epidemic resulted in 185 deaths in the first four months of 2014, Lesser created and published a four\-point plan with concrete steps to address addiction. His plan included: the addition of more drug courts specializing in sending drug users to treatment instead of jail in Western Massachusetts, work to end dependence on prescription drugs through partnerships with the [U.S. Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") (FDA) and other organizations, investment in new treatments that have shown promise in decreasing withdrawal symptoms, and an increase in the availability of the drug [Narcan](/wiki/Narcan "Narcan"), which can save lives by reversing the effects of a heroin overdose.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.masslive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2014/04/candidates\_viewpoint\_eric\_less.html\|title\=Candidate Viewpoint: Eric Lesser Discusses policies to Address Heroin Addiction\|date\=April 1, 2014\|work\=The Republican\|last1\=Lesser\|first1\=Eric\|access\-date\=June 18, 2014}}
In January 2015, Lesser filed two bills regarding opioid misuse.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thelongmeadownews.com/lesser\-introduces\-first\-legislation\-state\-senator/\|title\=Lesser introduces first legislation as state senator\|website\=The Longmeadow News\|date\=January 20, 2015\|access\-date\=January 26, 2015\|archive\-date\=March 4, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075428/http://www.thelongmeadownews.com/lesser\-introduces\-first\-legislation\-state\-senator/\|url\-status\=dead}} Lesser's bills served as the blueprint for the plan ultimately adopted by the Massachusetts State Senate in its 2015 budget, which allocated $100,000 in state funds to buy doses of the drug Naloxone, commonly known as Narcan, which can reverse opiate overdoses. Later in 2015, Massachusetts Attorney General [Maura Healey](/wiki/Maura_Healey "Maura Healey") announced a settlement with [Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc.](/wiki/Amphastar_Pharmaceuticals "Amphastar Pharmaceuticals"), the manufacturer of naloxone, in which Amphastar paid $325,000 into the state's bulk purchasing program.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/11/state\_bulk\_buying\_of\_anti\-over.html\|title\=Communities save estimated $186K through state bulk buying program for anti\-overdose drug Narcan\|newspaper\=masslive.com\|access\-date\=January 13, 2017}} The state's fund spent $377,000 to buy 11,050 doses of naloxone and 8,750 applicators; as of November 30, 2016, 8,500 doses have been distributed to cities and towns in Massachusetts, saving local communities an estimated $186,000\.
The legislation has saved tens of thousands from potentially fatal overdoses. In January 2017, Massachusetts Public Health Commissioner Dr. [Monica Bharel](/wiki/Monica_Bharel "Monica Bharel") told the Public Health Council that 50,000 people in Massachusetts were now trained to administer Narcan, and more than "1,500 overdose rescue reports — each a life saved — were received in the first six months of 2016\."{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.statehousenews.com/\|title\=State House News Service\|website\=www.statehousenews.com\|access\-date\=January 13, 2017}} By 2021, those numbers had dramatically risen, with "more than 584,000 naloxone doses" distributed and "more than 32,000 overdose reversals using the state\-funded naloxone," according to the Department of Public Health.{{Cite web\|title\=State efforts to address opioid overdoses detailed to Public Health Council\|date\=December 9, 2021 \|url\=https://whdh.com/news/state\-efforts\-to\-address\-opioid\-overdoses\-detailed\-to\-public\-health\-council/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|language\=en\-US}}
#### Education
[thumb\|Sen. Eric Lesser quizzes students on state government.](/wiki/File:Sen._Lesser_quizzes_students_on_state_government.jpg "Sen. Lesser quizzes students on state government.jpg")
In 2018, following the deluge of misinformation in the 2016 campaign cycle, a bill was signed into law to develop the next generation of leaders. The bill cemented civics education in public school curricula and required student\-led civics projects. Another provision, which Lesser had championed, highlighted [media literacy](/wiki/Media_literacy "Media literacy"). Promoting the skills needed to critically analyze written and digital sources, Lesser said that, "Young people can, and must be, part of the solution to our most pressing challenges. But in order to do that, they need to understand how our democracy works and have the basic skills to tell fact from fiction and evaluate news versus commentary."{{Cite web\|title\=Civics Education Bill, Including Measures Championed by Senator Lesser, Signed into Law\|url\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2018/11/08/civics\-education\-bill\-including\-measures\-championed\-senator\-lesser\-signed\-law\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-12\|website\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\|language\=en\-US}} The bill also directed the Massachusetts Secretary of State to establish a non\-partisan high school voter challenge program to encourage eligible students to register or pre\-register to vote.
Lesser also supports increased investment in [vocational training](/wiki/Vocational_training "Vocational training").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.wwlp.com/news/local\-news/hampden\-county/state\-senator\-eric\-lesser\-tours\-vocational\-training\-facility/\|title\=State Senator Eric Lesser tours vocational training facility\|date\=2018\-01\-23\|website\=WWLP\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-12}} Vocational schools typically supplement core instruction at public schools with specialized training in lucrative and in\-demand markets: machine training, biotechnology, and more.{{Cite web\|title\=Blackstone Valley Tech\|url\=https://www.valleytech.k12\.ma.us/domain/23}} For Lesser, vocational training is part of a future\-proofing the economy. In 2019, Lesser said, "We need to build solar panels, wind turbines, and other pieces of equipment to help propel us forward to a high\-tech economy. This is not your grandfather’s manufacturing; this is really sophisticated work we can use to build our future." Lesser has proposed legislation to address the long waitlists at vocational schools in Massachusetts.{{Cite web\|title\=Sen. Lesser, Rep, Wagner discuss future of vocational education in Western Mass. at Career and Technical Education Round Table\|url\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2019/10/15/sen\-lesser\-rep\-wagner\-to\-discuss\-future\-of\-vocational\-education\-in\-western\-mass\-at\-career\-and\-technical\-education\-round\-table\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\|language\=en\-US}}
#### Student debt crisis
Lesser, calling America's $1\.5 trillion in [student loan debt](/wiki/Student_loan_debt "Student loan debt") a "generational crisis," has proposed a Student Loan Borrower Bill of Rights to increase oversight of student loan servicers and protect borrowers.{{Cite web\|last\=Christensen\|first\=Dusty\|date\=March 13, 2019\|title\='A generational crisis': Student loan debt in Massachusetts reaches $33\.3 billion\|url\=https://www.recorder.com/Student\-loan\-debt\-in\-Massachusetts\-reaches\-$33\-3\-billion\-24059797\|access\-date\=June 11, 2019\|website\=The Greenfield Recorder}} Lesser sits on the advisory board of the [Student Borrower Protection Center](/wiki/Student_Borrower_Protection_Center "Student Borrower Protection Center"), an advocacy group for student loan borrowers.
#### Economic growth
[thumb\|367x367px\|Lesser speaks with Rep. [Joseph Wagner](/wiki/Joseph_Wagner_%28Massachusetts_politician%29 "Joseph Wagner (Massachusetts politician)") of [Chicopee](/wiki/Chicopee%2C_Massachusetts "Chicopee, Massachusetts") while they served together as co\-chairs of the Committee on Economic Development and Emerging Technologies.](/wiki/File:Lesser_and_Wagner_chair_Economic_Development_%26_Emerging_Technologies_Committee.jpg "Lesser and Wagner chair Economic Development & Emerging Technologies Committee.jpg")
In January 2021, Lesser negotiated for an economic recovery and development bill.{{Cite web\|title\=Sweeping economic development bill authorizing $627 million for COVID\-19 recovery signed into law\|url\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2021/1/15/sweeping\-economic\-development\-bill\-authorizing\-627\-million\-for\-covid\-19\-recovery\-signed\-into\-law\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\|language\=en\-US}} The legislation prioritized small business relief, support for workers, and housing development. Provisions included $40 million for a program to redevelop blighted buildings, $20 million for rural community development and infrastructure grants, and $102\.3 million for local economic development projects. As the bill's negotiators approached a funding deadline, Lesser quipped, "The Earth was created in six days. We can create an eco\[nomic] dev\[elopment] bill in five."{{Cite web\|url\=https://twitter.com/chrislisinski/status/1344407336136433664\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=Twitter\|language\=en}}
Lesser is the co\-chair of the 17\-member Future of Work Commission that is developing a report on the "impact of automation, artificial intelligence, global trade," and other economic trends affecting drivers, musicians, and gig workers.{{Cite web\|title\=An Act enabling partnerships for growth\|url\=https://malegislature.gov/Bills/191/H5250}} Defined by statute, the commission's goal is to "ensure sustainable jobs, fair benefits and workplace safety standards for workers in all industries," such as "adequate and affordable health insurance, financial security in retirement, unemployment insurance and disability insurance." Lesser is also the co\-chair of the Future of Work Initiative at [NewDEAL](/wiki/The_NewDEAL "The NewDEAL"), a national network of pro\-growth, progressive state and local elected officials.
As a part of his advocacy for good jobs and strong workers, Lesser is the co\-chair of the [Gateway Cities](/wiki/Massachusetts_gateway_cities "Massachusetts gateway cities") Caucus.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2019/6/3/sen\-lesser\-joins\-baystate\-officials\-for\-announcement\-of\-39m\-life\-sciences\-grant\-to\-create\-clinical\-trials\-unit\|title\=Sen. Lesser Joins Baystate Officials for Announcement of $3\.9M Life Sciences Grant to Create Clinical Trials Unit\|website\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-12}}
Lesser has also proposed a remote worker relocation program, which would pay $10,000 over two years to employees that could move to western Massachusetts to work from home.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2019/01/23/mass\-senator\-plan\-west\-work\-and\-pay\-you/RbjAP6jopeNrcSCWj97g6I/story.html\|title\=Mass. senator's plan: Go west to work, and we'll pay you\|first1\=Jon\|last1\=Chesto\|date\=January 23, 2019\|website\=BostonGlobe.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-12}} His plan is similar to one currently in place in [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont "Vermont").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.thinkvermont.com/remote\-worker\-grant\-program/\|title\=Remote Worker Grant Program\|website\=Think Vermont\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-12}}
#### Housing
The economic relief and development package that Lesser negotiated included historic housing reform, designed to address the housing crisis and encourage new construction. The National Low\-Income Housing Association released a statement in support of the legislation that detailed its effects: "The legislation includes the first comprehensive zoning reform changes in Massachusetts in 40 years and authorizes $115 million for transit and climate\-resilient affordable housing development and neighborhood stabilization activities. The bill also doubles the Massachusetts Low Income Housing Tax Credit program to $40 million per year."{{Cite web\|title\=Massachusetts Passes Legislation with Critical Zoning Reforms and Affordable Housing Resources\|url\=https://nlihc.org/resource/massachusetts\-passes\-legislation\-critical\-zoning\-reforms\-and\-affordable\-housing\-resources\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-19\|website\=National Low Income Housing Coalition\|language\=en}}
#### Racial justice
Lesser established the Nonprofit Security Grant program alongside Senate President *Emerita* [Harriette Chandler](/wiki/Harriette_L._Chandler "Harriette L. Chandler") in 2017\. In the program's first year, $75,000 were allocated to religious and cultural institutions to address safety and security concerns. The grants increased to nearly $1 million in 2021 and, in fiscal year 2022, the Senate unanimously voted to increase the total amount available in grants to $1\.5 million. The increases come as the country and local communities in Massachusetts face more frequent incidents of hate targeting LGBTQ\+, Black, Jewish, Asian, and Muslim groups.{{Cite web\|title\=Sen. Lesser sounds alarm on surging trends of hate and violence across the Commonwealth\|url\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2021/6/2/sen\-lesser\-sounds\-alarm\-on\-surging\-trends\-of\-hate\-and\-violence\-across\-the\-commonwealth\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\|language\=en\-US}}
In June 2020, Lesser attended the Black Lives Matter protests in Springfield, Massachusetts. "We had a lot of great conversations. People came up, introduced themselves, shared their stories, and we chatted and I learned a lot," he said. "You know the stories of hearing young people, 16\-, 17\-,18\-years\-old, very clearly very conscientious, very motivated young people, talk about their experiences of not feeling safe around police, should really alarm everyone." But, Lesser concluded, "we are not powerless."{{Cite web\|title\=Lesser Hopes George Floyd's Death 'Shakes the Consciousness' of People\|url\=https://spectrumnews1\.com/ma/worcester/news/2020/06/04/eric\-lesser\-on\-protests\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=spectrumnews1\.com\|language\=en}}
To protect civil liberties, Lesser has proposed a bill requiring law enforcement to obtain a warrant before accessing data collected on drivers on the Mass Pike.{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-07\-09\|title\=Senator Lesser aims to protect privacy of drivers\|url\=https://www.wwlp.com/news/state\-politics/senator\-lesser\-aims\-to\-protect\-privacy\-of\-drivers/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=WWLP\|language\=en\-US}} The tolls collect drivers' license plates and information about speed, date, time, and location. Lesser's proposal makes an exception for immediate threats to life and public safety emergencies.
Lesser served on the Governor's Task Force on Hate Crimes, which advises on the prevalence, prevention, and recovery from hate crimes.
#### Environment
[thumb\|318x318px\|Sen. Eric Lesser joins federal, state, and local leaders to protest the construction of a biomass facility in Springfield.](/wiki/File:Lesser_joins_leaders_to_protest_biomass_plant.jpg "Lesser joins leaders to protest biomass plant.jpg")
In 2008, there was a proposal to build a 42\-megawatt, wood\-burning power plant in Springfield, Massachusetts.{{Cite web\|last\=Robertson\|first\=Sarah\|date\=2021\-04\-06\|title\=Permit Revoked For Springfield Biomass Power Plant Thanks To Grassroots Organizing\|url\=https://theshoestring.org/2021/04/06/permit\-revoked\-for\-springfield\-biomass\-power\-plant\-thanks\-to\-grassroots\-organizing/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=the shoestring\|language\=en\-US}} A coalition of environmental and racial justice activists, from the project's inception, resisted. Representing Springfield in the State Senate, Lesser was a vocal opponent of the plant, alongside local leaders and U.S. Senators Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey.
In April 2021, the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection announced that they would revoke the project permit to build the biomass power plant.{{Cite web\|title\=Biomass Revocation Statement\|url\=https://www.massjwj.net/blog/2021/4/18/biomass\-revocation\-statement\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=Massachusetts Jobs with Justice\|date\=April 18, 2021 \|language\=en\-US}} In reaction, Jaqueline Vélez, a racial justice organizer with Jobs with Justice, said, "Communities of color are already disproportionately impacted. They already have underlying medical issues. To add a power plant, a biomass burning power plant that would exacerbate folks’ medical conditions just emphasizes how communities of color and low income communities are targeted for these projects."
Lesser called the decision "long overdue" and that "the plant should never have been considered for that location in the first place."
#### Protecting seniors
[thumb\|254x254px\|Sen. Eric Lesser visits the East Longmeadow Senior Center.](/wiki/File:Sen._Eric_Lesser_at_the_East_Longmeadow_Senior_Center.jpg "Sen. Eric Lesser at the East Longmeadow Senior Center.jpg")
In May 2014, Lesser published an opinion piece in the Springfield *Republican* detailing a plan to support the increasing population of adults over 65 in Western Massachusetts. Lesser believes that in\-home healthcare should be more affordable so that seniors can stay in their homes as long as possible. His plan also includes two points to protect the physical and financial security of the elderly. Lesser wrote that the state should provide increased oversight of in\-home healthcare agencies in order to reduce instances of elder abuse, and he supports the increased availability of computer and financial literacy education opportunities to decrease the number of seniors who fall victim to online and phone scams.{{cite news\|last1\=Lesser\|first1\=Eric\|title\=Candidate Viewpoint: Four Ways to Protect Our Senior Citizens\|url\=http://www.masslive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2014/06/candidate\_viewpoint\_four\_ways.html\|access\-date\=June 18, 2014\|work\=Springfield Republican\|date\=June 10, 2014}}
Since 2017, Lesser has hosted an annual "Thrive After 55" Wellness Fair where participating organizations answer questions and offer information about their resources to local seniors.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2019/6/10/77\-organizations\-to\-participate\-in\-sen\-lessers\-third\-annual\-thrive\-after\-55\-wellness\-fair\-on\-june\-21\|title\=77 Organizations to Participate in Sen. Lesser's Third Annual "Thrive After 55" Wellness Fair on June 21\|website\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-12}} During the coronavirus pandemic, the fair shifted online, offering virtual programming on financial security, [identity theft](/wiki/Identity_theft "Identity theft"), healthcare, and wellness.{{Cite web\|last\=Dobbs\|first\=G. Michael\|date\=2021\-06\-21\|title\=Lesser brings his 'Thrive After 55' event to TV for second year\|url\=https://www.thereminder.com/localnews/chicopee/lesser\-brings\-his\-thrive\-after\-55\-event\-to\-tv\-for\-/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=Reminder Publications\|language\=en}}
##### *Registry of Motor Vehicles*
On June 21, 2019, seven members of a New England motorcycle club were killed when a truck, pulling a car hauler, crashed into the group.{{Cite web\|title\=State Senator Eric Lesser Calls on RMV Manager Thomas Bowes to Step Down\|url\=https://www.necn.com/news/local/massachusetts/state\-senator\-eric\-lesser\-calls\-for\-rmv\-chief\-thomas\-bowes\-to\-step\-down/127097/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=NECN\|date\=July 31, 2019 \|language\=en\-US}} The negligent driver was licensed in Massachusetts and had a history of violations. His license should have been revoked. The crash revealed that the Massachusetts Registry of Motor Vehicles (RMV) had knowingly failed to process a backlog of notifications from other states. The 53 boxes of notifications, dating back to 2008, included more than 10,000 driving violations.{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-07\-22\|title\=Thomas Bowes, head of Massachusetts RMV division in charge of driving records, not appearing before Transportation Committee\|url\=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2019/07/thomas\-bowes\-head\-of\-massachusetts\-rmv\-division\-in\-charge\-of\-driving\-records\-not\-appearing\-before\-transportation\-committee.html\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=masslive\|language\=en}} Within a month of the crash, the processing of these notifications resulted in over 2,000 license suspensions.{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-08\-16\|title\=Mass. RMV scandal: Auditor's report reveals 5 major problems with how state was handling violations\|url\=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2019/08/mass\-rmv\-scandal\-auditors\-report\-reveals\-5\-major\-problems\-with\-how\-state\-was\-handling\-violations.html\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=masslive\|language\=en}}
Lesser, who served as the Vice Chair of the Joint Committee on Transportation at the time, participated in the oversight hearings. Upon first request, the Baker administration officials did not appear.{{Cite web\|first\=Chris\|last\=Lisinski\|title\=RMV hearing recesses after Baker admin no\-shows\|url\=https://www.salemnews.com/news/rmv\-hearing\-recesses\-after\-baker\-admin\-no\-shows/article\_bd3868f6\-ac95\-11e9\-a598\-0369a71b6170\.html\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=Salem News\|date\=July 22, 2019 \|language\=en}} Eventually, Lesser questioned the director of the Merit Rating Board, Thomas Bowes, who was most directly responsible for processing these notifications.
The *Boston Globe* reported that Bowes, when the scandal broke, was in England. He attended the Red Sox–Yankees game in London; Governor Baker was also in attendance.{{Cite web\|last\=Stout\|first\=Matt\|date\=June 26, 2019\|title\=While Baker is in London, criticism mounts over handling of RMV and MBTA \- The Boston Globe\|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/06/26/while\-baker\-london\-criticism\-mounts\-over\-handling\-rmv\-and\-mbta/ahh8rTXwcwO6GUkKrbBGHO/story.html\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=BostonGlobe.com\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-07\-01\|title\=Resignations, Fiery Politics Close Out The Massachusetts Fiscal Year\|url\=https://www.nepm.org/regional\-news/2019\-07\-01/resignations\-fiery\-politics\-close\-out\-the\-massachusetts\-fiscal\-year\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=New England Public Media\|language\=en}} Soon after the oversight hearing, Lesser called for Bowes's resignation, saying that he had "lost the confidence of the public."
Lesser has since proposed legislation to force the RMV to process these out\-of\-state notifications, before tragedy strikes again.{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-02\-24\|title\=Proposed legislation would require Mass. RMV to address out\-of\-state driving violations\|url\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2021/02/state\-sen\-eric\-lesser\-proposes\-legislation\-to\-require\-mass\-rmv\-to\-address\-out\-of\-state\-driving\-violations.html\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=masslive\|language\=en}}
##### *COVID\-19 Vaccine Rollout*
[thumb\|299x299px\|Lesser confronts Gov. Baker over COVID\-19 vaccine](/wiki/File:Lesser_confronts_Baker_over_vaccine_rollout.jpg "Lesser confronts Baker over vaccine rollout.jpg")
Lesser criticized the vaccine rollout in Massachusetts as messy and uncoordinated.{{Cite web\|last\=Wu\|first\=Janet\|date\=2021\-04\-18\|title\=OTR: State senator calls COVID\-19 vaccine rollout messy, uncoordinated\|url\=https://www.wcvb.com/article/on\-the\-record\-massachusetts\-sen\-eric\-lesser\-calls\-state\-s\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-rollout\-messy\-uncoordinated/36156051\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=WCVB\|language\=en}} Lesser sponsored an emergency bill to set up a one\-stop website for COVID\-19 vaccination appointments, as well as a 24\-hour hotline.{{Cite web\|title\=An Act streamlining COVID\-19 vaccination sign\-up in Massachusetts\|url\=https://malegislature.gov/Bills/192/S1454}} The Baker administration's website had directed users to third\-party websites, making it difficult when appointments were scarce and, generally, for elderly residents. “The system is cumbersome, contradictory, and asks residents over 75 to navigate a haze of web links, locations, and instructions, each with different criteria and scheduling systems,” Lesser said. “And for those with limited ability to navigate the internet, there is no access to appointment booking at all.”{{Cite web\|title\=4 proposals to improve the Massachusetts vaccine rollout\|url\=https://www.boston.com/news/coronavirus/2021/02/08/massachusetts\-vaccine\-rollout\-bills/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=www.boston.com\|language\=en\-US}}
As the rollout continued, long lines in cold weather prevented many Massachusetts residents from receiving the vaccine. One resident said, "“It was just very frustrating. I feel sorry for the older people who were obviously struggling with the cold and just being able to stand that long. That’s a long time to wait in line and stand in 27\-degree temperatures.”{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-02\-09\|title\=Residents stand in long lines, cold weather for COVID\-19 vaccine at Eastfield Mall\|url\=https://www.wwlp.com/news/local\-news/hampden\-county/residents\-stand\-in\-long\-lines\-cold\-weather\-for\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-at\-eastfield\-mall/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=WWLP\|language\=en\-US}}
Lesser requested that Baker appear before the legislature's COVID\-19 oversight committee to answer questions. When Baker showed up, he was pressured by Lesser and others. As a member of the committee, Lesser dismissed Baker's characterization of the rollout as "lumpy and bumpy," calling it "a failure."{{Cite web\|last1\=Stout\|first1\=Matt\|last2\=Platoff\|first2\=Emma\|first3\=Amanda\|last3\=Kaufman\|date\=February 26, 2021\|title\='You're missing how broken the system is': Baker faces rare grilling from lawmakers amid bumpy vaccine rollout \|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/02/25/nation/hearing\-states\-handling\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-rollout\-begins/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=BostonGlobe.com\|language\=en\-US}} When the Baker administration first unveiled their vaccine appointment registration website, it crashed. Residents were left with an image of an octopus.{{Cite news\|last\=Buell\|first\=Spencer\|date\=February 19, 2021\|title\=The New Antihero of the Massachusetts' Vaccine Rollout: The Four\-Armed Octopus of Doom\|work\=Boston Magazine\|url\=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2021/02/19/massachusetts\-vaccine\-octopus/}}{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-02\-19\|title\=60K mass vaccination appointments booked despite website crash, state says\|url\=https://www.wcvb.com/article/gov\-baker\-covid\-19\-vaccination\-update\-phase\-2\-age\-65\-plus\-comorbidities\-february\-17\-2021/35533780\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=WCVB\|language\=en}} Following Baker's appearance before Lesser and the committee, the administration fixed the broken website, streamlined the system to book appointments, and signed new contracts to ensure that the rollout continued in a safe and efficient manner.
##### *Holyoke Soldiers' Home*
The Soldiers' Home in Holyoke is a state\-operated veterans' facility that provides health care, hospice care, and other services. In April 2020, the Massachusetts attorney general's office learned of "serious issues with COVID\-19 infection protocols."{{Cite news\|last\=Diaz\|first\=Johnny\|date\=2020\-09\-25\|title\=Two Charged in Coronavirus Outbreak at Veterans' Home That Left 76 Dead\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/25/us/veterans\-home\-holyoke\-covid.html\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|issn\=0362\-4331}} Staffing shortages led the facility to consolidate two dementia wards with infected veterans and healthy residents, increasing the risk of contracting the virus. In June, investigators released a 174\-page report that detailed what one worker described as "total pandemonium" and a "nightmare."{{Cite news\|last\=Barry\|first\=Ellen\|date\=2020\-06\-24\|title\='Total Pandemonium': What Went Wrong at a Veterans' Home Where 76 Died\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/us/holyoke\-soldiers\-home.html\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|issn\=0362\-4331}}
The report quoted one employee who said it “felt like it was moving the concentration camp, we were moving these unknowing veterans off to die.” A social worker described listening to the chief nursing officer say “something to the effect that this room will be dead by Sunday, so we will have more room here.” Another social worker recalled seeing a supervisor point to a room and say, “All this room will be dead by tomorrow.”{{Cite book\|last\=Pearlstein\|first\=Mark W.\|title\=The COVID\-19 Outbreak at the Soldiers' Home in Holyoke\|date\=June 23, 2020\|url\=https://www.mass.gov/doc/report\-to\-governor\-baker\-re\-holyoke\-soldiers\-home/download}} The outbreak killed at least 76 residents at the Soldiers' Home.{{Cite web\|title\=2 Ex\-Holyoke Soldiers' Home Officials Plead Not Guilty in Deadly COVID Outbreak\|url\=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/coronavirus/2\-former\-officials\-of\-holyoke\-soldiers\-home\-to\-face\-judge\-thursday/2224284/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=NBC Boston\|date\=November 5, 2020 \|language\=en\-US}}
The Holyoke Soldiers' Home was flagged for renovation in 2012 and received matching funding from the Veterans' Administration, but no progress was made until thousands of veterans and friends signed a petition in 2020\. By contrast, the Chelsea Soldiers' Home was approved for renovation and received matching funding in 2017; construction began in 2018\.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-11\-11\|title\=Holyoke Soldiers' Home shelved renovations could have 'avoided tragedy,' report finds\|url\=https://www.bostonherald.com/2020/11/11/holyoke\-soldiers\-home\-renovations\-could\-help\-combat\-future\-pandemics/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=Boston Herald\|language\=en\-US}} The *Boston Globe* investigations team found that Gov. Baker and the state health secretary were close to the management issues at the home.{{Cite web\|last1\=Stout\|first1\=Matt\|last2\=Estes\|first2\=Andrea\|first3\=Rebecca\|last3\=Ostriker\|date\=May 28, 2021\|title\=Baker wrongly claimed he never met Holyoke Soldiers' Home leader before swearing him in. 'I forgot,' he says\|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/28/metro/baker\-wrongly\-claimed\-he\-never\-met\-holyoke\-soldiers\-home\-leader\-before\-swearing\-him\-i\-forgot\-he\-says/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=BostonGlobe.com\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web\|first1\=Rebecca\|last1\=Ostriker\|first2\=Andrea\|last2\=Estes\|first3\=Matt\|last3\=Rocheleau\|first4\=Patricia\|last4\=Wen\|title\=Charlie Baker's role in the Soldiers' Home tragedy\|url\=https://apps.bostonglobe.com/metro/investigations/spotlight/2021/05/soldiers\-home/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=BostonGlobe.com\|language\=en}}
Lesser helped secure a $600 million bond for an entirely new Holyoke Soldiers' Home and increased veterans' services statewide.{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-04\-29\|title\=Senate unanimously passes $600M bond bill for new Soldiers' Home\|url\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2021/04/600\-bond\-bill\-for\-new\-holyoke\-soldiers\-home\-more\-services\-for\-veterans\-statewide\-passes\-massachusetts\-senate\-in\-unanimous\-vote.html\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=masslive\|language\=en}}
#### Trump administration
##### *Electoral College*
After [Hillary Clinton](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton") won the popular vote but lost the [2016 U.S. presidential election](/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election") because Donald Trump won more votes in the [Electoral College](/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College "United States Electoral College"), Lesser filed a resolution in the Massachusetts State Senate calling on the U.S. Congress to propose an [amendment to abolish the Electoral College](/wiki/Electoral_College_abolition_amendment "Electoral College abolition amendment"). "It has now been twice in 16 years, and five times total in American history, that a president and vice president have been elected by winning a majority of the Electoral College, despite the fact that they lost the national popular vote," Lesser said in a statement. "Given the importance of empowering voters to believe every vote counts in a presidential election, the repeal of the Electoral College merits a thorough discussion and examination."{{Cite news\|title\=In wake of Hillary Clinton's defeat, state Sen. Eric Lesser calls for abolition of Electoral College\|newspaper\=masslive.com\|url\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/11/state\_sen\_eric\_lesser\_calls\_fo.html\|access\-date\=January 13, 2017}}{{Cite web\|last\=Fay\|first\=Anthony\|date\=November 21, 2016\|title\=Eliminate the Electoral College? State Senator to file bill\|url\=http://wwlp.com/2016/11/21/sen\-eric\-lesser\-filing\-bill\-to\-call\-for\-elimination\-of\-electoral\-college/\|access\-date\=January 13, 2017\|website\=WWLP.com\|archive\-date\=January 16, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116173620/http://wwlp.com/2016/11/21/sen\-eric\-lesser\-filing\-bill\-to\-call\-for\-elimination\-of\-electoral\-college/\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite news\|title\=Another Effort to Scrap the Electoral College Is Brewing in Massachusetts\|language\=en\-US\|newspaper\=Boston Magazine\|url\=http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/blog/2016/11/21/massachusetts\-electoral\-college/\|access\-date\=January 13, 2017\|archive\-date\=January 16, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116181235/http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/blog/2016/11/21/massachusetts\-electoral\-college/\|url\-status\=dead}}
|
[
"Massachusetts State Senate\n--------------------------",
"### Elections",
"On February 3, 2014, *The Republican* newspaper reported that Lesser was considering a bid for the [First Hampden \\& Hampshire](/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate%27s_1st_Hampden_and_Hampshire_district \"Massachusetts Senate's 1st Hampden and Hampshire district\") seat in the Massachusetts State Senate that was recently vacated by Sen. [Gale Candaras](/wiki/Gale_D._Candaras \"Gale D. Candaras\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Schoenberg\\|first\\=Shira\\|title\\=Eric Lesser, former White House staffer from Longmeadow, considering state Senate run\\|url\\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/02/eric\\_lesser\\_former\\_white\\_house.html\\|access\\-date\\=February 17, 2014\\|newspaper\\=The Republican\\|date\\=February 3, 2014}} On February 18, 2014, Lesser announced his candidacy for Massachusetts State Senate.{{cite news\\|last\\=Schoenberg\\|first\\=Shira\\|title\\=Eric Lesser, former White House aide, to run for Massachusetts State Senate from Longmeadow\\|url\\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/02/eric\\_lesser\\_former\\_white\\_house\\_1\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=February 18, 2014\\|newspaper\\=The Republican\\|date\\=February 18, 2014}} On September 9, Lesser won the five\\-way Democratic primary.{{cite news\\|last\\=Goonan\\|first\\=Peter\\|title\\=Eric Lesser edges Tim Allen in 1st Hampden\\-Hampshire District state Senate Democratic primary\\|url\\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/09/eric\\_lesser\\_declared\\_winner\\_by.html\\|access\\-date\\= September 10, 2014\\|newspaper\\=The Republican\\|date\\=September 10, 2014}} On November 4, Lesser defeated Republican Debra Boronski and America First candidate Mike Franco to win the State Senate seat.{{cite news\\|last\\=Goonan\\|first\\=Peter\\|title\\=Eric Lesser claims victory over Debra Boronski in 1st Hampden\\-Hampshire Senate District\\|url\\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/11/eric\\_lesser\\_claims\\_victory\\_debra\\_boronski\\_1st\\_hampden\\_hampshire\\_massachusetts\\_senate.html\\|access\\-date\\= November 5, 2014\\|newspaper\\=The Republican\\|date\\= November 9, 2014}}\n[thumb\\|248x248px\\|In 2016, Senator Eric Lesser hosted a campaign event in East Longmeadow with supporters U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren and Congressman [Seth Moulton](/wiki/Seth_Moulton \"Seth Moulton\").{{Cite web\\|last\\=Goudreau\\|first\\=Chris\\|date\\=2016\\-10\\-27\\|title\\=Warren visits East Longmeadow to stump for Lesser\\|url\\=https://www.thereminder.com/localnews/eastlongmeadow/elizabethwarrenericlesser/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=Reminder Publications\\|language\\=en}}](/wiki/File:Lesser_campaign_event_with_U.S._Sen._Elizabeth_Warren%2C_others.jpg \"Lesser campaign event with U.S. Sen. Elizabeth Warren, others.jpg\")\nLesser launched his reelection bid in September 2016 after an uncontested Democratic primary.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2016/09/state\\_sen\\_eric\\_lesser\\_launches.html\\|title\\=State Sen. Eric Lesser launches re\\-election campaign, pledges to advocate for Western Mass.\\|newspaper\\=masslive.com\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2017}} On November 8, 2016, Lesser defeated James \"Chip\" Harrington, earning 56 percent of the vote to Harrington's 44 percent.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/11/2016\\_massachusetts\\_general\\_ele.html\\|title\\=2016 Massachusetts General Election results for president, ballot questions, senate, sheriff and more\\|newspaper\\=masslive.com\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2017}} During the campaign, Lesser attracted a series of high\\-profile endorsements, including both U.S. Senators from Massachusetts, [Elizabeth Warren](/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren \"Elizabeth Warren\") and [Ed Markey](/wiki/Ed_Markey \"Ed Markey\"); U.S. Representatives [Richard Neal](/wiki/Richard_Neal \"Richard Neal\"), [Joe Kennedy III](/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_III \"Joseph P. Kennedy III\"), and [Seth Moulton](/wiki/Seth_Moulton \"Seth Moulton\"); former Massachusetts Governor [Michael Dukakis](/wiki/Michael_Dukakis \"Michael Dukakis\"); and Springfield, Massachusetts mayor [Domenic Sarno](/wiki/Domenic_Sarno \"Domenic Sarno\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://wwlp.com/2016/11/08/senator\\-eric\\-lesser\\-claiming\\-victory\\-in\\-re\\-election\\-bid\\-for\\-1st\\-hampden\\-and\\-hampshire\\-seat/\\|title\\=Senator Eric Lesser claiming victory in re\\-election bid for 1st Hampden and Hampshire seat\\|last\\=Fay\\|first\\=Anthony\\|date\\=November 9, 2016\\|website\\=WWLP.com\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2017}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2016/10/elizabeth\\_warren\\_seth\\_moulton.html\\|title\\=Elizabeth Warren, Seth Moulton campaign for State Sen. Eric Lesser\\|newspaper\\=masslive.com\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2017}} Notably, Lesser earned the endorsement of his former boss, President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\"), who only endorsed 161 candidates nationwide that year.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Eric Lesser\\|url\\=https://ballotpedia.org/Eric\\_Lesser\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-16\\|website\\=Ballotpedia\\|language\\=en}} That year, Obama endorsed no other candidate in Massachusetts. Lesser was sworn in for a second term in the Massachusetts State Senate on January 4, 2017\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/01/longmeadows\\_eric\\_lesser\\_sworn.html\\|title\\=Longmeadow's Eric Lesser sworn in for second state Senate term\\|newspaper\\=masslive.com\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2017}}",
"Lesser won his third and fourth elections to the Massachusetts State Senate in 2018 and 2020, running uncontested each time in the Democratic primary and general election.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://ballotpedia.org/Massachusetts\\_State\\_Senate\\_elections,\\_2018\\|title\\=Massachusetts State Senate elections, 2018\\|website\\=Ballotpedia\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-12}}",
"#### 2022 lieutenant gubernatorial election",
"{{Main\\|2022 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\\#Lieutenant governor}}\nIn January 2022, Lesser announced his campaign for lieutenant governor of Massachusetts.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Kuznitz \\|first1\\=Alison \\|title\\=Massachusetts state Sen. Eric Lesser is running for lieutenant governor \\|url\\=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2022/01/massachusetts\\-state\\-sen\\-eric\\-lesser\\-launches\\-campaign\\-for\\-lieutenant\\-governor.html \\|website\\=MassLive \\|publisher\\=Advance Local Media \\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=4 January 2022}} If elected, he would be the first [Jewish](/wiki/Jews \"Jews\") person and the first [millennial](/wiki/Millennials \"Millennials\") to be lieutenant governor or governor in Massachusetts. He would also be the first Democrat from western Massachusetts to serve in the role since 1853\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Deutch \\|first1\\=Gabby \\|title\\=The 'Seder Guy' attempting a leap to the LG's office \\|url\\=https://jewishinsider.com/2022/01/eric\\-lesser\\-massachusetts\\-lieutenant\\-governor/ \\|website\\=Jewish Insider \\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2022 \\|date\\=24 January 2022}}",
"### Policy priorities",
"#### High\\-speed rail",
"Lesser believes that a high\\-speed rail line between [Pittsfield](/wiki/Pittsfield%2C_Massachusetts \"Pittsfield, Massachusetts\") and [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\") would increase employment and boost the economy in Western Massachusetts.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Lesser \\|first1\\=Eric \\|title\\=High Speed Rail Will Pay Dividends for Western Mass \\|url\\=http://www.ericlesser.com/issues/high\\-speed\\-rail\\-will\\-pay\\-dividends\\-western\\-mass \\|website\\=ericlesser.com \\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725010448/http://www.ericlesser.com/issues/high\\-speed\\-rail\\-will\\-pay\\-dividends\\-western\\-mass \\|archive\\-date\\=July 25, 2014 }} In his first month in office, Lesser filed a bill that would require a report of the costs and benefits of building higher\\-speed rail across the state. The State Senate passed Lesser's feasibility study unanimously, 39–0, and the State House of Representatives later passed the measure.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Sen. Eric Lesser's Legislation Studying Feasibility of Springfield\\-Boston Rail Service Unanimously Passes Senate {{!}} Senator Eric P. Lesser\\|url\\=http://senatorlesser.com/2016/05/sen\\-eric\\-lessers\\-legislation\\-studying\\-feasibility\\-of\\-springfield\\-boston\\-rail\\-service\\-unanimously\\-passes\\-senate/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116145943/http://senatorlesser.com/2016/05/sen\\-eric\\-lessers\\-legislation\\-studying\\-feasibility\\-of\\-springfield\\-boston\\-rail\\-service\\-unanimously\\-passes\\-senate/\\|archive\\-date\\=January 16, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2017\\|website\\=senatorlesser.com}} Governor [Charlie Baker](/wiki/Charlie_Baker \"Charlie Baker\") vetoed the legislation; it was later revealed that Peter Picknelly, the chief executive of Peter Pan Bus Lines, had personally lobbied the governor, sending Baker an email urging him to reject the proposal.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2016/07/peter\\_picknelly\\_lesser\\_rail\\_bi.html\\|title\\=Peter Picknelly lobbied against proposed Springfield to Boston rail study, sending email two days before Gov. Baker's veto\\|newspaper\\=masslive.com\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2017}} Picknelly donated $1,000 to Baker's election campaign and hosted a campaign fundraiser for him.",
"In 2018, the [Massachusetts Department of Transportation](/wiki/Massachusetts_Department_of_Transportation \"Massachusetts Department of Transportation\") (MassDOT) announced their intention to study Lesser's east–west high\\-speed rail proposal; Lesser called this step a \"major breakthrough.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2018/01/east\\-west\\_rail\\_studys\\_inclusio.html\\|title\\=East\\-West rail study's inclusion in MassDOT plan a 'major breakthrough,' Sen. Eric Lesser says\\|last\\=Glaun\\|first\\=Dan\\|date\\=2018\\-01\\-29\\|website\\=masslive.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-12}} Lesser's proposed high\\-speed rail connection has gained the widespread support, including U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2017/03/sen\\_elizabeth\\_warren\\_backs\\_hig.html\\|title\\=Sen. Elizabeth Warren backs high\\-speed rail connecting Springfield, Worcester and Boston\\|last\\=Dumcius\\|first\\=Gintautas\\|date\\=2017\\-03\\-17\\|website\\=masslive.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-12}} nearly all western Massachusetts lawmakers,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wwlp.com/news/state\\-politics/northampton\\-senator\\-requesting\\-extensive\\-study\\-of\\-east\\-west\\-rail\\-service/\\|title\\=Northampton senator requesting extensive study of East\\-West rail service\\|date\\=2019\\-05\\-14\\|website\\=WWLP\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-12}} transportation advocate and former Governor [Michael Dukakis](/wiki/Michael_Dukakis \"Michael Dukakis\"), the [Boston City Council](/wiki/Boston_City_Council \"Boston City Council\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2019/05/boston\\-city\\-council\\-votes\\-to\\-support\\-springfield\\-to\\-boston\\-high\\-speed\\-passenger\\-rail.html\\|title\\=Boston City Council supports rail link to Springfield\\|last\\=Schoenberg\\|first\\=Shira\\|date\\=2019\\-05\\-01\\|website\\=masslive.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-12}} and business leaders like the Greater Springfield and Greater Boston Chambers of Commerce. In 2019, MassDOT offered six alternatives for the rail project and, in January 2021, narrowed the options to three.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-24\\|title\\=Six Options Being Evaluated For East\\-West Passenger Rail\\|url\\=https://www.wamc.org/new\\-england\\-news/2019\\-07\\-24/six\\-options\\-being\\-evaluated\\-for\\-east\\-west\\-passenger\\-rail\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=WAMC\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Dobbs\\|first\\=G. Michael\\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-12\\|title\\=MassDOT report gives three alternatives for east\\-west rail\\|url\\=https://www.thereminder.com/localnews/springfield/massdot\\-report\\-gives\\-three\\-alternatives\\-for\\-east\\-w/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=Reminder Publications\\|language\\=en}}[thumb\\|334x334px\\|Sen. Eric Lesser speaks at the Rally for Rail at Union Station in Springfield, MA.When](/wiki/File:Sen._Eric_Lesser_speaks_at_the_Rally_for_Rail_at_Union_Station_in_Springfield%2C_MA.png \"Sen. Eric Lesser speaks at the Rally for Rail at Union Station in Springfield, MA.png\") President [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\") signed the Bipartisan Infrastructure Deal in November 2021, the East–West Rail project (or \"West–East Rail\") gained renewed momentum. Congressman Richard Neal, who currently chairs the powerful [House Ways \\& Means Committee](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means \"United States House Committee on Ways and Means\"), noted that the \"$66 billion that Amtrak will receive has the potential to be transformative nationwide but also right here in western and central Massachusetts.\"{{Cite web\\|last\\=Jonas\\|first\\=Michael\\|date\\=2021\\-11\\-10\\|title\\=Could infrastructure bill put East\\-West rail on track?\\|url\\=https://commonwealthmagazine.org/transportation/could\\-infrastructure\\-bill\\-put\\-east\\-west\\-rail\\-on\\-track/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=CommonWealth Magazine\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Lesser has spoken about the project with Secretary of Transportation [Pete Buttigieg](/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg \"Pete Buttigieg\"), Lesser's former classmate at Harvard.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-06\\-01\\|title\\=New Eras in DC, Boston Favor East\\-West Rail…\\& Perhaps Lesser, Too…\\|url\\=https://www.wmasspi.com/2021/05/new\\-eras\\-in\\-dc\\-boston\\-favor\\-east\\-west\\-rail\\-perhaps\\-lesser\\-too.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=Western Mass Politics \\& Insight\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"The project, if completed, could take 10,000 cars off the road which, in addition to reducing traffic and congestion on the Mass Pike, would reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the region.",
"#### Opioid epidemic",
"After the heroin epidemic resulted in 185 deaths in the first four months of 2014, Lesser created and published a four\\-point plan with concrete steps to address addiction. His plan included: the addition of more drug courts specializing in sending drug users to treatment instead of jail in Western Massachusetts, work to end dependence on prescription drugs through partnerships with the [U.S. Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) and other organizations, investment in new treatments that have shown promise in decreasing withdrawal symptoms, and an increase in the availability of the drug [Narcan](/wiki/Narcan \"Narcan\"), which can save lives by reversing the effects of a heroin overdose.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.masslive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2014/04/candidates\\_viewpoint\\_eric\\_less.html\\|title\\=Candidate Viewpoint: Eric Lesser Discusses policies to Address Heroin Addiction\\|date\\=April 1, 2014\\|work\\=The Republican\\|last1\\=Lesser\\|first1\\=Eric\\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2014}}",
