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PMC1884161_F1_11229.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Chest X-Ray of patient No-1. |
PMC1884162_F1_11230.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | CT scan showing diffuse cerebral edema in a young woman with hypersensitivity syndrome due to minocycline. |
PMC1884170_F1_11232.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Targeting of NF-E2p45 to chromatin compartment but displacing of GATA-1 from mitotic chromosomes in mitotic cells. Cells were stained with antibodies against proteins indicated on the left followed by FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies (Left) and PI (Center). Right is the merge of both images. Examples of interphase cells and mitotic cells of different stages from MEL cells are shown. |
PMC1884170_F1_11237.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Targeting of NF-E2p45 to chromatin compartment but displacing of GATA-1 from mitotic chromosomes in mitotic cells. Cells were stained with antibodies against proteins indicated on the left followed by FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies (Left) and PI (Center). Right is the merge of both images. Examples of interphase cells and mitotic cells of different stages from MEL cells are shown. |
PMC1884170_F1_11233.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Targeting of NF-E2p45 to chromatin compartment but displacing of GATA-1 from mitotic chromosomes in mitotic cells. Cells were stained with antibodies against proteins indicated on the left followed by FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies (Left) and PI (Center). Right is the merge of both images. Examples of interphase cells and mitotic cells of different stages from MEL cells are shown. |
PMC1884170_F1_11241.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Targeting of NF-E2p45 to chromatin compartment but displacing of GATA-1 from mitotic chromosomes in mitotic cells. Cells were stained with antibodies against proteins indicated on the left followed by FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies (Left) and PI (Center). Right is the merge of both images. Examples of interphase cells and mitotic cells of different stages from MEL cells are shown. |
PMC1884170_F1_11244.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Targeting of NF-E2p45 to chromatin compartment but displacing of GATA-1 from mitotic chromosomes in mitotic cells. Cells were stained with antibodies against proteins indicated on the left followed by FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies (Left) and PI (Center). Right is the merge of both images. Examples of interphase cells and mitotic cells of different stages from MEL cells are shown. |
PMC1884170_F1_11243.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | Targeting of NF-E2p45 to chromatin compartment but displacing of GATA-1 from mitotic chromosomes in mitotic cells. Cells were stained with antibodies against proteins indicated on the left followed by FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies (Left) and PI (Center). Right is the merge of both images. Examples of interphase cells and mitotic cells of different stages from MEL cells are shown. |
PMC1884170_F1_11234.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Targeting of NF-E2p45 to chromatin compartment but displacing of GATA-1 from mitotic chromosomes in mitotic cells. Cells were stained with antibodies against proteins indicated on the left followed by FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies (Left) and PI (Center). Right is the merge of both images. Examples of interphase cells and mitotic cells of different stages from MEL cells are shown. |
PMC1884170_F1_11247.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Targeting of NF-E2p45 to chromatin compartment but displacing of GATA-1 from mitotic chromosomes in mitotic cells. Cells were stained with antibodies against proteins indicated on the left followed by FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies (Left) and PI (Center). Right is the merge of both images. Examples of interphase cells and mitotic cells of different stages from MEL cells are shown. |
PMC1884170_F1_11239.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Targeting of NF-E2p45 to chromatin compartment but displacing of GATA-1 from mitotic chromosomes in mitotic cells. Cells were stained with antibodies against proteins indicated on the left followed by FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies (Left) and PI (Center). Right is the merge of both images. Examples of interphase cells and mitotic cells of different stages from MEL cells are shown. |
PMC1884170_F1_11240.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Targeting of NF-E2p45 to chromatin compartment but displacing of GATA-1 from mitotic chromosomes in mitotic cells. Cells were stained with antibodies against proteins indicated on the left followed by FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies (Left) and PI (Center). Right is the merge of both images. Examples of interphase cells and mitotic cells of different stages from MEL cells are shown. |
PMC1885248_F3_11262.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Whole mounts of subadult specimens of Sagitta sp. labelled with a nuclear marker (bisbenzimide; red channel) and a histochemical reagent to label actin (phalloidin; green chanel). The images A, B', B", C', C", D', D" are black-white inverted micrographs of specimens labelled with fluoresent reagents. A: overview of an entire specimen (nuclear marker) to show the localization of the ventral nerve centre. Arrows identify the cell clusters of fence receptor organs. Scale bar: 500 μm. B: higher magnification of the ventral nerve centre (ventral view) labelled for actin (B') to show the central neuropil core and labelled for nuclei (B") to show the flanking zones of neuronal somata. The overlay is shown in B"'. C, D: higher magnifications (same set of markers) to show details of the neuropil and arrangement of somata (ventral view). The nerve centre cell somata (C', D") appear to be arranged in rows between the emerging fibre bundles (D') that target the neuropil core in a right angle. Scale bars in B,C: 50 μm. |
PMC1885248_F3_11260.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Whole mounts of subadult specimens of Sagitta sp. labelled with a nuclear marker (bisbenzimide; red channel) and a histochemical reagent to label actin (phalloidin; green chanel). The images A, B', B", C', C", D', D" are black-white inverted micrographs of specimens labelled with fluoresent reagents. A: overview of an entire specimen (nuclear marker) to show the localization of the ventral nerve centre. Arrows identify the cell clusters of fence receptor organs. Scale bar: 500 μm. B: higher magnification of the ventral nerve centre (ventral view) labelled for actin (B') to show the central neuropil core and labelled for nuclei (B") to show the flanking zones of neuronal somata. The overlay is shown in B"'. C, D: higher magnifications (same set of markers) to show details of the neuropil and arrangement of somata (ventral view). The nerve centre cell somata (C', D") appear to be arranged in rows between the emerging fibre bundles (D') that target the neuropil core in a right angle. Scale bars in B,C: 50 μm. |
PMC1885248_F3_11259.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | Whole mounts of subadult specimens of Sagitta sp. labelled with a nuclear marker (bisbenzimide; red channel) and a histochemical reagent to label actin (phalloidin; green chanel). The images A, B', B", C', C", D', D" are black-white inverted micrographs of specimens labelled with fluoresent reagents. A: overview of an entire specimen (nuclear marker) to show the localization of the ventral nerve centre. Arrows identify the cell clusters of fence receptor organs. Scale bar: 500 μm. B: higher magnification of the ventral nerve centre (ventral view) labelled for actin (B') to show the central neuropil core and labelled for nuclei (B") to show the flanking zones of neuronal somata. The overlay is shown in B"'. C, D: higher magnifications (same set of markers) to show details of the neuropil and arrangement of somata (ventral view). The nerve centre cell somata (C', D") appear to be arranged in rows between the emerging fibre bundles (D') that target the neuropil core in a right angle. Scale bars in B,C: 50 μm. |
PMC1885248_F3_11254.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Whole mounts of subadult specimens of Sagitta sp. labelled with a nuclear marker (bisbenzimide; red channel) and a histochemical reagent to label actin (phalloidin; green chanel). The images A, B', B", C', C", D', D" are black-white inverted micrographs of specimens labelled with fluoresent reagents. A: overview of an entire specimen (nuclear marker) to show the localization of the ventral nerve centre. Arrows identify the cell clusters of fence receptor organs. Scale bar: 500 μm. B: higher magnification of the ventral nerve centre (ventral view) labelled for actin (B') to show the central neuropil core and labelled for nuclei (B") to show the flanking zones of neuronal somata. The overlay is shown in B"'. C, D: higher magnifications (same set of markers) to show details of the neuropil and arrangement of somata (ventral view). The nerve centre cell somata (C', D") appear to be arranged in rows between the emerging fibre bundles (D') that target the neuropil core in a right angle. Scale bars in B,C: 50 μm. |
PMC1885248_F4_11253.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Whole mounts of adult Sagitta setosa labelled for acetylated alpha-tubulin (all imaged are black-white inverted). A: low-power dorsal view of the trunk surface (slightly posterior to the level of the ventral nerve centre) to show the intraepidermal nerve plexus. Arrows identify ciliary fence receptor organs. Scale bar: 250 μm B: higher magnification of the intraepidermal plexus. Arrows identify concentrations of labelled material that are the origin or target of very fine fibres and may correspond to peripheral multipolar neurons. Scale bar: 30 μm C, D: An irregular array of ca. 20 – 30 tubulin-labelled fibres and fibre bundles emerges laterally from both sides of the ventral nerve centre as a major source of the peripheral nerve plexus. Abbreviations: CT caudal tracts, MC main connective, NP neuropil, VG ventral nerve centre. Scale bars: 200 μm (C) and 60 μm. |
PMC1885248_F4_11250.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Whole mounts of adult Sagitta setosa labelled for acetylated alpha-tubulin (all imaged are black-white inverted). A: low-power dorsal view of the trunk surface (slightly posterior to the level of the ventral nerve centre) to show the intraepidermal nerve plexus. Arrows identify ciliary fence receptor organs. Scale bar: 250 μm B: higher magnification of the intraepidermal plexus. Arrows identify concentrations of labelled material that are the origin or target of very fine fibres and may correspond to peripheral multipolar neurons. Scale bar: 30 μm C, D: An irregular array of ca. 20 – 30 tubulin-labelled fibres and fibre bundles emerges laterally from both sides of the ventral nerve centre as a major source of the peripheral nerve plexus. Abbreviations: CT caudal tracts, MC main connective, NP neuropil, VG ventral nerve centre. Scale bars: 200 μm (C) and 60 μm. |
PMC1885248_F4_11252.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Whole mounts of adult Sagitta setosa labelled for acetylated alpha-tubulin (all imaged are black-white inverted). A: low-power dorsal view of the trunk surface (slightly posterior to the level of the ventral nerve centre) to show the intraepidermal nerve plexus. Arrows identify ciliary fence receptor organs. Scale bar: 250 μm B: higher magnification of the intraepidermal plexus. Arrows identify concentrations of labelled material that are the origin or target of very fine fibres and may correspond to peripheral multipolar neurons. Scale bar: 30 μm C, D: An irregular array of ca. 20 – 30 tubulin-labelled fibres and fibre bundles emerges laterally from both sides of the ventral nerve centre as a major source of the peripheral nerve plexus. Abbreviations: CT caudal tracts, MC main connective, NP neuropil, VG ventral nerve centre. Scale bars: 200 μm (C) and 60 μm. |
PMC1885248_F4_11251.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Whole mounts of adult Sagitta setosa labelled for acetylated alpha-tubulin (all imaged are black-white inverted). A: low-power dorsal view of the trunk surface (slightly posterior to the level of the ventral nerve centre) to show the intraepidermal nerve plexus. Arrows identify ciliary fence receptor organs. Scale bar: 250 μm B: higher magnification of the intraepidermal plexus. Arrows identify concentrations of labelled material that are the origin or target of very fine fibres and may correspond to peripheral multipolar neurons. Scale bar: 30 μm C, D: An irregular array of ca. 20 – 30 tubulin-labelled fibres and fibre bundles emerges laterally from both sides of the ventral nerve centre as a major source of the peripheral nerve plexus. Abbreviations: CT caudal tracts, MC main connective, NP neuropil, VG ventral nerve centre. Scale bars: 200 μm (C) and 60 μm. |
PMC1885248_F6_11268.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | A, B: Immunolocalization of synapsin (SYNORF 1; green) in the ventral nerve centre of adult Sagitta setosa combined with a nuclear marker (red); higher magnification of the specimen shown in Fig. 5 (A, B are black-white inverted). Overlying the pattern of microcompartments, synapsin immunolabelling is particularly strong in a lateral longitudinal stripe on both sides of the neuropil whereas a narrow medial stripe is devoid of labelling. B shows a slightly more ventral focus level of the specimen shown in A, and the microcompartments are not visible in this focus level. Scale bars: 50 μm C, D: peripheral part of the right lateral soma area of the nerve centre (ventral view) labelled with a nuclear dye (images are black-white inverted). The small neurons are arranged in transverse rows (arrows). Note the large cell bodies which are arranged in regular intervals and display only weakly labelled nuclei (asteriks). E, F, G: imunolocalization of RFamide (green) in the ventral nerve centre of Sagitta setosa (ventral views). Individually identifiable neurons are encircled (E, F) or labelled with letters (G). E is a double-labelled specimen combining RFimmunolcalization with synapsin immunohistochemistry (red). F, G are double-labelled specimen combining RFimmunolcalization with a nuclear marker (red). Abbreviations identifying the longitudinal bundles: IB intermediate bundle, LB lateral bundle, MB medial bundle. Scale bars: 50 μm (E,F), 25 μm (G). |
PMC1885248_F6_11270.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | A, B: Immunolocalization of synapsin (SYNORF 1; green) in the ventral nerve centre of adult Sagitta setosa combined with a nuclear marker (red); higher magnification of the specimen shown in Fig. 5 (A, B are black-white inverted). Overlying the pattern of microcompartments, synapsin immunolabelling is particularly strong in a lateral longitudinal stripe on both sides of the neuropil whereas a narrow medial stripe is devoid of labelling. B shows a slightly more ventral focus level of the specimen shown in A, and the microcompartments are not visible in this focus level. Scale bars: 50 μm C, D: peripheral part of the right lateral soma area of the nerve centre (ventral view) labelled with a nuclear dye (images are black-white inverted). The small neurons are arranged in transverse rows (arrows). Note the large cell bodies which are arranged in regular intervals and display only weakly labelled nuclei (asteriks). E, F, G: imunolocalization of RFamide (green) in the ventral nerve centre of Sagitta setosa (ventral views). Individually identifiable neurons are encircled (E, F) or labelled with letters (G). E is a double-labelled specimen combining RFimmunolcalization with synapsin immunohistochemistry (red). F, G are double-labelled specimen combining RFimmunolcalization with a nuclear marker (red). Abbreviations identifying the longitudinal bundles: IB intermediate bundle, LB lateral bundle, MB medial bundle. Scale bars: 50 μm (E,F), 25 μm (G). |
PMC1885248_F6_11263.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | A, B: Immunolocalization of synapsin (SYNORF 1; green) in the ventral nerve centre of adult Sagitta setosa combined with a nuclear marker (red); higher magnification of the specimen shown in Fig. 5 (A, B are black-white inverted). Overlying the pattern of microcompartments, synapsin immunolabelling is particularly strong in a lateral longitudinal stripe on both sides of the neuropil whereas a narrow medial stripe is devoid of labelling. B shows a slightly more ventral focus level of the specimen shown in A, and the microcompartments are not visible in this focus level. Scale bars: 50 μm C, D: peripheral part of the right lateral soma area of the nerve centre (ventral view) labelled with a nuclear dye (images are black-white inverted). The small neurons are arranged in transverse rows (arrows). Note the large cell bodies which are arranged in regular intervals and display only weakly labelled nuclei (asteriks). E, F, G: imunolocalization of RFamide (green) in the ventral nerve centre of Sagitta setosa (ventral views). Individually identifiable neurons are encircled (E, F) or labelled with letters (G). E is a double-labelled specimen combining RFimmunolcalization with synapsin immunohistochemistry (red). F, G are double-labelled specimen combining RFimmunolcalization with a nuclear marker (red). Abbreviations identifying the longitudinal bundles: IB intermediate bundle, LB lateral bundle, MB medial bundle. Scale bars: 50 μm (E,F), 25 μm (G). |
