Split (1)

train · 816k rows

paragraph_index int64	sec string	p_has_citation int64	cites string	citeids list	pmid int64	cited_id string	sentences string	all_sent_cites list	sent_len int64	sentence_batch_index int64	sent_has_citation float64	qc_fail bool	cited_sentence string	cites_in_sentence list	cln_sentence string	is_cap bool	is_alpha bool	ends_wp bool	cit_qc bool	lgtm bool	__index_level_0__ int64
2	DISCUSSION	1	9	[ "B6", "B7", "B8", "B9" ]	20,552,078	NA\|pmid-8141469\|pmid-2585696\|NA	TSB may suppress ectopic discharge from the injured peripheral nerve at the supraspinal level by injection of a large quantity of local anesthetics injection into the subarachnoid space and effects the central nervous system changes on abnormal perception and nociception [9].	[ "6", "7", "8", "9" ]	276	44,119	1	false	TSB may suppress ectopic discharge from the injured peripheral nerve at the supraspinal level by injection of a large quantity of local anesthetics injection into the subarachnoid space and effects the central nervous system changes on abnormal perception and nociception.	[ "9" ]	TSB may suppress ectopic discharge from the injured peripheral nerve at the supraspinal level by injection of a large quantity of local anesthetics injection into the subarachnoid space and effects the central nervous system changes on abnormal perception and nociception.	true	true	true	true	true	7,630
3	DISCUSSION	1	10	[ "B10", "B11", "B9", "B12" ]	20,552,078	NA\|pmid-12374709\|NA\|NA	TSB was first described clinically when a patient with whiplash injury experienced pain reduction after accidental TSB during the epidural block.	[ "10", "11", "9", "12" ]	145	44,120	0	false	TSB was first described clinically when a patient with whiplash injury experienced pain reduction after accidental TSB during the epidural block.	[]	TSB was first described clinically when a patient with whiplash injury experienced pain reduction after accidental TSB during the epidural block.	true	true	true	true	true	7,631
3	DISCUSSION	1	10	[ "B10", "B11", "B9", "B12" ]	20,552,078	NA\|pmid-12374709\|NA\|NA	There is also the case of transient hearing loss following repeated total spinal anesthesias [10], Yokoyama et al.	[ "10", "11", "9", "12" ]	114	44,121	1	false	There is also the case of transient hearing loss following repeated total spinal anesthesias, Yokoyama et al.	[ "10" ]	There is also the case of transient hearing loss following repeated total spinal anesthesias, Yokoyama et al.	true	true	true	true	true	7,631
3	DISCUSSION	1	11	[ "B10", "B11", "B9", "B12" ]	20,552,078	NA\|pmid-12374709\|NA\|NA	[11] and Cheon et al.	[ "10", "11", "9", "12" ]	21	44,122	1	false	and Cheon et al.	[ "11" ]	and Cheon et al.	false	true	true	true	false	7,631
3	DISCUSSION	1	9	[ "B10", "B11", "B9", "B12" ]	20,552,078	NA\|pmid-12374709\|NA\|NA	[9] report there was no hemodynamic instability in their cases, and the unexpected loss of consciousness loss was slowly recovered, following the recovery of respiration.	[ "10", "11", "9", "12" ]	170	44,123	1	false	report there was no hemodynamic instability in their cases, and the unexpected loss of consciousness loss was slowly recovered, following the recovery of respiration.	[ "9" ]	report there was no hemodynamic instability in their cases, and the unexpected loss of consciousness loss was slowly recovered, following the recovery of respiration.	false	true	true	true	false	7,631
3	DISCUSSION	1	10	[ "B10", "B11", "B9", "B12" ]	20,552,078	NA\|pmid-12374709\|NA\|NA	Additionally, promoting safety by careful preparation and using local anesthetics diversely is recommended.	[ "10", "11", "9", "12" ]	107	44,124	0	false	Additionally, promoting safety by careful preparation and using local anesthetics diversely is recommended.	[]	Additionally, promoting safety by careful preparation and using local anesthetics diversely is recommended.	true	true	true	true	true	7,631
3	DISCUSSION	1	12	[ "B10", "B11", "B9", "B12" ]	20,552,078	NA\|pmid-12374709\|NA\|NA	Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows changes in the primary sensory area, primary motor area, and temporal lobe of the cerebrum of a CRPS patient [12], so evaluating the effect of TSB by comparing functional MRI images before and after the procedure is necessary.	[ "10", "11", "9", "12" ]	276	44,125	1	false	Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows changes in the primary sensory area, primary motor area, and temporal lobe of the cerebrum of a CRPS patient, so evaluating the effect of TSB by comparing functional MRI images before and after the procedure is necessary.	[ "12" ]	Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows changes in the primary sensory area, primary motor area, and temporal lobe of the cerebrum of a CRPS patient, so evaluating the effect of TSB by comparing functional MRI images before and after the procedure is necessary.	true	true	true	true	true	7,631
4	DISCUSSION	0	null	null	20,552,078	null	In conclusion, TSB is one of the treatments worth trying to treat CRPS patient with sympathetic maintained pain and changes in the central nervous system.	null	154	44,126	0	false	null	null	In conclusion, TSB is one of the treatments worth trying to treat CRPS patient with sympathetic maintained pain and changes in the central nervous system.	true	true	true	true	true	7,632
