id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict | label int64 0 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
573162fbe6313a140071cebb | Qing_dynasty | By the end of the 18th century the population had risen to 300 million from approximately 150 million during the late Ming dynasty. The dramatic rise in population was due to several reasons, including the long period of peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops China received from the America... | What were the reasons for the population explosion during the 18th century? | {
"text": [
"peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} | 1 |
573162fbe6313a140071cebc | Qing_dynasty | By the end of the 18th century the population had risen to 300 million from approximately 150 million during the late Ming dynasty. The dramatic rise in population was due to several reasons, including the long period of peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops China received from the America... | What crops were imported? | {
"text": [
"peanuts, sweet potatoes and maize. New species of rice"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} | 1 |
5731639f497a881900248eb1 | Qing_dynasty | The Qing emperors were generally adept at poetry and often skilled in painting, and offered their patronage to Confucian culture. The Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors, for instance, embraced Chinese traditions both to control them and to proclaim their own legitimacy. The Kangxi Emperor sponsored the Peiwen Yunfu, a rhyme ... | What arts were the Qing emperors good at? | {
"text": [
"poetry and often skilled in painting"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} | 1 |
5731639f497a881900248eb2 | Qing_dynasty | The Qing emperors were generally adept at poetry and often skilled in painting, and offered their patronage to Confucian culture. The Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors, for instance, embraced Chinese traditions both to control them and to proclaim their own legitimacy. The Kangxi Emperor sponsored the Peiwen Yunfu, a rhyme ... | What was the rhyme dictionary called that was published by Kangxi? | {
"text": [
"Peiwen Yunfu"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} | 1 |
5731639f497a881900248eb3 | Qing_dynasty | The Qing emperors were generally adept at poetry and often skilled in painting, and offered their patronage to Confucian culture. The Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors, for instance, embraced Chinese traditions both to control them and to proclaim their own legitimacy. The Kangxi Emperor sponsored the Peiwen Yunfu, a rhyme ... | When was the Kangxi Dictionary published? | {
"text": [
"1716"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} | 1 |
5731639f497a881900248eb4 | Qing_dynasty | The Qing emperors were generally adept at poetry and often skilled in painting, and offered their patronage to Confucian culture. The Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors, for instance, embraced Chinese traditions both to control them and to proclaim their own legitimacy. The Kangxi Emperor sponsored the Peiwen Yunfu, a rhyme ... | When was the Siku Quanshu finished? | {
"text": [
"1782"
],
"answer_start": [
566
]
} | 1 |
57316448e6313a140071ceca | Qing_dynasty | Yet the most impressive aesthetic works were done among the scholars and urban elite. Calligraphy and painting remained a central interest to both court painters and scholar-gentry who considered the Four Arts part of their cultural identity and social standing. The painting of the early years of the dynasty included s... | Name three painters? | {
"text": [
"Four Wangs and the individualists Bada Shanren (1626–1705) and Shitao (1641–1707)"
],
"answer_start": [
349
]
} | 1 |
57316448e6313a140071cecb | Qing_dynasty | Yet the most impressive aesthetic works were done among the scholars and urban elite. Calligraphy and painting remained a central interest to both court painters and scholar-gentry who considered the Four Arts part of their cultural identity and social standing. The painting of the early years of the dynasty included s... | What two schools of art were created in the 19th century? | {
"text": [
"Shanghai School and the Lingnan School"
],
"answer_start": [
483
]
} | 1 |
57316448e6313a140071cecc | Qing_dynasty | Yet the most impressive aesthetic works were done among the scholars and urban elite. Calligraphy and painting remained a central interest to both court painters and scholar-gentry who considered the Four Arts part of their cultural identity and social standing. The painting of the early years of the dynasty included s... | Name two arts of the Four Arts? | {
"text": [
"Calligraphy and painting"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} | 1 |
57316532a5e9cc1400cdbf17 | Qing_dynasty | Literature grew to new heights in the Qing period. Poetry continued as a mark of the cultivated gentleman, but women wrote in larger and larger numbers and poets came from all walks of life. The poetry of the Qing dynasty is a lively field of research, being studied (along with the poetry of the Ming dynasty) for its a... | What was the sign of a gentleman? | {
"text": [
"Poetry"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} | 1 |
57316532a5e9cc1400cdbf18 | Qing_dynasty | Literature grew to new heights in the Qing period. Poetry continued as a mark of the cultivated gentleman, but women wrote in larger and larger numbers and poets came from all walks of life. The poetry of the Qing dynasty is a lively field of research, being studied (along with the poetry of the Ming dynasty) for its a... | Who started writing poety during the Qing dynasty? | {
"text": [
"women"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} | 1 |
57316532a5e9cc1400cdbf19 | Qing_dynasty | Literature grew to new heights in the Qing period. Poetry continued as a mark of the cultivated gentleman, but women wrote in larger and larger numbers and poets came from all walks of life. The poetry of the Qing dynasty is a lively field of research, being studied (along with the poetry of the Ming dynasty) for its a... | What was the name of Pu Songling's collection of short stories? | {
