id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict | label int64 0 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
57314deaa5e9cc1400cdbe43 | Qing_dynasty | Widespread drought in North China, combined with the imperialist designs of European powers and the instability of the Qing government, created conditions that led to the emergence of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists, or "Boxers." In 1900, local groups of Boxers proclaiming support for the Qing dynasty murdered forei... | Where did Cixi go after Beijing fell to the 8 armies? | {
"text": [
"Xi'an"
],
"answer_start": [
722
]
} | 1 |
57314e6ce6313a140071cdf4 | Qing_dynasty | By the early 20th century, mass civil disorder had begun in China, and it was growing continuously. To overcome such problems, Empress Dowager Cixi issued an imperial edict in 1901 calling for reform proposals from the governors-general and governors and initiated the era of the dynasty's "New Policies", also known as ... | What did Cixi do in 1901? | {
"text": [
"issued an imperial edict"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} | 1 |
57314e6ce6313a140071cdf5 | Qing_dynasty | By the early 20th century, mass civil disorder had begun in China, and it was growing continuously. To overcome such problems, Empress Dowager Cixi issued an imperial edict in 1901 calling for reform proposals from the governors-general and governors and initiated the era of the dynasty's "New Policies", also known as ... | What were the governments New Policies also called? | {
"text": [
"\"Late Qing Reform\""
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} | 1 |
57314e6ce6313a140071cdf6 | Qing_dynasty | By the early 20th century, mass civil disorder had begun in China, and it was growing continuously. To overcome such problems, Empress Dowager Cixi issued an imperial edict in 1901 calling for reform proposals from the governors-general and governors and initiated the era of the dynasty's "New Policies", also known as ... | When were imperial examinations halted? | {
"text": [
"1905"
],
"answer_start": [
545
]
} | 1 |
57314f09497a881900248d9b | Qing_dynasty | The Guangxu Emperor died on November 14, 1908, and on November 15, 1908, Cixi also died. Rumors held that she or Yuan Shikai ordered trusted eunuchs to poison the Guangxu Emperor, and an autopsy conducted nearly a century later confirmed lethal levels of arsenic in his corpse. Puyi, the oldest son of Zaifeng, Prince Ch... | What year did Guangxu die? | {
"text": [
"1908"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} | 1 |
57314f09497a881900248d9c | Qing_dynasty | The Guangxu Emperor died on November 14, 1908, and on November 15, 1908, Cixi also died. Rumors held that she or Yuan Shikai ordered trusted eunuchs to poison the Guangxu Emperor, and an autopsy conducted nearly a century later confirmed lethal levels of arsenic in his corpse. Puyi, the oldest son of Zaifeng, Prince Ch... | What year did Cixi die? | {
"text": [
"1908"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} | 1 |
57314f09497a881900248d9d | Qing_dynasty | The Guangxu Emperor died on November 14, 1908, and on November 15, 1908, Cixi also died. Rumors held that she or Yuan Shikai ordered trusted eunuchs to poison the Guangxu Emperor, and an autopsy conducted nearly a century later confirmed lethal levels of arsenic in his corpse. Puyi, the oldest son of Zaifeng, Prince Ch... | Who ruled after Guangxu? | {
"text": [
"Prince Chun"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} | 1 |
57314f09497a881900248d9e | Qing_dynasty | The Guangxu Emperor died on November 14, 1908, and on November 15, 1908, Cixi also died. Rumors held that she or Yuan Shikai ordered trusted eunuchs to poison the Guangxu Emperor, and an autopsy conducted nearly a century later confirmed lethal levels of arsenic in his corpse. Puyi, the oldest son of Zaifeng, Prince Ch... | How old was Prince Chun? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} | 1 |
57314f09497a881900248d9f | Qing_dynasty | The Guangxu Emperor died on November 14, 1908, and on November 15, 1908, Cixi also died. Rumors held that she or Yuan Shikai ordered trusted eunuchs to poison the Guangxu Emperor, and an autopsy conducted nearly a century later confirmed lethal levels of arsenic in his corpse. Puyi, the oldest son of Zaifeng, Prince Ch... | What year was the Republic of China created? | {
"text": [
"1911"
],
"answer_start": [
937
]
} | 1 |
57314fae05b4da19006bd030 | Qing_dynasty | With Zaifeng gone, Yuan Shikai and his Beiyang commanders effectively dominated Qing politics. He reasoned that going to war would be unreasonable and costly, especially when noting that the Qing government had a goal for constitutional monarchy. Similarly, Sun Yat-sen's government wanted a republican constitutional re... | Who led the Qing? | {
"text": [
"Yuan Shikai"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} | 1 |
57314fae05b4da19006bd031 | Qing_dynasty | With Zaifeng gone, Yuan Shikai and his Beiyang commanders effectively dominated Qing politics. He reasoned that going to war would be unreasonable and costly, especially when noting that the Qing government had a goal for constitutional monarchy. Similarly, Sun Yat-sen's government wanted a republican constitutional re... | Who negotiated with Yuan Shikai to prevent war? | {
"text": [
"Sun Yat-sen"
],
"answer_start": [
467
]
} | 1 |
57314fae05b4da19006bd032 | Qing_dynasty | With Zaifeng gone, Yuan Shikai and his Beiyang commanders effectively dominated Qing politics. He reasoned that going to war would be unreasonable and costly, especially when noting that the Qing government had a goal for constitutional monarchy. Similarly, Sun Yat-sen's government wanted a republican constitutional re... | Who led the Republic of China? | {
"text": [
"Sun Yat-sen,"
],
"answer_start": [
467
]
} | 1 |
57314fae05b4da19006bd033 | Qing_dynasty | With Zaifeng gone, Yuan Shikai and his Beiyang commanders effectively dominated Qing politics. He reasoned that going to war would be unreasonable and costly, especially when noting that the Qing government had a goal for constitutional monarchy. Similarly, Sun Yat-sen's government wanted a republican constitutional re... | Who became the President? | {