0	DISCUSSION	0	null	null	20,461,180	null	This study involve the evaluation of the MRI findings of 26 histologically confirmed cases of PCNSL in immunocompetent patients and compares the imaging characteristics of monofocal disease with those of multifocal disease.	null	223	44,127	0	false	null	null	This study involve the evaluation of the MRI findings of 26 histologically confirmed cases of PCNSL in immunocompetent patients and compares the imaging characteristics of monofocal disease with those of multifocal disease.	true	true	true	true	true	7,633
0	DISCUSSION	0	null	null	20,461,180	null	In principle, our study confirms previous results regarding the appearance of PCNSL on MR images.	null	97	44,128	0	false	null	null	In principle, our study confirms previous results regarding the appearance of PCNSL on MR images.	true	true	true	true	true	7,633
0	DISCUSSION	0	null	null	20,461,180	null	However, we further detailed two characteristic enhancement features of the tumors that might be helpful in the differential diagnosis.	null	135	44,129	0	false	null	null	However, we further detailed two characteristic enhancement features of the tumors that might be helpful in the differential diagnosis.	true	true	true	true	true	7,633
1	DISCUSSION	1	6	[ "B6", "B21", "B15", "B22" ]	20,461,180	pmid-15855138\|pmid-9397461\|pmid-10563426\|pmid-7645482	The mean age at diagnosis in this study was 51.5 ± 14.9 years, which is lower than in previously reported data (6, 21).	[ "6", "21", "15", "22" ]	119	44,130	0	false	The mean age at diagnosis in this study was 51.5 ± 14.9 years, which is lower than in previously reported data.	[ "6, 21" ]	The mean age at diagnosis in this study was 51.5 ± 14.9 years, which is lower than in previously reported data.	true	true	true	true	true	7,634
1	DISCUSSION	1	6	[ "B6", "B21", "B15", "B22" ]	20,461,180	pmid-15855138\|pmid-9397461\|pmid-10563426\|pmid-7645482	In other publications, PCNSL usually occurred in the sixth decade (15, 22).	[ "6", "21", "15", "22" ]	75	44,131	0	false	In other publications, PCNSL usually occurred in the sixth decade.	[ "15, 22" ]	In other publications, PCNSL usually occurred in the sixth decade.	true	true	true	true	true	7,634
1	DISCUSSION	1	6	[ "B6", "B21", "B15", "B22" ]	20,461,180	pmid-15855138\|pmid-9397461\|pmid-10563426\|pmid-7645482	There was no significant difference for mean age between monofocal and multifocal lymphomas.	[ "6", "21", "15", "22" ]	92	44,132	0	false	There was no significant difference for mean age between monofocal and multifocal lymphomas.	[]	There was no significant difference for mean age between monofocal and multifocal lymphomas.	true	true	true	true	true	7,634
2	DISCUSSION	1	23	[ "B23", "B24" ]	20,461,180	pmid-9137790\|pmid-10563423	Male predominance is generally recognized at a ratio of up to 1.2-1.7 (23, 24) in PCNSL.	[ "23", "24" ]	88	44,133	0	false	Male predominance is generally recognized at a ratio of up to 1.2-1.7 in PCNSL.	[ "23, 24" ]	Male predominance is generally recognized at a ratio of up to 1.2-1.7 in PCNSL.	true	true	true	true	true	7,635
2	DISCUSSION	1	23	[ "B23", "B24" ]	20,461,180	pmid-9137790\|pmid-10563423	Our data confirms this with a ratio of male cases to female cases of 1.3.	[ "23", "24" ]	73	44,134	0	false	Our data confirms this with a ratio of male cases to female cases of 1.3.	[]	Our data confirms this with a ratio of male cases to female cases of 1.3.	true	true	true	true	true	7,635
3	DISCUSSION	1	2	[ "B2", "B3", "B10", "B8", "B11" ]	20,461,180	pmid-1553036\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-15925998\|pmid-3279454\|pmid-9651058	Multiplicity of PCNSL is a common characteristic (2, 3).	[ "2", "3", "10", "8", "11" ]	56	44,135	0	false	Multiplicity of PCNSL is a common characteristic.	[ "2, 3" ]	Multiplicity of PCNSL is a common characteristic.	true	true	true	true	true	7,636
3	DISCUSSION	1	10	[ "B2", "B3", "B10", "B8", "B11" ]	20,461,180	pmid-1553036\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-15925998\|pmid-3279454\|pmid-9651058	The highest reported number of lesions can be as high as eight (10).	[ "2", "3", "10", "8", "11" ]	68	44,136	1	false	The highest reported number of lesions can be as high as eight.	[ "10" ]	The highest reported number of lesions can be as high as eight.	true	true	true	true	true	7,636
3	DISCUSSION	1	2	[ "B2", "B3", "B10", "B8", "B11" ]	20,461,180	pmid-1553036\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-15925998\|pmid-3279454\|pmid-9651058	We present one case with five lesions.	[ "2", "3", "10", "8", "11" ]	38	44,137	0	false	We present one case with five lesions.	[]	We present one case with five lesions.	true	true	true	true	true	7,636
3	DISCUSSION	1	2	[ "B2", "B3", "B10", "B8", "B11" ]	20,461,180	pmid-1553036\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-15925998\|pmid-3279454\|pmid-9651058	The frequency of the multifocal tumor shows great variation (range 0-50%) in immunocompetent patients (8, 11).	[ "2", "3", "10", "8", "11" ]	110	44,138	0	false	The frequency of the multifocal tumor shows great variation (range 0-50%) in immunocompetent patients.	[ "8, 11" ]	The frequency of the multifocal tumor shows great variation (range 0-50%) in immunocompetent patients.	true	true	true	true	true	7,636
4	DISCUSSION	1	8	[ "B8", "B16", "B7", "B8", "B11" ]	20,461,180	pmid-3279454\|pmid-11312202\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-3279454\|pmid-9651058	In our patient cohort, most lesions affected the frontal lobe, the corpus callosum, and the basal ganglia, which is consistent with previous studies (8, 16).	[ "8", "16", "7", "8", "11" ]	157	44,139	0	false	In our patient cohort, most lesions affected the frontal lobe, the corpus callosum, and the basal ganglia, which is consistent with previous studies.	[ "8, 16" ]	In our patient cohort, most lesions affected the frontal lobe, the corpus callosum, and the basal ganglia, which is consistent with previous studies.	true	true	true	true	true	7,637