PMC1885248_F6_11264.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | A, B: Immunolocalization of synapsin (SYNORF 1; green) in the ventral nerve centre of adult Sagitta setosa combined with a nuclear marker (red); higher magnification of the specimen shown in Fig. 5 (A, B are black-white inverted). Overlying the pattern of microcompartments, synapsin immunolabelling is particularly strong in a lateral longitudinal stripe on both sides of the neuropil whereas a narrow medial stripe is devoid of labelling. B shows a slightly more ventral focus level of the specimen shown in A, and the microcompartments are not visible in this focus level. Scale bars: 50 μm C, D: peripheral part of the right lateral soma area of the nerve centre (ventral view) labelled with a nuclear dye (images are black-white inverted). The small neurons are arranged in transverse rows (arrows). Note the large cell bodies which are arranged in regular intervals and display only weakly labelled nuclei (asteriks). E, F, G: imunolocalization of RFamide (green) in the ventral nerve centre of Sagitta setosa (ventral views). Individually identifiable neurons are encircled (E, F) or labelled with letters (G). E is a double-labelled specimen combining RFimmunolcalization with synapsin immunohistochemistry (red). F, G are double-labelled specimen combining RFimmunolcalization with a nuclear marker (red). Abbreviations identifying the longitudinal bundles: IB intermediate bundle, LB lateral bundle, MB medial bundle. Scale bars: 50 μm (E,F), 25 μm (G). |
PMC1885248_F6_11265.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | A, B: Immunolocalization of synapsin (SYNORF 1; green) in the ventral nerve centre of adult Sagitta setosa combined with a nuclear marker (red); higher magnification of the specimen shown in Fig. 5 (A, B are black-white inverted). Overlying the pattern of microcompartments, synapsin immunolabelling is particularly strong in a lateral longitudinal stripe on both sides of the neuropil whereas a narrow medial stripe is devoid of labelling. B shows a slightly more ventral focus level of the specimen shown in A, and the microcompartments are not visible in this focus level. Scale bars: 50 μm C, D: peripheral part of the right lateral soma area of the nerve centre (ventral view) labelled with a nuclear dye (images are black-white inverted). The small neurons are arranged in transverse rows (arrows). Note the large cell bodies which are arranged in regular intervals and display only weakly labelled nuclei (asteriks). E, F, G: imunolocalization of RFamide (green) in the ventral nerve centre of Sagitta setosa (ventral views). Individually identifiable neurons are encircled (E, F) or labelled with letters (G). E is a double-labelled specimen combining RFimmunolcalization with synapsin immunohistochemistry (red). F, G are double-labelled specimen combining RFimmunolcalization with a nuclear marker (red). Abbreviations identifying the longitudinal bundles: IB intermediate bundle, LB lateral bundle, MB medial bundle. Scale bars: 50 μm (E,F), 25 μm (G). |
PMC1885248_F6_11266.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | A, B: Immunolocalization of synapsin (SYNORF 1; green) in the ventral nerve centre of adult Sagitta setosa combined with a nuclear marker (red); higher magnification of the specimen shown in Fig. 5 (A, B are black-white inverted). Overlying the pattern of microcompartments, synapsin immunolabelling is particularly strong in a lateral longitudinal stripe on both sides of the neuropil whereas a narrow medial stripe is devoid of labelling. B shows a slightly more ventral focus level of the specimen shown in A, and the microcompartments are not visible in this focus level. Scale bars: 50 μm C, D: peripheral part of the right lateral soma area of the nerve centre (ventral view) labelled with a nuclear dye (images are black-white inverted). The small neurons are arranged in transverse rows (arrows). Note the large cell bodies which are arranged in regular intervals and display only weakly labelled nuclei (asteriks). E, F, G: imunolocalization of RFamide (green) in the ventral nerve centre of Sagitta setosa (ventral views). Individually identifiable neurons are encircled (E, F) or labelled with letters (G). E is a double-labelled specimen combining RFimmunolcalization with synapsin immunohistochemistry (red). F, G are double-labelled specimen combining RFimmunolcalization with a nuclear marker (red). Abbreviations identifying the longitudinal bundles: IB intermediate bundle, LB lateral bundle, MB medial bundle. Scale bars: 50 μm (E,F), 25 μm (G). |
PMC1885248_F6_11269.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | A, B: Immunolocalization of synapsin (SYNORF 1; green) in the ventral nerve centre of adult Sagitta setosa combined with a nuclear marker (red); higher magnification of the specimen shown in Fig. 5 (A, B are black-white inverted). Overlying the pattern of microcompartments, synapsin immunolabelling is particularly strong in a lateral longitudinal stripe on both sides of the neuropil whereas a narrow medial stripe is devoid of labelling. B shows a slightly more ventral focus level of the specimen shown in A, and the microcompartments are not visible in this focus level. Scale bars: 50 μm C, D: peripheral part of the right lateral soma area of the nerve centre (ventral view) labelled with a nuclear dye (images are black-white inverted). The small neurons are arranged in transverse rows (arrows). Note the large cell bodies which are arranged in regular intervals and display only weakly labelled nuclei (asteriks). E, F, G: imunolocalization of RFamide (green) in the ventral nerve centre of Sagitta setosa (ventral views). Individually identifiable neurons are encircled (E, F) or labelled with letters (G). E is a double-labelled specimen combining RFimmunolcalization with synapsin immunohistochemistry (red). F, G are double-labelled specimen combining RFimmunolcalization with a nuclear marker (red). Abbreviations identifying the longitudinal bundles: IB intermediate bundle, LB lateral bundle, MB medial bundle. Scale bars: 50 μm (E,F), 25 μm (G). |
PMC1885272_ppat-0030076-g004_11276.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Aerosolized Spores Cause Nasopharyngeal Infection without Growth in Mediastinal Lymph Nodes(A) Image series of a mouse infected by aerosolized BIG19 spores. Images are representative of eight mice.(B) Dissection of a mouse (bottom left) early in infection (28 h) with the corresponding external image (top left) showing bioluminescence in the nasal cavities and mandibular lymph node, the open thorax (center), and with the heart and lungs displaced (right). Arrows point to the mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN) that do not display luminescence. H, heart; L, liver; LL, left lung; RL, right lung; SLN, submandibular lymph nodes; T, thymus.(C) Total CFU of B. anthracis (Unheated) or spores only (Heated) were enumerated in the lungs and tracheobronchal mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN) when luminescence was detected in the nasopharynx. Each circle represents the CFU derived from one mouse. Solid lines indicate the log-mean. Dotted lines represent the detection limits for the different organs. There was no significant difference between unheated or heated samples from the lungs (p = 0.62) and mediastinal lymph nodes (p = 0.90) (Student's t-test). Data are derived from two independent experiments. |
PMC1885272_ppat-0030076-g004_11277.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Aerosolized Spores Cause Nasopharyngeal Infection without Growth in Mediastinal Lymph Nodes(A) Image series of a mouse infected by aerosolized BIG19 spores. Images are representative of eight mice.(B) Dissection of a mouse (bottom left) early in infection (28 h) with the corresponding external image (top left) showing bioluminescence in the nasal cavities and mandibular lymph node, the open thorax (center), and with the heart and lungs displaced (right). Arrows point to the mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN) that do not display luminescence. H, heart; L, liver; LL, left lung; RL, right lung; SLN, submandibular lymph nodes; T, thymus.(C) Total CFU of B. anthracis (Unheated) or spores only (Heated) were enumerated in the lungs and tracheobronchal mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN) when luminescence was detected in the nasopharynx. Each circle represents the CFU derived from one mouse. Solid lines indicate the log-mean. Dotted lines represent the detection limits for the different organs. There was no significant difference between unheated or heated samples from the lungs (p = 0.62) and mediastinal lymph nodes (p = 0.90) (Student's t-test). Data are derived from two independent experiments. |
PMC1885272_ppat-0030076-g005_11271.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Bacterial Growth Occurs in NALTs after Intranasal Inoculation(A) Image series of a mouse infected by intranasal inoculation of 1 × 105 spores at the indicated times. Image series is representative of 12 mice.(B) Images of a mouse infected for 44 h. Left: external right side. Center: opened anterior of the neck. Right: thorax with lungs and heart removed. Arrows point to the mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN) that do not display luminescence. SLN, submandibular lymph nodes.(C) Gram-stained transverse tissue sections of a bioluminescent nasal cavity 44 h post-infection. Left: 20× image of the nasal cavity. Center and right: 100× and 400× images, respectively, corresponding to the location indicated by the black boxes in the 20× and 100× images, respectively. Infected NALT displayed breakdown of the lymphoid tissue structure, infiltration of numerous polymorphonuclear cells, several areas of light hemorrhage, and numerous Gram-positive bacterial rods, and also an undamaged epithelial layer. |
PMC1885272_ppat-0030076-g005_11273.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | Bacterial Growth Occurs in NALTs after Intranasal Inoculation(A) Image series of a mouse infected by intranasal inoculation of 1 × 105 spores at the indicated times. Image series is representative of 12 mice.(B) Images of a mouse infected for 44 h. Left: external right side. Center: opened anterior of the neck. Right: thorax with lungs and heart removed. Arrows point to the mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN) that do not display luminescence. SLN, submandibular lymph nodes.(C) Gram-stained transverse tissue sections of a bioluminescent nasal cavity 44 h post-infection. Left: 20× image of the nasal cavity. Center and right: 100× and 400× images, respectively, corresponding to the location indicated by the black boxes in the 20× and 100× images, respectively. Infected NALT displayed breakdown of the lymphoid tissue structure, infiltration of numerous polymorphonuclear cells, several areas of light hemorrhage, and numerous Gram-positive bacterial rods, and also an undamaged epithelial layer. |
PMC1885272_ppat-0030076-g005_11272.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Bacterial Growth Occurs in NALTs after Intranasal Inoculation(A) Image series of a mouse infected by intranasal inoculation of 1 × 105 spores at the indicated times. Image series is representative of 12 mice.(B) Images of a mouse infected for 44 h. Left: external right side. Center: opened anterior of the neck. Right: thorax with lungs and heart removed. Arrows point to the mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN) that do not display luminescence. SLN, submandibular lymph nodes.(C) Gram-stained transverse tissue sections of a bioluminescent nasal cavity 44 h post-infection. Left: 20× image of the nasal cavity. Center and right: 100× and 400× images, respectively, corresponding to the location indicated by the black boxes in the 20× and 100× images, respectively. Infected NALT displayed breakdown of the lymphoid tissue structure, infiltration of numerous polymorphonuclear cells, several areas of light hemorrhage, and numerous Gram-positive bacterial rods, and also an undamaged epithelial layer. |
PMC1885272_ppat-0030076-g005_11274.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | Bacterial Growth Occurs in NALTs after Intranasal Inoculation(A) Image series of a mouse infected by intranasal inoculation of 1 × 105 spores at the indicated times. Image series is representative of 12 mice.(B) Images of a mouse infected for 44 h. Left: external right side. Center: opened anterior of the neck. Right: thorax with lungs and heart removed. Arrows point to the mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN) that do not display luminescence. SLN, submandibular lymph nodes.(C) Gram-stained transverse tissue sections of a bioluminescent nasal cavity 44 h post-infection. Left: 20× image of the nasal cavity. Center and right: 100× and 400× images, respectively, corresponding to the location indicated by the black boxes in the 20× and 100× images, respectively. Infected NALT displayed breakdown of the lymphoid tissue structure, infiltration of numerous polymorphonuclear cells, several areas of light hemorrhage, and numerous Gram-positive bacterial rods, and also an undamaged epithelial layer. |
PMC1885277_pcbi-0030103-g004_11280.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Networks of the Three Sets of Periodic Genes in S. pombe
Oliva et al. [8] (A), Peng et al. [7] (B), Rustici et al. [6] (C). Different colors identify genes assigned to different phases of the cell cycle. Pink nodes in Rustici et al. [6] correspond to genes that have been identified as periodic but not assigned to a specific cell cycle phase. The radius of each node has been set according to the amplitude of the corresponding gene at its expression peak. The black–orange circle provides a visual identification of the two main clusters (the black one and the orange one). This image has been realized with the graph drawing software Visone [30]. |
PMC1885277_pcbi-0030103-g004_11279.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Networks of the Three Sets of Periodic Genes in S. pombe
Oliva et al. [8] (A), Peng et al. [7] (B), Rustici et al. [6] (C). Different colors identify genes assigned to different phases of the cell cycle. Pink nodes in Rustici et al. [6] correspond to genes that have been identified as periodic but not assigned to a specific cell cycle phase. The radius of each node has been set according to the amplitude of the corresponding gene at its expression peak. The black–orange circle provides a visual identification of the two main clusters (the black one and the orange one). This image has been realized with the graph drawing software Visone [30]. |
PMC1885285_pone-0000527-g003_11284.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Immunocytochemical detection of CHIK virus antigens in a section of the muscle biopsy from patients #1 and #2.Detection of CHIK virus antigens was performed on paraffin embedded sections (indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxydase) A–D: Detection of CHIK virus in muscle biopsy sections from patient #1 (immunoperoxydase) (Fig 1A: AEC as substrate; Fig. B,C,D: DAB as substrate). Immunoreactivity is detected on fusiform curved shaped cells located at the periphery of the myotubes, either as multiple cells per microscopic field (A,D), or as single cell per field (B,C). Some immunoreactive cells (arrows) were detected at the periphery of muscle fibers with central nuclei (C, arrowhead). E–F: Detection of CHIK virus in muscle biopsy sections from patient #1 (E) and #2 (F) using the immunofluorescence technique. Whereas the muscle biopsy of patient #1 numerous cells exhibited immunoreactivity (E), at the periphery of myotubes, as assessed by the (immunoperoxydase technique), very rare immunoreactive cells could be detected in sections of the muscle biopsy from patient #2 (F). G: West Nile virus (IS-98-ST1 srtrain) used as the primary antibody (muscle section from patient#1); no staining was observed; similar results were obtained with sera against yellow fever virus, or dengue type-1 virus (data not shown). G,H: sections from a non-infected patient (G) or from a HTLV-1-infected patient with myositic syndrome[11] (H) used as controls; no significant immunoreactivity detected. I: double labeling by immunofluorescence of CHIK virus antigens (green staining; HMAFs anti CHIK virus #1) and laminin (red staining; rabbit anti-laminin polyclonal antibody). Note the CHIK virus immunoreactive cells are located beneath the basal lamina. (magnification: ×300(A,C,D,E,F); ×400(B); ×420 (I); ×100 (G,H)). |