"text": [
"Yuan"
],
"answer_start": [
581
]
} | 1 |
57315058497a881900248dbf | Qing_dynasty | On 12 February 1912, after rounds of negotiations, Longyu issued an imperial edict bringing about the abdication of the child emperor Puyi. This brought an end to over 2,000 years of Imperial China and began an extended period of instability of warlord factionalism. The unorganized political and economic systems combin... | What year did the end of Imperial China occur? | {
"text": [
"1912"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} | 1 |
57315058497a881900248dc0 | Qing_dynasty | On 12 February 1912, after rounds of negotiations, Longyu issued an imperial edict bringing about the abdication of the child emperor Puyi. This brought an end to over 2,000 years of Imperial China and began an extended period of instability of warlord factionalism. The unorganized political and economic systems combin... | How long did Imperial China last for? | {
"text": [
"2,000 years"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} | 1 |
57315058497a881900248dc1 | Qing_dynasty | On 12 February 1912, after rounds of negotiations, Longyu issued an imperial edict bringing about the abdication of the child emperor Puyi. This brought an end to over 2,000 years of Imperial China and began an extended period of instability of warlord factionalism. The unorganized political and economic systems combin... | When was Manchukuo created? | {
"text": [
"1932"
],
"answer_start": [
500
]
} | 1 |
5731511a05b4da19006bd038 | Qing_dynasty | The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between Han Chinese and Manchus, with some positions also given to Mongols. Like previous dynasties, the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system, until the system was abolishe... | Who split the leadership roles in the Qing dynasty? | {
"text": [
"Han Chinese and Manchus"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} | 1 |
5731511a05b4da19006bd039 | Qing_dynasty | The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between Han Chinese and Manchus, with some positions also given to Mongols. Like previous dynasties, the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system, until the system was abolishe... | Where did the Qing find their officials? | {
"text": [
"imperial examination system"
],
"answer_start": [
262
]
} | 1 |
5731511a05b4da19006bd03a | Qing_dynasty | The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between Han Chinese and Manchus, with some positions also given to Mongols. Like previous dynasties, the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system, until the system was abolishe... | How many ranks were there in civil service in the Qing dynasty? | {
"text": [
"nine"
],
"answer_start": [
409
]
} | 1 |
573151a9e6313a140071ce1a | Qing_dynasty | The formal structure of the Qing government centered on the Emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards (Ministries[c]), each headed by two presidents[d] and assisted by four vice presidents.[e] In contrast to the Ming system, however, Qing ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Man... | Who was the main leader of the Qing? | {
"text": [
"Emperor"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} | 1 |
573151a9e6313a140071ce1b | Qing_dynasty | The formal structure of the Qing government centered on the Emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards (Ministries[c]), each headed by two presidents[d] and assisted by four vice presidents.[e] In contrast to the Ming system, however, Qing ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Man... | Which ethnicities made up the Qing government? | {
"text": [
"Manchu noblemen and Han officials"
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
} | 1 |
573151a9e6313a140071ce1c | Qing_dynasty | The formal structure of the Qing government centered on the Emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards (Ministries[c]), each headed by two presidents[d] and assisted by four vice presidents.[e] In contrast to the Ming system, however, Qing ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Man... | What happened to the Grand Secretariat? | {
"text": [
"evolved into an imperial chancery"
],
"answer_start": [
541
]
} | 1 |
57315370497a881900248ddb | Qing_dynasty | In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the "Inner Court," which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City. The core institut... | Who controlled the "Inner Court"? | {
"text": [
"imperial family and Manchu nobility"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} | 1 |
57315370497a881900248ddc | Qing_dynasty | In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the "Inner Court," which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City. The core institut... | Where was the Inner Court? | {
"text": [
"Forbidden City"
],
"answer_start": [
287
]
} | 1 |
57315370497a881900248ddd | Qing_dynasty | In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the "Inner Court," which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City. The core institut... | What was the Grand Council? | {
"text": [
"core institution of the inner court"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} | 1 |
5731541a497a881900248de1 | Qing_dynasty | From the early Qing, the central government was characterized by a system of dual appointments by which each position in the central government had a Manchu and a Han Chinese assigned to it. The Han Chinese appointee was required to do the substantive work and the Manchu to ensure Han loyalty to Qing rule. The distinct... | What shape of emblem signified a Han official? | {
"text": [
"square emblem"
],
"answer_start": [
578
]
} | 1 |
5731541a497a881900248de2 | Qing_dynasty | From the early Qing, the central government was characterized by a system of dual appointments by which each position in the central government had a Manchu and a Han Chinese assigned to it. The Han Chinese appointee was required to do the substantive work and the Manchu to ensure Han loyalty to Qing rule. The distinct... | What shape of emblam signified members of the royal family? | {