4	DISCUSSION	1	8	[ "B8", "B16", "B7", "B8", "B11" ]	20,461,180	pmid-3279454\|pmid-11312202\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-3279454\|pmid-9651058	No statistical difference was found for tumor location between monofocal and multifocal disease (p > 0.05).	[ "8", "16", "7", "8", "11" ]	107	44,140	0	false	No statistical difference was found for tumor location between monofocal and multifocal disease (p > 0.05).	[]	No statistical difference was found for tumor location between monofocal and multifocal disease (p > 0.05).	true	true	true	true	true	7,637
4	DISCUSSION	1	8	[ "B8", "B16", "B7", "B8", "B11" ]	20,461,180	pmid-3279454\|pmid-11312202\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-3279454\|pmid-9651058	The classical 'mirror image' or 'butterfly pattern' - caused by lesions involving the genu or splenium in a symmetrical pattern - was found in four cases.	[ "8", "16", "7", "8", "11" ]	154	44,141	0	false	The classical 'mirror image' or 'butterfly pattern' - caused by lesions involving the genu or splenium in a symmetrical pattern - was found in four cases.	[]	The classical 'mirror image' or 'butterfly pattern' - caused by lesions involving the genu or splenium in a symmetrical pattern - was found in four cases.	true	true	true	true	true	7,637
4	DISCUSSION	1	8	[ "B8", "B16", "B7", "B8", "B11" ]	20,461,180	pmid-3279454\|pmid-11312202\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-3279454\|pmid-9651058	We located 24% (9 of 37) of the lesions in the posterior fossa, which is higher than previously reported (12%) (7, 8).	[ "8", "16", "7", "8", "11" ]	118	44,142	0	false	We located 24% of the lesions in the posterior fossa, which is higher than previously reported (12%).	[ "9 of 37", "7, 8" ]	We located 24% of the lesions in the posterior fossa, which is higher than previously reported (12%).	true	true	true	true	true	7,637
4	DISCUSSION	1	11	[ "B8", "B16", "B7", "B8", "B11" ]	20,461,180	pmid-3279454\|pmid-11312202\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-3279454\|pmid-9651058	PCNSL located both above and below the tentorium is reported to be rare (11), and consistently, only 8% of the patients (2 of 26) in our study involved both sides of the tentorium.	[ "8", "16", "7", "8", "11" ]	180	44,143	1	false	PCNSL located both above and below the tentorium is reported to be rare, and consistently, only 8% of the patients (2 of 26) in our study involved both sides of the tentorium.	[ "11" ]	PCNSL located both above and below the tentorium is reported to be rare, and consistently, only 8% of the patients (2 of 26) in our study involved both sides of the tentorium.	true	true	true	true	true	7,637
5	DISCUSSION	1	7	[ "B7", "B9" ]	20,461,180	pmid-3484575\|pmid-9090424	An image analysis showed that the lesion size for monofocal disease is significantly larger than for multifocal disease at the time of diagnosis (3.8 cm versus 2.2 cm), which is consistent with previously reported results (3.9 cm versus 1.64 cm) (7, 9).	[ "7", "9" ]	253	44,144	0	false	An image analysis showed that the lesion size for monofocal disease is significantly larger than for multifocal disease at the time of diagnosis (3.8 cm versus 2.2 cm), which is consistent with previously reported results.	[ "3.9 cm versus 1.64 cm", "7, 9" ]	An image analysis showed that the lesion size for monofocal disease is significantly larger than for multifocal disease at the time of diagnosis (3.8 cm versus 2.2 cm), which is consistent with previously reported results.	true	true	true	true	true	7,638
5	DISCUSSION	1	7	[ "B7", "B9" ]	20,461,180	pmid-3484575\|pmid-9090424	The reason for the difference in lesion size is unclear.	[ "7", "9" ]	56	44,145	0	false	The reason for the difference in lesion size is unclear.	[]	The reason for the difference in lesion size is unclear.	true	true	true	true	true	7,638
5	DISCUSSION	1	7	[ "B7", "B9" ]	20,461,180	pmid-3484575\|pmid-9090424	We hypothesize that multifocal tumors present symptoms at an earlier stage (and thus at a smaller size), because multiple lesions are likely to have a larger effect than single lesions.	[ "7", "9" ]	185	44,146	0	false	We hypothesize that multifocal tumors present symptoms at an earlier stage (and thus at a smaller size), because multiple lesions are likely to have a larger effect than single lesions.	[]	We hypothesize that multifocal tumors present symptoms at an earlier stage (and thus at a smaller size), because multiple lesions are likely to have a larger effect than single lesions.	true	true	true	true	true	7,638
6	DISCUSSION	1	11	[ "B11", "B25", "B3", "B26", "B2", "B27", "B3" ]	20,461,180	pmid-9651058\|pmid-3772444\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-7075140\|pmid-1553036\|pmid-8498814\|pmid-11870430	Mild or moderate peritumoral edema is a common feature of PCNSL (11); it is generally less pronounced than in metastases or high grade gliomas (25).	[ "11", "25", "3", "26", "2", "27", "3" ]	148	44,147	1	false	Mild or moderate peritumoral edema is a common feature of PCNSL ; it is generally less pronounced than in metastases or high grade gliomas.	[ "11", "25" ]	Mild or moderate peritumoral edema is a common feature of PCNSL ; it is generally less pronounced than in metastases or high grade gliomas.	true	true	true	true	true	7,639
