Datasets:
vgainullin
/
xciting_data

Dataset card Data Studio Files
xet
 Community
1
paragraph_index
int64
sec
string
p_has_citation
int64
cites
string
citeids
list
pmid
int64
cited_id
string
sentences
string
all_sent_cites
list
sent_len
int64
sentence_batch_index
int64
sent_has_citation
float64
qc_fail
bool
cited_sentence
string
cites_in_sentence
list
cln_sentence
string
is_cap
bool
is_alpha
bool
ends_wp
bool
cit_qc
bool
lgtm
bool
__index_level_0__
int64
0
INTRODUCTION
1
1–3
[ "B1 B2 B3", "B4", "B5" ]
18,502,774
pmid-11103998|pmid-11733745|pmid-12016301|pmid-10592235|pmid-1384741
Since structures are typically more evolutionarily conserved than sequences, detecting structural similarities among RNA 3D structures can bring more significant insights into their functional and even evolutionary relationships that would not be detected by sequence information alone.
[ "1–3", "4", "5" ]
286
40,316
0
false
Since structures are typically more evolutionarily conserved than sequences, detecting structural similarities among RNA 3D structures can bring more significant insights into their functional and even evolutionary relationships that would not be detected by sequence information alone.
[]
Since structures are typically more evolutionarily conserved than sequences, detecting structural similarities among RNA 3D structures can bring more significant insights into their functional and even evolutionary relationships that would not be detected by sequence information alone.
true
true
true
true
true
6,961
0
INTRODUCTION
1
4
[ "B1 B2 B3", "B4", "B5" ]
18,502,774
pmid-11103998|pmid-11733745|pmid-12016301|pmid-10592235|pmid-1384741
Recently, however, the number and size of RNA 3D structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank (4), as well as the Nucleic Acid Database (5), have been substantially and rapidly increasing, making it difficult and time-consuming to manually compare and analyze these RNA tertiary structures.
[ "1–3", "4", "5" ]
291
40,317
1
false
Recently, however, the number and size of RNA 3D structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank, as well as the Nucleic Acid Database, have been substantially and rapidly increasing, making it difficult and time-consuming to manually compare and analyze these RNA tertiary structures.
[ "4", "5" ]
Recently, however, the number and size of RNA 3D structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank, as well as the Nucleic Acid Database, have been substantially and rapidly increasing, making it difficult and time-consuming to manually compare and analyze these RNA tertiary structures.
true
true
true
true
true
6,961
0
INTRODUCTION
1
1–3
[ "B1 B2 B3", "B4", "B5" ]
18,502,774
pmid-11103998|pmid-11733745|pmid-12016301|pmid-10592235|pmid-1384741
Therefore, it has become more and more crucial to develop automatic tools that are able to efficiently and accurately perform RNA structural comparison.
[ "1–3", "4", "5" ]
152
40,318
0
false
Therefore, it has become more and more crucial to develop automatic tools that are able to efficiently and accurately perform RNA structural comparison.
[]
Therefore, it has become more and more crucial to develop automatic tools that are able to efficiently and accurately perform RNA structural comparison.
true
true
true
true
true
6,961
1
INTRODUCTION
1
6
[ "B6", "B7", "B8", "B9", "B7", "B9" ]
18,502,774
pmid-15304646|NA|pmid-16845038|pmid-17567620|NA|pmid-17567620
Theoretically, detecting structural similarities in two RNA molecules at the tertiary structure level is a difficult problem, since it has been shown to be NP-hard to find a constant ratio approximation algorithm for computing a pair of maximal substructures from two protein/RNA 3D structures with exhibiting the highes...
[ "6", "7", "8", "9", "7", "9" ]
449
40,319
1
false
Theoretically, detecting structural similarities in two RNA molecules at the tertiary structure level is a difficult problem, since it has been shown to be NP-hard to find a constant ratio approximation algorithm for computing a pair of maximal substructures from two protein/RNA 3D structures with exhibiting the highes...
[ "6" ]
Theoretically, detecting structural similarities in two RNA molecules at the tertiary structure level is a difficult problem, since it has been shown to be NP-hard to find a constant ratio approximation algorithm for computing a pair of maximal substructures from two protein/RNA 3D structures with exhibiting the highes...
true
true
true
true
true
6,962
1
INTRODUCTION
1
9
[ "B6", "B7", "B8", "B9", "B7", "B9" ]
18,502,774
pmid-15304646|NA|pmid-16845038|pmid-17567620|NA|pmid-17567620
Therefore, currently available tools, such as ARTS (7,8) and DIAL (9), are all based on some heuristic approaches and particularly they are all dedicated to pairwise alignment/comparison of RNA tertiary structures.
[ "6", "7", "8", "9", "7", "9" ]
214
40,320
1
false
Therefore, currently available tools, such as ARTS and DIAL, are all based on some heuristic approaches and particularly they are all dedicated to pairwise alignment/comparison of RNA tertiary structures.
[ "7,8", "9" ]
Therefore, currently available tools, such as ARTS and DIAL, are all based on some heuristic approaches and particularly they are all dedicated to pairwise alignment/comparison of RNA tertiary structures.
true
true
true
true
true
6,962
1
INTRODUCTION
1
6
[ "B6", "B7", "B8", "B9", "B7", "B9" ]
18,502,774
pmid-15304646|NA|pmid-16845038|pmid-17567620|NA|pmid-17567620
We refer the reader to (7,9) for briefly reviewing these tools and their approaches.
[ "6", "7", "8", "9", "7", "9" ]
84
40,321
0
false
We refer the reader to for briefly reviewing these tools and their approaches.
[ "7,9" ]
We refer the reader to for briefly reviewing these tools and their approaches.
true
true
true
true
true
6,962
2
INTRODUCTION
1
7
[ "B7", "B8", "B9", "B9" ]
18,502,774
NA|pmid-16845038|pmid-17567620|pmid-17567620
ARTS was implemented based on a cubic time algorithm that proceeds by a seed match followed by a greedy extension to approximately compute the largest common point set between phosphate atoms of two RNA molecules (7,8).
[ "7", "8", "9", "9" ]
219
40,322
0
false
ARTS was implemented based on a cubic time algorithm that proceeds by a seed match followed by a greedy extension to approximately compute the largest common point set between phosphate atoms of two RNA molecules.
[ "7,8" ]
ARTS was implemented based on a cubic time algorithm that proceeds by a seed match followed by a greedy extension to approximately compute the largest common point set between phosphate atoms of two RNA molecules.
true
true
true
true
true
6,963
2
INTRODUCTION
1
7
[ "B7", "B8", "B9", "B9" ]
18,502,774
NA|pmid-16845038|pmid-17567620|pmid-17567620
While ARTS can serve as an excellent tool for detecting structural motifs, it is a little time-consuming job for ARTS to compare large RNA molecules (e.g.
[ "7", "8", "9", "9" ]
154
40,323
0
false
While ARTS can serve as an excellent tool for detecting structural motifs, it is a little time-consuming job for ARTS to compare large RNA molecules (e.g.
[]
While ARTS can serve as an excellent tool for detecting structural motifs, it is a little time-consuming job for ARTS to compare large RNA molecules (e.g.
true
true
true
true
true
6,963
2
INTRODUCTION
1
7
[ "B7", "B8", "B9", "B9" ]
18,502,774
NA|pmid-16845038|pmid-17567620|pmid-17567620
ribosomal RNAs) due to its cubic time complexity and sometimes the alignments produced by ARTS may be incorrect, as were demonstrated in ref.
[ "7", "8", "9", "9" ]
141
40,324
0
false
ribosomal RNAs) due to its cubic time complexity and sometimes the alignments produced by ARTS may be incorrect, as were demonstrated in ref.
[]
ribosomal RNAs) due to its cubic time complexity and sometimes the alignments produced by ARTS may be incorrect, as were demonstrated in ref.
false
true
true
true
false
6,963
2
INTRODUCTION
1
9
[ "B7", "B8", "B9", "B9" ]
18,502,774
NA|pmid-16845038|pmid-17567620|pmid-17567620
To overcome these problems, DIAL was then developed based on a quadratic time dynamic programming algorithm by accounting for torsion/pseudo-torsion angle, nucleotide and/or base-pairing similarities (9).
[ "7", "8", "9", "9" ]
204
40,325
1
false
To overcome these problems, DIAL was then developed based on a quadratic time dynamic programming algorithm by accounting for torsion/pseudo-torsion angle, nucleotide and/or base-pairing similarities.
[ "9" ]
To overcome these problems, DIAL was then developed based on a quadratic time dynamic programming algorithm by accounting for torsion/pseudo-torsion angle, nucleotide and/or base-pairing similarities.
true
true
true
true
true
6,963
2
INTRODUCTION
1
7
[ "B7", "B8", "B9", "B9" ]
18,502,774
NA|pmid-16845038|pmid-17567620|pmid-17567620
DIAL is a versatile tool of pairwise RNA structural alignment, because it can perform three types of alignments: (i) global alignment, (ii) local alignment and (iii) semiglobal alignment (i.e.
[ "7", "8", "9", "9" ]
192
40,326
0
false
DIAL is a versatile tool of pairwise RNA structural alignment, because it can perform three types of alignments: (i) global alignment, (ii) local alignment and (iii) semiglobal alignment (i.e.
[]
DIAL is a versatile tool of pairwise RNA structural alignment, because it can perform three types of alignments: (i) global alignment, (ii) local alignment and (iii) semiglobal alignment (i.e.
true
true
true
true
true
6,963
2
INTRODUCTION
1
7
[ "B7", "B8", "B9", "B9" ]
18,502,774
NA|pmid-16845038|pmid-17567620|pmid-17567620
a kind of global alignment without penalizing those end gaps that appear in the beginning and end of the alignment).
[ "7", "8", "9", "9" ]
116
40,327
0
false
a kind of global alignment without penalizing those end gaps that appear in the beginning and end of the alignment).