"text": [
"circular"
],
"answer_start": [
506
]
} | 1 |
5731541a497a881900248de3 | Qing_dynasty | From the early Qing, the central government was characterized by a system of dual appointments by which each position in the central government had a Manchu and a Han Chinese assigned to it. The Han Chinese appointee was required to do the substantive work and the Manchu to ensure Han loyalty to Qing rule. The distinct... | Which two ethnicities made up each position in government? | {
"text": [
"Manchu and a Han Chinese"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} | 1 |
573154bfa5e9cc1400cdbe95 | Qing_dynasty | In addition to the six boards, there was a Lifan Yuan unique to the Qing government. This institution was established to supervise the administration of Tibet and the Mongol lands. As the empire expanded, it took over administrative responsibility of all minority ethnic groups living in and around the empire, including... | Who governed the areas of Tibet and Mongolia? | {
"text": [
"Lifan Yuan"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} | 1 |
573154bfa5e9cc1400cdbe96 | Qing_dynasty | In addition to the six boards, there was a Lifan Yuan unique to the Qing government. This institution was established to supervise the administration of Tibet and the Mongol lands. As the empire expanded, it took over administrative responsibility of all minority ethnic groups living in and around the empire, including... | Who administered the minority groups? | {
"text": [
"Lifan Yuan"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} | 1 |
573154bfa5e9cc1400cdbe97 | Qing_dynasty | In addition to the six boards, there was a Lifan Yuan unique to the Qing government. This institution was established to supervise the administration of Tibet and the Mongol lands. As the empire expanded, it took over administrative responsibility of all minority ethnic groups living in and around the empire, including... | How many boards were there in the Qing government? | {
"text": [
"six"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} | 1 |
57315596497a881900248e01 | Qing_dynasty | Even though the Board of Rites and Lifan Yuan performed some duties of a foreign office, they fell short of developing into a professional foreign service. It was not until 1861 — a year after losing the Second Opium War to the Anglo-French coalition — that the Qing government bowed to foreign pressure and created a pr... | What was the foreign service called? | {
"text": [
"Zongli Yamen"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} | 1 |
57315596497a881900248e02 | Qing_dynasty | Even though the Board of Rites and Lifan Yuan performed some duties of a foreign office, they fell short of developing into a professional foreign service. It was not until 1861 — a year after losing the Second Opium War to the Anglo-French coalition — that the Qing government bowed to foreign pressure and created a pr... | Who performed the tasks of the Zongli Yamen before it was created? | {
"text": [
"Board of Rites and Lifan Yuan"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} | 1 |
57315596497a881900248e03 | Qing_dynasty | Even though the Board of Rites and Lifan Yuan performed some duties of a foreign office, they fell short of developing into a professional foreign service. It was not until 1861 — a year after losing the Second Opium War to the Anglo-French coalition — that the Qing government bowed to foreign pressure and created a pr... | What was the war called fought between the British and French against the Qing? | {
"text": [
"Second Opium War"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} | 1 |
5731564105b4da19006bd05a | Qing_dynasty | There was also another government institution called Imperial Household Department which was unique to the Qing dynasty. It was established before the fall of the Ming, but it became mature only after 1661, following the death of the Shunzhi Emperor and the accession of his son, the Kangxi Emperor. The department's ori... | Which emperor followed Shunzhi? | {
"text": [
"Kangxi"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} | 1 |
5731564105b4da19006bd05b | Qing_dynasty | There was also another government institution called Imperial Household Department which was unique to the Qing dynasty. It was established before the fall of the Ming, but it became mature only after 1661, following the death of the Shunzhi Emperor and the accession of his son, the Kangxi Emperor. The department's ori... | Where were textile factories located? | {
"text": [
"Jiangnan region"
],
"answer_start": [
655
]
} | 1 |
5731564105b4da19006bd05c | Qing_dynasty | There was also another government institution called Imperial Household Department which was unique to the Qing dynasty. It was established before the fall of the Ming, but it became mature only after 1661, following the death of the Shunzhi Emperor and the accession of his son, the Kangxi Emperor. The department's ori... | What did China trade with Tibet and Mongolia? | {
"text": [
"jade, ginseng, salt, furs"
],
"answer_start": [
588
]
} | 1 |
5731579e497a881900248e2f | Qing_dynasty | Qing China reached its largest extent during the 18th century, when it ruled China proper (eighteen provinces) as well as the areas of present-day Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet, at approximately 13 million km2 in size. There were originally 18 provinces, all of which in China prope... | What century did Qing China stretch to its largest? | {
"text": [
"18th century"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} | 1 |
5731579e497a881900248e30 | Qing_dynasty | Qing China reached its largest extent during the 18th century, when it ruled China proper (eighteen provinces) as well as the areas of present-day Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet, at approximately 13 million km2 in size. There were originally 18 provinces, all of which in China prope... | How many kilometers was Qing China at its height? | {
"text": [
