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t4 | t4_3 | yes | Sometimes, when a healthy pregnant woman gets towards the end of pregnancy, there may be signs that her baby may be having difficulty coping. | Sometimes, when a healthy pregnant woman gets towards the end of pregnancy, there may be signs that her baby may not be having difficulty coping. | Fetal compromise in the term pregnancy is suspected when the following clinical indicators are present: intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), decreased fetal movement (DFM), or when investigations such as cardiotocography (CTG) and ultrasound reveal results inconsistent with standard measurements. Pathological result... |
t4 | t4_4 | yes | Some of these babies are born sick, very occasionally they do not survive, or they have problems in their later development. | Some of these babies are born sick, very occasionally they recover, or they have problems in their later development. | Fetal compromise in the term pregnancy is suspected when the following clinical indicators are present: intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), decreased fetal movement (DFM), or when investigations such as cardiotocography (CTG) and ultrasound reveal results inconsistent with standard measurements. Pathological result... |
t4 | t4_5 | yes | A baby may not be growing normally and so is smaller than expected (this is termed intrauterine growth restriction ‐ IUGR). | A baby may not be growing normally and so is larger than expected (this is termed intrauterine growth restriction ‐ IUGR). | Fetal compromise in the term pregnancy is suspected when the following clinical indicators are present: intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), decreased fetal movement (DFM), or when investigations such as cardiotocography (CTG) and ultrasound reveal results inconsistent with standard measurements. Pathological result... |
t4 | t4_6 | yes | The baby may show decreased movements, which may indicate the placenta is no longer functioning well. | The baby may show decreased movements, which may indicate the placenta is no longer functioning poorly. | Fetal compromise in the term pregnancy is suspected when the following clinical indicators are present: intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), decreased fetal movement (DFM), or when investigations such as cardiotocography (CTG) and ultrasound reveal results inconsistent with standard measurements. Pathological result... |
t4 | t4_7 | no | Fetal heart monitoring (known as cardiotocography or CTG) may show up a possible problem. | Fetal heart monitoring (known as cardiotocography or CTG) may not show up a possible problem. | Fetal compromise in the term pregnancy is suspected when the following clinical indicators are present: intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), decreased fetal movement (DFM), or when investigations such as cardiotocography (CTG) and ultrasound reveal results inconsistent with standard measurements. Pathological result... |
t4 | t4_8 | yes | Ultrasound can also measure amniotic fluid and blood flow in order to assess the baby’s well‐being. | Ultrasound can also measure amniotic fluid and blood flow in order to neglect the baby’s well‐being. | Fetal compromise in the term pregnancy is suspected when the following clinical indicators are present: intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), decreased fetal movement (DFM), or when investigations such as cardiotocography (CTG) and ultrasound reveal results inconsistent with standard measurements. Pathological result... |
t4 | t4_9 | no | Induction of labour or caesarean section might help these babies by taking them out of the uterus. | Induction of labour or caesarean section might harm these babies by taking them out of the uterus. | Fetal compromise in the term pregnancy is suspected when the following clinical indicators are present: intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), decreased fetal movement (DFM), or when investigations such as cardiotocography (CTG) and ultrasound reveal results inconsistent with standard measurements. Pathological result... |
t4 | t4_10 | yes | But intervening early in this way may mean that these babies’ lungs are not mature enough to deal well with the outside world, and they might be better to continue inside the uterus. | But intervening early in this way may mean that these babies’ lungs are not mature enough to deal poorly with the outside world, and they might be better to continue inside the uterus. | Fetal compromise in the term pregnancy is suspected when the following clinical indicators are present: intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), decreased fetal movement (DFM), or when investigations such as cardiotocography (CTG) and ultrasound reveal results inconsistent with standard measurements. Pathological result... |
t4 | t4_11 | no | It is not clear which option is best for mothers and babies. | It is not clear which option is worst for mothers and babies. | Fetal compromise in the term pregnancy is suspected when the following clinical indicators are present: intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), decreased fetal movement (DFM), or when investigations such as cardiotocography (CTG) and ultrasound reveal results inconsistent with standard measurements. Pathological result... |
t4 | t4_12 | no | We found three trials involving 546 pregnant women and their babies at term. | We found five trials involving 546 pregnant women and their babies at term. | Fetal compromise in the term pregnancy is suspected when the following clinical indicators are present: intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), decreased fetal movement (DFM), or when investigations such as cardiotocography (CTG) and ultrasound reveal results inconsistent with standard measurements. Pathological result... |
t4 | t4_13 | yes | All three trials looked at using induction of labour for an early birth. | All five trials looked at using induction of labour for an early birth. | Fetal compromise in the term pregnancy is suspected when the following clinical indicators are present: intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), decreased fetal movement (DFM), or when investigations such as cardiotocography (CTG) and ultrasound reveal results inconsistent with standard measurements. Pathological result... |
t4 | t4_14 | no | Two trials looked at babies thought to have growth restriction and one trial looked at babies thought to have a small volume of amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios). | Three trials looked at babies thought to have growth restriction and one trial looked at babies thought to have a small volume of amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios). | Fetal compromise in the term pregnancy is suspected when the following clinical indicators are present: intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), decreased fetal movement (DFM), or when investigations such as cardiotocography (CTG) and ultrasound reveal results inconsistent with standard measurements. Pathological result... |