6	DISCUSSION	1	11	[ "B11", "B25", "B3", "B26", "B2", "B27", "B3" ]	20,461,180	pmid-9651058\|pmid-3772444\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-7075140\|pmid-1553036\|pmid-8498814\|pmid-11870430	The fact that marked peritumoral edema is uncommon is probably due to the infiltrative nature of the tumor (3, 26).	[ "11", "25", "3", "26", "2", "27", "3" ]	115	44,148	0	false	The fact that marked peritumoral edema is uncommon is probably due to the infiltrative nature of the tumor.	[ "3, 26" ]	The fact that marked peritumoral edema is uncommon is probably due to the infiltrative nature of the tumor.	true	true	true	true	true	7,639
6	DISCUSSION	1	11	[ "B11", "B25", "B3", "B26", "B2", "B27", "B3" ]	20,461,180	pmid-9651058\|pmid-3772444\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-7075140\|pmid-1553036\|pmid-8498814\|pmid-11870430	Our data support this assessment, with 84% of the evaluated lesions with mild to moderate edema.	[ "11", "25", "3", "26", "2", "27", "3" ]	96	44,149	0	false	Our data support this assessment, with 84% of the evaluated lesions with mild to moderate edema.	[]	Our data support this assessment, with 84% of the evaluated lesions with mild to moderate edema.	true	true	true	true	true	7,639
6	DISCUSSION	1	11	[ "B11", "B25", "B3", "B26", "B2", "B27", "B3" ]	20,461,180	pmid-9651058\|pmid-3772444\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-7075140\|pmid-1553036\|pmid-8498814\|pmid-11870430	However, we found two lesions without edema and this is consistent with previous reports (2, 27).	[ "11", "25", "3", "26", "2", "27", "3" ]	97	44,150	0	false	However, we found two lesions without edema and this is consistent with previous reports.	[ "2, 27" ]	However, we found two lesions without edema and this is consistent with previous reports.	true	true	true	true	true	7,639
6	DISCUSSION	1	11	[ "B11", "B25", "B3", "B26", "B2", "B27", "B3" ]	20,461,180	pmid-9651058\|pmid-3772444\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-7075140\|pmid-1553036\|pmid-8498814\|pmid-11870430	We also report four lesions with marked edema which were not reported previously as well.	[ "11", "25", "3", "26", "2", "27", "3" ]	89	44,151	0	false	We also report four lesions with marked edema which were not reported previously as well.	[]	We also report four lesions with marked edema which were not reported previously as well.	true	true	true	true	true	7,639
6	DISCUSSION	1	3	[ "B11", "B25", "B3", "B26", "B2", "B27", "B3" ]	20,461,180	pmid-9651058\|pmid-3772444\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-7075140\|pmid-1553036\|pmid-8498814\|pmid-11870430	Contrary to Coulon's study, which reports lesser edema in the multifocal group than in the monofocal group (3), we found no statistical significance between the groups.	[ "11", "25", "3", "26", "2", "27", "3" ]	168	44,152	1	false	Contrary to Coulon's study, which reports lesser edema in the multifocal group than in the monofocal group, we found no statistical significance between the groups.	[ "3" ]	Contrary to Coulon's study, which reports lesser edema in the multifocal group than in the monofocal group, we found no statistical significance between the groups.	true	true	true	true	true	7,639
7	DISCUSSION	1	3	[ "B3", "B15", "B17", "B9", "B15", "B17", "B11", "B28", "B9", "B11", "B28" ]	20,461,180	pmid-11870430\|pmid-10563426\|pmid-12691795\|pmid-9090424\|pmid-10563426\|pmid-12691795\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-8773272\|pmid-9090424\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-8773272	On pre-contrast MR images PCNSL is known to appear as hypo- or iso-intense on T1WI, and hyper- or iso-intense on T2WI (3, 15-17).	[ "3", "15", "17", "9", "15", "17", "11", "28", "9", "11", "28" ]	129	44,153	0	false	On pre-contrast MR images PCNSL is known to appear as hypo- or iso-intense on T1WI, and hyper- or iso-intense on T2WI.	[ "3, 15-17" ]	On pre-contrast MR images PCNSL is known to appear as hypo- or iso-intense on T1WI, and hyper- or iso-intense on T2WI.	true	true	true	true	true	7,640
7	DISCUSSION	1	3	[ "B3", "B15", "B17", "B9", "B15", "B17", "B11", "B28", "B9", "B11", "B28" ]	20,461,180	pmid-11870430\|pmid-10563426\|pmid-12691795\|pmid-9090424\|pmid-10563426\|pmid-12691795\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-8773272\|pmid-9090424\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-8773272	Consistent with and the findings above, we did not detect a statistical difference between the monofocal and the multifocal groups.	[ "3", "15", "17", "9", "15", "17", "11", "28", "9", "11", "28" ]	131	44,154	0	false	Consistent with and the findings above, we did not detect a statistical difference between the monofocal and the multifocal groups.	[]	Consistent with and the findings above, we did not detect a statistical difference between the monofocal and the multifocal groups.	true	true	true	true	true	7,640
7	DISCUSSION	1	3	[ "B3", "B15", "B17", "B9", "B15", "B17", "B11", "B28", "B9", "B11", "B28" ]	20,461,180	pmid-11870430\|pmid-10563426\|pmid-12691795\|pmid-9090424\|pmid-10563426\|pmid-12691795\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-8773272\|pmid-9090424\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-8773272	In contrast, the enhancement after injection of Gd-DTPA is known to be variable (9, 15, 17), and in multifocal disease, can even enhance to a different degree within the same patient (11, 28); even tumors without any enhancement were reported (9-11, 28).	[ "3", "15", "17", "9", "15", "17", "11", "28", "9", "11", "28" ]	254	44,155	0	false	In contrast, the enhancement after injection of Gd-DTPA is known to be variable, and in multifocal disease, can even enhance to a different degree within the same patient ; even tumors without any enhancement were reported.	[ "9, 15, 17", "11, 28", "9-11, 28" ]	In contrast, the enhancement after injection of Gd-DTPA is known to be variable, and in multifocal disease, can even enhance to a different degree within the same patient ; even tumors without any enhancement were reported.	true	true	true	true	true	7,640
