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t11 | t11_6 | no | Protease‐modulating dressings are designed to lower protease activity and help wounds to heal. | Protease‐modulating dressings are designed to increase protease activity and help wounds to heal. | Venous leg ulcers are a common and recurring type of complex wound. They can be painful, malodorous, prone to infection and slow to heal. Standard treatment includes compression therapy and a dressing. The use of protease‐modulating treatments for venous leg ulcers is increasing. These treatments are based on some evid... |
t11 | t11_7 | no | A test to detect high levels of protease activity has also been introduced. | A test to detect low levels of protease activity has also been introduced. | Venous leg ulcers are a common and recurring type of complex wound. They can be painful, malodorous, prone to infection and slow to heal. Standard treatment includes compression therapy and a dressing. The use of protease‐modulating treatments for venous leg ulcers is increasing. These treatments are based on some evid... |
t11 | t11_8 | no | A 'test and treat' strategy involves testing for elevated proteases and then using protease‐modulating treatments in ulcers which show elevated protease levels. | A 'test and treat' strategy involves testing for elevated proteases and then avoiding protease‐modulating treatments in ulcers which show elevated protease levels. | Venous leg ulcers are a common and recurring type of complex wound. They can be painful, malodorous, prone to infection and slow to heal. Standard treatment includes compression therapy and a dressing. The use of protease‐modulating treatments for venous leg ulcers is increasing. These treatments are based on some evid... |
t11 | t11_9 | no | It is important to know if using both the test and the treatment together can improve healing of leg ulcers. | It is important to know if using both the test and the treatment together can worsen healing of leg ulcers. | Venous leg ulcers are a common and recurring type of complex wound. They can be painful, malodorous, prone to infection and slow to heal. Standard treatment includes compression therapy and a dressing. The use of protease‐modulating treatments for venous leg ulcers is increasing. These treatments are based on some evid... |
t11 | t11_10 | no | What we found In January 2016 we searched for as many relevant studies as possible that were randomised controlled trials, and which compared a 'test and treat' strategy with another treatment in people with venous leg ulcers. | What we found In January 2020 we searched for as many relevant studies as possible that were randomised controlled trials, and which compared a 'test and treat' strategy with another treatment in people with venous leg ulcers. | Venous leg ulcers are a common and recurring type of complex wound. They can be painful, malodorous, prone to infection and slow to heal. Standard treatment includes compression therapy and a dressing. The use of protease‐modulating treatments for venous leg ulcers is increasing. These treatments are based on some evid... |
t11 | t11_11 | no | We did not find any eligible randomised studies. | We did not find any eligible observational studies. | Venous leg ulcers are a common and recurring type of complex wound. They can be painful, malodorous, prone to infection and slow to heal. Standard treatment includes compression therapy and a dressing. The use of protease‐modulating treatments for venous leg ulcers is increasing. These treatments are based on some evid... |
t11 | t11_12 | no | We found one ongoing study which might be relevant but could not obtain any more information on this. | We found three ongoing studies which might be relevant but could not obtain any more information on this. | Venous leg ulcers are a common and recurring type of complex wound. They can be painful, malodorous, prone to infection and slow to heal. Standard treatment includes compression therapy and a dressing. The use of protease‐modulating treatments for venous leg ulcers is increasing. These treatments are based on some evid... |
t11 | t11_13 | yes | Research is still needed to find out if it is helpful to test venous leg ulcers for high levels of protease activity and then treat high levels using protease‐modulating treatments. | Research is still needed to find out if it is helpful to test venous leg ulcers for low levels of protease activity and then treat high levels using protease‐modulating treatments. | Venous leg ulcers are a common and recurring type of complex wound. They can be painful, malodorous, prone to infection and slow to heal. Standard treatment includes compression therapy and a dressing. The use of protease‐modulating treatments for venous leg ulcers is increasing. These treatments are based on some evid... |
t11 | t11_14 | no | This review is part of a set of reviews investigating different aspects of using protease‐modulating treatments in people with venous leg ulcers. | This review is part of a set of reviews investigating different aspects of using protease‐modulating treatments in people without venous leg ulcers. | Venous leg ulcers are a common and recurring type of complex wound. They can be painful, malodorous, prone to infection and slow to heal. Standard treatment includes compression therapy and a dressing. The use of protease‐modulating treatments for venous leg ulcers is increasing. These treatments are based on some evid... |
t12 | t12_1 | no | LBP is very common. | LBP is not very common. | Low‐back pain (LBP) is one of the most common and costly musculoskeletal problems in modern society. It is experienced by 70% to 80% of adults at some time in their lives. Massage therapy has the potential to minimize pain and speed return to normal function. Objectives To assess the effects of massage therapy for peop... |
t12 | t12_2 | yes | While most back pain gets better without medical treatment, about 10% of cases lasts for three months or more. | While most back pain gets better without medical treatment, about 15% of cases lasts for three months or more. | Low‐back pain (LBP) is one of the most common and costly musculoskeletal problems in modern society. It is experienced by 70% to 80% of adults at some time in their lives. Massage therapy has the potential to minimize pain and speed return to normal function. Objectives To assess the effects of massage therapy for peop... |
t12 | t12_3 | yes | There are many therapies that are used to treat the pain, and improve the lives of individuals with back pain. | There are many therapies that are used to treat the pain, and worsen the lives of individuals with back pain. | Low‐back pain (LBP) is one of the most common and costly musculoskeletal problems in modern society. It is experienced by 70% to 80% of adults at some time in their lives. Massage therapy has the potential to minimize pain and speed return to normal function. Objectives To assess the effects of massage therapy for peop... |
t12 | t12_4 | no | Massage is one of these treatments. | Massage is not one of these treatments. | Low‐back pain (LBP) is one of the most common and costly musculoskeletal problems in modern society. It is experienced by 70% to 80% of adults at some time in their lives. Massage therapy has the potential to minimize pain and speed return to normal function. Objectives To assess the effects of massage therapy for peop... |