t4 | t4_15 | no | All three trials were of reasonable quality and most of the evidence comes from the largest trial which compared babies who were growth restricted. | All five trials were of reasonable quality and most of the evidence comes from the largest trial which compared babies who were growth restricted. | Fetal compromise in the term pregnancy is suspected when the following clinical indicators are present: intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), decreased fetal movement (DFM), or when investigations such as cardiotocography (CTG) and ultrasound reveal results inconsistent with standard measurements. Pathological result... |
t4 | t4_16 | yes | There is no information about funding sources for these trials. | There is no information about funding sources for those trials. | Fetal compromise in the term pregnancy is suspected when the following clinical indicators are present: intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), decreased fetal movement (DFM), or when investigations such as cardiotocography (CTG) and ultrasound reveal results inconsistent with standard measurements. Pathological result... |
t4 | t4_17 | no | Overall, we found no major differences between these two strategies in terms of the babies’ survival, the numbers of very sick babies nor in the numbers of babies with problems in development. | Overall, we found no major differences between these two strategies in terms of the babies’ survival, the numbers of very sick babies nor in the numbers of babies with improvements in development. | Fetal compromise in the term pregnancy is suspected when the following clinical indicators are present: intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), decreased fetal movement (DFM), or when investigations such as cardiotocography (CTG) and ultrasound reveal results inconsistent with standard measurements. Pathological result... |
t4 | t4_18 | no | We looked at many other outcomes, too, including how many caesarean sections there were, and how many operative vaginal births (with forceps or ventouse). | We looked at many other outcomes, too, including how many caesarean sections there were, and how many operative abdominal births (with forceps or ventouse). | Fetal compromise in the term pregnancy is suspected when the following clinical indicators are present: intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), decreased fetal movement (DFM), or when investigations such as cardiotocography (CTG) and ultrasound reveal results inconsistent with standard measurements. Pathological result... |
t4 | t4_19 | yes | We also need research into better tests to identify babies who are not coping well towards the end of pregnancy. | We also need research into better tests to identify adults who are not coping well towards the end of pregnancy. | Fetal compromise in the term pregnancy is suspected when the following clinical indicators are present: intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), decreased fetal movement (DFM), or when investigations such as cardiotocography (CTG) and ultrasound reveal results inconsistent with standard measurements. Pathological result... |
t4 | t4_20 | yes | Women should discuss their specific circumstances with their caregivers when coming to a decision. | Women should not discuss their specific circumstances with their caregivers when coming to a decision. | Fetal compromise in the term pregnancy is suspected when the following clinical indicators are present: intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), decreased fetal movement (DFM), or when investigations such as cardiotocography (CTG) and ultrasound reveal results inconsistent with standard measurements. Pathological result... |
t5 | t5_1 | yes | Rapid tests for diagnosing malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax or other less common parasites. | Rapid tests for diagnosing malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum or other less common parasites. | In settings where both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection cause malaria, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) need to distinguish which species is causing the patients' symptoms, as different treatments are required. Older RDTs incorporated two test lines to distinguish malaria due to P. falciparum, fr... |
t5 | t5_2 | no | This review summarises trials evaluating the accuracy of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for diagnosing malaria due to Plasmodium vivax or other non‐falciparum species. | This review summarises trials evaluating the accuracy of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for diagnosing malaria due to Plasmodium ovale or other non‐falciparum species. | In settings where both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection cause malaria, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) need to distinguish which species is causing the patients' symptoms, as different treatments are required. Older RDTs incorporated two test lines to distinguish malaria due to P. falciparum, fr... |
t5 | t5_3 | yes | After searching for relevant studies up to December 2013, we included 47 studies, enrolling 22,862 adults and children. | After searching for relevant studies up to December 2013, we included 52 studies, enrolling 22,862 adults and children. | In settings where both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection cause malaria, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) need to distinguish which species is causing the patients' symptoms, as different treatments are required. Older RDTs incorporated two test lines to distinguish malaria due to P. falciparum, fr... |
t5 | t5_4 | yes | What are rapid tests and why do they need to be able to distinguish Plasmodium vivax malaria RDTs are simple to use, point of care tests, suitable for use in rural settings by primary healthcare workers. | What are rapid tests and why do they need to be able to distinguish Plasmodium falciparum malaria RDTs are simple to use, point of care tests, suitable for use in rural settings by primary healthcare workers. | In settings where both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection cause malaria, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) need to distinguish which species is causing the patients' symptoms, as different treatments are required. Older RDTs incorporated two test lines to distinguish malaria due to P. falciparum, fr... |
t5 | t5_5 | yes | RDTs work by using antibodies to detect malaria antigens in the patient's blood. | RDTs work by using antibodies to ignore malaria antigens in the patient's blood. | In settings where both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection cause malaria, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) need to distinguish which species is causing the patients' symptoms, as different treatments are required. Older RDTs incorporated two test lines to distinguish malaria due to P. falciparum, fr... |
t5 | t5_6 | yes | A drop of blood is placed on the test strip where the antibodies and antigen combine to create a distinct line indicating a positive test. | A drop of blood is placed on the test strip where the antibodies and antigen fail to combine to create a distinct line indicating a positive test. | In settings where both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection cause malaria, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) need to distinguish which species is causing the patients' symptoms, as different treatments are required. Older RDTs incorporated two test lines to distinguish malaria due to P. falciparum, fr... |