[]
a kind of global alignment without penalizing those end gaps that appear in the beginning and end of the alignment).
false
true
true
true
false
6,963
2
INTRODUCTION
1
7
[ "B7", "B8", "B9", "B9" ]
18,502,774
NA|pmid-16845038|pmid-17567620|pmid-17567620
However, we observed that the global, local and semiglobal alignments obtained by DIAL may still be incorrect for some pairs of RNA 3D structures (for details see the Experiments section).
[ "7", "8", "9", "9" ]
188
40,328
0
false
However, we observed that the global, local and semiglobal alignments obtained by DIAL may still be incorrect for some pairs of RNA 3D structures (for details see the Experiments section).
[]
However, we observed that the global, local and semiglobal alignments obtained by DIAL may still be incorrect for some pairs of RNA 3D structures (for details see the Experiments section).
true
true
true
true
true
6,963
3
INTRODUCTION
1
10
[ "B10", "B11", "B12", "B13", "B14", "B15" ]
18,502,774
NA|NA|NA|pmid-7265238|pmid-11301301|pmid-7984417
In this study, we utilize the vector quantization (VQ) approach, a technique of high-dimensional clustering commonly used in classical signal processing (10), to derive an RNA structural alphabet (SA) of 23 letters that represent distinct and most common backbone conformations of residues in RNAs with known tertiary st...
[ "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15" ]
329
40,329
1
false
In this study, we utilize the vector quantization (VQ) approach, a technique of high-dimensional clustering commonly used in classical signal processing, to derive an RNA structural alphabet (SA) of 23 letters that represent distinct and most common backbone conformations of residues in RNAs with known tertiary structu...
[ "10" ]
In this study, we utilize the vector quantization (VQ) approach, a technique of high-dimensional clustering commonly used in classical signal processing, to derive an RNA structural alphabet (SA) of 23 letters that represent distinct and most common backbone conformations of residues in RNAs with known tertiary structu...
true
true
true
true
true
6,964
3
INTRODUCTION
1
10
[ "B10", "B11", "B12", "B13", "B14", "B15" ]
18,502,774
NA|NA|NA|pmid-7265238|pmid-11301301|pmid-7984417
Using this SA, we reduce RNA 3D structures to 1D sequences of SA letters and then use classical and efficient sequence alignment algorithms to compare these 1D SA-encoded sequences and determine their structural similarities.
[ "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15" ]
225
40,330
0
false
Using this SA, we reduce RNA 3D structures to 1D sequences of SA letters and then use classical and efficient sequence alignment algorithms to compare these 1D SA-encoded sequences and determine their structural similarities.
[]
Using this SA, we reduce RNA 3D structures to 1D sequences of SA letters and then use classical and efficient sequence alignment algorithms to compare these 1D SA-encoded sequences and determine their structural similarities.
true
true
true
true
true
6,964
3
INTRODUCTION
1
10
[ "B10", "B11", "B12", "B13", "B14", "B15" ]
18,502,774
NA|NA|NA|pmid-7265238|pmid-11301301|pmid-7984417
Based on such an SA-based approach, we have developed a novel web-based tool, called SARSA (http://bioalgorithm.life.nctu.edu.tw/SARSA/), which provides two RNA structural alignment tools, PARTS (http://bioalgorithm.life.nctu.edu.tw/PARTS/) for pairwise alignment of RNA tertiary structures and MARTS (http://bioalgorith...
[ "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15" ]
397
40,331
0
false
Based on such an SA-based approach, we have developed a novel web-based tool, called SARSA (http://bioalgorithm.life.nctu.edu.tw/SARSA/), which provides two RNA structural alignment tools, PARTS (http://bioalgorithm.life.nctu.edu.tw/PARTS/) for pairwise alignment of RNA tertiary structures and MARTS (http://bioalgorith...
[]
Based on such an SA-based approach, we have developed a novel web-based tool, called SARSA (http://bioalgorithm.life.nctu.edu.tw/SARSA/), which provides two RNA structural alignment tools, PARTS (http://bioalgorithm.life.nctu.edu.tw/PARTS/) for pairwise alignment of RNA tertiary structures and MARTS (http://bioalgorith...
true
true
true
true
true
6,964
3
INTRODUCTION
1
11
[ "B10", "B11", "B12", "B13", "B14", "B15" ]
18,502,774
NA|NA|NA|pmid-7265238|pmid-11301301|pmid-7984417
For a variety of practical applications, four kinds of pairwise alignments were implemented in PARTS: (i) global alignment (11) for comparing whole structural similarity, (ii) semiglobal alignment (12) for detecting structural motifs, (iii) local alignment (13) for finding locally similar substructures and (iv) normali...
[ "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15" ]
404
40,332
1
false
For a variety of practical applications, four kinds of pairwise alignments were implemented in PARTS: (i) global alignment for comparing whole structural similarity, (ii) semiglobal alignment for detecting structural motifs, (iii) local alignment for finding locally similar substructures and (iv) normalized local align...
[ "11", "12", "13", "14" ]
For a variety of practical applications, four kinds of pairwise alignments were implemented in PARTS: (i) global alignment for comparing whole structural similarity, (ii) semiglobal alignment for detecting structural motifs, (iii) local alignment for finding locally similar substructures and (iv) normalized local align...
true
true
true
true
true
6,964
3
INTRODUCTION
1
15
[ "B10", "B11", "B12", "B13", "B14", "B15" ]
18,502,774
NA|NA|NA|pmid-7265238|pmid-11301301|pmid-7984417
removing poor internal fragments in a local alignment), and a multiple global alignment (15) in MARTS.
[ "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15" ]
102
40,333
1
false
removing poor internal fragments in a local alignment), and a multiple global alignment in MARTS.
[ "15" ]
removing poor internal fragments in a local alignment), and a multiple global alignment in MARTS.
false
true
true
true
false
6,964
3
INTRODUCTION
1
10
[ "B10", "B11", "B12", "B13", "B14", "B15" ]
18,502,774
NA|NA|NA|pmid-7265238|pmid-11301301|pmid-7984417
It is worth mentioning that in SARSA we provide a number of features that are not available in DIAL and other RNA structural alignment tools, such as the normalized local pairwise structural alignment in PARTS and the multiple structural alignment in MARTS.
[ "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15" ]
257
40,334
0
false
It is worth mentioning that in SARSA we provide a number of features that are not available in DIAL and other RNA structural alignment tools, such as the normalized local pairwise structural alignment in PARTS and the multiple structural alignment in MARTS.
[]
It is worth mentioning that in SARSA we provide a number of features that are not available in DIAL and other RNA structural alignment tools, such as the normalized local pairwise structural alignment in PARTS and the multiple structural alignment in MARTS.
true
true
true
true
true
6,964
3
INTRODUCTION
1
10
[ "B10", "B11", "B12", "B13", "B14", "B15" ]
18,502,774
NA|NA|NA|pmid-7265238|pmid-11301301|pmid-7984417
In addition, our experiments have shown that the pairwise alignments produced by our PARTS were comparable to those obtained by DIAL and the performance computation of PARTS was generally faster than that of DIAL.
[ "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15" ]
213
40,335
0
false
In addition, our experiments have shown that the pairwise alignments produced by our PARTS were comparable to those obtained by DIAL and the performance computation of PARTS was generally faster than that of DIAL.
[]
In addition, our experiments have shown that the pairwise alignments produced by our PARTS were comparable to those obtained by DIAL and the performance computation of PARTS was generally faster than that of DIAL.
true
true
true
true
true
6,964
3
INTRODUCTION
1
10
[ "B10", "B11", "B12", "B13", "B14", "B15" ]
18,502,774
NA|NA|NA|pmid-7265238|pmid-11301301|pmid-7984417
In some cases, our PARTS can actually produce more accurate global, semiglobal and local pairwise alignments when compared with DIAL (for details refer to the Experiments section).
[ "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15" ]
180
40,336
0
false
In some cases, our PARTS can actually produce more accurate global, semiglobal and local pairwise alignments when compared with DIAL (for details refer to the Experiments section).
[]
In some cases, our PARTS can actually produce more accurate global, semiglobal and local pairwise alignments when compared with DIAL (for details refer to the Experiments section).
true
true
true
true
true
6,964
0
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
19,720,789
null
We have shown that bed rest causes a severe and similar degree of whole-body insulin resistance in FDRs of patients with type 2 diabetes and matched CON subjects.
null
162
40,337
0
false
null
null
We have shown that bed rest causes a severe and similar degree of whole-body insulin resistance in FDRs of patients with type 2 diabetes and matched CON subjects.
true
true
true
true
true
6,965
0
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
19,720,789
null
FDR subjects exhibit HIR, which, in contrast to healthy CON subjects, deteriorates in response to physical inactivity.
null
118
40,338
0
false
null
null
FDR subjects exhibit HIR, which, in contrast to healthy CON subjects, deteriorates in response to physical inactivity.
true
true
true
true
true
6,965
0
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
19,720,789
null
FDR subjects exhibit reduced insulin secretion in relation to their degree of HIR but not peripheral insulin resistance.
null
120
40,339
0
false
null
null
FDR subjects exhibit reduced insulin secretion in relation to their degree of HIR but not peripheral insulin resistance.
true
true
true
true
true
6,965
1
DISCUSSION
1
21
[ "B21", "B2" ]
19,720,789
pmid-9166672|pmid-1541672
The finding of a similar degree of whole-body insulin resistance after bed rest does to some extent refute our hypothesis that FDR subjects are more sensitive to the deleterious effects of physical inactivity on metabolism.
[ "21", "2" ]
223
40,340
0
false
The finding of a similar degree of whole-body insulin resistance after bed rest does to some extent refute our hypothesis that FDR subjects are more sensitive to the deleterious effects of physical inactivity on metabolism.