t12 | t12_5 | no | In total we included 25 RCTs and 3096 participants in this review update. | In total we included 30 RCTs and 3096 participants in this review update. | Low‐back pain (LBP) is one of the most common and costly musculoskeletal problems in modern society. It is experienced by 70% to 80% of adults at some time in their lives. Massage therapy has the potential to minimize pain and speed return to normal function. Objectives To assess the effects of massage therapy for peop... |
t12 | t12_6 | no | Only one trial included patients with acute LBP (pain duration less than four weeks), while all the others included patients with sub‐acute (four to 12 weeks) or chronic LBP (12 weeks or longer). | Only one trial included patients with acute LBP (pain duration less than six weeks), while all the others included patients with sub‐acute (four to 12 weeks) or chronic LBP (12 weeks or longer). | Low‐back pain (LBP) is one of the most common and costly musculoskeletal problems in modern society. It is experienced by 70% to 80% of adults at some time in their lives. Massage therapy has the potential to minimize pain and speed return to normal function. Objectives To assess the effects of massage therapy for peop... |
t12 | t12_7 | no | In three studies, massage was applied using a mechanical device (such as a metal bar to increase the compression to the skin or a vibrating instrument), and in the remaining trials it was done using the hands. | In five studies, massage was applied using a mechanical device (such as a metal bar to increase the compression to the skin or a vibrating instrument), and in the remaining trials it was done using the hands. | Low‐back pain (LBP) is one of the most common and costly musculoskeletal problems in modern society. It is experienced by 70% to 80% of adults at some time in their lives. Massage therapy has the potential to minimize pain and speed return to normal function. Objectives To assess the effects of massage therapy for peop... |
t12 | t12_8 | yes | Pain intensity and quality were the most common outcomes measured in these studies, followed by back‐related function, such as walking, sleeping, bending and lifting weights. | Pain intensity and quality were the most common outcomes measured in these studies, followed by back‐related function, such as running, sleeping, bending and lifting weights. | Low‐back pain (LBP) is one of the most common and costly musculoskeletal problems in modern society. It is experienced by 70% to 80% of adults at some time in their lives. Massage therapy has the potential to minimize pain and speed return to normal function. Objectives To assess the effects of massage therapy for peop... |
t12 | t12_9 | yes | Study funding sources Seven studies did not report the sources of funding, Sixteen studies were funded by not‐for‐profit organizations. | Study funding sources Seven studies did not report the sources of funding, Twenty studies were funded by not‐for‐profit organizations. | Low‐back pain (LBP) is one of the most common and costly musculoskeletal problems in modern society. It is experienced by 70% to 80% of adults at some time in their lives. Massage therapy has the potential to minimize pain and speed return to normal function. Objectives To assess the effects of massage therapy for peop... |
t12 | t12_10 | yes | One study reported not receiving any funding, and one study was funded by a College of Massage Therapists. | One study reported not receiving any funding, and one study was funded by a University of Massage Therapists. | Low‐back pain (LBP) is one of the most common and costly musculoskeletal problems in modern society. It is experienced by 70% to 80% of adults at some time in their lives. Massage therapy has the potential to minimize pain and speed return to normal function. Objectives To assess the effects of massage therapy for peop... |
t12 | t12_11 | yes | There were eight studies comparing massage to interventions that are not expected to improve outcomes (inactive controls) and 13 studies comparing massage to other interventions expected to improve outcomes (active controls). | There were ten studies comparing massage to interventions that are not expected to improve outcomes (inactive controls) and 13 studies comparing massage to other interventions expected to improve outcomes (active controls). | Low‐back pain (LBP) is one of the most common and costly musculoskeletal problems in modern society. It is experienced by 70% to 80% of adults at some time in their lives. Massage therapy has the potential to minimize pain and speed return to normal function. Objectives To assess the effects of massage therapy for peop... |
t12 | t12_12 | no | Massage was better than inactive controls for pain and function in the short‐term, but not in the long‐term follow‐up. | Massage was worse than inactive controls for pain and function in the short‐term, but not in the long‐term follow‐up. | Low‐back pain (LBP) is one of the most common and costly musculoskeletal problems in modern society. It is experienced by 70% to 80% of adults at some time in their lives. Massage therapy has the potential to minimize pain and speed return to normal function. Objectives To assess the effects of massage therapy for peop... |
t12 | t12_13 | no | Massage was better than active controls for pain both in the short and long‐term follow‐ups, but we found no differences for function, either in the short or long‐term follow‐ups. | Massage was worse than active controls for pain both in the short and long‐term follow‐ups, but we found no differences for function, either in the short or long‐term follow‐ups. | Low‐back pain (LBP) is one of the most common and costly musculoskeletal problems in modern society. It is experienced by 70% to 80% of adults at some time in their lives. Massage therapy has the potential to minimize pain and speed return to normal function. Objectives To assess the effects of massage therapy for peop... |
t12 | t12_14 | no | There were no reports of serious adverse events in any of these trials. | There were no reports of serious beneficial events in any of these trials. | Low‐back pain (LBP) is one of the most common and costly musculoskeletal problems in modern society. It is experienced by 70% to 80% of adults at some time in their lives. Massage therapy has the potential to minimize pain and speed return to normal function. Objectives To assess the effects of massage therapy for peop... |
t12 | t12_15 | no | The most common adverse events were increased pain intensity in 1.5% to 25% of the participants. | The most common adverse events were increased pain intensity in 2% to 30% of the participants. | Low‐back pain (LBP) is one of the most common and costly musculoskeletal problems in modern society. It is experienced by 70% to 80% of adults at some time in their lives. Massage therapy has the potential to minimize pain and speed return to normal function. Objectives To assess the effects of massage therapy for peop... |
t13 | t13_1 | yes | Individuals with mildly elevated blood pressures, but no previous cardiovascular events, make up the majority of those considered for and receiving antihypertensive therapy. | Individuals with mildly elevated blood pressures, but no previous cardiovascular events, make up the minority of those considered for and receiving antihypertensive therapy. | People with no previous cardiovascular events or cardiovascular disease represent a primary prevention population. The benefits and harms of treating mild hypertension in primary prevention patients are not known at present. This review examines the existing randomised controlled trial (RCT) evidence. Objectives Primar... |