t5 | t5_7 | yes | Malaria can be caused any one of five species of Plasmodium parasite, but P. falciparum and P. vivax are the most common. | Malaria can be caused any one of five species of Plasmodium parasite, but P. knowlesi and P. vivax are the most common. | In settings where both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection cause malaria, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) need to distinguish which species is causing the patients' symptoms, as different treatments are required. Older RDTs incorporated two test lines to distinguish malaria due to P. falciparum, fr... |
t5 | t5_8 | no | In some areas, RDTs need to be able to distinguish which species is causing the malaria symptoms as different species may require different treatments. | In some areas, RDTs need to be able to distinguish which species is causing the malaria symptoms as similar species may require different treatments. | In settings where both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection cause malaria, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) need to distinguish which species is causing the patients' symptoms, as different treatments are required. Older RDTs incorporated two test lines to distinguish malaria due to P. falciparum, fr... |
t5 | t5_9 | yes | Unlike P. falciparum , P. vivax has a liver stage which can cause repeated illness every few months unless it is treated with primaquine. | Unlike P. falciparum, P. ovale has a liver stage which can cause repeated illness every few months unless it is treated with primaquine. | In settings where both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection cause malaria, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) need to distinguish which species is causing the patients' symptoms, as different treatments are required. Older RDTs incorporated two test lines to distinguish malaria due to P. falciparum, fr... |
t5 | t5_10 | yes | The most common types of RDTs for P. vivax use two test lines in combination; one line specific to P. falciparum, and one line which can detect any species of Plasmodium. | The most common types of RDTs for P. vivax use three test lines in combination; one line specific to P. falciparum, and one line which can detect any species of Plasmodium. | In settings where both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection cause malaria, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) need to distinguish which species is causing the patients' symptoms, as different treatments are required. Older RDTs incorporated two test lines to distinguish malaria due to P. falciparum, fr... |
t5 | t5_11 | yes | If the P. falciparum line is negative and the 'any species' line is positive, the illness is presumed to be due to P. vivax (but could also be caused by P. malariae, or P. ovale ) . | If the P. falciparum line is negative and the 'any species' line is positive, the illness is presumed to be due to P. knowlesi (but could also be caused by P. malariae, or P. ovale). | In settings where both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection cause malaria, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) need to distinguish which species is causing the patients' symptoms, as different treatments are required. Older RDTs incorporated two test lines to distinguish malaria due to P. falciparum, fr... |
t5 | t5_12 | no | More recently, RDTs have been developed which specifically test for P. vivax. | More recently, RDTs have been developed which specifically test for P. falciparum. | In settings where both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection cause malaria, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) need to distinguish which species is causing the patients' symptoms, as different treatments are required. Older RDTs incorporated two test lines to distinguish malaria due to P. falciparum, fr... |
t5 | t5_13 | no | What does the research say RDTs testing for non‐falciparum malaria were very specific (range 98% to 100%) meaning that only 1% to 2% of patients who test positive would actually not have the disease. | What does the research say RDTs testing for non‐falciparum malaria were very specific (range 95% to 97%) meaning that only 3% to 5% of patients who test positive would actually not have the disease. | In settings where both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection cause malaria, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) need to distinguish which species is causing the patients' symptoms, as different treatments are required. Older RDTs incorporated two test lines to distinguish malaria due to P. falciparum, fr... |
t5 | t5_14 | no | However, they were less sensitive (range 78% to 89%), meaning between 11% and 22% of people with non‐falciparum malaria would actually get a negative test result. | However, they were less sensitive (range 65% to 75%), meaning between 25% and 35% of people with non‐falciparum malaria would actually get a negative test result. | In settings where both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection cause malaria, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) need to distinguish which species is causing the patients' symptoms, as different treatments are required. Older RDTs incorporated two test lines to distinguish malaria due to P. falciparum, fr... |
t5 | t5_15 | no | RDTs which specifically tested for P. vivax were more accurate with a specificity of 99% and a sensitivity of 95%, meaning that only 5% of people with P. vivax malaria would have a negative test result. | RDTs which specifically tested for P. vivax were more accurate with a specificity of 99% and a sensitivity of 85%, meaning that only 5% of people with P. vivax malaria would have a negative test result. | In settings where both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection cause malaria, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) need to distinguish which species is causing the patients' symptoms, as different treatments are required. Older RDTs incorporated two test lines to distinguish malaria due to P. falciparum, fr... |
t6 | t6_1 | no | This summary presents what we know from research about the effect of exercise therapy in JIA. | This summary presents what we know from research about the effect of exercise therapy in RA. | Exercise therapy is considered an important component of the treatment of arthritis. The efficacy of exercise therapy has been reviewed in adults with rheumatoid arthritis but not in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Objectives To assess the effects of exercise therapy on functional ability, quality of... |
t6 | t6_2 | yes | The review shows that in children with JIA, exercise may not lead to any difference in a child's ability to function or move their joints fully, the number of joints with swelling, quality of life, overall wellbeing, pain or aerobic capacity. | The review shows that in children with JIA, exercise may not lead to any difference in a child's ability to function or move their joints fully, the number of joints with swelling, quality of life, overall wellbeing, pain or anaerobic capacity. | Exercise therapy is considered an important component of the treatment of arthritis. The efficacy of exercise therapy has been reviewed in adults with rheumatoid arthritis but not in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Objectives To assess the effects of exercise therapy on functional ability, quality of... |