"text": [
"Strange Stories"
],
"answer_start": [
815
]
} | 1 |
57316532a5e9cc1400cdbf1a | Qing_dynasty | Literature grew to new heights in the Qing period. Poetry continued as a mark of the cultivated gentleman, but women wrote in larger and larger numbers and poets came from all walks of life. The poetry of the Qing dynasty is a lively field of research, being studied (along with the poetry of the Ming dynasty) for its a... | What was the name of Shen Fu's memoir? | {
"text": [
"Six Chapters of a Floating Life"
],
"answer_start": [
950
]
} | 1 |
57316532a5e9cc1400cdbf1b | Qing_dynasty | Literature grew to new heights in the Qing period. Poetry continued as a mark of the cultivated gentleman, but women wrote in larger and larger numbers and poets came from all walks of life. The poetry of the Qing dynasty is a lively field of research, being studied (along with the poetry of the Ming dynasty) for its a... | Who wrote the novel Dream of the Red Chamber? | {
"text": [
"Cao Xueqin"
],
"answer_start": [
1088
]
} | 1 |
573165efe6313a140071cee4 | Qing_dynasty | Cuisine aroused a cultural pride in the accumulated richness of a long and varied past. The gentleman gourmet, such as Yuan Mei, applied aesthetic standards to the art of cooking, eating, and appreciation of tea at a time when New World crops and products entered everyday life. The Suiyuan Shidan written by him, detail... | Who wrote the Suiyuan Shidan? | {
"text": [
"Yuan Mei"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} | 1 |
573165efe6313a140071cee5 | Qing_dynasty | Cuisine aroused a cultural pride in the accumulated richness of a long and varied past. The gentleman gourmet, such as Yuan Mei, applied aesthetic standards to the art of cooking, eating, and appreciation of tea at a time when New World crops and products entered everyday life. The Suiyuan Shidan written by him, detail... | What was the Suiyaun Shidan about? | {
"text": [
"recipes"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} | 1 |
573165efe6313a140071cee6 | Qing_dynasty | Cuisine aroused a cultural pride in the accumulated richness of a long and varied past. The gentleman gourmet, such as Yuan Mei, applied aesthetic standards to the art of cooking, eating, and appreciation of tea at a time when New World crops and products entered everyday life. The Suiyuan Shidan written by him, detail... | What was the Manchu Han Imperial Feast? | {
"text": [
"appreciation by Han Chinese for Manchu culinary customs"
],
"answer_start": [
569
]
} | 1 |
573120b505b4da19006bcdd6 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos indígenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries. Aborigen (aboriginal/native) is used in Argentina, whereas "Amerindian" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-spea... | Who are the indigenous people of the Americas descended from? | {
"text": [
"pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} | 1 |
573120b505b4da19006bcdd7 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos indígenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries. Aborigen (aboriginal/native) is used in Argentina, whereas "Amerindian" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-spea... | What is a common term in Spanish speaking countries for the indigenous peoples? | {
"text": [
"Pueblos indígenas"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} | 1 |
573120b505b4da19006bcdd8 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos indígenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries. Aborigen (aboriginal/native) is used in Argentina, whereas "Amerindian" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-spea... | What term is used in Argentina to refer to the original peoples of a continent? | {
"text": [
"Aborigen"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} | 1 |
573120b505b4da19006bcdd9 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos indígenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries. Aborigen (aboriginal/native) is used in Argentina, whereas "Amerindian" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-spea... | In Quebec, The Guianas and places in the Caribbean where English is spoken, what is the preferred term for the indigenous people of the Americas? | {
"text": [
"Amerindian"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} | 1 |
573120b505b4da19006bcdda | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos indígenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries. Aborigen (aboriginal/native) is used in Argentina, whereas "Amerindian" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-spea... | How are the indigenous people most commonly referred to by citizens of the U.S.? | {
"text": [
"Native Americans"
],
"answer_start": [
524
]
} | 1 |
5731225ca5e9cc1400cdbc75 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Asia (in particular North Asia) to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The majority of experts agree that the earliest pre-modern hum... | Where do most theories today attribute the settlement of the Americas as originating from? | {
"text": [
"Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} | 1 |
5731225ca5e9cc1400cdbc76 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Asia (in particular North Asia) to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The majority of experts agree that the earliest pre-modern hum... | How did humans cross over to the Americas from Asia? | {
"text": [
"Beringia"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} | 1 |
5731225ca5e9cc1400cdbc77 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Asia (in particular North Asia) to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The majority of experts agree that the earliest pre-modern hum... | What was Beringia? | {
"text": [
"a land bridge which connected the two continents"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} | 1 |
5731225ca5e9cc1400cdbc78 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Asia (in particular North Asia) to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The majority of experts agree that the earliest pre-modern hum... | Most experts can at least agree that the earliest pre-modern human migration took place when? | {