t13 | t13_2 | yes | The decision to treat this population has important consequences for both the patients (e.g. adverse drug effects, lifetime of drug therapy, cost of treatment, etc.) and any third party payer (e.g. high cost of drugs, physician services, laboratory tests, etc.). | The decision to treat this population has important consequences for both the patients (e.g. adverse drug effects, lifetime of drug therapy, cost of treatment, etc.) and any third party payer (e.g. low cost of drugs, physician services, laboratory tests, etc.). | People with no previous cardiovascular events or cardiovascular disease represent a primary prevention population. The benefits and harms of treating mild hypertension in primary prevention patients are not known at present. This review examines the existing randomised controlled trial (RCT) evidence. Objectives Primar... |
t13 | t13_3 | no | In this review, existing evidence comparing the health outcomes between treated and untreated individuals are summarized. | In this review, existing evidence comparing the health outcomes between treated and untreated populations are summarized. | People with no previous cardiovascular events or cardiovascular disease represent a primary prevention population. The benefits and harms of treating mild hypertension in primary prevention patients are not known at present. This review examines the existing randomised controlled trial (RCT) evidence. Objectives Primar... |
t13 | t13_4 | no | Available data from the limited number of available trials and participants showed no difference between treated and untreated individuals in heart attack, stroke, and death. | Available data from the limited number of available trials and participants showed no difference between treated and untreated individuals in heart attack, stroke, and survival. | People with no previous cardiovascular events or cardiovascular disease represent a primary prevention population. The benefits and harms of treating mild hypertension in primary prevention patients are not known at present. This review examines the existing randomised controlled trial (RCT) evidence. Objectives Primar... |
t13 | t13_5 | no | About 9% of patients treated with drugs discontinued treatment due to adverse effects. | About 15% of patients treated with drugs discontinued treatment due to adverse effects. | People with no previous cardiovascular events or cardiovascular disease represent a primary prevention population. The benefits and harms of treating mild hypertension in primary prevention patients are not known at present. This review examines the existing randomised controlled trial (RCT) evidence. Objectives Primar... |
t13 | t13_6 | no | Therefore, the benefits and harms of antihypertensive drug therapy in this population need to be investigated by further research. | Therefore, the benefits and harms of antihypertensive drug therapy in this population do not need to be investigated by further research. | People with no previous cardiovascular events or cardiovascular disease represent a primary prevention population. The benefits and harms of treating mild hypertension in primary prevention patients are not known at present. This review examines the existing randomised controlled trial (RCT) evidence. Objectives Primar... |
t14 | t14_1 | yes | Depression affects 350 million people worldwide, impacting on quality of life, work, relationships and physical health. | Depression affects 420 million people worldwide, impacting on quality of life, work, relationships and physical health. | Depression is a debilitating condition affecting more than 350 million people worldwide ( WHO 2012 ) with a limited number of evidence‐based treatments. Drug treatments may be inappropriate due to side effects and cost, and not everyone can use talking therapies.There is a need for evidence‐based treatments that can be... |
t14 | t14_2 | no | Medication and talking therapies are not always suitable or available. | Medication and talking therapies are not never suitable or available. | Depression is a debilitating condition affecting more than 350 million people worldwide ( WHO 2012 ) with a limited number of evidence‐based treatments. Drug treatments may be inappropriate due to side effects and cost, and not everyone can use talking therapies.There is a need for evidence‐based treatments that can be... |
t14 | t14_3 | yes | Dance movement therapy (DMT) uses bodily movements to explore and express emotions with groups or individuals. | Dance movement therapy (DMT) uses bodily movements to suppress and express emotions with groups or individuals. | Depression is a debilitating condition affecting more than 350 million people worldwide ( WHO 2012 ) with a limited number of evidence‐based treatments. Drug treatments may be inappropriate due to side effects and cost, and not everyone can use talking therapies.There is a need for evidence‐based treatments that can be... |
t14 | t14_4 | yes | This is the first review of the effectiveness of DMT for depression and will add to the evidence base regarding depression treatments. | This is the first review of the effectiveness of LSD for depression and will add to the evidence base regarding depression treatments. | Depression is a debilitating condition affecting more than 350 million people worldwide ( WHO 2012 ) with a limited number of evidence‐based treatments. Drug treatments may be inappropriate due to side effects and cost, and not everyone can use talking therapies.There is a need for evidence‐based treatments that can be... |
t14 | t14_5 | no | Databases were searched for all published and unpublished randomised controlled studies of DMT for depression up to October 2014, with participants of any age, gender or ethnicity. | Databases were searched for all published and unpublished randomised controlled studies of DMT for depression up to October 2020, with participants of any age, gender or ethnicity. | Depression is a debilitating condition affecting more than 350 million people worldwide ( WHO 2012 ) with a limited number of evidence‐based treatments. Drug treatments may be inappropriate due to side effects and cost, and not everyone can use talking therapies.There is a need for evidence‐based treatments that can be... |
t14 | t14_6 | no | Three studies (147 participants) met inclusion criteria: two of adults (men and women); and one of adolescents (females only). | Four studies (147 participants) met inclusion criteria: two of adults (men and women); and one of adolescents (females only). | Depression is a debilitating condition affecting more than 350 million people worldwide ( WHO 2012 ) with a limited number of evidence‐based treatments. Drug treatments may be inappropriate due to side effects and cost, and not everyone can use talking therapies.There is a need for evidence‐based treatments that can be... |
t14 | t14_7 | no | Due to the low number of studies and low quality of evidence, it was not possible to draw firm conclusions about the effectiveness of DMT for depression. | Due to the low number of studies and low quality of evidence, it was not possible to draw firm conclusions about the effectiveness of CBT for depression. | Depression is a debilitating condition affecting more than 350 million people worldwide ( WHO 2012 ) with a limited number of evidence‐based treatments. Drug treatments may be inappropriate due to side effects and cost, and not everyone can use talking therapies.There is a need for evidence‐based treatments that can be... |