"In January 2015, Lesser filed two bills regarding opioid misuse.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thelongmeadownews.com/lesser\\-introduces\\-first\\-legislation\\-state\\-senator/\\|title\\=Lesser introduces first legislation as state senator\\|website\\=The Longmeadow News\\|date\\=January 20, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=January 26, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075428/http://www.thelongmeadownews.com/lesser\\-introduces\\-first\\-legislation\\-state\\-senator/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Lesser's bills served as the blueprint for the plan ultimately adopted by the Massachusetts State Senate in its 2015 budget, which allocated $100,000 in state funds to buy doses of the drug Naloxone, commonly known as Narcan, which can reverse opiate overdoses. Later in 2015, Massachusetts Attorney General [Maura Healey](/wiki/Maura_Healey \"Maura Healey\") announced a settlement with [Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc.](/wiki/Amphastar_Pharmaceuticals \"Amphastar Pharmaceuticals\"), the manufacturer of naloxone, in which Amphastar paid $325,000 into the state's bulk purchasing program.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/11/state\\_bulk\\_buying\\_of\\_anti\\-over.html\\|title\\=Communities save estimated $186K through state bulk buying program for anti\\-overdose drug Narcan\\|newspaper\\=masslive.com\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2017}} The state's fund spent $377,000 to buy 11,050 doses of naloxone and 8,750 applicators; as of November 30, 2016, 8,500 doses have been distributed to cities and towns in Massachusetts, saving local communities an estimated $186,000\\.",
"The legislation has saved tens of thousands from potentially fatal overdoses. In January 2017, Massachusetts Public Health Commissioner Dr. [Monica Bharel](/wiki/Monica_Bharel \"Monica Bharel\") told the Public Health Council that 50,000 people in Massachusetts were now trained to administer Narcan, and more than \"1,500 overdose rescue reports — each a life saved — were received in the first six months of 2016\\.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.statehousenews.com/\\|title\\=State House News Service\\|website\\=www.statehousenews.com\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2017}} By 2021, those numbers had dramatically risen, with \"more than 584,000 naloxone doses\" distributed and \"more than 32,000 overdose reversals using the state\\-funded naloxone,\" according to the Department of Public Health.{{Cite web\\|title\\=State efforts to address opioid overdoses detailed to Public Health Council\\|date\\=December 9, 2021 \\|url\\=https://whdh.com/news/state\\-efforts\\-to\\-address\\-opioid\\-overdoses\\-detailed\\-to\\-public\\-health\\-council/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"#### Education",
"[thumb\\|Sen. Eric Lesser quizzes students on state government.](/wiki/File:Sen._Lesser_quizzes_students_on_state_government.jpg \"Sen. Lesser quizzes students on state government.jpg\")\nIn 2018, following the deluge of misinformation in the 2016 campaign cycle, a bill was signed into law to develop the next generation of leaders. The bill cemented civics education in public school curricula and required student\\-led civics projects. Another provision, which Lesser had championed, highlighted [media literacy](/wiki/Media_literacy \"Media literacy\"). Promoting the skills needed to critically analyze written and digital sources, Lesser said that, \"Young people can, and must be, part of the solution to our most pressing challenges. But in order to do that, they need to understand how our democracy works and have the basic skills to tell fact from fiction and evaluate news versus commentary.\"{{Cite web\\|title\\=Civics Education Bill, Including Measures Championed by Senator Lesser, Signed into Law\\|url\\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2018/11/08/civics\\-education\\-bill\\-including\\-measures\\-championed\\-senator\\-lesser\\-signed\\-law\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-12\\|website\\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\\|language\\=en\\-US}} The bill also directed the Massachusetts Secretary of State to establish a non\\-partisan high school voter challenge program to encourage eligible students to register or pre\\-register to vote.",
"Lesser also supports increased investment in [vocational training](/wiki/Vocational_training \"Vocational training\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wwlp.com/news/local\\-news/hampden\\-county/state\\-senator\\-eric\\-lesser\\-tours\\-vocational\\-training\\-facility/\\|title\\=State Senator Eric Lesser tours vocational training facility\\|date\\=2018\\-01\\-23\\|website\\=WWLP\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-12}} Vocational schools typically supplement core instruction at public schools with specialized training in lucrative and in\\-demand markets: machine training, biotechnology, and more.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Blackstone Valley Tech\\|url\\=https://www.valleytech.k12\\.ma.us/domain/23}} For Lesser, vocational training is part of a future\\-proofing the economy. In 2019, Lesser said, \"We need to build solar panels, wind turbines, and other pieces of equipment to help propel us forward to a high\\-tech economy. This is not your grandfather’s manufacturing; this is really sophisticated work we can use to build our future.\" Lesser has proposed legislation to address the long waitlists at vocational schools in Massachusetts.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Sen. Lesser, Rep, Wagner discuss future of vocational education in Western Mass. at Career and Technical Education Round Table\\|url\\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2019/10/15/sen\\-lesser\\-rep\\-wagner\\-to\\-discuss\\-future\\-of\\-vocational\\-education\\-in\\-western\\-mass\\-at\\-career\\-and\\-technical\\-education\\-round\\-table\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"#### Student debt crisis",
"Lesser, calling America's $1\\.5 trillion in [student loan debt](/wiki/Student_loan_debt \"Student loan debt\") a \"generational crisis,\" has proposed a Student Loan Borrower Bill of Rights to increase oversight of student loan servicers and protect borrowers.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Christensen\\|first\\=Dusty\\|date\\=March 13, 2019\\|title\\='A generational crisis': Student loan debt in Massachusetts reaches $33\\.3 billion\\|url\\=https://www.recorder.com/Student\\-loan\\-debt\\-in\\-Massachusetts\\-reaches\\-$33\\-3\\-billion\\-24059797\\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2019\\|website\\=The Greenfield Recorder}} Lesser sits on the advisory board of the [Student Borrower Protection Center](/wiki/Student_Borrower_Protection_Center \"Student Borrower Protection Center\"), an advocacy group for student loan borrowers.",
"#### Economic growth",
"[thumb\\|367x367px\\|Lesser speaks with Rep. [Joseph Wagner](/wiki/Joseph_Wagner_%28Massachusetts_politician%29 \"Joseph Wagner (Massachusetts politician)\") of [Chicopee](/wiki/Chicopee%2C_Massachusetts \"Chicopee, Massachusetts\") while they served together as co\\-chairs of the Committee on Economic Development and Emerging Technologies.](/wiki/File:Lesser_and_Wagner_chair_Economic_Development_%26_Emerging_Technologies_Committee.jpg \"Lesser and Wagner chair Economic Development & Emerging Technologies Committee.jpg\")\nIn January 2021, Lesser negotiated for an economic recovery and development bill.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Sweeping economic development bill authorizing $627 million for COVID\\-19 recovery signed into law\\|url\\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2021/1/15/sweeping\\-economic\\-development\\-bill\\-authorizing\\-627\\-million\\-for\\-covid\\-19\\-recovery\\-signed\\-into\\-law\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\\|language\\=en\\-US}} The legislation prioritized small business relief, support for workers, and housing development. Provisions included $40 million for a program to redevelop blighted buildings, $20 million for rural community development and infrastructure grants, and $102\\.3 million for local economic development projects. As the bill's negotiators approached a funding deadline, Lesser quipped, \"The Earth was created in six days. We can create an eco\\[nomic] dev\\[elopment] bill in five.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/chrislisinski/status/1344407336136433664\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=Twitter\\|language\\=en}}",
"Lesser is the co\\-chair of the 17\\-member Future of Work Commission that is developing a report on the \"impact of automation, artificial intelligence, global trade,\" and other economic trends affecting drivers, musicians, and gig workers.{{Cite web\\|title\\=An Act enabling partnerships for growth\\|url\\=https://malegislature.gov/Bills/191/H5250}} Defined by statute, the commission's goal is to \"ensure sustainable jobs, fair benefits and workplace safety standards for workers in all industries,\" such as \"adequate and affordable health insurance, financial security in retirement, unemployment insurance and disability insurance.\" Lesser is also the co\\-chair of the Future of Work Initiative at [NewDEAL](/wiki/The_NewDEAL \"The NewDEAL\"), a national network of pro\\-growth, progressive state and local elected officials.",
"As a part of his advocacy for good jobs and strong workers, Lesser is the co\\-chair of the [Gateway Cities](/wiki/Massachusetts_gateway_cities \"Massachusetts gateway cities\") Caucus.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2019/6/3/sen\\-lesser\\-joins\\-baystate\\-officials\\-for\\-announcement\\-of\\-39m\\-life\\-sciences\\-grant\\-to\\-create\\-clinical\\-trials\\-unit\\|title\\=Sen. Lesser Joins Baystate Officials for Announcement of $3\\.9M Life Sciences Grant to Create Clinical Trials Unit\\|website\\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-12}}",
"Lesser has also proposed a remote worker relocation program, which would pay $10,000 over two years to employees that could move to western Massachusetts to work from home.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2019/01/23/mass\\-senator\\-plan\\-west\\-work\\-and\\-pay\\-you/RbjAP6jopeNrcSCWj97g6I/story.html\\|title\\=Mass. senator's plan: Go west to work, and we'll pay you\\|first1\\=Jon\\|last1\\=Chesto\\|date\\=January 23, 2019\\|website\\=BostonGlobe.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-12}} His plan is similar to one currently in place in [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont \"Vermont\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thinkvermont.com/remote\\-worker\\-grant\\-program/\\|title\\=Remote Worker Grant Program\\|website\\=Think Vermont\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-12}}",
"#### Housing",
"The economic relief and development package that Lesser negotiated included historic housing reform, designed to address the housing crisis and encourage new construction. The National Low\\-Income Housing Association released a statement in support of the legislation that detailed its effects: \"The legislation includes the first comprehensive zoning reform changes in Massachusetts in 40 years and authorizes $115 million for transit and climate\\-resilient affordable housing development and neighborhood stabilization activities. The bill also doubles the Massachusetts Low Income Housing Tax Credit program to $40 million per year.\"{{Cite web\\|title\\=Massachusetts Passes Legislation with Critical Zoning Reforms and Affordable Housing Resources\\|url\\=https://nlihc.org/resource/massachusetts\\-passes\\-legislation\\-critical\\-zoning\\-reforms\\-and\\-affordable\\-housing\\-resources\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-19\\|website\\=National Low Income Housing Coalition\\|language\\=en}}",
"#### Racial justice",
"Lesser established the Nonprofit Security Grant program alongside Senate President *Emerita* [Harriette Chandler](/wiki/Harriette_L._Chandler \"Harriette L. Chandler\") in 2017\\. In the program's first year, $75,000 were allocated to religious and cultural institutions to address safety and security concerns. The grants increased to nearly $1 million in 2021 and, in fiscal year 2022, the Senate unanimously voted to increase the total amount available in grants to $1\\.5 million. The increases come as the country and local communities in Massachusetts face more frequent incidents of hate targeting LGBTQ\\+, Black, Jewish, Asian, and Muslim groups.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Sen. Lesser sounds alarm on surging trends of hate and violence across the Commonwealth\\|url\\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2021/6/2/sen\\-lesser\\-sounds\\-alarm\\-on\\-surging\\-trends\\-of\\-hate\\-and\\-violence\\-across\\-the\\-commonwealth\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"In June 2020, Lesser attended the Black Lives Matter protests in Springfield, Massachusetts. \"We had a lot of great conversations. People came up, introduced themselves, shared their stories, and we chatted and I learned a lot,\" he said. \"You know the stories of hearing young people, 16\\-, 17\\-,18\\-years\\-old, very clearly very conscientious, very motivated young people, talk about their experiences of not feeling safe around police, should really alarm everyone.\" But, Lesser concluded, \"we are not powerless.\"{{Cite web\\|title\\=Lesser Hopes George Floyd's Death 'Shakes the Consciousness' of People\\|url\\=https://spectrumnews1\\.com/ma/worcester/news/2020/06/04/eric\\-lesser\\-on\\-protests\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=spectrumnews1\\.com\\|language\\=en}}",
"To protect civil liberties, Lesser has proposed a bill requiring law enforcement to obtain a warrant before accessing data collected on drivers on the Mass Pike.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-09\\|title\\=Senator Lesser aims to protect privacy of drivers\\|url\\=https://www.wwlp.com/news/state\\-politics/senator\\-lesser\\-aims\\-to\\-protect\\-privacy\\-of\\-drivers/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=WWLP\\|language\\=en\\-US}} The tolls collect drivers' license plates and information about speed, date, time, and location. Lesser's proposal makes an exception for immediate threats to life and public safety emergencies.",
"Lesser served on the Governor's Task Force on Hate Crimes, which advises on the prevalence, prevention, and recovery from hate crimes.",
"#### Environment",
"[thumb\\|318x318px\\|Sen. Eric Lesser joins federal, state, and local leaders to protest the construction of a biomass facility in Springfield.](/wiki/File:Lesser_joins_leaders_to_protest_biomass_plant.jpg \"Lesser joins leaders to protest biomass plant.jpg\")\nIn 2008, there was a proposal to build a 42\\-megawatt, wood\\-burning power plant in Springfield, Massachusetts.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Robertson\\|first\\=Sarah\\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-06\\|title\\=Permit Revoked For Springfield Biomass Power Plant Thanks To Grassroots Organizing\\|url\\=https://theshoestring.org/2021/04/06/permit\\-revoked\\-for\\-springfield\\-biomass\\-power\\-plant\\-thanks\\-to\\-grassroots\\-organizing/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=the shoestring\\|language\\=en\\-US}} A coalition of environmental and racial justice activists, from the project's inception, resisted. Representing Springfield in the State Senate, Lesser was a vocal opponent of the plant, alongside local leaders and U.S. Senators Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey.",
"In April 2021, the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection announced that they would revoke the project permit to build the biomass power plant.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Biomass Revocation Statement\\|url\\=https://www.massjwj.net/blog/2021/4/18/biomass\\-revocation\\-statement\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=Massachusetts Jobs with Justice\\|date\\=April 18, 2021 \\|language\\=en\\-US}} In reaction, Jaqueline Vélez, a racial justice organizer with Jobs with Justice, said, \"Communities of color are already disproportionately impacted. They already have underlying medical issues. To add a power plant, a biomass burning power plant that would exacerbate folks’ medical conditions just emphasizes how communities of color and low income communities are targeted for these projects.\"",
"Lesser called the decision \"long overdue\" and that \"the plant should never have been considered for that location in the first place.\"",
"#### Protecting seniors",
"[thumb\\|254x254px\\|Sen. Eric Lesser visits the East Longmeadow Senior Center.](/wiki/File:Sen._Eric_Lesser_at_the_East_Longmeadow_Senior_Center.jpg \"Sen. Eric Lesser at the East Longmeadow Senior Center.jpg\")\nIn May 2014, Lesser published an opinion piece in the Springfield *Republican* detailing a plan to support the increasing population of adults over 65 in Western Massachusetts. Lesser believes that in\\-home healthcare should be more affordable so that seniors can stay in their homes as long as possible. His plan also includes two points to protect the physical and financial security of the elderly. Lesser wrote that the state should provide increased oversight of in\\-home healthcare agencies in order to reduce instances of elder abuse, and he supports the increased availability of computer and financial literacy education opportunities to decrease the number of seniors who fall victim to online and phone scams.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Lesser\\|first1\\=Eric\\|title\\=Candidate Viewpoint: Four Ways to Protect Our Senior Citizens\\|url\\=http://www.masslive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2014/06/candidate\\_viewpoint\\_four\\_ways.html\\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2014\\|work\\=Springfield Republican\\|date\\=June 10, 2014}}",
"Since 2017, Lesser has hosted an annual \"Thrive After 55\" Wellness Fair where participating organizations answer questions and offer information about their resources to local seniors.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2019/6/10/77\\-organizations\\-to\\-participate\\-in\\-sen\\-lessers\\-third\\-annual\\-thrive\\-after\\-55\\-wellness\\-fair\\-on\\-june\\-21\\|title\\=77 Organizations to Participate in Sen. Lesser's Third Annual \"Thrive After 55\" Wellness Fair on June 21\\|website\\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-12}} During the coronavirus pandemic, the fair shifted online, offering virtual programming on financial security, [identity theft](/wiki/Identity_theft \"Identity theft\"), healthcare, and wellness.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Dobbs\\|first\\=G. Michael\\|date\\=2021\\-06\\-21\\|title\\=Lesser brings his 'Thrive After 55' event to TV for second year\\|url\\=https://www.thereminder.com/localnews/chicopee/lesser\\-brings\\-his\\-thrive\\-after\\-55\\-event\\-to\\-tv\\-for\\-/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=Reminder Publications\\|language\\=en}}",
"##### *Registry of Motor Vehicles*",
"On June 21, 2019, seven members of a New England motorcycle club were killed when a truck, pulling a car hauler, crashed into the group.{{Cite web\\|title\\=State Senator Eric Lesser Calls on RMV Manager Thomas Bowes to Step Down\\|url\\=https://www.necn.com/news/local/massachusetts/state\\-senator\\-eric\\-lesser\\-calls\\-for\\-rmv\\-chief\\-thomas\\-bowes\\-to\\-step\\-down/127097/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=NECN\\|date\\=July 31, 2019 \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The negligent driver was licensed in Massachusetts and had a history of violations. His license should have been revoked. The crash revealed that the Massachusetts Registry of Motor Vehicles (RMV) had knowingly failed to process a backlog of notifications from other states. The 53 boxes of notifications, dating back to 2008, included more than 10,000 driving violations.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-22\\|title\\=Thomas Bowes, head of Massachusetts RMV division in charge of driving records, not appearing before Transportation Committee\\|url\\=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2019/07/thomas\\-bowes\\-head\\-of\\-massachusetts\\-rmv\\-division\\-in\\-charge\\-of\\-driving\\-records\\-not\\-appearing\\-before\\-transportation\\-committee.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=masslive\\|language\\=en}} Within a month of the crash, the processing of these notifications resulted in over 2,000 license suspensions.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-16\\|title\\=Mass. RMV scandal: Auditor's report reveals 5 major problems with how state was handling violations\\|url\\=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2019/08/mass\\-rmv\\-scandal\\-auditors\\-report\\-reveals\\-5\\-major\\-problems\\-with\\-how\\-state\\-was\\-handling\\-violations.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=masslive\\|language\\=en}}",
"Lesser, who served as the Vice Chair of the Joint Committee on Transportation at the time, participated in the oversight hearings. Upon first request, the Baker administration officials did not appear.{{Cite web\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\=Lisinski\\|title\\=RMV hearing recesses after Baker admin no\\-shows\\|url\\=https://www.salemnews.com/news/rmv\\-hearing\\-recesses\\-after\\-baker\\-admin\\-no\\-shows/article\\_bd3868f6\\-ac95\\-11e9\\-a598\\-0369a71b6170\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=Salem News\\|date\\=July 22, 2019 \\|language\\=en}} Eventually, Lesser questioned the director of the Merit Rating Board, Thomas Bowes, who was most directly responsible for processing these notifications.",
"The *Boston Globe* reported that Bowes, when the scandal broke, was in England. He attended the Red Sox–Yankees game in London; Governor Baker was also in attendance.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Stout\\|first\\=Matt\\|date\\=June 26, 2019\\|title\\=While Baker is in London, criticism mounts over handling of RMV and MBTA \\- The Boston Globe\\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/06/26/while\\-baker\\-london\\-criticism\\-mounts\\-over\\-handling\\-rmv\\-and\\-mbta/ahh8rTXwcwO6GUkKrbBGHO/story.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=BostonGlobe.com\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-01\\|title\\=Resignations, Fiery Politics Close Out The Massachusetts Fiscal Year\\|url\\=https://www.nepm.org/regional\\-news/2019\\-07\\-01/resignations\\-fiery\\-politics\\-close\\-out\\-the\\-massachusetts\\-fiscal\\-year\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=New England Public Media\\|language\\=en}} Soon after the oversight hearing, Lesser called for Bowes's resignation, saying that he had \"lost the confidence of the public.\"",
"Lesser has since proposed legislation to force the RMV to process these out\\-of\\-state notifications, before tragedy strikes again.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-02\\-24\\|title\\=Proposed legislation would require Mass. RMV to address out\\-of\\-state driving violations\\|url\\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2021/02/state\\-sen\\-eric\\-lesser\\-proposes\\-legislation\\-to\\-require\\-mass\\-rmv\\-to\\-address\\-out\\-of\\-state\\-driving\\-violations.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=masslive\\|language\\=en}}",
"##### *COVID\\-19 Vaccine Rollout*",
"[thumb\\|299x299px\\|Lesser confronts Gov. Baker over COVID\\-19 vaccine](/wiki/File:Lesser_confronts_Baker_over_vaccine_rollout.jpg \"Lesser confronts Baker over vaccine rollout.jpg\")\nLesser criticized the vaccine rollout in Massachusetts as messy and uncoordinated.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Wu\\|first\\=Janet\\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-18\\|title\\=OTR: State senator calls COVID\\-19 vaccine rollout messy, uncoordinated\\|url\\=https://www.wcvb.com/article/on\\-the\\-record\\-massachusetts\\-sen\\-eric\\-lesser\\-calls\\-state\\-s\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-rollout\\-messy\\-uncoordinated/36156051\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=WCVB\\|language\\=en}} Lesser sponsored an emergency bill to set up a one\\-stop website for COVID\\-19 vaccination appointments, as well as a 24\\-hour hotline.{{Cite web\\|title\\=An Act streamlining COVID\\-19 vaccination sign\\-up in Massachusetts\\|url\\=https://malegislature.gov/Bills/192/S1454}} The Baker administration's website had directed users to third\\-party websites, making it difficult when appointments were scarce and, generally, for elderly residents. “The system is cumbersome, contradictory, and asks residents over 75 to navigate a haze of web links, locations, and instructions, each with different criteria and scheduling systems,” Lesser said. “And for those with limited ability to navigate the internet, there is no access to appointment booking at all.”{{Cite web\\|title\\=4 proposals to improve the Massachusetts vaccine rollout\\|url\\=https://www.boston.com/news/coronavirus/2021/02/08/massachusetts\\-vaccine\\-rollout\\-bills/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=www.boston.com\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"As the rollout continued, long lines in cold weather prevented many Massachusetts residents from receiving the vaccine. One resident said, \"“It was just very frustrating. I feel sorry for the older people who were obviously struggling with the cold and just being able to stand that long. That’s a long time to wait in line and stand in 27\\-degree temperatures.”{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-02\\-09\\|title\\=Residents stand in long lines, cold weather for COVID\\-19 vaccine at Eastfield Mall\\|url\\=https://www.wwlp.com/news/local\\-news/hampden\\-county/residents\\-stand\\-in\\-long\\-lines\\-cold\\-weather\\-for\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-at\\-eastfield\\-mall/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=WWLP\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"Lesser requested that Baker appear before the legislature's COVID\\-19 oversight committee to answer questions. When Baker showed up, he was pressured by Lesser and others. As a member of the committee, Lesser dismissed Baker's characterization of the rollout as \"lumpy and bumpy,\" calling it \"a failure.\"{{Cite web\\|last1\\=Stout\\|first1\\=Matt\\|last2\\=Platoff\\|first2\\=Emma\\|first3\\=Amanda\\|last3\\=Kaufman\\|date\\=February 26, 2021\\|title\\='You're missing how broken the system is': Baker faces rare grilling from lawmakers amid bumpy vaccine rollout \\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/02/25/nation/hearing\\-states\\-handling\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-rollout\\-begins/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=BostonGlobe.com\\|language\\=en\\-US}} When the Baker administration first unveiled their vaccine appointment registration website, it crashed. Residents were left with an image of an octopus.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Buell\\|first\\=Spencer\\|date\\=February 19, 2021\\|title\\=The New Antihero of the Massachusetts' Vaccine Rollout: The Four\\-Armed Octopus of Doom\\|work\\=Boston Magazine\\|url\\=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2021/02/19/massachusetts\\-vaccine\\-octopus/}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-02\\-19\\|title\\=60K mass vaccination appointments booked despite website crash, state says\\|url\\=https://www.wcvb.com/article/gov\\-baker\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccination\\-update\\-phase\\-2\\-age\\-65\\-plus\\-comorbidities\\-february\\-17\\-2021/35533780\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=WCVB\\|language\\=en}} Following Baker's appearance before Lesser and the committee, the administration fixed the broken website, streamlined the system to book appointments, and signed new contracts to ensure that the rollout continued in a safe and efficient manner.",
"##### *Holyoke Soldiers' Home*",
"The Soldiers' Home in Holyoke is a state\\-operated veterans' facility that provides health care, hospice care, and other services. In April 2020, the Massachusetts attorney general's office learned of \"serious issues with COVID\\-19 infection protocols.\"{{Cite news\\|last\\=Diaz\\|first\\=Johnny\\|date\\=2020\\-09\\-25\\|title\\=Two Charged in Coronavirus Outbreak at Veterans' Home That Left 76 Dead\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/25/us/veterans\\-home\\-holyoke\\-covid.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} Staffing shortages led the facility to consolidate two dementia wards with infected veterans and healthy residents, increasing the risk of contracting the virus. In June, investigators released a 174\\-page report that detailed what one worker described as \"total pandemonium\" and a \"nightmare.\"{{Cite news\\|last\\=Barry\\|first\\=Ellen\\|date\\=2020\\-06\\-24\\|title\\='Total Pandemonium': What Went Wrong at a Veterans' Home Where 76 Died\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/us/holyoke\\-soldiers\\-home.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}",
"The report quoted one employee who said it “felt like it was moving the concentration camp, we were moving these unknowing veterans off to die.” A social worker described listening to the chief nursing officer say “something to the effect that this room will be dead by Sunday, so we will have more room here.” Another social worker recalled seeing a supervisor point to a room and say, “All this room will be dead by tomorrow.”{{Cite book\\|last\\=Pearlstein\\|first\\=Mark W.\\|title\\=The COVID\\-19 Outbreak at the Soldiers' Home in Holyoke\\|date\\=June 23, 2020\\|url\\=https://www.mass.gov/doc/report\\-to\\-governor\\-baker\\-re\\-holyoke\\-soldiers\\-home/download}} The outbreak killed at least 76 residents at the Soldiers' Home.{{Cite web\\|title\\=2 Ex\\-Holyoke Soldiers' Home Officials Plead Not Guilty in Deadly COVID Outbreak\\|url\\=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/coronavirus/2\\-former\\-officials\\-of\\-holyoke\\-soldiers\\-home\\-to\\-face\\-judge\\-thursday/2224284/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=NBC Boston\\|date\\=November 5, 2020 \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"The Holyoke Soldiers' Home was flagged for renovation in 2012 and received matching funding from the Veterans' Administration, but no progress was made until thousands of veterans and friends signed a petition in 2020\\. By contrast, the Chelsea Soldiers' Home was approved for renovation and received matching funding in 2017; construction began in 2018\\.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-11\\-11\\|title\\=Holyoke Soldiers' Home shelved renovations could have 'avoided tragedy,' report finds\\|url\\=https://www.bostonherald.com/2020/11/11/holyoke\\-soldiers\\-home\\-renovations\\-could\\-help\\-combat\\-future\\-pandemics/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=Boston Herald\\|language\\=en\\-US}} The *Boston Globe* investigations team found that Gov. Baker and the state health secretary were close to the management issues at the home.{{Cite web\\|last1\\=Stout\\|first1\\=Matt\\|last2\\=Estes\\|first2\\=Andrea\\|first3\\=Rebecca\\|last3\\=Ostriker\\|date\\=May 28, 2021\\|title\\=Baker wrongly claimed he never met Holyoke Soldiers' Home leader before swearing him in. 'I forgot,' he says\\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/28/metro/baker\\-wrongly\\-claimed\\-he\\-never\\-met\\-holyoke\\-soldiers\\-home\\-leader\\-before\\-swearing\\-him\\-i\\-forgot\\-he\\-says/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=BostonGlobe.com\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web\\|first1\\=Rebecca\\|last1\\=Ostriker\\|first2\\=Andrea\\|last2\\=Estes\\|first3\\=Matt\\|last3\\=Rocheleau\\|first4\\=Patricia\\|last4\\=Wen\\|title\\=Charlie Baker's role in the Soldiers' Home tragedy\\|url\\=https://apps.bostonglobe.com/metro/investigations/spotlight/2021/05/soldiers\\-home/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=BostonGlobe.com\\|language\\=en}}",
"Lesser helped secure a $600 million bond for an entirely new Holyoke Soldiers' Home and increased veterans' services statewide.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-29\\|title\\=Senate unanimously passes $600M bond bill for new Soldiers' Home\\|url\\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2021/04/600\\-bond\\-bill\\-for\\-new\\-holyoke\\-soldiers\\-home\\-more\\-services\\-for\\-veterans\\-statewide\\-passes\\-massachusetts\\-senate\\-in\\-unanimous\\-vote.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=masslive\\|language\\=en}}",
"#### Trump administration",
"##### *Electoral College*",
"After [Hillary Clinton](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton \"Hillary Clinton\") won the popular vote but lost the [2016 U.S. presidential election](/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election \"2016 United States presidential election\") because Donald Trump won more votes in the [Electoral College](/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College \"United States Electoral College\"), Lesser filed a resolution in the Massachusetts State Senate calling on the U.S. Congress to propose an [amendment to abolish the Electoral College](/wiki/Electoral_College_abolition_amendment \"Electoral College abolition amendment\"). \"It has now been twice in 16 years, and five times total in American history, that a president and vice president have been elected by winning a majority of the Electoral College, despite the fact that they lost the national popular vote,\" Lesser said in a statement. \"Given the importance of empowering voters to believe every vote counts in a presidential election, the repeal of the Electoral College merits a thorough discussion and examination.\"{{Cite news\\|title\\=In wake of Hillary Clinton's defeat, state Sen. Eric Lesser calls for abolition of Electoral College\\|newspaper\\=masslive.com\\|url\\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/11/state\\_sen\\_eric\\_lesser\\_calls\\_fo.html\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2017}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Fay\\|first\\=Anthony\\|date\\=November 21, 2016\\|title\\=Eliminate the Electoral College? State Senator to file bill\\|url\\=http://wwlp.com/2016/11/21/sen\\-eric\\-lesser\\-filing\\-bill\\-to\\-call\\-for\\-elimination\\-of\\-electoral\\-college/\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2017\\|website\\=WWLP.com\\|archive\\-date\\=January 16, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116173620/http://wwlp.com/2016/11/21/sen\\-eric\\-lesser\\-filing\\-bill\\-to\\-call\\-for\\-elimination\\-of\\-electoral\\-college/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite news\\|title\\=Another Effort to Scrap the Electoral College Is Brewing in Massachusetts\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|newspaper\\=Boston Magazine\\|url\\=http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/blog/2016/11/21/massachusetts\\-electoral\\-college/\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=January 16, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116181235/http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/blog/2016/11/21/massachusetts\\-electoral\\-college/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
""
] |
### Policy priorities
#### High\-speed rail
Lesser believes that a high\-speed rail line between [Pittsfield](/wiki/Pittsfield%2C_Massachusetts "Pittsfield, Massachusetts") and [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston") would increase employment and boost the economy in Western Massachusetts.{{cite web\|last1\=Lesser \|first1\=Eric \|title\=High Speed Rail Will Pay Dividends for Western Mass \|url\=http://www.ericlesser.com/issues/high\-speed\-rail\-will\-pay\-dividends\-western\-mass \|website\=ericlesser.com \|access\-date\=June 18, 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725010448/http://www.ericlesser.com/issues/high\-speed\-rail\-will\-pay\-dividends\-western\-mass \|archive\-date\=July 25, 2014 }} In his first month in office, Lesser filed a bill that would require a report of the costs and benefits of building higher\-speed rail across the state. The State Senate passed Lesser's feasibility study unanimously, 39–0, and the State House of Representatives later passed the measure.{{Cite web\|title\=Sen. Eric Lesser's Legislation Studying Feasibility of Springfield\-Boston Rail Service Unanimously Passes Senate {{!}} Senator Eric P. Lesser\|url\=http://senatorlesser.com/2016/05/sen\-eric\-lessers\-legislation\-studying\-feasibility\-of\-springfield\-boston\-rail\-service\-unanimously\-passes\-senate/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116145943/http://senatorlesser.com/2016/05/sen\-eric\-lessers\-legislation\-studying\-feasibility\-of\-springfield\-boston\-rail\-service\-unanimously\-passes\-senate/\|archive\-date\=January 16, 2017\|access\-date\=January 13, 2017\|website\=senatorlesser.com}} Governor [Charlie Baker](/wiki/Charlie_Baker "Charlie Baker") vetoed the legislation; it was later revealed that Peter Picknelly, the chief executive of Peter Pan Bus Lines, had personally lobbied the governor, sending Baker an email urging him to reject the proposal.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2016/07/peter\_picknelly\_lesser\_rail\_bi.html\|title\=Peter Picknelly lobbied against proposed Springfield to Boston rail study, sending email two days before Gov. Baker's veto\|newspaper\=masslive.com\|access\-date\=January 13, 2017}} Picknelly donated $1,000 to Baker's election campaign and hosted a campaign fundraiser for him.
In 2018, the [Massachusetts Department of Transportation](/wiki/Massachusetts_Department_of_Transportation "Massachusetts Department of Transportation") (MassDOT) announced their intention to study Lesser's east–west high\-speed rail proposal; Lesser called this step a "major breakthrough."{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2018/01/east\-west\_rail\_studys\_inclusio.html\|title\=East\-West rail study's inclusion in MassDOT plan a 'major breakthrough,' Sen. Eric Lesser says\|last\=Glaun\|first\=Dan\|date\=2018\-01\-29\|website\=masslive.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-12}} Lesser's proposed high\-speed rail connection has gained the widespread support, including U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2017/03/sen\_elizabeth\_warren\_backs\_hig.html\|title\=Sen. Elizabeth Warren backs high\-speed rail connecting Springfield, Worcester and Boston\|last\=Dumcius\|first\=Gintautas\|date\=2017\-03\-17\|website\=masslive.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-12}} nearly all western Massachusetts lawmakers,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.wwlp.com/news/state\-politics/northampton\-senator\-requesting\-extensive\-study\-of\-east\-west\-rail\-service/\|title\=Northampton senator requesting extensive study of East\-West rail service\|date\=2019\-05\-14\|website\=WWLP\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-12}} transportation advocate and former Governor [Michael Dukakis](/wiki/Michael_Dukakis "Michael Dukakis"), the [Boston City Council](/wiki/Boston_City_Council "Boston City Council"),{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2019/05/boston\-city\-council\-votes\-to\-support\-springfield\-to\-boston\-high\-speed\-passenger\-rail.html\|title\=Boston City Council supports rail link to Springfield\|last\=Schoenberg\|first\=Shira\|date\=2019\-05\-01\|website\=masslive.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-12}} and business leaders like the Greater Springfield and Greater Boston Chambers of Commerce. In 2019, MassDOT offered six alternatives for the rail project and, in January 2021, narrowed the options to three.{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-07\-24\|title\=Six Options Being Evaluated For East\-West Passenger Rail\|url\=https://www.wamc.org/new\-england\-news/2019\-07\-24/six\-options\-being\-evaluated\-for\-east\-west\-passenger\-rail\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=WAMC\|language\=en}}{{Cite web\|last\=Dobbs\|first\=G. Michael\|date\=2021\-01\-12\|title\=MassDOT report gives three alternatives for east\-west rail\|url\=https://www.thereminder.com/localnews/springfield/massdot\-report\-gives\-three\-alternatives\-for\-east\-w/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=Reminder Publications\|language\=en}}[thumb\|334x334px\|Sen. Eric Lesser speaks at the Rally for Rail at Union Station in Springfield, MA.When](/wiki/File:Sen._Eric_Lesser_speaks_at_the_Rally_for_Rail_at_Union_Station_in_Springfield%2C_MA.png "Sen. Eric Lesser speaks at the Rally for Rail at Union Station in Springfield, MA.png") President [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") signed the Bipartisan Infrastructure Deal in November 2021, the East–West Rail project (or "West–East Rail") gained renewed momentum. Congressman Richard Neal, who currently chairs the powerful [House Ways \& Means Committee](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means "United States House Committee on Ways and Means"), noted that the "$66 billion that Amtrak will receive has the potential to be transformative nationwide but also right here in western and central Massachusetts."{{Cite web\|last\=Jonas\|first\=Michael\|date\=2021\-11\-10\|title\=Could infrastructure bill put East\-West rail on track?\|url\=https://commonwealthmagazine.org/transportation/could\-infrastructure\-bill\-put\-east\-west\-rail\-on\-track/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=CommonWealth Magazine\|language\=en\-US}} Lesser has spoken about the project with Secretary of Transportation [Pete Buttigieg](/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg "Pete Buttigieg"), Lesser's former classmate at Harvard.{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-06\-01\|title\=New Eras in DC, Boston Favor East\-West Rail…\& Perhaps Lesser, Too…\|url\=https://www.wmasspi.com/2021/05/new\-eras\-in\-dc\-boston\-favor\-east\-west\-rail\-perhaps\-lesser\-too.html\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=Western Mass Politics \& Insight\|language\=en\-US}}
The project, if completed, could take 10,000 cars off the road which, in addition to reducing traffic and congestion on the Mass Pike, would reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the region.
#### Opioid epidemic
After the heroin epidemic resulted in 185 deaths in the first four months of 2014, Lesser created and published a four\-point plan with concrete steps to address addiction. His plan included: the addition of more drug courts specializing in sending drug users to treatment instead of jail in Western Massachusetts, work to end dependence on prescription drugs through partnerships with the [U.S. Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") (FDA) and other organizations, investment in new treatments that have shown promise in decreasing withdrawal symptoms, and an increase in the availability of the drug [Narcan](/wiki/Narcan "Narcan"), which can save lives by reversing the effects of a heroin overdose.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.masslive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2014/04/candidates\_viewpoint\_eric\_less.html\|title\=Candidate Viewpoint: Eric Lesser Discusses policies to Address Heroin Addiction\|date\=April 1, 2014\|work\=The Republican\|last1\=Lesser\|first1\=Eric\|access\-date\=June 18, 2014}}
In January 2015, Lesser filed two bills regarding opioid misuse.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thelongmeadownews.com/lesser\-introduces\-first\-legislation\-state\-senator/\|title\=Lesser introduces first legislation as state senator\|website\=The Longmeadow News\|date\=January 20, 2015\|access\-date\=January 26, 2015\|archive\-date\=March 4, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075428/http://www.thelongmeadownews.com/lesser\-introduces\-first\-legislation\-state\-senator/\|url\-status\=dead}} Lesser's bills served as the blueprint for the plan ultimately adopted by the Massachusetts State Senate in its 2015 budget, which allocated $100,000 in state funds to buy doses of the drug Naloxone, commonly known as Narcan, which can reverse opiate overdoses. Later in 2015, Massachusetts Attorney General [Maura Healey](/wiki/Maura_Healey "Maura Healey") announced a settlement with [Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc.](/wiki/Amphastar_Pharmaceuticals "Amphastar Pharmaceuticals"), the manufacturer of naloxone, in which Amphastar paid $325,000 into the state's bulk purchasing program.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/11/state\_bulk\_buying\_of\_anti\-over.html\|title\=Communities save estimated $186K through state bulk buying program for anti\-overdose drug Narcan\|newspaper\=masslive.com\|access\-date\=January 13, 2017}} The state's fund spent $377,000 to buy 11,050 doses of naloxone and 8,750 applicators; as of November 30, 2016, 8,500 doses have been distributed to cities and towns in Massachusetts, saving local communities an estimated $186,000\.
The legislation has saved tens of thousands from potentially fatal overdoses. In January 2017, Massachusetts Public Health Commissioner Dr. [Monica Bharel](/wiki/Monica_Bharel "Monica Bharel") told the Public Health Council that 50,000 people in Massachusetts were now trained to administer Narcan, and more than "1,500 overdose rescue reports — each a life saved — were received in the first six months of 2016\."{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.statehousenews.com/\|title\=State House News Service\|website\=www.statehousenews.com\|access\-date\=January 13, 2017}} By 2021, those numbers had dramatically risen, with "more than 584,000 naloxone doses" distributed and "more than 32,000 overdose reversals using the state\-funded naloxone," according to the Department of Public Health.{{Cite web\|title\=State efforts to address opioid overdoses detailed to Public Health Council\|date\=December 9, 2021 \|url\=https://whdh.com/news/state\-efforts\-to\-address\-opioid\-overdoses\-detailed\-to\-public\-health\-council/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|language\=en\-US}}
#### Education
[thumb\|Sen. Eric Lesser quizzes students on state government.](/wiki/File:Sen._Lesser_quizzes_students_on_state_government.jpg "Sen. Lesser quizzes students on state government.jpg")
In 2018, following the deluge of misinformation in the 2016 campaign cycle, a bill was signed into law to develop the next generation of leaders. The bill cemented civics education in public school curricula and required student\-led civics projects. Another provision, which Lesser had championed, highlighted [media literacy](/wiki/Media_literacy "Media literacy"). Promoting the skills needed to critically analyze written and digital sources, Lesser said that, "Young people can, and must be, part of the solution to our most pressing challenges. But in order to do that, they need to understand how our democracy works and have the basic skills to tell fact from fiction and evaluate news versus commentary."{{Cite web\|title\=Civics Education Bill, Including Measures Championed by Senator Lesser, Signed into Law\|url\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2018/11/08/civics\-education\-bill\-including\-measures\-championed\-senator\-lesser\-signed\-law\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-12\|website\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\|language\=en\-US}} The bill also directed the Massachusetts Secretary of State to establish a non\-partisan high school voter challenge program to encourage eligible students to register or pre\-register to vote.
Lesser also supports increased investment in [vocational training](/wiki/Vocational_training "Vocational training").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.wwlp.com/news/local\-news/hampden\-county/state\-senator\-eric\-lesser\-tours\-vocational\-training\-facility/\|title\=State Senator Eric Lesser tours vocational training facility\|date\=2018\-01\-23\|website\=WWLP\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-12}} Vocational schools typically supplement core instruction at public schools with specialized training in lucrative and in\-demand markets: machine training, biotechnology, and more.{{Cite web\|title\=Blackstone Valley Tech\|url\=https://www.valleytech.k12\.ma.us/domain/23}} For Lesser, vocational training is part of a future\-proofing the economy. In 2019, Lesser said, "We need to build solar panels, wind turbines, and other pieces of equipment to help propel us forward to a high\-tech economy. This is not your grandfather’s manufacturing; this is really sophisticated work we can use to build our future." Lesser has proposed legislation to address the long waitlists at vocational schools in Massachusetts.{{Cite web\|title\=Sen. Lesser, Rep, Wagner discuss future of vocational education in Western Mass. at Career and Technical Education Round Table\|url\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2019/10/15/sen\-lesser\-rep\-wagner\-to\-discuss\-future\-of\-vocational\-education\-in\-western\-mass\-at\-career\-and\-technical\-education\-round\-table\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\|language\=en\-US}}
#### Student debt crisis
Lesser, calling America's $1\.5 trillion in [student loan debt](/wiki/Student_loan_debt "Student loan debt") a "generational crisis," has proposed a Student Loan Borrower Bill of Rights to increase oversight of student loan servicers and protect borrowers.{{Cite web\|last\=Christensen\|first\=Dusty\|date\=March 13, 2019\|title\='A generational crisis': Student loan debt in Massachusetts reaches $33\.3 billion\|url\=https://www.recorder.com/Student\-loan\-debt\-in\-Massachusetts\-reaches\-$33\-3\-billion\-24059797\|access\-date\=June 11, 2019\|website\=The Greenfield Recorder}} Lesser sits on the advisory board of the [Student Borrower Protection Center](/wiki/Student_Borrower_Protection_Center "Student Borrower Protection Center"), an advocacy group for student loan borrowers.