"13 million km2"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} | 1 |
5731579e497a881900248e31 | Qing_dynasty | Qing China reached its largest extent during the 18th century, when it ruled China proper (eighteen provinces) as well as the areas of present-day Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet, at approximately 13 million km2 in size. There were originally 18 provinces, all of which in China prope... | How many provinces were there at the height of Qing China? | {
"text": [
"22"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} | 1 |
5731579e497a881900248e32 | Qing_dynasty | Qing China reached its largest extent during the 18th century, when it ruled China proper (eighteen provinces) as well as the areas of present-day Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet, at approximately 13 million km2 in size. There were originally 18 provinces, all of which in China prope... | When did Japan take over Taiwan? | {
"text": [
"1895"
],
"answer_start": [
573
]
} | 1 |
5731579e497a881900248e33 | Qing_dynasty | Qing China reached its largest extent during the 18th century, when it ruled China proper (eighteen provinces) as well as the areas of present-day Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet, at approximately 13 million km2 in size. There were originally 18 provinces, all of which in China prope... | How did the Japanese win Taiwan? | {
"text": [
"First Sino-Japanese"
],
"answer_start": [
592
]
} | 1 |
5731585ea5e9cc1400cdbec9 | Qing_dynasty | The Qing organization of provinces was based on the fifteen administrative units set up by the Ming dynasty, later made into eighteen provinces by splitting for example, Huguang into Hubei and Hunan provinces. The provincial bureaucracy continued the Yuan and Ming practice of three parallel lines, civil, military, and ... | What two provinces were formed from Huguang? | {
"text": [
"Hubei and Hunan"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} | 1 |
5731585ea5e9cc1400cdbeca | Qing_dynasty | The Qing organization of provinces was based on the fifteen administrative units set up by the Ming dynasty, later made into eighteen provinces by splitting for example, Huguang into Hubei and Hunan provinces. The provincial bureaucracy continued the Yuan and Ming practice of three parallel lines, civil, military, and ... | What was the name of the highest ranking official in a province? | {
"text": [
"governor"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} | 1 |
5731585ea5e9cc1400cdbecb | Qing_dynasty | The Qing organization of provinces was based on the fifteen administrative units set up by the Ming dynasty, later made into eighteen provinces by splitting for example, Huguang into Hubei and Hunan provinces. The provincial bureaucracy continued the Yuan and Ming practice of three parallel lines, civil, military, and ... | What were provinces broken up into? | {
"text": [
"prefectures"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} | 1 |
5731585ea5e9cc1400cdbecc | Qing_dynasty | The Qing organization of provinces was based on the fifteen administrative units set up by the Ming dynasty, later made into eighteen provinces by splitting for example, Huguang into Hubei and Hunan provinces. The provincial bureaucracy continued the Yuan and Ming practice of three parallel lines, civil, military, and ... | What is another name for the main 18 provinces? | {
"text": [
"China proper"
],
"answer_start": [
690
]
} | 1 |
5731585ea5e9cc1400cdbecd | Qing_dynasty | The Qing organization of provinces was based on the fifteen administrative units set up by the Ming dynasty, later made into eighteen provinces by splitting for example, Huguang into Hubei and Hunan provinces. The provincial bureaucracy continued the Yuan and Ming practice of three parallel lines, civil, military, and ... | How many viceroys were there in China Proper? | {
"text": [
"eight"
],
"answer_start": [
828
]
} | 1 |
57315939a5e9cc1400cdbed3 | Qing_dynasty | By the mid-18th century, the Qing had successfully put outer regions such as Inner and Outer Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang under its control. Imperial commissioners and garrisons were sent to Mongolia and Tibet to oversee their affairs. These territories were also under supervision of a central government institution ca... | When did Tibet become part of Qing China? | {
"text": [
"mid-18th century"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} | 1 |
57315939a5e9cc1400cdbed4 | Qing_dynasty | By the mid-18th century, the Qing had successfully put outer regions such as Inner and Outer Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang under its control. Imperial commissioners and garrisons were sent to Mongolia and Tibet to oversee their affairs. These territories were also under supervision of a central government institution ca... | What was the main government entity that ran the territories like Tibet? | {
"text": [
"Lifan Yuan"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} | 1 |
57315939a5e9cc1400cdbed5 | Qing_dynasty | By the mid-18th century, the Qing had successfully put outer regions such as Inner and Outer Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang under its control. Imperial commissioners and garrisons were sent to Mongolia and Tibet to oversee their affairs. These territories were also under supervision of a central government institution ca... | What is another name for Chinese Turkestan? | {
"text": [
"Xinjiang"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} | 1 |
57315939a5e9cc1400cdbed6 | Qing_dynasty | By the mid-18th century, the Qing had successfully put outer regions such as Inner and Outer Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang under its control. Imperial commissioners and garrisons were sent to Mongolia and Tibet to oversee their affairs. These territories were also under supervision of a central government institution ca... | Which emperor allowed Han migration to Dzungaria? | {
"text": [
"Qianlong"
],
"answer_start": [
760
]
} | 1 |