t14 | t14_8 | yes | It was not possible to compare DMT with medication, talking therapies, physical treatments or to compare types of DMT due to lack of available evidence. | It was not possible to compare DMT with medication, talking therapies, physical treatments or to compare types of SSRIs due to lack of available evidence. | Depression is a debilitating condition affecting more than 350 million people worldwide ( WHO 2012 ) with a limited number of evidence‐based treatments. Drug treatments may be inappropriate due to side effects and cost, and not everyone can use talking therapies.There is a need for evidence‐based treatments that can be... |
t14 | t14_9 | no | Overall, there is no evidence for or against DMT as a treatment for depression. | Overall, there is no evidence for or against LSD as a treatment for depression. | Depression is a debilitating condition affecting more than 350 million people worldwide ( WHO 2012 ) with a limited number of evidence‐based treatments. Drug treatments may be inappropriate due to side effects and cost, and not everyone can use talking therapies.There is a need for evidence‐based treatments that can be... |
t14 | t14_10 | no | There is some evidence to suggest DMT is more effective than standard care for adults, but this was not clinically significant. | There is some evidence to suggest LSD is more effective than standard care for adults, but this was not clinically significant. | Depression is a debilitating condition affecting more than 350 million people worldwide ( WHO 2012 ) with a limited number of evidence‐based treatments. Drug treatments may be inappropriate due to side effects and cost, and not everyone can use talking therapies.There is a need for evidence‐based treatments that can be... |
t14 | t14_11 | yes | DMT is no more effective than standard care for young people. | DMT is no less effective than standard care for young people. | Depression is a debilitating condition affecting more than 350 million people worldwide ( WHO 2012 ) with a limited number of evidence‐based treatments. Drug treatments may be inappropriate due to side effects and cost, and not everyone can use talking therapies.There is a need for evidence‐based treatments that can be... |
t14 | t14_12 | no | Evidence from just one study of low methodological quality suggested that drop‐out rates from the DMT group were not significant, and there is no reliable effect in either direction for quality of life or self esteem. | Evidence from just one study of low methodological quality suggested that drop‐out rates from the CBT group were not significant, and there is no reliable effect in either direction for quality of life or self esteem. | Depression is a debilitating condition affecting more than 350 million people worldwide ( WHO 2012 ) with a limited number of evidence‐based treatments. Drug treatments may be inappropriate due to side effects and cost, and not everyone can use talking therapies.There is a need for evidence‐based treatments that can be... |
t14 | t14_13 | no | A large positive effect was observed for social functioning, but since this was from one study of low methodological quality the result is imprecise. | A large positive effect was observed for social functioning, but since this was from one study of high methodological quality the result is imprecise. | Depression is a debilitating condition affecting more than 350 million people worldwide ( WHO 2012 ) with a limited number of evidence‐based treatments. Drug treatments may be inappropriate due to side effects and cost, and not everyone can use talking therapies.There is a need for evidence‐based treatments that can be... |
t15 | t15_1 | no | The aim of this Cochrane Review is to find out whether certain antibiotics are more effective in treating scrub typhus. | The aim of this Cochrane Review is to find out whether certain antivirals are more effective in treating scrub typhus. | Scrub typhus, an important cause of acute fever in Asia, is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium. Antibiotics currently used to treat scrub typhus include tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and rifampicin. Objectives To assess and compare the effects of different antibiotic r... |
t15 | t15_2 | no | We collected and analysed all relevant studies to answer this question and included seven studies. | We collected and analysed all relevant studies to answer this question and included ten studies. | Scrub typhus, an important cause of acute fever in Asia, is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium. Antibiotics currently used to treat scrub typhus include tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and rifampicin. Objectives To assess and compare the effects of different antibiotic r... |
t15 | t15_3 | no | Tetracycline, doxycycline, azithromycin, and rifampicin are effective antibiotics for scrub typhus treatment that have led to few treatment failures. | Tetracycline, doxycycline, azithromycin, and amoxicillin are effective antibiotics for scrub typhus treatment that have led to few treatment failures. | Scrub typhus, an important cause of acute fever in Asia, is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium. Antibiotics currently used to treat scrub typhus include tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and rifampicin. Objectives To assess and compare the effects of different antibiotic r... |
t15 | t15_4 | no | For specific outcomes, some low‐certainty evidence suggests there may be little or no difference between tetracycline, doxycycline, and azithromycin. | For specific outcomes, some low‐certainty evidence suggests there may be little or no difference between tetracycline, amoxicillin, and azithromycin. | Scrub typhus, an important cause of acute fever in Asia, is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium. Antibiotics currently used to treat scrub typhus include tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and rifampicin. Objectives To assess and compare the effects of different antibiotic r... |
t15 | t15_5 | no | Healthcare workers should not use rifampicin as a first‐line treatment. | Healthcare workers should not use amoxicillin as a first‐line treatment. | Scrub typhus, an important cause of acute fever in Asia, is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium. Antibiotics currently used to treat scrub typhus include tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and rifampicin. Objectives To assess and compare the effects of different antibiotic r... |
t15 | t15_6 | no | Researchers should standardize the way they diagnose and assess scrub typhus. | Researchers should standardize the way they diagnose and assess dengue fever. | Scrub typhus, an important cause of acute fever in Asia, is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium. Antibiotics currently used to treat scrub typhus include tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and rifampicin. Objectives To assess and compare the effects of different antibiotic r... |