#### Economic growth
[thumb\|367x367px\|Lesser speaks with Rep. [Joseph Wagner](/wiki/Joseph_Wagner_%28Massachusetts_politician%29 "Joseph Wagner (Massachusetts politician)") of [Chicopee](/wiki/Chicopee%2C_Massachusetts "Chicopee, Massachusetts") while they served together as co\-chairs of the Committee on Economic Development and Emerging Technologies.](/wiki/File:Lesser_and_Wagner_chair_Economic_Development_%26_Emerging_Technologies_Committee.jpg "Lesser and Wagner chair Economic Development & Emerging Technologies Committee.jpg")
In January 2021, Lesser negotiated for an economic recovery and development bill.{{Cite web\|title\=Sweeping economic development bill authorizing $627 million for COVID\-19 recovery signed into law\|url\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2021/1/15/sweeping\-economic\-development\-bill\-authorizing\-627\-million\-for\-covid\-19\-recovery\-signed\-into\-law\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\|language\=en\-US}} The legislation prioritized small business relief, support for workers, and housing development. Provisions included $40 million for a program to redevelop blighted buildings, $20 million for rural community development and infrastructure grants, and $102\.3 million for local economic development projects. As the bill's negotiators approached a funding deadline, Lesser quipped, "The Earth was created in six days. We can create an eco\[nomic] dev\[elopment] bill in five."{{Cite web\|url\=https://twitter.com/chrislisinski/status/1344407336136433664\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=Twitter\|language\=en}}
Lesser is the co\-chair of the 17\-member Future of Work Commission that is developing a report on the "impact of automation, artificial intelligence, global trade," and other economic trends affecting drivers, musicians, and gig workers.{{Cite web\|title\=An Act enabling partnerships for growth\|url\=https://malegislature.gov/Bills/191/H5250}} Defined by statute, the commission's goal is to "ensure sustainable jobs, fair benefits and workplace safety standards for workers in all industries," such as "adequate and affordable health insurance, financial security in retirement, unemployment insurance and disability insurance." Lesser is also the co\-chair of the Future of Work Initiative at [NewDEAL](/wiki/The_NewDEAL "The NewDEAL"), a national network of pro\-growth, progressive state and local elected officials.
As a part of his advocacy for good jobs and strong workers, Lesser is the co\-chair of the [Gateway Cities](/wiki/Massachusetts_gateway_cities "Massachusetts gateway cities") Caucus.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2019/6/3/sen\-lesser\-joins\-baystate\-officials\-for\-announcement\-of\-39m\-life\-sciences\-grant\-to\-create\-clinical\-trials\-unit\|title\=Sen. Lesser Joins Baystate Officials for Announcement of $3\.9M Life Sciences Grant to Create Clinical Trials Unit\|website\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-12}}
Lesser has also proposed a remote worker relocation program, which would pay $10,000 over two years to employees that could move to western Massachusetts to work from home.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2019/01/23/mass\-senator\-plan\-west\-work\-and\-pay\-you/RbjAP6jopeNrcSCWj97g6I/story.html\|title\=Mass. senator's plan: Go west to work, and we'll pay you\|first1\=Jon\|last1\=Chesto\|date\=January 23, 2019\|website\=BostonGlobe.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-12}} His plan is similar to one currently in place in [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont "Vermont").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.thinkvermont.com/remote\-worker\-grant\-program/\|title\=Remote Worker Grant Program\|website\=Think Vermont\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-12}}
#### Housing
The economic relief and development package that Lesser negotiated included historic housing reform, designed to address the housing crisis and encourage new construction. The National Low\-Income Housing Association released a statement in support of the legislation that detailed its effects: "The legislation includes the first comprehensive zoning reform changes in Massachusetts in 40 years and authorizes $115 million for transit and climate\-resilient affordable housing development and neighborhood stabilization activities. The bill also doubles the Massachusetts Low Income Housing Tax Credit program to $40 million per year."{{Cite web\|title\=Massachusetts Passes Legislation with Critical Zoning Reforms and Affordable Housing Resources\|url\=https://nlihc.org/resource/massachusetts\-passes\-legislation\-critical\-zoning\-reforms\-and\-affordable\-housing\-resources\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-19\|website\=National Low Income Housing Coalition\|language\=en}}
#### Racial justice
Lesser established the Nonprofit Security Grant program alongside Senate President *Emerita* [Harriette Chandler](/wiki/Harriette_L._Chandler "Harriette L. Chandler") in 2017\. In the program's first year, $75,000 were allocated to religious and cultural institutions to address safety and security concerns. The grants increased to nearly $1 million in 2021 and, in fiscal year 2022, the Senate unanimously voted to increase the total amount available in grants to $1\.5 million. The increases come as the country and local communities in Massachusetts face more frequent incidents of hate targeting LGBTQ\+, Black, Jewish, Asian, and Muslim groups.{{Cite web\|title\=Sen. Lesser sounds alarm on surging trends of hate and violence across the Commonwealth\|url\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2021/6/2/sen\-lesser\-sounds\-alarm\-on\-surging\-trends\-of\-hate\-and\-violence\-across\-the\-commonwealth\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\|language\=en\-US}}
In June 2020, Lesser attended the Black Lives Matter protests in Springfield, Massachusetts. "We had a lot of great conversations. People came up, introduced themselves, shared their stories, and we chatted and I learned a lot," he said. "You know the stories of hearing young people, 16\-, 17\-,18\-years\-old, very clearly very conscientious, very motivated young people, talk about their experiences of not feeling safe around police, should really alarm everyone." But, Lesser concluded, "we are not powerless."{{Cite web\|title\=Lesser Hopes George Floyd's Death 'Shakes the Consciousness' of People\|url\=https://spectrumnews1\.com/ma/worcester/news/2020/06/04/eric\-lesser\-on\-protests\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=spectrumnews1\.com\|language\=en}}
To protect civil liberties, Lesser has proposed a bill requiring law enforcement to obtain a warrant before accessing data collected on drivers on the Mass Pike.{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-07\-09\|title\=Senator Lesser aims to protect privacy of drivers\|url\=https://www.wwlp.com/news/state\-politics/senator\-lesser\-aims\-to\-protect\-privacy\-of\-drivers/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=WWLP\|language\=en\-US}} The tolls collect drivers' license plates and information about speed, date, time, and location. Lesser's proposal makes an exception for immediate threats to life and public safety emergencies.
Lesser served on the Governor's Task Force on Hate Crimes, which advises on the prevalence, prevention, and recovery from hate crimes.
#### Environment
[thumb\|318x318px\|Sen. Eric Lesser joins federal, state, and local leaders to protest the construction of a biomass facility in Springfield.](/wiki/File:Lesser_joins_leaders_to_protest_biomass_plant.jpg "Lesser joins leaders to protest biomass plant.jpg")
In 2008, there was a proposal to build a 42\-megawatt, wood\-burning power plant in Springfield, Massachusetts.{{Cite web\|last\=Robertson\|first\=Sarah\|date\=2021\-04\-06\|title\=Permit Revoked For Springfield Biomass Power Plant Thanks To Grassroots Organizing\|url\=https://theshoestring.org/2021/04/06/permit\-revoked\-for\-springfield\-biomass\-power\-plant\-thanks\-to\-grassroots\-organizing/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=the shoestring\|language\=en\-US}} A coalition of environmental and racial justice activists, from the project's inception, resisted. Representing Springfield in the State Senate, Lesser was a vocal opponent of the plant, alongside local leaders and U.S. Senators Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey.
In April 2021, the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection announced that they would revoke the project permit to build the biomass power plant.{{Cite web\|title\=Biomass Revocation Statement\|url\=https://www.massjwj.net/blog/2021/4/18/biomass\-revocation\-statement\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=Massachusetts Jobs with Justice\|date\=April 18, 2021 \|language\=en\-US}} In reaction, Jaqueline Vélez, a racial justice organizer with Jobs with Justice, said, "Communities of color are already disproportionately impacted. They already have underlying medical issues. To add a power plant, a biomass burning power plant that would exacerbate folks’ medical conditions just emphasizes how communities of color and low income communities are targeted for these projects."
Lesser called the decision "long overdue" and that "the plant should never have been considered for that location in the first place."
#### Protecting seniors
[thumb\|254x254px\|Sen. Eric Lesser visits the East Longmeadow Senior Center.](/wiki/File:Sen._Eric_Lesser_at_the_East_Longmeadow_Senior_Center.jpg "Sen. Eric Lesser at the East Longmeadow Senior Center.jpg")
In May 2014, Lesser published an opinion piece in the Springfield *Republican* detailing a plan to support the increasing population of adults over 65 in Western Massachusetts. Lesser believes that in\-home healthcare should be more affordable so that seniors can stay in their homes as long as possible. His plan also includes two points to protect the physical and financial security of the elderly. Lesser wrote that the state should provide increased oversight of in\-home healthcare agencies in order to reduce instances of elder abuse, and he supports the increased availability of computer and financial literacy education opportunities to decrease the number of seniors who fall victim to online and phone scams.{{cite news\|last1\=Lesser\|first1\=Eric\|title\=Candidate Viewpoint: Four Ways to Protect Our Senior Citizens\|url\=http://www.masslive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2014/06/candidate\_viewpoint\_four\_ways.html\|access\-date\=June 18, 2014\|work\=Springfield Republican\|date\=June 10, 2014}}
Since 2017, Lesser has hosted an annual "Thrive After 55" Wellness Fair where participating organizations answer questions and offer information about their resources to local seniors.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2019/6/10/77\-organizations\-to\-participate\-in\-sen\-lessers\-third\-annual\-thrive\-after\-55\-wellness\-fair\-on\-june\-21\|title\=77 Organizations to Participate in Sen. Lesser's Third Annual "Thrive After 55" Wellness Fair on June 21\|website\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-12}} During the coronavirus pandemic, the fair shifted online, offering virtual programming on financial security, [identity theft](/wiki/Identity_theft "Identity theft"), healthcare, and wellness.{{Cite web\|last\=Dobbs\|first\=G. Michael\|date\=2021\-06\-21\|title\=Lesser brings his 'Thrive After 55' event to TV for second year\|url\=https://www.thereminder.com/localnews/chicopee/lesser\-brings\-his\-thrive\-after\-55\-event\-to\-tv\-for\-/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=Reminder Publications\|language\=en}}
##### *Registry of Motor Vehicles*
On June 21, 2019, seven members of a New England motorcycle club were killed when a truck, pulling a car hauler, crashed into the group.{{Cite web\|title\=State Senator Eric Lesser Calls on RMV Manager Thomas Bowes to Step Down\|url\=https://www.necn.com/news/local/massachusetts/state\-senator\-eric\-lesser\-calls\-for\-rmv\-chief\-thomas\-bowes\-to\-step\-down/127097/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=NECN\|date\=July 31, 2019 \|language\=en\-US}} The negligent driver was licensed in Massachusetts and had a history of violations. His license should have been revoked. The crash revealed that the Massachusetts Registry of Motor Vehicles (RMV) had knowingly failed to process a backlog of notifications from other states. The 53 boxes of notifications, dating back to 2008, included more than 10,000 driving violations.{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-07\-22\|title\=Thomas Bowes, head of Massachusetts RMV division in charge of driving records, not appearing before Transportation Committee\|url\=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2019/07/thomas\-bowes\-head\-of\-massachusetts\-rmv\-division\-in\-charge\-of\-driving\-records\-not\-appearing\-before\-transportation\-committee.html\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=masslive\|language\=en}} Within a month of the crash, the processing of these notifications resulted in over 2,000 license suspensions.{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-08\-16\|title\=Mass. RMV scandal: Auditor's report reveals 5 major problems with how state was handling violations\|url\=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2019/08/mass\-rmv\-scandal\-auditors\-report\-reveals\-5\-major\-problems\-with\-how\-state\-was\-handling\-violations.html\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=masslive\|language\=en}}
Lesser, who served as the Vice Chair of the Joint Committee on Transportation at the time, participated in the oversight hearings. Upon first request, the Baker administration officials did not appear.{{Cite web\|first\=Chris\|last\=Lisinski\|title\=RMV hearing recesses after Baker admin no\-shows\|url\=https://www.salemnews.com/news/rmv\-hearing\-recesses\-after\-baker\-admin\-no\-shows/article\_bd3868f6\-ac95\-11e9\-a598\-0369a71b6170\.html\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=Salem News\|date\=July 22, 2019 \|language\=en}} Eventually, Lesser questioned the director of the Merit Rating Board, Thomas Bowes, who was most directly responsible for processing these notifications.
The *Boston Globe* reported that Bowes, when the scandal broke, was in England. He attended the Red Sox–Yankees game in London; Governor Baker was also in attendance.{{Cite web\|last\=Stout\|first\=Matt\|date\=June 26, 2019\|title\=While Baker is in London, criticism mounts over handling of RMV and MBTA \- The Boston Globe\|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/06/26/while\-baker\-london\-criticism\-mounts\-over\-handling\-rmv\-and\-mbta/ahh8rTXwcwO6GUkKrbBGHO/story.html\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=BostonGlobe.com\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-07\-01\|title\=Resignations, Fiery Politics Close Out The Massachusetts Fiscal Year\|url\=https://www.nepm.org/regional\-news/2019\-07\-01/resignations\-fiery\-politics\-close\-out\-the\-massachusetts\-fiscal\-year\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=New England Public Media\|language\=en}} Soon after the oversight hearing, Lesser called for Bowes's resignation, saying that he had "lost the confidence of the public."
Lesser has since proposed legislation to force the RMV to process these out\-of\-state notifications, before tragedy strikes again.{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-02\-24\|title\=Proposed legislation would require Mass. RMV to address out\-of\-state driving violations\|url\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2021/02/state\-sen\-eric\-lesser\-proposes\-legislation\-to\-require\-mass\-rmv\-to\-address\-out\-of\-state\-driving\-violations.html\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=masslive\|language\=en}}
##### *COVID\-19 Vaccine Rollout*
[thumb\|299x299px\|Lesser confronts Gov. Baker over COVID\-19 vaccine](/wiki/File:Lesser_confronts_Baker_over_vaccine_rollout.jpg "Lesser confronts Baker over vaccine rollout.jpg")
Lesser criticized the vaccine rollout in Massachusetts as messy and uncoordinated.{{Cite web\|last\=Wu\|first\=Janet\|date\=2021\-04\-18\|title\=OTR: State senator calls COVID\-19 vaccine rollout messy, uncoordinated\|url\=https://www.wcvb.com/article/on\-the\-record\-massachusetts\-sen\-eric\-lesser\-calls\-state\-s\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-rollout\-messy\-uncoordinated/36156051\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=WCVB\|language\=en}} Lesser sponsored an emergency bill to set up a one\-stop website for COVID\-19 vaccination appointments, as well as a 24\-hour hotline.{{Cite web\|title\=An Act streamlining COVID\-19 vaccination sign\-up in Massachusetts\|url\=https://malegislature.gov/Bills/192/S1454}} The Baker administration's website had directed users to third\-party websites, making it difficult when appointments were scarce and, generally, for elderly residents. “The system is cumbersome, contradictory, and asks residents over 75 to navigate a haze of web links, locations, and instructions, each with different criteria and scheduling systems,” Lesser said. “And for those with limited ability to navigate the internet, there is no access to appointment booking at all.”{{Cite web\|title\=4 proposals to improve the Massachusetts vaccine rollout\|url\=https://www.boston.com/news/coronavirus/2021/02/08/massachusetts\-vaccine\-rollout\-bills/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=www.boston.com\|language\=en\-US}}
As the rollout continued, long lines in cold weather prevented many Massachusetts residents from receiving the vaccine. One resident said, "“It was just very frustrating. I feel sorry for the older people who were obviously struggling with the cold and just being able to stand that long. That’s a long time to wait in line and stand in 27\-degree temperatures.”{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-02\-09\|title\=Residents stand in long lines, cold weather for COVID\-19 vaccine at Eastfield Mall\|url\=https://www.wwlp.com/news/local\-news/hampden\-county/residents\-stand\-in\-long\-lines\-cold\-weather\-for\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-at\-eastfield\-mall/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=WWLP\|language\=en\-US}}
Lesser requested that Baker appear before the legislature's COVID\-19 oversight committee to answer questions. When Baker showed up, he was pressured by Lesser and others. As a member of the committee, Lesser dismissed Baker's characterization of the rollout as "lumpy and bumpy," calling it "a failure."{{Cite web\|last1\=Stout\|first1\=Matt\|last2\=Platoff\|first2\=Emma\|first3\=Amanda\|last3\=Kaufman\|date\=February 26, 2021\|title\='You're missing how broken the system is': Baker faces rare grilling from lawmakers amid bumpy vaccine rollout \|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/02/25/nation/hearing\-states\-handling\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-rollout\-begins/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=BostonGlobe.com\|language\=en\-US}} When the Baker administration first unveiled their vaccine appointment registration website, it crashed. Residents were left with an image of an octopus.{{Cite news\|last\=Buell\|first\=Spencer\|date\=February 19, 2021\|title\=The New Antihero of the Massachusetts' Vaccine Rollout: The Four\-Armed Octopus of Doom\|work\=Boston Magazine\|url\=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2021/02/19/massachusetts\-vaccine\-octopus/}}{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-02\-19\|title\=60K mass vaccination appointments booked despite website crash, state says\|url\=https://www.wcvb.com/article/gov\-baker\-covid\-19\-vaccination\-update\-phase\-2\-age\-65\-plus\-comorbidities\-february\-17\-2021/35533780\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=WCVB\|language\=en}} Following Baker's appearance before Lesser and the committee, the administration fixed the broken website, streamlined the system to book appointments, and signed new contracts to ensure that the rollout continued in a safe and efficient manner.
##### *Holyoke Soldiers' Home*
The Soldiers' Home in Holyoke is a state\-operated veterans' facility that provides health care, hospice care, and other services. In April 2020, the Massachusetts attorney general's office learned of "serious issues with COVID\-19 infection protocols."{{Cite news\|last\=Diaz\|first\=Johnny\|date\=2020\-09\-25\|title\=Two Charged in Coronavirus Outbreak at Veterans' Home That Left 76 Dead\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/25/us/veterans\-home\-holyoke\-covid.html\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|issn\=0362\-4331}} Staffing shortages led the facility to consolidate two dementia wards with infected veterans and healthy residents, increasing the risk of contracting the virus. In June, investigators released a 174\-page report that detailed what one worker described as "total pandemonium" and a "nightmare."{{Cite news\|last\=Barry\|first\=Ellen\|date\=2020\-06\-24\|title\='Total Pandemonium': What Went Wrong at a Veterans' Home Where 76 Died\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/us/holyoke\-soldiers\-home.html\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|issn\=0362\-4331}}
The report quoted one employee who said it “felt like it was moving the concentration camp, we were moving these unknowing veterans off to die.” A social worker described listening to the chief nursing officer say “something to the effect that this room will be dead by Sunday, so we will have more room here.” Another social worker recalled seeing a supervisor point to a room and say, “All this room will be dead by tomorrow.”{{Cite book\|last\=Pearlstein\|first\=Mark W.\|title\=The COVID\-19 Outbreak at the Soldiers' Home in Holyoke\|date\=June 23, 2020\|url\=https://www.mass.gov/doc/report\-to\-governor\-baker\-re\-holyoke\-soldiers\-home/download}} The outbreak killed at least 76 residents at the Soldiers' Home.{{Cite web\|title\=2 Ex\-Holyoke Soldiers' Home Officials Plead Not Guilty in Deadly COVID Outbreak\|url\=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/coronavirus/2\-former\-officials\-of\-holyoke\-soldiers\-home\-to\-face\-judge\-thursday/2224284/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=NBC Boston\|date\=November 5, 2020 \|language\=en\-US}}
The Holyoke Soldiers' Home was flagged for renovation in 2012 and received matching funding from the Veterans' Administration, but no progress was made until thousands of veterans and friends signed a petition in 2020\. By contrast, the Chelsea Soldiers' Home was approved for renovation and received matching funding in 2017; construction began in 2018\.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-11\-11\|title\=Holyoke Soldiers' Home shelved renovations could have 'avoided tragedy,' report finds\|url\=https://www.bostonherald.com/2020/11/11/holyoke\-soldiers\-home\-renovations\-could\-help\-combat\-future\-pandemics/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=Boston Herald\|language\=en\-US}} The *Boston Globe* investigations team found that Gov. Baker and the state health secretary were close to the management issues at the home.{{Cite web\|last1\=Stout\|first1\=Matt\|last2\=Estes\|first2\=Andrea\|first3\=Rebecca\|last3\=Ostriker\|date\=May 28, 2021\|title\=Baker wrongly claimed he never met Holyoke Soldiers' Home leader before swearing him in. 'I forgot,' he says\|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/28/metro/baker\-wrongly\-claimed\-he\-never\-met\-holyoke\-soldiers\-home\-leader\-before\-swearing\-him\-i\-forgot\-he\-says/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=BostonGlobe.com\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web\|first1\=Rebecca\|last1\=Ostriker\|first2\=Andrea\|last2\=Estes\|first3\=Matt\|last3\=Rocheleau\|first4\=Patricia\|last4\=Wen\|title\=Charlie Baker's role in the Soldiers' Home tragedy\|url\=https://apps.bostonglobe.com/metro/investigations/spotlight/2021/05/soldiers\-home/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=BostonGlobe.com\|language\=en}}
Lesser helped secure a $600 million bond for an entirely new Holyoke Soldiers' Home and increased veterans' services statewide.{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-04\-29\|title\=Senate unanimously passes $600M bond bill for new Soldiers' Home\|url\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2021/04/600\-bond\-bill\-for\-new\-holyoke\-soldiers\-home\-more\-services\-for\-veterans\-statewide\-passes\-massachusetts\-senate\-in\-unanimous\-vote.html\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=masslive\|language\=en}}
#### Trump administration
##### *Electoral College*
After [Hillary Clinton](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton") won the popular vote but lost the [2016 U.S. presidential election](/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election") because Donald Trump won more votes in the [Electoral College](/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College "United States Electoral College"), Lesser filed a resolution in the Massachusetts State Senate calling on the U.S. Congress to propose an [amendment to abolish the Electoral College](/wiki/Electoral_College_abolition_amendment "Electoral College abolition amendment"). "It has now been twice in 16 years, and five times total in American history, that a president and vice president have been elected by winning a majority of the Electoral College, despite the fact that they lost the national popular vote," Lesser said in a statement. "Given the importance of empowering voters to believe every vote counts in a presidential election, the repeal of the Electoral College merits a thorough discussion and examination."{{Cite news\|title\=In wake of Hillary Clinton's defeat, state Sen. Eric Lesser calls for abolition of Electoral College\|newspaper\=masslive.com\|url\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/11/state\_sen\_eric\_lesser\_calls\_fo.html\|access\-date\=January 13, 2017}}{{Cite web\|last\=Fay\|first\=Anthony\|date\=November 21, 2016\|title\=Eliminate the Electoral College? State Senator to file bill\|url\=http://wwlp.com/2016/11/21/sen\-eric\-lesser\-filing\-bill\-to\-call\-for\-elimination\-of\-electoral\-college/\|access\-date\=January 13, 2017\|website\=WWLP.com\|archive\-date\=January 16, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116173620/http://wwlp.com/2016/11/21/sen\-eric\-lesser\-filing\-bill\-to\-call\-for\-elimination\-of\-electoral\-college/\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite news\|title\=Another Effort to Scrap the Electoral College Is Brewing in Massachusetts\|language\=en\-US\|newspaper\=Boston Magazine\|url\=http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/blog/2016/11/21/massachusetts\-electoral\-college/\|access\-date\=January 13, 2017\|archive\-date\=January 16, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116181235/http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/blog/2016/11/21/massachusetts\-electoral\-college/\|url\-status\=dead}}
|
[
"### Policy priorities",
"#### High\\-speed rail",
"Lesser believes that a high\\-speed rail line between [Pittsfield](/wiki/Pittsfield%2C_Massachusetts \"Pittsfield, Massachusetts\") and [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\") would increase employment and boost the economy in Western Massachusetts.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Lesser \\|first1\\=Eric \\|title\\=High Speed Rail Will Pay Dividends for Western Mass \\|url\\=http://www.ericlesser.com/issues/high\\-speed\\-rail\\-will\\-pay\\-dividends\\-western\\-mass \\|website\\=ericlesser.com \\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725010448/http://www.ericlesser.com/issues/high\\-speed\\-rail\\-will\\-pay\\-dividends\\-western\\-mass \\|archive\\-date\\=July 25, 2014 }} In his first month in office, Lesser filed a bill that would require a report of the costs and benefits of building higher\\-speed rail across the state. The State Senate passed Lesser's feasibility study unanimously, 39–0, and the State House of Representatives later passed the measure.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Sen. Eric Lesser's Legislation Studying Feasibility of Springfield\\-Boston Rail Service Unanimously Passes Senate {{!}} Senator Eric P. Lesser\\|url\\=http://senatorlesser.com/2016/05/sen\\-eric\\-lessers\\-legislation\\-studying\\-feasibility\\-of\\-springfield\\-boston\\-rail\\-service\\-unanimously\\-passes\\-senate/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116145943/http://senatorlesser.com/2016/05/sen\\-eric\\-lessers\\-legislation\\-studying\\-feasibility\\-of\\-springfield\\-boston\\-rail\\-service\\-unanimously\\-passes\\-senate/\\|archive\\-date\\=January 16, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2017\\|website\\=senatorlesser.com}} Governor [Charlie Baker](/wiki/Charlie_Baker \"Charlie Baker\") vetoed the legislation; it was later revealed that Peter Picknelly, the chief executive of Peter Pan Bus Lines, had personally lobbied the governor, sending Baker an email urging him to reject the proposal.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2016/07/peter\\_picknelly\\_lesser\\_rail\\_bi.html\\|title\\=Peter Picknelly lobbied against proposed Springfield to Boston rail study, sending email two days before Gov. Baker's veto\\|newspaper\\=masslive.com\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2017}} Picknelly donated $1,000 to Baker's election campaign and hosted a campaign fundraiser for him.",
"In 2018, the [Massachusetts Department of Transportation](/wiki/Massachusetts_Department_of_Transportation \"Massachusetts Department of Transportation\") (MassDOT) announced their intention to study Lesser's east–west high\\-speed rail proposal; Lesser called this step a \"major breakthrough.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2018/01/east\\-west\\_rail\\_studys\\_inclusio.html\\|title\\=East\\-West rail study's inclusion in MassDOT plan a 'major breakthrough,' Sen. Eric Lesser says\\|last\\=Glaun\\|first\\=Dan\\|date\\=2018\\-01\\-29\\|website\\=masslive.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-12}} Lesser's proposed high\\-speed rail connection has gained the widespread support, including U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2017/03/sen\\_elizabeth\\_warren\\_backs\\_hig.html\\|title\\=Sen. Elizabeth Warren backs high\\-speed rail connecting Springfield, Worcester and Boston\\|last\\=Dumcius\\|first\\=Gintautas\\|date\\=2017\\-03\\-17\\|website\\=masslive.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-12}} nearly all western Massachusetts lawmakers,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wwlp.com/news/state\\-politics/northampton\\-senator\\-requesting\\-extensive\\-study\\-of\\-east\\-west\\-rail\\-service/\\|title\\=Northampton senator requesting extensive study of East\\-West rail service\\|date\\=2019\\-05\\-14\\|website\\=WWLP\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-12}} transportation advocate and former Governor [Michael Dukakis](/wiki/Michael_Dukakis \"Michael Dukakis\"), the [Boston City Council](/wiki/Boston_City_Council \"Boston City Council\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2019/05/boston\\-city\\-council\\-votes\\-to\\-support\\-springfield\\-to\\-boston\\-high\\-speed\\-passenger\\-rail.html\\|title\\=Boston City Council supports rail link to Springfield\\|last\\=Schoenberg\\|first\\=Shira\\|date\\=2019\\-05\\-01\\|website\\=masslive.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-12}} and business leaders like the Greater Springfield and Greater Boston Chambers of Commerce. In 2019, MassDOT offered six alternatives for the rail project and, in January 2021, narrowed the options to three.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-24\\|title\\=Six Options Being Evaluated For East\\-West Passenger Rail\\|url\\=https://www.wamc.org/new\\-england\\-news/2019\\-07\\-24/six\\-options\\-being\\-evaluated\\-for\\-east\\-west\\-passenger\\-rail\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=WAMC\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Dobbs\\|first\\=G. Michael\\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-12\\|title\\=MassDOT report gives three alternatives for east\\-west rail\\|url\\=https://www.thereminder.com/localnews/springfield/massdot\\-report\\-gives\\-three\\-alternatives\\-for\\-east\\-w/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=Reminder Publications\\|language\\=en}}[thumb\\|334x334px\\|Sen. Eric Lesser speaks at the Rally for Rail at Union Station in Springfield, MA.When](/wiki/File:Sen._Eric_Lesser_speaks_at_the_Rally_for_Rail_at_Union_Station_in_Springfield%2C_MA.png \"Sen. Eric Lesser speaks at the Rally for Rail at Union Station in Springfield, MA.png\") President [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\") signed the Bipartisan Infrastructure Deal in November 2021, the East–West Rail project (or \"West–East Rail\") gained renewed momentum. Congressman Richard Neal, who currently chairs the powerful [House Ways \\& Means Committee](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means \"United States House Committee on Ways and Means\"), noted that the \"$66 billion that Amtrak will receive has the potential to be transformative nationwide but also right here in western and central Massachusetts.\"{{Cite web\\|last\\=Jonas\\|first\\=Michael\\|date\\=2021\\-11\\-10\\|title\\=Could infrastructure bill put East\\-West rail on track?\\|url\\=https://commonwealthmagazine.org/transportation/could\\-infrastructure\\-bill\\-put\\-east\\-west\\-rail\\-on\\-track/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=CommonWealth Magazine\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Lesser has spoken about the project with Secretary of Transportation [Pete Buttigieg](/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg \"Pete Buttigieg\"), Lesser's former classmate at Harvard.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-06\\-01\\|title\\=New Eras in DC, Boston Favor East\\-West Rail…\\& Perhaps Lesser, Too…\\|url\\=https://www.wmasspi.com/2021/05/new\\-eras\\-in\\-dc\\-boston\\-favor\\-east\\-west\\-rail\\-perhaps\\-lesser\\-too.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=Western Mass Politics \\& Insight\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"The project, if completed, could take 10,000 cars off the road which, in addition to reducing traffic and congestion on the Mass Pike, would reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the region.",
"#### Opioid epidemic",
"After the heroin epidemic resulted in 185 deaths in the first four months of 2014, Lesser created and published a four\\-point plan with concrete steps to address addiction. His plan included: the addition of more drug courts specializing in sending drug users to treatment instead of jail in Western Massachusetts, work to end dependence on prescription drugs through partnerships with the [U.S. Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) and other organizations, investment in new treatments that have shown promise in decreasing withdrawal symptoms, and an increase in the availability of the drug [Narcan](/wiki/Narcan \"Narcan\"), which can save lives by reversing the effects of a heroin overdose.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.masslive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2014/04/candidates\\_viewpoint\\_eric\\_less.html\\|title\\=Candidate Viewpoint: Eric Lesser Discusses policies to Address Heroin Addiction\\|date\\=April 1, 2014\\|work\\=The Republican\\|last1\\=Lesser\\|first1\\=Eric\\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2014}}",
"In January 2015, Lesser filed two bills regarding opioid misuse.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thelongmeadownews.com/lesser\\-introduces\\-first\\-legislation\\-state\\-senator/\\|title\\=Lesser introduces first legislation as state senator\\|website\\=The Longmeadow News\\|date\\=January 20, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=January 26, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075428/http://www.thelongmeadownews.com/lesser\\-introduces\\-first\\-legislation\\-state\\-senator/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Lesser's bills served as the blueprint for the plan ultimately adopted by the Massachusetts State Senate in its 2015 budget, which allocated $100,000 in state funds to buy doses of the drug Naloxone, commonly known as Narcan, which can reverse opiate overdoses. Later in 2015, Massachusetts Attorney General [Maura Healey](/wiki/Maura_Healey \"Maura Healey\") announced a settlement with [Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc.](/wiki/Amphastar_Pharmaceuticals \"Amphastar Pharmaceuticals\"), the manufacturer of naloxone, in which Amphastar paid $325,000 into the state's bulk purchasing program.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/11/state\\_bulk\\_buying\\_of\\_anti\\-over.html\\|title\\=Communities save estimated $186K through state bulk buying program for anti\\-overdose drug Narcan\\|newspaper\\=masslive.com\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2017}} The state's fund spent $377,000 to buy 11,050 doses of naloxone and 8,750 applicators; as of November 30, 2016, 8,500 doses have been distributed to cities and towns in Massachusetts, saving local communities an estimated $186,000\\.",
"The legislation has saved tens of thousands from potentially fatal overdoses. In January 2017, Massachusetts Public Health Commissioner Dr. [Monica Bharel](/wiki/Monica_Bharel \"Monica Bharel\") told the Public Health Council that 50,000 people in Massachusetts were now trained to administer Narcan, and more than \"1,500 overdose rescue reports — each a life saved — were received in the first six months of 2016\\.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.statehousenews.com/\\|title\\=State House News Service\\|website\\=www.statehousenews.com\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2017}} By 2021, those numbers had dramatically risen, with \"more than 584,000 naloxone doses\" distributed and \"more than 32,000 overdose reversals using the state\\-funded naloxone,\" according to the Department of Public Health.{{Cite web\\|title\\=State efforts to address opioid overdoses detailed to Public Health Council\\|date\\=December 9, 2021 \\|url\\=https://whdh.com/news/state\\-efforts\\-to\\-address\\-opioid\\-overdoses\\-detailed\\-to\\-public\\-health\\-council/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"#### Education",
"[thumb\\|Sen. Eric Lesser quizzes students on state government.](/wiki/File:Sen._Lesser_quizzes_students_on_state_government.jpg \"Sen. Lesser quizzes students on state government.jpg\")\nIn 2018, following the deluge of misinformation in the 2016 campaign cycle, a bill was signed into law to develop the next generation of leaders. The bill cemented civics education in public school curricula and required student\\-led civics projects. Another provision, which Lesser had championed, highlighted [media literacy](/wiki/Media_literacy \"Media literacy\"). Promoting the skills needed to critically analyze written and digital sources, Lesser said that, \"Young people can, and must be, part of the solution to our most pressing challenges. But in order to do that, they need to understand how our democracy works and have the basic skills to tell fact from fiction and evaluate news versus commentary.\"{{Cite web\\|title\\=Civics Education Bill, Including Measures Championed by Senator Lesser, Signed into Law\\|url\\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2018/11/08/civics\\-education\\-bill\\-including\\-measures\\-championed\\-senator\\-lesser\\-signed\\-law\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-12\\|website\\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\\|language\\=en\\-US}} The bill also directed the Massachusetts Secretary of State to establish a non\\-partisan high school voter challenge program to encourage eligible students to register or pre\\-register to vote.",
"Lesser also supports increased investment in [vocational training](/wiki/Vocational_training \"Vocational training\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wwlp.com/news/local\\-news/hampden\\-county/state\\-senator\\-eric\\-lesser\\-tours\\-vocational\\-training\\-facility/\\|title\\=State Senator Eric Lesser tours vocational training facility\\|date\\=2018\\-01\\-23\\|website\\=WWLP\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-12}} Vocational schools typically supplement core instruction at public schools with specialized training in lucrative and in\\-demand markets: machine training, biotechnology, and more.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Blackstone Valley Tech\\|url\\=https://www.valleytech.k12\\.ma.us/domain/23}} For Lesser, vocational training is part of a future\\-proofing the economy. In 2019, Lesser said, \"We need to build solar panels, wind turbines, and other pieces of equipment to help propel us forward to a high\\-tech economy. This is not your grandfather’s manufacturing; this is really sophisticated work we can use to build our future.\" Lesser has proposed legislation to address the long waitlists at vocational schools in Massachusetts.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Sen. Lesser, Rep, Wagner discuss future of vocational education in Western Mass. at Career and Technical Education Round Table\\|url\\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2019/10/15/sen\\-lesser\\-rep\\-wagner\\-to\\-discuss\\-future\\-of\\-vocational\\-education\\-in\\-western\\-mass\\-at\\-career\\-and\\-technical\\-education\\-round\\-table\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"#### Student debt crisis",
"Lesser, calling America's $1\\.5 trillion in [student loan debt](/wiki/Student_loan_debt \"Student loan debt\") a \"generational crisis,\" has proposed a Student Loan Borrower Bill of Rights to increase oversight of student loan servicers and protect borrowers.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Christensen\\|first\\=Dusty\\|date\\=March 13, 2019\\|title\\='A generational crisis': Student loan debt in Massachusetts reaches $33\\.3 billion\\|url\\=https://www.recorder.com/Student\\-loan\\-debt\\-in\\-Massachusetts\\-reaches\\-$33\\-3\\-billion\\-24059797\\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2019\\|website\\=The Greenfield Recorder}} Lesser sits on the advisory board of the [Student Borrower Protection Center](/wiki/Student_Borrower_Protection_Center \"Student Borrower Protection Center\"), an advocacy group for student loan borrowers.",
"#### Economic growth",
"[thumb\\|367x367px\\|Lesser speaks with Rep. [Joseph Wagner](/wiki/Joseph_Wagner_%28Massachusetts_politician%29 \"Joseph Wagner (Massachusetts politician)\") of [Chicopee](/wiki/Chicopee%2C_Massachusetts \"Chicopee, Massachusetts\") while they served together as co\\-chairs of the Committee on Economic Development and Emerging Technologies.](/wiki/File:Lesser_and_Wagner_chair_Economic_Development_%26_Emerging_Technologies_Committee.jpg \"Lesser and Wagner chair Economic Development & Emerging Technologies Committee.jpg\")\nIn January 2021, Lesser negotiated for an economic recovery and development bill.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Sweeping economic development bill authorizing $627 million for COVID\\-19 recovery signed into law\\|url\\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2021/1/15/sweeping\\-economic\\-development\\-bill\\-authorizing\\-627\\-million\\-for\\-covid\\-19\\-recovery\\-signed\\-into\\-law\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\\|language\\=en\\-US}} The legislation prioritized small business relief, support for workers, and housing development. Provisions included $40 million for a program to redevelop blighted buildings, $20 million for rural community development and infrastructure grants, and $102\\.3 million for local economic development projects. As the bill's negotiators approached a funding deadline, Lesser quipped, \"The Earth was created in six days. We can create an eco\\[nomic] dev\\[elopment] bill in five.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/chrislisinski/status/1344407336136433664\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=Twitter\\|language\\=en}}",
"Lesser is the co\\-chair of the 17\\-member Future of Work Commission that is developing a report on the \"impact of automation, artificial intelligence, global trade,\" and other economic trends affecting drivers, musicians, and gig workers.{{Cite web\\|title\\=An Act enabling partnerships for growth\\|url\\=https://malegislature.gov/Bills/191/H5250}} Defined by statute, the commission's goal is to \"ensure sustainable jobs, fair benefits and workplace safety standards for workers in all industries,\" such as \"adequate and affordable health insurance, financial security in retirement, unemployment insurance and disability insurance.\" Lesser is also the co\\-chair of the Future of Work Initiative at [NewDEAL](/wiki/The_NewDEAL \"The NewDEAL\"), a national network of pro\\-growth, progressive state and local elected officials.",
"As a part of his advocacy for good jobs and strong workers, Lesser is the co\\-chair of the [Gateway Cities](/wiki/Massachusetts_gateway_cities \"Massachusetts gateway cities\") Caucus.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2019/6/3/sen\\-lesser\\-joins\\-baystate\\-officials\\-for\\-announcement\\-of\\-39m\\-life\\-sciences\\-grant\\-to\\-create\\-clinical\\-trials\\-unit\\|title\\=Sen. Lesser Joins Baystate Officials for Announcement of $3\\.9M Life Sciences Grant to Create Clinical Trials Unit\\|website\\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-12}}",
"Lesser has also proposed a remote worker relocation program, which would pay $10,000 over two years to employees that could move to western Massachusetts to work from home.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2019/01/23/mass\\-senator\\-plan\\-west\\-work\\-and\\-pay\\-you/RbjAP6jopeNrcSCWj97g6I/story.html\\|title\\=Mass. senator's plan: Go west to work, and we'll pay you\\|first1\\=Jon\\|last1\\=Chesto\\|date\\=January 23, 2019\\|website\\=BostonGlobe.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-12}} His plan is similar to one currently in place in [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont \"Vermont\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thinkvermont.com/remote\\-worker\\-grant\\-program/\\|title\\=Remote Worker Grant Program\\|website\\=Think Vermont\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-12}}",
"#### Housing",
"The economic relief and development package that Lesser negotiated included historic housing reform, designed to address the housing crisis and encourage new construction. The National Low\\-Income Housing Association released a statement in support of the legislation that detailed its effects: \"The legislation includes the first comprehensive zoning reform changes in Massachusetts in 40 years and authorizes $115 million for transit and climate\\-resilient affordable housing development and neighborhood stabilization activities. The bill also doubles the Massachusetts Low Income Housing Tax Credit program to $40 million per year.\"{{Cite web\\|title\\=Massachusetts Passes Legislation with Critical Zoning Reforms and Affordable Housing Resources\\|url\\=https://nlihc.org/resource/massachusetts\\-passes\\-legislation\\-critical\\-zoning\\-reforms\\-and\\-affordable\\-housing\\-resources\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-19\\|website\\=National Low Income Housing Coalition\\|language\\=en}}",
"#### Racial justice",
"Lesser established the Nonprofit Security Grant program alongside Senate President *Emerita* [Harriette Chandler](/wiki/Harriette_L._Chandler \"Harriette L. Chandler\") in 2017\\. In the program's first year, $75,000 were allocated to religious and cultural institutions to address safety and security concerns. The grants increased to nearly $1 million in 2021 and, in fiscal year 2022, the Senate unanimously voted to increase the total amount available in grants to $1\\.5 million. The increases come as the country and local communities in Massachusetts face more frequent incidents of hate targeting LGBTQ\\+, Black, Jewish, Asian, and Muslim groups.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Sen. Lesser sounds alarm on surging trends of hate and violence across the Commonwealth\\|url\\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2021/6/2/sen\\-lesser\\-sounds\\-alarm\\-on\\-surging\\-trends\\-of\\-hate\\-and\\-violence\\-across\\-the\\-commonwealth\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"In June 2020, Lesser attended the Black Lives Matter protests in Springfield, Massachusetts. \"We had a lot of great conversations. People came up, introduced themselves, shared their stories, and we chatted and I learned a lot,\" he said. \"You know the stories of hearing young people, 16\\-, 17\\-,18\\-years\\-old, very clearly very conscientious, very motivated young people, talk about their experiences of not feeling safe around police, should really alarm everyone.\" But, Lesser concluded, \"we are not powerless.\"{{Cite web\\|title\\=Lesser Hopes George Floyd's Death 'Shakes the Consciousness' of People\\|url\\=https://spectrumnews1\\.com/ma/worcester/news/2020/06/04/eric\\-lesser\\-on\\-protests\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=spectrumnews1\\.com\\|language\\=en}}",
"To protect civil liberties, Lesser has proposed a bill requiring law enforcement to obtain a warrant before accessing data collected on drivers on the Mass Pike.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-09\\|title\\=Senator Lesser aims to protect privacy of drivers\\|url\\=https://www.wwlp.com/news/state\\-politics/senator\\-lesser\\-aims\\-to\\-protect\\-privacy\\-of\\-drivers/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=WWLP\\|language\\=en\\-US}} The tolls collect drivers' license plates and information about speed, date, time, and location. Lesser's proposal makes an exception for immediate threats to life and public safety emergencies.",