"text": [
"13,500 years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} | 1 |
5731225ca5e9cc1400cdbc79 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Asia (in particular North Asia) to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The majority of experts agree that the earliest pre-modern hum... | How do the indigenous peoples explain how they came to live in the Americas? | {
"text": [
"a wide range of creation myths"
],
"answer_start": [
766
]
} | 1 |
57312489497a881900248bab | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Application of the term "Indian" originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, thought that he had arrived in the East Indies. The Americas came to be known as the "West Indies", a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the names "Indies" and "Indian", which impli... | What incorrect term for the indigenous population originated with Christopher Columbus? | {
"text": [
"Indian"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} | 1 |
57312489497a881900248bac | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Application of the term "Indian" originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, thought that he had arrived in the East Indies. The Americas came to be known as the "West Indies", a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the names "Indies" and "Indian", which impli... | Where did Columbus believe he had arrived? | {
"text": [
"East Indies"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} | 1 |
57312489497a881900248bad | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Application of the term "Indian" originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, thought that he had arrived in the East Indies. The Americas came to be known as the "West Indies", a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the names "Indies" and "Indian", which impli... | Because of Columbus' mistake, the Americas came to be known as what? | {
"text": [
"West Indies"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} | 1 |
57312489497a881900248bae | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Application of the term "Indian" originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, thought that he had arrived in the East Indies. The Americas came to be known as the "West Indies", a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the names "Indies" and "Indian", which impli... | What is implied by the global term of "Indian"? | {
"text": [
"some kind of racial or cultural unity"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} | 1 |
57312489497a881900248baf | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Application of the term "Indian" originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, thought that he had arrived in the East Indies. The Americas came to be known as the "West Indies", a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the names "Indies" and "Indian", which impli... | Despite fitting under the umbrella label of "Indian", Aleuts, Inuit and Yupik peoples are still considered to be what to the Americas? | {
"text": [
"indigenous"
],
"answer_start": [
709
]
} | 1 |
57312612497a881900248bd3 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in Amazonia, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigen... | What were many of the indigenous people of the Americas traditionally? | {
"text": [
"hunter-gatherers"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} | 1 |
57312612497a881900248bd4 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in Amazonia, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigen... | What did many segments of the indigenous population also practice? | {
"text": [
"aquaculture and agriculture"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} | 1 |
57312612497a881900248bd5 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in Amazonia, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigen... | What remains as a testament to the time and work the indigenous people spent cultivating the flora of the Americas? | {
"text": [
"agricultural endowment"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} | 1 |
57312612497a881900248bd6 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in Amazonia, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigen... | What did many of the societies practice a mix of? | {
"text": [
"farming, hunting, and gathering"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} | 1 |
57312612497a881900248bd7 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in Amazonia, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigen... | Large cities, chiefdoms, monuments and empires were just some of the things created by which peoples? | {
"text": [
"indigenous"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} | 1 |
573127b2a5e9cc1400cdbcad | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, ... | Where are there still populations of indigenous peoples? | {
"text": [
"Many parts of the Americas"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
573127b2a5e9cc1400cdbcae | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, ... | Belize, Chile and Greenland are just some countries with sizable populations of what peoples? | {
"text": [
"indigenous"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} | 1 |
573127b2a5e9cc1400cdbcaf | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, ... | How many different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas? | {
"text": [
"At least a thousand"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} | 1 |
573127b2a5e9cc1400cdbcb0 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, ... | What do many indigenous cultures still practice to different extends to this day? | {
"text": [
"religion, social organization, and subsistence practices"
],
"answer_start": [
483
]
} | 1 |
573127b2a5e9cc1400cdbcb1 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, ... | What have some indigenous peoples managed to remain in relative isolation from? | {
"text": [