[]
The finding of a similar degree of whole-body insulin resistance after bed rest does to some extent refute our hypothesis that FDR subjects are more sensitive to the deleterious effects of physical inactivity on metabolism.
true
true
true
true
true
6,966
1
DISCUSSION
1
21
[ "B21", "B2" ]
19,720,789
pmid-9166672|pmid-1541672
However, the data suggest that a lower limit for whole-body insulin action may have been reached in both groups after exposure to bed rest, confirming the serious adverse effects of physical inactivity on whole-body insulin action in both groups.
[ "21", "2" ]
246
40,341
0
false
However, the data suggest that a lower limit for whole-body insulin action may have been reached in both groups after exposure to bed rest, confirming the serious adverse effects of physical inactivity on whole-body insulin action in both groups.
[]
However, the data suggest that a lower limit for whole-body insulin action may have been reached in both groups after exposure to bed rest, confirming the serious adverse effects of physical inactivity on whole-body insulin action in both groups.
true
true
true
true
true
6,966
1
DISCUSSION
1
21
[ "B21", "B2" ]
19,720,789
pmid-9166672|pmid-1541672
Although the CON group, in accordance with previous studies (21), tended to be more insulin sensitive than the FDR subjects prior to bed rest, neither the absolute nor relative decline of peripheral insulin action was significantly greater in CON than in FDR subjects, and so we cannot conclude that physical inactivity ...
[ "21", "2" ]
368
40,342
1
false
Although the CON group, in accordance with previous studies, tended to be more insulin sensitive than the FDR subjects prior to bed rest, neither the absolute nor relative decline of peripheral insulin action was significantly greater in CON than in FDR subjects, and so we cannot conclude that physical inactivity is mo...
[ "21" ]
Although the CON group, in accordance with previous studies, tended to be more insulin sensitive than the FDR subjects prior to bed rest, neither the absolute nor relative decline of peripheral insulin action was significantly greater in CON than in FDR subjects, and so we cannot conclude that physical inactivity is mo...
true
true
true
true
true
6,966
1
DISCUSSION
1
21
[ "B21", "B2" ]
19,720,789
pmid-9166672|pmid-1541672
Also, the greater impairment of hepatic insulin action in FDR compared with CON subjects in response to bed rest could be taken as supporting the opposite conclusion.
[ "21", "2" ]
166
40,343
0
false
Also, the greater impairment of hepatic insulin action in FDR compared with CON subjects in response to bed rest could be taken as supporting the opposite conclusion.
[]
Also, the greater impairment of hepatic insulin action in FDR compared with CON subjects in response to bed rest could be taken as supporting the opposite conclusion.
true
true
true
true
true
6,966
1
DISCUSSION
1
2
[ "B21", "B2" ]
19,720,789
pmid-9166672|pmid-1541672
The fact that whole-body insulin resistance reached statistical significance only when expressed as the M value in mg · min−1 · kg body wt−1, but not when expressed in relation to degree of lean body mass (Table 2), may be due to the increased fat mass in FDR subjects and, to some extent, the more limited statistical p...
[ "21", "2" ]
365
40,344
1
false
The fact that whole-body insulin resistance reached statistical significance only when expressed as the M value in mg · min−1 · kg body wt−1, but not when expressed in relation to degree of lean body mass, may be due to the increased fat mass in FDR subjects and, to some extent, the more limited statistical power of th...
[ "Table 2", "2" ]
The fact that whole-body insulin resistance reached statistical significance only when expressed as the M value in mg · min−1 · kg body wt−1, but not when expressed in relation to degree of lean body mass, may be due to the increased fat mass in FDR subjects and, to some extent, the more limited statistical power of th...
true
true
true
true
true
6,966
2
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
19,720,789
null
The physical activity questionnaires revealed no significant difference in daily physical activity level between FDR and CON subjects.
null
134
40,345
0
false
null
null
The physical activity questionnaires revealed no significant difference in daily physical activity level between FDR and CON subjects.
true
true
true
true
true
6,967
2
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
19,720,789
null
However, more detailed and objective measurements of the daily physical activity level are required to determine the extent to which insulin resistance in FDR is due to a relatively lower level of habitual physical activity.
null
224
40,346
0
false
null
null
However, more detailed and objective measurements of the daily physical activity level are required to determine the extent to which insulin resistance in FDR is due to a relatively lower level of habitual physical activity.
true
true
true
true
true
6,967
3
DISCUSSION
1
34
[ "B34", "B35", "B36" ]
19,720,789
pmid-2032990|pmid-10976761|pmid-8760081
The finding that insulin resistance due to physical inactivity is fully explained by an impairment of nonoxidative glucose metabolism in both study groups is consistent with a major defect of muscle glycogen storage rate in response to physical inactivity (34), which in turn may be due to reduced muscle GLUT-4 content ...
[ "34", "35", "36" ]
401
40,347
1
false
The finding that insulin resistance due to physical inactivity is fully explained by an impairment of nonoxidative glucose metabolism in both study groups is consistent with a major defect of muscle glycogen storage rate in response to physical inactivity, which in turn may be due to reduced muscle GLUT-4 content and a...
[ "34", "35,36" ]
The finding that insulin resistance due to physical inactivity is fully explained by an impairment of nonoxidative glucose metabolism in both study groups is consistent with a major defect of muscle glycogen storage rate in response to physical inactivity, which in turn may be due to reduced muscle GLUT-4 content and a...
true
true
true
true
true
6,968
4
DISCUSSION
1
37
[ "B37", "B2", "B38", "B39", "B2", "B40", "B41", "B42" ]
19,720,789
pmid-2185109|pmid-1541672|pmid-2664520|pmid-11118017|pmid-1541672|pmid-17671651|pmid-18611970|pmid-18984658
Using stable glucose isotopes, we found a higher rate of hepatic glucose production (HGP) in nondiabetic FDR subjects compared with CON subjects, which, in the presence of fasting hyperinsulinemia, is interpreted as HIR (Table 4).
[ "37", "2", "38", "39", "2", "40", null, "42" ]
230
40,348
0
false
Using stable glucose isotopes, we found a higher rate of hepatic glucose production (HGP) in nondiabetic FDR subjects compared with CON subjects, which, in the presence of fasting hyperinsulinemia, is interpreted as HIR (Table 4).
[]
Using stable glucose isotopes, we found a higher rate of hepatic glucose production (HGP) in nondiabetic FDR subjects compared with CON subjects, which, in the presence of fasting hyperinsulinemia, is interpreted as HIR (Table 4).
true
true
true
true
true
6,969
4
DISCUSSION
1
37
[ "B37", "B2", "B38", "B39", "B2", "B40", "B41", "B42" ]
19,720,789
pmid-2185109|pmid-1541672|pmid-2664520|pmid-11118017|pmid-1541672|pmid-17671651|pmid-18611970|pmid-18984658
The disproportionately increased HGP in FDR subjects is consistent with one other study (37), although most previous studies (2,38,39) reported normal hepatic glucose production in nondiabetic FDR.
[ "37", "2", "38", "39", "2", "40", null, "42" ]
197
40,349
1
false
The disproportionately increased HGP in FDR subjects is consistent with one other study, although most previous studies reported normal hepatic glucose production in nondiabetic FDR.
[ "37", "2,38,39" ]
The disproportionately increased HGP in FDR subjects is consistent with one other study, although most previous studies reported normal hepatic glucose production in nondiabetic FDR.
true
true
true
true
true
6,969
4
DISCUSSION
1
2
[ "B37", "B2", "B38", "B39", "B2", "B40", "B41", "B42" ]
19,720,789
pmid-2185109|pmid-1541672|pmid-2664520|pmid-11118017|pmid-1541672|pmid-17671651|pmid-18611970|pmid-18984658
However, these studies used radioactive (tritiated)-labeled glucose as tracer, and the ambient and commonly elevated fasting plasma insulin levels were not taken into account when calculating hepatic insulin action (2).
[ "37", "2", "38", "39", "2", "40", null, "42" ]
219
40,350
1
false
However, these studies used radioactive (tritiated)-labeled glucose as tracer, and the ambient and commonly elevated fasting plasma insulin levels were not taken into account when calculating hepatic insulin action.
[ "2" ]
However, these studies used radioactive (tritiated)-labeled glucose as tracer, and the ambient and commonly elevated fasting plasma insulin levels were not taken into account when calculating hepatic insulin action.
true
true
true
true
true
6,969
4
DISCUSSION
1
37
[ "B37", "B2", "B38", "B39", "B2", "B40", "B41", "B42" ]
19,720,789
pmid-2185109|pmid-1541672|pmid-2664520|pmid-11118017|pmid-1541672|pmid-17671651|pmid-18611970|pmid-18984658
The nondiabetic carriers of two of the most significant recently identified type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes, TCF7L2 and FTO, are characterized by a disproportionately elevated HGP (40–42).
[ "37", "2", "38", "39", "2", "40", null, "42" ]
193
40,351
0
false
The nondiabetic carriers of two of the most significant recently identified type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes, TCF7L2 and FTO, are characterized by a disproportionately elevated HGP.
[ "40–42" ]
The nondiabetic carriers of two of the most significant recently identified type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes, TCF7L2 and FTO, are characterized by a disproportionately elevated HGP.
true
true
true
true
true
6,969
4
DISCUSSION
1
37
[ "B37", "B2", "B38", "B39", "B2", "B40", "B41", "B42" ]
19,720,789
pmid-2185109|pmid-1541672|pmid-2664520|pmid-11118017|pmid-1541672|pmid-17671651|pmid-18611970|pmid-18984658
Our findings from the present study of a significant accentuation of HIR by bed rest in FDR subjects, which was not seen in CON subjects, indicates that FDR subjects may be more sensitive to physical inactivity at the site of hepatic glucose metabolism and insulin action.