"Lesser served on the Governor's Task Force on Hate Crimes, which advises on the prevalence, prevention, and recovery from hate crimes.",
"#### Environment",
"[thumb\\|318x318px\\|Sen. Eric Lesser joins federal, state, and local leaders to protest the construction of a biomass facility in Springfield.](/wiki/File:Lesser_joins_leaders_to_protest_biomass_plant.jpg \"Lesser joins leaders to protest biomass plant.jpg\")\nIn 2008, there was a proposal to build a 42\\-megawatt, wood\\-burning power plant in Springfield, Massachusetts.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Robertson\\|first\\=Sarah\\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-06\\|title\\=Permit Revoked For Springfield Biomass Power Plant Thanks To Grassroots Organizing\\|url\\=https://theshoestring.org/2021/04/06/permit\\-revoked\\-for\\-springfield\\-biomass\\-power\\-plant\\-thanks\\-to\\-grassroots\\-organizing/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=the shoestring\\|language\\=en\\-US}} A coalition of environmental and racial justice activists, from the project's inception, resisted. Representing Springfield in the State Senate, Lesser was a vocal opponent of the plant, alongside local leaders and U.S. Senators Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey.",
"In April 2021, the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection announced that they would revoke the project permit to build the biomass power plant.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Biomass Revocation Statement\\|url\\=https://www.massjwj.net/blog/2021/4/18/biomass\\-revocation\\-statement\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=Massachusetts Jobs with Justice\\|date\\=April 18, 2021 \\|language\\=en\\-US}} In reaction, Jaqueline Vélez, a racial justice organizer with Jobs with Justice, said, \"Communities of color are already disproportionately impacted. They already have underlying medical issues. To add a power plant, a biomass burning power plant that would exacerbate folks’ medical conditions just emphasizes how communities of color and low income communities are targeted for these projects.\"",
"Lesser called the decision \"long overdue\" and that \"the plant should never have been considered for that location in the first place.\"",
"#### Protecting seniors",
"[thumb\\|254x254px\\|Sen. Eric Lesser visits the East Longmeadow Senior Center.](/wiki/File:Sen._Eric_Lesser_at_the_East_Longmeadow_Senior_Center.jpg \"Sen. Eric Lesser at the East Longmeadow Senior Center.jpg\")\nIn May 2014, Lesser published an opinion piece in the Springfield *Republican* detailing a plan to support the increasing population of adults over 65 in Western Massachusetts. Lesser believes that in\\-home healthcare should be more affordable so that seniors can stay in their homes as long as possible. His plan also includes two points to protect the physical and financial security of the elderly. Lesser wrote that the state should provide increased oversight of in\\-home healthcare agencies in order to reduce instances of elder abuse, and he supports the increased availability of computer and financial literacy education opportunities to decrease the number of seniors who fall victim to online and phone scams.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Lesser\\|first1\\=Eric\\|title\\=Candidate Viewpoint: Four Ways to Protect Our Senior Citizens\\|url\\=http://www.masslive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2014/06/candidate\\_viewpoint\\_four\\_ways.html\\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2014\\|work\\=Springfield Republican\\|date\\=June 10, 2014}}",
"Since 2017, Lesser has hosted an annual \"Thrive After 55\" Wellness Fair where participating organizations answer questions and offer information about their resources to local seniors.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.senatorlesser.com/news/2019/6/10/77\\-organizations\\-to\\-participate\\-in\\-sen\\-lessers\\-third\\-annual\\-thrive\\-after\\-55\\-wellness\\-fair\\-on\\-june\\-21\\|title\\=77 Organizations to Participate in Sen. Lesser's Third Annual \"Thrive After 55\" Wellness Fair on June 21\\|website\\=Office of State Senator Eric Lesser\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-12}} During the coronavirus pandemic, the fair shifted online, offering virtual programming on financial security, [identity theft](/wiki/Identity_theft \"Identity theft\"), healthcare, and wellness.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Dobbs\\|first\\=G. Michael\\|date\\=2021\\-06\\-21\\|title\\=Lesser brings his 'Thrive After 55' event to TV for second year\\|url\\=https://www.thereminder.com/localnews/chicopee/lesser\\-brings\\-his\\-thrive\\-after\\-55\\-event\\-to\\-tv\\-for\\-/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=Reminder Publications\\|language\\=en}}",
"##### *Registry of Motor Vehicles*",
"On June 21, 2019, seven members of a New England motorcycle club were killed when a truck, pulling a car hauler, crashed into the group.{{Cite web\\|title\\=State Senator Eric Lesser Calls on RMV Manager Thomas Bowes to Step Down\\|url\\=https://www.necn.com/news/local/massachusetts/state\\-senator\\-eric\\-lesser\\-calls\\-for\\-rmv\\-chief\\-thomas\\-bowes\\-to\\-step\\-down/127097/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=NECN\\|date\\=July 31, 2019 \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The negligent driver was licensed in Massachusetts and had a history of violations. His license should have been revoked. The crash revealed that the Massachusetts Registry of Motor Vehicles (RMV) had knowingly failed to process a backlog of notifications from other states. The 53 boxes of notifications, dating back to 2008, included more than 10,000 driving violations.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-22\\|title\\=Thomas Bowes, head of Massachusetts RMV division in charge of driving records, not appearing before Transportation Committee\\|url\\=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2019/07/thomas\\-bowes\\-head\\-of\\-massachusetts\\-rmv\\-division\\-in\\-charge\\-of\\-driving\\-records\\-not\\-appearing\\-before\\-transportation\\-committee.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=masslive\\|language\\=en}} Within a month of the crash, the processing of these notifications resulted in over 2,000 license suspensions.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-16\\|title\\=Mass. RMV scandal: Auditor's report reveals 5 major problems with how state was handling violations\\|url\\=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2019/08/mass\\-rmv\\-scandal\\-auditors\\-report\\-reveals\\-5\\-major\\-problems\\-with\\-how\\-state\\-was\\-handling\\-violations.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=masslive\\|language\\=en}}",
"Lesser, who served as the Vice Chair of the Joint Committee on Transportation at the time, participated in the oversight hearings. Upon first request, the Baker administration officials did not appear.{{Cite web\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\=Lisinski\\|title\\=RMV hearing recesses after Baker admin no\\-shows\\|url\\=https://www.salemnews.com/news/rmv\\-hearing\\-recesses\\-after\\-baker\\-admin\\-no\\-shows/article\\_bd3868f6\\-ac95\\-11e9\\-a598\\-0369a71b6170\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=Salem News\\|date\\=July 22, 2019 \\|language\\=en}} Eventually, Lesser questioned the director of the Merit Rating Board, Thomas Bowes, who was most directly responsible for processing these notifications.",
"The *Boston Globe* reported that Bowes, when the scandal broke, was in England. He attended the Red Sox–Yankees game in London; Governor Baker was also in attendance.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Stout\\|first\\=Matt\\|date\\=June 26, 2019\\|title\\=While Baker is in London, criticism mounts over handling of RMV and MBTA \\- The Boston Globe\\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/06/26/while\\-baker\\-london\\-criticism\\-mounts\\-over\\-handling\\-rmv\\-and\\-mbta/ahh8rTXwcwO6GUkKrbBGHO/story.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=BostonGlobe.com\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-01\\|title\\=Resignations, Fiery Politics Close Out The Massachusetts Fiscal Year\\|url\\=https://www.nepm.org/regional\\-news/2019\\-07\\-01/resignations\\-fiery\\-politics\\-close\\-out\\-the\\-massachusetts\\-fiscal\\-year\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=New England Public Media\\|language\\=en}} Soon after the oversight hearing, Lesser called for Bowes's resignation, saying that he had \"lost the confidence of the public.\"",
"Lesser has since proposed legislation to force the RMV to process these out\\-of\\-state notifications, before tragedy strikes again.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-02\\-24\\|title\\=Proposed legislation would require Mass. RMV to address out\\-of\\-state driving violations\\|url\\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2021/02/state\\-sen\\-eric\\-lesser\\-proposes\\-legislation\\-to\\-require\\-mass\\-rmv\\-to\\-address\\-out\\-of\\-state\\-driving\\-violations.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=masslive\\|language\\=en}}",
"##### *COVID\\-19 Vaccine Rollout*",
"[thumb\\|299x299px\\|Lesser confronts Gov. Baker over COVID\\-19 vaccine](/wiki/File:Lesser_confronts_Baker_over_vaccine_rollout.jpg \"Lesser confronts Baker over vaccine rollout.jpg\")\nLesser criticized the vaccine rollout in Massachusetts as messy and uncoordinated.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Wu\\|first\\=Janet\\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-18\\|title\\=OTR: State senator calls COVID\\-19 vaccine rollout messy, uncoordinated\\|url\\=https://www.wcvb.com/article/on\\-the\\-record\\-massachusetts\\-sen\\-eric\\-lesser\\-calls\\-state\\-s\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-rollout\\-messy\\-uncoordinated/36156051\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=WCVB\\|language\\=en}} Lesser sponsored an emergency bill to set up a one\\-stop website for COVID\\-19 vaccination appointments, as well as a 24\\-hour hotline.{{Cite web\\|title\\=An Act streamlining COVID\\-19 vaccination sign\\-up in Massachusetts\\|url\\=https://malegislature.gov/Bills/192/S1454}} The Baker administration's website had directed users to third\\-party websites, making it difficult when appointments were scarce and, generally, for elderly residents. “The system is cumbersome, contradictory, and asks residents over 75 to navigate a haze of web links, locations, and instructions, each with different criteria and scheduling systems,” Lesser said. “And for those with limited ability to navigate the internet, there is no access to appointment booking at all.”{{Cite web\\|title\\=4 proposals to improve the Massachusetts vaccine rollout\\|url\\=https://www.boston.com/news/coronavirus/2021/02/08/massachusetts\\-vaccine\\-rollout\\-bills/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=www.boston.com\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"As the rollout continued, long lines in cold weather prevented many Massachusetts residents from receiving the vaccine. One resident said, \"“It was just very frustrating. I feel sorry for the older people who were obviously struggling with the cold and just being able to stand that long. That’s a long time to wait in line and stand in 27\\-degree temperatures.”{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-02\\-09\\|title\\=Residents stand in long lines, cold weather for COVID\\-19 vaccine at Eastfield Mall\\|url\\=https://www.wwlp.com/news/local\\-news/hampden\\-county/residents\\-stand\\-in\\-long\\-lines\\-cold\\-weather\\-for\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-at\\-eastfield\\-mall/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=WWLP\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"Lesser requested that Baker appear before the legislature's COVID\\-19 oversight committee to answer questions. When Baker showed up, he was pressured by Lesser and others. As a member of the committee, Lesser dismissed Baker's characterization of the rollout as \"lumpy and bumpy,\" calling it \"a failure.\"{{Cite web\\|last1\\=Stout\\|first1\\=Matt\\|last2\\=Platoff\\|first2\\=Emma\\|first3\\=Amanda\\|last3\\=Kaufman\\|date\\=February 26, 2021\\|title\\='You're missing how broken the system is': Baker faces rare grilling from lawmakers amid bumpy vaccine rollout \\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/02/25/nation/hearing\\-states\\-handling\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-rollout\\-begins/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=BostonGlobe.com\\|language\\=en\\-US}} When the Baker administration first unveiled their vaccine appointment registration website, it crashed. Residents were left with an image of an octopus.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Buell\\|first\\=Spencer\\|date\\=February 19, 2021\\|title\\=The New Antihero of the Massachusetts' Vaccine Rollout: The Four\\-Armed Octopus of Doom\\|work\\=Boston Magazine\\|url\\=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2021/02/19/massachusetts\\-vaccine\\-octopus/}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-02\\-19\\|title\\=60K mass vaccination appointments booked despite website crash, state says\\|url\\=https://www.wcvb.com/article/gov\\-baker\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccination\\-update\\-phase\\-2\\-age\\-65\\-plus\\-comorbidities\\-february\\-17\\-2021/35533780\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=WCVB\\|language\\=en}} Following Baker's appearance before Lesser and the committee, the administration fixed the broken website, streamlined the system to book appointments, and signed new contracts to ensure that the rollout continued in a safe and efficient manner.",
"##### *Holyoke Soldiers' Home*",
"The Soldiers' Home in Holyoke is a state\\-operated veterans' facility that provides health care, hospice care, and other services. In April 2020, the Massachusetts attorney general's office learned of \"serious issues with COVID\\-19 infection protocols.\"{{Cite news\\|last\\=Diaz\\|first\\=Johnny\\|date\\=2020\\-09\\-25\\|title\\=Two Charged in Coronavirus Outbreak at Veterans' Home That Left 76 Dead\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/25/us/veterans\\-home\\-holyoke\\-covid.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} Staffing shortages led the facility to consolidate two dementia wards with infected veterans and healthy residents, increasing the risk of contracting the virus. In June, investigators released a 174\\-page report that detailed what one worker described as \"total pandemonium\" and a \"nightmare.\"{{Cite news\\|last\\=Barry\\|first\\=Ellen\\|date\\=2020\\-06\\-24\\|title\\='Total Pandemonium': What Went Wrong at a Veterans' Home Where 76 Died\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/us/holyoke\\-soldiers\\-home.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}",
"The report quoted one employee who said it “felt like it was moving the concentration camp, we were moving these unknowing veterans off to die.” A social worker described listening to the chief nursing officer say “something to the effect that this room will be dead by Sunday, so we will have more room here.” Another social worker recalled seeing a supervisor point to a room and say, “All this room will be dead by tomorrow.”{{Cite book\\|last\\=Pearlstein\\|first\\=Mark W.\\|title\\=The COVID\\-19 Outbreak at the Soldiers' Home in Holyoke\\|date\\=June 23, 2020\\|url\\=https://www.mass.gov/doc/report\\-to\\-governor\\-baker\\-re\\-holyoke\\-soldiers\\-home/download}} The outbreak killed at least 76 residents at the Soldiers' Home.{{Cite web\\|title\\=2 Ex\\-Holyoke Soldiers' Home Officials Plead Not Guilty in Deadly COVID Outbreak\\|url\\=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/coronavirus/2\\-former\\-officials\\-of\\-holyoke\\-soldiers\\-home\\-to\\-face\\-judge\\-thursday/2224284/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=NBC Boston\\|date\\=November 5, 2020 \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"The Holyoke Soldiers' Home was flagged for renovation in 2012 and received matching funding from the Veterans' Administration, but no progress was made until thousands of veterans and friends signed a petition in 2020\\. By contrast, the Chelsea Soldiers' Home was approved for renovation and received matching funding in 2017; construction began in 2018\\.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-11\\-11\\|title\\=Holyoke Soldiers' Home shelved renovations could have 'avoided tragedy,' report finds\\|url\\=https://www.bostonherald.com/2020/11/11/holyoke\\-soldiers\\-home\\-renovations\\-could\\-help\\-combat\\-future\\-pandemics/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=Boston Herald\\|language\\=en\\-US}} The *Boston Globe* investigations team found that Gov. Baker and the state health secretary were close to the management issues at the home.{{Cite web\\|last1\\=Stout\\|first1\\=Matt\\|last2\\=Estes\\|first2\\=Andrea\\|first3\\=Rebecca\\|last3\\=Ostriker\\|date\\=May 28, 2021\\|title\\=Baker wrongly claimed he never met Holyoke Soldiers' Home leader before swearing him in. 'I forgot,' he says\\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/28/metro/baker\\-wrongly\\-claimed\\-he\\-never\\-met\\-holyoke\\-soldiers\\-home\\-leader\\-before\\-swearing\\-him\\-i\\-forgot\\-he\\-says/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=BostonGlobe.com\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web\\|first1\\=Rebecca\\|last1\\=Ostriker\\|first2\\=Andrea\\|last2\\=Estes\\|first3\\=Matt\\|last3\\=Rocheleau\\|first4\\=Patricia\\|last4\\=Wen\\|title\\=Charlie Baker's role in the Soldiers' Home tragedy\\|url\\=https://apps.bostonglobe.com/metro/investigations/spotlight/2021/05/soldiers\\-home/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=BostonGlobe.com\\|language\\=en}}",
"Lesser helped secure a $600 million bond for an entirely new Holyoke Soldiers' Home and increased veterans' services statewide.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-29\\|title\\=Senate unanimously passes $600M bond bill for new Soldiers' Home\\|url\\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2021/04/600\\-bond\\-bill\\-for\\-new\\-holyoke\\-soldiers\\-home\\-more\\-services\\-for\\-veterans\\-statewide\\-passes\\-massachusetts\\-senate\\-in\\-unanimous\\-vote.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=masslive\\|language\\=en}}",
"#### Trump administration",
"##### *Electoral College*",
"After [Hillary Clinton](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton \"Hillary Clinton\") won the popular vote but lost the [2016 U.S. presidential election](/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election \"2016 United States presidential election\") because Donald Trump won more votes in the [Electoral College](/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College \"United States Electoral College\"), Lesser filed a resolution in the Massachusetts State Senate calling on the U.S. Congress to propose an [amendment to abolish the Electoral College](/wiki/Electoral_College_abolition_amendment \"Electoral College abolition amendment\"). \"It has now been twice in 16 years, and five times total in American history, that a president and vice president have been elected by winning a majority of the Electoral College, despite the fact that they lost the national popular vote,\" Lesser said in a statement. \"Given the importance of empowering voters to believe every vote counts in a presidential election, the repeal of the Electoral College merits a thorough discussion and examination.\"{{Cite news\\|title\\=In wake of Hillary Clinton's defeat, state Sen. Eric Lesser calls for abolition of Electoral College\\|newspaper\\=masslive.com\\|url\\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/11/state\\_sen\\_eric\\_lesser\\_calls\\_fo.html\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2017}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Fay\\|first\\=Anthony\\|date\\=November 21, 2016\\|title\\=Eliminate the Electoral College? State Senator to file bill\\|url\\=http://wwlp.com/2016/11/21/sen\\-eric\\-lesser\\-filing\\-bill\\-to\\-call\\-for\\-elimination\\-of\\-electoral\\-college/\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2017\\|website\\=WWLP.com\\|archive\\-date\\=January 16, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116173620/http://wwlp.com/2016/11/21/sen\\-eric\\-lesser\\-filing\\-bill\\-to\\-call\\-for\\-elimination\\-of\\-electoral\\-college/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite news\\|title\\=Another Effort to Scrap the Electoral College Is Brewing in Massachusetts\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|newspaper\\=Boston Magazine\\|url\\=http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/blog/2016/11/21/massachusetts\\-electoral\\-college/\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=January 16, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116181235/http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/blog/2016/11/21/massachusetts\\-electoral\\-college/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
""
] |
History
-------
After [Yates High School](/wiki/Yates_High_School "Yates High School") relocated from 2610 Elgin to 3703 Sampson in 1958,"[About](http://hs.houstonisd.org/yateshs/about.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602163208/https://web.archive.org/web/20081211063928/http://hs.houstonisd.org/yateshs/about.htm \|date\=2020\-06\-02 }}." [Jack Yates High School](/wiki/Jack_Yates_High_School "Jack Yates High School"). Accessed October 12, 2008\. Ryan Colored Junior High School opened in Yates's former location. Ryan was named after the first principal of Yates High.Kellar, William Henry. *[Make Haste Slowly: Moderates, Conservatives, and School Desegregation in Houston](/wiki/Make_Haste_Slowly:Moderates%2C_Conservatives%2C_and_School_Desegregation_in_Houston "Moderates, Conservatives, and School Desegregation in Houston")*. [Texas A\&M University Press](/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press "Texas A&M University Press"), 1999\. {{ISBN\|1603447180}}, 9781603447188\. p. [31](https://books.google.com/books?id=owWXO5jkeGUC&pg=PT12) (Google Books PT12\). Some older maps referred to the school as **Yates Junior High School**."James S. Holman Index Map" ([PDF](http://books.tax.hctx.net/BlockBooksPDF/v019/AE1997_19-20_0001.PDF), [JPG](http://books.tax.hctx.net/v019/AE1997_19-20_0001.jpg)). Harris County Block Book Maps. Volume 19, Page 1\. Retrieved on July 27, 2017\. The name is visible in the tract marked 33 which shows the name "Yates Junior High Sch." ("Yates Senior High School", outside of the tract, is visible in the same map)
Allan Turner of the *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle "Houston Chronicle")* said that the building served as an "educational anchor" for the Third Ward as many professionals in the Third Ward community such as educators, ministers, and lawyers received education in it. Since Ryan's beginning, Turner said that the school's fortunes had risen and fallen as time passed.Turner, Allan. "[UH exhibit focuses on Third Ward history, people](http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/7488706.html)." *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle "Houston Chronicle")*. March 23, 2011\. Retrieved on March 24, 2011\.
The HISD school board forced Yates principal William S. Holland to stay at Ryan Middle School instead of moving onto the new Yates, and a petition from the community did not succeed in changing this.Harwell, Debbie Z. "[William S. Holland: A Mighty Lion at Yates High School](https://houstonhistorymagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/vol-8-no-1-Holland.pdf)" ([Archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20151029034659/https://houstonhistorymagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/vol-8-no-1-Holland.pdf)). *[Houston History](/wiki/Houston_History "Houston History")*. Center for Public History at the [University of Houston](/wiki/University_of_Houston "University of Houston"). Volume 8, No. 1\. p. 9\-13\. CITED: p. 12\-13\.
The school opened as a school only for [African\-Americans](/wiki/African-Americans "African-Americans"); it was desegregated by 1970\.
Beginning in 1988 Chase Enterprises subsidiary Rangers Insurance Co. assigned employees to tutor Ryan students, funded school supplies and computers for Ryan, and established a scholarship/endowment fund to provide vocational training and/or university educations to Ryan alumni who abstained from recreational drugs, did not get into legal trouble, and graduated from high school; from 1992 to 1999 166 eligible Ryan alumni benefited from the scholarship. Annually the company deposited $150,000 into the scholarship/endowment fund.Kellar, William Henry. *[Make Haste Slowly: Moderates, Conservatives, and School Desegregation in Houston](/wiki/Make_Haste_Slowly:Moderates%2C_Conservatives%2C_and_School_Desegregation_in_Houston "Moderates, Conservatives, and School Desegregation in Houston")*. [Texas A\&M University Press](/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press "Texas A&M University Press"), 1999\. {{ISBN\|1603447180}}, 9781603447188\. p. [203](https://books.google.com/books?id=owWXO5jkeGUC&pg=PT184) (Google Books PT184\).
A 2008 *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle "Houston Chronicle")* article stated that Ryan was considered to be among the lowest performing campuses in Houston ISD. HISD staff stated that the district needed signing bonuses in order to convince employees to take positions at Ryan Middle School."[A plan to fix Ryan Middle School](http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/nb/east/news/5756293.html)." *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle "Houston Chronicle")*. May 6, 2008\. During that year, principal Cimberli Johnson was fired because she socially promoted 25 students and issued about $70,800 in paychecks not earned by employees.{{cite news\|author\=Radcliffe, Jennifer\|author2\=Ericka Mellon\|url\=http://www.chron.com/news/houston\-texas/article/Ryan\-Middle\-School\-principal\-fired\-over\-1539432\.php\|title\=Ryan Middle School principal fired over promotions, checks\|newspaper\=\[\[Houston Chronicle]]\|date\=2008\-01\-18\|access\-date\=2012\-05\-04}}
Michael McKenzie began his term as principal of Ryan in June 2010\.{{cite news\|url\=http://blog.chron.com/k12zone/2011/06/controversial\-ryan\-middle\-school\-principal\-resigns/\|title\=Controversial Ryan Middle School principal resigns (Updated)\|newspaper\=\[\[Houston Chronicle]]\|date\=2011\-06\-27\|access\-date\=2017\-01\-01}} He was previously the principal of a charter school, [WALIPP Prep](/wiki/WALIPP_Prep "WALIPP Prep"), and was a part of the Apollo 20 program, used to improve under\-performing schools.{{cite news\|author\=Mellon, Ericka\|url\=http://www.chron.com/news/houston\-texas/article/Principal\-reprimanded\-after\-he\-s\-accused\-of\-1689118\.php\|title\=Principal reprimanded after he's accused of bigotry\|newspaper\=\[\[Houston Chronicle]]\|date\=2011\-02\-03\|access\-date\=2017\-01\-01}} He stated that he was required to keep working with the same assistant principals and counselors who were there prior to the start of his term and that he was not permitted to replace them.{{cite news\|author\=Downing, Margaret\|url\=http://blogs.houstonpress.com/hairballs/2011/02/ryan\_ms\_principal\_says\_he\_is\_n.php\|title\=Ryan MS Principal Says He Is Not Racist or Sexist or Anti\-Gay No Matter What HISD Says\|newspaper\=\[\[Houston Press]]\|date\=2011\-02\-04\|access\-date\=2017\-01\-01}}
After two employees made complaints against McKenzie, an investigation, conducted by HISD's Equal Employment Opportunity office, concluded that he acquired furniture from another employee's office to use in his own office and that he had used profane language during two staff meetings. The investigation also concluded that he made a remark stating that he did not want a homosexual male employee around children due to his sexuality and another stating that he wanted a black male to serve as the assistant principal of the school. McKenzie, a black man, disputed the findings that he made the comments of racial and sexual natures, and he added that he returned the furniture to the employee after initially believing it was HISD property. He accused those filing complaints against him of exhibiting bias towards the principal before him. He filed a complaint against that office of HISD with the federal authorities. He resigned in 2011, after one year of work.
### Closure
From 2002 to 2012, the student population fell 70%, from 830 students to 265 students. A proposal to close Ryan Middle School was submitted to the HISD board. If Ryan closed at that time, its students would have been divided between Attucks, Cullen, Dowling, [Lanier](/wiki/Lanier_Middle_School_%28Houston%29 "Lanier Middle School (Houston)"), and [Pershing](/wiki/Pershing_Middle_School_%28Houston%29 "Pershing Middle School (Houston)") middle schools."[HISD’s Ryan Middle School slated for closure](http://blog.chron.com/k12zone/2012/05/hisds-ryan-middle-school-slated-for-closure/)." *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle "Houston Chronicle")*. May 3, 2012\. Retrieved on May 4, 2012\. Dallas Dance, the chief of middle schools of HISD, stated that Ryan had 570 middle school\-aged students zoned to the campus, but fewer than half of those students chose to attend Ryan.Mellon, Ericka. "[HISD proposes closing historic Ryan school](http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/HISD-proposes-closing-historic-Ryan-school-3533474.php)." *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle "Houston Chronicle")*. Thursday May 3, 2012\. Retrieved on May 8, 2012\. Dance said that over the previous five\-year period, HISD had already invested an additional $438,000 per year into Ryan.Mellon, Ericka. "[HISD withdraws plan to close Ryan](http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/HISD-withdraws-plan-to-close-Ryan-3541133.php)." *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle "Houston Chronicle")*. Monday May 7, 2012\. Retrieved on May 9, 2012\.
Parents and community leaders protested the proposed closure.KHOU.com staff. "[Southeast Houston: Parents fight potential closure of Ryan Middle School](https://web.archive.org/web/20120529071301/http://www.khou.com/news/local/Southeast-Houston-Parents-fight-potential-closure-of-Ryan-Middle-School-150112215.html)." *[KHOU](/wiki/KHOU "KHOU")*. May 3, 2012\. Retrieved on May 5, 2012\. A group of parents threatened to occupy the campus if HISD had it closed temporarily.Cerota, Andy. "[Third Ward residents outraged over possible closure of Ryan Middle School](https://abc13.com/archive/8651496/)." *[KTRK\-TV](/wiki/KTRK-TV "KTRK-TV")*. May 7, 2012\. Retrieved on May 7, 2012\. On Monday May 7, 2012 the board removed the proposed closure of Ryan from its agenda.Mellon, Ericka. "[Ryan Middle School off closure list after board intervention](http://blog.chron.com/k12zone/2012/05/ryan-middle-school-off-closure-list-after-board-intervention/)." *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle "Houston Chronicle")*. May 8, 2012\. Retrieved on May 8, 2012\.
In its final year of operation, there were 263 students at the school,Mellon, Ericka. "[HISD will close Ryan, tables plan to merge two high schools](http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/HISD-to-close-Ryan-tables-plan-to-merge-two-high-4338067.php)." *[Houston Independent School District](/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District "Houston Independent School District")*. March 7, 2013\. Retrieved on March 14, 2013\. including 182 students in the 6th and 7th grades,Boney, Jeffrey L. "[What’s Going On With HISD? African Americans NOT Getting the Attention They Deserve](http://forwardtimesonline.com/2013/index.php/state-local/item/476-what%E2%80%99s-going-on-with-hisd?-african-americans-not-getting-the-attention-they-deserve)" ([Archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20140316183622/http://forwardtimesonline.com/2013/index.php/state-local/item/476-what%E2%80%99s-going-on-with-hisd?-african-americans-not-getting-the-attention-they-deserve)). *[Houston Forward Times](/wiki/Houston_Forward_Times "Houston Forward Times")*. September 17, 2013\. Retrieved on March 16, 2014\. making it the smallest middle school in HISD. In March 2013 the district board voted 5\-3 to close Ryan. Plans were to rezone the students to Cullen Middle School, {{convert\|4\|mi\|km}} from Ryan. The closure occurred even though the [NAACP](/wiki/NAACP "NAACP") and members of the Third Ward community opposed the closure."[HISD OKs plan to rezone Ryan MS students despite NAACP, community opposition](https://abc13.com/archive/9019239/)." [ABC13](/wiki/KTRK-TV "KTRK-TV"). Thursday March 7, 2013\. Retrieved on March 15, 2013\.
In 2013, Ryan Middle School's campus reopened as the [Baylor College of Medicine Academy at Ryan](/wiki/Baylor_College_of_Medicine_Academy_at_Ryan "Baylor College of Medicine Academy at Ryan"), a [magnet middle school](/wiki/Magnet_school "Magnet school") for medical studies. The school is intended to feed into the [Michael E. DeBakey High School for the Health Professions](/wiki/Michael_E._DeBakey_High_School_for_the_Health_Professions "Michael E. DeBakey High School for the Health Professions").{{cite news\|author\=Radcliffe, Jennifer\|url\=http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/education/school\-report\-card/article/Reinvented\-Third\-Ward\-school\-thrives\-6220136\.php\|title\=Reinvented Third Ward school thrives\|newspaper\=\[\[Houston Chronicle]]\|date\=2015\-04\-25\|access\-date\=2017\-01\-01}}
For the 2013–2014 school year, 119 of the students who attended Ryan during the 6th or 7th grades during the 2012–2013 school year, or 65% of the total of the 2012–2013 6th and 7th grade students, started attending Cullen Middle School. The remaining students began attending other schools.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"After [Yates High School](/wiki/Yates_High_School \"Yates High School\") relocated from 2610 Elgin to 3703 Sampson in 1958,\"[About](http://hs.houstonisd.org/yateshs/about.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602163208/https://web.archive.org/web/20081211063928/http://hs.houstonisd.org/yateshs/about.htm \\|date\\=2020\\-06\\-02 }}.\" [Jack Yates High School](/wiki/Jack_Yates_High_School \"Jack Yates High School\"). Accessed October 12, 2008\\. Ryan Colored Junior High School opened in Yates's former location. Ryan was named after the first principal of Yates High.Kellar, William Henry. *[Make Haste Slowly: Moderates, Conservatives, and School Desegregation in Houston](/wiki/Make_Haste_Slowly:Moderates%2C_Conservatives%2C_and_School_Desegregation_in_Houston \"Moderates, Conservatives, and School Desegregation in Houston\")*. [Texas A\\&M University Press](/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press \"Texas A&M University Press\"), 1999\\. {{ISBN\\|1603447180}}, 9781603447188\\. p. [31](https://books.google.com/books?id=owWXO5jkeGUC&pg=PT12) (Google Books PT12\\). Some older maps referred to the school as **Yates Junior High School**.\"James S. Holman Index Map\" ([PDF](http://books.tax.hctx.net/BlockBooksPDF/v019/AE1997_19-20_0001.PDF), [JPG](http://books.tax.hctx.net/v019/AE1997_19-20_0001.jpg)). Harris County Block Book Maps. Volume 19, Page 1\\. Retrieved on July 27, 2017\\. The name is visible in the tract marked 33 which shows the name \"Yates Junior High Sch.\" (\"Yates Senior High School\", outside of the tract, is visible in the same map)",
"Allan Turner of the *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle \"Houston Chronicle\")* said that the building served as an \"educational anchor\" for the Third Ward as many professionals in the Third Ward community such as educators, ministers, and lawyers received education in it. Since Ryan's beginning, Turner said that the school's fortunes had risen and fallen as time passed.Turner, Allan. \"[UH exhibit focuses on Third Ward history, people](http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/7488706.html).\" *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle \"Houston Chronicle\")*. March 23, 2011\\. Retrieved on March 24, 2011\\.",
"The HISD school board forced Yates principal William S. Holland to stay at Ryan Middle School instead of moving onto the new Yates, and a petition from the community did not succeed in changing this.Harwell, Debbie Z. \"[William S. Holland: A Mighty Lion at Yates High School](https://houstonhistorymagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/vol-8-no-1-Holland.pdf)\" ([Archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20151029034659/https://houstonhistorymagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/vol-8-no-1-Holland.pdf)). *[Houston History](/wiki/Houston_History \"Houston History\")*. Center for Public History at the [University of Houston](/wiki/University_of_Houston \"University of Houston\"). Volume 8, No. 1\\. p. 9\\-13\\. CITED: p. 12\\-13\\.",
"The school opened as a school only for [African\\-Americans](/wiki/African-Americans \"African-Americans\"); it was desegregated by 1970\\.",
"Beginning in 1988 Chase Enterprises subsidiary Rangers Insurance Co. assigned employees to tutor Ryan students, funded school supplies and computers for Ryan, and established a scholarship/endowment fund to provide vocational training and/or university educations to Ryan alumni who abstained from recreational drugs, did not get into legal trouble, and graduated from high school; from 1992 to 1999 166 eligible Ryan alumni benefited from the scholarship. Annually the company deposited $150,000 into the scholarship/endowment fund.Kellar, William Henry. *[Make Haste Slowly: Moderates, Conservatives, and School Desegregation in Houston](/wiki/Make_Haste_Slowly:Moderates%2C_Conservatives%2C_and_School_Desegregation_in_Houston \"Moderates, Conservatives, and School Desegregation in Houston\")*. [Texas A\\&M University Press](/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press \"Texas A&M University Press\"), 1999\\. {{ISBN\\|1603447180}}, 9781603447188\\. p. [203](https://books.google.com/books?id=owWXO5jkeGUC&pg=PT184) (Google Books PT184\\).",
"A 2008 *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle \"Houston Chronicle\")* article stated that Ryan was considered to be among the lowest performing campuses in Houston ISD. HISD staff stated that the district needed signing bonuses in order to convince employees to take positions at Ryan Middle School.\"[A plan to fix Ryan Middle School](http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/nb/east/news/5756293.html).\" *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle \"Houston Chronicle\")*. May 6, 2008\\. During that year, principal Cimberli Johnson was fired because she socially promoted 25 students and issued about $70,800 in paychecks not earned by employees.{{cite news\\|author\\=Radcliffe, Jennifer\\|author2\\=Ericka Mellon\\|url\\=http://www.chron.com/news/houston\\-texas/article/Ryan\\-Middle\\-School\\-principal\\-fired\\-over\\-1539432\\.php\\|title\\=Ryan Middle School principal fired over promotions, checks\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Houston Chronicle]]\\|date\\=2008\\-01\\-18\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-05\\-04}}",
"Michael McKenzie began his term as principal of Ryan in June 2010\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://blog.chron.com/k12zone/2011/06/controversial\\-ryan\\-middle\\-school\\-principal\\-resigns/\\|title\\=Controversial Ryan Middle School principal resigns (Updated)\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Houston Chronicle]]\\|date\\=2011\\-06\\-27\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-01\\-01}} He was previously the principal of a charter school, [WALIPP Prep](/wiki/WALIPP_Prep \"WALIPP Prep\"), and was a part of the Apollo 20 program, used to improve under\\-performing schools.{{cite news\\|author\\=Mellon, Ericka\\|url\\=http://www.chron.com/news/houston\\-texas/article/Principal\\-reprimanded\\-after\\-he\\-s\\-accused\\-of\\-1689118\\.php\\|title\\=Principal reprimanded after he's accused of bigotry\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Houston Chronicle]]\\|date\\=2011\\-02\\-03\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-01\\-01}} He stated that he was required to keep working with the same assistant principals and counselors who were there prior to the start of his term and that he was not permitted to replace them.{{cite news\\|author\\=Downing, Margaret\\|url\\=http://blogs.houstonpress.com/hairballs/2011/02/ryan\\_ms\\_principal\\_says\\_he\\_is\\_n.php\\|title\\=Ryan MS Principal Says He Is Not Racist or Sexist or Anti\\-Gay No Matter What HISD Says\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Houston Press]]\\|date\\=2011\\-02\\-04\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-01\\-01}}",
"After two employees made complaints against McKenzie, an investigation, conducted by HISD's Equal Employment Opportunity office, concluded that he acquired furniture from another employee's office to use in his own office and that he had used profane language during two staff meetings. The investigation also concluded that he made a remark stating that he did not want a homosexual male employee around children due to his sexuality and another stating that he wanted a black male to serve as the assistant principal of the school. McKenzie, a black man, disputed the findings that he made the comments of racial and sexual natures, and he added that he returned the furniture to the employee after initially believing it was HISD property. He accused those filing complaints against him of exhibiting bias towards the principal before him. He filed a complaint against that office of HISD with the federal authorities. He resigned in 2011, after one year of work.",
"### Closure",
"From 2002 to 2012, the student population fell 70%, from 830 students to 265 students. A proposal to close Ryan Middle School was submitted to the HISD board. If Ryan closed at that time, its students would have been divided between Attucks, Cullen, Dowling, [Lanier](/wiki/Lanier_Middle_School_%28Houston%29 \"Lanier Middle School (Houston)\"), and [Pershing](/wiki/Pershing_Middle_School_%28Houston%29 \"Pershing Middle School (Houston)\") middle schools.\"[HISD’s Ryan Middle School slated for closure](http://blog.chron.com/k12zone/2012/05/hisds-ryan-middle-school-slated-for-closure/).\" *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle \"Houston Chronicle\")*. May 3, 2012\\. Retrieved on May 4, 2012\\. Dallas Dance, the chief of middle schools of HISD, stated that Ryan had 570 middle school\\-aged students zoned to the campus, but fewer than half of those students chose to attend Ryan.Mellon, Ericka. \"[HISD proposes closing historic Ryan school](http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/HISD-proposes-closing-historic-Ryan-school-3533474.php).\" *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle \"Houston Chronicle\")*. Thursday May 3, 2012\\. Retrieved on May 8, 2012\\. Dance said that over the previous five\\-year period, HISD had already invested an additional $438,000 per year into Ryan.Mellon, Ericka. \"[HISD withdraws plan to close Ryan](http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/HISD-withdraws-plan-to-close-Ryan-3541133.php).\" *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle \"Houston Chronicle\")*. Monday May 7, 2012\\. Retrieved on May 9, 2012\\.",
"Parents and community leaders protested the proposed closure.KHOU.com staff. \"[Southeast Houston: Parents fight potential closure of Ryan Middle School](https://web.archive.org/web/20120529071301/http://www.khou.com/news/local/Southeast-Houston-Parents-fight-potential-closure-of-Ryan-Middle-School-150112215.html).\" *[KHOU](/wiki/KHOU \"KHOU\")*. May 3, 2012\\. Retrieved on May 5, 2012\\. A group of parents threatened to occupy the campus if HISD had it closed temporarily.Cerota, Andy. \"[Third Ward residents outraged over possible closure of Ryan Middle School](https://abc13.com/archive/8651496/).\" *[KTRK\\-TV](/wiki/KTRK-TV \"KTRK-TV\")*. May 7, 2012\\. Retrieved on May 7, 2012\\. On Monday May 7, 2012 the board removed the proposed closure of Ryan from its agenda.Mellon, Ericka. \"[Ryan Middle School off closure list after board intervention](http://blog.chron.com/k12zone/2012/05/ryan-middle-school-off-closure-list-after-board-intervention/).\" *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle \"Houston Chronicle\")*. May 8, 2012\\. Retrieved on May 8, 2012\\.",
"In its final year of operation, there were 263 students at the school,Mellon, Ericka. \"[HISD will close Ryan, tables plan to merge two high schools](http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/HISD-to-close-Ryan-tables-plan-to-merge-two-high-4338067.php).\" *[Houston Independent School District](/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District \"Houston Independent School District\")*. March 7, 2013\\. Retrieved on March 14, 2013\\. including 182 students in the 6th and 7th grades,Boney, Jeffrey L. \"[What’s Going On With HISD? African Americans NOT Getting the Attention They Deserve](http://forwardtimesonline.com/2013/index.php/state-local/item/476-what%E2%80%99s-going-on-with-hisd?-african-americans-not-getting-the-attention-they-deserve)\" ([Archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20140316183622/http://forwardtimesonline.com/2013/index.php/state-local/item/476-what%E2%80%99s-going-on-with-hisd?-african-americans-not-getting-the-attention-they-deserve)). *[Houston Forward Times](/wiki/Houston_Forward_Times \"Houston Forward Times\")*. September 17, 2013\\. Retrieved on March 16, 2014\\. making it the smallest middle school in HISD. In March 2013 the district board voted 5\\-3 to close Ryan. Plans were to rezone the students to Cullen Middle School, {{convert\\|4\\|mi\\|km}} from Ryan. The closure occurred even though the [NAACP](/wiki/NAACP \"NAACP\") and members of the Third Ward community opposed the closure.\"[HISD OKs plan to rezone Ryan MS students despite NAACP, community opposition](https://abc13.com/archive/9019239/).\" [ABC13](/wiki/KTRK-TV \"KTRK-TV\"). Thursday March 7, 2013\\. Retrieved on March 15, 2013\\.",
"In 2013, Ryan Middle School's campus reopened as the [Baylor College of Medicine Academy at Ryan](/wiki/Baylor_College_of_Medicine_Academy_at_Ryan \"Baylor College of Medicine Academy at Ryan\"), a [magnet middle school](/wiki/Magnet_school \"Magnet school\") for medical studies. The school is intended to feed into the [Michael E. DeBakey High School for the Health Professions](/wiki/Michael_E._DeBakey_High_School_for_the_Health_Professions \"Michael E. DeBakey High School for the Health Professions\").{{cite news\\|author\\=Radcliffe, Jennifer\\|url\\=http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/education/school\\-report\\-card/article/Reinvented\\-Third\\-Ward\\-school\\-thrives\\-6220136\\.php\\|title\\=Reinvented Third Ward school thrives\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Houston Chronicle]]\\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-25\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-01\\-01}}",
"For the 2013–2014 school year, 119 of the students who attended Ryan during the 6th or 7th grades during the 2012–2013 school year, or 65% of the total of the 2012–2013 6th and 7th grade students, started attending Cullen Middle School. The remaining students began attending other schools.",
""
] |
Midland Railway
---------------
### Matthew Kirtley
When the three companies merged in 1844 to form the [Midland Railway](/wiki/Midland_Railway "Midland Railway"), Derby became its headquarters and the workshops merged to become the **Midland Railway Locomotive Works**. The immediate task was to achieve some standardisation in the various locomotives that it had inherited. Locomotives at that time were designed and built by manufacturers who might be lacking in actual operating experience with their products. The first Locomotive and Carriage Superintendent was [Matthew Kirtley](/wiki/Matthew_Kirtley "Matthew Kirtley") who persuaded various manufacturers to build to his own design and in 1849 50 six\-coupled goods engines were delivered.{{Cite book\| last\=Lowe\| first\=J.W.\| year\=1989\| title\=British Steam Locomotive Builders\| publisher\=Guild Publishing}}{{page needed\|date\=December 2021}}
[right\|thumb\|North Midland Railway roundhouse in 2006](/wiki/File:Derby_roundhouse.jpg "Derby roundhouse.jpg")
After improving the workshops and facilities, including a second roundhouse in 1847, he persuaded the directors that the railway should build its own engines. New building began in 1851 with passenger engines to the [Jenny Lind](/wiki/Jenny_Lind_locomotive "Jenny Lind locomotive") pattern, and more standard goods. He then produced a large "single" with six\-foot six\-inch driving wheels. Throughout its existence the Midland never became fully self\-sufficient, usually having its locos built by private contractors to its own designs. Initially there was some resistance on the part of [Sharp Stewart](/wiki/Sharp%2C_Stewart_%26_Company "Sharp, Stewart & Company") and [Stephenson](/wiki/Robert_Stephenson_%26_Company "Robert Stephenson & Company"), who quoted over\-long delivery times, so that Kirtley had to accept the maker's own designs. These were good enough, however, that Fowler built some more to a similar pattern. In 1861 he built four {{whyte\|0\-6\-0}} banking engines for the [Lickey Incline](/wiki/Lickey_Incline "Lickey Incline") with four\-foot drivers instead of the usual five feet. Kirtley's first {{whyte\|2\-4\-0}} was a rebuilt {{whyte\|2\-2\-2}} but he went on to build six for use to [King's Cross](/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station "London King's Cross railway station"), then 15 more.