7	DISCUSSION	1	3	[ "B3", "B15", "B17", "B9", "B15", "B17", "B11", "B28", "B9", "B11", "B28" ]	20,461,180	pmid-11870430\|pmid-10563426\|pmid-12691795\|pmid-9090424\|pmid-10563426\|pmid-12691795\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-8773272\|pmid-9090424\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-8773272	In our cohort, all the lesions showed enhancement, but the degree and pattern was variable.	[ "3", "15", "17", "9", "15", "17", "11", "28", "9", "11", "28" ]	91	44,156	0	false	In our cohort, all the lesions showed enhancement, but the degree and pattern was variable.	[]	In our cohort, all the lesions showed enhancement, but the degree and pattern was variable.	true	true	true	true	true	7,640
7	DISCUSSION	1	3	[ "B3", "B15", "B17", "B9", "B15", "B17", "B11", "B28", "B9", "B11", "B28" ]	20,461,180	pmid-11870430\|pmid-10563426\|pmid-12691795\|pmid-9090424\|pmid-10563426\|pmid-12691795\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-8773272\|pmid-9090424\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-8773272	Most lesions (25 of 37) showed marked enhancement, while the rest (12 of 37) exhibited mild or moderate enhancement.	[ "3", "15", "17", "9", "15", "17", "11", "28", "9", "11", "28" ]	116	44,157	0	false	Most lesions showed marked enhancement, while the rest exhibited mild or moderate enhancement.	[ "25 of 37", "12 of 37" ]	Most lesions showed marked enhancement, while the rest exhibited mild or moderate enhancement.	true	true	true	true	true	7,640
7	DISCUSSION	1	3	[ "B3", "B15", "B17", "B9", "B15", "B17", "B11", "B28", "B9", "B11", "B28" ]	20,461,180	pmid-11870430\|pmid-10563426\|pmid-12691795\|pmid-9090424\|pmid-10563426\|pmid-12691795\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-8773272\|pmid-9090424\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-8773272	Mild or moderate enhancement was more frequent in monofocal disease.	[ "3", "15", "17", "9", "15", "17", "11", "28", "9", "11", "28" ]	68	44,158	0	false	Mild or moderate enhancement was more frequent in monofocal disease.	[]	Mild or moderate enhancement was more frequent in monofocal disease.	true	true	true	true	true	7,640
8	DISCUSSION	1	14	[ "B14", "B18", "B7", "B17", "B3", "B27", "B29", "B30", "B31" ]	20,461,180	pmid-15567554\|pmid-6504318\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-12691795\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-8498814\|pmid-11110076\|pmid-10751251\|pmid-7997566	As for the enhancement pattern, our data and previous studies concur in that enhancement is most commonly homogeneous (14-18).	[ "14", "18", "7", "17", "3", "27", "29", "30", "31" ]	126	44,159	0	false	As for the enhancement pattern, our data and previous studies concur in that enhancement is most commonly homogeneous.	[ "14-18" ]	As for the enhancement pattern, our data and previous studies concur in that enhancement is most commonly homogeneous.	true	true	true	true	true	7,641
8	DISCUSSION	1	14	[ "B14", "B18", "B7", "B17", "B3", "B27", "B29", "B30", "B31" ]	20,461,180	pmid-15567554\|pmid-6504318\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-12691795\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-8498814\|pmid-11110076\|pmid-10751251\|pmid-7997566	Ring-like enhancement can be found in immunodeficient patients, but is rare in immunocompetent patients (7, 17).	[ "14", "18", "7", "17", "3", "27", "29", "30", "31" ]	112	44,160	0	false	Ring-like enhancement can be found in immunodeficient patients, but is rare in immunocompetent patients.	[ "7, 17" ]	Ring-like enhancement can be found in immunodeficient patients, but is rare in immunocompetent patients.	true	true	true	true	true	7,641
8	DISCUSSION	1	14	[ "B14", "B18", "B7", "B17", "B3", "B27", "B29", "B30", "B31" ]	20,461,180	pmid-15567554\|pmid-6504318\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-12691795\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-8498814\|pmid-11110076\|pmid-10751251\|pmid-7997566	Lesions with gyral-like and a radial enhancement pattern has been reported previously (3, 27, 29).	[ "14", "18", "7", "17", "3", "27", "29", "30", "31" ]	98	44,161	0	false	Lesions with gyral-like and a radial enhancement pattern has been reported previously.	[ "3, 27, 29" ]	Lesions with gyral-like and a radial enhancement pattern has been reported previously.	true	true	true	true	true	7,641
8	DISCUSSION	1	14	[ "B14", "B18", "B7", "B17", "B3", "B27", "B29", "B30", "B31" ]	20,461,180	pmid-15567554\|pmid-6504318\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-12691795\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-8498814\|pmid-11110076\|pmid-10751251\|pmid-7997566	To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report two specific enhancement patterns: 1) Two tumors showed an open-ring enhancement, which is considered highly specific for atypical brain demyelination (30, 31).	[ "14", "18", "7", "17", "3", "27", "29", "30", "31" ]	224	44,162	0	false	To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report two specific enhancement patterns: 1) Two tumors showed an open-ring enhancement, which is considered highly specific for atypical brain demyelination.	[ "30, 31" ]	To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report two specific enhancement patterns: 1) Two tumors showed an open-ring enhancement, which is considered highly specific for atypical brain demyelination.	true	true	true	true	true	7,641
