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Franklin Delano Roosevelt -LRB- -LSB- ˈroʊzəvəlt -RSB- , his own pronunciation , or -LSB- - en ˈroʊzəvɛlt -RSB- January 30 , 1882 -- April 12 , 1945 -RRB- , commonly known as FDR , was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945 . A Democrat , he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century . He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and World War II . As a dominant leader of his party , he built the New Deal Coalition , realigning American politics into the Fifth Party System and defining American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century . He is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U.S. Presidents , along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln . Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old , prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County , New York and attended Groton School . He went on to graduate from Harvard College in 1903 and attended Columbia Law School . At age 23 in 1905 , he married Eleanor Roosevelt , and the couple went on to have six children . He entered politics in 1910 , serving in the New York State Senate , and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson . In 1920 , presidential candidate James M. Cox selected Roosevelt as his running mate , but the Cox/Roosevelt ticket lost to the Republican ticket of Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge . In 1921 , Roosevelt was stricken with debilitating polio , which cost him the use of his legs . The disability put his future political career in jeopardy , but he attempted to recover from the illness and founded the treatment center in Warm Springs , Georgia for people with polio . Roosevelt returned to political life when he nominated Alfred E. Smith at the 1924 Democratic National Convention . At Smith 's behest , Roosevelt successfully ran for Governor of New York in 1928 . He was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor , promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time . In the 1932 presidential election , Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency . Roosevelt took office while the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history . Energized by his personal victory over polio , FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit . During his first 100 days in office , Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented federal legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal -- a variety of programs designed to produce relief -LRB- government jobs for the unemployed -RRB- , recovery -LRB- economic growth -RRB- , and reform -LRB- through regulation of Wall Street , banks and transportation -RRB- . He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers , and to encourage labor union growth while more closely regulating business and high finance . His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity , helping him win re-election by a landslide in 1936 . The economy improved rapidly from 1933 -- 37 , but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937 -- 38 . The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court , and blocked almost all proposals for major liberal legislation -LRB- except the minimum wage , which did pass -RRB- . When the war began and unemployment ended , conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs , the Works Progress Administration -LRB- WPA -RRB- and Civilian Conservation Corps -LRB- CCC -RRB- . However , they kept most of the regulations on business . Along with several smaller programs , major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Wagner Act , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security . With World War II looming after 1938 with the Japanese invasion of China and the aggression of Nazi Germany , Roosevelt gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China and the United Kingdom , while remaining officially neutral . His goal was to make America the `` Arsenal of Democracy '' , which would supply munitions to the Allies . In March 1941 , Roosevelt , with Congressional approval , provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China . Following the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , which he famously called `` a date which will live in infamy '' , Roosevelt sought and obtained the quick approval on the following day for Congress to declare war on Japan and , a few days later , on Germany . Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins , and with very strong national support , he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies against Nazi Germany , Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan in World War II . He supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort , and also ordered the internment of 100,000 Japanese American civilians . As an active military leader , Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers , and he initiated the development of the world 's first atomic bomb . His work also influenced the later creation of the United Nations and Bretton Woods . Roosevelt 's physical health seriously declined during the war years , and he died weeks into his fourth term . He was then succeeded by his vice president Harry S. Truman , and a few months after Truman 's inauguration , the United States bombed the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , leading to Japan 's surrender .
Regardless of apparent length, it is a sword, not a dagger. The last three words appear to be "Feld-Art-Regt", this indicates it would be a germanic "Feldartillerie Regiment" If, as I suspect from what I see of the image, this is preceded by the characters "2" and the word "Westf" it would indicate: [2 Westphalian Field Artillery Regiment No.22](_URL_8_) Look for anything that will indicate the maker's mark, if you wish to know more. Edit: on closer inspection of the photos, it also looks like there's "Nr 22" at the end of the inscribed/relief text, confirming my earlier suspicion of association with the artillery regiment I mentioned. Edit 2: 2 Westphalian field artillery regiment 22 was a pre WW1 regiment in the Prussian/German Army, 13th division. Disbanded in 1919. _URL_7_
Walter White's discards, commented one Facebook user, comparing the turquoise ice to the blue meth Walter White cooks up in Breaking Bad. Unlike Walter White's creations, the blue ice on Lake Michigan has much less illicit origins. The bizarre coloring has to do with the ice's density. Ice only appears blue when it is sufficiently consolidated that bubbles do not interfere with the passage of light, explains this Carleton University guide to glaciers.