"Western culture"
],
"answer_start": [
760
]
} | 1 |
573128b3497a881900248be5 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, provide the subject of ongoing research and discussion. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the... | How Paleo-Indians migrated to the Americas is still a matter for what type of research? | {
"text": [
"ongoing"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} | 1 |
573128b3497a881900248be6 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, provide the subject of ongoing research and discussion. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the... | When did humans inhabit North and South America's continents? | {
"text": [
"last"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} | 1 |
573128b3497a881900248be7 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, provide the subject of ongoing research and discussion. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the... | What allowed people to move across Beringia to North America? | {
"text": [
"falling sea levels"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} | 1 |
573128b3497a881900248be8 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, provide the subject of ongoing research and discussion. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the... | A small population could exist in Alaska because of it's lack of any significant what? | {
"text": [
"snowfall"
],
"answer_start": [
547
]
} | 1 |
573128b3497a881900248be9 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, provide the subject of ongoing research and discussion. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the... | What confined the nomadic inhabitants to East Beringia for thousands of years? | {
"text": [
"Laurentide Ice Sheet"
],
"answer_start": [
599
]
} | 1 |
5731295f05b4da19006bce06 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years. Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing peop... | What do studies on the genetics of the first American inhabitants conclude about their ancestral population? | {
"text": [
"single"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} | 1 |
5731295f05b4da19006bce07 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years. Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing peop... | Where did the single ancestral population of all the indigenous peoples of the Americas likely develop? | {
"text": [
"in isolation"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} | 1 |
5731295f05b4da19006bce08 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years. Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing peop... | How many years may the isolation of the peoples in Beringia lasted? | {
"text": [
"10–20,000 years"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} | 1 |
5731295f05b4da19006bce09 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years. Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing peop... | When did the glaciers begin to melt? | {
"text": [
"16,500 years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} | 1 |
5731295f05b4da19006bce0a | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years. Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing peop... | What did the people follow in the corridors between the ice sheets? | {
"text": [
"Pleistocene megafauna"
],
"answer_start": [
434
]
} | 1 |
57312a93e6313a140071ccae | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The data indicate that the individual was from a population directly ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations, and closely related to present North American Native American populations. The implication is that there was an early divergence between North American and Central A... | What does the data indicate about the population the individual was from? | {
"text": [
"directly ancestral"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} | 1 |
57312a93e6313a140071ccaf | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The data indicate that the individual was from a population directly ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations, and closely related to present North American Native American populations. The implication is that there was an early divergence between North American and Central A... | What populations is the individual closely related to? | {
"text": [
"present North American Native American"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} | 1 |
57312a93e6313a140071ccb0 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The data indicate that the individual was from a population directly ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations, and closely related to present North American Native American populations. The implication is that there was an early divergence between North American and Central A... | What type of divergence is implicated to have occurred between North American and South American populations? | {
"text": [
"early"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} | 1 |
57312a93e6313a140071ccb1 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The data indicate that the individual was from a population directly ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations, and closely related to present North American Native American populations. The implication is that there was an early divergence between North American and Central A... | Theories that there were invasions which overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas have been what? | {
"text": [
"ruled out"
],
"answer_start": [
500
]
} | 1 |
57312b61e6313a140071ccb6 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landin... | The term Pre-Columbian technically refers to which era? | {
"text": [
"before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} | 1 |
57312b61e6313a140071ccb7 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landin... | When was Columbus' first voyage? | {
"text": [
"1492"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} | 1 |
57312b61e6313a140071ccb8 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landin... | In practice, Pre-Columbian refers to the history of the indigenous cultures of America prior to Europeans doing what to them? | {