t6 | t6_3 | yes | Aerobic capacity is the amount of oxygen the body consumes during exercise. | Aerobic capacity is the amount of carbon dioxide the body consumes during exercise. | Exercise therapy is considered an important component of the treatment of arthritis. The efficacy of exercise therapy has been reviewed in adults with rheumatoid arthritis but not in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Objectives To assess the effects of exercise therapy on functional ability, quality of... |
t6 | t6_4 | yes | If a person has low aerobic capacity, it generally means he or she is able to do less physical activity and may tire easily. | If a person has low aerobic capacity, it generally means he or she is able to do more physical activity and may tire easily. | Exercise therapy is considered an important component of the treatment of arthritis. The efficacy of exercise therapy has been reviewed in adults with rheumatoid arthritis but not in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Objectives To assess the effects of exercise therapy on functional ability, quality of... |
t6 | t6_5 | yes | The number of joints with pain was not measured in these studies. | The number of joints with pain was measured in these studies. | Exercise therapy is considered an important component of the treatment of arthritis. The efficacy of exercise therapy has been reviewed in adults with rheumatoid arthritis but not in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Objectives To assess the effects of exercise therapy on functional ability, quality of... |
t6 | t6_6 | yes | We often do not have precise information about side effects and complications. | We often do not have precise information about benefits and complications. | Exercise therapy is considered an important component of the treatment of arthritis. The efficacy of exercise therapy has been reviewed in adults with rheumatoid arthritis but not in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Objectives To assess the effects of exercise therapy on functional ability, quality of... |
t6 | t6_7 | yes | This is particularly true for rare but serious side effects. | This is particularly true for common but serious side effects. | Exercise therapy is considered an important component of the treatment of arthritis. The efficacy of exercise therapy has been reviewed in adults with rheumatoid arthritis but not in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Objectives To assess the effects of exercise therapy on functional ability, quality of... |
t6 | t6_8 | no | No short‐term adverse effects of exercise therapy were found in the studies that make up this review. | No long‐term adverse effects of exercise therapy were found in the studies that make up this review. | Exercise therapy is considered an important component of the treatment of arthritis. The efficacy of exercise therapy has been reviewed in adults with rheumatoid arthritis but not in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Objectives To assess the effects of exercise therapy on functional ability, quality of... |
t6 | t6_9 | yes | Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic rheumatic disease in children and is an important cause of short‐term and long‐term disability. | Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the least common chronic rheumatic disease in children and is an important cause of short‐term and long‐term disability. | Exercise therapy is considered an important component of the treatment of arthritis. The efficacy of exercise therapy has been reviewed in adults with rheumatoid arthritis but not in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Objectives To assess the effects of exercise therapy on functional ability, quality of... |
t6 | t6_10 | yes | In JIA the cause of the arthritis is unknown. | In JIA the cause of the arthritis is well-known. | Exercise therapy is considered an important component of the treatment of arthritis. The efficacy of exercise therapy has been reviewed in adults with rheumatoid arthritis but not in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Objectives To assess the effects of exercise therapy on functional ability, quality of... |
t6 | t6_11 | yes | It generally begins in children younger than age 16 years. | It generally begins in children younger than age 12 years. | Exercise therapy is considered an important component of the treatment of arthritis. The efficacy of exercise therapy has been reviewed in adults with rheumatoid arthritis but not in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Objectives To assess the effects of exercise therapy on functional ability, quality of... |
t6 | t6_12 | yes | It always lasts for at least six weeks. | It always lasts for at least eight weeks. | Exercise therapy is considered an important component of the treatment of arthritis. The efficacy of exercise therapy has been reviewed in adults with rheumatoid arthritis but not in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Objectives To assess the effects of exercise therapy on functional ability, quality of... |
t6 | t6_13 | yes | A physician will rule out other conditions that may be causing the symptoms before diagnosing JIA. | A physician will rule out other conditions that may not be causing the symptoms before diagnosing JIA. | Exercise therapy is considered an important component of the treatment of arthritis. The efficacy of exercise therapy has been reviewed in adults with rheumatoid arthritis but not in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Objectives To assess the effects of exercise therapy on functional ability, quality of... |
t6 | t6_14 | yes | Several types of exercise therapy are described in this review, for example, physical training programs such as strength training for improving muscle strength and endurance exercise for improving overall fitness (either land based or in a pool). | Several types of exercise therapy are described in this review, for example, physical training programs such as strength training for improving muscle strength and endurance exercise for reducing overall fitness (either land based or in a pool). | Exercise therapy is considered an important component of the treatment of arthritis. The efficacy of exercise therapy has been reviewed in adults with rheumatoid arthritis but not in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Objectives To assess the effects of exercise therapy on functional ability, quality of... |
t6 | t6_15 | yes | Other studies state that a change of 0.13 on the score of the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) is a clinically important improvement from the perspective of children and their parents. | Other studies state that a change of 0.25 on the score of the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) is a clinically important improvement from the perspective of children and their parents. | Exercise therapy is considered an important component of the treatment of arthritis. The efficacy of exercise therapy has been reviewed in adults with rheumatoid arthritis but not in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Objectives To assess the effects of exercise therapy on functional ability, quality of... |