57315939a5e9cc1400cdbed7 | Qing_dynasty | By the mid-18th century, the Qing had successfully put outer regions such as Inner and Outer Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang under its control. Imperial commissioners and garrisons were sent to Mongolia and Tibet to oversee their affairs. These territories were also under supervision of a central government institution ca... | Who first ran Manchuria? | {
"text": [
"military generals"
],
"answer_start": [
999
]
} | 1 |
57315a55e6313a140071ce7a | Qing_dynasty | With respect to these outer regions, the Qing maintained imperial control, with the emperor acting as Mongol khan, patron of Tibetan Buddhism and protector of Muslims. However, Qing policy changed with the establishment of Xinjiang province in 1884. During The Great Game era, taking advantage of the Dungan revolt in no... | What title did the emperor hold in Mongolia? | {
"text": [
"khan"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} | 1 |
57315a55e6313a140071ce7b | Qing_dynasty | With respect to these outer regions, the Qing maintained imperial control, with the emperor acting as Mongol khan, patron of Tibetan Buddhism and protector of Muslims. However, Qing policy changed with the establishment of Xinjiang province in 1884. During The Great Game era, taking advantage of the Dungan revolt in no... | Who ruled Kashgaria? | {
"text": [
"Yaqub Beg"
],
"answer_start": [
335
]
} | 1 |
57315a55e6313a140071ce7c | Qing_dynasty | With respect to these outer regions, the Qing maintained imperial control, with the emperor acting as Mongol khan, patron of Tibetan Buddhism and protector of Muslims. However, Qing policy changed with the establishment of Xinjiang province in 1884. During The Great Game era, taking advantage of the Dungan revolt in no... | Who supported Beg? | {
"text": [
"British"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
} | 1 |
57315a55e6313a140071ce7d | Qing_dynasty | With respect to these outer regions, the Qing maintained imperial control, with the emperor acting as Mongol khan, patron of Tibetan Buddhism and protector of Muslims. However, Qing policy changed with the establishment of Xinjiang province in 1884. During The Great Game era, taking advantage of the Dungan revolt in no... | When did the British invade Tibet? | {
"text": [
"early 20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
890
]
} | 1 |
57315a55e6313a140071ce7e | Qing_dynasty | With respect to these outer regions, the Qing maintained imperial control, with the emperor acting as Mongol khan, patron of Tibetan Buddhism and protector of Muslims. However, Qing policy changed with the establishment of Xinjiang province in 1884. During The Great Game era, taking advantage of the Dungan revolt in no... | What was the name of the agreement between Britain and the Chinese that kept the British out of Tibet? | {
"text": [
"1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention"
],
"answer_start": [
1077
]
} | 1 |
57315af1a5e9cc1400cdbeed | Qing_dynasty | The early Qing military was rooted in the Eight Banners first developed by Nurhaci to organize Jurchen society beyond petty clan affiliations. There were eight banners in all, differentiated by color. The yellow, bordered yellow, and white banners were known as the "Upper Three Banners" and were under the direct comman... | Who created the Eight Banners? | {
"text": [
"Nurhaci"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} | 1 |
57315af1a5e9cc1400cdbeee | Qing_dynasty | The early Qing military was rooted in the Eight Banners first developed by Nurhaci to organize Jurchen society beyond petty clan affiliations. There were eight banners in all, differentiated by color. The yellow, bordered yellow, and white banners were known as the "Upper Three Banners" and were under the direct comman... | How were the 8 banners recognized? | {
"text": [
"color"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
} | 1 |
57315af1a5e9cc1400cdbeef | Qing_dynasty | The early Qing military was rooted in the Eight Banners first developed by Nurhaci to organize Jurchen society beyond petty clan affiliations. There were eight banners in all, differentiated by color. The yellow, bordered yellow, and white banners were known as the "Upper Three Banners" and were under the direct comman... | What were the banners called that were under direct leadership of the emperor? | {
"text": [
"Upper Three Banners"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} | 1 |
57315af1a5e9cc1400cdbef0 | Qing_dynasty | The early Qing military was rooted in the Eight Banners first developed by Nurhaci to organize Jurchen society beyond petty clan affiliations. There were eight banners in all, differentiated by color. The yellow, bordered yellow, and white banners were known as the "Upper Three Banners" and were under the direct comman... | What ethnicity made up the Upper Three Banners? | {
"text": [
"Manchus"
],
"answer_start": [
343
]
} | 1 |
57315af1a5e9cc1400cdbef1 | Qing_dynasty | The early Qing military was rooted in the Eight Banners first developed by Nurhaci to organize Jurchen society beyond petty clan affiliations. There were eight banners in all, differentiated by color. The yellow, bordered yellow, and white banners were known as the "Upper Three Banners" and were under the direct comman... | What were the rest of the banners called? | {
"text": [
"Lower Five Banners"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
} | 1 |
57315c28497a881900248e75 | Qing_dynasty | Banner Armies were organized along ethnic lines, namely Manchu and Mongol, but included non-Manchu bondservants registered under the household of their Manchu masters. The years leading up to the conquest increased the number of Han Chinese under Manchu rule, leading Hong Taiji to create the Eight Han Banners (zh), and... | How were Banner's organized? | {
"text": [
"along ethnic lines"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} | 1 |
57315c28497a881900248e76 | Qing_dynasty | Banner Armies were organized along ethnic lines, namely Manchu and Mongol, but included non-Manchu bondservants registered under the household of their Manchu masters. The years leading up to the conquest increased the number of Han Chinese under Manchu rule, leading Hong Taiji to create the Eight Han Banners (zh), and... | Which two ethnicities made up the majority of the Banner Armies? | {