"text": [
"conquered or significantly influenced"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} | 1 |
57312b61e6313a140071ccb9 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landin... | What term is used most often when discussing the great civilizations of the Americas? | {
"text": [
"\"Pre-Columbian\""
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} | 1 |
57312b61e6313a140071ccba | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landin... | What area of the Americas did the Inca Empire, Moche culture and Muisca confederation hail from? | {
"text": [
"Andes"
],
"answer_start": [
597
]
} | 1 |
57312c7b05b4da19006bce40 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Many pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca. l... | Urban settlements and complex societal hierarchies are just some of the hallmarks established by which civilizations? | {
"text": [
"pre-Columbian"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} | 1 |
57312c7b05b4da19006bce41 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Many pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca. l... | What had long faded prior to the first European and African arrivals? | {
"text": [
"Some of these civilizations"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} | 1 |
57312c7b05b4da19006bce42 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Many pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca. l... | How do we know about some of the civilizations that were gone by the time of European arrival? | {
"text": [
"oral history and through archaeological investigations"
],
"answer_start": [
379
]
} | 1 |
57312c7b05b4da19006bce43 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Many pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca. l... | What did European colonists destroy on their pyres? | {
"text": [
"written records"
],
"answer_start": [
762
]
} | 1 |
57312c7b05b4da19006bce44 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Many pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca. l... | What gave today's historians a glimpse of the culture and knowledge of the indigenous civilizations? | {
"text": [
"a few documents"
],
"answer_start": [
784
]
} | 1 |
57312cffa5e9cc1400cdbcc1 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments. For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200... | What had the civilizations in the Americas achieved by the time the Europeans encountered them? | {
"text": [
"many accomplishments"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} | 1 |
57312cffa5e9cc1400cdbcc2 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments. For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200... | What had the Aztec civilization constructed? | {
"text": [
"one of the largest cities in the world"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} | 1 |
57312cffa5e9cc1400cdbcc3 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments. For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200... | How big was the population of the Aztec cit of Tenochtitlan? | {
"text": [
"200,000"
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
} | 1 |
57312cffa5e9cc1400cdbcc4 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments. For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200... | Astronomy and mathematics were also accomplishments of which civilizations? | {
"text": [
"American"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} | 1 |
57312cffa5e9cc1400cdbcc5 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments. For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200... | How many years of selective breeding did it take to domesticate maize? | {
"text": [
"thousands"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} | 1 |
57313386e6313a140071cd02 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents. Although the exact pre-contact population of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Native American populations diminished by between 80 and 90% within the first centuries of contact with European... | What did the European colonization forever change? | {
"text": [
"lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} | 1 |
57313386e6313a140071cd03 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents. Although the exact pre-contact population of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Native American populations diminished by between 80 and 90% within the first centuries of contact with European... | How much did the population of the Americas decrease after first contact with the Europeans? | {
"text": [
"between 80 and 90%"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} | 1 |
57313386e6313a140071cd04 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents. Although the exact pre-contact population of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Native American populations diminished by between 80 and 90% within the first centuries of contact with European... | What was the leading cause of death for the native population after European contact? | {
"text": [
"disease"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} | 1 |
57313386e6313a140071cd05 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents. Although the exact pre-contact population of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Native American populations diminished by between 80 and 90% within the first centuries of contact with European... | What triad of disease epidemics ravaged the American continent? | {
"text": [
"smallpox, measles, and cholera"
],
"answer_start": [
413
]
} | 1 |
57313386e6313a140071cd06 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents. Although the exact pre-contact population of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Native American populations diminished by between 80 and 90% within the first centuries of contact with European... | Why did Native Americans suffer such high mortality rates to the diseases? | {
"text": [
"lack of prior exposure"
],
"answer_start": [
649
]
} | 1 |