PMC1885285_pone-0000527-g003_11283.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Immunocytochemical detection of CHIK virus antigens in a section of the muscle biopsy from patients #1 and #2.Detection of CHIK virus antigens was performed on paraffin embedded sections (indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxydase) A–D: Detection of CHIK virus in muscle biopsy sections from patient #1 (immunoperoxydase) (Fig 1A: AEC as substrate; Fig. B,C,D: DAB as substrate). Immunoreactivity is detected on fusiform curved shaped cells located at the periphery of the myotubes, either as multiple cells per microscopic field (A,D), or as single cell per field (B,C). Some immunoreactive cells (arrows) were detected at the periphery of muscle fibers with central nuclei (C, arrowhead). E–F: Detection of CHIK virus in muscle biopsy sections from patient #1 (E) and #2 (F) using the immunofluorescence technique. Whereas the muscle biopsy of patient #1 numerous cells exhibited immunoreactivity (E), at the periphery of myotubes, as assessed by the (immunoperoxydase technique), very rare immunoreactive cells could be detected in sections of the muscle biopsy from patient #2 (F). G: West Nile virus (IS-98-ST1 srtrain) used as the primary antibody (muscle section from patient#1); no staining was observed; similar results were obtained with sera against yellow fever virus, or dengue type-1 virus (data not shown). G,H: sections from a non-infected patient (G) or from a HTLV-1-infected patient with myositic syndrome[11] (H) used as controls; no significant immunoreactivity detected. I: double labeling by immunofluorescence of CHIK virus antigens (green staining; HMAFs anti CHIK virus #1) and laminin (red staining; rabbit anti-laminin polyclonal antibody). Note the CHIK virus immunoreactive cells are located beneath the basal lamina. (magnification: ×300(A,C,D,E,F); ×400(B); ×420 (I); ×100 (G,H)). |
PMC1885285_pone-0000527-g003_11289.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Immunocytochemical detection of CHIK virus antigens in a section of the muscle biopsy from patients #1 and #2.Detection of CHIK virus antigens was performed on paraffin embedded sections (indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxydase) A–D: Detection of CHIK virus in muscle biopsy sections from patient #1 (immunoperoxydase) (Fig 1A: AEC as substrate; Fig. B,C,D: DAB as substrate). Immunoreactivity is detected on fusiform curved shaped cells located at the periphery of the myotubes, either as multiple cells per microscopic field (A,D), or as single cell per field (B,C). Some immunoreactive cells (arrows) were detected at the periphery of muscle fibers with central nuclei (C, arrowhead). E–F: Detection of CHIK virus in muscle biopsy sections from patient #1 (E) and #2 (F) using the immunofluorescence technique. Whereas the muscle biopsy of patient #1 numerous cells exhibited immunoreactivity (E), at the periphery of myotubes, as assessed by the (immunoperoxydase technique), very rare immunoreactive cells could be detected in sections of the muscle biopsy from patient #2 (F). G: West Nile virus (IS-98-ST1 srtrain) used as the primary antibody (muscle section from patient#1); no staining was observed; similar results were obtained with sera against yellow fever virus, or dengue type-1 virus (data not shown). G,H: sections from a non-infected patient (G) or from a HTLV-1-infected patient with myositic syndrome[11] (H) used as controls; no significant immunoreactivity detected. I: double labeling by immunofluorescence of CHIK virus antigens (green staining; HMAFs anti CHIK virus #1) and laminin (red staining; rabbit anti-laminin polyclonal antibody). Note the CHIK virus immunoreactive cells are located beneath the basal lamina. (magnification: ×300(A,C,D,E,F); ×400(B); ×420 (I); ×100 (G,H)). |
PMC1885285_pone-0000527-g003_11286.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Immunocytochemical detection of CHIK virus antigens in a section of the muscle biopsy from patients #1 and #2.Detection of CHIK virus antigens was performed on paraffin embedded sections (indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxydase) A–D: Detection of CHIK virus in muscle biopsy sections from patient #1 (immunoperoxydase) (Fig 1A: AEC as substrate; Fig. B,C,D: DAB as substrate). Immunoreactivity is detected on fusiform curved shaped cells located at the periphery of the myotubes, either as multiple cells per microscopic field (A,D), or as single cell per field (B,C). Some immunoreactive cells (arrows) were detected at the periphery of muscle fibers with central nuclei (C, arrowhead). E–F: Detection of CHIK virus in muscle biopsy sections from patient #1 (E) and #2 (F) using the immunofluorescence technique. Whereas the muscle biopsy of patient #1 numerous cells exhibited immunoreactivity (E), at the periphery of myotubes, as assessed by the (immunoperoxydase technique), very rare immunoreactive cells could be detected in sections of the muscle biopsy from patient #2 (F). G: West Nile virus (IS-98-ST1 srtrain) used as the primary antibody (muscle section from patient#1); no staining was observed; similar results were obtained with sera against yellow fever virus, or dengue type-1 virus (data not shown). G,H: sections from a non-infected patient (G) or from a HTLV-1-infected patient with myositic syndrome[11] (H) used as controls; no significant immunoreactivity detected. I: double labeling by immunofluorescence of CHIK virus antigens (green staining; HMAFs anti CHIK virus #1) and laminin (red staining; rabbit anti-laminin polyclonal antibody). Note the CHIK virus immunoreactive cells are located beneath the basal lamina. (magnification: ×300(A,C,D,E,F); ×400(B); ×420 (I); ×100 (G,H)). |
PMC1885285_pone-0000527-g003_11282.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Immunocytochemical detection of CHIK virus antigens in a section of the muscle biopsy from patients #1 and #2.Detection of CHIK virus antigens was performed on paraffin embedded sections (indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxydase) A–D: Detection of CHIK virus in muscle biopsy sections from patient #1 (immunoperoxydase) (Fig 1A: AEC as substrate; Fig. B,C,D: DAB as substrate). Immunoreactivity is detected on fusiform curved shaped cells located at the periphery of the myotubes, either as multiple cells per microscopic field (A,D), or as single cell per field (B,C). Some immunoreactive cells (arrows) were detected at the periphery of muscle fibers with central nuclei (C, arrowhead). E–F: Detection of CHIK virus in muscle biopsy sections from patient #1 (E) and #2 (F) using the immunofluorescence technique. Whereas the muscle biopsy of patient #1 numerous cells exhibited immunoreactivity (E), at the periphery of myotubes, as assessed by the (immunoperoxydase technique), very rare immunoreactive cells could be detected in sections of the muscle biopsy from patient #2 (F). G: West Nile virus (IS-98-ST1 srtrain) used as the primary antibody (muscle section from patient#1); no staining was observed; similar results were obtained with sera against yellow fever virus, or dengue type-1 virus (data not shown). G,H: sections from a non-infected patient (G) or from a HTLV-1-infected patient with myositic syndrome[11] (H) used as controls; no significant immunoreactivity detected. I: double labeling by immunofluorescence of CHIK virus antigens (green staining; HMAFs anti CHIK virus #1) and laminin (red staining; rabbit anti-laminin polyclonal antibody). Note the CHIK virus immunoreactive cells are located beneath the basal lamina. (magnification: ×300(A,C,D,E,F); ×400(B); ×420 (I); ×100 (G,H)). |
PMC1885285_pone-0000527-g003_11288.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Immunocytochemical detection of CHIK virus antigens in a section of the muscle biopsy from patients #1 and #2.Detection of CHIK virus antigens was performed on paraffin embedded sections (indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxydase) A–D: Detection of CHIK virus in muscle biopsy sections from patient #1 (immunoperoxydase) (Fig 1A: AEC as substrate; Fig. B,C,D: DAB as substrate). Immunoreactivity is detected on fusiform curved shaped cells located at the periphery of the myotubes, either as multiple cells per microscopic field (A,D), or as single cell per field (B,C). Some immunoreactive cells (arrows) were detected at the periphery of muscle fibers with central nuclei (C, arrowhead). E–F: Detection of CHIK virus in muscle biopsy sections from patient #1 (E) and #2 (F) using the immunofluorescence technique. Whereas the muscle biopsy of patient #1 numerous cells exhibited immunoreactivity (E), at the periphery of myotubes, as assessed by the (immunoperoxydase technique), very rare immunoreactive cells could be detected in sections of the muscle biopsy from patient #2 (F). G: West Nile virus (IS-98-ST1 srtrain) used as the primary antibody (muscle section from patient#1); no staining was observed; similar results were obtained with sera against yellow fever virus, or dengue type-1 virus (data not shown). G,H: sections from a non-infected patient (G) or from a HTLV-1-infected patient with myositic syndrome[11] (H) used as controls; no significant immunoreactivity detected. I: double labeling by immunofluorescence of CHIK virus antigens (green staining; HMAFs anti CHIK virus #1) and laminin (red staining; rabbit anti-laminin polyclonal antibody). Note the CHIK virus immunoreactive cells are located beneath the basal lamina. (magnification: ×300(A,C,D,E,F); ×400(B); ×420 (I); ×100 (G,H)). |
PMC1885285_pone-0000527-g003_11287.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Immunocytochemical detection of CHIK virus antigens in a section of the muscle biopsy from patients #1 and #2.Detection of CHIK virus antigens was performed on paraffin embedded sections (indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxydase) A–D: Detection of CHIK virus in muscle biopsy sections from patient #1 (immunoperoxydase) (Fig 1A: AEC as substrate; Fig. B,C,D: DAB as substrate). Immunoreactivity is detected on fusiform curved shaped cells located at the periphery of the myotubes, either as multiple cells per microscopic field (A,D), or as single cell per field (B,C). Some immunoreactive cells (arrows) were detected at the periphery of muscle fibers with central nuclei (C, arrowhead). E–F: Detection of CHIK virus in muscle biopsy sections from patient #1 (E) and #2 (F) using the immunofluorescence technique. Whereas the muscle biopsy of patient #1 numerous cells exhibited immunoreactivity (E), at the periphery of myotubes, as assessed by the (immunoperoxydase technique), very rare immunoreactive cells could be detected in sections of the muscle biopsy from patient #2 (F). G: West Nile virus (IS-98-ST1 srtrain) used as the primary antibody (muscle section from patient#1); no staining was observed; similar results were obtained with sera against yellow fever virus, or dengue type-1 virus (data not shown). G,H: sections from a non-infected patient (G) or from a HTLV-1-infected patient with myositic syndrome[11] (H) used as controls; no significant immunoreactivity detected. I: double labeling by immunofluorescence of CHIK virus antigens (green staining; HMAFs anti CHIK virus #1) and laminin (red staining; rabbit anti-laminin polyclonal antibody). Note the CHIK virus immunoreactive cells are located beneath the basal lamina. (magnification: ×300(A,C,D,E,F); ×400(B); ×420 (I); ×100 (G,H)). |
PMC1885285_pone-0000527-g004_11290.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Infection of cultured human muscle satellite cells by CHIK virus.Human muscle satellite cells were isolated from the quadriceps (surgical wasting)as previously described [12]; They were grown on coverslips and, once differentiated into mytubes or not, infected with two different CHIK virus isolates[8] (isolates 05-115 and 06-049) or vehicle alone. For infection experiments, muscle cells (satellites and myotubes) were exposed for 2 h. at 37°C in medium containing 1% FCS to about 1 to 10 pfu/cell of CHIK virus isolates 06-049 and 05-115 . Cultures were kept for 24, 36, 48, and 72 h. (according to experiments) in Ham's F-10 medium supplemented with 2% fetal calf serum. Immunocytochemical analysis was performed as described in Fig. 2, both by indirect immunofluorescence or immunoperoxydase, after acetone fixation. A: Detection by immunofluorescence of CHIK virus antigens on satellite cells grown for 24 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10). HMAF anti-CHIK virus #1; (magnification:×250). B: Detection by immunofluorescence of CHIKV antigens on satellite cells grown for 24 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10), using a monoclonal antibody against alphavirus nucleocapsid[9]. (magnification: ×1000). C: Detection by immunofluorescence of CHIK virus antigens on satellite cells grown for 48 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10). HMAF anti-CHIK virus #1; (magnification: ×400). D: Absence of infection of myotubes, 24 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10), using HMAF anti-CHIK virus as primary antibody. (magnification: ×200). E and F: Detection by immunoperoxydase of CHIK virus antigens on satellite cells (from two different donors) grown for 36 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10). HMAF anti-CHIK virus #1; (magnification: ×200(E), ×400(F)). G: viral yielding of satellite cells from donor #1 at 24 and 72 h. post-infection by CHIK virus. Analysis of viral yielding was performed by plaque titration on cultured mosquitoe cells as previously described[8] and is expressed as UFF/mL. |
PMC1885285_pone-0000527-g004_11294.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | Infection of cultured human muscle satellite cells by CHIK virus.Human muscle satellite cells were isolated from the quadriceps (surgical wasting)as previously described [12]; They were grown on coverslips and, once differentiated into mytubes or not, infected with two different CHIK virus isolates[8] (isolates 05-115 and 06-049) or vehicle alone. For infection experiments, muscle cells (satellites and myotubes) were exposed for 2 h. at 37°C in medium containing 1% FCS to about 1 to 10 pfu/cell of CHIK virus isolates 06-049 and 05-115 . Cultures were kept for 24, 36, 48, and 72 h. (according to experiments) in Ham's F-10 medium supplemented with 2% fetal calf serum. Immunocytochemical analysis was performed as described in Fig. 2, both by indirect immunofluorescence or immunoperoxydase, after acetone fixation. A: Detection by immunofluorescence of CHIK virus antigens on satellite cells grown for 24 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10). HMAF anti-CHIK virus #1; (magnification:×250). B: Detection by immunofluorescence of CHIKV antigens on satellite cells grown for 24 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10), using a monoclonal antibody against alphavirus nucleocapsid[9]. (magnification: ×1000). C: Detection by immunofluorescence of CHIK virus antigens on satellite cells grown for 48 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10). HMAF anti-CHIK virus #1; (magnification: ×400). D: Absence of infection of myotubes, 24 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10), using HMAF anti-CHIK virus as primary antibody. (magnification: ×200). E and F: Detection by immunoperoxydase of CHIK virus antigens on satellite cells (from two different donors) grown for 36 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10). HMAF anti-CHIK virus #1; (magnification: ×200(E), ×400(F)). G: viral yielding of satellite cells from donor #1 at 24 and 72 h. post-infection by CHIK virus. Analysis of viral yielding was performed by plaque titration on cultured mosquitoe cells as previously described[8] and is expressed as UFF/mL. |
PMC1885285_pone-0000527-g004_11295.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Infection of cultured human muscle satellite cells by CHIK virus.Human muscle satellite cells were isolated from the quadriceps (surgical wasting)as previously described [12]; They were grown on coverslips and, once differentiated into mytubes or not, infected with two different CHIK virus isolates[8] (isolates 05-115 and 06-049) or vehicle alone. For infection experiments, muscle cells (satellites and myotubes) were exposed for 2 h. at 37°C in medium containing 1% FCS to about 1 to 10 pfu/cell of CHIK virus isolates 06-049 and 05-115 . Cultures were kept for 24, 36, 48, and 72 h. (according to experiments) in Ham's F-10 medium supplemented with 2% fetal calf serum. Immunocytochemical analysis was performed as described in Fig. 2, both by indirect immunofluorescence or immunoperoxydase, after acetone fixation. A: Detection by immunofluorescence of CHIK virus antigens on satellite cells grown for 24 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10). HMAF anti-CHIK virus #1; (magnification:×250). B: Detection by immunofluorescence of CHIKV antigens on satellite cells grown for 24 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10), using a monoclonal antibody against alphavirus nucleocapsid[9]. (magnification: ×1000). C: Detection by immunofluorescence of CHIK virus antigens on satellite cells grown for 48 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10). HMAF anti-CHIK virus #1; (magnification: ×400). D: Absence of infection of myotubes, 24 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10), using HMAF anti-CHIK virus as primary antibody. (magnification: ×200). E and F: Detection by immunoperoxydase of CHIK virus antigens on satellite cells (from two different donors) grown for 36 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10). HMAF anti-CHIK virus #1; (magnification: ×200(E), ×400(F)). G: viral yielding of satellite cells from donor #1 at 24 and 72 h. post-infection by CHIK virus. Analysis of viral yielding was performed by plaque titration on cultured mosquitoe cells as previously described[8] and is expressed as UFF/mL. |