"text": [
"Manchu and Mongol"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} | 1 |
57315c28497a881900248e77 | Qing_dynasty | Banner Armies were organized along ethnic lines, namely Manchu and Mongol, but included non-Manchu bondservants registered under the household of their Manchu masters. The years leading up to the conquest increased the number of Han Chinese under Manchu rule, leading Hong Taiji to create the Eight Han Banners (zh), and... | Which ethnicity dominated the army in the reigns of Shunzhi and Kangxi? | {
"text": [
"Han Bannermen"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} | 1 |
57315c28497a881900248e78 | Qing_dynasty | Banner Armies were organized along ethnic lines, namely Manchu and Mongol, but included non-Manchu bondservants registered under the household of their Manchu masters. The years leading up to the conquest increased the number of Han Chinese under Manchu rule, leading Hong Taiji to create the Eight Han Banners (zh), and... | What did the Europeans call Han Bannermen? | {
"text": [
"\"Tartarized Chinese\" or \"Tartarified Chinese\""
],
"answer_start": [
792
]
} | 1 |
57315c28497a881900248e79 | Qing_dynasty | Banner Armies were organized along ethnic lines, namely Manchu and Mongol, but included non-Manchu bondservants registered under the household of their Manchu masters. The years leading up to the conquest increased the number of Han Chinese under Manchu rule, leading Hong Taiji to create the Eight Han Banners (zh), and... | When did Manchu ethnicity become important again in the Eight Banners? | {
"text": [
"Qianlong's reign"
],
"answer_start": [
849
]
} | 1 |
57315d3b05b4da19006bd0e0 | Qing_dynasty | Early during the Taiping Rebellion, Qing forces suffered a series of disastrous defeats culminating in the loss of the regional capital city of Nanjing in 1853. Shortly thereafter, a Taiping expeditionary force penetrated as far north as the suburbs of Tianjin, the imperial heartlands. In desperation the Qing court ord... | What caused the Qing armies to lose many battles? | {
"text": [
"Taiping Rebellion"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} | 1 |
57315d3b05b4da19006bd0e1 | Qing_dynasty | Early during the Taiping Rebellion, Qing forces suffered a series of disastrous defeats culminating in the loss of the regional capital city of Nanjing in 1853. Shortly thereafter, a Taiping expeditionary force penetrated as far north as the suburbs of Tianjin, the imperial heartlands. In desperation the Qing court ord... | What city did the Qing lose in 1853? | {
"text": [
"Nanjing"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} | 1 |
57315d3b05b4da19006bd0e2 | Qing_dynasty | Early during the Taiping Rebellion, Qing forces suffered a series of disastrous defeats culminating in the loss of the regional capital city of Nanjing in 1853. Shortly thereafter, a Taiping expeditionary force penetrated as far north as the suburbs of Tianjin, the imperial heartlands. In desperation the Qing court ord... | Who created a new type of army to thwart the Taiping rebels? | {
"text": [
"Zeng Guofan"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} | 1 |
57315d3b05b4da19006bd0e3 | Qing_dynasty | Early during the Taiping Rebellion, Qing forces suffered a series of disastrous defeats culminating in the loss of the regional capital city of Nanjing in 1853. Shortly thereafter, a Taiping expeditionary force penetrated as far north as the suburbs of Tianjin, the imperial heartlands. In desperation the Qing court ord... | What was Zeng Guofan? | {
"text": [
"Xiang Army"
],
"answer_start": [
637
]
} | 1 |
57315d3b05b4da19006bd0e4 | Qing_dynasty | Early during the Taiping Rebellion, Qing forces suffered a series of disastrous defeats culminating in the loss of the regional capital city of Nanjing in 1853. Shortly thereafter, a Taiping expeditionary force penetrated as far north as the suburbs of Tianjin, the imperial heartlands. In desperation the Qing court ord... | What was the Xiang Army named after? | {
"text": [
"Hunan region where it was raised"
],
"answer_start": [
665
]
} | 1 |
57315dcae6313a140071ce98 | Qing_dynasty | Zeng Guofan had no prior military experience. Being a classically educated official, he took his blueprint for the Xiang Army from the Ming general Qi Jiguang, who, because of the weakness of regular Ming troops, had decided to form his own "private" army to repel raiding Japanese pirates in the mid-16th century. Qi Ji... | Who inspired Zeng Guofan in creating his army? | {
"text": [
"Qi Jiguang"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} | 1 |
57315dcae6313a140071ce99 | Qing_dynasty | Zeng Guofan had no prior military experience. Being a classically educated official, he took his blueprint for the Xiang Army from the Ming general Qi Jiguang, who, because of the weakness of regular Ming troops, had decided to form his own "private" army to repel raiding Japanese pirates in the mid-16th century. Qi Ji... | What did Qi Jiguang's private army do? | {
"text": [
"repel raiding Japanese pirates"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} | 1 |
57315dcae6313a140071ce9a | Qing_dynasty | Zeng Guofan had no prior military experience. Being a classically educated official, he took his blueprint for the Xiang Army from the Ming general Qi Jiguang, who, because of the weakness of regular Ming troops, had decided to form his own "private" army to repel raiding Japanese pirates in the mid-16th century. Qi Ji... | What was the original plan for the Xiang Army? | {
"text": [
"eradicate the Taiping rebels"
],
"answer_start": [
543
]
} | 1 |
57315e3ca5e9cc1400cdbf0b | Qing_dynasty | First, the Yongying system signaled the end of Manchu dominance in Qing military establishment. Although the Banners and Green Standard armies lingered on as a drain on resources, henceforth the Yongying corps became the Qing government's de facto first-line troops. Second, the Yongying corps were financed through prov... | What entity became the main Qing troops? | {