8	DISCUSSION	1	14	[ "B14", "B18", "B7", "B17", "B3", "B27", "B29", "B30", "B31" ]	20,461,180	pmid-15567554\|pmid-6504318\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-12691795\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-8498814\|pmid-11110076\|pmid-10751251\|pmid-7997566	However, the ring of enhancement is thin and uniform in brain demyelination, whereas in PCNSL, the ring is thick and not uniform.	[ "14", "18", "7", "17", "3", "27", "29", "30", "31" ]	129	44,163	0	false	However, the ring of enhancement is thin and uniform in brain demyelination, whereas in PCNSL, the ring is thick and not uniform.	[]	However, the ring of enhancement is thin and uniform in brain demyelination, whereas in PCNSL, the ring is thick and not uniform.	true	true	true	true	true	7,641
8	DISCUSSION	1	14	[ "B14", "B18", "B7", "B17", "B3", "B27", "B29", "B30", "B31" ]	20,461,180	pmid-15567554\|pmid-6504318\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-12691795\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-8498814\|pmid-11110076\|pmid-10751251\|pmid-7997566	2) We report four homogeneously enhanced tumors with a 'notch sign'.	[ "14", "18", "7", "17", "3", "27", "29", "30", "31" ]	68	44,164	0	false	2) We report four homogeneously enhanced tumors with a 'notch sign'.	[]	2) We report four homogeneously enhanced tumors with a 'notch sign'.	false	false	true	true	false	7,641
8	DISCUSSION	1	14	[ "B14", "B18", "B7", "B17", "B3", "B27", "B29", "B30", "B31" ]	20,461,180	pmid-15567554\|pmid-6504318\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-12691795\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-8498814\|pmid-11110076\|pmid-10751251\|pmid-7997566	The findings suggest that PCNSL should be suspected when lesions show these two specific enhancement patterns.	[ "14", "18", "7", "17", "3", "27", "29", "30", "31" ]	110	44,165	0	false	The findings suggest that PCNSL should be suspected when lesions show these two specific enhancement patterns.	[]	The findings suggest that PCNSL should be suspected when lesions show these two specific enhancement patterns.	true	true	true	true	true	7,641
8	DISCUSSION	1	14	[ "B14", "B18", "B7", "B17", "B3", "B27", "B29", "B30", "B31" ]	20,461,180	pmid-15567554\|pmid-6504318\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-12691795\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-8498814\|pmid-11110076\|pmid-10751251\|pmid-7997566	Thus, the two features may be helpful for the differential diagnosis of brain tumors.	[ "14", "18", "7", "17", "3", "27", "29", "30", "31" ]	85	44,166	0	false	Thus, the two features may be helpful for the differential diagnosis of brain tumors.	[]	Thus, the two features may be helpful for the differential diagnosis of brain tumors.	true	true	true	true	true	7,641
8	DISCUSSION	1	14	[ "B14", "B18", "B7", "B17", "B3", "B27", "B29", "B30", "B31" ]	20,461,180	pmid-15567554\|pmid-6504318\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-12691795\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-8498814\|pmid-11110076\|pmid-10751251\|pmid-7997566	The specificity will need to be tested in a larger series of brain tumors.	[ "14", "18", "7", "17", "3", "27", "29", "30", "31" ]	74	44,167	0	false	The specificity will need to be tested in a larger series of brain tumors.	[]	The specificity will need to be tested in a larger series of brain tumors.	true	true	true	true	true	7,641
9	DISCUSSION	1	7	[ "B7", "B8" ]	20,461,180	pmid-3484575\|pmid-3279454	The typical CT finding of PCNSL is that of a primarily iso- or hyperdense space-occupying mass with marked homogeneous enhancement (7, 8).	[ "7", "8" ]	138	44,168	0	false	The typical CT finding of PCNSL is that of a primarily iso- or hyperdense space-occupying mass with marked homogeneous enhancement.	[ "7, 8" ]	The typical CT finding of PCNSL is that of a primarily iso- or hyperdense space-occupying mass with marked homogeneous enhancement.	true	true	true	true	true	7,642
9	DISCUSSION	1	7	[ "B7", "B8" ]	20,461,180	pmid-3484575\|pmid-3279454	In this study, all lesions (n = 12) with available CT data showed these features.	[ "7", "8" ]	81	44,169	0	false	In this study, all lesions (n = 12) with available CT data showed these features.	[]	In this study, all lesions (n = 12) with available CT data showed these features.	true	true	true	true	true	7,642
10	DISCUSSION	1	3	[ "B3", "B11", "B28", "B11", "B3", "B11", "B3", "B14", "B3", "B7", "B27" ]	20,461,180	pmid-11870430\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-8773272\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-15567554\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-8498814	Furthermore, there are several uncommon findings for PCNSL in immunocompetent patients.	[ "3", "11", "28", "11", "3", "11", "3", "14", "3", "7", "27" ]	87	44,170	0	false	Furthermore, there are several uncommon findings for PCNSL in immunocompetent patients.	[]	Furthermore, there are several uncommon findings for PCNSL in immunocompetent patients.	true	true	true	true	true	7,643