PMC1885285_pone-0000527-g004_11293.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Infection of cultured human muscle satellite cells by CHIK virus.Human muscle satellite cells were isolated from the quadriceps (surgical wasting)as previously described [12]; They were grown on coverslips and, once differentiated into mytubes or not, infected with two different CHIK virus isolates[8] (isolates 05-115 and 06-049) or vehicle alone. For infection experiments, muscle cells (satellites and myotubes) were exposed for 2 h. at 37°C in medium containing 1% FCS to about 1 to 10 pfu/cell of CHIK virus isolates 06-049 and 05-115 . Cultures were kept for 24, 36, 48, and 72 h. (according to experiments) in Ham's F-10 medium supplemented with 2% fetal calf serum. Immunocytochemical analysis was performed as described in Fig. 2, both by indirect immunofluorescence or immunoperoxydase, after acetone fixation. A: Detection by immunofluorescence of CHIK virus antigens on satellite cells grown for 24 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10). HMAF anti-CHIK virus #1; (magnification:×250). B: Detection by immunofluorescence of CHIKV antigens on satellite cells grown for 24 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10), using a monoclonal antibody against alphavirus nucleocapsid[9]. (magnification: ×1000). C: Detection by immunofluorescence of CHIK virus antigens on satellite cells grown for 48 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10). HMAF anti-CHIK virus #1; (magnification: ×400). D: Absence of infection of myotubes, 24 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10), using HMAF anti-CHIK virus as primary antibody. (magnification: ×200). E and F: Detection by immunoperoxydase of CHIK virus antigens on satellite cells (from two different donors) grown for 36 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10). HMAF anti-CHIK virus #1; (magnification: ×200(E), ×400(F)). G: viral yielding of satellite cells from donor #1 at 24 and 72 h. post-infection by CHIK virus. Analysis of viral yielding was performed by plaque titration on cultured mosquitoe cells as previously described[8] and is expressed as UFF/mL. |
PMC1885285_pone-0000527-g004_11292.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Infection of cultured human muscle satellite cells by CHIK virus.Human muscle satellite cells were isolated from the quadriceps (surgical wasting)as previously described [12]; They were grown on coverslips and, once differentiated into mytubes or not, infected with two different CHIK virus isolates[8] (isolates 05-115 and 06-049) or vehicle alone. For infection experiments, muscle cells (satellites and myotubes) were exposed for 2 h. at 37°C in medium containing 1% FCS to about 1 to 10 pfu/cell of CHIK virus isolates 06-049 and 05-115 . Cultures were kept for 24, 36, 48, and 72 h. (according to experiments) in Ham's F-10 medium supplemented with 2% fetal calf serum. Immunocytochemical analysis was performed as described in Fig. 2, both by indirect immunofluorescence or immunoperoxydase, after acetone fixation. A: Detection by immunofluorescence of CHIK virus antigens on satellite cells grown for 24 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10). HMAF anti-CHIK virus #1; (magnification:×250). B: Detection by immunofluorescence of CHIKV antigens on satellite cells grown for 24 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10), using a monoclonal antibody against alphavirus nucleocapsid[9]. (magnification: ×1000). C: Detection by immunofluorescence of CHIK virus antigens on satellite cells grown for 48 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10). HMAF anti-CHIK virus #1; (magnification: ×400). D: Absence of infection of myotubes, 24 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10), using HMAF anti-CHIK virus as primary antibody. (magnification: ×200). E and F: Detection by immunoperoxydase of CHIK virus antigens on satellite cells (from two different donors) grown for 36 h. after CHIK virus infection (m.o.i. 10). HMAF anti-CHIK virus #1; (magnification: ×200(E), ×400(F)). G: viral yielding of satellite cells from donor #1 at 24 and 72 h. post-infection by CHIK virus. Analysis of viral yielding was performed by plaque titration on cultured mosquitoe cells as previously described[8] and is expressed as UFF/mL. |
PMC1885430_F2_11297.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Kidney biopsy showing possible early crescent (haematoxylin and eosin stain, original magnification × 100). |
PMC1885430_F4_11298.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Red cells and red cell cast in tubules (Masson trichrome stain, original magnification ×100). |
PMC1885450_pmed-0040186-g007_11302.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Localization of VEGFR1 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 CellsCells were stained with anti-VEGFR1 and anti-LMNA (Lamin A/C; a nuclear envelope marker) antibodies. Localization of VEGFR1 was then examined using confocal microscopy. LMNA was specifically localized at the nuclear envelope. Strong VEGFR1 protein expression was observed in the nuclear envelopes of the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Merged staining shows colocalization of VEGFR1 and LMNA at the nuclear envelopes. |
PMC1885450_pmed-0040186-g007_11303.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | Localization of VEGFR1 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 CellsCells were stained with anti-VEGFR1 and anti-LMNA (Lamin A/C; a nuclear envelope marker) antibodies. Localization of VEGFR1 was then examined using confocal microscopy. LMNA was specifically localized at the nuclear envelope. Strong VEGFR1 protein expression was observed in the nuclear envelopes of the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Merged staining shows colocalization of VEGFR1 and LMNA at the nuclear envelopes. |
PMC1885450_pmed-0040186-g007_11305.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | Localization of VEGFR1 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 CellsCells were stained with anti-VEGFR1 and anti-LMNA (Lamin A/C; a nuclear envelope marker) antibodies. Localization of VEGFR1 was then examined using confocal microscopy. LMNA was specifically localized at the nuclear envelope. Strong VEGFR1 protein expression was observed in the nuclear envelopes of the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Merged staining shows colocalization of VEGFR1 and LMNA at the nuclear envelopes. |
PMC1885450_pmed-0040186-g007_11307.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Localization of VEGFR1 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 CellsCells were stained with anti-VEGFR1 and anti-LMNA (Lamin A/C; a nuclear envelope marker) antibodies. Localization of VEGFR1 was then examined using confocal microscopy. LMNA was specifically localized at the nuclear envelope. Strong VEGFR1 protein expression was observed in the nuclear envelopes of the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Merged staining shows colocalization of VEGFR1 and LMNA at the nuclear envelopes. |
PMC1885450_pmed-0040186-g007_11304.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Localization of VEGFR1 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 CellsCells were stained with anti-VEGFR1 and anti-LMNA (Lamin A/C; a nuclear envelope marker) antibodies. Localization of VEGFR1 was then examined using confocal microscopy. LMNA was specifically localized at the nuclear envelope. Strong VEGFR1 protein expression was observed in the nuclear envelopes of the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Merged staining shows colocalization of VEGFR1 and LMNA at the nuclear envelopes. |
PMC1885450_pmed-0040186-g007_11301.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Localization of VEGFR1 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 CellsCells were stained with anti-VEGFR1 and anti-LMNA (Lamin A/C; a nuclear envelope marker) antibodies. Localization of VEGFR1 was then examined using confocal microscopy. LMNA was specifically localized at the nuclear envelope. Strong VEGFR1 protein expression was observed in the nuclear envelopes of the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Merged staining shows colocalization of VEGFR1 and LMNA at the nuclear envelopes. |
PMC1885806_F2_11330.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Spatially differentially expressed genes in E17.5 bulb. Bulb sections are shown in pairs. The first column corresponds to anterior bulb and the second column corresponds to middle bulb. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A-B) GAP43 expression is uniform within the EPL and mitral layers. C-D) Gicerin expression is primarily lateral in anterior bulb (arrowhead), with weak expression medially. In middle bulb, expression of Gicerin is symmetric, with signal in both VL and DM bulb (arrowheads). Weak expression connects these two domains here and in the posterior bulb (data not shown). E-F) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression is similar to Gicerin anteriorly, with variable expression (arrowhead). In middle bulb, CTGF is symmetrically expressed (arrowheads) in the VL and DM domains, with weaker expression connecting the two domains. G-H) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) is expressed in a gradient that extends from the dorsal to ventral, with highest expression along the VL aspect in anterior and middle bulb (arrowheads). I-J) Protocadherin17 expression is weakly present uniformly in the bulb, but regional higher expression can be observed in the VM aspect anteriorly (arrowhead). In the middle bulb, expression can be detected in the VL nerve layer (arrowhead). K-L) Protocadherin7 expression is strongest in the medial bulb anteriorly (arrowhead), but then moves towards the lateral surface in the middle bulb (arrowheads). Weaker expression is still present in the medial surface. M-N) Jagged1 expression in both anterior and middle bulb is symmetric about the ML axis (arrowheads). Note that this symmetry occurs only in the ventral bulb, unlike Gicerin and CTGF. O) Delta4 expression in the bulb is essentially restricted to the mitral layer (arrow). The section is counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. P) Higher magnification view of Jagged1 expression shown in 2N. Section has been counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. Jagged1 expression extends into the EPL (arrow); compare with 2O. Scale bar = 100 μm (2A-N); 25 μm (2O-P). |
PMC1885806_F2_11326.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Spatially differentially expressed genes in E17.5 bulb. Bulb sections are shown in pairs. The first column corresponds to anterior bulb and the second column corresponds to middle bulb. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A-B) GAP43 expression is uniform within the EPL and mitral layers. C-D) Gicerin expression is primarily lateral in anterior bulb (arrowhead), with weak expression medially. In middle bulb, expression of Gicerin is symmetric, with signal in both VL and DM bulb (arrowheads). Weak expression connects these two domains here and in the posterior bulb (data not shown). E-F) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression is similar to Gicerin anteriorly, with variable expression (arrowhead). In middle bulb, CTGF is symmetrically expressed (arrowheads) in the VL and DM domains, with weaker expression connecting the two domains. G-H) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) is expressed in a gradient that extends from the dorsal to ventral, with highest expression along the VL aspect in anterior and middle bulb (arrowheads). I-J) Protocadherin17 expression is weakly present uniformly in the bulb, but regional higher expression can be observed in the VM aspect anteriorly (arrowhead). In the middle bulb, expression can be detected in the VL nerve layer (arrowhead). K-L) Protocadherin7 expression is strongest in the medial bulb anteriorly (arrowhead), but then moves towards the lateral surface in the middle bulb (arrowheads). Weaker expression is still present in the medial surface. M-N) Jagged1 expression in both anterior and middle bulb is symmetric about the ML axis (arrowheads). Note that this symmetry occurs only in the ventral bulb, unlike Gicerin and CTGF. O) Delta4 expression in the bulb is essentially restricted to the mitral layer (arrow). The section is counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. P) Higher magnification view of Jagged1 expression shown in 2N. Section has been counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. Jagged1 expression extends into the EPL (arrow); compare with 2O. Scale bar = 100 μm (2A-N); 25 μm (2O-P). |
PMC1885806_F2_11320.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Spatially differentially expressed genes in E17.5 bulb. Bulb sections are shown in pairs. The first column corresponds to anterior bulb and the second column corresponds to middle bulb. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A-B) GAP43 expression is uniform within the EPL and mitral layers. C-D) Gicerin expression is primarily lateral in anterior bulb (arrowhead), with weak expression medially. In middle bulb, expression of Gicerin is symmetric, with signal in both VL and DM bulb (arrowheads). Weak expression connects these two domains here and in the posterior bulb (data not shown). E-F) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression is similar to Gicerin anteriorly, with variable expression (arrowhead). In middle bulb, CTGF is symmetrically expressed (arrowheads) in the VL and DM domains, with weaker expression connecting the two domains. G-H) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) is expressed in a gradient that extends from the dorsal to ventral, with highest expression along the VL aspect in anterior and middle bulb (arrowheads). I-J) Protocadherin17 expression is weakly present uniformly in the bulb, but regional higher expression can be observed in the VM aspect anteriorly (arrowhead). In the middle bulb, expression can be detected in the VL nerve layer (arrowhead). K-L) Protocadherin7 expression is strongest in the medial bulb anteriorly (arrowhead), but then moves towards the lateral surface in the middle bulb (arrowheads). Weaker expression is still present in the medial surface. M-N) Jagged1 expression in both anterior and middle bulb is symmetric about the ML axis (arrowheads). Note that this symmetry occurs only in the ventral bulb, unlike Gicerin and CTGF. O) Delta4 expression in the bulb is essentially restricted to the mitral layer (arrow). The section is counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. P) Higher magnification view of Jagged1 expression shown in 2N. Section has been counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. Jagged1 expression extends into the EPL (arrow); compare with 2O. Scale bar = 100 μm (2A-N); 25 μm (2O-P). |
PMC1885806_F2_11321.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Spatially differentially expressed genes in E17.5 bulb. Bulb sections are shown in pairs. The first column corresponds to anterior bulb and the second column corresponds to middle bulb. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A-B) GAP43 expression is uniform within the EPL and mitral layers. C-D) Gicerin expression is primarily lateral in anterior bulb (arrowhead), with weak expression medially. In middle bulb, expression of Gicerin is symmetric, with signal in both VL and DM bulb (arrowheads). Weak expression connects these two domains here and in the posterior bulb (data not shown). E-F) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression is similar to Gicerin anteriorly, with variable expression (arrowhead). In middle bulb, CTGF is symmetrically expressed (arrowheads) in the VL and DM domains, with weaker expression connecting the two domains. G-H) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) is expressed in a gradient that extends from the dorsal to ventral, with highest expression along the VL aspect in anterior and middle bulb (arrowheads). I-J) Protocadherin17 expression is weakly present uniformly in the bulb, but regional higher expression can be observed in the VM aspect anteriorly (arrowhead). In the middle bulb, expression can be detected in the VL nerve layer (arrowhead). K-L) Protocadherin7 expression is strongest in the medial bulb anteriorly (arrowhead), but then moves towards the lateral surface in the middle bulb (arrowheads). Weaker expression is still present in the medial surface. M-N) Jagged1 expression in both anterior and middle bulb is symmetric about the ML axis (arrowheads). Note that this symmetry occurs only in the ventral bulb, unlike Gicerin and CTGF. O) Delta4 expression in the bulb is essentially restricted to the mitral layer (arrow). The section is counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. P) Higher magnification view of Jagged1 expression shown in 2N. Section has been counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. Jagged1 expression extends into the EPL (arrow); compare with 2O. Scale bar = 100 μm (2A-N); 25 μm (2O-P). |