t7 | t7_1 | no | The aim of this Cochrane Review was to find out if adjustable sutures (stitches) are better than non‐adjustable sutures for strabismus (squint) surgery. | The aim of this Cochrane Review was to find out if adjustable sutures (stitches) are worse than non‐adjustable sutures for strabismus (squint) surgery. | Strabismus, or squint, can be defined as a deviation from perfect ocular alignment and can be classified in many ways according to its aetiology and presentation. Treatment can be broadly divided into medical and surgical options, with a variety of surgical techniques being available, including the use of adjustable or... |
t7 | t7_2 | no | Cochrane researchers collected and analysed all relevant studies to answer this question and found one study. | Cochrane researchers collected and analysed all relevant studies to answer this question and found three studies. | Strabismus, or squint, can be defined as a deviation from perfect ocular alignment and can be classified in many ways according to its aetiology and presentation. Treatment can be broadly divided into medical and surgical options, with a variety of surgical techniques being available, including the use of adjustable or... |
t7 | t7_3 | no | The review shows that there is an evidence gap on this topic. | The review shows that there is no evidence gap on this topic. | Strabismus, or squint, can be defined as a deviation from perfect ocular alignment and can be classified in many ways according to its aetiology and presentation. Treatment can be broadly divided into medical and surgical options, with a variety of surgical techniques being available, including the use of adjustable or... |
t7 | t7_4 | no | The Cochrane researchers found only one small study to answer this question and the results were uncertain. | The Cochrane researchers found only ten small studies to answer this question and the results were uncertain. | Strabismus, or squint, can be defined as a deviation from perfect ocular alignment and can be classified in many ways according to its aetiology and presentation. Treatment can be broadly divided into medical and surgical options, with a variety of surgical techniques being available, including the use of adjustable or... |
t7 | t7_5 | no | Strabismus occurs when the eye deviates (moves) from its normally perfect alignment. | Strabismus occurs when the eye deviates (moves) from its normally imperfect alignment. | Strabismus, or squint, can be defined as a deviation from perfect ocular alignment and can be classified in many ways according to its aetiology and presentation. Treatment can be broadly divided into medical and surgical options, with a variety of surgical techniques being available, including the use of adjustable or... |
t7 | t7_6 | no | This is commonly known as a squint. | This is commonly known as a glare. | Strabismus, or squint, can be defined as a deviation from perfect ocular alignment and can be classified in many ways according to its aetiology and presentation. Treatment can be broadly divided into medical and surgical options, with a variety of surgical techniques being available, including the use of adjustable or... |
t7 | t7_7 | no | Strabismus can be corrected by surgery on the muscles surrounding the eye. | Strabismus cannot be corrected by surgery on the muscles surrounding the eye. | Strabismus, or squint, can be defined as a deviation from perfect ocular alignment and can be classified in many ways according to its aetiology and presentation. Treatment can be broadly divided into medical and surgical options, with a variety of surgical techniques being available, including the use of adjustable or... |
t7 | t7_8 | no | A variety of surgical techniques are available, including the use of adjustable or non‐adjustable sutures. | A variety of surgical techniques are available, including the use of adjustable or permanent sutures. | Strabismus, or squint, can be defined as a deviation from perfect ocular alignment and can be classified in many ways according to its aetiology and presentation. Treatment can be broadly divided into medical and surgical options, with a variety of surgical techniques being available, including the use of adjustable or... |
t7 | t7_9 | no | There is uncertainty as to which of these suture techniques results in a better alignment of the eye and whether there are any disadvantages to the techniques. | There is uncertainty as to which of these suture techniques results in a worse alignment of the eye and whether there are any disadvantages to the techniques. | Strabismus, or squint, can be defined as a deviation from perfect ocular alignment and can be classified in many ways according to its aetiology and presentation. Treatment can be broadly divided into medical and surgical options, with a variety of surgical techniques being available, including the use of adjustable or... |
t7 | t7_10 | no | Cochrane researchers found one relevant study from Egypt. | Cochrane researchers found one relevant study from Brazil. | Strabismus, or squint, can be defined as a deviation from perfect ocular alignment and can be classified in many ways according to its aetiology and presentation. Treatment can be broadly divided into medical and surgical options, with a variety of surgical techniques being available, including the use of adjustable or... |
t7 | t7_11 | no | Sixty children under the age of 12 years took part in the study which compared adjustable with non‐adjustable sutures and followed participants for six months. | Fifty children under the age of 12 years took part in the study which compared adjustable with non‐adjustable sutures and followed participants for six months. | Strabismus, or squint, can be defined as a deviation from perfect ocular alignment and can be classified in many ways according to its aetiology and presentation. Treatment can be broadly divided into medical and surgical options, with a variety of surgical techniques being available, including the use of adjustable or... |
t7 | t7_12 | no | Clinically, there may be a small increased chance of a successful outcome with adjustable sutures, but the results showed no statistical difference. | Clinically, there may be a large increased chance of a successful outcome with adjustable sutures, but the results showed no statistical difference. | Strabismus, or squint, can be defined as a deviation from perfect ocular alignment and can be classified in many ways according to its aetiology and presentation. Treatment can be broadly divided into medical and surgical options, with a variety of surgical techniques being available, including the use of adjustable or... |
t8 | t8_1 | yes | Gout caused by crystal formation in the joints due to high uric acid levels in the blood. | Gout caused by crystal formation in the joints due to low uric acid levels in the blood. | Dietary supplements are frequently used for the treatment of several medical conditions, both prescribed by physicians or self administered. However, evidence of benefit and safety of these supplements is usually limited or absent. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of dietary supplementation for people with ... |
t8 | t8_2 | yes | People have attacks of painful, warm and swollen joints, often at the big toe. | People have attacks of painless, warm and swollen joints, often at the big toe. | Dietary supplements are frequently used for the treatment of several medical conditions, both prescribed by physicians or self administered. However, evidence of benefit and safety of these supplements is usually limited or absent. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of dietary supplementation for people with ... |