57313428e6313a140071cd14 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Taínos had died. They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their popul... | Who was the first group of indigenous people Columbus encountered? | {
"text": [
"the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} | 1 |
57313428e6313a140071cd15 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Taínos had died. They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their popul... | What did the Taínos represent in the Greater Antilles and Bahamas? | {
"text": [
"dominant culture"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} | 1 |
57313428e6313a140071cd16 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Taínos had died. They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their popul... | What percentage of the Taínos were dead thirty years after contact with Columbus? | {
"text": [
"70%"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} | 1 |
57313428e6313a140071cd17 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Taínos had died. They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their popul... | Why were outbreaks of measles and smallpox able to so easily decimate the Taínos' population? | {
"text": [
"no immunity to European diseases"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} | 1 |
57313428e6313a140071cd18 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Taínos had died. They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their popul... | What led to the last great Taínos rebellion? | {
"text": [
"Increasing punishment"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} | 1 |
5731350505b4da19006bcec2 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Following years of mistreatment, the Taínos began to adopt suicidal behaviors, with women aborting or killing their infants and men jumping from the cliffs or ingesting untreated cassava, a violent poison. Eventually, a Taíno Cacique named Enriquillo managed to hold out in the Baoruco Mountain Range for thirteen years,... | What behaviors did the Taínos begin to adopt after years of mistreatment? | {
"text": [
"suicidal"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} | 1 |
5731350505b4da19006bcec3 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Following years of mistreatment, the Taínos began to adopt suicidal behaviors, with women aborting or killing their infants and men jumping from the cliffs or ingesting untreated cassava, a violent poison. Eventually, a Taíno Cacique named Enriquillo managed to hold out in the Baoruco Mountain Range for thirteen years,... | What did Taínos women start doing to their infants? | {
"text": [
"aborting or killing"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} | 1 |
5731350505b4da19006bcec4 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Following years of mistreatment, the Taínos began to adopt suicidal behaviors, with women aborting or killing their infants and men jumping from the cliffs or ingesting untreated cassava, a violent poison. Eventually, a Taíno Cacique named Enriquillo managed to hold out in the Baoruco Mountain Range for thirteen years,... | Why would ingesting untreated cassava be a bad idea? | {
"text": [
"violent poison"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} | 1 |
5731350505b4da19006bcec5 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Following years of mistreatment, the Taínos began to adopt suicidal behaviors, with women aborting or killing their infants and men jumping from the cliffs or ingesting untreated cassava, a violent poison. Eventually, a Taíno Cacique named Enriquillo managed to hold out in the Baoruco Mountain Range for thirteen years,... | How many years was a Taínos Cacique able to hold ou in the Baoruco Mountain Range? | {
"text": [
"thirteen"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} | 1 |
5731350505b4da19006bcec6 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Following years of mistreatment, the Taínos began to adopt suicidal behaviors, with women aborting or killing their infants and men jumping from the cliffs or ingesting untreated cassava, a violent poison. Eventually, a Taíno Cacique named Enriquillo managed to hold out in the Baoruco Mountain Range for thirteen years,... | Who was sent to negotiate a peace treaty with the rebels? | {
"text": [
"Francisco Barrionuevo"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} | 1 |
573147faa5e9cc1400cdbdf9 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Various theories for the decline of the Native American populations emphasize epidemic diseases, conflicts with Europeans, and conflicts among warring tribes. Scholars now believe that, among the various contributing factors, epidemic disease was the overwhelming cause of the population decline of the American natives.... | What was the overwhelming reason for the decline of Native American populations? | {
"text": [
"epidemic disease"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} | 1 |
573147faa5e9cc1400cdbdfa | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Various theories for the decline of the Native American populations emphasize epidemic diseases, conflicts with Europeans, and conflicts among warring tribes. Scholars now believe that, among the various contributing factors, epidemic disease was the overwhelming cause of the population decline of the American natives.... | Old World diseases accounted for up to what percentage of deaths among the native New World population? | {
"text": [
"90 to 95%"
],
"answer_start": [
428
]
} | 1 |
573147faa5e9cc1400cdbdfb | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Various theories for the decline of the Native American populations emphasize epidemic diseases, conflicts with Europeans, and conflicts among warring tribes. Scholars now believe that, among the various contributing factors, epidemic disease was the overwhelming cause of the population decline of the American natives.... | How long did it take for the Old World diseases to decimate the native population to the extent it did? | {
"text": [
"150 years"
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
} | 1 |