A further, much larger, roundhouse was built in 1852, followed by a large rectangular engine shed with two turntables in 1890\. The original North Midland workshop, which by then had become offices, was raised by one storey in 1859–60, the clock tower being increased in height accordingly. A long footbridge was added from the entrance door to the front of the station, of which only a fragment remains today. A third floor was added in 1893\.{{harvnb\|Billson\|1996\|page\=}}{{page needed\|date\=December 2021}}
Another of Kirtley's achievements in 1859 was, at last, to solve the problem of coal burning, by combining the brick arch with a firehole door deflector plate and a blower to increase the draught. Research into track wear was carried out by [Robert Forester Mushet](/wiki/Robert_Forester_Mushet "Robert Forester Mushet"), who produced the first double\-headed rail using [Bessemer steel](/wiki/Bessemer_steel "Bessemer steel"). Whereas [wrought iron](/wiki/Wrought_iron "Wrought iron") rails lasted typically six months, a length of steel rail laid near Derby station 1857 was still in use in 1873\.
Kirtley also introduced a system of templates and gauges based on the [Whitworth system](/wiki/British_Standard_Whitworth "British Standard Whitworth"). Meanwhile, [wrought iron](/wiki/Wrought_iron "Wrought iron") axles failures were a problem. In 1870–1871, Kirtley began a programme of research which eventually resulted in the introduction of steel.{{harvnb\|Lowe\|1989\|page\=}}{{page needed\|date\=December 2021}}
By the end of the 1860s the works had expanded to such an extent, that he was considering reorganising it; and, in 1873, it separated into the Locomotive Works, remaining behind the station, and [Derby Carriage \& Wagon Works](/wiki/Derby_Litchurch_Lane_Works "Derby Litchurch Lane Works"), further south, off Litchurch Lane.
### Samuel Johnson
Kirtley died in office in 1873 leaving a respectable legacy of development and sound locomotives, some of which lasted 80 years. The works reorganisation was completed in 1887 by his successor [Samuel Waite Johnson](/wiki/Samuel_Waite_Johnson "Samuel Waite Johnson"), the carriage and wagon works coming under the control of [Thomas Gethyn Clayton](/wiki/Thomas_Gethyn_Clayton "Thomas Gethyn Clayton").{{page needed\|date\=December 2021}} In addition the works took over the old Derby Gas Company works.
Johnson continued to build four\-coupled passenger locos for the steeper grades, but also some [2\-2\-2](/wiki/2-2-2 "2-2-2") singles for lighter work. In 1886, the workshop manager, F. Holt, devised a system of applying [sand](/wiki/Sandbox_%28locomotive%29 "Sandbox (locomotive)") beneath the wheels to improve adhesion. This system is still in use today, using compressed air instead of steam as the propellant.
In 1897 a general strike was followed by a rapid rise in the economy. The railway had placed orders for 170 new locos with private builders, all of whom were snowed under. By the end of 1898 none had been delivered and the railway was under pressure from its goods customers, particularly in [Sheffield](/wiki/Sheffield "Sheffield"). The Midland ordered 20 {{whyte\|2\-6\-0}}s from the Burnham \& William's [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works "Baldwin Locomotive Works") in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") which were supplied as parts for assembly. Since the workshops were also full, they had to be assembled in the open air by quickly\-recruited labour. Wishing to order 20 more, which Baldwin could not supply, ten were ordered from the [Schenectady Locomotive Works](/wiki/Schenectady_Locomotive_Works "Schenectady Locomotive Works"). The Baldwin's American appearance raised a good deal of comment.
The most famous singles, the [Midland Spinners](/wiki/Midland_Railway_115_Class "Midland Railway 115 Class"), were built in 1900 and the [Belpaire firebox](/wiki/Belpaire_firebox "Belpaire firebox") appeared on some {{whyte\|4\-4\-0}}s. The first of the "Midland Compounds" appeared in 1904\. This was based on a [North Eastern Railway](/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_%28United_Kingdom%29 "North Eastern Railway (United Kingdom)") two\-cylinder {{whyte\|4\-4\-0}} which had been rebuilt to three cylinders, and became the basis for a number of classes over the following years, totalling 240 engines. He also produced a very simple, but robust, {{whyte\|0\-6\-0}} goods engine of which 865 were built from 1875 to 1902\.{{page needed\|date\=December 2021}}
### Richard Deeley
Johnson retired in 1903 and was succeeded by [Richard Deeley](/wiki/Richard_Deeley "Richard Deeley") who began as an apprentice at the works. He carried on much where Johnson had left off, but improved the compounds with an uprated boiler and firebox, also changing the tender to a smaller six\-wheeled design. Deeley was very soon promoted to Locomotive Superintendent, with [Cecil Paget](/wiki/Cecil_Paget "Cecil Paget") as Works Manager.
[thumb\|Preserved {{whyte\|4\-4\-0}} [Midland Compound No. 1000](/wiki/Midland_Railway_1000_Class "Midland Railway 1000 Class")](/wiki/File:Preserved_Midland_Railway_4-4-0_Compound_No._1000_at_Derby_Works_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2124177.jpg "Preserved Midland Railway 4-4-0 Compound No. 1000 at Derby Works - geograph.org.uk - 2124177.jpg")
In 1904 two steam motor\-carriages for the [Morecambe\-Heysham](/wiki/Morecambe_branch_line "Morecambe branch line") service were fitted out at the carriage works. Since he was also Locomotive Superintendent, he reorganised the numbering system in 1907 so that different groups of numbers were used for different classes. Among his improvements to the works, he devised a heavy testing rig for structure testing up to 50 [tons](/wiki/Ton "Ton") in what had developed into a dedicated Engineering Testing Department.
By 1900 some 40,000 people were employed, producing 40 new engines a year. Electric power and lighting was installed in the Locomotive Works during 1910, supplied by the company's new generating plant located across the Derby canal at the rear of the Works. An earlier and smaller scale electric generating station had been built by the Midland during March 1893 in Calvert Street, Derby to provide current to light the station offices, the Midland Hotel and the Locomotive Works offices. A textile research facility was opened in Calvert Street for upholstery and seat materials. This facility is thought to have used the buildings made redundant by the closure of the 1893 generating station when the new generating station was brought on line in 1910\.{{page needed\|date\=December 2021}}
### Henry Fowler
In 1907 Paget became General Superintendent, with [Henry Fowler](/wiki/Henry_Fowler_%28engineer%29 "Henry Fowler (engineer)") becoming Works Manager. In 1908 Paget caused to be built a revolutionary new locomotive, the [Paget locomotive](/wiki/Midland_Railway_Paget_locomotive "Midland Railway Paget locomotive") based on the Willans high speed central valve engines, some of which had been installed at the works.
In 1908 the [Heysham to Morecambe line](/wiki/Morecambe_branch_line "Morecambe branch line") was electrified at 6\.6kV 25 Hz and Derby supplied three 60\-foot long motor coaches with electrical equipment from [Siemens](/wiki/Siemens "Siemens") and [Westinghouse](/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation "Westinghouse Electric Corporation").{{citation\| title\=ELECTRIFICATION PIONEERS\| url\=http://glostransporthistory.visit\-gloucestershire.co.uk/electrif.htm\| work\=glostransporthistory.visit\-gloucestershire.co.uk\| access\-date\=1 July 2012}}
In 1909 Henry Fowler became the Mechanical Engineer. For the next five years, rebuilding continued and then came [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I").
From 1914 the works turned to aiding the war effort, producing eleven howitzers by the end of the year. Like most of the other works, Derby produced large number of shells and their components. Initially producing 3000 fuses a week, it installed automated equipment, increasing production tenfold, the work being mainly undertaken by some 500 women.
Some new locomotives, however, were built for the Midland's own use and some for the [Midland \& Great Northern Joint Committee](/wiki/Midland_%26_Great_Northern_Joint_Railway "Midland & Great Northern Joint Railway") and the [Somerset \& Dorset Joint Railway](/wiki/Somerset_%26_Dorset_Joint_Railway "Somerset & Dorset Joint Railway"). Notable among them were the [Somerset \& Dorset](/wiki/S%26DJR_7F_2-8-0 "S&DJR 7F 2-8-0") {{whyte\|2\-8\-0}}s, a class of heavy freight locomotives for the Dorset banks, extremely large by Midland standards. Eleven were built in two batches in 1914 and 1925\. A new more powerful {{whyte\|0\-6\-0}} was designed in 1911 and two were built. Quantity production began in 1917 with 192 being built in the first few years, and a further 580 after grouping up to 1940\. Another remarkable engine of this period was the [0\-10\-0 "Lickey Banker"](/wiki/MR_0-10-0_Lickey_Banker "MR 0-10-0 Lickey Banker"), designed in 1919, by [James Clayton](/wiki/James_Clayton_%28engineer%29 "James Clayton (engineer)") for use on the [Lickey Incline](/wiki/Lickey_Incline "Lickey Incline") south of [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham").
|
[
"Midland Railway\n---------------",
"### Matthew Kirtley",
"When the three companies merged in 1844 to form the [Midland Railway](/wiki/Midland_Railway \"Midland Railway\"), Derby became its headquarters and the workshops merged to become the **Midland Railway Locomotive Works**. The immediate task was to achieve some standardisation in the various locomotives that it had inherited. Locomotives at that time were designed and built by manufacturers who might be lacking in actual operating experience with their products. The first Locomotive and Carriage Superintendent was [Matthew Kirtley](/wiki/Matthew_Kirtley \"Matthew Kirtley\") who persuaded various manufacturers to build to his own design and in 1849 50 six\\-coupled goods engines were delivered.{{Cite book\\| last\\=Lowe\\| first\\=J.W.\\| year\\=1989\\| title\\=British Steam Locomotive Builders\\| publisher\\=Guild Publishing}}{{page needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"[right\\|thumb\\|North Midland Railway roundhouse in 2006](/wiki/File:Derby_roundhouse.jpg \"Derby roundhouse.jpg\")\nAfter improving the workshops and facilities, including a second roundhouse in 1847, he persuaded the directors that the railway should build its own engines. New building began in 1851 with passenger engines to the [Jenny Lind](/wiki/Jenny_Lind_locomotive \"Jenny Lind locomotive\") pattern, and more standard goods. He then produced a large \"single\" with six\\-foot six\\-inch driving wheels. Throughout its existence the Midland never became fully self\\-sufficient, usually having its locos built by private contractors to its own designs. Initially there was some resistance on the part of [Sharp Stewart](/wiki/Sharp%2C_Stewart_%26_Company \"Sharp, Stewart & Company\") and [Stephenson](/wiki/Robert_Stephenson_%26_Company \"Robert Stephenson & Company\"), who quoted over\\-long delivery times, so that Kirtley had to accept the maker's own designs. These were good enough, however, that Fowler built some more to a similar pattern. In 1861 he built four {{whyte\\|0\\-6\\-0}} banking engines for the [Lickey Incline](/wiki/Lickey_Incline \"Lickey Incline\") with four\\-foot drivers instead of the usual five feet. Kirtley's first {{whyte\\|2\\-4\\-0}} was a rebuilt {{whyte\\|2\\-2\\-2}} but he went on to build six for use to [King's Cross](/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station \"London King's Cross railway station\"), then 15 more.",
"A further, much larger, roundhouse was built in 1852, followed by a large rectangular engine shed with two turntables in 1890\\. The original North Midland workshop, which by then had become offices, was raised by one storey in 1859–60, the clock tower being increased in height accordingly. A long footbridge was added from the entrance door to the front of the station, of which only a fragment remains today. A third floor was added in 1893\\.{{harvnb\\|Billson\\|1996\\|page\\=}}{{page needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"Another of Kirtley's achievements in 1859 was, at last, to solve the problem of coal burning, by combining the brick arch with a firehole door deflector plate and a blower to increase the draught. Research into track wear was carried out by [Robert Forester Mushet](/wiki/Robert_Forester_Mushet \"Robert Forester Mushet\"), who produced the first double\\-headed rail using [Bessemer steel](/wiki/Bessemer_steel \"Bessemer steel\"). Whereas [wrought iron](/wiki/Wrought_iron \"Wrought iron\") rails lasted typically six months, a length of steel rail laid near Derby station 1857 was still in use in 1873\\.",
"Kirtley also introduced a system of templates and gauges based on the [Whitworth system](/wiki/British_Standard_Whitworth \"British Standard Whitworth\"). Meanwhile, [wrought iron](/wiki/Wrought_iron \"Wrought iron\") axles failures were a problem. In 1870–1871, Kirtley began a programme of research which eventually resulted in the introduction of steel.{{harvnb\\|Lowe\\|1989\\|page\\=}}{{page needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"By the end of the 1860s the works had expanded to such an extent, that he was considering reorganising it; and, in 1873, it separated into the Locomotive Works, remaining behind the station, and [Derby Carriage \\& Wagon Works](/wiki/Derby_Litchurch_Lane_Works \"Derby Litchurch Lane Works\"), further south, off Litchurch Lane.",
"### Samuel Johnson",
"Kirtley died in office in 1873 leaving a respectable legacy of development and sound locomotives, some of which lasted 80 years. The works reorganisation was completed in 1887 by his successor [Samuel Waite Johnson](/wiki/Samuel_Waite_Johnson \"Samuel Waite Johnson\"), the carriage and wagon works coming under the control of [Thomas Gethyn Clayton](/wiki/Thomas_Gethyn_Clayton \"Thomas Gethyn Clayton\").{{page needed\\|date\\=December 2021}} In addition the works took over the old Derby Gas Company works.",
"Johnson continued to build four\\-coupled passenger locos for the steeper grades, but also some [2\\-2\\-2](/wiki/2-2-2 \"2-2-2\") singles for lighter work. In 1886, the workshop manager, F. Holt, devised a system of applying [sand](/wiki/Sandbox_%28locomotive%29 \"Sandbox (locomotive)\") beneath the wheels to improve adhesion. This system is still in use today, using compressed air instead of steam as the propellant.",
"In 1897 a general strike was followed by a rapid rise in the economy. The railway had placed orders for 170 new locos with private builders, all of whom were snowed under. By the end of 1898 none had been delivered and the railway was under pressure from its goods customers, particularly in [Sheffield](/wiki/Sheffield \"Sheffield\"). The Midland ordered 20 {{whyte\\|2\\-6\\-0}}s from the Burnham \\& William's [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works \"Baldwin Locomotive Works\") in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") which were supplied as parts for assembly. Since the workshops were also full, they had to be assembled in the open air by quickly\\-recruited labour. Wishing to order 20 more, which Baldwin could not supply, ten were ordered from the [Schenectady Locomotive Works](/wiki/Schenectady_Locomotive_Works \"Schenectady Locomotive Works\"). The Baldwin's American appearance raised a good deal of comment.",
"The most famous singles, the [Midland Spinners](/wiki/Midland_Railway_115_Class \"Midland Railway 115 Class\"), were built in 1900 and the [Belpaire firebox](/wiki/Belpaire_firebox \"Belpaire firebox\") appeared on some {{whyte\\|4\\-4\\-0}}s. The first of the \"Midland Compounds\" appeared in 1904\\. This was based on a [North Eastern Railway](/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"North Eastern Railway (United Kingdom)\") two\\-cylinder {{whyte\\|4\\-4\\-0}} which had been rebuilt to three cylinders, and became the basis for a number of classes over the following years, totalling 240 engines. He also produced a very simple, but robust, {{whyte\\|0\\-6\\-0}} goods engine of which 865 were built from 1875 to 1902\\.{{page needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"### Richard Deeley",
"Johnson retired in 1903 and was succeeded by [Richard Deeley](/wiki/Richard_Deeley \"Richard Deeley\") who began as an apprentice at the works. He carried on much where Johnson had left off, but improved the compounds with an uprated boiler and firebox, also changing the tender to a smaller six\\-wheeled design. Deeley was very soon promoted to Locomotive Superintendent, with [Cecil Paget](/wiki/Cecil_Paget \"Cecil Paget\") as Works Manager.",
"[thumb\\|Preserved {{whyte\\|4\\-4\\-0}} [Midland Compound No. 1000](/wiki/Midland_Railway_1000_Class \"Midland Railway 1000 Class\")](/wiki/File:Preserved_Midland_Railway_4-4-0_Compound_No._1000_at_Derby_Works_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2124177.jpg \"Preserved Midland Railway 4-4-0 Compound No. 1000 at Derby Works - geograph.org.uk - 2124177.jpg\")\nIn 1904 two steam motor\\-carriages for the [Morecambe\\-Heysham](/wiki/Morecambe_branch_line \"Morecambe branch line\") service were fitted out at the carriage works. Since he was also Locomotive Superintendent, he reorganised the numbering system in 1907 so that different groups of numbers were used for different classes. Among his improvements to the works, he devised a heavy testing rig for structure testing up to 50 [tons](/wiki/Ton \"Ton\") in what had developed into a dedicated Engineering Testing Department.",
"By 1900 some 40,000 people were employed, producing 40 new engines a year. Electric power and lighting was installed in the Locomotive Works during 1910, supplied by the company's new generating plant located across the Derby canal at the rear of the Works. An earlier and smaller scale electric generating station had been built by the Midland during March 1893 in Calvert Street, Derby to provide current to light the station offices, the Midland Hotel and the Locomotive Works offices. A textile research facility was opened in Calvert Street for upholstery and seat materials. This facility is thought to have used the buildings made redundant by the closure of the 1893 generating station when the new generating station was brought on line in 1910\\.{{page needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"### Henry Fowler",
"In 1907 Paget became General Superintendent, with [Henry Fowler](/wiki/Henry_Fowler_%28engineer%29 \"Henry Fowler (engineer)\") becoming Works Manager. In 1908 Paget caused to be built a revolutionary new locomotive, the [Paget locomotive](/wiki/Midland_Railway_Paget_locomotive \"Midland Railway Paget locomotive\") based on the Willans high speed central valve engines, some of which had been installed at the works.",
"In 1908 the [Heysham to Morecambe line](/wiki/Morecambe_branch_line \"Morecambe branch line\") was electrified at 6\\.6kV 25 Hz and Derby supplied three 60\\-foot long motor coaches with electrical equipment from [Siemens](/wiki/Siemens \"Siemens\") and [Westinghouse](/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation \"Westinghouse Electric Corporation\").{{citation\\| title\\=ELECTRIFICATION PIONEERS\\| url\\=http://glostransporthistory.visit\\-gloucestershire.co.uk/electrif.htm\\| work\\=glostransporthistory.visit\\-gloucestershire.co.uk\\| access\\-date\\=1 July 2012}}",
"In 1909 Henry Fowler became the Mechanical Engineer. For the next five years, rebuilding continued and then came [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\").",
"From 1914 the works turned to aiding the war effort, producing eleven howitzers by the end of the year. Like most of the other works, Derby produced large number of shells and their components. Initially producing 3000 fuses a week, it installed automated equipment, increasing production tenfold, the work being mainly undertaken by some 500 women.",
"Some new locomotives, however, were built for the Midland's own use and some for the [Midland \\& Great Northern Joint Committee](/wiki/Midland_%26_Great_Northern_Joint_Railway \"Midland & Great Northern Joint Railway\") and the [Somerset \\& Dorset Joint Railway](/wiki/Somerset_%26_Dorset_Joint_Railway \"Somerset & Dorset Joint Railway\"). Notable among them were the [Somerset \\& Dorset](/wiki/S%26DJR_7F_2-8-0 \"S&DJR 7F 2-8-0\") {{whyte\\|2\\-8\\-0}}s, a class of heavy freight locomotives for the Dorset banks, extremely large by Midland standards. Eleven were built in two batches in 1914 and 1925\\. A new more powerful {{whyte\\|0\\-6\\-0}} was designed in 1911 and two were built. Quantity production began in 1917 with 192 being built in the first few years, and a further 580 after grouping up to 1940\\. Another remarkable engine of this period was the [0\\-10\\-0 \"Lickey Banker\"](/wiki/MR_0-10-0_Lickey_Banker \"MR 0-10-0 Lickey Banker\"), designed in 1919, by [James Clayton](/wiki/James_Clayton_%28engineer%29 \"James Clayton (engineer)\") for use on the [Lickey Incline](/wiki/Lickey_Incline \"Lickey Incline\") south of [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham \"Birmingham\").",
""
] |
London, Midland and Scottish Railway
------------------------------------
### George Hughes
The co\-operation between the railways in the war effort to some extent smoothed the way to amalgamation in 1923 with the Midland becoming part of the [London, Midland \& Scottish Railway](/wiki/London%2C_Midland_%26_Scottish_Railway "London, Midland & Scottish Railway"). [George Hughes](/wiki/George_Hughes_%28engineer%29 "George Hughes (engineer)") became the Chief Mechanical Engineer. However he preferred to make his headquarters at [Horwich](/wiki/Horwich_Works "Horwich Works"), building the famous [2\-6\-0](/wiki/2-6-0 "2-6-0") ["Horwich Crabs"](/wiki/LMS_Hughes_Crab "LMS Hughes Crab"). He was succeeded in 1925 by Henry Fowler, by [Ernest Lemon](/wiki/Ernest_Lemon "Ernest Lemon") in 1931, and finally in 1932 by [William Stanier](/wiki/William_Stanier "William Stanier").
The major source of friction, however, was the Midland's policy of using small engines, adding another if the load warranted it, or for hilly stretches. This had worked perfectly well, for the Midland's track in general was level, but trains were becoming heavier. The other major member of the grouping, the [London \& North Western Railway](/wiki/London_%26_North_Western_Railway "London & North Western Railway") (LNWR), had already invested in larger engines for its lines north of [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester "Manchester"). Another passion imported from the Midland was for standardisation, which, in the case of axleboxes was to prove problematic for future heavier locos.
Production carried on much as before, of Midland [0\-6\-0s](/wiki/0-6-0 "0-6-0") and [4\-4\-0](/wiki/4-4-0 "4-4-0") "Compounds", while Hughes [4\-6\-0s](/wiki/4-6-0 "4-6-0") were built at Horwich and [Crewe](/wiki/Crewe_Works "Crewe Works"). However, plans were afoot for something larger, with a [Castle class](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class "GWR 4073 Class") loco borrowed from the [Great Western Railway](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway "Great Western Railway") for trials between [Euston](/wiki/Euston_railway_station "Euston railway station") and [Carlisle](/wiki/Carlisle_railway_station "Carlisle railway station"). In 1927, [50 4\-6\-0's](/wiki/LMS_Royal_Scot_Class "LMS Royal Scot Class") were produced by the [North British Locomotive Company](/wiki/North_British_Locomotive_Company "North British Locomotive Company") and in 1930, production of a further 20 was begun at Derby.
### William Stanier
William Stanier was appointed in 1932 as someone from outside of the company who was unaffected by the politics of the various constituent companies within the LMS. His appointment would clearly have been accompanied by a change in attitude which included influencing the civil engineers to invest in strengthening the Midland track and structures. Crewe had been provided by the LNWR with a very large foundry and he concentrated most of the production there. The central drawing office remained in Derby, at Nelson Street, and in 1933, under [Lord Stamp](/wiki/Josiah_Stamp "Josiah Stamp"), Derby became a national research centre with the establishment of the [LMS Scientific Research Laboratory](/wiki/LMS_Scientific_Research_Laboratory "LMS Scientific Research Laboratory") in 1933 on the west side of London Road.{{Cite book\| last\=Marsden\| first\=C.J.\| year\=1989\| title\=Twenty Five Years of Railway Research\| publisher\=Haynes Publishing}}{{page needed\|date\=December 2021}}
The main business of any locomotive works is maintenance and repairs, but Derby continued to build Fowler's 0\-6\-0s and assisted Crewe with longer production runs, usually with castings provided by Crewe. It also assisted Nelson Street with new ventures, including the LMS's pioneering work with diesel shunters. In 1931, an old Midland Railway [Class 1F 0\-6\-0](/wiki/Midland_Railway_1377_Class "Midland Railway 1377 Class") tank had been converted by fitting a [Davey Paxman](/wiki/Paxman_%28engines%29 "Paxman (engines)") diesel engine and a hydraulic transmission by the Derby firm of [Haslam \& Newton](/wiki/Haslam_%26_Newton "Haslam & Newton").{{page needed\|date\=December 2021}}
Although the hydraulic transmission failed in 1936, valuable experience had been gained, and various shunters were ordered from outside manufacturers. Two of these types, one from [Armstrong Whitworth](/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth "Armstrong Whitworth") powered by a [Sulzer](/wiki/Sulzer_%28manufacturer%29 "Sulzer (manufacturer)") engine, the other from [Hawthorn Leslie \& Company](/wiki/Hawthorn_Leslie_%26_Company "Hawthorn Leslie & Company") with an [English Electric](/wiki/English_Electric "English Electric") engine, both with electric transmission, provided the future pattern for shunters which would come to be built at Derby, and later the basis for the [British Rail Class 08](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_08 "British Rail Class 08").
During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") the works built [Class 5](/wiki/LMS_Stanier_Class_5_4-6-0 "LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0") [4\-6\-0s](/wiki/4-6-0 "4-6-0"), and [2\-6\-4Ts](/wiki/2-6-4T "2-6-4T"). [Charles Fairburn](/wiki/Charles_Fairburn "Charles Fairburn") oversaw the building of a [Hampden](/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden "Handley Page Hampden") bomber repair facility involving both the Loco and the Carriage \& Wagon works. Wings and fuselages were repaired and sent to a private contractor at Nottingham for assembly. In time other aircraft were repaired, including [Lancasters](/wiki/Avro_Lancaster "Avro Lancaster"). The works also built carriages for field guns and anti\-tank guns.{{page needed\|date\=December 2021}}
### Fairburn and Ivatt
In 1944, Fairburn became Chief Mechanical Engineer when Stanier retired, and he was followed in 1945 by [George Ivatt](/wiki/George_Ivatt "George Ivatt").
Locomotive production continued, including new versions of the shunters. The first, from 1936, had a single motor driving the wheels through a jackshaft. This was because the axle\-hung motors of the English Electric design had proved difficult to ventilate and had given severe overheating problems. This had been overcome in 1940 by using double reduction gearing on the axle\-hung motors and limiting the maximum speed.{{page needed\|date\=December 2021}}
|
[
"London, Midland and Scottish Railway\n------------------------------------",
"### George Hughes",
"The co\\-operation between the railways in the war effort to some extent smoothed the way to amalgamation in 1923 with the Midland becoming part of the [London, Midland \\& Scottish Railway](/wiki/London%2C_Midland_%26_Scottish_Railway \"London, Midland & Scottish Railway\"). [George Hughes](/wiki/George_Hughes_%28engineer%29 \"George Hughes (engineer)\") became the Chief Mechanical Engineer. However he preferred to make his headquarters at [Horwich](/wiki/Horwich_Works \"Horwich Works\"), building the famous [2\\-6\\-0](/wiki/2-6-0 \"2-6-0\") [\"Horwich Crabs\"](/wiki/LMS_Hughes_Crab \"LMS Hughes Crab\"). He was succeeded in 1925 by Henry Fowler, by [Ernest Lemon](/wiki/Ernest_Lemon \"Ernest Lemon\") in 1931, and finally in 1932 by [William Stanier](/wiki/William_Stanier \"William Stanier\").",
"The major source of friction, however, was the Midland's policy of using small engines, adding another if the load warranted it, or for hilly stretches. This had worked perfectly well, for the Midland's track in general was level, but trains were becoming heavier. The other major member of the grouping, the [London \\& North Western Railway](/wiki/London_%26_North_Western_Railway \"London & North Western Railway\") (LNWR), had already invested in larger engines for its lines north of [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\"). Another passion imported from the Midland was for standardisation, which, in the case of axleboxes was to prove problematic for future heavier locos.",
"Production carried on much as before, of Midland [0\\-6\\-0s](/wiki/0-6-0 \"0-6-0\") and [4\\-4\\-0](/wiki/4-4-0 \"4-4-0\") \"Compounds\", while Hughes [4\\-6\\-0s](/wiki/4-6-0 \"4-6-0\") were built at Horwich and [Crewe](/wiki/Crewe_Works \"Crewe Works\"). However, plans were afoot for something larger, with a [Castle class](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class \"GWR 4073 Class\") loco borrowed from the [Great Western Railway](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway \"Great Western Railway\") for trials between [Euston](/wiki/Euston_railway_station \"Euston railway station\") and [Carlisle](/wiki/Carlisle_railway_station \"Carlisle railway station\"). In 1927, [50 4\\-6\\-0's](/wiki/LMS_Royal_Scot_Class \"LMS Royal Scot Class\") were produced by the [North British Locomotive Company](/wiki/North_British_Locomotive_Company \"North British Locomotive Company\") and in 1930, production of a further 20 was begun at Derby.",
"### William Stanier",
"William Stanier was appointed in 1932 as someone from outside of the company who was unaffected by the politics of the various constituent companies within the LMS. His appointment would clearly have been accompanied by a change in attitude which included influencing the civil engineers to invest in strengthening the Midland track and structures. Crewe had been provided by the LNWR with a very large foundry and he concentrated most of the production there. The central drawing office remained in Derby, at Nelson Street, and in 1933, under [Lord Stamp](/wiki/Josiah_Stamp \"Josiah Stamp\"), Derby became a national research centre with the establishment of the [LMS Scientific Research Laboratory](/wiki/LMS_Scientific_Research_Laboratory \"LMS Scientific Research Laboratory\") in 1933 on the west side of London Road.{{Cite book\\| last\\=Marsden\\| first\\=C.J.\\| year\\=1989\\| title\\=Twenty Five Years of Railway Research\\| publisher\\=Haynes Publishing}}{{page needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"The main business of any locomotive works is maintenance and repairs, but Derby continued to build Fowler's 0\\-6\\-0s and assisted Crewe with longer production runs, usually with castings provided by Crewe. It also assisted Nelson Street with new ventures, including the LMS's pioneering work with diesel shunters. In 1931, an old Midland Railway [Class 1F 0\\-6\\-0](/wiki/Midland_Railway_1377_Class \"Midland Railway 1377 Class\") tank had been converted by fitting a [Davey Paxman](/wiki/Paxman_%28engines%29 \"Paxman (engines)\") diesel engine and a hydraulic transmission by the Derby firm of [Haslam \\& Newton](/wiki/Haslam_%26_Newton \"Haslam & Newton\").{{page needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"Although the hydraulic transmission failed in 1936, valuable experience had been gained, and various shunters were ordered from outside manufacturers. Two of these types, one from [Armstrong Whitworth](/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth \"Armstrong Whitworth\") powered by a [Sulzer](/wiki/Sulzer_%28manufacturer%29 \"Sulzer (manufacturer)\") engine, the other from [Hawthorn Leslie \\& Company](/wiki/Hawthorn_Leslie_%26_Company \"Hawthorn Leslie & Company\") with an [English Electric](/wiki/English_Electric \"English Electric\") engine, both with electric transmission, provided the future pattern for shunters which would come to be built at Derby, and later the basis for the [British Rail Class 08](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_08 \"British Rail Class 08\").",
"During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") the works built [Class 5](/wiki/LMS_Stanier_Class_5_4-6-0 \"LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0\") [4\\-6\\-0s](/wiki/4-6-0 \"4-6-0\"), and [2\\-6\\-4Ts](/wiki/2-6-4T \"2-6-4T\"). [Charles Fairburn](/wiki/Charles_Fairburn \"Charles Fairburn\") oversaw the building of a [Hampden](/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden \"Handley Page Hampden\") bomber repair facility involving both the Loco and the Carriage \\& Wagon works. Wings and fuselages were repaired and sent to a private contractor at Nottingham for assembly. In time other aircraft were repaired, including [Lancasters](/wiki/Avro_Lancaster \"Avro Lancaster\"). The works also built carriages for field guns and anti\\-tank guns.{{page needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"### Fairburn and Ivatt",
"In 1944, Fairburn became Chief Mechanical Engineer when Stanier retired, and he was followed in 1945 by [George Ivatt](/wiki/George_Ivatt \"George Ivatt\").",
"Locomotive production continued, including new versions of the shunters. The first, from 1936, had a single motor driving the wheels through a jackshaft. This was because the axle\\-hung motors of the English Electric design had proved difficult to ventilate and had given severe overheating problems. This had been overcome in 1940 by using double reduction gearing on the axle\\-hung motors and limiting the maximum speed.{{page needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Cohen was born in [Coswig](/wiki/Coswig%2C_Saxony-Anhalt "Coswig, Saxony-Anhalt"), in the Principality of [Anhalt\-Bernburg](/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg "Anhalt-Bernburg"). He began to study philosophy early on, and soon became known as a profound [Kant](/wiki/Immanuel_Kant "Immanuel Kant") scholar. He was educated at the Gymnasium at [Dessau](/wiki/Dessau "Dessau"), at the [Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau](/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_Breslau "Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau"), and at the universities of [Breslau](/wiki/University_of_Breslau "University of Breslau"), [Berlin](/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin "Humboldt University of Berlin"), and [Halle](/wiki/University_of_Halle-Wittenberg "University of Halle-Wittenberg"). In 1873, he became *[Privatdozent](/wiki/Privatdozent "Privatdozent")* in the philosophical faculty of the [University of Marburg](/wiki/University_of_Marburg "University of Marburg"); the thesis with which he obtained the *[venia legendi](/wiki/Habilitation "Habilitation")* being *Die systematischen Begriffe in Kant's vorkritischen Schriften nach ihrem Verhältniss zum kritischen Idealismus*.{{Cite book \|last\=Cohen \|first\=Hermann \|title\=Die systematischen Begriffe in Kants vorkritischen Schriften nach ihrem Verhältniss zum kritischen Idealismus \|publisher\=F. Dummler \|year\=1873 \|location\=Berlin \|language\=DE}} Cohen was elected [Professor extraordinarius](/wiki/Professor_extraordinarius "Professor extraordinarius") at Marburg in 1875 and [Professor ordinarius](/wiki/Professor_ordinarius "Professor ordinarius") the following year.
He was one of the founders of the "Gesellschaft zur Förderung der [Wissenschaft des Judenthums](/wiki/Wissenschaft_des_Judenthums "Wissenschaft des Judenthums")", which held its first meeting in Berlin in November 1902\.
Cohen edited and published [Friedrich Albert Lange](/wiki/Friedrich_Albert_Lange "Friedrich Albert Lange")'s final philosophical work, *Logische Studien* (Leipzig, 1877\), and edited and wrote several versions of a long introduction and critical supplement to Lange's *[Geschichte des Materialismus](/wiki/Geschichte_des_Materialismus "Geschichte des Materialismus")*.Second enlarged edition based on the 7th edition of the original, 1902, vol. I.
He devoted three early volumes to the interpretation of Kant (*Kant's Theory of Experience*, *Kant's Foundations of Ethics*, and *Kant's Foundations of Aesthetics*). In 1902 he began publishing the three volumes of his own systematic philosophy: *Logik der reinen Erkenntnis* (1902\), *Ethik des reinen Willens* (1904\) and *Ästhetik des reinen Gefühls* (1912\). The planned fourth volume on psychology was never written.
Cohen's writings relating more especially to Judaism include several pamphlets, among them "Die Kulturgeschichtliche Bedeutung des Sabbat" (1881\) and "Ein Bekenntniss in der Judenfrage" (1880\); as well as the following articles: "Das Problem der Jüdischen Sittenlehre" in the "Monatsschrift" xliii. (1899\), pp. 385–400, 433–449; "Liebe und Gerechtigkeit in den Begriffen Gott und Mensch" in "Jahrbuch für Jüdische Geschichte und Litteratur", III. (1900\), pp. 75–132; and "Autonomie und Freiheit" in *Gedenkbuch für [David Kaufmann](/wiki/David_Kaufmann "David Kaufmann")* (1900\).<https://philpapers.org/archive/PATHCH.pdf> {{Bare URL PDF\|date\=March 2022}}
Cohen's most famous Jewish works include: *Religion der Vernunft aus den Quellen des Judentums* (*Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism*, 1919\),*Metzler Philosophical Lexikon*, article on Hermann Cohen *Deutschtum und Judentum*, *Die Naechstenliebe im Talmud*, and *Die Ethik des Maimonides*.
His essay "Die Nächstenliebe im Talmud" was written at the request of the Marburg Königliches Landgericht (3d ed., Marburg, 1888\).
Cohen's Jewish writings are collected in his *Jüdische Schriften* (3 vols. ed. Bruno Strauss, Berlin 1924\). There is an ongoing new academic edition of Cohen's works, edited by Helmut Holzhey, Hartwig Wiedebach u.a. (Olms, Hildesheim 1977 ff.). Selected writings have published in English translation in *Hermann Cohen: Writings on Neo\-Kantianism and Jewish Philosophy* (ed. by Samuel Moyn and Robert S. Schine, 2021\) and in *Reason and Hope: Selections from the Jewish Writings of Hermann Cohen*, translated by Eva Jospe (1971\).
Cohen was an outspoken critic of [Zionism](/wiki/Zionism "Zionism"), as he argued that its aspiration to create a Jewish state would lead to "return the Jews to History". In his view, Judaism was inherently [a\-historical](/wiki/Ahistorical "Ahistorical"), with a spiritual and moral mission far transcending the [national aims](/wiki/Nationalism "Nationalism") of Zionism.
Despite his attitude, [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv") has a Hermann Cohen Street.
Cohen is buried in the [Weißensee Cemetery](/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fensee_Cemetery "Weißensee Cemetery") in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin").
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Cohen was born in [Coswig](/wiki/Coswig%2C_Saxony-Anhalt \"Coswig, Saxony-Anhalt\"), in the Principality of [Anhalt\\-Bernburg](/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg \"Anhalt-Bernburg\"). He began to study philosophy early on, and soon became known as a profound [Kant](/wiki/Immanuel_Kant \"Immanuel Kant\") scholar. He was educated at the Gymnasium at [Dessau](/wiki/Dessau \"Dessau\"), at the [Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau](/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_Breslau \"Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau\"), and at the universities of [Breslau](/wiki/University_of_Breslau \"University of Breslau\"), [Berlin](/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin \"Humboldt University of Berlin\"), and [Halle](/wiki/University_of_Halle-Wittenberg \"University of Halle-Wittenberg\"). In 1873, he became *[Privatdozent](/wiki/Privatdozent \"Privatdozent\")* in the philosophical faculty of the [University of Marburg](/wiki/University_of_Marburg \"University of Marburg\"); the thesis with which he obtained the *[venia legendi](/wiki/Habilitation \"Habilitation\")* being *Die systematischen Begriffe in Kant's vorkritischen Schriften nach ihrem Verhältniss zum kritischen Idealismus*.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Cohen \\|first\\=Hermann \\|title\\=Die systematischen Begriffe in Kants vorkritischen Schriften nach ihrem Verhältniss zum kritischen Idealismus \\|publisher\\=F. Dummler \\|year\\=1873 \\|location\\=Berlin \\|language\\=DE}} Cohen was elected [Professor extraordinarius](/wiki/Professor_extraordinarius \"Professor extraordinarius\") at Marburg in 1875 and [Professor ordinarius](/wiki/Professor_ordinarius \"Professor ordinarius\") the following year.",
"He was one of the founders of the \"Gesellschaft zur Förderung der [Wissenschaft des Judenthums](/wiki/Wissenschaft_des_Judenthums \"Wissenschaft des Judenthums\")\", which held its first meeting in Berlin in November 1902\\.",
"Cohen edited and published [Friedrich Albert Lange](/wiki/Friedrich_Albert_Lange \"Friedrich Albert Lange\")'s final philosophical work, *Logische Studien* (Leipzig, 1877\\), and edited and wrote several versions of a long introduction and critical supplement to Lange's *[Geschichte des Materialismus](/wiki/Geschichte_des_Materialismus \"Geschichte des Materialismus\")*.Second enlarged edition based on the 7th edition of the original, 1902, vol. I.",
"He devoted three early volumes to the interpretation of Kant (*Kant's Theory of Experience*, *Kant's Foundations of Ethics*, and *Kant's Foundations of Aesthetics*). In 1902 he began publishing the three volumes of his own systematic philosophy: *Logik der reinen Erkenntnis* (1902\\), *Ethik des reinen Willens* (1904\\) and *Ästhetik des reinen Gefühls* (1912\\). The planned fourth volume on psychology was never written.",
"Cohen's writings relating more especially to Judaism include several pamphlets, among them \"Die Kulturgeschichtliche Bedeutung des Sabbat\" (1881\\) and \"Ein Bekenntniss in der Judenfrage\" (1880\\); as well as the following articles: \"Das Problem der Jüdischen Sittenlehre\" in the \"Monatsschrift\" xliii. (1899\\), pp. 385–400, 433–449; \"Liebe und Gerechtigkeit in den Begriffen Gott und Mensch\" in \"Jahrbuch für Jüdische Geschichte und Litteratur\", III. (1900\\), pp. 75–132; and \"Autonomie und Freiheit\" in *Gedenkbuch für [David Kaufmann](/wiki/David_Kaufmann \"David Kaufmann\")* (1900\\).<https://philpapers.org/archive/PATHCH.pdf> {{Bare URL PDF\\|date\\=March 2022}}",
"Cohen's most famous Jewish works include: *Religion der Vernunft aus den Quellen des Judentums* (*Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism*, 1919\\),*Metzler Philosophical Lexikon*, article on Hermann Cohen *Deutschtum und Judentum*, *Die Naechstenliebe im Talmud*, and *Die Ethik des Maimonides*.\nHis essay \"Die Nächstenliebe im Talmud\" was written at the request of the Marburg Königliches Landgericht (3d ed., Marburg, 1888\\).\nCohen's Jewish writings are collected in his *Jüdische Schriften* (3 vols. ed. Bruno Strauss, Berlin 1924\\). There is an ongoing new academic edition of Cohen's works, edited by Helmut Holzhey, Hartwig Wiedebach u.a. (Olms, Hildesheim 1977 ff.). Selected writings have published in English translation in *Hermann Cohen: Writings on Neo\\-Kantianism and Jewish Philosophy* (ed. by Samuel Moyn and Robert S. Schine, 2021\\) and in *Reason and Hope: Selections from the Jewish Writings of Hermann Cohen*, translated by Eva Jospe (1971\\).",
"Cohen was an outspoken critic of [Zionism](/wiki/Zionism \"Zionism\"), as he argued that its aspiration to create a Jewish state would lead to \"return the Jews to History\". In his view, Judaism was inherently [a\\-historical](/wiki/Ahistorical \"Ahistorical\"), with a spiritual and moral mission far transcending the [national aims](/wiki/Nationalism \"Nationalism\") of Zionism.\nDespite his attitude, [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv \"Tel Aviv\") has a Hermann Cohen Street.",
"Cohen is buried in the [Weißensee Cemetery](/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fensee_Cemetery \"Weißensee Cemetery\") in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\").",
""
] |
Products
--------
### Linux
May 12, 2009, MontaVista announced MontaVista Linux 6 (MVL6\) comprising Market Specific Distributions, MontaVista Integration Platform, Software Development Kit, MontaVista Zone Content Server, and support and services. There are several differences between MVL6 and prior MontaVista Linux products. The main ones are:
* Market Specific Distributions (MSD){{spaced ndash}}Linux operating systems ([kernel](/wiki/Kernel_%28operating_system%29 "Kernel (operating system)") \+ [userland](/wiki/Userland_%28computing%29 "Userland (computing)")) optimized for each specific semiconductor vendor's hardware.
* MontaVista Integration Platform{{spaced ndash}}based on [BitBake](/wiki/BitBake "BitBake"), analogous to *[make](/wiki/Make_%28software%29 "Make (software)")*, which analyzes a set of directives and then builds a task dependency tree to satisfy a user command. BitBake then executes the defined tasks to completion.
* MontaVista Zone Content Server{{spaced ndash}}accessed from behind a [proxy server](/wiki/Proxy_server "Proxy server"), or local [web mirror](/wiki/Web_mirror "Web mirror") for offline operations, to fetch software and updates. Rather than depending on a mix of public [HTTP](/wiki/HTTP "HTTP"), [Concurrent Versions System](/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System "Concurrent Versions System") (CVS), [Git](/wiki/Git_%28software%29 "Git (software)"), and [Subversion](/wiki/Subversion_%28software%29 "Subversion (software)") servers across the Internet, there is one source for each original source [archive](/wiki/File_archiver "File archiver") and [patch](/wiki/Patch_%28computing%29 "Patch (computing)").