t8 | t8_3 | yes | Some people develop large accumulations of crystal just beneath the skin known as tophi. | Some people develop small accumulations of crystal just beneath the skin known as tophi. | Dietary supplements are frequently used for the treatment of several medical conditions, both prescribed by physicians or self administered. However, evidence of benefit and safety of these supplements is usually limited or absent. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of dietary supplementation for people with ... |
t8 | t8_4 | yes | Cure can be achieved if uric acid levels in blood return to normal for a prolonged time, making the crystal deposits dissolve. | Cure can be achieved if uric acid levels in blood return to abnormal for a prolonged time, making the crystal deposits dissolve. | Dietary supplements are frequently used for the treatment of several medical conditions, both prescribed by physicians or self administered. However, evidence of benefit and safety of these supplements is usually limited or absent. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of dietary supplementation for people with ... |
t8 | t8_5 | no | Dietary supplements are preparations such as vitamins, essential minerals, prebiotics, etc. | Dietary supplements are preparations such as vitamins, essential minerals, antibiotics, etc. | Dietary supplements are frequently used for the treatment of several medical conditions, both prescribed by physicians or self administered. However, evidence of benefit and safety of these supplements is usually limited or absent. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of dietary supplementation for people with ... |
t8 | t8_6 | no | Few studies evaluate their benefits and some might not be free of harm. | Few studies evaluate their benefits and some might be free of harm. | Dietary supplements are frequently used for the treatment of several medical conditions, both prescribed by physicians or self administered. However, evidence of benefit and safety of these supplements is usually limited or absent. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of dietary supplementation for people with ... |
t8 | t8_7 | no | The first study (120 participants) compared enriched skim milk powder (with peptides with probable anti‐inflammatory effect) to standard skim milk and to lactose powder, and the second study (40 participants) compared vitamin C with allopurinol. | The first study (150 participants) compared enriched skim milk powder (with peptides with probable anti‐inflammatory effect) to standard skim milk and to lactose powder, and the second study (40 participants) compared vitamin C with allopurinol. | Dietary supplements are frequently used for the treatment of several medical conditions, both prescribed by physicians or self administered. However, evidence of benefit and safety of these supplements is usually limited or absent. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of dietary supplementation for people with ... |
t8 | t8_8 | no | In the first study, the enriched milk aimed to reduce the frequency of gout attacks, while in the second study the vitamin C aimed to reduce the uric acid levels in blood. | In the first study, the enriched milk aimed to increase the frequency of gout attacks, while in the second study the vitamin C aimed to reduce the uric acid levels in blood. | Dietary supplements are frequently used for the treatment of several medical conditions, both prescribed by physicians or self administered. However, evidence of benefit and safety of these supplements is usually limited or absent. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of dietary supplementation for people with ... |
t8 | t8_9 | no | People with gout enrolled in both studies were predominantly middle‐aged men; in the skim milk study, participants with gout appeared severe as they had very frequent attacks and 20% to 43% presented with tophi, while in the vitamin C study, participants appeared similar to ordinary participants with gout. | People with gout enrolled in both studies were predominantly middle‐aged men; in the skim milk study, participants with gout appeared severe as they had very frequent attacks and 25% to 50% presented with tophi, while in the vitamin C study, participants appeared similar to ordinary participants with gout. | Dietary supplements are frequently used for the treatment of several medical conditions, both prescribed by physicians or self administered. However, evidence of benefit and safety of these supplements is usually limited or absent. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of dietary supplementation for people with ... |
t8 | t8_10 | no | Withdrawals due to adverse events 4 more people out of 100 who consumed enriched skim milk powder discontinued the supplement at three months (4% more withdrawals). | Withdrawals due to adverse events 6 more people out of 100 who consumed enriched skim milk powder discontinued the supplement at three months (6% more withdrawals). | Dietary supplements are frequently used for the treatment of several medical conditions, both prescribed by physicians or self administered. However, evidence of benefit and safety of these supplements is usually limited or absent. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of dietary supplementation for people with ... |
t8 | t8_11 | no | Pain reduction, serum uric acid (sUA) levels and physical function were uncertain. | Pain reduction, serum uric acid (sUA) levels and physical function were certain. | Dietary supplements are frequently used for the treatment of several medical conditions, both prescribed by physicians or self administered. However, evidence of benefit and safety of these supplements is usually limited or absent. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of dietary supplementation for people with ... |
t8 | t8_12 | no | Effect on tophus regression was not measured. | Effect on tophus regression was measured. | Dietary supplements are frequently used for the treatment of several medical conditions, both prescribed by physicians or self administered. However, evidence of benefit and safety of these supplements is usually limited or absent. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of dietary supplementation for people with ... |
t8 | t8_13 | no | People who consumed vitamin C showed an sUA level reduction of 0.014 mmol/L after eight weeks (or 2.8% sUA reduction). | People who consumed vitamin C showed an sUA level reduction of 0.018 mmol/L after eight weeks (or 2.8% sUA reduction). | Dietary supplements are frequently used for the treatment of several medical conditions, both prescribed by physicians or self administered. However, evidence of benefit and safety of these supplements is usually limited or absent. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of dietary supplementation for people with ... |
t8 | t8_14 | no | People who were administered allopurinol showed an sUA level reduction of 0.118 mmol/L after eight weeks (or 23.6% sUA reduction). | People who were administered allopurinol showed an sUA level reduction of 0.145 mmol/L after eight weeks (or 23.6% sUA reduction). | Dietary supplements are frequently used for the treatment of several medical conditions, both prescribed by physicians or self administered. However, evidence of benefit and safety of these supplements is usually limited or absent. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of dietary supplementation for people with ... |