"text": [
"Yongying corps"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} | 1 |
57315e3ca5e9cc1400cdbf0c | Qing_dynasty | First, the Yongying system signaled the end of Manchu dominance in Qing military establishment. Although the Banners and Green Standard armies lingered on as a drain on resources, henceforth the Yongying corps became the Qing government's de facto first-line troops. Second, the Yongying corps were financed through prov... | Who paid for the Yongying? | {
"text": [
"provincial coffers"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} | 1 |
57315e3ca5e9cc1400cdbf0d | Qing_dynasty | First, the Yongying system signaled the end of Manchu dominance in Qing military establishment. Although the Banners and Green Standard armies lingered on as a drain on resources, henceforth the Yongying corps became the Qing government's de facto first-line troops. Second, the Yongying corps were financed through prov... | Who led the Yongying? | {
"text": [
"regional commanders"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} | 1 |
57315f42497a881900248e91 | Qing_dynasty | By the late 19th century, the most conservative elements within the Qing court could no longer ignore China's military weakness. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, the capital Beijing was captured and the Summer Palace sacked by a relatively small Anglo-French coalition force numbering 25,000. The advent of modern w... | When was the Second Opium War? | {
"text": [
"1860"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} | 1 |
57315f42497a881900248e92 | Qing_dynasty | By the late 19th century, the most conservative elements within the Qing court could no longer ignore China's military weakness. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, the capital Beijing was captured and the Summer Palace sacked by a relatively small Anglo-French coalition force numbering 25,000. The advent of modern w... | What happened to the Summer Palace? | {
"text": [
"sacked"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} | 1 |
57315f42497a881900248e93 | Qing_dynasty | By the late 19th century, the most conservative elements within the Qing court could no longer ignore China's military weakness. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, the capital Beijing was captured and the Summer Palace sacked by a relatively small Anglo-French coalition force numbering 25,000. The advent of modern w... | How big was the French-British army? | {
"text": [
"25,000"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} | 1 |
57315f42497a881900248e94 | Qing_dynasty | By the late 19th century, the most conservative elements within the Qing court could no longer ignore China's military weakness. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, the capital Beijing was captured and the Summer Palace sacked by a relatively small Anglo-French coalition force numbering 25,000. The advent of modern w... | What was the Qing governments attempt to create a modern socity called? | {
"text": [
"Self-Strengthening Movement"
],
"answer_start": [
506
]
} | 1 |
5731600fe6313a140071cea8 | Qing_dynasty | Losing the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 was a watershed. Japan, a country long regarded by the Chinese as little more than an upstart nation of pirates, annihilated the Qing government's modernized Beiyang Fleet, then deemed to be the strongest naval force in Asia. The Japanese victory occurred a mere three dec... | Who beat the Chinese in the First Sino-Japanese War? | {
"text": [
"Japan"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} | 1 |
5731600fe6313a140071cea9 | Qing_dynasty | Losing the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 was a watershed. Japan, a country long regarded by the Chinese as little more than an upstart nation of pirates, annihilated the Qing government's modernized Beiyang Fleet, then deemed to be the strongest naval force in Asia. The Japanese victory occurred a mere three dec... | Which fleet did the Japanese destroy? | {
"text": [
"Beiyang Fleet"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} | 1 |
5731600fe6313a140071ceaa | Qing_dynasty | Losing the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 was a watershed. Japan, a country long regarded by the Chinese as little more than an upstart nation of pirates, annihilated the Qing government's modernized Beiyang Fleet, then deemed to be the strongest naval force in Asia. The Japanese victory occurred a mere three dec... | When did the Qing decide to modernize their military? | {
"text": [
"1894"
],
"answer_start": [
484
]
} | 1 |
5731600fe6313a140071ceab | Qing_dynasty | Losing the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 was a watershed. Japan, a country long regarded by the Chinese as little more than an upstart nation of pirates, annihilated the Qing government's modernized Beiyang Fleet, then deemed to be the strongest naval force in Asia. The Japanese victory occurred a mere three dec... | What was the new modern army called? | {
"text": [
"the New Army"
],
"answer_start": [
675
]
} | 1 |
5731600fe6313a140071ceac | Qing_dynasty | Losing the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 was a watershed. Japan, a country long regarded by the Chinese as little more than an upstart nation of pirates, annihilated the Qing government's modernized Beiyang Fleet, then deemed to be the strongest naval force in Asia. The Japanese victory occurred a mere three dec... | Who became the President of the Republic of China? | {
"text": [
"General Yuan Shikai"
],
"answer_start": [
814
]
} | 1 |
573160a1a5e9cc1400cdbf11 | Qing_dynasty | The most significant fact of early and mid-Qing social history was population growth. The population doubled during the 18th century. People in this period were also remarkably on the move. There is evidence suggesting that the empire's rapidly expanding population was geographically mobile on a scale, which, in term o... | What happened in early and middle Qing history? | {
"text": [
"population growth"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} | 1 |