*MontaVista Linux* (formerly named *Hard Hat Linux*) is a [Linux distribution](/wiki/Linux_distribution "Linux distribution") that has been enhanced to become a full [real\-time operating system](/wiki/Real-time_operating_system "Real-time operating system"). The work on real\-time performance has since continued to a point where MontaVista claims to support [hard real\-time](/wiki/Hard_real-time "Hard real-time") tasks on embedded Linux as of MontaVista Linux 4\.0, with response times as fast as other real\-time operating systems.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.linuxdevices.com/news/NS6395401765\.html \|title\=MontaVista touts native hard real\-time Linux \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120904024528/http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/MontaVista\-touts\-native\-hard\-realtime\-Linux/ \|archive\-date\=September 4, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy}}
MontaVista sells *subscriptions*, which consist of software, [documentation](/wiki/Software_documentation "Software documentation"), and [technical support](/wiki/Technical_support "Technical support"). The software includes a [Linux kernel](/wiki/Linux_kernel "Linux kernel") and [toolchain](/wiki/Toolchain "Toolchain") aimed at a specific hardware configuration, collectively called a [Linux Support Package](/wiki/Board_support_package "Board support package") (LSP), and other integrated tools including the [Eclipse](/wiki/Eclipse_%28software%29 "Eclipse (software)")\-based DevRocket [integrated development environment](/wiki/Integrated_development_environment "Integrated development environment") (IDE).{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mvista.com/product\_detail\_devrocket.php \|title\=MontaVista official DevRocket page \|publisher\=Mvista.com \|access\-date\=2012\-01\-12 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105171602/http://mvista.com/product\_detail\_devrocket.php \|archive\-date\=January 5, 2012 \|df\=mdy}} The distribution is available in three editions, each aimed at different [market segments](/wiki/Market_segments "Market segments"): *Professional Edition*, *Carrier Grade Edition*, and *Mobilinux*.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mvista.com/products\_services.php \|title\=MontaVista official Products page \|publisher\=Mvista.com \|access\-date\=2012\-01\-12}} The MontaVista Linux toolkit includes specific code libraries to easily migrate from [Wind River Systems](/wiki/Wind_River_Systems "Wind River Systems")' [VxWorks](/wiki/VxWorks "VxWorks") and the [pSOS](/wiki/PSOS_%28real-time_operating_system%29 "PSOS (real-time operating system)") operating systems.
#### OpenCGX
Project OpenCGX is an open and free to use embedded [Linux](/wiki/Linux "Linux") distribution from MontaVista Software LLC. OpenCGX is based on MontaVista’s eleventh generation Carrier Grade Linux. Engineers can quickly jumpstart their [ARM](/wiki/ARM_architecture "ARM architecture") and [x86](/wiki/X86 "X86") development with a full embedded Linux distribution that is easily customizable. OpenCGX in its introduction is based on [Yocto](/wiki/Yocto_Project "Yocto Project") 2\.4 with [Linux Kernel](/wiki/Linux_kernel "Linux kernel") 4\.14 (or latest LTS kernel) and [GNU](/wiki/GNU "GNU") 7\.2 toolchain.
### Carrier Grade eXpress (CGX)
As a cornerstone in MontaVista's product lineup, [Carrier Grade eXpress (CGX)](https://www.mvista.com/en/carrier_grade_express) is a robust operating system equipped with [Carrier Grade Linux (CGL)](/wiki/Carrier_Grade_Linux "Carrier Grade Linux") specifications, ensuring unparalleled performance and security for a wide array of interconnected smart applications across industries.
MontaVista Linux CGX 5\.0,{{cite press release \|last\= \|first\= \|date\=April 9, 2024 \|title\=MontaVista Unveils CGX 5\.0 – An AI\-Ready Embedded Linux Platform Secured by Design \|url\=https://www.mvista.com/en/about\_press/detail/montavista\-unveils\-cgx\-5\.0\-an\-ai\-ready\-embedded\-linux\-platform\-secured\-by\-design \|location\=San Jose, CA \|publisher\=MontaVista \|access\-date\=June 8, 2024}} the 15th generation of MontaVista’s Carrier Grade Linux, is built on the foundation of the [Yocto Project](/wiki/Yocto_Project "Yocto Project") 5\.0 LTS release and the [Linux kernel 6\.6 LTS](https://lkml.org/lkml/2023/10/30/11). With the [GCC 13](https://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-13/) and [CLANG 18](https://releases.llvm.org/18.1.6/tools/clang/docs/ReleaseNotes.html) toolchain, MontaVista CGX 5\.0 provides a commercially supported Linux distribution for creating diverse embedded products on major CPU architectures, including x86, ARM, PPC, MIPS, and RISC\-V.
### Carrier Grade Edition
MontaVista Linux Carrier Grade Edition (CGE) is a commercial\-grade Linux development platform for developers working with [reliability, availability, and serviceability](/wiki/Reliability%2C_availability_and_serviceability_%28computing%29 "Reliability, availability and serviceability (computing)") (RAS) managed hardware ([Hardware Platform Interface](/wiki/Hardware_Platform_Interface "Hardware Platform Interface") (HPI), [Intelligent Platform Management Interface](/wiki/Intelligent_Platform_Management_Interface "Intelligent Platform Management Interface") (IPMI)) or custom hardware, who need long\-term support and high availability.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mvista.com/product\_detail\_cge.php \|title\=MontaVista official Carrier\-Grade Edition details page \|publisher\=Mvista.com \|access\-date\=2012\-01\-12}}
Carrier Grade Linux is governed by the [Linux Foundation](/wiki/Linux_Foundation "Linux Foundation") CGL working group.
### DevRocket
*MontaVista DevRocket* is a set of [Eclipse](/wiki/Eclipse_%28computing%29 "Eclipse (computing)") [plug\-ins](/wiki/Plug-in_%28computing%29 "Plug-in (computing)") for facilitating application and system development with MontaVista Linux. DevRocket [integrated development environment](/wiki/Integrated_development_environment "Integrated development environment") (IDE) runs on Linux, [Solaris](/wiki/Solaris_%28operating_system%29 "Solaris (operating system)") and [Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows "Microsoft Windows"). It uses the Eclipse [C\+\+](/wiki/C%2B%2B "C++") Development Toolkit (CDT). Starting with DevRocket 5\.0, users can add MontaVista's plug\-ins into an existing Eclipse installation, or install Eclipse with the plugins already loaded.
DevRocket is available in two varieties: a Platform Developer Kit (PDK) and Application Developer Kit (ADK). The Platform Developer Kit includes the ability to communicate with a target (RSE, SSH), create and manage file systems, [debugging](/wiki/Debugging "Debugging") (kgdb), and performance tuning ([memory leak](/wiki/Memory_leak "Memory leak"), memory use, system profiling). The application developer kit includes a virtual target for developing applications earlier in the development cycle, one\-click edit/compile/debug, and performance tuning.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.linuxdevices.com/news/NS3830420826\.html \|title\=MontaVista's embedded Linux app dev tools go "all\-plugin" \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120906025238/http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/MontaVistas\-embedded\-Linux\-app\-dev\-tools\-go\-allplugin/ \|archive\-date\=September 6, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy}}
|
[
"Products\n--------",
"### Linux",
"May 12, 2009, MontaVista announced MontaVista Linux 6 (MVL6\\) comprising Market Specific Distributions, MontaVista Integration Platform, Software Development Kit, MontaVista Zone Content Server, and support and services. There are several differences between MVL6 and prior MontaVista Linux products. The main ones are:",
"* Market Specific Distributions (MSD){{spaced ndash}}Linux operating systems ([kernel](/wiki/Kernel_%28operating_system%29 \"Kernel (operating system)\") \\+ [userland](/wiki/Userland_%28computing%29 \"Userland (computing)\")) optimized for each specific semiconductor vendor's hardware.\n* MontaVista Integration Platform{{spaced ndash}}based on [BitBake](/wiki/BitBake \"BitBake\"), analogous to *[make](/wiki/Make_%28software%29 \"Make (software)\")*, which analyzes a set of directives and then builds a task dependency tree to satisfy a user command. BitBake then executes the defined tasks to completion.\n* MontaVista Zone Content Server{{spaced ndash}}accessed from behind a [proxy server](/wiki/Proxy_server \"Proxy server\"), or local [web mirror](/wiki/Web_mirror \"Web mirror\") for offline operations, to fetch software and updates. Rather than depending on a mix of public [HTTP](/wiki/HTTP \"HTTP\"), [Concurrent Versions System](/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System \"Concurrent Versions System\") (CVS), [Git](/wiki/Git_%28software%29 \"Git (software)\"), and [Subversion](/wiki/Subversion_%28software%29 \"Subversion (software)\") servers across the Internet, there is one source for each original source [archive](/wiki/File_archiver \"File archiver\") and [patch](/wiki/Patch_%28computing%29 \"Patch (computing)\").",
"*MontaVista Linux* (formerly named *Hard Hat Linux*) is a [Linux distribution](/wiki/Linux_distribution \"Linux distribution\") that has been enhanced to become a full [real\\-time operating system](/wiki/Real-time_operating_system \"Real-time operating system\"). The work on real\\-time performance has since continued to a point where MontaVista claims to support [hard real\\-time](/wiki/Hard_real-time \"Hard real-time\") tasks on embedded Linux as of MontaVista Linux 4\\.0, with response times as fast as other real\\-time operating systems.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.linuxdevices.com/news/NS6395401765\\.html \\|title\\=MontaVista touts native hard real\\-time Linux \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120904024528/http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/MontaVista\\-touts\\-native\\-hard\\-realtime\\-Linux/ \\|archive\\-date\\=September 4, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy}}",
"MontaVista sells *subscriptions*, which consist of software, [documentation](/wiki/Software_documentation \"Software documentation\"), and [technical support](/wiki/Technical_support \"Technical support\"). The software includes a [Linux kernel](/wiki/Linux_kernel \"Linux kernel\") and [toolchain](/wiki/Toolchain \"Toolchain\") aimed at a specific hardware configuration, collectively called a [Linux Support Package](/wiki/Board_support_package \"Board support package\") (LSP), and other integrated tools including the [Eclipse](/wiki/Eclipse_%28software%29 \"Eclipse (software)\")\\-based DevRocket [integrated development environment](/wiki/Integrated_development_environment \"Integrated development environment\") (IDE).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mvista.com/product\\_detail\\_devrocket.php \\|title\\=MontaVista official DevRocket page \\|publisher\\=Mvista.com \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-01\\-12 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105171602/http://mvista.com/product\\_detail\\_devrocket.php \\|archive\\-date\\=January 5, 2012 \\|df\\=mdy}} The distribution is available in three editions, each aimed at different [market segments](/wiki/Market_segments \"Market segments\"): *Professional Edition*, *Carrier Grade Edition*, and *Mobilinux*.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mvista.com/products\\_services.php \\|title\\=MontaVista official Products page \\|publisher\\=Mvista.com \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-01\\-12}} The MontaVista Linux toolkit includes specific code libraries to easily migrate from [Wind River Systems](/wiki/Wind_River_Systems \"Wind River Systems\")' [VxWorks](/wiki/VxWorks \"VxWorks\") and the [pSOS](/wiki/PSOS_%28real-time_operating_system%29 \"PSOS (real-time operating system)\") operating systems.",
"#### OpenCGX",
"Project OpenCGX is an open and free to use embedded [Linux](/wiki/Linux \"Linux\") distribution from MontaVista Software LLC. OpenCGX is based on MontaVista’s eleventh generation Carrier Grade Linux. Engineers can quickly jumpstart their [ARM](/wiki/ARM_architecture \"ARM architecture\") and [x86](/wiki/X86 \"X86\") development with a full embedded Linux distribution that is easily customizable. OpenCGX in its introduction is based on [Yocto](/wiki/Yocto_Project \"Yocto Project\") 2\\.4 with [Linux Kernel](/wiki/Linux_kernel \"Linux kernel\") 4\\.14 (or latest LTS kernel) and [GNU](/wiki/GNU \"GNU\") 7\\.2 toolchain.",
"### Carrier Grade eXpress (CGX)",
"As a cornerstone in MontaVista's product lineup, [Carrier Grade eXpress (CGX)](https://www.mvista.com/en/carrier_grade_express) is a robust operating system equipped with [Carrier Grade Linux (CGL)](/wiki/Carrier_Grade_Linux \"Carrier Grade Linux\") specifications, ensuring unparalleled performance and security for a wide array of interconnected smart applications across industries.",
"MontaVista Linux CGX 5\\.0,{{cite press release \\|last\\= \\|first\\= \\|date\\=April 9, 2024 \\|title\\=MontaVista Unveils CGX 5\\.0 – An AI\\-Ready Embedded Linux Platform Secured by Design \\|url\\=https://www.mvista.com/en/about\\_press/detail/montavista\\-unveils\\-cgx\\-5\\.0\\-an\\-ai\\-ready\\-embedded\\-linux\\-platform\\-secured\\-by\\-design \\|location\\=San Jose, CA \\|publisher\\=MontaVista \\|access\\-date\\=June 8, 2024}} the 15th generation of MontaVista’s Carrier Grade Linux, is built on the foundation of the [Yocto Project](/wiki/Yocto_Project \"Yocto Project\") 5\\.0 LTS release and the [Linux kernel 6\\.6 LTS](https://lkml.org/lkml/2023/10/30/11). With the [GCC 13](https://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-13/) and [CLANG 18](https://releases.llvm.org/18.1.6/tools/clang/docs/ReleaseNotes.html) toolchain, MontaVista CGX 5\\.0 provides a commercially supported Linux distribution for creating diverse embedded products on major CPU architectures, including x86, ARM, PPC, MIPS, and RISC\\-V.",
"### Carrier Grade Edition",
"MontaVista Linux Carrier Grade Edition (CGE) is a commercial\\-grade Linux development platform for developers working with [reliability, availability, and serviceability](/wiki/Reliability%2C_availability_and_serviceability_%28computing%29 \"Reliability, availability and serviceability (computing)\") (RAS) managed hardware ([Hardware Platform Interface](/wiki/Hardware_Platform_Interface \"Hardware Platform Interface\") (HPI), [Intelligent Platform Management Interface](/wiki/Intelligent_Platform_Management_Interface \"Intelligent Platform Management Interface\") (IPMI)) or custom hardware, who need long\\-term support and high availability.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mvista.com/product\\_detail\\_cge.php \\|title\\=MontaVista official Carrier\\-Grade Edition details page \\|publisher\\=Mvista.com \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-01\\-12}}\nCarrier Grade Linux is governed by the [Linux Foundation](/wiki/Linux_Foundation \"Linux Foundation\") CGL working group.",
"### DevRocket",
"*MontaVista DevRocket* is a set of [Eclipse](/wiki/Eclipse_%28computing%29 \"Eclipse (computing)\") [plug\\-ins](/wiki/Plug-in_%28computing%29 \"Plug-in (computing)\") for facilitating application and system development with MontaVista Linux. DevRocket [integrated development environment](/wiki/Integrated_development_environment \"Integrated development environment\") (IDE) runs on Linux, [Solaris](/wiki/Solaris_%28operating_system%29 \"Solaris (operating system)\") and [Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows \"Microsoft Windows\"). It uses the Eclipse [C\\+\\+](/wiki/C%2B%2B \"C++\") Development Toolkit (CDT). Starting with DevRocket 5\\.0, users can add MontaVista's plug\\-ins into an existing Eclipse installation, or install Eclipse with the plugins already loaded.",
"DevRocket is available in two varieties: a Platform Developer Kit (PDK) and Application Developer Kit (ADK). The Platform Developer Kit includes the ability to communicate with a target (RSE, SSH), create and manage file systems, [debugging](/wiki/Debugging \"Debugging\") (kgdb), and performance tuning ([memory leak](/wiki/Memory_leak \"Memory leak\"), memory use, system profiling). The application developer kit includes a virtual target for developing applications earlier in the development cycle, one\\-click edit/compile/debug, and performance tuning.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.linuxdevices.com/news/NS3830420826\\.html \\|title\\=MontaVista's embedded Linux app dev tools go \"all\\-plugin\" \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120906025238/http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/MontaVistas\\-embedded\\-Linux\\-app\\-dev\\-tools\\-go\\-allplugin/ \\|archive\\-date\\=September 6, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy}}",
""
] |
History
-------
Prior to the 1840s, ski bindings were a leather strap fastened over the toe of the boot, similar to those used for snowshoes.
### Norheim—ca. 1850
[Sondre Norheim](/wiki/Sondre_Norheim "Sondre Norheim") demonstrated telemark skiing before 1866, and the Open Christiania turn in 1868, both made possible with a binding design which dated back to the late 1840s. This added a loop of twisted birch roots that ran from the existing birch root toe loops around the boot heels and back. This allowed the heel to lift as before, for walking and gliding, but better held the boots to the skis allowing greater control. This enabled Norheim to control the skis with his feet and legs, replacing the former technique of dragging a large pole in the snow on one side or the other to drag the skier in that direction.{{cite journal\|last\=Lert\|first\=Wolfgang\|title\=A Binding Revolution\|journal\=Skiing Heritage Journal\|date\=March 2002\|pages\=25–26\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=wlgEAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PA25\|access\-date\=3 October 2012}} This control led to the development of the [telemark](/wiki/Telemark_skiing "Telemark skiing") and [stem christie](/wiki/Stem_christie "Stem christie") ski turns.{{cite journal\|last\=Lund\|first\=Morten\|title\=Norway: How It All Started\|journal\=Skiing Heritage Journal\|date\=September 2007\|pages\=8–13\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=SlgEAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PA9\|access\-date\=3 October 2012}}
### Huitfeldt—1894
[thumb\|right\|A late model Huitfeldt\-style binding. The toe clip runs through the core of the ski to bend up on either side. This model uses a metal heel strap with a lever buckle instead of an all\-leather design.](/wiki/File:Huitfeldt-bindingen.JPG "Huitfeldt-bindingen.JPG")
Starting in 1894, Fritz R. Huitfeldt invented a binding with a secure toe iron which allowed the heel to move freely and evolved through the 1930s as the standard design. His innovations included:
* Adding vertical metal brackets on either side of the ski to hold the ski boot (1894\), augmented in 1897 by passing the iron bracket through a rectangular hole from one side of the ski to the other, before bending up the tabs.
* Passing toe straps through the rectangular hole and providing a buckle over the top of the boots, attached to the brackets and firmly bind the boot in place.
* Passing a strap over the free heel, augmented in 1904 with a cam lever substitute for the buckle over the heel, called the "Hoyer\-Ellefsen toggle".
Skiers wishing to affix their heel to the ski, employed a "long\-thong" strap. Further innovations included:
* [Mathias Zdarsky](/wiki/Mathias_Zdarsky "Mathias Zdarsky")'s development of a ski binding that replaced the heel strap with a long metal plate under the sole of the boot, hinged at the front to allow the heel to rise, in the early 1900s. The heel was held to the plate by a short strap attaching at the back.John Allen, ["Mathias Zdarsky: The Father of Alpine Skiing"](https://books.google.com/books?id=VVgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA12), *Ski Heritage*, March 2008, pg. 12
* [Marius Eriksen](/wiki/Marius_Eriksen "Marius Eriksen")'s 1920 introduction of pre\-formed plates that were screwed on top of the ski.
* Guido Ruege's 1929 invention of the Kandahar binding, which incorporated a front\-throw lever that tightened the heel cable past the ski\-mounted toe brackets and became known as the [cable binding](/wiki/Cable_binding "Cable binding").
### Rottefella—1927
The [Rottefella](/wiki/Rottefella "Rottefella") binding was developed in 1927 by [Bror With](/wiki/Bror_With "Bror With"). "Rottefella" means "rat trap" in [Norwegian](/wiki/Norwegian_language "Norwegian language").[Binding maker nails huge deal](https://web.archive.org/web/20061211144308/http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article1204328.ece), on *[Aftenposten](/wiki/Aftenposten "Aftenposten")*, 11 Dec 2006 (archived) A bent, pressed\-metal plate had three or four pins that stuck into the toe of a square\-toed boot, which was clamped down with a metal bail. After victories at the [1928 Winter Olympics](/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics "1928 Winter Olympics") in [St. Moritz](/wiki/St._Moritz "St. Moritz"), the binding remained the standard type for [cross\-country skiing](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_%28sport%29 "Cross-country skiing (sport)") through much of the century and continues as the [Nordic Norm](/wiki/%23Nordic_Norm_%28NN%29 "#Nordic Norm (NN)"), manufactured by Rottefella and other companies.{{Cite journal \|last\=Grout \|first\=William \|date\=October 1974 \|title\=Performance is the Cry of the X\-C Revolution \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=KicPH9IN4rAC\&q\=four\-pin\+ski\+binding\&pg\=PA36 \|journal\=Skiing Magazine \|language\=en \|location\=New York \|publisher\=Ziff\-Davis \|volume\=27 \|pages\=36 \|issn\=0037\-6264 \|number\=2}}
### Cable—1929
[thumb\|Cable binding](/wiki/File:Trulte-Heide-Steen-OB.RD0001e.jpg "Trulte-Heide-Steen-OB.RD0001e.jpg")
{{Main\|Cable binding}}
The introduction of the cable binding allowed the [Christie turn](/wiki/Stem_Christie "Stem Christie") to become a standard on downhill runs, and to further support this style of skiing the Swiss racer Guido Reuge in 1929 invented a cable binding with steel clips below the boot heel to enable clamping the heel down for downhill portions. He named the product "Kandahar" for the international [Kandahar Cup ski races](/wiki/Arlberg-Kandahar "Arlberg-Kandahar").{{cite book\|last\=Huntsford\|first\=Roland\|title\=Two Planks and a Passion\|date\=10 November 2009\|isbn\=9781441134011\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=IY7hYFesJe0C\&q\=kandahar\+binding\+reuge\&pg\=PA286}} In use in alpine races, the Kandahar binding led to serious leg injuries, and by 1939 experimentation began in earnest on bindings that would release the boot in a fall.{{cite web\|last\=Masia\|first\=Seth\|title\=Release! History of Safety Bindings\|url\=http://skiinghistory.org/history/release\-history\-safety\-bindings\|publisher\=Skiing History magazine}}
### Saf\-Ski—1937
[Hjalmar Hvam](/wiki/Hjalmar_Hvam "Hjalmar Hvam") broke his leg skiing, and while recuperating from surgery, invented the Saf\-Ski toe binding in 1937, which he later sold under the slogan "Hvoom with Hvam".{{Cite web\|last\=Byrne\|first\=Michael\|date\=September 2, 2016\|title\=Gear Physics: The Leg\-Saving Brilliance of Skis That Let Go\|url\=https://www.vice.com/en/article/wnxp9w/gear\-physics\-releasable\-ski\-bindings\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-23\|website\=www.vice.com\|language\=en}} This was a metal clip with a pyramidal top that fit into a slot cut into the sole of the ski boot. When the boot was rotated forward, the slot on the toe eventually rose above the metal pyramid, allowing the toe to release from the ski. The system was considered with suspicion by professional skiers, especially when Olaf Rodegaard released during a race. However, Rodegaard credited the release with saving him from a broken leg. In the post\-war era, Hvam sold several thousand pairs of Saf\-Skis, in an era when alpine skiing was in its infancy. Hvam continued to sell the Saf\-Ski into the 1960s, but in 1966 his insurance rates increased so dramatically that he was forced from the market.
### Look Nevada—1950
The introduction of the [Look Nevada](/wiki/Look_Nevada "Look Nevada") in 1950 represented a significant advance in ski bindings. The Nevada held the toe centred over the ski using two metal fingers shaped into an upside\-down V. The fingers were pivoted to allow motion to the sides, and centred with a spring. During a fall, sideways torsion could overcome the force of the spring and allow the boot to release directly to the side. This design was quickly copied by other vendors, notably [Marker](/wiki/Marker_%28ski_bindings%29 "Marker (ski bindings)"), and had the first real impact on the dominance of the fixed\-toe bindings. By the late 1950s, there were about 35 different release toe bindings on the US market, most of which used a normal Kandahar\-style heel cable.
### Cubco—1950
The first modern heel\-and\-toe binding for alpine skiing was the Cubco binding, first introduced in 1950 but not popular until about 1960\. A heel\-release binding faced the problem that there was no obvious place to attach to on the heel, so the Cubco solved this by screwing small metal clips into the sole of the boot. This also eliminated the changes in performance as the sole of the boot wore down, or the geometry of the sole changed as the boot wore into the skier's foot.
### Toe\-release—1960s
Marker introduced the Rotomat, which gripped onto the sole where it extended past the heel, and Look quickly followed suit with their Grand Prix design. By the mid\-1960s, release bindings that worked on both the heel and the toe were common, and by the late 1960s, the cable binding had disappeared from alpine skiing.
### Plate systems—1970s
One problem with 1960s release bindings was that the boots were not standardized, and a binding that worked well on one boot might be dangerous on another, or might become dangerous over time as the boot shifted about. This led to the introduction of plate bindings, which used a metal plate firmly clipped to the sole of the boot, and bindings that clamped onto the plate. The plate could be easily removed for walking about. Plate bindings were popular in the US in the 1970s, notably the [BURT Retractable Bindings](/wiki/BURT_Retractable_Bindings "BURT Retractable Bindings") and [Spademan binding](/wiki/Spademan_binding "Spademan binding"), but never caught on in any major way in Europe. As more and more of the alpine skiing market came under control of European companies, the plate bindings disappeared, in spite of their excellent safety records.Seth Masia, ["The Better Mousetrap"](https://books.google.com/books?id=x1gEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA39), *Ski Heritage*, March 2003, pg 39\-41
### Standardized plastic boot\-compatible systems—1970s
[thumb\|right\|Alpine ski bindings, featuring integrated ski brakes and step\-in\-step\-out heels (ca. 1980s, behind, 2010s, in front).](/wiki/File:Salomon_bindings_1980s_2011.jpg "Salomon bindings 1980s 2011.jpg")
The disappearance of the plate and alternate systems was due to a combination of factors, notably the introduction of standardized hard plastic boots. Plastic was first introduced by [Lange](/wiki/Lange_%28ski_boots%29 "Lange (ski boots)") as a way of improving existing leather designs. As the new material spread through the industry, the sole piece was standardized to allow toe\-and\-heel bindings to clip on. Plastic had the advantages of being much firmer than leather, not changing shape over time, and having predictable friction characteristics wet or dry.The new boots and bindings could be easily adapted to any ski for any skier. Injury rates from alpine skiing began to fall with the gradual introduction of the Teflon anti\-friction pad around 1972\.
### Nordic systems—1970s
Adidas explored an alternative to the Nordic Norm binding in 1975 with a tab protruding from the boot that was clamped down in a narrow plastic binding.{{Cite book \|last\=Auran \|first\=John Henry \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=vJxt\-kDIlCYC\&dq\=Adidas\+cross\-country\+ski\+bindings\&pg\=PA176 \|title\=X\-C Equipment: The Choice is yours \|date\=November 1977 \|publisher\=Skiing \|pages\=172–6 \|language\=en}}{{Cite book \|last\= \|first\= \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=798DAAAAMBAJ\&dq\=Adidas\+cross\-country\+ski\+bindings\&pg\=PA13 \|title\=Adidas Norm 38 \|date\=December 1978 \|publisher\=Backpacker \|language\=en}} Salomon produced a ski boot with a metal loop, protruding from the toe of the boot, which was clamped in its binding. This was followed with the 1979 [Salomon Nordic System](/wiki/%23Salomon_Nordic_System_%28SNS%29 "#Salomon Nordic System (SNS)") binding system, which attached to a bar embedded in a slot in the toe of the ski boot.{{Cite web \|title\=Georges Salomon, Legendary equipment manufacturer {{!}} International Skiing History Association \|url\=https://www.skiinghistory.org/lives/georges\-salomon \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-18 \|website\=www.skiinghistory.org}} This binding configuration was emulated by Rottefella and other manufacturers as the [New Nordic Norm](/wiki/%23New_Nordic_Norm_%28NNN%29 "#New Nordic Norm (NNN)").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Prior to the 1840s, ski bindings were a leather strap fastened over the toe of the boot, similar to those used for snowshoes.",
"### Norheim—ca. 1850",
"[Sondre Norheim](/wiki/Sondre_Norheim \"Sondre Norheim\") demonstrated telemark skiing before 1866, and the Open Christiania turn in 1868, both made possible with a binding design which dated back to the late 1840s. This added a loop of twisted birch roots that ran from the existing birch root toe loops around the boot heels and back. This allowed the heel to lift as before, for walking and gliding, but better held the boots to the skis allowing greater control. This enabled Norheim to control the skis with his feet and legs, replacing the former technique of dragging a large pole in the snow on one side or the other to drag the skier in that direction.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Lert\\|first\\=Wolfgang\\|title\\=A Binding Revolution\\|journal\\=Skiing Heritage Journal\\|date\\=March 2002\\|pages\\=25–26\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=wlgEAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PA25\\|access\\-date\\=3 October 2012}} This control led to the development of the [telemark](/wiki/Telemark_skiing \"Telemark skiing\") and [stem christie](/wiki/Stem_christie \"Stem christie\") ski turns.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Lund\\|first\\=Morten\\|title\\=Norway: How It All Started\\|journal\\=Skiing Heritage Journal\\|date\\=September 2007\\|pages\\=8–13\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=SlgEAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PA9\\|access\\-date\\=3 October 2012}}",
"### Huitfeldt—1894",
"[thumb\\|right\\|A late model Huitfeldt\\-style binding. The toe clip runs through the core of the ski to bend up on either side. This model uses a metal heel strap with a lever buckle instead of an all\\-leather design.](/wiki/File:Huitfeldt-bindingen.JPG \"Huitfeldt-bindingen.JPG\")\nStarting in 1894, Fritz R. Huitfeldt invented a binding with a secure toe iron which allowed the heel to move freely and evolved through the 1930s as the standard design. His innovations included:",
"* Adding vertical metal brackets on either side of the ski to hold the ski boot (1894\\), augmented in 1897 by passing the iron bracket through a rectangular hole from one side of the ski to the other, before bending up the tabs.\n* Passing toe straps through the rectangular hole and providing a buckle over the top of the boots, attached to the brackets and firmly bind the boot in place.\n* Passing a strap over the free heel, augmented in 1904 with a cam lever substitute for the buckle over the heel, called the \"Hoyer\\-Ellefsen toggle\".",
"Skiers wishing to affix their heel to the ski, employed a \"long\\-thong\" strap. Further innovations included:",
"* [Mathias Zdarsky](/wiki/Mathias_Zdarsky \"Mathias Zdarsky\")'s development of a ski binding that replaced the heel strap with a long metal plate under the sole of the boot, hinged at the front to allow the heel to rise, in the early 1900s. The heel was held to the plate by a short strap attaching at the back.John Allen, [\"Mathias Zdarsky: The Father of Alpine Skiing\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=VVgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA12), *Ski Heritage*, March 2008, pg. 12\n* [Marius Eriksen](/wiki/Marius_Eriksen \"Marius Eriksen\")'s 1920 introduction of pre\\-formed plates that were screwed on top of the ski.\n* Guido Ruege's 1929 invention of the Kandahar binding, which incorporated a front\\-throw lever that tightened the heel cable past the ski\\-mounted toe brackets and became known as the [cable binding](/wiki/Cable_binding \"Cable binding\").",
"### Rottefella—1927",
"The [Rottefella](/wiki/Rottefella \"Rottefella\") binding was developed in 1927 by [Bror With](/wiki/Bror_With \"Bror With\"). \"Rottefella\" means \"rat trap\" in [Norwegian](/wiki/Norwegian_language \"Norwegian language\").[Binding maker nails huge deal](https://web.archive.org/web/20061211144308/http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article1204328.ece), on *[Aftenposten](/wiki/Aftenposten \"Aftenposten\")*, 11 Dec 2006 (archived) A bent, pressed\\-metal plate had three or four pins that stuck into the toe of a square\\-toed boot, which was clamped down with a metal bail. After victories at the [1928 Winter Olympics](/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics \"1928 Winter Olympics\") in [St. Moritz](/wiki/St._Moritz \"St. Moritz\"), the binding remained the standard type for [cross\\-country skiing](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_%28sport%29 \"Cross-country skiing (sport)\") through much of the century and continues as the [Nordic Norm](/wiki/%23Nordic_Norm_%28NN%29 \"#Nordic Norm (NN)\"), manufactured by Rottefella and other companies.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Grout \\|first\\=William \\|date\\=October 1974 \\|title\\=Performance is the Cry of the X\\-C Revolution \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=KicPH9IN4rAC\\&q\\=four\\-pin\\+ski\\+binding\\&pg\\=PA36 \\|journal\\=Skiing Magazine \\|language\\=en \\|location\\=New York \\|publisher\\=Ziff\\-Davis \\|volume\\=27 \\|pages\\=36 \\|issn\\=0037\\-6264 \\|number\\=2}}",
"### Cable—1929",
"[thumb\\|Cable binding](/wiki/File:Trulte-Heide-Steen-OB.RD0001e.jpg \"Trulte-Heide-Steen-OB.RD0001e.jpg\")\n{{Main\\|Cable binding}}\nThe introduction of the cable binding allowed the [Christie turn](/wiki/Stem_Christie \"Stem Christie\") to become a standard on downhill runs, and to further support this style of skiing the Swiss racer Guido Reuge in 1929 invented a cable binding with steel clips below the boot heel to enable clamping the heel down for downhill portions. He named the product \"Kandahar\" for the international [Kandahar Cup ski races](/wiki/Arlberg-Kandahar \"Arlberg-Kandahar\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Huntsford\\|first\\=Roland\\|title\\=Two Planks and a Passion\\|date\\=10 November 2009\\|isbn\\=9781441134011\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=IY7hYFesJe0C\\&q\\=kandahar\\+binding\\+reuge\\&pg\\=PA286}} In use in alpine races, the Kandahar binding led to serious leg injuries, and by 1939 experimentation began in earnest on bindings that would release the boot in a fall.{{cite web\\|last\\=Masia\\|first\\=Seth\\|title\\=Release! History of Safety Bindings\\|url\\=http://skiinghistory.org/history/release\\-history\\-safety\\-bindings\\|publisher\\=Skiing History magazine}}",
"### Saf\\-Ski—1937",
"[Hjalmar Hvam](/wiki/Hjalmar_Hvam \"Hjalmar Hvam\") broke his leg skiing, and while recuperating from surgery, invented the Saf\\-Ski toe binding in 1937, which he later sold under the slogan \"Hvoom with Hvam\".{{Cite web\\|last\\=Byrne\\|first\\=Michael\\|date\\=September 2, 2016\\|title\\=Gear Physics: The Leg\\-Saving Brilliance of Skis That Let Go\\|url\\=https://www.vice.com/en/article/wnxp9w/gear\\-physics\\-releasable\\-ski\\-bindings\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-23\\|website\\=www.vice.com\\|language\\=en}} This was a metal clip with a pyramidal top that fit into a slot cut into the sole of the ski boot. When the boot was rotated forward, the slot on the toe eventually rose above the metal pyramid, allowing the toe to release from the ski. The system was considered with suspicion by professional skiers, especially when Olaf Rodegaard released during a race. However, Rodegaard credited the release with saving him from a broken leg. In the post\\-war era, Hvam sold several thousand pairs of Saf\\-Skis, in an era when alpine skiing was in its infancy. Hvam continued to sell the Saf\\-Ski into the 1960s, but in 1966 his insurance rates increased so dramatically that he was forced from the market.",
"### Look Nevada—1950",
"The introduction of the [Look Nevada](/wiki/Look_Nevada \"Look Nevada\") in 1950 represented a significant advance in ski bindings. The Nevada held the toe centred over the ski using two metal fingers shaped into an upside\\-down V. The fingers were pivoted to allow motion to the sides, and centred with a spring. During a fall, sideways torsion could overcome the force of the spring and allow the boot to release directly to the side. This design was quickly copied by other vendors, notably [Marker](/wiki/Marker_%28ski_bindings%29 \"Marker (ski bindings)\"), and had the first real impact on the dominance of the fixed\\-toe bindings. By the late 1950s, there were about 35 different release toe bindings on the US market, most of which used a normal Kandahar\\-style heel cable.",
"### Cubco—1950",
"The first modern heel\\-and\\-toe binding for alpine skiing was the Cubco binding, first introduced in 1950 but not popular until about 1960\\. A heel\\-release binding faced the problem that there was no obvious place to attach to on the heel, so the Cubco solved this by screwing small metal clips into the sole of the boot. This also eliminated the changes in performance as the sole of the boot wore down, or the geometry of the sole changed as the boot wore into the skier's foot.",
"### Toe\\-release—1960s",
"Marker introduced the Rotomat, which gripped onto the sole where it extended past the heel, and Look quickly followed suit with their Grand Prix design. By the mid\\-1960s, release bindings that worked on both the heel and the toe were common, and by the late 1960s, the cable binding had disappeared from alpine skiing.",
"### Plate systems—1970s",
"One problem with 1960s release bindings was that the boots were not standardized, and a binding that worked well on one boot might be dangerous on another, or might become dangerous over time as the boot shifted about. This led to the introduction of plate bindings, which used a metal plate firmly clipped to the sole of the boot, and bindings that clamped onto the plate. The plate could be easily removed for walking about. Plate bindings were popular in the US in the 1970s, notably the [BURT Retractable Bindings](/wiki/BURT_Retractable_Bindings \"BURT Retractable Bindings\") and [Spademan binding](/wiki/Spademan_binding \"Spademan binding\"), but never caught on in any major way in Europe. As more and more of the alpine skiing market came under control of European companies, the plate bindings disappeared, in spite of their excellent safety records.Seth Masia, [\"The Better Mousetrap\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=x1gEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA39), *Ski Heritage*, March 2003, pg 39\\-41",
"### Standardized plastic boot\\-compatible systems—1970s",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Alpine ski bindings, featuring integrated ski brakes and step\\-in\\-step\\-out heels (ca. 1980s, behind, 2010s, in front).](/wiki/File:Salomon_bindings_1980s_2011.jpg \"Salomon bindings 1980s 2011.jpg\")\nThe disappearance of the plate and alternate systems was due to a combination of factors, notably the introduction of standardized hard plastic boots. Plastic was first introduced by [Lange](/wiki/Lange_%28ski_boots%29 \"Lange (ski boots)\") as a way of improving existing leather designs. As the new material spread through the industry, the sole piece was standardized to allow toe\\-and\\-heel bindings to clip on. Plastic had the advantages of being much firmer than leather, not changing shape over time, and having predictable friction characteristics wet or dry.The new boots and bindings could be easily adapted to any ski for any skier. Injury rates from alpine skiing began to fall with the gradual introduction of the Teflon anti\\-friction pad around 1972\\.",
"### Nordic systems—1970s",
"Adidas explored an alternative to the Nordic Norm binding in 1975 with a tab protruding from the boot that was clamped down in a narrow plastic binding.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Auran \\|first\\=John Henry \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vJxt\\-kDIlCYC\\&dq\\=Adidas\\+cross\\-country\\+ski\\+bindings\\&pg\\=PA176 \\|title\\=X\\-C Equipment: The Choice is yours \\|date\\=November 1977 \\|publisher\\=Skiing \\|pages\\=172–6 \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite book \\|last\\= \\|first\\= \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=798DAAAAMBAJ\\&dq\\=Adidas\\+cross\\-country\\+ski\\+bindings\\&pg\\=PA13 \\|title\\=Adidas Norm 38 \\|date\\=December 1978 \\|publisher\\=Backpacker \\|language\\=en}} Salomon produced a ski boot with a metal loop, protruding from the toe of the boot, which was clamped in its binding. This was followed with the 1979 [Salomon Nordic System](/wiki/%23Salomon_Nordic_System_%28SNS%29 \"#Salomon Nordic System (SNS)\") binding system, which attached to a bar embedded in a slot in the toe of the ski boot.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Georges Salomon, Legendary equipment manufacturer {{!}} International Skiing History Association \\|url\\=https://www.skiinghistory.org/lives/georges\\-salomon \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-18 \\|website\\=www.skiinghistory.org}} This binding configuration was emulated by Rottefella and other manufacturers as the [New Nordic Norm](/wiki/%23New_Nordic_Norm_%28NNN%29 \"#New Nordic Norm (NNN)\").",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Duncan was the eldest child and only son of Leland Crosthwait Duncan and Caroline Ellen Lewis. His father, a grandson of Leland Crosthwait, Governor General of the [Bank of Ireland](/wiki/Bank_of_Ireland "Bank of Ireland"), had left Ireland for London in 1851 and after his marriage settled in [Lewisham](/wiki/Lewisham "Lewisham"). The family lived at 1 Vicarage Terrace, High Road, Lewisham, where Leland Lewis Duncan was born. The family moved twice before they went to live at "Rosslair", 8 Lingards Road, Lewisham, England, in 1872\. He can trace his roots to Strathblane, Stirlingshire, Scotland.
Duncan was born in [Lewisham](/wiki/Lewisham "Lewisham"), where he lived throughout his life, was educated at [Colfe's Grammar School](/wiki/Colfe%27s_Grammar_School "Colfe's Grammar School"), and began a career as a public servant.
His 40\-year service with the [War Office](/wiki/War_Office "War Office"), beginning in 1882, was recognised with an [O.B.E.](/wiki/O.B.E. "O.B.E.") as he rose in position. For his service in connection with the [Coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra](/wiki/Coronation_of_King_Edward_VII_and_Queen_Alexandra "Coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra"), he was invested as a Member (fourth class) of the [Royal Victorian Order](/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order "Royal Victorian Order") (MVO) two days after the ceremony, on 11 August 1902\.{{Cite newspaper The Times \|title\=Court Circular\|date\=12 August 1902 \|page\=8 \|issue\=36844\| }}{{London Gazette\| issue\=27467 \|pages\=5461–5462 \|date\=22 August 1902}}
He became interested in archaeology early in his life, and began disposing of his spare time by copying wills at [Somerset House](/wiki/Somerset_House "Somerset House"). This collection of documents was largely ill\-ordered and an untapped source of historical evidence. His work in this field led to his appointment as general editor on [Challenor Smith](/wiki/Challenor_Smith "Challenor Smith")'s 1893 Index of Wills, published by the [British Record Society](/wiki/British_Record_Society "British Record Society"). Duncan's transcription and editing of this material, which he carefully produced throughout his life, became an important resource to his contemporaries and later researchers. He made many field trips to note the deteriorating engravings amongst the memorials of churchyards, carefully recorded in an extensive set of notebooks. He was made a fellow of the [Society of Antiquaries of London](/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London "Society of Antiquaries of London") in 1890, contributed to the works of the [St Paul's Ecclesiological Society](/wiki/Ecclesiological_Society "Ecclesiological Society") and Lewisham Antiquarian Society, and was a life member of the [Kent Archaeological Society](/wiki/Kent_Archaeological_Society "Kent Archaeological Society") (KAS).
He also assisted in the compilation or editing of several works, and the results of his research and fieldwork were published in the journals and transactions of several societies. His contributions to *[Archaeologia Cantiana](/wiki/Archaeologia_Cantiana "Archaeologia Cantiana")* began with a list of historical administrations of the Kent region. The society later published a special volume for his extracts from wills, *Testamenta Cantiana*, in 1906\.
His few printed works include *The Parish Church of St. Mary, Lewisham, and an account of its Vicars and Curates* (1902\); *The History of the borough of Lewisham* (1908\); and *The History of Colfe's Grammar School and a life of its founder* (1910\).
The journal *Archaeologia Cantiana* printed his papers 'The Renunciation of Papal Authority in West Kent, 1534', 'The Rectory of Cowden with a list of Rectors', 'The Will of Abp. Courtenay', 'Ecclesiological Notes on Shoreham', 'The Will of Cardinal Bourgehier', and 'Extracts from some lost Parish Registers'.