t15 | t15_7 | no | Scrub typhus is an important cause of fever in Asia. | Scrub typhus is not an important cause of fever in Asia. | Scrub typhus, an important cause of acute fever in Asia, is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium. Antibiotics currently used to treat scrub typhus include tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and rifampicin. Objectives To assess and compare the effects of different antibiotic r... |
t15 | t15_8 | no | We studied people with scrub typhus diagnosed by health professionals and confirmed by laboratory tests. | We studied people with scrub typhus diagnosed by health professionals and denied by laboratory tests. | Scrub typhus, an important cause of acute fever in Asia, is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium. Antibiotics currently used to treat scrub typhus include tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and rifampicin. Objectives To assess and compare the effects of different antibiotic r... |
t15 | t15_9 | no | We compared different antibiotic treatments. | We contrasted different antibiotic treatments. | Scrub typhus, an important cause of acute fever in Asia, is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium. Antibiotics currently used to treat scrub typhus include tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and rifampicin. Objectives To assess and compare the effects of different antibiotic r... |
t15 | t15_10 | no | We looked at whether choice of antibiotic made a difference in the number of people who experienced failed treatment, and we determined the proportions who had resolution of fever at 48 hours. | We looked at whether choice of antibiotic made a difference in the number of people who experienced failed treatment, and we determined the proportions who had resolution of fever at 72 hours. | Scrub typhus, an important cause of acute fever in Asia, is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium. Antibiotics currently used to treat scrub typhus include tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and rifampicin. Objectives To assess and compare the effects of different antibiotic r... |
t15 | t15_11 | no | We found seven relevant studies. | We found nine relevant studies. | Scrub typhus, an important cause of acute fever in Asia, is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium. Antibiotics currently used to treat scrub typhus include tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and rifampicin. Objectives To assess and compare the effects of different antibiotic r... |
t15 | t15_12 | no | Only one study included children younger than 15 years. | Only one study included children younger than 10 years. | Scrub typhus, an important cause of acute fever in Asia, is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium. Antibiotics currently used to treat scrub typhus include tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and rifampicin. Objectives To assess and compare the effects of different antibiotic r... |
t15 | t15_13 | no | We are uncertain whether doxycycline compared to tetracycline affects treatment failure, as the certainty of the evidence is very low. | We are uncertain whether doxycycline compared to amoxicillin affects treatment failure, as the certainty of the evidence is very low. | Scrub typhus, an important cause of acute fever in Asia, is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium. Antibiotics currently used to treat scrub typhus include tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and rifampicin. Objectives To assess and compare the effects of different antibiotic r... |
t15 | t15_14 | no | Studies looked at resolution of fever within five days. | Studies looked at resolution of fever within seven days. | Scrub typhus, an important cause of acute fever in Asia, is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium. Antibiotics currently used to treat scrub typhus include tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and rifampicin. Objectives To assess and compare the effects of different antibiotic r... |
t15 | t15_15 | no | Doxycycline compared to tetracycline may make little or no difference in the proportion of patients with resolution of fever within 48 hours and in time to defervescence. | Minocycline compared to tetracycline may make little or no difference in the proportion of patients with resolution of fever within 48 hours and in time to defervescence. | Scrub typhus, an important cause of acute fever in Asia, is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium. Antibiotics currently used to treat scrub typhus include tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and rifampicin. Objectives To assess and compare the effects of different antibiotic r... |
t15 | t15_16 | yes | Studies did not formally report serious adverse events. | Studies formally reported serious adverse events. | Scrub typhus, an important cause of acute fever in Asia, is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium. Antibiotics currently used to treat scrub typhus include tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and rifampicin. Objectives To assess and compare the effects of different antibiotic r... |
t15 | t15_17 | no | We are uncertain whether macrolides compared to doxycycline affect treatment failure, resolution of fever within five days, time to defervescence, or serious adverse events, as the certainty of the evidence is very low. | We are uncertain whether macrolides compared to doxycycline affect treatment failure, resolution of fever within seven days, time to defervescence, or serious adverse events, as the certainty of the evidence is very low. | Scrub typhus, an important cause of acute fever in Asia, is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium. Antibiotics currently used to treat scrub typhus include tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and rifampicin. Objectives To assess and compare the effects of different antibiotic r... |
t15 | t15_18 | no | Macrolides compared to doxycycline may make little or no difference in the proportion of patients with resolution of fever within five days. | Macrolides compared to doxycycline may make little or no difference in the proportion of patients with resolution of fever within seven days. | Scrub typhus, an important cause of acute fever in Asia, is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium. Antibiotics currently used to treat scrub typhus include tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and rifampicin. Objectives To assess and compare the effects of different antibiotic r... |
t15 | t15_19 | no | We are uncertain whether rifampicin compared to doxycycline affects treatment failure, proportion of patients with resolution of fever within 48 hours, or time to defervescence, as the certainty of evidence is very low. | We are uncertain whether rifampicin compared to azithromycin affects treatment failure, proportion of patients with resolution of fever within 48 hours, or time to defervescence, as the certainty of evidence is very low. | Scrub typhus, an important cause of acute fever in Asia, is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium. Antibiotics currently used to treat scrub typhus include tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and rifampicin. Objectives To assess and compare the effects of different antibiotic r... |