10	DISCUSSION	1	3	[ "B3", "B11", "B28", "B11", "B3", "B11", "B3", "B14", "B3", "B7", "B27" ]	20,461,180	pmid-11870430\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-8773272\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-15567554\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-8498814	First, cystic changes are a very uncommon finding in PCNSL in immunocompetent patients and when present, are usually small single cysts (3, 11, 28).	[ "3", "11", "28", "11", "3", "11", "3", "14", "3", "7", "27" ]	148	44,171	0	false	First, cystic changes are a very uncommon finding in PCNSL in immunocompetent patients and when present, are usually small single cysts.	[ "3, 11, 28" ]	First, cystic changes are a very uncommon finding in PCNSL in immunocompetent patients and when present, are usually small single cysts.	true	true	true	true	true	7,643
10	DISCUSSION	1	11	[ "B3", "B11", "B28", "B11", "B3", "B11", "B3", "B14", "B3", "B7", "B27" ]	20,461,180	pmid-11870430\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-8773272\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-15567554\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-8498814	In the present patient population, three small intratumoral cysts were present (average diameter 3 mm), which is in line with previously reported data (11).	[ "3", "11", "28", "11", "3", "11", "3", "14", "3", "7", "27" ]	156	44,172	1	false	In the present patient population, three small intratumoral cysts were present, which is in line with previously reported data.	[ "average diameter 3 mm", "11" ]	In the present patient population, three small intratumoral cysts were present, which is in line with previously reported data.	true	true	true	true	true	7,643
10	DISCUSSION	1	3	[ "B3", "B11", "B28", "B11", "B3", "B11", "B3", "B14", "B3", "B7", "B27" ]	20,461,180	pmid-11870430\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-8773272\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-15567554\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-8498814	Secondly, intratumoral calcifications are rare in PCNSL, and to our knowledge, only two cases of PCNSL with calcification before treatment have been reported (3, 11).	[ "3", "11", "28", "11", "3", "11", "3", "14", "3", "7", "27" ]	166	44,173	0	false	Secondly, intratumoral calcifications are rare in PCNSL, and to our knowledge, only two cases of PCNSL with calcification before treatment have been reported.	[ "3, 11" ]	Secondly, intratumoral calcifications are rare in PCNSL, and to our knowledge, only two cases of PCNSL with calcification before treatment have been reported.	true	true	true	true	true	7,643
10	DISCUSSION	1	3	[ "B3", "B11", "B28", "B11", "B3", "B11", "B3", "B14", "B3", "B7", "B27" ]	20,461,180	pmid-11870430\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-8773272\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-15567554\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-8498814	Therefore, calcifications must be considered as a useful imaging characteristic to differentiate PCNSL from other intracranial tumors that have a tendency to calcify.	[ "3", "11", "28", "11", "3", "11", "3", "14", "3", "7", "27" ]	166	44,174	0	false	Therefore, calcifications must be considered as a useful imaging characteristic to differentiate PCNSL from other intracranial tumors that have a tendency to calcify.	[]	Therefore, calcifications must be considered as a useful imaging characteristic to differentiate PCNSL from other intracranial tumors that have a tendency to calcify.	true	true	true	true	true	7,643
10	DISCUSSION	1	3	[ "B3", "B11", "B28", "B11", "B3", "B11", "B3", "B14", "B3", "B7", "B27" ]	20,461,180	pmid-11870430\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-8773272\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-15567554\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-8498814	However, calcifications are more frequently found after the patient has undergone chemotherapy or radiation treatment (3, 14).	[ "3", "11", "28", "11", "3", "11", "3", "14", "3", "7", "27" ]	126	44,175	0	false	However, calcifications are more frequently found after the patient has undergone chemotherapy or radiation treatment.	[ "3, 14" ]	However, calcifications are more frequently found after the patient has undergone chemotherapy or radiation treatment.	true	true	true	true	true	7,643
10	DISCUSSION	1	3	[ "B3", "B11", "B28", "B11", "B3", "B11", "B3", "B14", "B3", "B7", "B27" ]	20,461,180	pmid-11870430\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-8773272\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-15567554\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-8498814	Lastly, very few cases with intratumoral hemorrhage have been reported in the literature (3, 7, 27).	[ "3", "11", "28", "11", "3", "11", "3", "14", "3", "7", "27" ]	100	44,176	0	false	Lastly, very few cases with intratumoral hemorrhage have been reported in the literature.	[ "3, 7, 27" ]	Lastly, very few cases with intratumoral hemorrhage have been reported in the literature.	true	true	true	true	true	7,643
10	DISCUSSION	1	3	[ "B3", "B11", "B28", "B11", "B3", "B11", "B3", "B14", "B3", "B7", "B27" ]	20,461,180	pmid-11870430\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-8773272\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-15567554\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-8498814	Tumors with hemorrhage have a wide distribution.	[ "3", "11", "28", "11", "3", "11", "3", "14", "3", "7", "27" ]	48	44,177	0	false	Tumors with hemorrhage have a wide distribution.	[]	Tumors with hemorrhage have a wide distribution.	true	true	true	true	true	7,643