[ "37", "2", "38", "39", "2", "40", null, "42" ]
272
40,352
0
false
Our findings from the present study of a significant accentuation of HIR by bed rest in FDR subjects, which was not seen in CON subjects, indicates that FDR subjects may be more sensitive to physical inactivity at the site of hepatic glucose metabolism and insulin action.
[]
Our findings from the present study of a significant accentuation of HIR by bed rest in FDR subjects, which was not seen in CON subjects, indicates that FDR subjects may be more sensitive to physical inactivity at the site of hepatic glucose metabolism and insulin action.
true
true
true
true
true
6,969
4
DISCUSSION
1
37
[ "B37", "B2", "B38", "B39", "B2", "B40", "B41", "B42" ]
19,720,789
pmid-2185109|pmid-1541672|pmid-2664520|pmid-11118017|pmid-1541672|pmid-17671651|pmid-18611970|pmid-18984658
While fasting plasma insulin and C-peptide levels were similar on the day before the bed rest study began (Table 2), significant differences of plasma insulin and C-peptide levels were observed between groups already on day 1 during the bed rest challenges (Fig.
[ "37", "2", "38", "39", "2", "40", null, "42" ]
262
40,353
0
false
While fasting plasma insulin and C-peptide levels were similar on the day before the bed rest study began, significant differences of plasma insulin and C-peptide levels were observed between groups already on day 1 during the bed rest challenges (Fig.
[ "Table 2" ]
While fasting plasma insulin and C-peptide levels were similar on the day before the bed rest study began, significant differences of plasma insulin and C-peptide levels were observed between groups already on day 1 during the bed rest challenges (Fig.
true
true
true
true
true
6,969
4
DISCUSSION
1
37
[ "B37", "B2", "B38", "B39", "B2", "B40", "B41", "B42" ]
19,720,789
pmid-2185109|pmid-1541672|pmid-2664520|pmid-11118017|pmid-1541672|pmid-17671651|pmid-18611970|pmid-18984658
The fact that these differences did not become more pronounced during the 9-day bed rest periods suggests that the effect of bed rest on hepatic insulin action in FDR subjects was already present from day 1.
[ "37", "2", "38", "39", "2", "40", null, "42" ]
207
40,354
0
false
The fact that these differences did not become more pronounced during the 9-day bed rest periods suggests that the effect of bed rest on hepatic insulin action in FDR subjects was already present from day 1.
[]
The fact that these differences did not become more pronounced during the 9-day bed rest periods suggests that the effect of bed rest on hepatic insulin action in FDR subjects was already present from day 1.
true
true
true
true
true
6,969
5
DISCUSSION
1
43
[ "B43", "B44", "B45", "B46", "B3", "B47" ]
19,720,789
pmid-18239652|pmid-16179270|pmid-8345824|pmid-11133069|pmid-14763919|pmid-18663427
Fat accumulation in the liver has been proposed as one mechanism controlling insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes (43–46).
[ "43", null, null, "46", "3", "47" ]
135
40,355
0
false
Fat accumulation in the liver has been proposed as one mechanism controlling insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
[ "43–46" ]
Fat accumulation in the liver has been proposed as one mechanism controlling insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
true
true
true
true
true
6,970
5
DISCUSSION
1
43
[ "B43", "B44", "B45", "B46", "B3", "B47" ]
19,720,789
pmid-18239652|pmid-16179270|pmid-8345824|pmid-11133069|pmid-14763919|pmid-18663427
FDR subjects in this study were characterized by altered regional fat distribution, with more fat located in the upper body (e.g., abdomen) than in the lower body (e.g., leg), in accordance with previous studies (3,47).
[ "43", null, null, "46", "3", "47" ]
219
40,356
0
false
FDR subjects in this study were characterized by altered regional fat distribution, with more fat located in the upper body (e.g., abdomen) than in the lower body (e.g., leg), in accordance with previous studies.
[ "3,47" ]
FDR subjects in this study were characterized by altered regional fat distribution, with more fat located in the upper body (e.g., abdomen) than in the lower body (e.g., leg), in accordance with previous studies.
true
true
true
true
true
6,970
5
DISCUSSION
1
43
[ "B43", "B44", "B45", "B46", "B3", "B47" ]
19,720,789
pmid-18239652|pmid-16179270|pmid-8345824|pmid-11133069|pmid-14763919|pmid-18663427
In support of an influence of total and regional fat mass on HGP, the difference in the absolute rate of HGP between the groups before and after bed rest disappeared after correction for the significant contribution of total and abdominal fat masses.
[ "43", null, null, "46", "3", "47" ]
250
40,357
0
false
In support of an influence of total and regional fat mass on HGP, the difference in the absolute rate of HGP between the groups before and after bed rest disappeared after correction for the significant contribution of total and abdominal fat masses.
[]
In support of an influence of total and regional fat mass on HGP, the difference in the absolute rate of HGP between the groups before and after bed rest disappeared after correction for the significant contribution of total and abdominal fat masses.
true
true
true
true
true
6,970
5
DISCUSSION
1
43
[ "B43", "B44", "B45", "B46", "B3", "B47" ]
19,720,789
pmid-18239652|pmid-16179270|pmid-8345824|pmid-11133069|pmid-14763919|pmid-18663427
However, HIR was elevated in FDR subjects even after correction for abdominal and total fat content, indicating that factors other than fat mass and distribution, including fasting plasma insulin, may contribute to the elevated HIR in FDR subjects.
[ "43", null, null, "46", "3", "47" ]
248
40,358
0
false
However, HIR was elevated in FDR subjects even after correction for abdominal and total fat content, indicating that factors other than fat mass and distribution, including fasting plasma insulin, may contribute to the elevated HIR in FDR subjects.
[]
However, HIR was elevated in FDR subjects even after correction for abdominal and total fat content, indicating that factors other than fat mass and distribution, including fasting plasma insulin, may contribute to the elevated HIR in FDR subjects.
true
true
true
true
true
6,970
6
DISCUSSION
1
48
[ "B48" ]
19,720,789
pmid-17640906
We are unaware of any previous studies demonstrating development of HIR by physical inactivity, and the data in this study suggest that this feature is primarily seen in subjects with preexisting visceral obesity and/or a positive family history of type 2 diabetes.
[ "48" ]
265
40,359
0
false
We are unaware of any previous studies demonstrating development of HIR by physical inactivity, and the data in this study suggest that this feature is primarily seen in subjects with preexisting visceral obesity and/or a positive family history of type 2 diabetes.
[]
We are unaware of any previous studies demonstrating development of HIR by physical inactivity, and the data in this study suggest that this feature is primarily seen in subjects with preexisting visceral obesity and/or a positive family history of type 2 diabetes.
true
true
true
true
true
6,971
6
DISCUSSION
1
48
[ "B48" ]
19,720,789
pmid-17640906
The extent to which the mechanism by which bed rest accentuates HIR in FDR subjects may be explained by excessive hepatic fat accumulation is unknown and requires exact determinations of hepatic fat content.
[ "48" ]
207
40,360
0
false
The extent to which the mechanism by which bed rest accentuates HIR in FDR subjects may be explained by excessive hepatic fat accumulation is unknown and requires exact determinations of hepatic fat content.
[]
The extent to which the mechanism by which bed rest accentuates HIR in FDR subjects may be explained by excessive hepatic fat accumulation is unknown and requires exact determinations of hepatic fat content.
true
true
true
true
true
6,971
6
DISCUSSION
1
48
[ "B48" ]
19,720,789
pmid-17640906
However, the idea that lipogenesis and hepatic fat content may increase disproportionately more in FDR than in CON subjects in response to bed rest is supported by the finding of significantly higher levels of plasma triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL cholesterol in the FDR subjects after bed rest (Table 1), which, in turn, ...
[ "48" ]
410
40,361
0
false
However, the idea that lipogenesis and hepatic fat content may increase disproportionately more in FDR than in CON subjects in response to bed rest is supported by the finding of significantly higher levels of plasma triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL cholesterol in the FDR subjects after bed rest (Table 1), which, in turn, ...
[]
However, the idea that lipogenesis and hepatic fat content may increase disproportionately more in FDR than in CON subjects in response to bed rest is supported by the finding of significantly higher levels of plasma triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL cholesterol in the FDR subjects after bed rest (Table 1), which, in turn, ...
true
true
true
true
true
6,971
6
DISCUSSION
1
48
[ "B48" ]
19,720,789
pmid-17640906
To this end, insulin, per se, stimulates hepatic lipogenesis (48), and we speculate that the sequence of events may be that plasma insulin levels increase primarily to compensate for whole-body insulin resistance in response to physical inactivity.
[ "48" ]
248
40,362
1
false
To this end, insulin, per se, stimulates hepatic lipogenesis, and we speculate that the sequence of events may be that plasma insulin levels increase primarily to compensate for whole-body insulin resistance in response to physical inactivity.
[ "48" ]
To this end, insulin, per se, stimulates hepatic lipogenesis, and we speculate that the sequence of events may be that plasma insulin levels increase primarily to compensate for whole-body insulin resistance in response to physical inactivity.
true
true
true
true
true
6,971
6
DISCUSSION
1
48
[ "B48" ]
19,720,789
pmid-17640906
Subsequently, elevation of endogenous plasma insulin levels promotes increased hepatic triglyceride synthesis and fat accumulation, leading to a greater rate of gluconeogenesis and HIR, which is predominantly seen in the FDR subjects with elevated visceral fat accumulation and whole-body insulin resistance as well as H...
[ "48" ]
323
40,363
0
false
Subsequently, elevation of endogenous plasma insulin levels promotes increased hepatic triglyceride synthesis and fat accumulation, leading to a greater rate of gluconeogenesis and HIR, which is predominantly seen in the FDR subjects with elevated visceral fat accumulation and whole-body insulin resistance as well as H...