t16 | t16_1 | no | We reviewed the evidence on the effects of dietary interventions on pain in children aged between five and 18 years with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP). | We reviewed the evidence on the effects of dietary interventions on pain in children aged between seven and 18 years with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP). | This is an update of the original Cochrane review, last published in 2009 (Huertas‐Ceballos 2009). Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), including children with irritable bowel syndrome, is a common problem affecting between 4% and 25% of school‐aged children. For the majority of such children, no organic cause for their pai... |
t16 | t16_2 | yes | Recurrent abdominal pain, or RAP, is a term used for unexplained episodes of stomachache or abdominal pain in children. | Recurrent abdominal pain, or RAP, is a term used for explained episodes of stomachache or abdominal pain in children. | This is an update of the original Cochrane review, last published in 2009 (Huertas‐Ceballos 2009). Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), including children with irritable bowel syndrome, is a common problem affecting between 4% and 25% of school‐aged children. For the majority of such children, no organic cause for their pai... |
t16 | t16_3 | yes | Recurrent abdominal pain is a common condition, and most children are likely to be helped by simple measures. | Recurrent abdominal pain is a rare condition, and most children are likely to be helped by simple measures. | This is an update of the original Cochrane review, last published in 2009 (Huertas‐Ceballos 2009). Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), including children with irritable bowel syndrome, is a common problem affecting between 4% and 25% of school‐aged children. For the majority of such children, no organic cause for their pai... |
t16 | t16_4 | yes | However, a range of treatments have been recommended to relieve abdominal pain, including making changes to the child's eating habits by adding supplements or excluding certain foods. | However, a range of treatments have been recommended to relieve abdominal pain, including making changes to the child's eating habits by adding medications or excluding certain foods. | This is an update of the original Cochrane review, last published in 2009 (Huertas‐Ceballos 2009). Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), including children with irritable bowel syndrome, is a common problem affecting between 4% and 25% of school‐aged children. For the majority of such children, no organic cause for their pai... |
t16 | t16_5 | no | Nineteen studies met our inclusion criteria, including 13 studies of probiotics and four studies of fibre interventions. | Twenty-five studies met our inclusion criteria, including 13 studies of probiotics and four studies of fibre interventions. | This is an update of the original Cochrane review, last published in 2009 (Huertas‐Ceballos 2009). Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), including children with irritable bowel syndrome, is a common problem affecting between 4% and 25% of school‐aged children. For the majority of such children, no organic cause for their pai... |
t16 | t16_6 | no | We also found one study of a diet low in substances known as FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols) and one study of a fructose‐restricted diet. | We also found one study of a diet low in substances known as FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols) and two studies of a fructose‐restricted diet. | This is an update of the original Cochrane review, last published in 2009 (Huertas‐Ceballos 2009). Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), including children with irritable bowel syndrome, is a common problem affecting between 4% and 25% of school‐aged children. For the majority of such children, no organic cause for their pai... |
t16 | t16_7 | no | All of the studies compared dietary interventions to a placebo or control. | None of the studies compared dietary interventions to a placebo or control. | This is an update of the original Cochrane review, last published in 2009 (Huertas‐Ceballos 2009). Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), including children with irritable bowel syndrome, is a common problem affecting between 4% and 25% of school‐aged children. For the majority of such children, no organic cause for their pai... |
t16 | t16_8 | no | The trials were carried out in eight countries and included a total of 1453 participants, aged between five and 18 years. | The trials were carried out in eight countries and included a total of 1620 participants, aged between five and 18 years. | This is an update of the original Cochrane review, last published in 2009 (Huertas‐Ceballos 2009). Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), including children with irritable bowel syndrome, is a common problem affecting between 4% and 25% of school‐aged children. For the majority of such children, no organic cause for their pai... |
t16 | t16_9 | yes | Most children were recruited from outpatient clinics. | Most children were not recruited from outpatient clinics. | This is an update of the original Cochrane review, last published in 2009 (Huertas‐Ceballos 2009). Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), including children with irritable bowel syndrome, is a common problem affecting between 4% and 25% of school‐aged children. For the majority of such children, no organic cause for their pai... |
t16 | t16_10 | yes | Most interventions lasted four to six weeks. | Most interventions lasted eight to ten weeks. | This is an update of the original Cochrane review, last published in 2009 (Huertas‐Ceballos 2009). Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), including children with irritable bowel syndrome, is a common problem affecting between 4% and 25% of school‐aged children. For the majority of such children, no organic cause for their pai... |
t16 | t16_11 | no | Probiotics We found evidence from 13 studies suggesting that probiotics might be effective in improving pain in the shorter term. | We found evidence from 18 studies suggesting that probiotics might be effective in improving pain in the shorter term. | This is an update of the original Cochrane review, last published in 2009 (Huertas‐Ceballos 2009). Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), including children with irritable bowel syndrome, is a common problem affecting between 4% and 25% of school‐aged children. For the majority of such children, no organic cause for their pai... |
t16 | t16_12 | no | Most studies did not report on other areas such as quality of daily life. | Most studies did not report on other areas such as quality of monthly life. | This is an update of the original Cochrane review, last published in 2009 (Huertas‐Ceballos 2009). Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), including children with irritable bowel syndrome, is a common problem affecting between 4% and 25% of school‐aged children. For the majority of such children, no organic cause for their pai... |
t16 | t16_13 | no | We judged this evidence to be of moderate or low quality because some studies were small, showed varying results, or were at risk of bias. | We judged this evidence to be of moderate or high quality because some studies were small, showed varying results, or were at risk of bias. | This is an update of the original Cochrane review, last published in 2009 (Huertas‐Ceballos 2009). Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), including children with irritable bowel syndrome, is a common problem affecting between 4% and 25% of school‐aged children. For the majority of such children, no organic cause for their pai... |