A major work was interrupted by his death, *Kent Records – Index of Wills* was completed and issued by the KAS in 1924 with a memoir of the author by F. W. Cock.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/Research/Libr/MIs/MIsLLDuncan/MIsLLDuncan.htm\|title\=Leland L. Duncan – about him and his work\|year\=2001\|work\=Memoirs: amateur and reprinted\|publisher\=Kent Archaeological Society\|accessdate\=22 January 2011}}
Duncan died on 26 December 1923, the year following his retirement.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Duncan was the eldest child and only son of Leland Crosthwait Duncan and Caroline Ellen Lewis. His father, a grandson of Leland Crosthwait, Governor General of the [Bank of Ireland](/wiki/Bank_of_Ireland \"Bank of Ireland\"), had left Ireland for London in 1851 and after his marriage settled in [Lewisham](/wiki/Lewisham \"Lewisham\"). The family lived at 1 Vicarage Terrace, High Road, Lewisham, where Leland Lewis Duncan was born. The family moved twice before they went to live at \"Rosslair\", 8 Lingards Road, Lewisham, England, in 1872\\. He can trace his roots to Strathblane, Stirlingshire, Scotland.",
"Duncan was born in [Lewisham](/wiki/Lewisham \"Lewisham\"), where he lived throughout his life, was educated at [Colfe's Grammar School](/wiki/Colfe%27s_Grammar_School \"Colfe's Grammar School\"), and began a career as a public servant.",
"His 40\\-year service with the [War Office](/wiki/War_Office \"War Office\"), beginning in 1882, was recognised with an [O.B.E.](/wiki/O.B.E. \"O.B.E.\") as he rose in position. For his service in connection with the [Coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra](/wiki/Coronation_of_King_Edward_VII_and_Queen_Alexandra \"Coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra\"), he was invested as a Member (fourth class) of the [Royal Victorian Order](/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order \"Royal Victorian Order\") (MVO) two days after the ceremony, on 11 August 1902\\.{{Cite newspaper The Times \\|title\\=Court Circular\\|date\\=12 August 1902 \\|page\\=8 \\|issue\\=36844\\| }}{{London Gazette\\| issue\\=27467 \\|pages\\=5461–5462 \\|date\\=22 August 1902}}",
"He became interested in archaeology early in his life, and began disposing of his spare time by copying wills at [Somerset House](/wiki/Somerset_House \"Somerset House\"). This collection of documents was largely ill\\-ordered and an untapped source of historical evidence. His work in this field led to his appointment as general editor on [Challenor Smith](/wiki/Challenor_Smith \"Challenor Smith\")'s 1893 Index of Wills, published by the [British Record Society](/wiki/British_Record_Society \"British Record Society\"). Duncan's transcription and editing of this material, which he carefully produced throughout his life, became an important resource to his contemporaries and later researchers. He made many field trips to note the deteriorating engravings amongst the memorials of churchyards, carefully recorded in an extensive set of notebooks. He was made a fellow of the [Society of Antiquaries of London](/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London \"Society of Antiquaries of London\") in 1890, contributed to the works of the [St Paul's Ecclesiological Society](/wiki/Ecclesiological_Society \"Ecclesiological Society\") and Lewisham Antiquarian Society, and was a life member of the [Kent Archaeological Society](/wiki/Kent_Archaeological_Society \"Kent Archaeological Society\") (KAS).",
"He also assisted in the compilation or editing of several works, and the results of his research and fieldwork were published in the journals and transactions of several societies. His contributions to *[Archaeologia Cantiana](/wiki/Archaeologia_Cantiana \"Archaeologia Cantiana\")* began with a list of historical administrations of the Kent region. The society later published a special volume for his extracts from wills, *Testamenta Cantiana*, in 1906\\.",
"His few printed works include *The Parish Church of St. Mary, Lewisham, and an account of its Vicars and Curates* (1902\\); *The History of the borough of Lewisham* (1908\\); and *The History of Colfe's Grammar School and a life of its founder* (1910\\).",
"The journal *Archaeologia Cantiana* printed his papers 'The Renunciation of Papal Authority in West Kent, 1534', 'The Rectory of Cowden with a list of Rectors', 'The Will of Abp. Courtenay', 'Ecclesiological Notes on Shoreham', 'The Will of Cardinal Bourgehier', and 'Extracts from some lost Parish Registers'.",
"A major work was interrupted by his death, *Kent Records – Index of Wills* was completed and issued by the KAS in 1924 with a memoir of the author by F. W. Cock.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/Research/Libr/MIs/MIsLLDuncan/MIsLLDuncan.htm\\|title\\=Leland L. Duncan – about him and his work\\|year\\=2001\\|work\\=Memoirs: amateur and reprinted\\|publisher\\=Kent Archaeological Society\\|accessdate\\=22 January 2011}}",
"Duncan died on 26 December 1923, the year following his retirement.",
""
] |
Background
----------
Klaus was nominated for the second term by the 122 MPs and senators belonging to his [Civic Democratic Party](/wiki/Civic_Democratic_Party_%28Czech_Republic%29 "Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)") on 28 November 2007\. [Jan Švejnar](/wiki/Jan_%C5%A0vejnar "Jan Švejnar"), a US\-based economist originally from the Czech Republic, stated he would announce in early December whether he will run against Klaus, with the support of former president [Václav Havel](/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel "Václav Havel"), the [Czech Social Democratic Party](/wiki/Czech_Social_Democratic_Party "Czech Social Democratic Party") and the [Green Party](/wiki/Green_Party_%28Czech_Republic%29 "Green Party (Czech Republic)"), as well as the caucuses of [Association of Independent Lists (SNK)](/wiki/Association_of_Independent_Lists_%28SNK%29 "Association of Independent Lists (SNK)") and the Open Democracy in the [Senate of the Czech Republic](/wiki/Senate_of_the_Czech_Republic "Senate of the Czech Republic") which unite independent and liberal Senators from a range of small parties. The [Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia "Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia") was considering supporting him, as well. [Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party](/wiki/Christian_and_Democratic_Union_%E2%80%93_Czechoslovak_People%27s_Party "Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party") (KDU–ČSL) were unable to unite on a candidate, and remained undecided even after holding talks with Klaus, but they support (together with the ČSSD and the Green Party) a constitutional amendment to have direct presidential elections instead (though such an amendment would only apply from the [next election in 2013](/wiki/2013_Czech_presidential_election "2013 Czech presidential election") onwards). Most analysts assumed that Klaus would win re\-election.
The KSČM was to decide on 7 December 2007 whether to support Švejnar, and the ČSSD required substantial cross\-party support by 8 December 2007 to turn their conditional support for him into definite support. However, the KSČM interrupted the discussions supporting Švejnar on 7 December 2007, wanting reassurances from the ČSSD that they would indeed support Švejnar, fearing that their support for Švejnar might be moot if the ČSSD was not united on this. Both Klaus and Švejnar are vied for the support of the KDU–ČSL.[MfD: Klaus, Švejnar argue over historical role](https://web.archive.org/web/20071214110219/http://www.praguemonitor.com/en/227/czech_politics/15566/), *Prague Daily Monitor* 5 December 2007 Švejnar announced on 8 December 2007 that his bid was still alive and that he would decide whether to run in the coming week, depending on the level of support from major parties. On 11 December 2007 the press stated that he had acquired the support of five analysts and experts to assist him in his bid for the presidency. Švejnar himself announced that he would decide on whether he'd run only in the week afterwards, as political parties were still holding talks to decide on whether to support him.
The KSČM has stated that they have set five conditions necessary for them to support a candidate in the election, and that both of the candidates fulfil some of the conditions; however, they stated that Švejnar should renounce his US citizenship.{{Cite web \| title \= Communists want Švejnar to give up US citizenship \| publisher\=Prague Daily Monitor \| date\= 20 September 2007 \| url\= http://www.praguemonitor.com/en/238/czech\_politics/16258/ \| archiveurl\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071223145505/http://www.praguemonitor.com/en/238/czech\_politics/16258/ \| archivedate\= 23 December 2007 \| accessdate \= 20 February 2008}} Švejnar later stated he would renounce his US citizenship if elected.{{Cite web \| title \= Svejnar to give up U.S. citizenship if elected Czech president \|publisher\=ČeskéNoviny.cz \| url\=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/index\_view.php?id\=293286 \| accessdate \= 20 February 2008 \| year \= 2008 }}
The ČSSD announced their official support for Švejnar on 15 December 2007\.
As the president is elected by an absolute majority of MPs and senators, Klaus only needs 19 votes from other parties to win re\-election.{{Cite web
\|title\=Czech lawmakers nominate Klaus for second presidential term
\|publisher\=EUbusiness.com
\|url\=http://www.eubusiness.com/news\-eu/1196260324\.18
\|accessdate\=20 March 2008
\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213045348/http://www.eubusiness.com/news\-eu/1196260324\.18
\|archivedate\=13 February 2008
\|url\-status\=dead
}}
In a mid\-December public opinion poll, Švejnar gained in popularity and was tied with Klaus.{{Cite web \| title \= Popularity of Czech presidential candidate equal to Klaus's – poll \| publisher\=ČeskéNoviny.cz \| url\=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/index\_view.php?id\=288055 \| accessdate \= 20 February 2008 }}
While it was not considered certain whether Švejnar even wanted to run, a serious and emotional debate over who contributed more to the economic reforms at the start of the 1990s between Klaus and Švejnar was read by analysts as a sign that Švejnar did indeed want to run for the office. By 12 December 2007, he had gathered the necessary ten signatures from MPs or senators required to run for president; among the lawmakers nominating him were Senate deputy chairman [Petr Pithart](/wiki/Petr_Pithart "Petr Pithart") from KDU–ČSL, head of the ČSSD senators' group [Alena Gajdušková](/wiki/Alena_Gajdu%C5%A1kov%C3%A1 "Alena Gajdušková") and [Soňa Paukertová](/wiki/So%C5%88a_Paukertov%C3%A1 "Soňa Paukertová"), head of the [Caucus of Open Democracy](/wiki/Caucus_of_Open_Democracy "Caucus of Open Democracy") in the Senate.
Švejnar proposed a public debate with Klaus, but Klaus rejected on the grounds that Klaus did not need the publicity and that it would only help Švejnar; the ČSSD strongly criticised Klaus' decision. According to polls, 43% prefer Klaus as president, while 28% would prefer Švejnar and 29% are undecided.{{Cite web\|title\=Czech President Klaus Has Popular Support \|publisher\=Angus Reid Global Monitor \|url\=http://www.angus\-reid.com/polls/view/29336/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120723083553/http://www.angus\-reid.com/polls/view/29336/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=23 July 2012 \|accessdate\=20 March 2008 \|date\=14 December 2007 }}
The former foreign minister [Jiří Dienstbier](/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Dienstbier "Jiří Dienstbier") had also been suggested by some Social Democrats and Communists as a possible anti\-Klaus candidate.
ČSSD reportedly considering different options to ensure that none of their MPs vote for Klaus against the party line: to have an open ballot, to have voting done by two MPs at a time or to have the MPs make photos with their mobile phones as proof of their vote.{{Cite web \| title \= Czech CSSD to use mobile phones while electing president \| publisher\=ČeskéNoviny.cz \| url\= http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/index\_view.php?id\=288607 \| accessdate \= 20 February 2008 }}
Former president [Václav Havel](/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel "Václav Havel") officially announced his support for Švejnar on 1 January 2008\.{{Cite web \| title \= Former Czech president Havel supports Svejnar replacing Klaus \| publisher\=ČeskéNoviny.cz \| url\=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/index\_view.php?id\=289079 \| accessdate \= 20 February 2008 \| year \= 2008 }}
There are rumours that KDU–ČSL are offering full support to Klaus in exchange for [Jiří Čunek](/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_%C4%8Cunek "Jiří Čunek") becoming a government minister again. Foreign minister [Karel Schwarzenberg](/wiki/Karel_Schwarzenberg "Karel Schwarzenberg") has unequivocally stated he will resign if Čunek enters the government again after his resignation in late 2007, and the Greens have also stated they are against this.{{Cite web \| title \= Czech minister warns against ODS, KDU's Cunek for Klaus swap \|publisher\=ČeskéNoviny.cz \| url\=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/index\_view.php?id\=289211 \| accessdate \= 20 February 2008 \| year \= 2008 }}
KSČM is almost certain to support Švejnar in the first round, to ensure that Klaus is not the only candidate who passes to the second round, but it has not officially decided on whom to support in later rounds.{{Cite web \| title \= KSCM to back Czech presidential candidate Svejnar in first round \| publisher\=ČeskéNoviny.cz \| url\=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/index\_view.php?id\=290136 \| accessdate \= 20 February 2008 \| year \= 2008 }}
According to polls from early January 2008, in a direct election Švejnar would beat Klaus with 52% to 48%.{{Cite web \| title \= Czechs slightly prefer Svejnar to Klaus – poll \| publisher\=ČeskéNoviny.cz \| url\=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/index\_view.php?id\=290639 \| accessdate \= 20 February 2008 \| year \= 2008 }} Polls from late January 2008 saw Švejnar increase his lead to 55% against Klaus' 45%.{{Cite web \| title \= Svejnar widening his lead in popularity among Czechs – poll \| publisher\=ČeskéNoviny.cz \| url\=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/index\_view.php?id\=294022 \| accessdate \= 20 February 2008 }} Other polls favored Klaus in a direct election. According to Palacký University Klaus would gain 51% to Švejnar's 49\. According to Median Klaus would win votes of 59% citizens. Credibility of polls was put in question when it was revealed that some polls were made on political request.{{cite web\|title\=Průzkumy před volbou: vítězí Klaus i Švejnar\|url\=http://www.tyden.cz/rubriky/domaci/pruzkumy\-pred\-volbou\-vitezi\-klaus\-i\-svejnar\_41769\.html\|website\=TÝDEN.cz\|accessdate\=26 December 2016\|date\=31 January 2008}}
According to questions asked by the newspaper *[Mladá fronta Dnes](/wiki/Mlad%C3%A1_fronta_Dnes "Mladá fronta Dnes")*, Klaus and Švejnar differ mostly on two points: Švejnar is in favor of introducing the Euro as quickly as possible and in favor of introducing direct presidential elections, while Klaus is against both.{{Cite web \| title \= MfD: Klaus, Švejnar share many views\|work\=Prague Daily Monitor \|date\=21 January 2008 \| url\=http://www.praguemonitor.com/en/255/czech\_politics/17404/ \| archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129185105/http://www.praguemonitor.com/en/255/czech\_politics/17404/ \| archivedate\=29 January 2008 \| accessdate \= 20 February 2008 }} Each candidate also differs in the views on the economic transformation of the country after the [Velvet Revolution](/wiki/Velvet_Revolution "Velvet Revolution") and on the environmental issues. Klaus believes [global warming](/wiki/Global_warming "Global warming") is a hype, when Švejnar insists it is a dangerous threat to our planet.
All parties except for ODS agreed that the vote should be held publicly by acclamation (which they have the majority to decide in the lower house), threatening a blocking of the third round of the joint sitting can not agree on the election method in the third round.{{Cite web \| title \= Czech Communists to push for public presidential election\| url\= http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/index\_view.php?id\=295605 \| publisher\=ČeskéNoviny.cz \| date \= 7 February 2008 \| accessdate \= 9 October 2009}} More than two\-thirds of Czechs favor public elections.{{Cite web\|title\=Czechs Would Choose President by Popular Vote: Angus Reid Global Monitor \|url\=http://www.angus\-reid.com/polls/view/29866/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120717162717/http://www.angus\-reid.com/polls/view/29866/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=17 July 2012 \|accessdate\=20 February 2008 \|date\=12 February 2008 }}
|
[
"Background\n----------",
"Klaus was nominated for the second term by the 122 MPs and senators belonging to his [Civic Democratic Party](/wiki/Civic_Democratic_Party_%28Czech_Republic%29 \"Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)\") on 28 November 2007\\. [Jan Švejnar](/wiki/Jan_%C5%A0vejnar \"Jan Švejnar\"), a US\\-based economist originally from the Czech Republic, stated he would announce in early December whether he will run against Klaus, with the support of former president [Václav Havel](/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel \"Václav Havel\"), the [Czech Social Democratic Party](/wiki/Czech_Social_Democratic_Party \"Czech Social Democratic Party\") and the [Green Party](/wiki/Green_Party_%28Czech_Republic%29 \"Green Party (Czech Republic)\"), as well as the caucuses of [Association of Independent Lists (SNK)](/wiki/Association_of_Independent_Lists_%28SNK%29 \"Association of Independent Lists (SNK)\") and the Open Democracy in the [Senate of the Czech Republic](/wiki/Senate_of_the_Czech_Republic \"Senate of the Czech Republic\") which unite independent and liberal Senators from a range of small parties. The [Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia \"Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia\") was considering supporting him, as well. [Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party](/wiki/Christian_and_Democratic_Union_%E2%80%93_Czechoslovak_People%27s_Party \"Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party\") (KDU–ČSL) were unable to unite on a candidate, and remained undecided even after holding talks with Klaus, but they support (together with the ČSSD and the Green Party) a constitutional amendment to have direct presidential elections instead (though such an amendment would only apply from the [next election in 2013](/wiki/2013_Czech_presidential_election \"2013 Czech presidential election\") onwards). Most analysts assumed that Klaus would win re\\-election.",
"The KSČM was to decide on 7 December 2007 whether to support Švejnar, and the ČSSD required substantial cross\\-party support by 8 December 2007 to turn their conditional support for him into definite support. However, the KSČM interrupted the discussions supporting Švejnar on 7 December 2007, wanting reassurances from the ČSSD that they would indeed support Švejnar, fearing that their support for Švejnar might be moot if the ČSSD was not united on this. Both Klaus and Švejnar are vied for the support of the KDU–ČSL.[MfD: Klaus, Švejnar argue over historical role](https://web.archive.org/web/20071214110219/http://www.praguemonitor.com/en/227/czech_politics/15566/), *Prague Daily Monitor* 5 December 2007 Švejnar announced on 8 December 2007 that his bid was still alive and that he would decide whether to run in the coming week, depending on the level of support from major parties. On 11 December 2007 the press stated that he had acquired the support of five analysts and experts to assist him in his bid for the presidency. Švejnar himself announced that he would decide on whether he'd run only in the week afterwards, as political parties were still holding talks to decide on whether to support him.",
"The KSČM has stated that they have set five conditions necessary for them to support a candidate in the election, and that both of the candidates fulfil some of the conditions; however, they stated that Švejnar should renounce his US citizenship.{{Cite web \\| title \\= Communists want Švejnar to give up US citizenship \\| publisher\\=Prague Daily Monitor \\| date\\= 20 September 2007 \\| url\\= http://www.praguemonitor.com/en/238/czech\\_politics/16258/ \\| archiveurl\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071223145505/http://www.praguemonitor.com/en/238/czech\\_politics/16258/ \\| archivedate\\= 23 December 2007 \\| accessdate \\= 20 February 2008}} Švejnar later stated he would renounce his US citizenship if elected.{{Cite web \\| title \\= Svejnar to give up U.S. citizenship if elected Czech president \\|publisher\\=ČeskéNoviny.cz \\| url\\=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/index\\_view.php?id\\=293286 \\| accessdate \\= 20 February 2008 \\| year \\= 2008 }}",
"The ČSSD announced their official support for Švejnar on 15 December 2007\\.",
"As the president is elected by an absolute majority of MPs and senators, Klaus only needs 19 votes from other parties to win re\\-election.{{Cite web\n \\|title\\=Czech lawmakers nominate Klaus for second presidential term \n \\|publisher\\=EUbusiness.com \n \\|url\\=http://www.eubusiness.com/news\\-eu/1196260324\\.18 \n \\|accessdate\\=20 March 2008 \n \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213045348/http://www.eubusiness.com/news\\-eu/1196260324\\.18 \n \\|archivedate\\=13 February 2008 \n \\|url\\-status\\=dead \n \n}}\nIn a mid\\-December public opinion poll, Švejnar gained in popularity and was tied with Klaus.{{Cite web \\| title \\= Popularity of Czech presidential candidate equal to Klaus's – poll \\| publisher\\=ČeskéNoviny.cz \\| url\\=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/index\\_view.php?id\\=288055 \\| accessdate \\= 20 February 2008 }}",
"While it was not considered certain whether Švejnar even wanted to run, a serious and emotional debate over who contributed more to the economic reforms at the start of the 1990s between Klaus and Švejnar was read by analysts as a sign that Švejnar did indeed want to run for the office. By 12 December 2007, he had gathered the necessary ten signatures from MPs or senators required to run for president; among the lawmakers nominating him were Senate deputy chairman [Petr Pithart](/wiki/Petr_Pithart \"Petr Pithart\") from KDU–ČSL, head of the ČSSD senators' group [Alena Gajdušková](/wiki/Alena_Gajdu%C5%A1kov%C3%A1 \"Alena Gajdušková\") and [Soňa Paukertová](/wiki/So%C5%88a_Paukertov%C3%A1 \"Soňa Paukertová\"), head of the [Caucus of Open Democracy](/wiki/Caucus_of_Open_Democracy \"Caucus of Open Democracy\") in the Senate.",
"Švejnar proposed a public debate with Klaus, but Klaus rejected on the grounds that Klaus did not need the publicity and that it would only help Švejnar; the ČSSD strongly criticised Klaus' decision. According to polls, 43% prefer Klaus as president, while 28% would prefer Švejnar and 29% are undecided.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Czech President Klaus Has Popular Support \\|publisher\\=Angus Reid Global Monitor \\|url\\=http://www.angus\\-reid.com/polls/view/29336/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120723083553/http://www.angus\\-reid.com/polls/view/29336/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=23 July 2012 \\|accessdate\\=20 March 2008 \\|date\\=14 December 2007 }}",
"The former foreign minister [Jiří Dienstbier](/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Dienstbier \"Jiří Dienstbier\") had also been suggested by some Social Democrats and Communists as a possible anti\\-Klaus candidate.",
"ČSSD reportedly considering different options to ensure that none of their MPs vote for Klaus against the party line: to have an open ballot, to have voting done by two MPs at a time or to have the MPs make photos with their mobile phones as proof of their vote.{{Cite web \\| title \\= Czech CSSD to use mobile phones while electing president \\| publisher\\=ČeskéNoviny.cz \\| url\\= http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/index\\_view.php?id\\=288607 \\| accessdate \\= 20 February 2008 }}",
"Former president [Václav Havel](/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel \"Václav Havel\") officially announced his support for Švejnar on 1 January 2008\\.{{Cite web \\| title \\= Former Czech president Havel supports Svejnar replacing Klaus \\| publisher\\=ČeskéNoviny.cz \\| url\\=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/index\\_view.php?id\\=289079 \\| accessdate \\= 20 February 2008 \\| year \\= 2008 }}",
"There are rumours that KDU–ČSL are offering full support to Klaus in exchange for [Jiří Čunek](/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_%C4%8Cunek \"Jiří Čunek\") becoming a government minister again. Foreign minister [Karel Schwarzenberg](/wiki/Karel_Schwarzenberg \"Karel Schwarzenberg\") has unequivocally stated he will resign if Čunek enters the government again after his resignation in late 2007, and the Greens have also stated they are against this.{{Cite web \\| title \\= Czech minister warns against ODS, KDU's Cunek for Klaus swap \\|publisher\\=ČeskéNoviny.cz \\| url\\=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/index\\_view.php?id\\=289211 \\| accessdate \\= 20 February 2008 \\| year \\= 2008 }}",
"KSČM is almost certain to support Švejnar in the first round, to ensure that Klaus is not the only candidate who passes to the second round, but it has not officially decided on whom to support in later rounds.{{Cite web \\| title \\= KSCM to back Czech presidential candidate Svejnar in first round \\| publisher\\=ČeskéNoviny.cz \\| url\\=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/index\\_view.php?id\\=290136 \\| accessdate \\= 20 February 2008 \\| year \\= 2008 }}",
"According to polls from early January 2008, in a direct election Švejnar would beat Klaus with 52% to 48%.{{Cite web \\| title \\= Czechs slightly prefer Svejnar to Klaus – poll \\| publisher\\=ČeskéNoviny.cz \\| url\\=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/index\\_view.php?id\\=290639 \\| accessdate \\= 20 February 2008 \\| year \\= 2008 }} Polls from late January 2008 saw Švejnar increase his lead to 55% against Klaus' 45%.{{Cite web \\| title \\= Svejnar widening his lead in popularity among Czechs – poll \\| publisher\\=ČeskéNoviny.cz \\| url\\=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/index\\_view.php?id\\=294022 \\| accessdate \\= 20 February 2008 }} Other polls favored Klaus in a direct election. According to Palacký University Klaus would gain 51% to Švejnar's 49\\. According to Median Klaus would win votes of 59% citizens. Credibility of polls was put in question when it was revealed that some polls were made on political request.{{cite web\\|title\\=Průzkumy před volbou: vítězí Klaus i Švejnar\\|url\\=http://www.tyden.cz/rubriky/domaci/pruzkumy\\-pred\\-volbou\\-vitezi\\-klaus\\-i\\-svejnar\\_41769\\.html\\|website\\=TÝDEN.cz\\|accessdate\\=26 December 2016\\|date\\=31 January 2008}}",
"According to questions asked by the newspaper *[Mladá fronta Dnes](/wiki/Mlad%C3%A1_fronta_Dnes \"Mladá fronta Dnes\")*, Klaus and Švejnar differ mostly on two points: Švejnar is in favor of introducing the Euro as quickly as possible and in favor of introducing direct presidential elections, while Klaus is against both.{{Cite web \\| title \\= MfD: Klaus, Švejnar share many views\\|work\\=Prague Daily Monitor \\|date\\=21 January 2008 \\| url\\=http://www.praguemonitor.com/en/255/czech\\_politics/17404/ \\| archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129185105/http://www.praguemonitor.com/en/255/czech\\_politics/17404/ \\| archivedate\\=29 January 2008 \\| accessdate \\= 20 February 2008 }} Each candidate also differs in the views on the economic transformation of the country after the [Velvet Revolution](/wiki/Velvet_Revolution \"Velvet Revolution\") and on the environmental issues. Klaus believes [global warming](/wiki/Global_warming \"Global warming\") is a hype, when Švejnar insists it is a dangerous threat to our planet.",
"All parties except for ODS agreed that the vote should be held publicly by acclamation (which they have the majority to decide in the lower house), threatening a blocking of the third round of the joint sitting can not agree on the election method in the third round.{{Cite web \\| title \\= Czech Communists to push for public presidential election\\| url\\= http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/index\\_view.php?id\\=295605 \\| publisher\\=ČeskéNoviny.cz \\| date \\= 7 February 2008 \\| accessdate \\= 9 October 2009}} More than two\\-thirds of Czechs favor public elections.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Czechs Would Choose President by Popular Vote: Angus Reid Global Monitor \\|url\\=http://www.angus\\-reid.com/polls/view/29866/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120717162717/http://www.angus\\-reid.com/polls/view/29866/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=17 July 2012 \\|accessdate\\=20 February 2008 \\|date\\=12 February 2008 }}",
"",
""
] |
Career
------
### Pre\-Obama
She was a former correspondent at the CAPA agency in Washington (led by Hervé Chabalier) where she worked between 1989 and 1995\.a, b, c, d et e « À propos » \[archive] sur À la Maison\-Blanche, le blog de Laurence Haïm sur le site officiel de Canal\+ (consulté le 3 juin 2009\). She was one of the first journalists there and was associated with the production of programs like "24 hours" on [Canal \+](/wiki/Canal%2B_%28French_TV_channel%29 "Canal+ (French TV channel)"), "[Envoyé spécial](/wiki/Envoy%C3%A9_sp%C3%A9cial "Envoyé spécial")" (the French 60 Minutes) on [France 2](/wiki/France_2 "France 2"), and "[Zone interdite](/wiki/Zone_interdite "Zone interdite")" on [M6](/wiki/M6_%28TV_channel%29 "M6 (TV channel)").a, b, c, d, e, f et g « Interviews \- Laurence Haïm » \[archive], Julie Rebeyrol, Infrarouge.fr (consulté le 14 janvier 2017\)
As a foreign correspondent for CAPA, she covered international events such as the famine in [Somalia](/wiki/Somalia "Somalia"), the beginning of the war in [Bosnia](/wiki/Bosnia "Bosnia"), and the situation in [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel"), the West Bank, and [Gaza](/wiki/Gaza_Strip "Gaza Strip").a, b, c, d et e "À propos" \[archive] sur À la Maison\-Blanche, le blog de Laurence Haïm sur le site officiel de Canal\+ (consulté le 3 juin 2009\).
In 1992, Haim moved to [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") to pursue her interest in working in the U.S. She created the first office for Canal Plus Group, where she worked as a correspondent until 2001\.
After September 11, 2001, Haim was sent on assignment to [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel"). A suicide bombing occurred there, which she began documenting. At the time, [Dan Rather](/wiki/Dan_Rather "Dan Rather") of [CBS News](/wiki/CBS_News "CBS News") was also on location.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.purepeople.com/article/laurence\-haim\-la\-confidente\-frenchie\-de\-barack\-obama\_a28716/1\|title\=Laurence Haïm, la confidente frenchie de... Barack Obama !\|website\=purepeople.com \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411095439/https://www.purepeople.com/article/laurence\-haim\-la\-confidente\-frenchie\-de\-barack\-obama\_a28716/1 \|archivedate\=2009\-04\-11 \|lang\=fr}} After meeting her, he decided to hire her to work as a producer and video journalist for CBS News.« À propos » \[archive] sur À la Maison\-Blanche, le blog de Laurence Haïm sur le site officiel de Canal\+ (consulté le 3 juin 2009\).
From 2002 to 2006, Haim was mainly based in [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad"), where she covered the [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq") war and the [Near East](/wiki/Near_East "Near East") for CBS.{{cite web \|url\=http://politics.uchicago.edu/fellows\-program/fellow/laura\-haim\|title\=Laura Haim, Fall 2017 Resident Fellow\|website\=politics.uchicago.edu \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818082933/http://politics.uchicago.edu/fellows\-program/fellow/laura\-haim \|archivedate\=2017\-08\-18 }}
### Obama's campaign and presidential mandate
Haim went back to the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") in October 2006\. At that point, she suggested to Canal Plus that she follow [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama")'s campaign. In 2008, she became an accredited [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House") and [Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon "The Pentagon") correspondent for Canal Plus Group and moved to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), to follow the Obama administration on a daily basis.{{cite news \|first\=Guillaume \|last\=Gendron \|title\=Laurence Haïm: la grande muette \|website\=Libération.fr \|date\=2017\-03\-31 \|lang\=fr \|url\=https://www.liberation.fr/politiques/2017/03/31/laurence\-haim\-la\-grande\-muette\_1559860/}} In June 2009, she conducted another interview with President Obama, which aired on [Canal \+](/wiki/Canal%2B_%28French_TV_channel%29 "Canal+ (French TV channel)").{{Citation\|first\=Emmanuel \|last\=Berretta \|title\=Barack Obama sur Canal\+ : les dessous d'une interview \|work\=LePoint.fr \|date\=2009\-06\-02}}Dépêche de l'Agence France\-Presse, "Interview de Barack Obama diffusée mardi en clair sur Canal\+" \[archive] sur Google Actualités, 1er juin 2009\. She also covered the sex scandal involving [Dominique Strauss\-Khan](/wiki/Dominique_Strauss-Khan "Dominique Strauss-Khan"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.premiere.fr/TV/News\-Tele/Affaire\-DSK\-Laurence\-Haim\-Jamais\-je\-nai\-ete\-aussi\-stressee\|title\=Affaire DSK : Laurence Haïm : "Jamais je n'ai été aussi stressée"\|date\=16 September 2015\|publisher\=}} the former managing director of the [IMF](/wiki/IMF "IMF") who wanted to run for president in [France](/wiki/France "France").
Haim covered news and became a regular face on the 24\-hour cable news channel of Canal Plus, [I\-Télé](/wiki/I-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9 "I-Télé"), which aired in over 60 French\-speaking countries, including those in [Africa](/wiki/Africa "Africa").
She also founded the first group for the foreign White House correspondents accredited to the White House. From 2009 to 2014 she was twice elected president of the White House Foreign Press Association by her peers.
Haim is known for being the only French journalist who has conducted three interviews with Barack Obama during his time as senator and president.ITWOBAMA (3 June 2009\). "Barack Obama : exclusive Interview with Laurence Haïm (CANAL\+)" – via YouTube.
### Trump's campaign and presidential mandate
In April 2015, she offered to cover [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump")'s campaign for [Canal Plus](/wiki/Canal%2B_%28French_TV_channel%29 "Canal+ (French TV channel)")."Trois bonnes raisons de voir" Showtime !, "le docu de Laurence Haïm" \[archive], sur Elle.fr, 4 novembre 2016 Shortly thereafter, she became the only permanent accredited European journalist for the Trump campaign abroad from August 2016 until his election.
In 2015 Laura obtained an interview with Israeli prime minister [Benjamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu "Benjamin Netanyahu")CNEWS (7 August 2014\). "Interview exclusive de Benjamin Netanyahu" – via YouTube. during the war in [Gaza](/wiki/Gaza_War_%282008%E2%80%9309%29 "Gaza War (2008–09)"), and was also the only French journalist able to do so. In 2016 she also did an interview for French television with one of the Navy Seals who said he killed [Osama bin Laden](/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden "Osama bin Laden") during the raid.CNEWS (11 December 2014\). "Témoignage exclusif du tueur de Ben Laden, Robert O'Neill" – via YouTube.
She has also traveled to [Guantanamo](/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp "Guantanamo Bay detention camp") on more than eight occasions to document the [9/11](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks") pre\-trials."Laurence Haïm enquête sur le futur procès du 11 septembre \- info\-tele\-2\-semaines \- Télé 2 semaines". JFhsfohhMN (25 November 2015\). "Canal Pl
### The French presidential campaign with Emmanuel Macron
To the surprise of many, Haim was offered the position of spokesperson for international affairs for [Emmanuel Macron](/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron "Emmanuel Macron")'s presidential campaign, and she joined his team in December 2016\.Cédric Pietralunga, "Macron muscle son équipe de campagne", Le Monde.fr, 11 janvier 2017 {{ISSN\|1950\-6244}}, lire en ligne \[archive]
On July 12, 2017, after President Macron's campaign, Haim decided to come back to the United States and join the Institute of Political Studies at the [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago "University of Chicago")'s Institute of Politics, headed by David Axelrod, a former adviser to Barack Obama. She became a fellow there.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Pre\\-Obama",
"She was a former correspondent at the CAPA agency in Washington (led by Hervé Chabalier) where she worked between 1989 and 1995\\.a, b, c, d et e « À propos » \\[archive] sur À la Maison\\-Blanche, le blog de Laurence Haïm sur le site officiel de Canal\\+ (consulté le 3 juin 2009\\). She was one of the first journalists there and was associated with the production of programs like \"24 hours\" on [Canal \\+](/wiki/Canal%2B_%28French_TV_channel%29 \"Canal+ (French TV channel)\"), \"[Envoyé spécial](/wiki/Envoy%C3%A9_sp%C3%A9cial \"Envoyé spécial\")\" (the French 60 Minutes) on [France 2](/wiki/France_2 \"France 2\"), and \"[Zone interdite](/wiki/Zone_interdite \"Zone interdite\")\" on [M6](/wiki/M6_%28TV_channel%29 \"M6 (TV channel)\").a, b, c, d, e, f et g « Interviews \\- Laurence Haïm » \\[archive], Julie Rebeyrol, Infrarouge.fr (consulté le 14 janvier 2017\\)\nAs a foreign correspondent for CAPA, she covered international events such as the famine in [Somalia](/wiki/Somalia \"Somalia\"), the beginning of the war in [Bosnia](/wiki/Bosnia \"Bosnia\"), and the situation in [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"), the West Bank, and [Gaza](/wiki/Gaza_Strip \"Gaza Strip\").a, b, c, d et e \"À propos\" \\[archive] sur À la Maison\\-Blanche, le blog de Laurence Haïm sur le site officiel de Canal\\+ (consulté le 3 juin 2009\\).",
"In 1992, Haim moved to [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") to pursue her interest in working in the U.S. She created the first office for Canal Plus Group, where she worked as a correspondent until 2001\\.\nAfter September 11, 2001, Haim was sent on assignment to [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"). A suicide bombing occurred there, which she began documenting. At the time, [Dan Rather](/wiki/Dan_Rather \"Dan Rather\") of [CBS News](/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\") was also on location.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.purepeople.com/article/laurence\\-haim\\-la\\-confidente\\-frenchie\\-de\\-barack\\-obama\\_a28716/1\\|title\\=Laurence Haïm, la confidente frenchie de... Barack Obama !\\|website\\=purepeople.com \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411095439/https://www.purepeople.com/article/laurence\\-haim\\-la\\-confidente\\-frenchie\\-de\\-barack\\-obama\\_a28716/1 \\|archivedate\\=2009\\-04\\-11 \\|lang\\=fr}} After meeting her, he decided to hire her to work as a producer and video journalist for CBS News.« À propos » \\[archive] sur À la Maison\\-Blanche, le blog de Laurence Haïm sur le site officiel de Canal\\+ (consulté le 3 juin 2009\\).",
"From 2002 to 2006, Haim was mainly based in [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad \"Baghdad\"), where she covered the [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\") war and the [Near East](/wiki/Near_East \"Near East\") for CBS.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://politics.uchicago.edu/fellows\\-program/fellow/laura\\-haim\\|title\\=Laura Haim, Fall 2017 Resident Fellow\\|website\\=politics.uchicago.edu \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818082933/http://politics.uchicago.edu/fellows\\-program/fellow/laura\\-haim \\|archivedate\\=2017\\-08\\-18 }}",
"### Obama's campaign and presidential mandate",
"Haim went back to the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") in October 2006\\. At that point, she suggested to Canal Plus that she follow [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\")'s campaign. In 2008, she became an accredited [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\") and [Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon \"The Pentagon\") correspondent for Canal Plus Group and moved to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), to follow the Obama administration on a daily basis.{{cite news \\|first\\=Guillaume \\|last\\=Gendron \\|title\\=Laurence Haïm: la grande muette \\|website\\=Libération.fr \\|date\\=2017\\-03\\-31 \\|lang\\=fr \\|url\\=https://www.liberation.fr/politiques/2017/03/31/laurence\\-haim\\-la\\-grande\\-muette\\_1559860/}} In June 2009, she conducted another interview with President Obama, which aired on [Canal \\+](/wiki/Canal%2B_%28French_TV_channel%29 \"Canal+ (French TV channel)\").{{Citation\\|first\\=Emmanuel \\|last\\=Berretta \\|title\\=Barack Obama sur Canal\\+ : les dessous d'une interview \\|work\\=LePoint.fr \\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-02}}Dépêche de l'Agence France\\-Presse, \"Interview de Barack Obama diffusée mardi en clair sur Canal\\+\" \\[archive] sur Google Actualités, 1er juin 2009\\. She also covered the sex scandal involving [Dominique Strauss\\-Khan](/wiki/Dominique_Strauss-Khan \"Dominique Strauss-Khan\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.premiere.fr/TV/News\\-Tele/Affaire\\-DSK\\-Laurence\\-Haim\\-Jamais\\-je\\-nai\\-ete\\-aussi\\-stressee\\|title\\=Affaire DSK : Laurence Haïm : \"Jamais je n'ai été aussi stressée\"\\|date\\=16 September 2015\\|publisher\\=}} the former managing director of the [IMF](/wiki/IMF \"IMF\") who wanted to run for president in [France](/wiki/France \"France\").",
"Haim covered news and became a regular face on the 24\\-hour cable news channel of Canal Plus, [I\\-Télé](/wiki/I-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9 \"I-Télé\"), which aired in over 60 French\\-speaking countries, including those in [Africa](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\").\nShe also founded the first group for the foreign White House correspondents accredited to the White House. From 2009 to 2014 she was twice elected president of the White House Foreign Press Association by her peers.",
"Haim is known for being the only French journalist who has conducted three interviews with Barack Obama during his time as senator and president.ITWOBAMA (3 June 2009\\). \"Barack Obama : exclusive Interview with Laurence Haïm (CANAL\\+)\" – via YouTube.",
"### Trump's campaign and presidential mandate",
"In April 2015, she offered to cover [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\")'s campaign for [Canal Plus](/wiki/Canal%2B_%28French_TV_channel%29 \"Canal+ (French TV channel)\").\"Trois bonnes raisons de voir\" Showtime !, \"le docu de Laurence Haïm\" \\[archive], sur Elle.fr, 4 novembre 2016 Shortly thereafter, she became the only permanent accredited European journalist for the Trump campaign abroad from August 2016 until his election. \nIn 2015 Laura obtained an interview with Israeli prime minister [Benjamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu \"Benjamin Netanyahu\")CNEWS (7 August 2014\\). \"Interview exclusive de Benjamin Netanyahu\" – via YouTube. during the war in [Gaza](/wiki/Gaza_War_%282008%E2%80%9309%29 \"Gaza War (2008–09)\"), and was also the only French journalist able to do so. In 2016 she also did an interview for French television with one of the Navy Seals who said he killed [Osama bin Laden](/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden \"Osama bin Laden\") during the raid.CNEWS (11 December 2014\\). \"Témoignage exclusif du tueur de Ben Laden, Robert O'Neill\" – via YouTube.",
"She has also traveled to [Guantanamo](/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp \"Guantanamo Bay detention camp\") on more than eight occasions to document the [9/11](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\") pre\\-trials.\"Laurence Haïm enquête sur le futur procès du 11 septembre \\- info\\-tele\\-2\\-semaines \\- Télé 2 semaines\". JFhsfohhMN (25 November 2015\\). \"Canal Pl",
"### The French presidential campaign with Emmanuel Macron",
"To the surprise of many, Haim was offered the position of spokesperson for international affairs for [Emmanuel Macron](/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron \"Emmanuel Macron\")'s presidential campaign, and she joined his team in December 2016\\.Cédric Pietralunga, \"Macron muscle son équipe de campagne\", Le Monde.fr, 11 janvier 2017 {{ISSN\\|1950\\-6244}}, lire en ligne \\[archive]\nOn July 12, 2017, after President Macron's campaign, Haim decided to come back to the United States and join the Institute of Political Studies at the [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago \"University of Chicago\")'s Institute of Politics, headed by David Axelrod, a former adviser to Barack Obama. She became a fellow there.",
""
] |
Adaptations
-----------
### 1976 film
In the [1976 film version](/wiki/Carrie_%281976_film%29 "Carrie (1976 film)") of the novel, the character is named Miss Collins and portrayed by [Betty Buckley](/wiki/Betty_Buckley "Betty Buckley"). Unlike the character in the book, Miss Collins does not first experience revulsion toward Carrie. After the locker room incident, she punishes the girls, and when Chris argues with her during detention, Miss Collins slaps her and makes the infuriated Chris skip detention, thus being banned from prom. She becomes more sympathetic and attempts to help Carrie overcome her awkwardness. When she realizes Tommy asked Carrie to prom, Miss Collins reprimands him and Sue for trying to do so.
After Carrie uses her powers to wreak havoc on the school, Miss Collins is seen trying to move the unconscious Tommy, along with another teacher and three students. Carrie pulls her across the floor and pins her against the wall. Carrie then smashes a basketball rafter into her, killing her.
### 2002 film
In the [2002 version](/wiki/Carrie_%282002_film%29 "Carrie (2002 film)"), Rita Desjarden {{sic}} is portrayed by [Rena Sofer](/wiki/Rena_Sofer "Rena Sofer").[HK and Cult Film News's Fan Box](http://hkfilmnews.blogspot.de/2012/10/carrie-2002-movie-review-by-porfle.htm) 26 October 2012 After finding out that Chris and Tina Blake compounded Carrie's locker\-room humiliation by vandalizing her locker and filling it with tampons, an angry Desjarden hurls a bag full of tampons at them the next day. She then announces that they have been sentenced to a week of detention, telling that skipping the punishment will result in three days' suspension and banishment from the prom. Chris, refusing to take her punishment, storms out. The principal reprimands Desjarden, but stands by her when Chris's father threatens a lawsuit unless Desjarden is fired.
At the prom, she talks to Carrie about her own prom date. In this version, she says her date carried a fake gun to imitate [James Bond](/wiki/James_Bond "James Bond") but he ended up arrested. As a result, she remained alone at the prom until her father came and took her home. She also tells Carrie that things change, and not always for the best: The pretty, popular girls will be fat, cute boys will be bald, and the miserable ones might have a happy life. When Carrie begins destroying the gym telekinetically in revenge for being drenched in pigs' blood, Miss Desjarden sends two students to carry the dead Tommy and leads an escape through an air vent (rather than the fire doors, as in the book). She is the last one to leave the gym and is nearly electrocuted, but survives and reports the events to Detective John Mulcahey ([David Keith](/wiki/David_L._Keith "David L. Keith")), revealing her conclusion by denouncing Carrie as the perpetrator behind the destruction.