t8 | t8_15 | no | There were no reports of side effects or withdrawals due to side effects in the vitamin C or allopurinol treatment groups. | There were no reports of side effects or withdrawals due to side effects in the vitamin D or allopurinol treatment groups. | Dietary supplements are frequently used for the treatment of several medical conditions, both prescribed by physicians or self administered. However, evidence of benefit and safety of these supplements is usually limited or absent. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of dietary supplementation for people with ... |
t8 | t8_16 | no | Effects of vitamin C on gout attacks, pain reduction, physical function and tophus regression were not measured. | Effects of vitamin C on gout attacks, pain increase, physical function and tophus regression were not measured. | Dietary supplements are frequently used for the treatment of several medical conditions, both prescribed by physicians or self administered. However, evidence of benefit and safety of these supplements is usually limited or absent. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of dietary supplementation for people with ... |
t8 | t8_17 | yes | We do not have precise information about side effects and complications, but possible side effects may include nausea or diarrhoea. | We do not have precise information about side effects and complications, but possible side effects may include nausea or constipation. | Dietary supplements are frequently used for the treatment of several medical conditions, both prescribed by physicians or self administered. However, evidence of benefit and safety of these supplements is usually limited or absent. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of dietary supplementation for people with ... |
t8 | t8_18 | no | Compared with the commonly used medicine allopurinol, low‐quality evidence from one study indicated the effect of vitamin C in reducing sUA levels is smaller and probably clinically unimportant. | Compared with the commonly used medicine ibuprofen, low‐quality evidence from one study indicated the effect of vitamin C in reducing sUA levels is smaller and probably clinically unimportant. | Dietary supplements are frequently used for the treatment of several medical conditions, both prescribed by physicians or self administered. However, evidence of benefit and safety of these supplements is usually limited or absent. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of dietary supplementation for people with ... |
t8 | t8_19 | no | Other possible benefits of vitamin C are uncertain, as they were not evaluated in the study. | Other possible benefits of vitamin C are uncertain, as they were evaluated in the study. | Dietary supplements are frequently used for the treatment of several medical conditions, both prescribed by physicians or self administered. However, evidence of benefit and safety of these supplements is usually limited or absent. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of dietary supplementation for people with ... |
t9 | t9_1 | no | Priapism (the prolonged painful erection of the penis) is common in males with sickle cell disease. | Priapism (the prolonged painful erection of the penis) is uncommon in males with sickle cell disease. | Sickle cell disease comprises a group of genetic haemoglobin disorders. The predominant symptom associated with sickle cell disease is pain resulting from the occlusion of small blood vessels by abnormally 'sickle‐shaped' red blood cells. There are other complications, including chronic organ damage and prolonged painf... |
t9 | t9_2 | no | The length of time priapism lasts differs for different types and so does the medical treatment for it. | The length of time priapism lasts differs for different types and so does the medical prevention for it. | Sickle cell disease comprises a group of genetic haemoglobin disorders. The predominant symptom associated with sickle cell disease is pain resulting from the occlusion of small blood vessels by abnormally 'sickle‐shaped' red blood cells. There are other complications, including chronic organ damage and prolonged painf... |
t9 | t9_3 | yes | Self‐management approaches may be helpful. | Self‐management approaches may not be helpful. | Sickle cell disease comprises a group of genetic haemoglobin disorders. The predominant symptom associated with sickle cell disease is pain resulting from the occlusion of small blood vessels by abnormally 'sickle‐shaped' red blood cells. There are other complications, including chronic organ damage and prolonged painf... |
t9 | t9_4 | no | We looked for randomised controlled trials of different treatments to find the best option. | We looked for randomised controlled trials of different treatments to avoid the best option. | Sickle cell disease comprises a group of genetic haemoglobin disorders. The predominant symptom associated with sickle cell disease is pain resulting from the occlusion of small blood vessels by abnormally 'sickle‐shaped' red blood cells. There are other complications, including chronic organ damage and prolonged painf... |
t9 | t9_5 | no | We found three trials set in Jamaica, Nigeria and the UK involving 102 people. | We found three trials set in Jamaica, Nigeria and the UK involving 150 people. | Sickle cell disease comprises a group of genetic haemoglobin disorders. The predominant symptom associated with sickle cell disease is pain resulting from the occlusion of small blood vessels by abnormally 'sickle‐shaped' red blood cells. There are other complications, including chronic organ damage and prolonged painf... |
t9 | t9_6 | no | In the trials, four different drug treatments (stilboestrol, sildenafil, ephedrine and etilefrine) were compared to placebo. | In the trials, six different drug treatments (stilboestrol, sildenafil, ephedrine and etilefrine) were compared to placebo. | Sickle cell disease comprises a group of genetic haemoglobin disorders. The predominant symptom associated with sickle cell disease is pain resulting from the occlusion of small blood vessels by abnormally 'sickle‐shaped' red blood cells. There are other complications, including chronic organ damage and prolonged painf... |
t9 | t9_7 | no | The trials all looked at whether the treatments reduced how often attacks of priapism occurred. | The trials all looked at whether the treatments increased how often attacks of priapism occurred. | Sickle cell disease comprises a group of genetic haemoglobin disorders. The predominant symptom associated with sickle cell disease is pain resulting from the occlusion of small blood vessels by abnormally 'sickle‐shaped' red blood cells. There are other complications, including chronic organ damage and prolonged painf... |
t9 | t9_8 | no | There was no difference between any of the treatments compared to placebo. | There was a significant difference between any of the treatments compared to placebo. | Sickle cell disease comprises a group of genetic haemoglobin disorders. The predominant symptom associated with sickle cell disease is pain resulting from the occlusion of small blood vessels by abnormally 'sickle‐shaped' red blood cells. There are other complications, including chronic organ damage and prolonged painf... |