t16 | t16_14 | yes | Fibre supplements We found no clear evidence of improvement of pain from four studies of fibre supplements. | Fibre supplements We found no clear evidence of worsening of pain from four studies of fibre supplements. | This is an update of the original Cochrane review, last published in 2009 (Huertas‐Ceballos 2009). Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), including children with irritable bowel syndrome, is a common problem affecting between 4% and 25% of school‐aged children. For the majority of such children, no organic cause for their pai... |
t16 | t16_15 | no | Most studies did not report on other areas such as quality of daily life. | Most studies did not report on other areas such as quantity of daily life. | This is an update of the original Cochrane review, last published in 2009 (Huertas‐Ceballos 2009). Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), including children with irritable bowel syndrome, is a common problem affecting between 4% and 25% of school‐aged children. For the majority of such children, no organic cause for their pai... |
t16 | t16_16 | no | There were few studies of fibre supplements, and some of these studies were at risk of bias. | There were few studies of fibre supplements, and none of these studies were at risk of bias. | This is an update of the original Cochrane review, last published in 2009 (Huertas‐Ceballos 2009). Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), including children with irritable bowel syndrome, is a common problem affecting between 4% and 25% of school‐aged children. For the majority of such children, no organic cause for their pai... |
t16 | t16_17 | no | Low FODMAP diets We found only one study evaluating the effectiveness of low FODMAP diets in children with RAP. | We found only three studies evaluating the effectiveness of low FODMAP diets in children with RAP. | This is an update of the original Cochrane review, last published in 2009 (Huertas‐Ceballos 2009). Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), including children with irritable bowel syndrome, is a common problem affecting between 4% and 25% of school‐aged children. For the majority of such children, no organic cause for their pai... |
t16 | t16_18 | no | We found only one study evaluating the effectiveness of fructose‐restricted diets in children with RAP. | We found only three studies evaluating the effectiveness of fructose‐restricted diets in children with RAP. | This is an update of the original Cochrane review, last published in 2009 (Huertas‐Ceballos 2009). Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), including children with irritable bowel syndrome, is a common problem affecting between 4% and 25% of school‐aged children. For the majority of such children, no organic cause for their pai... |
t16 | t16_19 | no | We found some evidence suggesting that probiotics may be helpful in relieving pain in children with RAP in the short term. | We found some evidence suggesting that probiotics may not be helpful in relieving pain in children with RAP in the short term. | This is an update of the original Cochrane review, last published in 2009 (Huertas‐Ceballos 2009). Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), including children with irritable bowel syndrome, is a common problem affecting between 4% and 25% of school‐aged children. For the majority of such children, no organic cause for their pai... |
t16 | t16_20 | no | Clinicians may therefore consider probiotic interventions as part of the management strategy for RAP. | Clinicians may therefore consider antibiotic interventions as part of the management strategy for RAP. | This is an update of the original Cochrane review, last published in 2009 (Huertas‐Ceballos 2009). Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), including children with irritable bowel syndrome, is a common problem affecting between 4% and 25% of school‐aged children. For the majority of such children, no organic cause for their pai... |
t17 | t17_1 | yes | Obesity is associated with many health problems and a higher risk of death. | Obesity is associated with many health benefits and a higher risk of death. | Bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity is considered when other treatments have failed. The effects of the available bariatric procedures compared with medical management and with each other are uncertain. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003 and most recently updated in 2009. Objectives ... |
t17 | t17_2 | no | Bariatric surgery for obesity is usually only considered when other treatments have failed. | Bariatric surgery for obesity is usually only considered when other treatments have succeeded. | Bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity is considered when other treatments have failed. The effects of the available bariatric procedures compared with medical management and with each other are uncertain. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003 and most recently updated in 2009. Objectives ... |
t17 | t17_3 | yes | We aimed to compare surgical interventions with non‐surgical interventions for obesity (such as drugs, diet and exercise) and to compare different surgical procedures. | We aimed to compare surgical interventions with non‐surgical interventions for diabetes (such as drugs, diet and exercise) and to compare different surgical procedures. | Bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity is considered when other treatments have failed. The effects of the available bariatric procedures compared with medical management and with each other are uncertain. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003 and most recently updated in 2009. Objectives ... |
t17 | t17_4 | yes | Bariatric surgery can be considered for people with a body mass index (BMI = kg/m²) greater than 40, or for those with a BMI less than 40 and obesity‐related diseases such as diabetes. | Bariatric surgery can be considered for people with a body mass index (BMI = kg/m²) greater than 35, or for those with a BMI less than 40 and obesity‐related diseases such as diabetes. | Bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity is considered when other treatments have failed. The effects of the available bariatric procedures compared with medical management and with each other are uncertain. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003 and most recently updated in 2009. Objectives ... |
t17 | t17_5 | no | We included 22 studies comparing surgery with non‐surgical interventions, or comparing different types of surgery. | We included 30 studies comparing surgery with non‐surgical interventions, or comparing different types of surgery. | Bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity is considered when other treatments have failed. The effects of the available bariatric procedures compared with medical management and with each other are uncertain. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003 and most recently updated in 2009. Objectives ... |