### 2013 film
In the [2013 version](/wiki/Carrie_%282013_film%29 "Carrie (2013 film)"), Desjardin is played by [Judy Greer](/wiki/Judy_Greer "Judy Greer"). As in previous film portrayals, she sympathizes with Carrie and tries to help her. Desjardin is spared from Carrie's wrath during the prom as she was the only one who was not laughing at Carrie and tried to help clean her up. She uses her telekinesis to throw Desjardin out of the way of falling electrical wires. Desjardin is last seen with her arm in a sling, telling Sue that Tommy is dead.
|
[
"Adaptations\n-----------",
"### 1976 film",
"In the [1976 film version](/wiki/Carrie_%281976_film%29 \"Carrie (1976 film)\") of the novel, the character is named Miss Collins and portrayed by [Betty Buckley](/wiki/Betty_Buckley \"Betty Buckley\"). Unlike the character in the book, Miss Collins does not first experience revulsion toward Carrie. After the locker room incident, she punishes the girls, and when Chris argues with her during detention, Miss Collins slaps her and makes the infuriated Chris skip detention, thus being banned from prom. She becomes more sympathetic and attempts to help Carrie overcome her awkwardness. When she realizes Tommy asked Carrie to prom, Miss Collins reprimands him and Sue for trying to do so.",
"After Carrie uses her powers to wreak havoc on the school, Miss Collins is seen trying to move the unconscious Tommy, along with another teacher and three students. Carrie pulls her across the floor and pins her against the wall. Carrie then smashes a basketball rafter into her, killing her.",
"### 2002 film",
"In the [2002 version](/wiki/Carrie_%282002_film%29 \"Carrie (2002 film)\"), Rita Desjarden {{sic}} is portrayed by [Rena Sofer](/wiki/Rena_Sofer \"Rena Sofer\").[HK and Cult Film News's Fan Box](http://hkfilmnews.blogspot.de/2012/10/carrie-2002-movie-review-by-porfle.htm) 26 October 2012 After finding out that Chris and Tina Blake compounded Carrie's locker\\-room humiliation by vandalizing her locker and filling it with tampons, an angry Desjarden hurls a bag full of tampons at them the next day. She then announces that they have been sentenced to a week of detention, telling that skipping the punishment will result in three days' suspension and banishment from the prom. Chris, refusing to take her punishment, storms out. The principal reprimands Desjarden, but stands by her when Chris's father threatens a lawsuit unless Desjarden is fired.",
"At the prom, she talks to Carrie about her own prom date. In this version, she says her date carried a fake gun to imitate [James Bond](/wiki/James_Bond \"James Bond\") but he ended up arrested. As a result, she remained alone at the prom until her father came and took her home. She also tells Carrie that things change, and not always for the best: The pretty, popular girls will be fat, cute boys will be bald, and the miserable ones might have a happy life. When Carrie begins destroying the gym telekinetically in revenge for being drenched in pigs' blood, Miss Desjarden sends two students to carry the dead Tommy and leads an escape through an air vent (rather than the fire doors, as in the book). She is the last one to leave the gym and is nearly electrocuted, but survives and reports the events to Detective John Mulcahey ([David Keith](/wiki/David_L._Keith \"David L. Keith\")), revealing her conclusion by denouncing Carrie as the perpetrator behind the destruction.",
"### 2013 film",
"In the [2013 version](/wiki/Carrie_%282013_film%29 \"Carrie (2013 film)\"), Desjardin is played by [Judy Greer](/wiki/Judy_Greer \"Judy Greer\"). As in previous film portrayals, she sympathizes with Carrie and tries to help her. Desjardin is spared from Carrie's wrath during the prom as she was the only one who was not laughing at Carrie and tried to help clean her up. She uses her telekinesis to throw Desjardin out of the way of falling electrical wires. Desjardin is last seen with her arm in a sling, telling Sue that Tommy is dead.",
""
] |
Playing career
--------------
Higgins was born in [Red Oak, Texas](/wiki/Red_Oak%2C_Texas "Red Oak, Texas"). He was nicknamed "Pinky" as a baby, and according to some reports detested it. Alternatively, he was called by either of his given names. He signed some autographs as *Frank Higgins*, but was predominantly known as *Mike*, especially later in his career. Higgins graduated from [W. H. Adamson High School](/wiki/W._H._Adamson_High_School "W. H. Adamson High School") in Dallas, where he played on the 1926 state championship runner\-up team. He attended the [University of Texas at Austin](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin "University of Texas at Austin") before beginning his career with the [Philadelphia Athletics](/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics "Philadelphia Athletics") on June 25, 1930\. After only 24 [at bats](/wiki/At_bat "At bat") that year, he did not play in the majors again until 1933, when he began to play full\-time for the A's. In his [rookie](/wiki/Rookie "Rookie") season of 1933, he [batted](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 "Batting average (baseball)") .314 with 13 [home runs](/wiki/Home_run "Home run") and 99 [RBIs](/wiki/Run_batted_in "Run batted in"). He [hit for the cycle](/wiki/Hit_for_the_cycle "Hit for the cycle") on August 3 in a 12–8 win over the [Washington Senators](/wiki/Washington_Senators_%281901%E2%80%9360%29 "Washington Senators (1901–60)"). The A's of that year finished third in the [American League](/wiki/American_League "American League").
By 1938, when he was traded to the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox "Boston Red Sox") for fellow third baseman [Billy Werber](/wiki/Billy_Werber "Billy Werber"), he was not only considered one of the better\-hitting third basemen in the league but led them in batting average in 1933 and 1934\. In his first two years with the Bosox (1937 and 1938\), he hit over .300 with a career\-high 106 RBIs in both years. In June 1938, he set (and still holds) a major league record with [base hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 "Hit (baseball)") in 12 consecutive [at bats](/wiki/At_bat "At bat"), accomplishing the feat over 14 [plate appearances](/wiki/Plate_appearances "Plate appearances") because he also received two [bases on balls](/wiki/Walk_%28baseball%29 "Walk (baseball)") during that streak. His mark was tied by [Walt Dropo](/wiki/Walt_Dropo "Walt Dropo") in 1952, who made his 12 straight knocks in 12 appearances, with no bases on balls in between.
He would next head to the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers "Detroit Tigers") in a trade for [submarine](/wiki/Submarine_%28baseball%29 "Submarine (baseball)") pitcher [Elden Auker](/wiki/Elden_Auker "Elden Auker"), where he would spend the majority of his playing career. It was also where his hitting numbers dropped while his power numbers still stayed fairly strong, but not in the same realm as his career\-high of 23 homers with Philadelphia in 1935\.
Boston got Higgins back in mid\-1946 as the team's regular third baseman, winning the AL pennant by 12 games (but losing the [1946 World Series](/wiki/1946_World_Series "1946 World Series") to the Cardinals in seven). The Red Sox then released him, and he retired to become a manager in the Red Sox farm system. His final numbers included a .292 batting average with 140 home runs and 1,075 RBIs in 1,802 games. He accumulated 1,941 career [hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 "Hit (baseball)") in 6,636 at bats, with 931 [runs](/wiki/Run_%28baseball%29 "Run (baseball)"), 374 [doubles](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 "Double (baseball)"), 51 [triples](/wiki/Triple_%28baseball%29 "Triple (baseball)"), 61 [stolen bases](/wiki/Stolen_bases "Stolen bases") and 800 [bases on balls](/wiki/Bases_on_balls "Bases on balls") and made the [All\-Star team](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game "Major League Baseball All-Star Game") three times (1934, '36, '44\).
### Postseason
Higgins played in two [World Series](/wiki/World_Series "World Series"): one with Detroit in [1940](/wiki/1940_World_Series "1940 World Series") and one with Boston in [1946](/wiki/1946_World_Series "1946 World Series"), losing both in seven but amassing a .271 Series batting average with 1 home run (for Detroit), 8 RBIs (6 for Detroit and 2 for Boston) and 13 hits in 48 at bats.
|
[
"Playing career\n--------------",
"Higgins was born in [Red Oak, Texas](/wiki/Red_Oak%2C_Texas \"Red Oak, Texas\"). He was nicknamed \"Pinky\" as a baby, and according to some reports detested it. Alternatively, he was called by either of his given names. He signed some autographs as *Frank Higgins*, but was predominantly known as *Mike*, especially later in his career. Higgins graduated from [W. H. Adamson High School](/wiki/W._H._Adamson_High_School \"W. H. Adamson High School\") in Dallas, where he played on the 1926 state championship runner\\-up team. He attended the [University of Texas at Austin](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin \"University of Texas at Austin\") before beginning his career with the [Philadelphia Athletics](/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics \"Philadelphia Athletics\") on June 25, 1930\\. After only 24 [at bats](/wiki/At_bat \"At bat\") that year, he did not play in the majors again until 1933, when he began to play full\\-time for the A's. In his [rookie](/wiki/Rookie \"Rookie\") season of 1933, he [batted](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 \"Batting average (baseball)\") .314 with 13 [home runs](/wiki/Home_run \"Home run\") and 99 [RBIs](/wiki/Run_batted_in \"Run batted in\"). He [hit for the cycle](/wiki/Hit_for_the_cycle \"Hit for the cycle\") on August 3 in a 12–8 win over the [Washington Senators](/wiki/Washington_Senators_%281901%E2%80%9360%29 \"Washington Senators (1901–60)\"). The A's of that year finished third in the [American League](/wiki/American_League \"American League\").",
"By 1938, when he was traded to the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\") for fellow third baseman [Billy Werber](/wiki/Billy_Werber \"Billy Werber\"), he was not only considered one of the better\\-hitting third basemen in the league but led them in batting average in 1933 and 1934\\. In his first two years with the Bosox (1937 and 1938\\), he hit over .300 with a career\\-high 106 RBIs in both years. In June 1938, he set (and still holds) a major league record with [base hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 \"Hit (baseball)\") in 12 consecutive [at bats](/wiki/At_bat \"At bat\"), accomplishing the feat over 14 [plate appearances](/wiki/Plate_appearances \"Plate appearances\") because he also received two [bases on balls](/wiki/Walk_%28baseball%29 \"Walk (baseball)\") during that streak. His mark was tied by [Walt Dropo](/wiki/Walt_Dropo \"Walt Dropo\") in 1952, who made his 12 straight knocks in 12 appearances, with no bases on balls in between.",
"He would next head to the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers \"Detroit Tigers\") in a trade for [submarine](/wiki/Submarine_%28baseball%29 \"Submarine (baseball)\") pitcher [Elden Auker](/wiki/Elden_Auker \"Elden Auker\"), where he would spend the majority of his playing career. It was also where his hitting numbers dropped while his power numbers still stayed fairly strong, but not in the same realm as his career\\-high of 23 homers with Philadelphia in 1935\\.",
"Boston got Higgins back in mid\\-1946 as the team's regular third baseman, winning the AL pennant by 12 games (but losing the [1946 World Series](/wiki/1946_World_Series \"1946 World Series\") to the Cardinals in seven). The Red Sox then released him, and he retired to become a manager in the Red Sox farm system. His final numbers included a .292 batting average with 140 home runs and 1,075 RBIs in 1,802 games. He accumulated 1,941 career [hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 \"Hit (baseball)\") in 6,636 at bats, with 931 [runs](/wiki/Run_%28baseball%29 \"Run (baseball)\"), 374 [doubles](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 \"Double (baseball)\"), 51 [triples](/wiki/Triple_%28baseball%29 \"Triple (baseball)\"), 61 [stolen bases](/wiki/Stolen_bases \"Stolen bases\") and 800 [bases on balls](/wiki/Bases_on_balls \"Bases on balls\") and made the [All\\-Star team](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game \"Major League Baseball All-Star Game\") three times (1934, '36, '44\\).",
"### Postseason",
"Higgins played in two [World Series](/wiki/World_Series \"World Series\"): one with Detroit in [1940](/wiki/1940_World_Series \"1940 World Series\") and one with Boston in [1946](/wiki/1946_World_Series \"1946 World Series\"), losing both in seven but amassing a .271 Series batting average with 1 home run (for Detroit), 8 RBIs (6 for Detroit and 2 for Boston) and 13 hits in 48 at bats.",
""
] |
Managing and front office career
--------------------------------
### Manager
Higgins started his managing career with the Class B [Roanoke Red Sox](/wiki/Roanoke_Red_Sox "Roanoke Red Sox") of the [Piedmont League](/wiki/Piedmont_League "Piedmont League") in the Red Sox [farm system](/wiki/Farm_system "Farm system") in 1947\. After eight seasons of managing in the minors — including four (1951–54\) at the helm of the Red Sox' [Triple\-A](/wiki/Triple-A_%28baseball%29 "Triple-A (baseball)") affiliate, the [Louisville Colonels](/wiki/Louisville_Colonels_%28minor_league_baseball%29 "Louisville Colonels (minor league baseball)") of the [American Association](/wiki/American_Association_%2820th_century%29 "American Association (20th century)") — he became Boston's skipper in 1955\. Before taking the Red Sox promotion, he was under consideration as manager\-in\-waiting for the [Baltimore Orioles](/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles "Baltimore Orioles"), where fellow Texan and former Tiger teammate [Paul Richards](/wiki/Paul_Richards_%28baseball%29 "Paul Richards (baseball)") had just been installed as the O's general manager and field manager in September 1954\.Carmichael, John P., ["A Few Pilots Make Deals; Others Just Get Told."](https://books.google.com/books?id=8jIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3) *Baseball Digest*, April 1955, page 67
Higgins' [first team](/wiki/1955_Boston_Red_Sox_season "1955 Boston Red Sox season") saw a hot July and August but a September debacle and a fourth\-place finish. Although he had winning [first\- division](/wiki/First_division_%28baseball%29 "First division (baseball)") teams through 1958 and [Ted Williams](/wiki/Ted_Williams "Ted Williams") won two more batting titles (1957–58\), the Red Sox never seriously contended — never finishing less than 12 games in arrears of the first\-place [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees "New York Yankees"). In [1959](/wiki/1959_Boston_Red_Sox_season "1959 Boston Red Sox season"), with the 40\-year\-old Williams injured (and turning in the only sub\-.300 season of his career), the Red Sox lost 42 of their first 73 games,[retrosheet.org](http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1959/TBOS01959.htm) and on July 3, Higgins was replaced as manager by [Billy Jurges](/wiki/Billy_Jurges "Billy Jurges"), a coach with the [Washington Senators](/wiki/Washington_Senators_%281901%E2%80%9360%29 "Washington Senators (1901–60)") (and former star shortstop of the Cubs in the 1930s). However, Higgins stayed in the organization as special assistant to Bosox owner [Tom Yawkey](/wiki/Tom_Yawkey "Tom Yawkey"), a personal friend.
After a promising end to the 1959 season, Jurges' Red Sox plummeted into last place in the opening weeks of the 1960 campaign. Jurges was fired on June 10, 1960\. Then, after [coach](/wiki/Coach_%28baseball%29 "Coach (baseball)") [Del Baker](/wiki/Del_Baker "Del Baker") handled the Red Sox for seven games, Higgins was re\-installed as manager, but the pitching\-poor Red Sox continued to lose. Nonetheless, on September 30, 1960, he was signed to a three\-year contract extension as field manager and given control of all player personnel in the Boston organization — effectively adding the responsibilities of [general manager](/wiki/General_manager_%28baseball%29 "General manager (baseball)") (without the formal title) to his managerial role.*[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, October 1, 1960
He hung up his uniform and joined Boston's front office full\-time as executive vice president and general manager after the 1962 campaign, finishing his managerial career with a record of 560–556 (.502\) in 1,119 games. He was the second\-winningest manager in Red Sox history until [Terry Francona](/wiki/Terry_Francona "Terry Francona") passed him in 2009\. His best finish was third place, in 1957 and 1958, although his best [winning percentage](/wiki/Winning_percentage "Winning percentage") was achieved in both 1955 and 1956 with 84–70 (.545\) fourth\-place finishes.
He was 53 when he retired from managing. As a skipper, Higgins was known for being well liked by players and very easygoing. He would not go out to the mound to talk to his [pitcher](/wiki/Pitcher "Pitcher") very often and in fact once said, "I don't believe in that business of walking out to the mound every time a pitcher's in trouble. You can't tell him anything new."
### General manager
Higgins' record as a general manager, like his managing record, was mediocre. During the 1960 offseason, he traded 6 ft 6½ \-in (1\.99 m) [starting pitcher](/wiki/Starting_pitcher "Starting pitcher") [Frank Sullivan](/wiki/Frank_Sullivan_%28baseball%29 "Frank Sullivan (baseball)") to the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies "Philadelphia Phillies") for another tall right\-hander, {{convert\|6\|ft\|8\|in\|abbr\=on}} [Gene Conley](/wiki/Gene_Conley "Gene Conley"), who was also [Bill Russell](/wiki/Bill_Russell "Bill Russell")'s backup [center](/wiki/Center_%28basketball%29 "Center (basketball)") for the [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics "Boston Celtics"); Conley would give Higgins two healthy seasons and win 15 games in 1962\. But apart from swapping [shortstops](/wiki/Shortstops "Shortstops") with Paul Richards' [Houston Colt .45s](/wiki/Houston_Colt_.45s "Houston Colt .45s"), acquiring [Eddie Bressoud](/wiki/Eddie_Bressoud "Eddie Bressoud") for [Don Buddin](/wiki/Don_Buddin "Don Buddin"), Higgins made no other significant trades during the remainder of his two\-year (1961–62\) tenure as both manager and supervisor of playing personnel.
Once he was named full\-time general manager, in the autumn of 1962, he did make a few major trades, one of them netting slugger [Dick Stuart](/wiki/Dick_Stuart "Dick Stuart") from the [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates "Pittsburgh Pirates"), but they did not materially improve the club on the field. He made no further major deals until after the 1964 campaign, when he sent Stuart to the Phillies for left\-handed starting pitcher [Dennis Bennett](/wiki/Dennis_Bennett_%28baseball%29 "Dennis Bennett (baseball)"), who suffered from a sore arm and would win only 12 games (losing 13\) in {{frac\|286\|1\|3}} [innings](/wiki/Inning "Inning") over {{frac\|2\|1\|2}} seasons in a Boston uniform. Higgins also clashed with his managerial successor, [Johnny Pesky](/wiki/Johnny_Pesky "Johnny Pesky"), who had been personally chosen by Yawkey. By the end of the [1964 season](/wiki/1964_Boston_Red_Sox_season "1964 Boston Red Sox season"), Higgins had pushed Pesky aside, replacing him with his own man, [Billy Herman](/wiki/Billy_Herman "Billy Herman").
The Red Sox continued to struggle at the major\-league level, and in [1965](/wiki/1965_Boston_Red_Sox_season "1965 Boston Red Sox season") they lost 100 games for the only time during the Yawkey era for lack of pitching. But meanwhile, in their [farm system](/wiki/Farm_system "Farm system") directed by [Neil Mahoney](/wiki/Neil_Mahoney "Neil Mahoney"), they were amassing talented young players (including [African\-American](/wiki/African-American "African-American") players such as outfielder [Reggie Smith](/wiki/Reggie_Smith "Reggie Smith"), first baseman [George Scott](/wiki/George_Scott_%28first_baseman%29 "George Scott (first baseman)") and third baseman [Joe Foy](/wiki/Joe_Foy "Joe Foy")) who would lead them to an improbable AL pennant in 1967, aided and abetted by 22\-game winner [Jim Lonborg](/wiki/Jim_Lonborg "Jim Lonborg") and [Triple Crown](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Triple_Crown "Major League Baseball Triple Crown") winner [Carl Yastrzemski](/wiki/Carl_Yastrzemski "Carl Yastrzemski").
Higgins, however, was finally ousted by Yawkey on September 16, 1965, ironically the same day 21\-year\-old Boston righthander [Dave Morehead](/wiki/Dave_Morehead "Dave Morehead") threw a [no\-hitter](/wiki/No-hitter "No-hitter"). He then joined Houston as a scout, hired by old friend and teammate Richards. It would be his last job in baseball.
### Racism
Red Sox historians often single out Higgins, along with Yawkey, when they discuss the root of the club's reputation for resisting racial integration. The Red Sox were the last (in 1959\) of the then 16 major league teams to play a black player and fielded an all\-white team from [Jackie Robinson](/wiki/Jackie_Robinson "Jackie Robinson")'s Brooklyn Dodger debut in 1947 through Higgins' first managerial term. He was quoted by one Boston baseball writer, [Al Hirshberg](/wiki/Al_Hirshberg "Al Hirshberg"), as saying, "There'll be no [niggers](/wiki/Nigger "Nigger") on this ball club as long as I have anything to say about it."Hirshberg, Al. *What's the Matter with the Red Sox?*, New York: Dodd, Mead, 1973 He also reportedly called sportswriter Cliff Keane "a fucking nigger\-lover"Halberstam, David. *Summer of '49*, New York: William Morrow and Company, 1989 after hearing Keane praise the talents of White Sox outfielder [Minnie Miñoso](/wiki/Minnie_Mi%C3%B1oso "Minnie Miñoso"), a Cuban of African descent. The Red Sox' first [African American](/wiki/African_American "African American") player, [utility infielder](/wiki/Utility_infielder "Utility infielder") [Pumpsie Green](/wiki/Pumpsie_Green "Pumpsie Green"), was recalled from the [minor leagues](/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball "Minor League Baseball") in July 1959, during Jurges' brief tenure as pilot. But Higgins had no control over the big league roster until he became Red Sox manager in 1955, and the club's policy of refusing to break the [color line](/wiki/Baseball_color_line "Baseball color line") appeared to be in place well before then under Yawkey and his front office bosses, [Eddie Collins](/wiki/Eddie_Collins "Eddie Collins") and [Joe Cronin](/wiki/Joe_Cronin "Joe Cronin").Bryant, Howard. *Shut Out: Race and Baseball in Boston*, New York: Routledge, 2002
When Higgins returned to his managerial post and then assumed player personnel responsibilities, from mid\-1960 through late in 1965, he oversaw an integrated roster and acquired a few nonwhite players (outfielders [Román Mejías](/wiki/Rom%C3%A1n_Mej%C3%ADas "Román Mejías"), [Lenny Green](/wiki/Lenny_Green "Lenny Green"), [Al Smith](/wiki/Al_Smith_%28outfielder%29 "Al Smith (outfielder)") and [Willie Tasby](/wiki/Willie_Tasby "Willie Tasby") and infielders Green, [Billy Harrell](/wiki/Billy_Harrell "Billy Harrell") and [Félix Mantilla](/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Mantilla_%28baseball%29 "Félix Mantilla (baseball)")). Tasby was enthusiastic about playing for Higgins when he was quoted in a Boston newspaper in late 1960\. (He spent only a half\-year with the Red Sox before his selection in the [1960 Major League Baseball expansion draft](/wiki/1960_Major_League_Baseball_expansion_draft "1960 Major League Baseball expansion draft").)
|
[
"Managing and front office career\n--------------------------------",
"### Manager",
"Higgins started his managing career with the Class B [Roanoke Red Sox](/wiki/Roanoke_Red_Sox \"Roanoke Red Sox\") of the [Piedmont League](/wiki/Piedmont_League \"Piedmont League\") in the Red Sox [farm system](/wiki/Farm_system \"Farm system\") in 1947\\. After eight seasons of managing in the minors — including four (1951–54\\) at the helm of the Red Sox' [Triple\\-A](/wiki/Triple-A_%28baseball%29 \"Triple-A (baseball)\") affiliate, the [Louisville Colonels](/wiki/Louisville_Colonels_%28minor_league_baseball%29 \"Louisville Colonels (minor league baseball)\") of the [American Association](/wiki/American_Association_%2820th_century%29 \"American Association (20th century)\") — he became Boston's skipper in 1955\\. Before taking the Red Sox promotion, he was under consideration as manager\\-in\\-waiting for the [Baltimore Orioles](/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles \"Baltimore Orioles\"), where fellow Texan and former Tiger teammate [Paul Richards](/wiki/Paul_Richards_%28baseball%29 \"Paul Richards (baseball)\") had just been installed as the O's general manager and field manager in September 1954\\.Carmichael, John P., [\"A Few Pilots Make Deals; Others Just Get Told.\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=8jIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3) *Baseball Digest*, April 1955, page 67",
"Higgins' [first team](/wiki/1955_Boston_Red_Sox_season \"1955 Boston Red Sox season\") saw a hot July and August but a September debacle and a fourth\\-place finish. Although he had winning [first\\- division](/wiki/First_division_%28baseball%29 \"First division (baseball)\") teams through 1958 and [Ted Williams](/wiki/Ted_Williams \"Ted Williams\") won two more batting titles (1957–58\\), the Red Sox never seriously contended — never finishing less than 12 games in arrears of the first\\-place [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees \"New York Yankees\"). In [1959](/wiki/1959_Boston_Red_Sox_season \"1959 Boston Red Sox season\"), with the 40\\-year\\-old Williams injured (and turning in the only sub\\-.300 season of his career), the Red Sox lost 42 of their first 73 games,[retrosheet.org](http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1959/TBOS01959.htm) and on July 3, Higgins was replaced as manager by [Billy Jurges](/wiki/Billy_Jurges \"Billy Jurges\"), a coach with the [Washington Senators](/wiki/Washington_Senators_%281901%E2%80%9360%29 \"Washington Senators (1901–60)\") (and former star shortstop of the Cubs in the 1930s). However, Higgins stayed in the organization as special assistant to Bosox owner [Tom Yawkey](/wiki/Tom_Yawkey \"Tom Yawkey\"), a personal friend.",
"After a promising end to the 1959 season, Jurges' Red Sox plummeted into last place in the opening weeks of the 1960 campaign. Jurges was fired on June 10, 1960\\. Then, after [coach](/wiki/Coach_%28baseball%29 \"Coach (baseball)\") [Del Baker](/wiki/Del_Baker \"Del Baker\") handled the Red Sox for seven games, Higgins was re\\-installed as manager, but the pitching\\-poor Red Sox continued to lose. Nonetheless, on September 30, 1960, he was signed to a three\\-year contract extension as field manager and given control of all player personnel in the Boston organization — effectively adding the responsibilities of [general manager](/wiki/General_manager_%28baseball%29 \"General manager (baseball)\") (without the formal title) to his managerial role.*[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, October 1, 1960",
"He hung up his uniform and joined Boston's front office full\\-time as executive vice president and general manager after the 1962 campaign, finishing his managerial career with a record of 560–556 (.502\\) in 1,119 games. He was the second\\-winningest manager in Red Sox history until [Terry Francona](/wiki/Terry_Francona \"Terry Francona\") passed him in 2009\\. His best finish was third place, in 1957 and 1958, although his best [winning percentage](/wiki/Winning_percentage \"Winning percentage\") was achieved in both 1955 and 1956 with 84–70 (.545\\) fourth\\-place finishes.",
"He was 53 when he retired from managing. As a skipper, Higgins was known for being well liked by players and very easygoing. He would not go out to the mound to talk to his [pitcher](/wiki/Pitcher \"Pitcher\") very often and in fact once said, \"I don't believe in that business of walking out to the mound every time a pitcher's in trouble. You can't tell him anything new.\"",
"### General manager",
"Higgins' record as a general manager, like his managing record, was mediocre. During the 1960 offseason, he traded 6 ft 6½ \\-in (1\\.99 m) [starting pitcher](/wiki/Starting_pitcher \"Starting pitcher\") [Frank Sullivan](/wiki/Frank_Sullivan_%28baseball%29 \"Frank Sullivan (baseball)\") to the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies \"Philadelphia Phillies\") for another tall right\\-hander, {{convert\\|6\\|ft\\|8\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} [Gene Conley](/wiki/Gene_Conley \"Gene Conley\"), who was also [Bill Russell](/wiki/Bill_Russell \"Bill Russell\")'s backup [center](/wiki/Center_%28basketball%29 \"Center (basketball)\") for the [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics \"Boston Celtics\"); Conley would give Higgins two healthy seasons and win 15 games in 1962\\. But apart from swapping [shortstops](/wiki/Shortstops \"Shortstops\") with Paul Richards' [Houston Colt .45s](/wiki/Houston_Colt_.45s \"Houston Colt .45s\"), acquiring [Eddie Bressoud](/wiki/Eddie_Bressoud \"Eddie Bressoud\") for [Don Buddin](/wiki/Don_Buddin \"Don Buddin\"), Higgins made no other significant trades during the remainder of his two\\-year (1961–62\\) tenure as both manager and supervisor of playing personnel.",
"Once he was named full\\-time general manager, in the autumn of 1962, he did make a few major trades, one of them netting slugger [Dick Stuart](/wiki/Dick_Stuart \"Dick Stuart\") from the [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates \"Pittsburgh Pirates\"), but they did not materially improve the club on the field. He made no further major deals until after the 1964 campaign, when he sent Stuart to the Phillies for left\\-handed starting pitcher [Dennis Bennett](/wiki/Dennis_Bennett_%28baseball%29 \"Dennis Bennett (baseball)\"), who suffered from a sore arm and would win only 12 games (losing 13\\) in {{frac\\|286\\|1\\|3}} [innings](/wiki/Inning \"Inning\") over {{frac\\|2\\|1\\|2}} seasons in a Boston uniform. Higgins also clashed with his managerial successor, [Johnny Pesky](/wiki/Johnny_Pesky \"Johnny Pesky\"), who had been personally chosen by Yawkey. By the end of the [1964 season](/wiki/1964_Boston_Red_Sox_season \"1964 Boston Red Sox season\"), Higgins had pushed Pesky aside, replacing him with his own man, [Billy Herman](/wiki/Billy_Herman \"Billy Herman\").",
"The Red Sox continued to struggle at the major\\-league level, and in [1965](/wiki/1965_Boston_Red_Sox_season \"1965 Boston Red Sox season\") they lost 100 games for the only time during the Yawkey era for lack of pitching. But meanwhile, in their [farm system](/wiki/Farm_system \"Farm system\") directed by [Neil Mahoney](/wiki/Neil_Mahoney \"Neil Mahoney\"), they were amassing talented young players (including [African\\-American](/wiki/African-American \"African-American\") players such as outfielder [Reggie Smith](/wiki/Reggie_Smith \"Reggie Smith\"), first baseman [George Scott](/wiki/George_Scott_%28first_baseman%29 \"George Scott (first baseman)\") and third baseman [Joe Foy](/wiki/Joe_Foy \"Joe Foy\")) who would lead them to an improbable AL pennant in 1967, aided and abetted by 22\\-game winner [Jim Lonborg](/wiki/Jim_Lonborg \"Jim Lonborg\") and [Triple Crown](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Triple_Crown \"Major League Baseball Triple Crown\") winner [Carl Yastrzemski](/wiki/Carl_Yastrzemski \"Carl Yastrzemski\").",
"Higgins, however, was finally ousted by Yawkey on September 16, 1965, ironically the same day 21\\-year\\-old Boston righthander [Dave Morehead](/wiki/Dave_Morehead \"Dave Morehead\") threw a [no\\-hitter](/wiki/No-hitter \"No-hitter\"). He then joined Houston as a scout, hired by old friend and teammate Richards. It would be his last job in baseball.",
"### Racism",
"Red Sox historians often single out Higgins, along with Yawkey, when they discuss the root of the club's reputation for resisting racial integration. The Red Sox were the last (in 1959\\) of the then 16 major league teams to play a black player and fielded an all\\-white team from [Jackie Robinson](/wiki/Jackie_Robinson \"Jackie Robinson\")'s Brooklyn Dodger debut in 1947 through Higgins' first managerial term. He was quoted by one Boston baseball writer, [Al Hirshberg](/wiki/Al_Hirshberg \"Al Hirshberg\"), as saying, \"There'll be no [niggers](/wiki/Nigger \"Nigger\") on this ball club as long as I have anything to say about it.\"Hirshberg, Al. *What's the Matter with the Red Sox?*, New York: Dodd, Mead, 1973 He also reportedly called sportswriter Cliff Keane \"a fucking nigger\\-lover\"Halberstam, David. *Summer of '49*, New York: William Morrow and Company, 1989 after hearing Keane praise the talents of White Sox outfielder [Minnie Miñoso](/wiki/Minnie_Mi%C3%B1oso \"Minnie Miñoso\"), a Cuban of African descent. The Red Sox' first [African American](/wiki/African_American \"African American\") player, [utility infielder](/wiki/Utility_infielder \"Utility infielder\") [Pumpsie Green](/wiki/Pumpsie_Green \"Pumpsie Green\"), was recalled from the [minor leagues](/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball \"Minor League Baseball\") in July 1959, during Jurges' brief tenure as pilot. But Higgins had no control over the big league roster until he became Red Sox manager in 1955, and the club's policy of refusing to break the [color line](/wiki/Baseball_color_line \"Baseball color line\") appeared to be in place well before then under Yawkey and his front office bosses, [Eddie Collins](/wiki/Eddie_Collins \"Eddie Collins\") and [Joe Cronin](/wiki/Joe_Cronin \"Joe Cronin\").Bryant, Howard. *Shut Out: Race and Baseball in Boston*, New York: Routledge, 2002",
"When Higgins returned to his managerial post and then assumed player personnel responsibilities, from mid\\-1960 through late in 1965, he oversaw an integrated roster and acquired a few nonwhite players (outfielders [Román Mejías](/wiki/Rom%C3%A1n_Mej%C3%ADas \"Román Mejías\"), [Lenny Green](/wiki/Lenny_Green \"Lenny Green\"), [Al Smith](/wiki/Al_Smith_%28outfielder%29 \"Al Smith (outfielder)\") and [Willie Tasby](/wiki/Willie_Tasby \"Willie Tasby\") and infielders Green, [Billy Harrell](/wiki/Billy_Harrell \"Billy Harrell\") and [Félix Mantilla](/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Mantilla_%28baseball%29 \"Félix Mantilla (baseball)\")). Tasby was enthusiastic about playing for Higgins when he was quoted in a Boston newspaper in late 1960\\. (He spent only a half\\-year with the Red Sox before his selection in the [1960 Major League Baseball expansion draft](/wiki/1960_Major_League_Baseball_expansion_draft \"1960 Major League Baseball expansion draft\").)",
""
] |
Life
----
He was born on July 29, 1923, in [Barnesboro](/wiki/Barnesboro%2C_Pennsylvania "Barnesboro, Pennsylvania"), [Cambria County, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Cambria_County%2C_Pennsylvania "Cambria County, Pennsylvania"). He attended [Northport High School](/wiki/Northport_High_School "Northport High School").[*New York Red Book*](https://books.google.com/books?id=oAsnAAAAMAAJ&q=red+book+bernard+c+smith+elizabeth+reynolds) (1970–1971; pg. 106\) During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") he served in the [U.S. Army](/wiki/U.S._Army "U.S. Army"), attaining the rank of lieutenant. After the war he graduated from [Cornell University](/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University"), and in 1949 from [Cornell Law School](/wiki/Cornell_Law_School "Cornell Law School"). He practiced law in [Northport](/wiki/Northport%2C_New_York "Northport, New York"). In 1949, he married Elizabeth Reynolds (1924–1998\), and they had five children.
Smith was an assistant district attorney of [Suffolk County](/wiki/Suffolk_County%2C_New_York "Suffolk County, New York") from 1951 to 1958, Chief Assistant D.A. from 1959 to 1961; and D.A. from 1962 to 1965\.
He was a member of the [New York State Senate](/wiki/New_York_State_Senate "New York State Senate") from 1966 to 1978, sitting in the [176th](/wiki/176th_New_York_State_Legislature "176th New York State Legislature"), [177th](/wiki/177th_New_York_State_Legislature "177th New York State Legislature"), [178th](/wiki/178th_New_York_State_Legislature "178th New York State Legislature"), [179th](/wiki/179th_New_York_State_Legislature "179th New York State Legislature"), [180th](/wiki/180th_New_York_State_Legislature "180th New York State Legislature"), [181st](/wiki/181st_New_York_State_Legislature "181st New York State Legislature") and [182nd New York State Legislatures](/wiki/182nd_New_York_State_Legislature "182nd New York State Legislature").
On November 1, 1979, he was appointed by Governor [Hugh Carey](/wiki/Hugh_Carey "Hugh Carey") as a member of the New York State Commission of Investigation.[*Report of the Commission of Investigation of the State of New York*](https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/86827NCJRS.pdf) (1981; pg.4\)
In 1990, he ran on the Republican ticket for [New York Attorney General](/wiki/New_York_Attorney_General "New York Attorney General"), but was defeated by the incumbent Democrat [Robert Abrams](/wiki/Robert_Abrams "Robert Abrams").
Smith died while on vacation in the [Catskill Mountains](/wiki/Catskill_Mountains "Catskill Mountains") on October 19, 1993, in Kingston Hospital in [Kingston, New York](/wiki/Kingston%2C_New_York "Kingston, New York"), of a [brain tumor](/wiki/Brain_tumor "Brain tumor");[*Bernard Smith, 70, Ex\-District Attorney And State Legislator*](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/22/obituaries/bernard-smith-70-ex-district-attorney-and-state-legislator.html) in *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* on October 22, 1993 and was buried at the Northport Rural Cemetery.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"He was born on July 29, 1923, in [Barnesboro](/wiki/Barnesboro%2C_Pennsylvania \"Barnesboro, Pennsylvania\"), [Cambria County, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Cambria_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Cambria County, Pennsylvania\"). He attended [Northport High School](/wiki/Northport_High_School \"Northport High School\").[*New York Red Book*](https://books.google.com/books?id=oAsnAAAAMAAJ&q=red+book+bernard+c+smith+elizabeth+reynolds) (1970–1971; pg. 106\\) During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") he served in the [U.S. Army](/wiki/U.S._Army \"U.S. Army\"), attaining the rank of lieutenant. After the war he graduated from [Cornell University](/wiki/Cornell_University \"Cornell University\"), and in 1949 from [Cornell Law School](/wiki/Cornell_Law_School \"Cornell Law School\"). He practiced law in [Northport](/wiki/Northport%2C_New_York \"Northport, New York\"). In 1949, he married Elizabeth Reynolds (1924–1998\\), and they had five children.",
"Smith was an assistant district attorney of [Suffolk County](/wiki/Suffolk_County%2C_New_York \"Suffolk County, New York\") from 1951 to 1958, Chief Assistant D.A. from 1959 to 1961; and D.A. from 1962 to 1965\\.",
"He was a member of the [New York State Senate](/wiki/New_York_State_Senate \"New York State Senate\") from 1966 to 1978, sitting in the [176th](/wiki/176th_New_York_State_Legislature \"176th New York State Legislature\"), [177th](/wiki/177th_New_York_State_Legislature \"177th New York State Legislature\"), [178th](/wiki/178th_New_York_State_Legislature \"178th New York State Legislature\"), [179th](/wiki/179th_New_York_State_Legislature \"179th New York State Legislature\"), [180th](/wiki/180th_New_York_State_Legislature \"180th New York State Legislature\"), [181st](/wiki/181st_New_York_State_Legislature \"181st New York State Legislature\") and [182nd New York State Legislatures](/wiki/182nd_New_York_State_Legislature \"182nd New York State Legislature\").",
"On November 1, 1979, he was appointed by Governor [Hugh Carey](/wiki/Hugh_Carey \"Hugh Carey\") as a member of the New York State Commission of Investigation.[*Report of the Commission of Investigation of the State of New York*](https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/86827NCJRS.pdf) (1981; pg.4\\)",
"In 1990, he ran on the Republican ticket for [New York Attorney General](/wiki/New_York_Attorney_General \"New York Attorney General\"), but was defeated by the incumbent Democrat [Robert Abrams](/wiki/Robert_Abrams \"Robert Abrams\").",
"Smith died while on vacation in the [Catskill Mountains](/wiki/Catskill_Mountains \"Catskill Mountains\") on October 19, 1993, in Kingston Hospital in [Kingston, New York](/wiki/Kingston%2C_New_York \"Kingston, New York\"), of a [brain tumor](/wiki/Brain_tumor \"Brain tumor\");[*Bernard Smith, 70, Ex\\-District Attorney And State Legislator*](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/22/obituaries/bernard-smith-70-ex-district-attorney-and-state-legislator.html) in *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* on October 22, 1993 and was buried at the Northport Rural Cemetery.",
""
] |
Plot summaries
--------------
### *A Liar, Not a Failure*
The documentary series begins with Madoff's arrest and a historical context of his early life, including what led to his absolute determination not to be a failure like his father. It discusses how he began his career in [penny stock](/wiki/Penny_stock "Penny stock") trades and built a profitable side business that provided clients with impressive returns. With his brother Peter, they were able to pioneer computerized trading and the consolidation of off\-the\-exchange markets which eventually led to the formation of [NASDAQ](/wiki/NASDAQ "NASDAQ") for which he would be on the Board of Governors.
### *Don't Ask, Don't Tell*
In the second episode, we see the stark differences between the modern and pristine operation on the 19th floor of the [Lipstick Building](/wiki/Lipstick_Building "Lipstick Building") and what was transpiring on the relic and shopworn 17th floor, where Madoff was running his [investment advisory](/wiki/Investment_advisory "Investment advisory") business and where most of the fraud was orchestrated, and from where Madoff's empire branched into the [hedge fund](/wiki/Hedge_fund "Hedge fund") business, which began drawing unwanted scrutiny.
In his disposition, Madoff confirms the names of four significant investors, including [Jeffry Picower](/wiki/Jeffry_Picower "Jeffry Picower"), a shadowy and long\-time client, dating back 30 years. Although Madoff never confronted Picower or discussed the matter with him, it was suspected he knew what was going on and, because of this, had the power to torment and extort Madoff while profiting substantially from his Ponzi scheme.
### *See No Evil*
In the third episode, the focus shifts on how Madoff's numbers were unrealistic, and despite his competitors alerting the [U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission](/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission"), the agency, enamored by Madoff's reputation, chose to ignore all the red flags, preferring instead to look the other way and allow Madoff to continue.
### *The Price of Trust*
In the final episode, we hear how employees on the 17th floor were rewarded, and we see Madoff's $65 billion Ponzi scheme quickly collapses as investors begin to withdraw their money during the [2007–2008 financial crisis](/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis "2007–2008 financial crisis"). We see how Madoff's sons attempt to stop their father from writing bonus cheques for long\-time investors, faithful employees, and extended family to help cushion the blow. Madoff confesses to the Ponzi scheme, and the FBI arrests him.
After pleading guilty, Madoff is sentenced to 150 years in prison. Two years after learning of the Ponzi scheme, his eldest son Mark is found hanging from a pipe, dead of an apparent suicide. His other son dies of lymphoma six years later.
|
[
"Plot summaries\n--------------",
"### *A Liar, Not a Failure*",
"The documentary series begins with Madoff's arrest and a historical context of his early life, including what led to his absolute determination not to be a failure like his father. It discusses how he began his career in [penny stock](/wiki/Penny_stock \"Penny stock\") trades and built a profitable side business that provided clients with impressive returns. With his brother Peter, they were able to pioneer computerized trading and the consolidation of off\\-the\\-exchange markets which eventually led to the formation of [NASDAQ](/wiki/NASDAQ \"NASDAQ\") for which he would be on the Board of Governors.",
"### *Don't Ask, Don't Tell*",
"In the second episode, we see the stark differences between the modern and pristine operation on the 19th floor of the [Lipstick Building](/wiki/Lipstick_Building \"Lipstick Building\") and what was transpiring on the relic and shopworn 17th floor, where Madoff was running his [investment advisory](/wiki/Investment_advisory \"Investment advisory\") business and where most of the fraud was orchestrated, and from where Madoff's empire branched into the [hedge fund](/wiki/Hedge_fund \"Hedge fund\") business, which began drawing unwanted scrutiny.",
"In his disposition, Madoff confirms the names of four significant investors, including [Jeffry Picower](/wiki/Jeffry_Picower \"Jeffry Picower\"), a shadowy and long\\-time client, dating back 30 years. Although Madoff never confronted Picower or discussed the matter with him, it was suspected he knew what was going on and, because of this, had the power to torment and extort Madoff while profiting substantially from his Ponzi scheme.",
"### *See No Evil*",
"In the third episode, the focus shifts on how Madoff's numbers were unrealistic, and despite his competitors alerting the [U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission](/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission \"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission\"), the agency, enamored by Madoff's reputation, chose to ignore all the red flags, preferring instead to look the other way and allow Madoff to continue.",
"### *The Price of Trust*",
"In the final episode, we hear how employees on the 17th floor were rewarded, and we see Madoff's $65 billion Ponzi scheme quickly collapses as investors begin to withdraw their money during the [2007–2008 financial crisis](/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis \"2007–2008 financial crisis\"). We see how Madoff's sons attempt to stop their father from writing bonus cheques for long\\-time investors, faithful employees, and extended family to help cushion the blow. Madoff confesses to the Ponzi scheme, and the FBI arrests him.",
"After pleading guilty, Madoff is sentenced to 150 years in prison. Two years after learning of the Ponzi scheme, his eldest son Mark is found hanging from a pipe, dead of an apparent suicide. His other son dies of lymphoma six years later.",
""
] |
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