[]
Subsequently, elevation of endogenous plasma insulin levels promotes increased hepatic triglyceride synthesis and fat accumulation, leading to a greater rate of gluconeogenesis and HIR, which is predominantly seen in the FDR subjects with elevated visceral fat accumulation and whole-body insulin resistance as well as H...
true
true
true
true
true
6,971
7
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
19,720,789
null
The absolute rate of appearance of glycerol was similar in the two groups before and after bed rest, so the lower plasma glycerol levels in the FDR subjects before bed rest may reflect an increased rate of hepatic uptake of glycerol and gluconeogenesis in the FDR.
null
264
40,364
0
false
null
null
The absolute rate of appearance of glycerol was similar in the two groups before and after bed rest, so the lower plasma glycerol levels in the FDR subjects before bed rest may reflect an increased rate of hepatic uptake of glycerol and gluconeogenesis in the FDR.
true
true
true
true
true
6,972
7
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
19,720,789
null
The rate of whole-body lipolysis and basal fat oxidation decreased to a similar extent in FDR and CON subjects in response to bed rest, which may explain why no differences were observed in plasma glycerol levels after bed rest.
null
228
40,365
0
false
null
null
The rate of whole-body lipolysis and basal fat oxidation decreased to a similar extent in FDR and CON subjects in response to bed rest, which may explain why no differences were observed in plasma glycerol levels after bed rest.
true
true
true
true
true
6,972
7
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
19,720,789
null
Differences in utilization of other gluconeogenetic substrates and/or differences in glycogenolysis may explain the increased HGP in FDR subjects after bed rest.
null
161
40,366
0
false
null
null
Differences in utilization of other gluconeogenetic substrates and/or differences in glycogenolysis may explain the increased HGP in FDR subjects after bed rest.
true
true
true
true
true
6,972
8
DISCUSSION
1
49
[ "B49", "B50", "B40", "B41" ]
19,720,789
pmid-7962519|pmid-7860750|pmid-17671651|pmid-18611970
Defective insulin secretion, either as an absolute measure or when calculated as the disposition index (Di), has been reported in previous studies of nondiabetic individuals with a genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes (49,50), including nondiabetic carriers of the type 2 diabetes risk alleles of the TCF7L2 genotyp...
[ "49", "50", "40", "41" ]
330
40,367
0
false
Defective insulin secretion, either as an absolute measure or when calculated as the disposition index (Di), has been reported in previous studies of nondiabetic individuals with a genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes, including nondiabetic carriers of the type 2 diabetes risk alleles of the TCF7L2 genotype.
[ "49,50", "40,41" ]
Defective insulin secretion, either as an absolute measure or when calculated as the disposition index (Di), has been reported in previous studies of nondiabetic individuals with a genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes, including nondiabetic carriers of the type 2 diabetes risk alleles of the TCF7L2 genotype.
true
true
true
true
true
6,973
8
DISCUSSION
1
49
[ "B49", "B50", "B40", "B41" ]
19,720,789
pmid-7962519|pmid-7860750|pmid-17671651|pmid-18611970
In this study, the Di was lower in FDR subjects when calculated in relation to the degree of hepatic, but not peripheral, insulin action.
[ "49", "50", "40", "41" ]
137
40,368
0
false
In this study, the Di was lower in FDR subjects when calculated in relation to the degree of hepatic, but not peripheral, insulin action.
[]
In this study, the Di was lower in FDR subjects when calculated in relation to the degree of hepatic, but not peripheral, insulin action.
true
true
true
true
true
6,973
8
DISCUSSION
1
49
[ "B49", "B50", "B40", "B41" ]
19,720,789
pmid-7962519|pmid-7860750|pmid-17671651|pmid-18611970
Despite the impaired insulin secretion relative to hepatic insulin action, this did not result in overt hyperglycemia in the FDR subjects after bed rest.
[ "49", "50", "40", "41" ]
153
40,369
0
false
Despite the impaired insulin secretion relative to hepatic insulin action, this did not result in overt hyperglycemia in the FDR subjects after bed rest.
[]
Despite the impaired insulin secretion relative to hepatic insulin action, this did not result in overt hyperglycemia in the FDR subjects after bed rest.
true
true
true
true
true
6,973
8
DISCUSSION
1
49
[ "B49", "B50", "B40", "B41" ]
19,720,789
pmid-7962519|pmid-7860750|pmid-17671651|pmid-18611970
Accordingly, overt hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes may not develop until insulin secretion is significantly reduced when seen in relation also to the degree of impairment of whole-body insulin action and nonoxidative glucose metabolism in FDR subjects.
[ "49", "50", "40", "41" ]
254
40,370
0
false
Accordingly, overt hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes may not develop until insulin secretion is significantly reduced when seen in relation also to the degree of impairment of whole-body insulin action and nonoxidative glucose metabolism in FDR subjects.
[]
Accordingly, overt hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes may not develop until insulin secretion is significantly reduced when seen in relation also to the degree of impairment of whole-body insulin action and nonoxidative glucose metabolism in FDR subjects.
true
true
true
true
true
6,973
8
DISCUSSION
1
49
[ "B49", "B50", "B40", "B41" ]
19,720,789
pmid-7962519|pmid-7860750|pmid-17671651|pmid-18611970
Finally, this study documents that insulin secretion increases significantly in FDR and healthy CON subjects in response to bed rest (Table 3).
[ "49", "50", "40", "41" ]
143
40,371
0
false
Finally, this study documents that insulin secretion increases significantly in FDR and healthy CON subjects in response to bed rest (Table 3).
[]
Finally, this study documents that insulin secretion increases significantly in FDR and healthy CON subjects in response to bed rest (Table 3).
true
true
true
true
true
6,973
9
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
19,720,789
null
In conclusion, 9 days of bed rest causes severe whole-body insulin resistance and a compensatory increase of insulin secretion in healthy young men with and without a positive family history of type 2 diabetes.
null
210
40,372
0
false
null
null
In conclusion, 9 days of bed rest causes severe whole-body insulin resistance and a compensatory increase of insulin secretion in healthy young men with and without a positive family history of type 2 diabetes.
true
true
true
true
true
6,974
9
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
19,720,789
null
While whole-body insulin resistance converged toward similar levels in both groups during bed rest, HIR was aggravated in FDR subjects only in response to bed rest, which in turn may be related to the presence of visceral obesity.
null
230
40,373
0
false
null
null
While whole-body insulin resistance converged toward similar levels in both groups during bed rest, HIR was aggravated in FDR subjects only in response to bed rest, which in turn may be related to the presence of visceral obesity.
true
true
true
true
true
6,974
9
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
19,720,789
null
FDR subjects exhibit reduced insulin secretion when seen in relation to their degree of HIR but not peripheral insulin resistance.
null
130
40,374
0
false
null
null
FDR subjects exhibit reduced insulin secretion when seen in relation to their degree of HIR but not peripheral insulin resistance.
true
true
true
true
true
6,974
9
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
19,720,789
null
The results underscore the importance of avoiding physical inactivity even for relatively short periods in healthy subjects with and without a positive family history of diabetes.
null
179
40,375
0
false
null
null
The results underscore the importance of avoiding physical inactivity even for relatively short periods in healthy subjects with and without a positive family history of diabetes.
true
true
true
true
true
6,974
0
INTRODUCTION
1
Pammel 1888
[ "R53", "R54", "R32", "R68", "R32", "R37", "R68", "R68" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
A devastating disease of cotton in Texas, which caused large numbers of plants in affected areas to suddenly wilt and die, was first reported in the 1880s (Pammel 1888, 1889).
[ "Pammel 1888", "1889", "Kenerley & Jeger 1992", "Streets & Bloss 1973", "Kenerley & Jeger 1992", "Kirkpatrick & Rothrock 2001", "Streets & Bloss 1973", "Streets & Bloss 1973" ]
175
40,376
0
false
A devastating disease of cotton in Texas, which caused large numbers of plants in affected areas to suddenly wilt and die, was first reported in the 1880s.
[ "Pammel 1888, 1889" ]
A devastating disease of cotton in Texas, which caused large numbers of plants in affected areas to suddenly wilt and die, was first reported in the 1880s.
true
true
true
true
true
6,975
0
INTRODUCTION
1
Pammel 1888
[ "R53", "R54", "R32", "R68", "R32", "R37", "R68", "R68" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
The disease has been variably called cotton root rot (after the major crop host), Texas root rot (for the centre of distribution), or Ozonium or Phymatotrichum root rot (for the former names of the causal organism).
[ "Pammel 1888", "1889", "Kenerley & Jeger 1992", "Streets & Bloss 1973", "Kenerley & Jeger 1992", "Kirkpatrick & Rothrock 2001", "Streets & Bloss 1973", "Streets & Bloss 1973" ]
215
40,377
0
false
The disease has been variably called cotton root rot (after the major crop host), Texas root rot (for the centre of distribution), or Ozonium or Phymatotrichum root rot (for the former names of the causal organism).
[]
The disease has been variably called cotton root rot, Texas root rot, or Ozonium or Phymatotrichum root rot.
true
true
true
true
true
6,975
0
INTRODUCTION
1
Pammel 1888
[ "R53", "R54", "R32", "R68", "R32", "R37", "R68", "R68" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
It has since remained a considerable economic concern, causing up to $ 100 million in annual losses to the US cotton crop alone (based on disease loss estimates and price data for 1980–2008; provided by the National Cotton Council of America, www.cotton.org).
[ "Pammel 1888", "1889", "Kenerley & Jeger 1992", "Streets & Bloss 1973", "Kenerley & Jeger 1992", "Kirkpatrick & Rothrock 2001", "Streets & Bloss 1973", "Streets & Bloss 1973" ]
259
40,378
0
false
It has since remained a considerable economic concern, causing up to $ 100 million in annual losses to the US cotton crop alone (based on disease loss estimates and price data for 1980–2008; provided by the National Cotton Council of America, www.cotton.org).