10	DISCUSSION	1	3	[ "B3", "B11", "B28", "B11", "B3", "B11", "B3", "B14", "B3", "B7", "B27" ]	20,461,180	pmid-11870430\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-8773272\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-9651058\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-15567554\|pmid-11870430\|pmid-3484575\|pmid-8498814	Our study includes one lesion with chronic hemorrhage in the sellar region.	[ "3", "11", "28", "11", "3", "11", "3", "14", "3", "7", "27" ]	75	44,178	0	false	Our study includes one lesion with chronic hemorrhage in the sellar region.	[]	Our study includes one lesion with chronic hemorrhage in the sellar region.	true	true	true	true	true	7,643
11	DISCUSSION	0	null	null	20,461,180	null	There are some limitations in the study.	null	40	44,179	0	false	null	null	There are some limitations in the study.	true	true	true	true	true	7,644
11	DISCUSSION	0	null	null	20,461,180	null	In our cohort, only 10 patients (9 with monofocal lesion, 1 with multifocal lesion) had complete follow-up data; therefore, the difference in clinical prognosis between the two groups could not be compared.	null	206	44,180	0	false	null	null	In our cohort, only 10 patients (9 with monofocal lesion, 1 with multifocal lesion) had complete follow-up data; therefore, the difference in clinical prognosis between the two groups could not be compared.	true	true	true	true	true	7,644
11	DISCUSSION	0	null	null	20,461,180	null	The slice thickness used for MRI or CT was 8 mm, which was thicker compared with the 5 mm slice thickness usually used in many hospitals.	null	137	44,181	0	false	null	null	The slice thickness used for MRI or CT was 8 mm, which was thicker compared with the 5 mm slice thickness usually used in many hospitals.	true	true	true	true	true	7,644
11	DISCUSSION	0	null	null	20,461,180	null	The difference in slice thickness may affect the detection rate of small parenchymal lesions.	null	93	44,182	0	false	null	null	The difference in slice thickness may affect the detection rate of small parenchymal lesions.	true	true	true	true	true	7,644
11	DISCUSSION	0	null	null	20,461,180	null	Although, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the 'notch sign' and 'open ring sign' in PCNSL and the specificity for the differential diagnosis needs to be tested in a large series of brain tumors.	null	219	44,183	0	false	null	null	Although, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the 'notch sign' and 'open ring sign' in PCNSL and the specificity for the differential diagnosis needs to be tested in a large series of brain tumors.	true	true	true	true	true	7,644
12	DISCUSSION	0	null	null	20,461,180	null	In summary, our study of the MR imaging data of 26 cases of PCNSL in immunocompetent patients concurs with previously described patient populations.	null	148	44,184	0	false	null	null	In summary, our study of the MR imaging data of 26 cases of PCNSL in immunocompetent patients concurs with previously described patient populations.	true	true	true	true	true	7,645
12	DISCUSSION	0	null	null	20,461,180	null	Tumors are mostly present in the 5th or 6th decade and they can be monofocal or multifocal.	null	91	44,185	0	false	null	null	Tumors are mostly present in the 5th or 6th decade and they can be monofocal or multifocal.	true	true	true	true	true	7,645
12	DISCUSSION	0	null	null	20,461,180	null	Lesions are typically located in the frontal lobe, corpus callosum, or the basal ganglia, and may present with a 'butterfly sign'.	null	130	44,186	0	false	null	null	Lesions are typically located in the frontal lobe, corpus callosum, or the basal ganglia, and may present with a 'butterfly sign'.	true	true	true	true	true	7,645
12	DISCUSSION	0	null	null	20,461,180	null	On pre-contrast MR images tumors usually appear hypo- or iso-intense on T1WI and hyperintense on T2WI.	null	102	44,187	0	false	null	null	On pre-contrast MR images tumors usually appear hypo- or iso-intense on T1WI and hyperintense on T2WI.	true	true	true	true	true	7,645
12	DISCUSSION	0	null	null	20,461,180	null	Further, the tumors are typically surrounded by edema and post Gd-DTPA enhancement is commonly homogeneous but variable.	null	120	44,188	0	false	null	null	Further, the tumors are typically surrounded by edema and post Gd-DTPA enhancement is commonly homogeneous but variable.	true	true	true	true	true	7,645
12	DISCUSSION	0	null	null	20,461,180	null	To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report an 'open-ring' and a 'notch sign' as enhancement patterns.	null	115	44,189	0	false	null	null	To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report an 'open-ring' and a 'notch sign' as enhancement patterns.	true	true	true	true	true	7,645
12	DISCUSSION	0	null	null	20,461,180	null	Calcifications, cyst formations, and hemorrhage are rare findings and are rather indicative of other diseases.	null	110	44,190	0	false	null	null	Calcifications, cyst formations, and hemorrhage are rare findings and are rather indicative of other diseases.	true	true	true	true	true	7,645
12	DISCUSSION	0	null	null	20,461,180	null	Considering the variable appearance of PCNSL in either monofocal or multifocal disease, awareness of the tumor appearance spectrum reviewed in this study would be helpful for a correct diagnosis.	null	195	44,191	0	false	null	null	Considering the variable appearance of PCNSL in either monofocal or multifocal disease, awareness of the tumor appearance spectrum reviewed in this study would be helpful for a correct diagnosis.	true	true	true	true	true	7,645

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