PMC1885806_F2_11323.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | Spatially differentially expressed genes in E17.5 bulb. Bulb sections are shown in pairs. The first column corresponds to anterior bulb and the second column corresponds to middle bulb. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A-B) GAP43 expression is uniform within the EPL and mitral layers. C-D) Gicerin expression is primarily lateral in anterior bulb (arrowhead), with weak expression medially. In middle bulb, expression of Gicerin is symmetric, with signal in both VL and DM bulb (arrowheads). Weak expression connects these two domains here and in the posterior bulb (data not shown). E-F) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression is similar to Gicerin anteriorly, with variable expression (arrowhead). In middle bulb, CTGF is symmetrically expressed (arrowheads) in the VL and DM domains, with weaker expression connecting the two domains. G-H) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) is expressed in a gradient that extends from the dorsal to ventral, with highest expression along the VL aspect in anterior and middle bulb (arrowheads). I-J) Protocadherin17 expression is weakly present uniformly in the bulb, but regional higher expression can be observed in the VM aspect anteriorly (arrowhead). In the middle bulb, expression can be detected in the VL nerve layer (arrowhead). K-L) Protocadherin7 expression is strongest in the medial bulb anteriorly (arrowhead), but then moves towards the lateral surface in the middle bulb (arrowheads). Weaker expression is still present in the medial surface. M-N) Jagged1 expression in both anterior and middle bulb is symmetric about the ML axis (arrowheads). Note that this symmetry occurs only in the ventral bulb, unlike Gicerin and CTGF. O) Delta4 expression in the bulb is essentially restricted to the mitral layer (arrow). The section is counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. P) Higher magnification view of Jagged1 expression shown in 2N. Section has been counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. Jagged1 expression extends into the EPL (arrow); compare with 2O. Scale bar = 100 μm (2A-N); 25 μm (2O-P). |
PMC1885806_F2_11324.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Spatially differentially expressed genes in E17.5 bulb. Bulb sections are shown in pairs. The first column corresponds to anterior bulb and the second column corresponds to middle bulb. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A-B) GAP43 expression is uniform within the EPL and mitral layers. C-D) Gicerin expression is primarily lateral in anterior bulb (arrowhead), with weak expression medially. In middle bulb, expression of Gicerin is symmetric, with signal in both VL and DM bulb (arrowheads). Weak expression connects these two domains here and in the posterior bulb (data not shown). E-F) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression is similar to Gicerin anteriorly, with variable expression (arrowhead). In middle bulb, CTGF is symmetrically expressed (arrowheads) in the VL and DM domains, with weaker expression connecting the two domains. G-H) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) is expressed in a gradient that extends from the dorsal to ventral, with highest expression along the VL aspect in anterior and middle bulb (arrowheads). I-J) Protocadherin17 expression is weakly present uniformly in the bulb, but regional higher expression can be observed in the VM aspect anteriorly (arrowhead). In the middle bulb, expression can be detected in the VL nerve layer (arrowhead). K-L) Protocadherin7 expression is strongest in the medial bulb anteriorly (arrowhead), but then moves towards the lateral surface in the middle bulb (arrowheads). Weaker expression is still present in the medial surface. M-N) Jagged1 expression in both anterior and middle bulb is symmetric about the ML axis (arrowheads). Note that this symmetry occurs only in the ventral bulb, unlike Gicerin and CTGF. O) Delta4 expression in the bulb is essentially restricted to the mitral layer (arrow). The section is counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. P) Higher magnification view of Jagged1 expression shown in 2N. Section has been counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. Jagged1 expression extends into the EPL (arrow); compare with 2O. Scale bar = 100 μm (2A-N); 25 μm (2O-P). |
PMC1885806_F2_11317.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | Spatially differentially expressed genes in E17.5 bulb. Bulb sections are shown in pairs. The first column corresponds to anterior bulb and the second column corresponds to middle bulb. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A-B) GAP43 expression is uniform within the EPL and mitral layers. C-D) Gicerin expression is primarily lateral in anterior bulb (arrowhead), with weak expression medially. In middle bulb, expression of Gicerin is symmetric, with signal in both VL and DM bulb (arrowheads). Weak expression connects these two domains here and in the posterior bulb (data not shown). E-F) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression is similar to Gicerin anteriorly, with variable expression (arrowhead). In middle bulb, CTGF is symmetrically expressed (arrowheads) in the VL and DM domains, with weaker expression connecting the two domains. G-H) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) is expressed in a gradient that extends from the dorsal to ventral, with highest expression along the VL aspect in anterior and middle bulb (arrowheads). I-J) Protocadherin17 expression is weakly present uniformly in the bulb, but regional higher expression can be observed in the VM aspect anteriorly (arrowhead). In the middle bulb, expression can be detected in the VL nerve layer (arrowhead). K-L) Protocadherin7 expression is strongest in the medial bulb anteriorly (arrowhead), but then moves towards the lateral surface in the middle bulb (arrowheads). Weaker expression is still present in the medial surface. M-N) Jagged1 expression in both anterior and middle bulb is symmetric about the ML axis (arrowheads). Note that this symmetry occurs only in the ventral bulb, unlike Gicerin and CTGF. O) Delta4 expression in the bulb is essentially restricted to the mitral layer (arrow). The section is counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. P) Higher magnification view of Jagged1 expression shown in 2N. Section has been counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. Jagged1 expression extends into the EPL (arrow); compare with 2O. Scale bar = 100 μm (2A-N); 25 μm (2O-P). |
PMC1885806_F2_11328.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Spatially differentially expressed genes in E17.5 bulb. Bulb sections are shown in pairs. The first column corresponds to anterior bulb and the second column corresponds to middle bulb. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A-B) GAP43 expression is uniform within the EPL and mitral layers. C-D) Gicerin expression is primarily lateral in anterior bulb (arrowhead), with weak expression medially. In middle bulb, expression of Gicerin is symmetric, with signal in both VL and DM bulb (arrowheads). Weak expression connects these two domains here and in the posterior bulb (data not shown). E-F) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression is similar to Gicerin anteriorly, with variable expression (arrowhead). In middle bulb, CTGF is symmetrically expressed (arrowheads) in the VL and DM domains, with weaker expression connecting the two domains. G-H) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) is expressed in a gradient that extends from the dorsal to ventral, with highest expression along the VL aspect in anterior and middle bulb (arrowheads). I-J) Protocadherin17 expression is weakly present uniformly in the bulb, but regional higher expression can be observed in the VM aspect anteriorly (arrowhead). In the middle bulb, expression can be detected in the VL nerve layer (arrowhead). K-L) Protocadherin7 expression is strongest in the medial bulb anteriorly (arrowhead), but then moves towards the lateral surface in the middle bulb (arrowheads). Weaker expression is still present in the medial surface. M-N) Jagged1 expression in both anterior and middle bulb is symmetric about the ML axis (arrowheads). Note that this symmetry occurs only in the ventral bulb, unlike Gicerin and CTGF. O) Delta4 expression in the bulb is essentially restricted to the mitral layer (arrow). The section is counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. P) Higher magnification view of Jagged1 expression shown in 2N. Section has been counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. Jagged1 expression extends into the EPL (arrow); compare with 2O. Scale bar = 100 μm (2A-N); 25 μm (2O-P). |
PMC1885806_F2_11325.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Spatially differentially expressed genes in E17.5 bulb. Bulb sections are shown in pairs. The first column corresponds to anterior bulb and the second column corresponds to middle bulb. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A-B) GAP43 expression is uniform within the EPL and mitral layers. C-D) Gicerin expression is primarily lateral in anterior bulb (arrowhead), with weak expression medially. In middle bulb, expression of Gicerin is symmetric, with signal in both VL and DM bulb (arrowheads). Weak expression connects these two domains here and in the posterior bulb (data not shown). E-F) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression is similar to Gicerin anteriorly, with variable expression (arrowhead). In middle bulb, CTGF is symmetrically expressed (arrowheads) in the VL and DM domains, with weaker expression connecting the two domains. G-H) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) is expressed in a gradient that extends from the dorsal to ventral, with highest expression along the VL aspect in anterior and middle bulb (arrowheads). I-J) Protocadherin17 expression is weakly present uniformly in the bulb, but regional higher expression can be observed in the VM aspect anteriorly (arrowhead). In the middle bulb, expression can be detected in the VL nerve layer (arrowhead). K-L) Protocadherin7 expression is strongest in the medial bulb anteriorly (arrowhead), but then moves towards the lateral surface in the middle bulb (arrowheads). Weaker expression is still present in the medial surface. M-N) Jagged1 expression in both anterior and middle bulb is symmetric about the ML axis (arrowheads). Note that this symmetry occurs only in the ventral bulb, unlike Gicerin and CTGF. O) Delta4 expression in the bulb is essentially restricted to the mitral layer (arrow). The section is counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. P) Higher magnification view of Jagged1 expression shown in 2N. Section has been counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. Jagged1 expression extends into the EPL (arrow); compare with 2O. Scale bar = 100 μm (2A-N); 25 μm (2O-P). |
PMC1885806_F2_11327.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Spatially differentially expressed genes in E17.5 bulb. Bulb sections are shown in pairs. The first column corresponds to anterior bulb and the second column corresponds to middle bulb. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A-B) GAP43 expression is uniform within the EPL and mitral layers. C-D) Gicerin expression is primarily lateral in anterior bulb (arrowhead), with weak expression medially. In middle bulb, expression of Gicerin is symmetric, with signal in both VL and DM bulb (arrowheads). Weak expression connects these two domains here and in the posterior bulb (data not shown). E-F) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression is similar to Gicerin anteriorly, with variable expression (arrowhead). In middle bulb, CTGF is symmetrically expressed (arrowheads) in the VL and DM domains, with weaker expression connecting the two domains. G-H) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) is expressed in a gradient that extends from the dorsal to ventral, with highest expression along the VL aspect in anterior and middle bulb (arrowheads). I-J) Protocadherin17 expression is weakly present uniformly in the bulb, but regional higher expression can be observed in the VM aspect anteriorly (arrowhead). In the middle bulb, expression can be detected in the VL nerve layer (arrowhead). K-L) Protocadherin7 expression is strongest in the medial bulb anteriorly (arrowhead), but then moves towards the lateral surface in the middle bulb (arrowheads). Weaker expression is still present in the medial surface. M-N) Jagged1 expression in both anterior and middle bulb is symmetric about the ML axis (arrowheads). Note that this symmetry occurs only in the ventral bulb, unlike Gicerin and CTGF. O) Delta4 expression in the bulb is essentially restricted to the mitral layer (arrow). The section is counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. P) Higher magnification view of Jagged1 expression shown in 2N. Section has been counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. Jagged1 expression extends into the EPL (arrow); compare with 2O. Scale bar = 100 μm (2A-N); 25 μm (2O-P). |
PMC1885806_F2_11322.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Spatially differentially expressed genes in E17.5 bulb. Bulb sections are shown in pairs. The first column corresponds to anterior bulb and the second column corresponds to middle bulb. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A-B) GAP43 expression is uniform within the EPL and mitral layers. C-D) Gicerin expression is primarily lateral in anterior bulb (arrowhead), with weak expression medially. In middle bulb, expression of Gicerin is symmetric, with signal in both VL and DM bulb (arrowheads). Weak expression connects these two domains here and in the posterior bulb (data not shown). E-F) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression is similar to Gicerin anteriorly, with variable expression (arrowhead). In middle bulb, CTGF is symmetrically expressed (arrowheads) in the VL and DM domains, with weaker expression connecting the two domains. G-H) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) is expressed in a gradient that extends from the dorsal to ventral, with highest expression along the VL aspect in anterior and middle bulb (arrowheads). I-J) Protocadherin17 expression is weakly present uniformly in the bulb, but regional higher expression can be observed in the VM aspect anteriorly (arrowhead). In the middle bulb, expression can be detected in the VL nerve layer (arrowhead). K-L) Protocadherin7 expression is strongest in the medial bulb anteriorly (arrowhead), but then moves towards the lateral surface in the middle bulb (arrowheads). Weaker expression is still present in the medial surface. M-N) Jagged1 expression in both anterior and middle bulb is symmetric about the ML axis (arrowheads). Note that this symmetry occurs only in the ventral bulb, unlike Gicerin and CTGF. O) Delta4 expression in the bulb is essentially restricted to the mitral layer (arrow). The section is counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. P) Higher magnification view of Jagged1 expression shown in 2N. Section has been counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. Jagged1 expression extends into the EPL (arrow); compare with 2O. Scale bar = 100 μm (2A-N); 25 μm (2O-P). |
PMC1885806_F2_11331.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | Spatially differentially expressed genes in E17.5 bulb. Bulb sections are shown in pairs. The first column corresponds to anterior bulb and the second column corresponds to middle bulb. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A-B) GAP43 expression is uniform within the EPL and mitral layers. C-D) Gicerin expression is primarily lateral in anterior bulb (arrowhead), with weak expression medially. In middle bulb, expression of Gicerin is symmetric, with signal in both VL and DM bulb (arrowheads). Weak expression connects these two domains here and in the posterior bulb (data not shown). E-F) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression is similar to Gicerin anteriorly, with variable expression (arrowhead). In middle bulb, CTGF is symmetrically expressed (arrowheads) in the VL and DM domains, with weaker expression connecting the two domains. G-H) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) is expressed in a gradient that extends from the dorsal to ventral, with highest expression along the VL aspect in anterior and middle bulb (arrowheads). I-J) Protocadherin17 expression is weakly present uniformly in the bulb, but regional higher expression can be observed in the VM aspect anteriorly (arrowhead). In the middle bulb, expression can be detected in the VL nerve layer (arrowhead). K-L) Protocadherin7 expression is strongest in the medial bulb anteriorly (arrowhead), but then moves towards the lateral surface in the middle bulb (arrowheads). Weaker expression is still present in the medial surface. M-N) Jagged1 expression in both anterior and middle bulb is symmetric about the ML axis (arrowheads). Note that this symmetry occurs only in the ventral bulb, unlike Gicerin and CTGF. O) Delta4 expression in the bulb is essentially restricted to the mitral layer (arrow). The section is counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. P) Higher magnification view of Jagged1 expression shown in 2N. Section has been counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. Jagged1 expression extends into the EPL (arrow); compare with 2O. Scale bar = 100 μm (2A-N); 25 μm (2O-P). |