[]
It has since remained a considerable economic concern, causing up to $ 100 million in annual losses to the US cotton crop alone.
true
true
true
true
true
6,975
0
INTRODUCTION
1
Kenerley & Jeger 1992
[ "R53", "R54", "R32", "R68", "R32", "R37", "R68", "R68" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
The average loss of raw cotton fibre yield has been estimated to be 3.5 % in Texas and 2.2 % in Arizona, with losses ranging from 8–13 % in severely infested areas (Kenerley & Jeger 1992).
[ "Pammel 1888", "1889", "Kenerley & Jeger 1992", "Streets & Bloss 1973", "Kenerley & Jeger 1992", "Kirkpatrick & Rothrock 2001", "Streets & Bloss 1973", "Streets & Bloss 1973" ]
188
40,379
1
false
The average loss of raw cotton fibre yield has been estimated to be 3.5 % in Texas and 2.2 % in Arizona, with losses ranging from 8–13 % in severely infested areas.
[ "Kenerley & Jeger 1992" ]
The average loss of raw cotton fibre yield has been estimated to be 3.5 % in Texas and 2.2 % in Arizona, with losses ranging from 8–13 % in severely infested areas.
true
true
true
true
true
6,975
0
INTRODUCTION
1
Pammel 1888
[ "R53", "R54", "R32", "R68", "R32", "R37", "R68", "R68" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
The causal agent is a soilborne fungus known as Phymatotrichopsis omnivora or, more commonly, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Streets & Bloss 1973, Kenerley & Jeger 1992, Kirkpatrick & Rothrock 2001; see below for taxonomic authorities).
[ "Pammel 1888", "1889", "Kenerley & Jeger 1992", "Streets & Bloss 1973", "Kenerley & Jeger 1992", "Kirkpatrick & Rothrock 2001", "Streets & Bloss 1973", "Streets & Bloss 1973" ]
231
40,380
0
false
The causal agent is a soilborne fungus known as Phymatotrichopsis omnivora or, more commonly, Phymatotrichum omnivorum.
[ "Streets & Bloss 1973, Kenerley & Jeger 1992, Kirkpatrick & Rothrock 2001; see below for taxonomic authorities" ]
The causal agent is a soilborne fungus known as Phymatotrichopsis omnivora or, more commonly, Phymatotrichum omnivorum.
true
true
true
true
true
6,975
0
INTRODUCTION
1
Streets & Bloss 1973
[ "R53", "R54", "R32", "R68", "R32", "R37", "R68", "R68" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
This species is capable of infecting more than 2 000 species of dicots (Streets & Bloss 1973), arguably the largest host range of any plant pathogen.
[ "Pammel 1888", "1889", "Kenerley & Jeger 1992", "Streets & Bloss 1973", "Kenerley & Jeger 1992", "Kirkpatrick & Rothrock 2001", "Streets & Bloss 1973", "Streets & Bloss 1973" ]
149
40,381
1
false
This species is capable of infecting more than 2 000 species of dicots, arguably the largest host range of any plant pathogen.
[ "Streets & Bloss 1973" ]
This species is capable of infecting more than 2 000 species of dicots, arguably the largest host range of any plant pathogen.
true
true
true
true
true
6,975
0
INTRODUCTION
1
Streets & Bloss 1973
[ "R53", "R54", "R32", "R68", "R32", "R37", "R68", "R68" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
It also causes severe losses in alfalfa, vegetable crops, grapes, and fruit and nut orchards throughout its range, which stretches from eastern Texas and southern Oklahoma west through Arizona and south into Mexico (Streets & Bloss 1973).
[ "Pammel 1888", "1889", "Kenerley & Jeger 1992", "Streets & Bloss 1973", "Kenerley & Jeger 1992", "Kirkpatrick & Rothrock 2001", "Streets & Bloss 1973", "Streets & Bloss 1973" ]
238
40,382
1
false
It also causes severe losses in alfalfa, vegetable crops, grapes, and fruit and nut orchards throughout its range, which stretches from eastern Texas and southern Oklahoma west through Arizona and south into Mexico.
[ "Streets & Bloss 1973" ]
It also causes severe losses in alfalfa, vegetable crops, grapes, and fruit and nut orchards throughout its range, which stretches from eastern Texas and southern Oklahoma west through Arizona and south into Mexico.
true
true
true
true
true
6,975
0
INTRODUCTION
1
Pammel 1888
[ "R53", "R54", "R32", "R68", "R32", "R37", "R68", "R68" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
Generally, infected plants quickly wilt in the summer, and almost inevitably die, usually in large circular patches in the field (Fig.
[ "Pammel 1888", "1889", "Kenerley & Jeger 1992", "Streets & Bloss 1973", "Kenerley & Jeger 1992", "Kirkpatrick & Rothrock 2001", "Streets & Bloss 1973", "Streets & Bloss 1973" ]
134
40,383
0
false
Generally, infected plants quickly wilt in the summer, and almost inevitably die, usually in large circular patches in the field (Fig.
[]
Generally, infected plants quickly wilt in the summer, and almost inevitably die, usually in large circular patches in the field (Fig.
true
true
true
true
true
6,975
0
INTRODUCTION
1
Pammel 1888
[ "R53", "R54", "R32", "R68", "R32", "R37", "R68", "R68" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
Below ground, the taproots of wilted plants are rotted and usually covered with mycelial strands of the causal fungus (Fig.
[ "Pammel 1888", "1889", "Kenerley & Jeger 1992", "Streets & Bloss 1973", "Kenerley & Jeger 1992", "Kirkpatrick & Rothrock 2001", "Streets & Bloss 1973", "Streets & Bloss 1973" ]
123
40,384
0
false
Below ground, the taproots of wilted plants are rotted and usually covered with mycelial strands of the causal fungus (Fig.
[]
Below ground, the taproots of wilted plants are rotted and usually covered with mycelial strands of the causal fungus (Fig.
true
true
true
true
true
6,975
1
INTRODUCTION
1
Pammel 1888
[ "R53", "R65", "R50", "R60", "R65", "R14" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
The confused taxonomic history of the cotton root rot fungus goes back more than a century.
[ "Pammel 1888", "Shear 1907", "Orton & Watling 1979", "Redhead et al. 2001", "Shear (1907)", "Duggar (1916)" ]
91
40,385
0
false
The confused taxonomic history of the cotton root rot fungus goes back more than a century.
[]
The confused taxonomic history of the cotton root rot fungus goes back more than a century.
true
true
true
true
true
6,976
1
INTRODUCTION
1
Pammel 1888
[ "R53", "R65", "R50", "R60", "R65", "R14" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
The causal agent was first identified by W.G.
[ "Pammel 1888", "Shear 1907", "Orton & Watling 1979", "Redhead et al. 2001", "Shear (1907)", "Duggar (1916)" ]
45
40,386
0
false
The causal agent was first identified by W.G.
[]
The causal agent was first identified by W.G.
true
true
true
true
true
6,976
1
INTRODUCTION
1
Pammel 1888
[ "R53", "R65", "R50", "R60", "R65", "R14" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
Farlow as Ozonium auricomum Link, based on nonsporulating mycelium associated with diseased roots (Pammel 1888).
[ "Pammel 1888", "Shear 1907", "Orton & Watling 1979", "Redhead et al. 2001", "Shear (1907)", "Duggar (1916)" ]
112
40,387
1
false
Farlow as Ozonium auricomum Link, based on nonsporulating mycelium associated with diseased roots.
[ "Pammel 1888" ]
Farlow as Ozonium auricomum Link, based on nonsporulating mycelium associated with diseased roots.
true
true
true
true
true
6,976
1
INTRODUCTION
1
Pammel 1888
[ "R53", "R65", "R50", "R60", "R65", "R14" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
However, this name now applies to the asexual state of Coprinellus (Coprinus) domesticus and related species (Shear 1907, Orton & Watling 1979, Redhead et al.
[ "Pammel 1888", "Shear 1907", "Orton & Watling 1979", "Redhead et al. 2001", "Shear (1907)", "Duggar (1916)" ]
158
40,388
0
false
However, this name now applies to the asexual state of Coprinellus (Coprinus) domesticus and related species (Shear 1907, Orton & Watling 1979, Redhead et al.
[]
However, this name now applies to the asexual state of Coprinellus (Coprinus) domesticus and related species (Shear 1907, Orton & Watling 1979, Redhead et al.
true
true
true
true
true
6,976
1
INTRODUCTION
1
Pammel 1888
[ "R53", "R65", "R50", "R60", "R65", "R14" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
The cotton root rot fungus was described as a new species of Ozonium, O. omnivorum Shear (1907), again based on nonsporulating mycelium associated with diseased roots.
[ "Pammel 1888", "Shear 1907", "Orton & Watling 1979", "Redhead et al. 2001", "Shear (1907)", "Duggar (1916)" ]
172
40,389
0
false
The cotton root rot fungus was described as a new species of Ozonium, O. omnivorum Shear (1907), again based on nonsporulating mycelium associated with diseased roots.
[]
The cotton root rot fungus was described as a new species of Ozonium, O. omnivorum Shear, again based on nonsporulating mycelium associated with diseased roots.
true
true
true
true
true
6,976
1
INTRODUCTION
1
Pammel 1888
[ "R53", "R65", "R50", "R60", "R65", "R14" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
Later, a conidial stage was found forming sporemats on soil surrounding diseased plants and was named Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear) Duggar (1916).
[ "Pammel 1888", "Shear 1907", "Orton & Watling 1979", "Redhead et al. 2001", "Shear (1907)", "Duggar (1916)" ]
149
40,390
0
false
Later, a conidial stage was found forming sporemats on soil surrounding diseased plants and was named Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear) Duggar (1916).
[]
Later, a conidial stage was found forming sporemats on soil surrounding diseased plants and was named Phymatotrichum omnivorum Duggar.
true
true
true
true
true
6,976
2
INTRODUCTION
1
Shear (1925)
[ "R66", "R3", "R77" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
A hydnoid homobasidiomycete fruiting body was found associated with diseased plants and named Hydnum omnivorum Shear (1925), once again based on a different type specimen (C.L.