573147faa5e9cc1400cdbdfc | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Various theories for the decline of the Native American populations emphasize epidemic diseases, conflicts with Europeans, and conflicts among warring tribes. Scholars now believe that, among the various contributing factors, epidemic disease was the overwhelming cause of the population decline of the American natives.... | What disease killed almost a third of the population of Hispaniola in 1518? | {
"text": [
"Smallpox"
],
"answer_start": [
508
]
} | 1 |
573147faa5e9cc1400cdbdfd | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Various theories for the decline of the Native American populations emphasize epidemic diseases, conflicts with Europeans, and conflicts among warring tribes. Scholars now believe that, among the various contributing factors, epidemic disease was the overwhelming cause of the population decline of the American natives.... | How did smallpox cause the Inca Civil War? | {
"text": [
"By killing the Incan ruler Huayna Capac"
],
"answer_start": [
588
]
} | 1 |
573148a7497a881900248d4d | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Contact with European diseases such as smallpox and measles killed between 50 and 67 per cent of the Aboriginal population of North America in the first hundred years after the arrival of Europeans. Some 90 per cent of the native population near Massachusetts Bay Colony died of smallpox in an epidemic in 1617–1619. In ... | What percent of the Aboriginal population of North America was killed in the first hundred years after first contact by smallpox and measles? | {
"text": [
"between 50 and 67 per cent"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} | 1 |
573148a7497a881900248d4e | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Contact with European diseases such as smallpox and measles killed between 50 and 67 per cent of the Aboriginal population of North America in the first hundred years after the arrival of Europeans. Some 90 per cent of the native population near Massachusetts Bay Colony died of smallpox in an epidemic in 1617–1619. In ... | How much of the native population near Massachusetts was killed by smallpox in the epidemic between 1617 and 1619? | {
"text": [
"90 per cent"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} | 1 |
573148a7497a881900248d4f | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Contact with European diseases such as smallpox and measles killed between 50 and 67 per cent of the Aboriginal population of North America in the first hundred years after the arrival of Europeans. Some 90 per cent of the native population near Massachusetts Bay Colony died of smallpox in an epidemic in 1617–1619. In ... | Who were the Native Americans exposed to smallpox because of? | {
"text": [
"Europeans"
],
"answer_start": [
415
]
} | 1 |
573148a7497a881900248d50 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Contact with European diseases such as smallpox and measles killed between 50 and 67 per cent of the Aboriginal population of North America in the first hundred years after the arrival of Europeans. Some 90 per cent of the native population near Massachusetts Bay Colony died of smallpox in an epidemic in 1617–1619. In ... | When did smallpox read the lands of the Iroquois? | {
"text": [
"by 1679"
],
"answer_start": [
581
]
} | 1 |
573148a7497a881900248d51 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Contact with European diseases such as smallpox and measles killed between 50 and 67 per cent of the Aboriginal population of North America in the first hundred years after the arrival of Europeans. Some 90 per cent of the native population near Massachusetts Bay Colony died of smallpox in an epidemic in 1617–1619. In ... | What did the Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 establish? | {
"text": [
"a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans"
],
"answer_start": [
902
]
} | 1 |
57316d92a5e9cc1400cdbf4f | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The Spanish Empire and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas. Some of these animals escaped and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild. The re-introduction of the horse, extinct in the Americas for over 7500 years, had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North Ame... | What Empire brought horses to the Americas? | {
"text": [
"Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} | 1 |
57316d92a5e9cc1400cdbf50 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The Spanish Empire and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas. Some of these animals escaped and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild. The re-introduction of the horse, extinct in the Americas for over 7500 years, had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North Ame... | How long had horses been extinct in the Americas prior to their re-introduction? | {
"text": [
"7500 years"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} | 1 |
57316d92a5e9cc1400cdbf51 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The Spanish Empire and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas. Some of these animals escaped and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild. The re-introduction of the horse, extinct in the Americas for over 7500 years, had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North Ame... | What kind of impact did the re-emergence of horses have on some Native American cultures? | {
"text": [
"profound"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} | 1 |
57316d92a5e9cc1400cdbf52 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The Spanish Empire and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas. Some of these animals escaped and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild. The re-introduction of the horse, extinct in the Americas for over 7500 years, had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North Ame... | What did some tribes achieve by domesticating horses? | {
"text": [
"great success"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} | 1 |
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