PMC1885806_F2_11319.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Spatially differentially expressed genes in E17.5 bulb. Bulb sections are shown in pairs. The first column corresponds to anterior bulb and the second column corresponds to middle bulb. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A-B) GAP43 expression is uniform within the EPL and mitral layers. C-D) Gicerin expression is primarily lateral in anterior bulb (arrowhead), with weak expression medially. In middle bulb, expression of Gicerin is symmetric, with signal in both VL and DM bulb (arrowheads). Weak expression connects these two domains here and in the posterior bulb (data not shown). E-F) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression is similar to Gicerin anteriorly, with variable expression (arrowhead). In middle bulb, CTGF is symmetrically expressed (arrowheads) in the VL and DM domains, with weaker expression connecting the two domains. G-H) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) is expressed in a gradient that extends from the dorsal to ventral, with highest expression along the VL aspect in anterior and middle bulb (arrowheads). I-J) Protocadherin17 expression is weakly present uniformly in the bulb, but regional higher expression can be observed in the VM aspect anteriorly (arrowhead). In the middle bulb, expression can be detected in the VL nerve layer (arrowhead). K-L) Protocadherin7 expression is strongest in the medial bulb anteriorly (arrowhead), but then moves towards the lateral surface in the middle bulb (arrowheads). Weaker expression is still present in the medial surface. M-N) Jagged1 expression in both anterior and middle bulb is symmetric about the ML axis (arrowheads). Note that this symmetry occurs only in the ventral bulb, unlike Gicerin and CTGF. O) Delta4 expression in the bulb is essentially restricted to the mitral layer (arrow). The section is counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. P) Higher magnification view of Jagged1 expression shown in 2N. Section has been counterstained with DAPI to show the location of cells in the EPL. Jagged1 expression extends into the EPL (arrow); compare with 2O. Scale bar = 100 μm (2A-N); 25 μm (2O-P). |
PMC1885806_F6_11309.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | P3 spatial differential expression. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A) Gicerin expression in the anterior bulb is enhanced in the lateral aspect (arrowheads). B) Gicerin expression in the middle bulb displays symmetric expression, with increased expression along the DM and VL aspects. Weaker expression connects the two domains (arrowheads). C) The putative miRNA-containing common element appears uniformly distributed in the mitral, external plexiform, and glomerular layers. Arrow indicates EPL expression. D) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in the anterior bulb is predominantly lateral (arrowheads). E) CTGF expression in the middle bulb is uniformly distributed. F) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) expression at P3 is uniform in all aspects of the bulb. G) Jagged1 expression is differentially expressed in the dorsal aspect of the bulb (region between arrowheads). Expression can also be observed more peripherally deep to the GL (arrow). H) Protocadherin17 expression is uniform in all aspects. Expression is detected in the mitral and glomerular (arrow) layers. I) Protocadherin7 expression is uniform in all aspects of the bulb. Similar to protocadherin17, expression is observed in the mitral and glomerular (arrow) layers. Scale bar = 200 μm. |
PMC1885806_F6_11310.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | P3 spatial differential expression. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A) Gicerin expression in the anterior bulb is enhanced in the lateral aspect (arrowheads). B) Gicerin expression in the middle bulb displays symmetric expression, with increased expression along the DM and VL aspects. Weaker expression connects the two domains (arrowheads). C) The putative miRNA-containing common element appears uniformly distributed in the mitral, external plexiform, and glomerular layers. Arrow indicates EPL expression. D) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in the anterior bulb is predominantly lateral (arrowheads). E) CTGF expression in the middle bulb is uniformly distributed. F) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) expression at P3 is uniform in all aspects of the bulb. G) Jagged1 expression is differentially expressed in the dorsal aspect of the bulb (region between arrowheads). Expression can also be observed more peripherally deep to the GL (arrow). H) Protocadherin17 expression is uniform in all aspects. Expression is detected in the mitral and glomerular (arrow) layers. I) Protocadherin7 expression is uniform in all aspects of the bulb. Similar to protocadherin17, expression is observed in the mitral and glomerular (arrow) layers. Scale bar = 200 μm. |
PMC1885806_F6_11313.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | P3 spatial differential expression. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A) Gicerin expression in the anterior bulb is enhanced in the lateral aspect (arrowheads). B) Gicerin expression in the middle bulb displays symmetric expression, with increased expression along the DM and VL aspects. Weaker expression connects the two domains (arrowheads). C) The putative miRNA-containing common element appears uniformly distributed in the mitral, external plexiform, and glomerular layers. Arrow indicates EPL expression. D) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in the anterior bulb is predominantly lateral (arrowheads). E) CTGF expression in the middle bulb is uniformly distributed. F) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) expression at P3 is uniform in all aspects of the bulb. G) Jagged1 expression is differentially expressed in the dorsal aspect of the bulb (region between arrowheads). Expression can also be observed more peripherally deep to the GL (arrow). H) Protocadherin17 expression is uniform in all aspects. Expression is detected in the mitral and glomerular (arrow) layers. I) Protocadherin7 expression is uniform in all aspects of the bulb. Similar to protocadherin17, expression is observed in the mitral and glomerular (arrow) layers. Scale bar = 200 μm. |
PMC1885806_F6_11312.jpg | What is shown in this image? | P3 spatial differential expression. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A) Gicerin expression in the anterior bulb is enhanced in the lateral aspect (arrowheads). B) Gicerin expression in the middle bulb displays symmetric expression, with increased expression along the DM and VL aspects. Weaker expression connects the two domains (arrowheads). C) The putative miRNA-containing common element appears uniformly distributed in the mitral, external plexiform, and glomerular layers. Arrow indicates EPL expression. D) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in the anterior bulb is predominantly lateral (arrowheads). E) CTGF expression in the middle bulb is uniformly distributed. F) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) expression at P3 is uniform in all aspects of the bulb. G) Jagged1 expression is differentially expressed in the dorsal aspect of the bulb (region between arrowheads). Expression can also be observed more peripherally deep to the GL (arrow). H) Protocadherin17 expression is uniform in all aspects. Expression is detected in the mitral and glomerular (arrow) layers. I) Protocadherin7 expression is uniform in all aspects of the bulb. Similar to protocadherin17, expression is observed in the mitral and glomerular (arrow) layers. Scale bar = 200 μm. |
PMC1885806_F6_11311.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | P3 spatial differential expression. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A) Gicerin expression in the anterior bulb is enhanced in the lateral aspect (arrowheads). B) Gicerin expression in the middle bulb displays symmetric expression, with increased expression along the DM and VL aspects. Weaker expression connects the two domains (arrowheads). C) The putative miRNA-containing common element appears uniformly distributed in the mitral, external plexiform, and glomerular layers. Arrow indicates EPL expression. D) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in the anterior bulb is predominantly lateral (arrowheads). E) CTGF expression in the middle bulb is uniformly distributed. F) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) expression at P3 is uniform in all aspects of the bulb. G) Jagged1 expression is differentially expressed in the dorsal aspect of the bulb (region between arrowheads). Expression can also be observed more peripherally deep to the GL (arrow). H) Protocadherin17 expression is uniform in all aspects. Expression is detected in the mitral and glomerular (arrow) layers. I) Protocadherin7 expression is uniform in all aspects of the bulb. Similar to protocadherin17, expression is observed in the mitral and glomerular (arrow) layers. Scale bar = 200 μm. |
PMC1885806_F6_11314.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | P3 spatial differential expression. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A) Gicerin expression in the anterior bulb is enhanced in the lateral aspect (arrowheads). B) Gicerin expression in the middle bulb displays symmetric expression, with increased expression along the DM and VL aspects. Weaker expression connects the two domains (arrowheads). C) The putative miRNA-containing common element appears uniformly distributed in the mitral, external plexiform, and glomerular layers. Arrow indicates EPL expression. D) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in the anterior bulb is predominantly lateral (arrowheads). E) CTGF expression in the middle bulb is uniformly distributed. F) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) expression at P3 is uniform in all aspects of the bulb. G) Jagged1 expression is differentially expressed in the dorsal aspect of the bulb (region between arrowheads). Expression can also be observed more peripherally deep to the GL (arrow). H) Protocadherin17 expression is uniform in all aspects. Expression is detected in the mitral and glomerular (arrow) layers. I) Protocadherin7 expression is uniform in all aspects of the bulb. Similar to protocadherin17, expression is observed in the mitral and glomerular (arrow) layers. Scale bar = 200 μm. |
PMC1885806_F6_11308.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | P3 spatial differential expression. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A) Gicerin expression in the anterior bulb is enhanced in the lateral aspect (arrowheads). B) Gicerin expression in the middle bulb displays symmetric expression, with increased expression along the DM and VL aspects. Weaker expression connects the two domains (arrowheads). C) The putative miRNA-containing common element appears uniformly distributed in the mitral, external plexiform, and glomerular layers. Arrow indicates EPL expression. D) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in the anterior bulb is predominantly lateral (arrowheads). E) CTGF expression in the middle bulb is uniformly distributed. F) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) expression at P3 is uniform in all aspects of the bulb. G) Jagged1 expression is differentially expressed in the dorsal aspect of the bulb (region between arrowheads). Expression can also be observed more peripherally deep to the GL (arrow). H) Protocadherin17 expression is uniform in all aspects. Expression is detected in the mitral and glomerular (arrow) layers. I) Protocadherin7 expression is uniform in all aspects of the bulb. Similar to protocadherin17, expression is observed in the mitral and glomerular (arrow) layers. Scale bar = 200 μm. |
PMC1885806_F6_11315.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | P3 spatial differential expression. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A) Gicerin expression in the anterior bulb is enhanced in the lateral aspect (arrowheads). B) Gicerin expression in the middle bulb displays symmetric expression, with increased expression along the DM and VL aspects. Weaker expression connects the two domains (arrowheads). C) The putative miRNA-containing common element appears uniformly distributed in the mitral, external plexiform, and glomerular layers. Arrow indicates EPL expression. D) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in the anterior bulb is predominantly lateral (arrowheads). E) CTGF expression in the middle bulb is uniformly distributed. F) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) expression at P3 is uniform in all aspects of the bulb. G) Jagged1 expression is differentially expressed in the dorsal aspect of the bulb (region between arrowheads). Expression can also be observed more peripherally deep to the GL (arrow). H) Protocadherin17 expression is uniform in all aspects. Expression is detected in the mitral and glomerular (arrow) layers. I) Protocadherin7 expression is uniform in all aspects of the bulb. Similar to protocadherin17, expression is observed in the mitral and glomerular (arrow) layers. Scale bar = 200 μm. |
PMC1885806_F6_11316.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | P3 spatial differential expression. Medial is to the right and dorsal is towards the top. A) Gicerin expression in the anterior bulb is enhanced in the lateral aspect (arrowheads). B) Gicerin expression in the middle bulb displays symmetric expression, with increased expression along the DM and VL aspects. Weaker expression connects the two domains (arrowheads). C) The putative miRNA-containing common element appears uniformly distributed in the mitral, external plexiform, and glomerular layers. Arrow indicates EPL expression. D) Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in the anterior bulb is predominantly lateral (arrowheads). E) CTGF expression in the middle bulb is uniformly distributed. F) Zinc finger csl-type containing 3 (Zcsl3) expression at P3 is uniform in all aspects of the bulb. G) Jagged1 expression is differentially expressed in the dorsal aspect of the bulb (region between arrowheads). Expression can also be observed more peripherally deep to the GL (arrow). H) Protocadherin17 expression is uniform in all aspects. Expression is detected in the mitral and glomerular (arrow) layers. I) Protocadherin7 expression is uniform in all aspects of the bulb. Similar to protocadherin17, expression is observed in the mitral and glomerular (arrow) layers. Scale bar = 200 μm. |
PMC1885813_F3_11333.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | uPAR and DsRed expression in prostate cancer cells (200 × images). PC-3M-CBS cells containing uPAR-DsRed lentivirus were induced with doxycycline over a 4-day period. The overlay image (a) shows expression of both uPAR (green fluorescence) and DsRed. Uninduced cells (b) show no fluorescence. Phase contrast image (c) of uninduced cells depict cells present in (b). LNCaP cells transduced with the lentivirus show a similar positive (d) and negative expression patterns (e & f). |
PMC1885813_F3_11334.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | uPAR and DsRed expression in prostate cancer cells (200 × images). PC-3M-CBS cells containing uPAR-DsRed lentivirus were induced with doxycycline over a 4-day period. The overlay image (a) shows expression of both uPAR (green fluorescence) and DsRed. Uninduced cells (b) show no fluorescence. Phase contrast image (c) of uninduced cells depict cells present in (b). LNCaP cells transduced with the lentivirus show a similar positive (d) and negative expression patterns (e & f). |
PMC1885813_F3_11332.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | uPAR and DsRed expression in prostate cancer cells (200 × images). PC-3M-CBS cells containing uPAR-DsRed lentivirus were induced with doxycycline over a 4-day period. The overlay image (a) shows expression of both uPAR (green fluorescence) and DsRed. Uninduced cells (b) show no fluorescence. Phase contrast image (c) of uninduced cells depict cells present in (b). LNCaP cells transduced with the lentivirus show a similar positive (d) and negative expression patterns (e & f). |
PMC1885813_F3_11336.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | uPAR and DsRed expression in prostate cancer cells (200 × images). PC-3M-CBS cells containing uPAR-DsRed lentivirus were induced with doxycycline over a 4-day period. The overlay image (a) shows expression of both uPAR (green fluorescence) and DsRed. Uninduced cells (b) show no fluorescence. Phase contrast image (c) of uninduced cells depict cells present in (b). LNCaP cells transduced with the lentivirus show a similar positive (d) and negative expression patterns (e & f). |