[ "Shear (1925)", "Baniecki & Bloss 1969", "Weresub & LeClair (1971)" ]
181
40,391
0
false
A hydnoid homobasidiomycete fruiting body was found associated with diseased plants and named Hydnum omnivorum Shear (1925), once again based on a different type specimen (C.L.
[]
A hydnoid homobasidiomycete fruiting body was found associated with diseased plants and named Hydnum omnivorum Shear, once again based on a different type specimen (C.L.
true
true
true
true
true
6,977
2
INTRODUCTION
1
Shear (1925)
[ "R66", "R3", "R77" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
Shear 5267, BPI 259732) from that of Ozonium omnivorum or Phymatotrichum omnivorum.
[ "Shear (1925)", "Baniecki & Bloss 1969", "Weresub & LeClair (1971)" ]
83
40,392
0
false
Shear 5267, BPI 259732) from that of Ozonium omnivorum or Phymatotrichum omnivorum.
[]
Shear 5267, BPI 259732) from that of Ozonium omnivorum or Phymatotrichum omnivorum.
true
true
true
true
true
6,977
2
INTRODUCTION
1
Baniecki & Bloss 1969
[ "R66", "R3", "R77" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
Later, a corticioid homobasidiomycete fruiting body was discovered in a culture of Phymatotrichum omnivorum and identified as Sistotrema brinkmannii (Baniecki & Bloss 1969).
[ "Shear (1925)", "Baniecki & Bloss 1969", "Weresub & LeClair (1971)" ]
173
40,393
1
false
Later, a corticioid homobasidiomycete fruiting body was discovered in a culture of Phymatotrichum omnivorum and identified as Sistotrema brinkmannii.
[ "Baniecki & Bloss 1969" ]
Later, a corticioid homobasidiomycete fruiting body was discovered in a culture of Phymatotrichum omnivorum and identified as Sistotrema brinkmannii.
true
true
true
true
true
6,977
2
INTRODUCTION
1
Shear (1925)
[ "R66", "R3", "R77" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
Basidiospores of the Sistotrema failed to form the mycelium of Phymatotrichum, and Weresub & LeClair (1971) considered this report to be based on a homothallic culture contaminant.
[ "Shear (1925)", "Baniecki & Bloss 1969", "Weresub & LeClair (1971)" ]
180
40,394
0
false
Basidiospores of the Sistotrema failed to form the mycelium of Phymatotrichum, and Weresub & LeClair (1971) considered this report to be based on a homothallic culture contaminant.
[]
Basidiospores of the Sistotrema failed to form the mycelium of Phymatotrichum, and Weresub & LeClair considered this report to be based on a homothallic culture contaminant.
true
true
true
true
true
6,977
3
INTRODUCTION
1
Hennebert (1973)
[ "R25", "R25", "R65" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
The type species of Phymatotrichum, P. gemellum Bonord., was shown to be a member of Botrytis by Hennebert (1973).
[ "Hennebert (1973)", "Hennebert (1973)", "Shear (1907)" ]
114
40,395
0
false
The type species of Phymatotrichum, P. gemellum Bonord., was shown to be a member of Botrytis by Hennebert (1973).
[]
The type species of Phymatotrichum, P. gemellum Bonord., was shown to be a member of Botrytis by Hennebert.
true
true
true
true
true
6,978
3
INTRODUCTION
1
Hennebert (1973)
[ "R25", "R25", "R65" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
Hennebert (1973) believed that the name Phymatotrichum omnivorum should be attributed to Duggar alone since it was based on different specimens than examined by Shear (1907) when he described Ozonium omnivorum, and because the distinguishing features described by Duggar (the conidia) were not present in the type of Ozo...
[ "Hennebert (1973)", "Hennebert (1973)", "Shear (1907)" ]
340
40,396
0
false
Hennebert (1973) believed that the name Phymatotrichum omnivorum should be attributed to Duggar alone since it was based on different specimens than examined by Shear (1907) when he described Ozonium omnivorum, and because the distinguishing features described by Duggar (the conidia) were not present in the type of Ozo...
[]
Hennebert believed that the name Phymatotrichum omnivorum should be attributed to Duggar alone since it was based on different specimens than examined by Shear when he described Ozonium omnivorum, and because the distinguishing features described by Duggar were not present in the type of Ozonium omnivorum (C.L.
true
true
true
true
true
6,978
3
INTRODUCTION
1
Hennebert (1973)
[ "R25", "R25", "R65" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
Shear 1447, BPI 455660).
[ "Hennebert (1973)", "Hennebert (1973)", "Shear (1907)" ]
24
40,397
0
false
Shear 1447, BPI 455660).
[]
Shear 1447, BPI 455660).
true
true
true
true
true
6,978
3
INTRODUCTION
1
Hennebert (1973)
[ "R25", "R25", "R65" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
Phymatotrichum omnivorum was transferred to Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Duggar)
[ "Hennebert (1973)", "Hennebert (1973)", "Shear (1907)" ]
79
40,398
0
false
Phymatotrichum omnivorum was transferred to Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Duggar)
[]
Phymatotrichum omnivorum was transferred to Phymatotrichopsis omnivora
true
true
false
true
false
6,978
3
INTRODUCTION
1
Hennebert (1973)
[ "R25", "R25", "R65" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
Hennebert and Phymatotrichum fimicola Dring to Pulchromyces fimicola (Dring) Hennebert.
[ "Hennebert (1973)", "Hennebert (1973)", "Shear (1907)" ]
87
40,399
0
false
Hennebert and Phymatotrichum fimicola Dring to Pulchromyces fimicola (Dring) Hennebert.
[]
Hennebert and Phymatotrichum fimicola Dring to Pulchromyces fimicola Hennebert.
true
true
true
true
true
6,978
4
INTRODUCTION
1
Burdsall and Nakasone (1978)
[ "R9", "R9", "R8" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
The type specimen and cultures of Hydnum omnivorum were studied by Burdsall and Nakasone (1978) who transferred this species to Phanerochaete and distinguished it from Phymatotrichopsis omnivora and from Phanerochaete chrysorhiza on the basis of culture morphology.
[ "Burdsall and Nakasone (1978)", "Burdsall & Nakasone 1978", "Burdsall 1985" ]
265
40,400
0
false
The type specimen and cultures of Hydnum omnivorum were studied by Burdsall and Nakasone (1978) who transferred this species to Phanerochaete and distinguished it from Phymatotrichopsis omnivora and from Phanerochaete chrysorhiza on the basis of culture morphology.
[]
The type specimen and cultures of Hydnum omnivorum were studied by Burdsall and Nakasone who transferred this species to Phanerochaete and distinguished it from Phymatotrichopsis omnivora and from Phanerochaete chrysorhiza on the basis of culture morphology.
true
true
true
true
true
6,979
4
INTRODUCTION
1
Burdsall and Nakasone (1978)
[ "R9", "R9", "R8" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
Phanerochaete omnivora has been found on dead stems and roots of angiosperm trees and shrubs in Arizona and Texas but has not been reported from cotton or most of the other hosts of Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Burdsall & Nakasone 1978, Burdsall 1985).
[ "Burdsall and Nakasone (1978)", "Burdsall & Nakasone 1978", "Burdsall 1985" ]
251
40,401
0
false
Phanerochaete omnivora has been found on dead stems and roots of angiosperm trees and shrubs in Arizona and Texas but has not been reported from cotton or most of the other hosts of Phymatotrichopsis omnivora.
[ "Burdsall & Nakasone 1978, Burdsall 1985" ]
Phanerochaete omnivora has been found on dead stems and roots of angiosperm trees and shrubs in Arizona and Texas but has not been reported from cotton or most of the other hosts of Phymatotrichopsis omnivora.
true
true
true
true
true
6,979
4
INTRODUCTION
1
Burdsall and Nakasone (1978)
[ "R9", "R9", "R8" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
As of today, the name of this economically important plant pathogen is Phymatotrichopsis omnivora and, as far as is known, it is a holoanamorphic (solely asexual) fungus of unknown phylum (e.g., Ascomycota, Basidiomycota or Zygomycota).
[ "Burdsall and Nakasone (1978)", "Burdsall & Nakasone 1978", "Burdsall 1985" ]
236
40,402
0
false
As of today, the name of this economically important plant pathogen is Phymatotrichopsis omnivora and, as far as is known, it is a holoanamorphic (solely asexual) fungus of unknown phylum (e.g., Ascomycota, Basidiomycota or Zygomycota).
[]
As of today, the name of this economically important plant pathogen is Phymatotrichopsis omnivora and, as far as is known, it is a holoanamorphic fungus of unknown phylum.
true
true
true
true
true
6,979
5
INTRODUCTION
1
Hine et al. 1969
[ "R27", "R43", "R16", "R21", "R7", "R4", "R21", "R4", "R13", "R36", "R62" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
More recent work has provided some clues to the phylogenetic identity of Phymatotrichopsis omnivora.
[ "Hine et al. 1969", "Lyda & Burnett 1970", "Edgington et al. 1971", "Gunasekaran et al. (1974)", "Bracker 1967", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Gunasekaran et al. 1974", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Dong et al. (1981)", "Kirk et al. 2001", "Riggs 1993" ]
100
40,403
0
false
More recent work has provided some clues to the phylogenetic identity of Phymatotrichopsis omnivora.
[]
More recent work has provided some clues to the phylogenetic identity of Phymatotrichopsis omnivora.
true
true
true
true
true
6,980
5
INTRODUCTION
1
Hine et al. 1969
[ "R27", "R43", "R16", "R21", "R7", "R4", "R21", "R4", "R13", "R36", "R62" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
It is sensitive to the fungicide benomyl at rates of 5 mg/L (Hine et al.