t17 | t17_6 | yes | Altogether 1496 participants were allocated to surgery and 302 participants to non‐surgical interventions. | Altogether 1600 participants were allocated to surgery and 302 participants to non‐surgical interventions. | Bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity is considered when other treatments have failed. The effects of the available bariatric procedures compared with medical management and with each other are uncertain. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003 and most recently updated in 2009. Objectives ... |
t17 | t17_7 | no | Most studies followed participants for 12 to 36 months, the longest follow‐up was 10 years. | Most studies followed participants for 15 to 40 months, the longest follow‐up was 12 years. | Bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity is considered when other treatments have failed. The effects of the available bariatric procedures compared with medical management and with each other are uncertain. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003 and most recently updated in 2009. Objectives ... |
t17 | t17_8 | yes | The majority of participants were women and, on average, in their early 30s to early 50s. | The majority of participants were women and, on average, in their early 40s to early 60s. | Bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity is considered when other treatments have failed. The effects of the available bariatric procedures compared with medical management and with each other are uncertain. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003 and most recently updated in 2009. Objectives ... |
t17 | t17_9 | no | Seven studies compared surgery with non‐surgical interventions. | Nine studies compared surgery with non‐surgical interventions. | Bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity is considered when other treatments have failed. The effects of the available bariatric procedures compared with medical management and with each other are uncertain. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003 and most recently updated in 2009. Objectives ... |
t17 | t17_10 | yes | Due to differences in the way that the studies were designed we decided not to generate an average of their results. | Due to differences in the way that the studies were designed we decided to generate an average of their results. | Bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity is considered when other treatments have failed. The effects of the available bariatric procedures compared with medical management and with each other are uncertain. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003 and most recently updated in 2009. Objectives ... |
t17 | t17_11 | no | The direction of the effect indicated that people who had surgery achieved greater weight loss one to two years afterwards compared with people who did not have surgery. | The direction of the effect indicated that people who had surgery achieved greater weight gain one to two years afterwards compared with people who did not have surgery. | Bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity is considered when other treatments have failed. The effects of the available bariatric procedures compared with medical management and with each other are uncertain. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003 and most recently updated in 2009. Objectives ... |
t17 | t17_12 | no | Improvements in quality of life and diabetes were also found. | Improvements in quality of life and hypertension were also found. | Bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity is considered when other treatments have failed. The effects of the available bariatric procedures compared with medical management and with each other are uncertain. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003 and most recently updated in 2009. Objectives ... |
t17 | t17_13 | no | No deaths occurred, reoperations in the surgical intervention groups ranged between 2% and 13%, as reported in five studies. | No deaths occurred, reoperations in the surgical intervention groups ranged between 5% and 18%, as reported in five studies. | Bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity is considered when other treatments have failed. The effects of the available bariatric procedures compared with medical management and with each other are uncertain. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003 and most recently updated in 2009. Objectives ... |
t17 | t17_14 | no | Three studies found that gastric bypass (GB) achieved greater weight loss up to five years after surgery compared with adjustable gastric band (AGB): the BMI at the end of the studies was on average five units less. | Three studies found that gastric bypass (GB) achieved greater weight loss up to seven years after surgery compared with adjustable gastric band (AGB): the BMI at the end of the studies was on average five units less. | Bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity is considered when other treatments have failed. The effects of the available bariatric procedures compared with medical management and with each other are uncertain. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003 and most recently updated in 2009. Objectives ... |
t17 | t17_15 | no | The GB procedure resulted in greater duration of hospitalisation and a greater number of late major complications. | The GB procedure resulted in greater duration of hospitalisation and a smaller number of late major complications. | Bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity is considered when other treatments have failed. The effects of the available bariatric procedures compared with medical management and with each other are uncertain. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003 and most recently updated in 2009. Objectives ... |
t17 | t17_16 | no | AGB required high rates of reoperation for removal of the gastric band. | AGB required low rates of reoperation for removal of the gastric band. | Bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity is considered when other treatments have failed. The effects of the available bariatric procedures compared with medical management and with each other are uncertain. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003 and most recently updated in 2009. Objectives ... |
t17 | t17_17 | no | Seven studies compared GB with sleeve gastrectomy (SG). | Five studies compared GB with sleeve gastrectomy (SG). | Bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity is considered when other treatments have failed. The effects of the available bariatric procedures compared with medical management and with each other are uncertain. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003 and most recently updated in 2009. Objectives ... |
t17 | t17_18 | no | Overall there were no important differences for weight loss, quality of life, comorbidities and complications, although gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease improved in more patients following GB in one study. | Overall there were no important differences for weight loss, quality of life, comorbidities and complications, although gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease worsened in more patients following GB in one study. | Bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity is considered when other treatments have failed. The effects of the available bariatric procedures compared with medical management and with each other are uncertain. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003 and most recently updated in 2009. Objectives ... |
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