PMC1885813_F3_11335.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | uPAR and DsRed expression in prostate cancer cells (200 × images). PC-3M-CBS cells containing uPAR-DsRed lentivirus were induced with doxycycline over a 4-day period. The overlay image (a) shows expression of both uPAR (green fluorescence) and DsRed. Uninduced cells (b) show no fluorescence. Phase contrast image (c) of uninduced cells depict cells present in (b). LNCaP cells transduced with the lentivirus show a similar positive (d) and negative expression patterns (e & f). |
PMC1885813_F3_11337.jpg | What is shown in this image? | uPAR and DsRed expression in prostate cancer cells (200 × images). PC-3M-CBS cells containing uPAR-DsRed lentivirus were induced with doxycycline over a 4-day period. The overlay image (a) shows expression of both uPAR (green fluorescence) and DsRed. Uninduced cells (b) show no fluorescence. Phase contrast image (c) of uninduced cells depict cells present in (b). LNCaP cells transduced with the lentivirus show a similar positive (d) and negative expression patterns (e & f). |
PMC1885833_pbio-0050158-g002_11341.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | A Plasma Membrane Anchor Targets TyA to ELDs and Exosomes(A–P) Fluorescence microscopy of (A–D) Jurkat T cells expressing TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (E–H) N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP; (I–L) Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (M–P) Jurkat T cells expressing Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63. Bar indicates 10 μm.(Q–T) Fluorescence microscopy of exosomes secreted by N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (Q and R) TyA-GFP or (S and T) AcylTyA-GFP. White circles mark exosomes that contain both N-Rh-PE and AcylTyA-GFP.(U) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes (exo) and cell lysates (cell) prepared from Jurkat T cells (mock) and Jurkat T cells expressing HIV Gag-GFP, TyA-GFP, AcylTyA-GFP, or Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP.(V) Exosomes secreted by Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP were purified by sucrose density centrifugation, fractions were collected from the bottom of the gradient, and equal amounts of each fraction were examined by immunoblot using antibodies specific for (upper panel) GFP and (lower panel) the exosomal marker CD63. Fractions 1–12 were of the densities 1.34, 1.33, 1.33, 1.32, 1.24, 1.20, 1.16, 1.13, 1.11, 1.10, and 1.09 g/ml, respectively.(W) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes collected from Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP and incubated with different amounts of trypsin in the absence or presence of 0.1% Triton X-100.(X–GG) Immunoelectron microscopy of N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (X and Y) Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA or (Z–GG) AcylTyA. Black arrows denote electron-dense lamina under the membrane of exosomes secreted by cells expressing AcylTyA, white arrows denote exosome protrusions. (FF and GG) Six-nanometer immunogold is directed against rhodamine of N-Rh-PE. Bar indicates 100 nm. |
PMC1885833_pbio-0050158-g002_11352.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | A Plasma Membrane Anchor Targets TyA to ELDs and Exosomes(A–P) Fluorescence microscopy of (A–D) Jurkat T cells expressing TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (E–H) N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP; (I–L) Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (M–P) Jurkat T cells expressing Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63. Bar indicates 10 μm.(Q–T) Fluorescence microscopy of exosomes secreted by N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (Q and R) TyA-GFP or (S and T) AcylTyA-GFP. White circles mark exosomes that contain both N-Rh-PE and AcylTyA-GFP.(U) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes (exo) and cell lysates (cell) prepared from Jurkat T cells (mock) and Jurkat T cells expressing HIV Gag-GFP, TyA-GFP, AcylTyA-GFP, or Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP.(V) Exosomes secreted by Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP were purified by sucrose density centrifugation, fractions were collected from the bottom of the gradient, and equal amounts of each fraction were examined by immunoblot using antibodies specific for (upper panel) GFP and (lower panel) the exosomal marker CD63. Fractions 1–12 were of the densities 1.34, 1.33, 1.33, 1.32, 1.24, 1.20, 1.16, 1.13, 1.11, 1.10, and 1.09 g/ml, respectively.(W) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes collected from Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP and incubated with different amounts of trypsin in the absence or presence of 0.1% Triton X-100.(X–GG) Immunoelectron microscopy of N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (X and Y) Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA or (Z–GG) AcylTyA. Black arrows denote electron-dense lamina under the membrane of exosomes secreted by cells expressing AcylTyA, white arrows denote exosome protrusions. (FF and GG) Six-nanometer immunogold is directed against rhodamine of N-Rh-PE. Bar indicates 100 nm. |
PMC1885833_pbio-0050158-g002_11339.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | A Plasma Membrane Anchor Targets TyA to ELDs and Exosomes(A–P) Fluorescence microscopy of (A–D) Jurkat T cells expressing TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (E–H) N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP; (I–L) Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (M–P) Jurkat T cells expressing Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63. Bar indicates 10 μm.(Q–T) Fluorescence microscopy of exosomes secreted by N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (Q and R) TyA-GFP or (S and T) AcylTyA-GFP. White circles mark exosomes that contain both N-Rh-PE and AcylTyA-GFP.(U) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes (exo) and cell lysates (cell) prepared from Jurkat T cells (mock) and Jurkat T cells expressing HIV Gag-GFP, TyA-GFP, AcylTyA-GFP, or Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP.(V) Exosomes secreted by Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP were purified by sucrose density centrifugation, fractions were collected from the bottom of the gradient, and equal amounts of each fraction were examined by immunoblot using antibodies specific for (upper panel) GFP and (lower panel) the exosomal marker CD63. Fractions 1–12 were of the densities 1.34, 1.33, 1.33, 1.32, 1.24, 1.20, 1.16, 1.13, 1.11, 1.10, and 1.09 g/ml, respectively.(W) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes collected from Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP and incubated with different amounts of trypsin in the absence or presence of 0.1% Triton X-100.(X–GG) Immunoelectron microscopy of N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (X and Y) Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA or (Z–GG) AcylTyA. Black arrows denote electron-dense lamina under the membrane of exosomes secreted by cells expressing AcylTyA, white arrows denote exosome protrusions. (FF and GG) Six-nanometer immunogold is directed against rhodamine of N-Rh-PE. Bar indicates 100 nm. |
PMC1885833_pbio-0050158-g002_11347.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | A Plasma Membrane Anchor Targets TyA to ELDs and Exosomes(A–P) Fluorescence microscopy of (A–D) Jurkat T cells expressing TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (E–H) N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP; (I–L) Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (M–P) Jurkat T cells expressing Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63. Bar indicates 10 μm.(Q–T) Fluorescence microscopy of exosomes secreted by N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (Q and R) TyA-GFP or (S and T) AcylTyA-GFP. White circles mark exosomes that contain both N-Rh-PE and AcylTyA-GFP.(U) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes (exo) and cell lysates (cell) prepared from Jurkat T cells (mock) and Jurkat T cells expressing HIV Gag-GFP, TyA-GFP, AcylTyA-GFP, or Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP.(V) Exosomes secreted by Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP were purified by sucrose density centrifugation, fractions were collected from the bottom of the gradient, and equal amounts of each fraction were examined by immunoblot using antibodies specific for (upper panel) GFP and (lower panel) the exosomal marker CD63. Fractions 1–12 were of the densities 1.34, 1.33, 1.33, 1.32, 1.24, 1.20, 1.16, 1.13, 1.11, 1.10, and 1.09 g/ml, respectively.(W) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes collected from Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP and incubated with different amounts of trypsin in the absence or presence of 0.1% Triton X-100.(X–GG) Immunoelectron microscopy of N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (X and Y) Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA or (Z–GG) AcylTyA. Black arrows denote electron-dense lamina under the membrane of exosomes secreted by cells expressing AcylTyA, white arrows denote exosome protrusions. (FF and GG) Six-nanometer immunogold is directed against rhodamine of N-Rh-PE. Bar indicates 100 nm. |
PMC1885833_pbio-0050158-g002_11355.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | A Plasma Membrane Anchor Targets TyA to ELDs and Exosomes(A–P) Fluorescence microscopy of (A–D) Jurkat T cells expressing TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (E–H) N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP; (I–L) Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (M–P) Jurkat T cells expressing Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63. Bar indicates 10 μm.(Q–T) Fluorescence microscopy of exosomes secreted by N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (Q and R) TyA-GFP or (S and T) AcylTyA-GFP. White circles mark exosomes that contain both N-Rh-PE and AcylTyA-GFP.(U) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes (exo) and cell lysates (cell) prepared from Jurkat T cells (mock) and Jurkat T cells expressing HIV Gag-GFP, TyA-GFP, AcylTyA-GFP, or Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP.(V) Exosomes secreted by Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP were purified by sucrose density centrifugation, fractions were collected from the bottom of the gradient, and equal amounts of each fraction were examined by immunoblot using antibodies specific for (upper panel) GFP and (lower panel) the exosomal marker CD63. Fractions 1–12 were of the densities 1.34, 1.33, 1.33, 1.32, 1.24, 1.20, 1.16, 1.13, 1.11, 1.10, and 1.09 g/ml, respectively.(W) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes collected from Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP and incubated with different amounts of trypsin in the absence or presence of 0.1% Triton X-100.(X–GG) Immunoelectron microscopy of N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (X and Y) Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA or (Z–GG) AcylTyA. Black arrows denote electron-dense lamina under the membrane of exosomes secreted by cells expressing AcylTyA, white arrows denote exosome protrusions. (FF and GG) Six-nanometer immunogold is directed against rhodamine of N-Rh-PE. Bar indicates 100 nm. |
PMC1885833_pbio-0050158-g002_11344.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | A Plasma Membrane Anchor Targets TyA to ELDs and Exosomes(A–P) Fluorescence microscopy of (A–D) Jurkat T cells expressing TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (E–H) N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP; (I–L) Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (M–P) Jurkat T cells expressing Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63. Bar indicates 10 μm.(Q–T) Fluorescence microscopy of exosomes secreted by N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (Q and R) TyA-GFP or (S and T) AcylTyA-GFP. White circles mark exosomes that contain both N-Rh-PE and AcylTyA-GFP.(U) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes (exo) and cell lysates (cell) prepared from Jurkat T cells (mock) and Jurkat T cells expressing HIV Gag-GFP, TyA-GFP, AcylTyA-GFP, or Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP.(V) Exosomes secreted by Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP were purified by sucrose density centrifugation, fractions were collected from the bottom of the gradient, and equal amounts of each fraction were examined by immunoblot using antibodies specific for (upper panel) GFP and (lower panel) the exosomal marker CD63. Fractions 1–12 were of the densities 1.34, 1.33, 1.33, 1.32, 1.24, 1.20, 1.16, 1.13, 1.11, 1.10, and 1.09 g/ml, respectively.(W) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes collected from Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP and incubated with different amounts of trypsin in the absence or presence of 0.1% Triton X-100.(X–GG) Immunoelectron microscopy of N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (X and Y) Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA or (Z–GG) AcylTyA. Black arrows denote electron-dense lamina under the membrane of exosomes secreted by cells expressing AcylTyA, white arrows denote exosome protrusions. (FF and GG) Six-nanometer immunogold is directed against rhodamine of N-Rh-PE. Bar indicates 100 nm. |
PMC1885833_pbio-0050158-g002_11350.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | A Plasma Membrane Anchor Targets TyA to ELDs and Exosomes(A–P) Fluorescence microscopy of (A–D) Jurkat T cells expressing TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (E–H) N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP; (I–L) Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (M–P) Jurkat T cells expressing Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63. Bar indicates 10 μm.(Q–T) Fluorescence microscopy of exosomes secreted by N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (Q and R) TyA-GFP or (S and T) AcylTyA-GFP. White circles mark exosomes that contain both N-Rh-PE and AcylTyA-GFP.(U) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes (exo) and cell lysates (cell) prepared from Jurkat T cells (mock) and Jurkat T cells expressing HIV Gag-GFP, TyA-GFP, AcylTyA-GFP, or Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP.(V) Exosomes secreted by Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP were purified by sucrose density centrifugation, fractions were collected from the bottom of the gradient, and equal amounts of each fraction were examined by immunoblot using antibodies specific for (upper panel) GFP and (lower panel) the exosomal marker CD63. Fractions 1–12 were of the densities 1.34, 1.33, 1.33, 1.32, 1.24, 1.20, 1.16, 1.13, 1.11, 1.10, and 1.09 g/ml, respectively.(W) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes collected from Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP and incubated with different amounts of trypsin in the absence or presence of 0.1% Triton X-100.(X–GG) Immunoelectron microscopy of N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (X and Y) Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA or (Z–GG) AcylTyA. Black arrows denote electron-dense lamina under the membrane of exosomes secreted by cells expressing AcylTyA, white arrows denote exosome protrusions. (FF and GG) Six-nanometer immunogold is directed against rhodamine of N-Rh-PE. Bar indicates 100 nm. |
PMC1885833_pbio-0050158-g002_11340.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | A Plasma Membrane Anchor Targets TyA to ELDs and Exosomes(A–P) Fluorescence microscopy of (A–D) Jurkat T cells expressing TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (E–H) N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP; (I–L) Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (M–P) Jurkat T cells expressing Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63. Bar indicates 10 μm.(Q–T) Fluorescence microscopy of exosomes secreted by N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (Q and R) TyA-GFP or (S and T) AcylTyA-GFP. White circles mark exosomes that contain both N-Rh-PE and AcylTyA-GFP.(U) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes (exo) and cell lysates (cell) prepared from Jurkat T cells (mock) and Jurkat T cells expressing HIV Gag-GFP, TyA-GFP, AcylTyA-GFP, or Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP.(V) Exosomes secreted by Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP were purified by sucrose density centrifugation, fractions were collected from the bottom of the gradient, and equal amounts of each fraction were examined by immunoblot using antibodies specific for (upper panel) GFP and (lower panel) the exosomal marker CD63. Fractions 1–12 were of the densities 1.34, 1.33, 1.33, 1.32, 1.24, 1.20, 1.16, 1.13, 1.11, 1.10, and 1.09 g/ml, respectively.(W) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes collected from Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP and incubated with different amounts of trypsin in the absence or presence of 0.1% Triton X-100.(X–GG) Immunoelectron microscopy of N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (X and Y) Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA or (Z–GG) AcylTyA. Black arrows denote electron-dense lamina under the membrane of exosomes secreted by cells expressing AcylTyA, white arrows denote exosome protrusions. (FF and GG) Six-nanometer immunogold is directed against rhodamine of N-Rh-PE. Bar indicates 100 nm. |