[ "Hine et al. 1969", "Lyda & Burnett 1970", "Edgington et al. 1971", "Gunasekaran et al. (1974)", "Bracker 1967", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Gunasekaran et al. 1974", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Dong et al. (1981)", "Kirk et al. 2001", "Riggs 1993" ]
72
40,404
0
false
It is sensitive to the fungicide benomyl at rates of 5 mg/L (Hine et al.
[]
It is sensitive to the fungicide benomyl at rates of 5 mg/L (Hine et al.
true
true
true
true
true
6,980
5
INTRODUCTION
1
Hine et al. 1969
[ "R27", "R43", "R16", "R21", "R7", "R4", "R21", "R4", "R13", "R36", "R62" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
1969, Lyda & Burnett 1970), a concentration to which most members of the Basidiomycota are tolerant, whereas members of the Ascomycota, excepting Pleosporales, are sensitive (Edgington et al.
[ "Hine et al. 1969", "Lyda & Burnett 1970", "Edgington et al. 1971", "Gunasekaran et al. (1974)", "Bracker 1967", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Gunasekaran et al. 1974", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Dong et al. (1981)", "Kirk et al. 2001", "Riggs 1993" ]
191
40,405
0
false
1969, Lyda & Burnett 1970), a concentration to which most members of the Basidiomycota are tolerant, whereas members of the Ascomycota, excepting Pleosporales, are sensitive (Edgington et al.
[]
1969, Lyda & Burnett 1970), a concentration to which most members of the Basidiomycota are tolerant, whereas members of the Ascomycota, excepting Pleosporales, are sensitive (Edgington et al.
false
false
true
true
false
6,980
5
INTRODUCTION
1
Hine et al. 1969
[ "R27", "R43", "R16", "R21", "R7", "R4", "R21", "R4", "R13", "R36", "R62" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
Gunasekaran et al.
[ "Hine et al. 1969", "Lyda & Burnett 1970", "Edgington et al. 1971", "Gunasekaran et al. (1974)", "Bracker 1967", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Gunasekaran et al. 1974", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Dong et al. (1981)", "Kirk et al. 2001", "Riggs 1993" ]
18
40,406
0
false
Gunasekaran et al.
[]
Gunasekaran et al.
true
true
true
true
true
6,980
5
INTRODUCTION
1
Hine et al. 1969
[ "R27", "R43", "R16", "R21", "R7", "R4", "R21", "R4", "R13", "R36", "R62" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
(1974) examined the hyphal walls of P. omnivora using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
[ "Hine et al. 1969", "Lyda & Burnett 1970", "Edgington et al. 1971", "Gunasekaran et al. (1974)", "Bracker 1967", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Gunasekaran et al. 1974", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Dong et al. (1981)", "Kirk et al. 2001", "Riggs 1993" ]
93
40,407
0
false
(1974) examined the hyphal walls of P. omnivora using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
[]
examined the hyphal walls of P. omnivora using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
false
true
true
true
false
6,980
5
INTRODUCTION
1
Hine et al. 1969
[ "R27", "R43", "R16", "R21", "R7", "R4", "R21", "R4", "R13", "R36", "R62" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
Unfortunately, they did not study septa, which could have conclusively indicated whether P. omnivora is an ascomycete (simple septal pore with Woronin bodies) or basidiomycete (simple or dolipore septa lacking Woronin bodies) (Bracker 1967, Bartnicki-Garcia 1987).
[ "Hine et al. 1969", "Lyda & Burnett 1970", "Edgington et al. 1971", "Gunasekaran et al. (1974)", "Bracker 1967", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Gunasekaran et al. 1974", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Dong et al. (1981)", "Kirk et al. 2001", "Riggs 1993" ]
264
40,408
0
false
Unfortunately, they did not study septa, which could have conclusively indicated whether P. omnivora is an ascomycete (simple septal pore with Woronin bodies) or basidiomycete (simple or dolipore septa lacking Woronin bodies).
[ "Bracker 1967, Bartnicki-Garcia 1987" ]
Unfortunately, they did not study septa, which could have conclusively indicated whether P. omnivora is an ascomycete or basidiomycete.
true
true
true
true
true
6,980
5
INTRODUCTION
1
Hine et al. 1969
[ "R27", "R43", "R16", "R21", "R7", "R4", "R21", "R4", "R13", "R36", "R62" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
However, the hyphal walls of P. omnivora clearly possessed the bilayered structure typical of Ascomycota, with a thick, translucent inner layer and a thin, electron-dense outer layer (Gunasekaran et al.
[ "Hine et al. 1969", "Lyda & Burnett 1970", "Edgington et al. 1971", "Gunasekaran et al. (1974)", "Bracker 1967", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Gunasekaran et al. 1974", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Dong et al. (1981)", "Kirk et al. 2001", "Riggs 1993" ]
202
40,409
0
false
However, the hyphal walls of P. omnivora clearly possessed the bilayered structure typical of Ascomycota, with a thick, translucent inner layer and a thin, electron-dense outer layer (Gunasekaran et al.
[]
However, the hyphal walls of P. omnivora clearly possessed the bilayered structure typical of Ascomycota, with a thick, translucent inner layer and a thin, electron-dense outer layer (Gunasekaran et al.
true
true
true
true
true
6,980
5
INTRODUCTION
1
Bartnicki-Garcia 1987
[ "R27", "R43", "R16", "R21", "R7", "R4", "R21", "R4", "R13", "R36", "R62" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
In contrast, hyphal walls of most Basidiomycota show multiple thin translucent and electron-dense layers (Bartnicki-Garcia 1987).
[ "Hine et al. 1969", "Lyda & Burnett 1970", "Edgington et al. 1971", "Gunasekaran et al. (1974)", "Bracker 1967", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Gunasekaran et al. 1974", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Dong et al. (1981)", "Kirk et al. 2001", "Riggs 1993" ]
129
40,410
1
false
In contrast, hyphal walls of most Basidiomycota show multiple thin translucent and electron-dense layers.
[ "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987" ]
In contrast, hyphal walls of most Basidiomycota show multiple thin translucent and electron-dense layers.
true
true
true
true
true
6,980
5
INTRODUCTION
1
Hine et al. 1969
[ "R27", "R43", "R16", "R21", "R7", "R4", "R21", "R4", "R13", "R36", "R62" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
Woronin bodies, diagnostic of filamentous Ascomycota, were discovered by Dong et al.
[ "Hine et al. 1969", "Lyda & Burnett 1970", "Edgington et al. 1971", "Gunasekaran et al. (1974)", "Bracker 1967", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Gunasekaran et al. 1974", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Dong et al. (1981)", "Kirk et al. 2001", "Riggs 1993" ]
84
40,411
0
false
Woronin bodies, diagnostic of filamentous Ascomycota, were discovered by Dong et al.
[]
Woronin bodies, diagnostic of filamentous Ascomycota, were discovered by Dong et al.
true
true
true
true
true
6,980
5
INTRODUCTION
1
Hine et al. 1969
[ "R27", "R43", "R16", "R21", "R7", "R4", "R21", "R4", "R13", "R36", "R62" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
(1981) in the hyphae of Phymatotrichopsis omnivora.
[ "Hine et al. 1969", "Lyda & Burnett 1970", "Edgington et al. 1971", "Gunasekaran et al. (1974)", "Bracker 1967", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Gunasekaran et al. 1974", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Dong et al. (1981)", "Kirk et al. 2001", "Riggs 1993" ]
51
40,412
0
false
(1981) in the hyphae of Phymatotrichopsis omnivora.
[]
in the hyphae of Phymatotrichopsis omnivora.
false
true
true
true
false
6,980
5
INTRODUCTION
1
Hine et al. 1969
[ "R27", "R43", "R16", "R21", "R7", "R4", "R21", "R4", "R13", "R36", "R62" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
Despite this strong evidence to indicate that P. omnivora is actually a member of the Ascomycota, the Dictionary of the Fungi (Kirk et al.
[ "Hine et al. 1969", "Lyda & Burnett 1970", "Edgington et al. 1971", "Gunasekaran et al. (1974)", "Bracker 1967", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Gunasekaran et al. 1974", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Dong et al. (1981)", "Kirk et al. 2001", "Riggs 1993" ]
138
40,413
0
false
Despite this strong evidence to indicate that P. omnivora is actually a member of the Ascomycota, the Dictionary of the Fungi (Kirk et al.
[]
Despite this strong evidence to indicate that P. omnivora is actually a member of the Ascomycota, the Dictionary of the Fungi (Kirk et al.
true
true
true
true
true
6,980
5
INTRODUCTION
1
Hine et al. 1969
[ "R27", "R43", "R16", "R21", "R7", "R4", "R21", "R4", "R13", "R36", "R62" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
2001) lists Phymatotrichopsis as “?
[ "Hine et al. 1969", "Lyda & Burnett 1970", "Edgington et al. 1971", "Gunasekaran et al. (1974)", "Bracker 1967", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Gunasekaran et al. 1974", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Dong et al. (1981)", "Kirk et al. 2001", "Riggs 1993" ]
35
40,414
0
false
2001) lists Phymatotrichopsis as “?
[]
2001) lists Phymatotrichopsis as “?
false
false
true
true
false
6,980
5
INTRODUCTION
1
Hine et al. 1969
[ "R27", "R43", "R16", "R21", "R7", "R4", "R21", "R4", "R13", "R36", "R62" ]
20,198,139
NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA|NA
anamorphic Basidiomycota”.
[ "Hine et al. 1969", "Lyda & Burnett 1970", "Edgington et al. 1971", "Gunasekaran et al. (1974)", "Bracker 1967", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Gunasekaran et al. 1974", "Bartnicki-Garcia 1987", "Dong et al. (1981)", "Kirk et al. 2001", "Riggs 1993" ]
26
40,415
0
false
anamorphic Basidiomycota”.
[]
anamorphic Basidiomycota”.
false
true
true
true
false
6,980