t9 | t9_9 | no | Due to lack of evidence, we are not able to conclude the best treatment of priapism in sickle cell disease. | Due to lack of evidence, we are not able to conclude the worst treatment of priapism in sickle cell disease. | Sickle cell disease comprises a group of genetic haemoglobin disorders. The predominant symptom associated with sickle cell disease is pain resulting from the occlusion of small blood vessels by abnormally 'sickle‐shaped' red blood cells. There are other complications, including chronic organ damage and prolonged painf... |
t9 | t9_10 | no | We considered the quality of evidence to be low to very low as all of the trials were at risk of bias and all had low participant numbers. | We considered the quality of evidence to be low to very low as all of the trials were at risk of bias and all had high participant numbers. | Sickle cell disease comprises a group of genetic haemoglobin disorders. The predominant symptom associated with sickle cell disease is pain resulting from the occlusion of small blood vessels by abnormally 'sickle‐shaped' red blood cells. There are other complications, including chronic organ damage and prolonged painf... |
t10 | t10_1 | yes | Reducing blood pressure with drugs has been a strategy used in patients suffering from an acute event in the heart or in the brain, such as heart attack or stroke. | Increasing blood pressure with drugs has been a strategy used in patients suffering from an acute event in the heart or in the brain, such as heart attack or stroke. | Acute cardiovascular events represent a therapeutic challenge. Blood pressure lowering drugs are commonly used and recommended in the early phase of these settings. This review analyses randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence for this approach. Objectives To determine the effect of immediate and short‐term administr... |
t10 | t10_2 | yes | There is controversy whether these drugs should be used in the immediate period of these events, and what would be the best type of drug that renders the most benefit. | There is controversy whether these drugs should be used in the immediate period of these events, and what would be the worst type of drug that renders the most harm. | Acute cardiovascular events represent a therapeutic challenge. Blood pressure lowering drugs are commonly used and recommended in the early phase of these settings. This review analyses randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence for this approach. Objectives To determine the effect of immediate and short‐term administr... |
t10 | t10_3 | no | This review looked at all studies where patients were randomized to one of these drugs or placebo, in this period. | This review looked at all studies where patients were randomized to one of these vaccines or placebo, in this period. | Acute cardiovascular events represent a therapeutic challenge. Blood pressure lowering drugs are commonly used and recommended in the early phase of these settings. This review analyses randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence for this approach. Objectives To determine the effect of immediate and short‐term administr... |
t10 | t10_4 | no | One class of blood pressure lowering drug, the so‐called nitrates, demonstrated reduction in mortality in patients with heart attack. | One class of blood pressure lowering drug, the so‐called beta blockers, demonstrated reduction in mortality in patients with heart attack. | Acute cardiovascular events represent a therapeutic challenge. Blood pressure lowering drugs are commonly used and recommended in the early phase of these settings. This review analyses randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence for this approach. Objectives To determine the effect of immediate and short‐term administr... |
t10 | t10_5 | no | For 1000 patients treated 4 to 8 deaths were prevented during the first 2 days of this acute event. | For 1200 patients treated 4 to 8 deaths were prevented during the first 2 days of this acute event. | Acute cardiovascular events represent a therapeutic challenge. Blood pressure lowering drugs are commonly used and recommended in the early phase of these settings. This review analyses randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence for this approach. Objectives To determine the effect of immediate and short‐term administr... |
t10 | t10_6 | no | The ACE‐inhibitors class also decrease mortality when continued for 10 days (3 to 5 deaths prevented per 1000). | The ACE‐inhibitors class also decrease mortality when continued for 15 days (3 to 5 deaths prevented per 1000). | Acute cardiovascular events represent a therapeutic challenge. Blood pressure lowering drugs are commonly used and recommended in the early phase of these settings. This review analyses randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence for this approach. Objectives To determine the effect of immediate and short‐term administr... |
t11 | t11_1 | no | Venous leg ulcers are a common and recurring type of chronic wound. | Venous leg ulcers are a rare and recurring type of chronic wound. | Venous leg ulcers are a common and recurring type of complex wound. They can be painful, malodorous, prone to infection and slow to heal. Standard treatment includes compression therapy and a dressing. The use of protease‐modulating treatments for venous leg ulcers is increasing. These treatments are based on some evid... |
t11 | t11_2 | no | Compression therapy (bandages or stockings) is used to treat venous leg ulcers. | Compression therapy (bandages or stockings) is not used to treat venous leg ulcers. | Venous leg ulcers are a common and recurring type of complex wound. They can be painful, malodorous, prone to infection and slow to heal. Standard treatment includes compression therapy and a dressing. The use of protease‐modulating treatments for venous leg ulcers is increasing. These treatments are based on some evid... |
t11 | t11_3 | yes | Dressings which aim to protect the wound and provide an environment that will help it to heal are used underneath compression. | Dressings which aim to protect the wound and provide an environment that will hinder it to heal are used underneath compression. | Venous leg ulcers are a common and recurring type of complex wound. They can be painful, malodorous, prone to infection and slow to heal. Standard treatment includes compression therapy and a dressing. The use of protease‐modulating treatments for venous leg ulcers is increasing. These treatments are based on some evid... |
t11 | t11_4 | no | Protease‐modulating dressings are one of several types of dressing available. | Protease‐modulating dressings are not one of several types of dressing available. | Venous leg ulcers are a common and recurring type of complex wound. They can be painful, malodorous, prone to infection and slow to heal. Standard treatment includes compression therapy and a dressing. The use of protease‐modulating treatments for venous leg ulcers is increasing. These treatments are based on some evid... |
t11 | t11_5 | no | Wounds that are slower to heal are thought to have higher levels of proteases (enzymes that break down proteins). | Wounds that are slower to heal are thought to have lower levels of proteases (enzymes that break down proteins). | Venous leg ulcers are a common and recurring type of complex wound. They can be painful, malodorous, prone to infection and slow to heal. Standard treatment includes compression therapy and a dressing. The use of protease‐modulating treatments for venous leg ulcers is increasing. These treatments are based on some evid... |
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