PMC1885833_pbio-0050158-g002_11354.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | A Plasma Membrane Anchor Targets TyA to ELDs and Exosomes(A–P) Fluorescence microscopy of (A–D) Jurkat T cells expressing TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (E–H) N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP; (I–L) Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (M–P) Jurkat T cells expressing Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63. Bar indicates 10 μm.(Q–T) Fluorescence microscopy of exosomes secreted by N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (Q and R) TyA-GFP or (S and T) AcylTyA-GFP. White circles mark exosomes that contain both N-Rh-PE and AcylTyA-GFP.(U) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes (exo) and cell lysates (cell) prepared from Jurkat T cells (mock) and Jurkat T cells expressing HIV Gag-GFP, TyA-GFP, AcylTyA-GFP, or Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP.(V) Exosomes secreted by Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP were purified by sucrose density centrifugation, fractions were collected from the bottom of the gradient, and equal amounts of each fraction were examined by immunoblot using antibodies specific for (upper panel) GFP and (lower panel) the exosomal marker CD63. Fractions 1–12 were of the densities 1.34, 1.33, 1.33, 1.32, 1.24, 1.20, 1.16, 1.13, 1.11, 1.10, and 1.09 g/ml, respectively.(W) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes collected from Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP and incubated with different amounts of trypsin in the absence or presence of 0.1% Triton X-100.(X–GG) Immunoelectron microscopy of N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (X and Y) Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA or (Z–GG) AcylTyA. Black arrows denote electron-dense lamina under the membrane of exosomes secreted by cells expressing AcylTyA, white arrows denote exosome protrusions. (FF and GG) Six-nanometer immunogold is directed against rhodamine of N-Rh-PE. Bar indicates 100 nm. |
PMC1885833_pbio-0050158-g002_11343.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | A Plasma Membrane Anchor Targets TyA to ELDs and Exosomes(A–P) Fluorescence microscopy of (A–D) Jurkat T cells expressing TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (E–H) N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP; (I–L) Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (M–P) Jurkat T cells expressing Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63. Bar indicates 10 μm.(Q–T) Fluorescence microscopy of exosomes secreted by N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (Q and R) TyA-GFP or (S and T) AcylTyA-GFP. White circles mark exosomes that contain both N-Rh-PE and AcylTyA-GFP.(U) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes (exo) and cell lysates (cell) prepared from Jurkat T cells (mock) and Jurkat T cells expressing HIV Gag-GFP, TyA-GFP, AcylTyA-GFP, or Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP.(V) Exosomes secreted by Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP were purified by sucrose density centrifugation, fractions were collected from the bottom of the gradient, and equal amounts of each fraction were examined by immunoblot using antibodies specific for (upper panel) GFP and (lower panel) the exosomal marker CD63. Fractions 1–12 were of the densities 1.34, 1.33, 1.33, 1.32, 1.24, 1.20, 1.16, 1.13, 1.11, 1.10, and 1.09 g/ml, respectively.(W) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes collected from Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP and incubated with different amounts of trypsin in the absence or presence of 0.1% Triton X-100.(X–GG) Immunoelectron microscopy of N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (X and Y) Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA or (Z–GG) AcylTyA. Black arrows denote electron-dense lamina under the membrane of exosomes secreted by cells expressing AcylTyA, white arrows denote exosome protrusions. (FF and GG) Six-nanometer immunogold is directed against rhodamine of N-Rh-PE. Bar indicates 100 nm. |
PMC1885833_pbio-0050158-g002_11348.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | A Plasma Membrane Anchor Targets TyA to ELDs and Exosomes(A–P) Fluorescence microscopy of (A–D) Jurkat T cells expressing TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (E–H) N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP; (I–L) Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (M–P) Jurkat T cells expressing Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63. Bar indicates 10 μm.(Q–T) Fluorescence microscopy of exosomes secreted by N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (Q and R) TyA-GFP or (S and T) AcylTyA-GFP. White circles mark exosomes that contain both N-Rh-PE and AcylTyA-GFP.(U) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes (exo) and cell lysates (cell) prepared from Jurkat T cells (mock) and Jurkat T cells expressing HIV Gag-GFP, TyA-GFP, AcylTyA-GFP, or Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP.(V) Exosomes secreted by Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP were purified by sucrose density centrifugation, fractions were collected from the bottom of the gradient, and equal amounts of each fraction were examined by immunoblot using antibodies specific for (upper panel) GFP and (lower panel) the exosomal marker CD63. Fractions 1–12 were of the densities 1.34, 1.33, 1.33, 1.32, 1.24, 1.20, 1.16, 1.13, 1.11, 1.10, and 1.09 g/ml, respectively.(W) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes collected from Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP and incubated with different amounts of trypsin in the absence or presence of 0.1% Triton X-100.(X–GG) Immunoelectron microscopy of N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (X and Y) Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA or (Z–GG) AcylTyA. Black arrows denote electron-dense lamina under the membrane of exosomes secreted by cells expressing AcylTyA, white arrows denote exosome protrusions. (FF and GG) Six-nanometer immunogold is directed against rhodamine of N-Rh-PE. Bar indicates 100 nm. |
PMC1885833_pbio-0050158-g002_11351.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | A Plasma Membrane Anchor Targets TyA to ELDs and Exosomes(A–P) Fluorescence microscopy of (A–D) Jurkat T cells expressing TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (E–H) N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP; (I–L) Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63; (M–P) Jurkat T cells expressing Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP, fixed and stained with antibodies to detect surface CD63. Bar indicates 10 μm.(Q–T) Fluorescence microscopy of exosomes secreted by N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (Q and R) TyA-GFP or (S and T) AcylTyA-GFP. White circles mark exosomes that contain both N-Rh-PE and AcylTyA-GFP.(U) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes (exo) and cell lysates (cell) prepared from Jurkat T cells (mock) and Jurkat T cells expressing HIV Gag-GFP, TyA-GFP, AcylTyA-GFP, or Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA-GFP.(V) Exosomes secreted by Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP were purified by sucrose density centrifugation, fractions were collected from the bottom of the gradient, and equal amounts of each fraction were examined by immunoblot using antibodies specific for (upper panel) GFP and (lower panel) the exosomal marker CD63. Fractions 1–12 were of the densities 1.34, 1.33, 1.33, 1.32, 1.24, 1.20, 1.16, 1.13, 1.11, 1.10, and 1.09 g/ml, respectively.(W) Anti-GFP immunoblot of exosomes collected from Jurkat T cells expressing AcylTyA-GFP and incubated with different amounts of trypsin in the absence or presence of 0.1% Triton X-100.(X–GG) Immunoelectron microscopy of N-Rh-PE–labeled Jurkat T cells expressing (X and Y) Acyl(G2A,C3A)TyA or (Z–GG) AcylTyA. Black arrows denote electron-dense lamina under the membrane of exosomes secreted by cells expressing AcylTyA, white arrows denote exosome protrusions. (FF and GG) Six-nanometer immunogold is directed against rhodamine of N-Rh-PE. Bar indicates 100 nm. |
PMC1885945_fig6_11359.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Pheromone Representation and Sexual Dimorphism(A) 3D rendering of axonal projections in the LH for DA1 and VA1lm PNs that contact glomeruli of Fru+ ORNs (green) compared with the sum of all other PN classes (red). Note the complementary positions.(B) PNs contacting Fru+ ORNs occupy an anterior ventromedial position in the LH. Shown are synaptic density plots for the combinations of vDA1 and DA1 PNs, and vVA1lm and VA1lm.(C and D) Comparison of exact projections of putative excitatory (green) and inhibitory (magenta) DA1 (C) and VA1lm (D) PNs shows regions of overlap (white) and significant nonoverlap. Sexually dimorphic regions identified in (F) are outlined; M and F indicate, respectively, the male (dashed white line) and female (solid line) enlarged regions. Both regions overlap with vDA1 and vVA1lm PNs. Each image is a frontal section (anterior view) at the indicated Z depth (μm). Standard LH outline in green.(E) Sexual dimorphism of LH volume normalized with respect to our reference brain. Central line median; notches, 95% confidence interval for difference between medians; box, 25% and 75% centiles; whiskers, ±1.5 × the interquartile range. The notches do not overlap, indicating a significant difference in median male and female LH volume (p < 0.05).(F) Mapping sex-specific LH volume differences. An anterior view of the volume difference t-statistic map after maximum intensity projection and thresholding at t = ±4.07 (p = 0.05 level). Colored scale bar shows range of t values: negative (blue), female-enlarged region; positive (red), male-enlarged region. Statistically significant male- and female-enlarged regions are also outlined in panels (C) and (D). See Figure S11 for additional volumetric analyses. |
PMC1885945_fig6_11360.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Pheromone Representation and Sexual Dimorphism(A) 3D rendering of axonal projections in the LH for DA1 and VA1lm PNs that contact glomeruli of Fru+ ORNs (green) compared with the sum of all other PN classes (red). Note the complementary positions.(B) PNs contacting Fru+ ORNs occupy an anterior ventromedial position in the LH. Shown are synaptic density plots for the combinations of vDA1 and DA1 PNs, and vVA1lm and VA1lm.(C and D) Comparison of exact projections of putative excitatory (green) and inhibitory (magenta) DA1 (C) and VA1lm (D) PNs shows regions of overlap (white) and significant nonoverlap. Sexually dimorphic regions identified in (F) are outlined; M and F indicate, respectively, the male (dashed white line) and female (solid line) enlarged regions. Both regions overlap with vDA1 and vVA1lm PNs. Each image is a frontal section (anterior view) at the indicated Z depth (μm). Standard LH outline in green.(E) Sexual dimorphism of LH volume normalized with respect to our reference brain. Central line median; notches, 95% confidence interval for difference between medians; box, 25% and 75% centiles; whiskers, ±1.5 × the interquartile range. The notches do not overlap, indicating a significant difference in median male and female LH volume (p < 0.05).(F) Mapping sex-specific LH volume differences. An anterior view of the volume difference t-statistic map after maximum intensity projection and thresholding at t = ±4.07 (p = 0.05 level). Colored scale bar shows range of t values: negative (blue), female-enlarged region; positive (red), male-enlarged region. Statistically significant male- and female-enlarged regions are also outlined in panels (C) and (D). See Figure S11 for additional volumetric analyses. |
PMC1885945_fig6_11357.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Pheromone Representation and Sexual Dimorphism(A) 3D rendering of axonal projections in the LH for DA1 and VA1lm PNs that contact glomeruli of Fru+ ORNs (green) compared with the sum of all other PN classes (red). Note the complementary positions.(B) PNs contacting Fru+ ORNs occupy an anterior ventromedial position in the LH. Shown are synaptic density plots for the combinations of vDA1 and DA1 PNs, and vVA1lm and VA1lm.(C and D) Comparison of exact projections of putative excitatory (green) and inhibitory (magenta) DA1 (C) and VA1lm (D) PNs shows regions of overlap (white) and significant nonoverlap. Sexually dimorphic regions identified in (F) are outlined; M and F indicate, respectively, the male (dashed white line) and female (solid line) enlarged regions. Both regions overlap with vDA1 and vVA1lm PNs. Each image is a frontal section (anterior view) at the indicated Z depth (μm). Standard LH outline in green.(E) Sexual dimorphism of LH volume normalized with respect to our reference brain. Central line median; notches, 95% confidence interval for difference between medians; box, 25% and 75% centiles; whiskers, ±1.5 × the interquartile range. The notches do not overlap, indicating a significant difference in median male and female LH volume (p < 0.05).(F) Mapping sex-specific LH volume differences. An anterior view of the volume difference t-statistic map after maximum intensity projection and thresholding at t = ±4.07 (p = 0.05 level). Colored scale bar shows range of t values: negative (blue), female-enlarged region; positive (red), male-enlarged region. Statistically significant male- and female-enlarged regions are also outlined in panels (C) and (D). See Figure S11 for additional volumetric analyses. |
PMC1885946_fig2_11368.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | SipA Promotes Salmonella Replication and Is Required for SCV Positioning(A) Upper: Fold increase in intracellular wild-type S. typhimurium (filled circles), the sipA− mutant (sipA−, open squares), and a strain constitutively expressing augmented levels of SipA from a plasmid (sipA++, filled triangles) strain in NIH3T3 cells over time (hr). Equivalent effects were observed in HeLa cells (not shown). Lower: Fold increase (left, RAW264.7 macrophages) or percentage increase compared to wild-type (right, bone marrow-derived macrophages) of wild-type S. typhimurium, the sipA− mutant, and the sipA++ strain over 22 hr. Replication as fold increase in intracellular bacteria was calculated by comparing values at 2 hr and subsequent time points postinfection. NIH3T3 cells were lysed after ∼11 hr due to bacterial replication. Data were derived from three independent experiments and are shown as mean ± SEM.(B) Upper: Typical distribution of wild-type S. typhimurium, the sipA− and ssaV− mutants, and the sipA++ strain (gray) 6 hr after infection of NIH3T3 cells. Lower: The percentage of intracellular bacteria from 50 infected cells proximal (within 3 μm, open bars) and distal (>3 μm, filled bars) to the nearest edge of the nucleus 6 hr postinfection. Positioning and replication of the sipA− strain was rescued by complementation with a low-copy-number plasmid encoding sipA (not shown). Data were derived from three independent experiments and are shown as mean ± SEM.(C) LAMP1 (green) in HeLa cells 6 hr after infection with wild-type S. typhimurium, the sipA− mutant, or the sipA++ or sifA− mutant strains (blue). Scale bar, 5 μm. |
PMC1885946_fig2_11371.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | SipA Promotes Salmonella Replication and Is Required for SCV Positioning(A) Upper: Fold increase in intracellular wild-type S. typhimurium (filled circles), the sipA− mutant (sipA−, open squares), and a strain constitutively expressing augmented levels of SipA from a plasmid (sipA++, filled triangles) strain in NIH3T3 cells over time (hr). Equivalent effects were observed in HeLa cells (not shown). Lower: Fold increase (left, RAW264.7 macrophages) or percentage increase compared to wild-type (right, bone marrow-derived macrophages) of wild-type S. typhimurium, the sipA− mutant, and the sipA++ strain over 22 hr. Replication as fold increase in intracellular bacteria was calculated by comparing values at 2 hr and subsequent time points postinfection. NIH3T3 cells were lysed after ∼11 hr due to bacterial replication. Data were derived from three independent experiments and are shown as mean ± SEM.(B) Upper: Typical distribution of wild-type S. typhimurium, the sipA− and ssaV− mutants, and the sipA++ strain (gray) 6 hr after infection of NIH3T3 cells. Lower: The percentage of intracellular bacteria from 50 infected cells proximal (within 3 μm, open bars) and distal (>3 μm, filled bars) to the nearest edge of the nucleus 6 hr postinfection. Positioning and replication of the sipA− strain was rescued by complementation with a low-copy-number plasmid encoding sipA (not shown). Data were derived from three independent experiments and are shown as mean ± SEM.(C) LAMP1 (green) in HeLa cells 6 hr after infection with wild-type S. typhimurium, the sipA− mutant, or the sipA++ or sifA− mutant strains (blue). Scale bar, 5 μm. |
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