573160a1a5e9cc1400cdbf12 | Qing_dynasty | The most significant fact of early and mid-Qing social history was population growth. The population doubled during the 18th century. People in this period were also remarkably on the move. There is evidence suggesting that the empire's rapidly expanding population was geographically mobile on a scale, which, in term o... | How much did the population grow during the 18th century? | {
"text": [
"doubled"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} | 1 |
573160a1a5e9cc1400cdbf13 | Qing_dynasty | The most significant fact of early and mid-Qing social history was population growth. The population doubled during the 18th century. People in this period were also remarkably on the move. There is evidence suggesting that the empire's rapidly expanding population was geographically mobile on a scale, which, in term o... | What were the 2 types of migration during the 18th century? | {
"text": [
"permanent migration for resettlement, and relocation conceived by the party (in theory at least) as a temporary sojourn"
],
"answer_start": [
581
]
} | 1 |
5731613c05b4da19006bd110 | Qing_dynasty | According to statute, Qing society was divided into relatively closed estates, of which in most general terms there were five. Apart from the estates of the officials, the comparatively minuscule aristocracy, and the degree-holding literati, there also existed a major division among ordinary Chinese between commoners a... | How many estates were there in Qing society? | {
"text": [
"five"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} | 1 |
5731613c05b4da19006bd111 | Qing_dynasty | According to statute, Qing society was divided into relatively closed estates, of which in most general terms there were five. Apart from the estates of the officials, the comparatively minuscule aristocracy, and the degree-holding literati, there also existed a major division among ordinary Chinese between commoners a... | What 2 groups were normal Chinese broken into? | {
"text": [
"the good \"commoner\" people, the other \"mean\" people"
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
} | 1 |
5731613c05b4da19006bd112 | Qing_dynasty | According to statute, Qing society was divided into relatively closed estates, of which in most general terms there were five. Apart from the estates of the officials, the comparatively minuscule aristocracy, and the degree-holding literati, there also existed a major division among ordinary Chinese between commoners a... | What was the legal term for commoner? | {
"text": [
"liangmin"
],
"answer_start": [
541
]
} | 1 |
573161e105b4da19006bd116 | Qing_dynasty | By the end of the 17th century, the Chinese economy had recovered from the devastation caused by the wars in which the Ming dynasty were overthrown, and the resulting breakdown of order. In the following century, markets continued to expand as in the late Ming period, but with more trade between regions, a greater depe... | What did China export? | {
"text": [
"tea, silk and manufactures"
],
"answer_start": [
626
]
} | 1 |
573161e105b4da19006bd117 | Qing_dynasty | By the end of the 17th century, the Chinese economy had recovered from the devastation caused by the wars in which the Ming dynasty were overthrown, and the resulting breakdown of order. In the following century, markets continued to expand as in the late Ming period, but with more trade between regions, a greater depe... | What did the Chinese get paid for their goods? | {
"text": [
"silver"
],
"answer_start": [
735
]
} | 1 |
573161e105b4da19006bd118 | Qing_dynasty | By the end of the 17th century, the Chinese economy had recovered from the devastation caused by the wars in which the Ming dynasty were overthrown, and the resulting breakdown of order. In the following century, markets continued to expand as in the late Ming period, but with more trade between regions, a greater depe... | When did the Chinese economy finally recover after the wars with the Mings? | {
"text": [
"end of the 17th century"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} | 1 |
57316283497a881900248ea3 | Qing_dynasty | The government broadened land ownership by returning land that had been sold to large landowners in the late Ming period by families unable to pay the land tax. To give people more incentives to participate in the market, they reduced the tax burden in comparison with the late Ming, and replaced the corvée system with ... | What did the Qing do to reform land ownership? | {
"text": [
"reduced the tax burden"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} | 1 |
57316283497a881900248ea4 | Qing_dynasty | The government broadened land ownership by returning land that had been sold to large landowners in the late Ming period by families unable to pay the land tax. To give people more incentives to participate in the market, they reduced the tax burden in comparison with the late Ming, and replaced the corvée system with ... | What happened to the price of rice during the 18th century? | {
"text": [
"rise slowly and smoothly"
],
"answer_start": [
558
]
} | 1 |
57316283497a881900248ea5 | Qing_dynasty | The government broadened land ownership by returning land that had been sold to large landowners in the late Ming period by families unable to pay the land tax. To give people more incentives to participate in the market, they reduced the tax burden in comparison with the late Ming, and replaced the corvée system with ... | What was the Great Divergence? | {
"text": [
"Western world overtook China economically"
],
"answer_start": [
926
]
} | 1 |
573162fbe6313a140071ceba | Qing_dynasty | By the end of the 18th century the population had risen to 300 million from approximately 150 million during the late Ming dynasty. The dramatic rise in population was due to several reasons, including the long period of peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops China received from the America... | What was China's population at the end of the 18th century? | {
"text": [
"300 million"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} | 1 |
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