ID's.odt - Liberal Arts 01:510.349:01 with Koven at Rutgers University - New Brunswick/Piscataway - StudyBlue File Size: 7 Views: 14 Advertisement Teddy Boy: 1950 Nottinghill, Afro-Carribean people moved in huge escalation of white against black violence, TB=white vigilante. ?59 labor party youth commission ?girls sports clothes and entertainment no real great mission, no politics, social welfare all headonism. Style becomes a mode of politics, TB through dress and material goods act politics. Edwardian shortened to Teddy. Teddy boys were 1950 rebellious boys, who all dressed in a similar style. Drape jackets, ?brogue? shoes, slim jim ties, and greased ?duck? hair. Youth revolt during a major Britain loss of global power to Germany and Japan. What gave the Teddy Boys power was American Invasion of music and fashion, increase in leisure and entertainment businesses catering to youth, Butler Education Act, and a gap in the National Service. It ' s linked to children being on the frontlines of political action Womens War: The Igbo Women ' s War started in November 1929, when thousands of Igbo women from the Bende District of Nigeria southern Nigeria traveled to Oloko to protest against the Warrant Chiefs, whom they accused of restricting the role of women in the government. This incident become known as the Igbo Women ' s War of 1929. It was organized and led by the rural women of Owerri and Calabar provinces. sparked by a dispute between a woman named Nwanyeruwa and a man, Mark Emereuwa, who was helping to make a census of the people living in the town controlled by the Warrant, Okugo. In Oloko, the census was related to taxation, and women in the area were worried about who would tax them, especially during the perio d of hyperinflation in the late 1920s. On the morning of November 18, Emeruwa arrived at Nwanyereuwa ' s house and approached Nwanyereuwa, since her husband Ojim, had already died. He told the widow to " count her goats, sheep and people. " Since Nwanyereuwa understood this to mean, " How many of these things do you have so we can tax you based on them " , she was angry. She replied by saying " Was your widowed mother counted?, " meaning " that women don ' t pay tax in traditional Igbo society. " The two exchanged angry words, and Nwanyeruwa went to the town square to discuss the incident with other women who happened to be holding a meeting to discuss the issue of taxing women. Believing they would be taxed, based on Nwanyeruwa ' s account, the Oloko women invited other women from other areas in the Bende District, as well as from Umuahia and Ngwa. They gathered nearly 10,000 women who protested at the office of Warrant Chief Okugo, demanding his resignation and calling for a trial The Cotton Famine: Jamaica, Morant Bay, Oc t. 7, 1865. Distubance in courtroom to apprehend a man, Paul Bogel saved man and 150 ppl beat the officer and flee. 27 warrents issued for ppl and Bogel, riot assault stone throwing against warrents. Free trade sugar goes down in Jamaica?s plantations in trouble. Slaves are free but pay masters and work for them. Gov. Eyre uses martial law/Gordon Impartial and universal justice?test case for the legitimacy of British empire. Circulation of raw products, cotton, sugar, opium, tea, China, Jamaica, US, Global economy that linked together china India and American south through Manchester and great textile manufacuters and how that so hurt economy of India. Indians forced to wear callicos form Manchester even though India was premier producer of textiles. Cotton famine connected to plantocracy, so violent bc they suffered form free trade because they lowered the barriers, sugar cost the same, then slavery from SA. Plantocracy are richest whitest folk on island but they are stewards of a mode of life and production but free trade anti co rn law, abolition of slavery all brought down that way of life. Robert Peel: repealed corn laws (LOOK UP) Dual Mandate: IN AFRICA is the practice in which elected officials served in more than one elected or other public position simultaneously. The p
The preludes, many of which are very brief (some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure), were described by Schumann as "the beginnings of studies". Inspired by J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, Chopin's preludes move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach's chromatic scale sequence) to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality. The preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group, and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces, or even to music by other composers, as Kenneth Hamilton suggests: he has noted a recording by Ferruccio Busoni of 1922, in which the Prelude Op. 28 No. 7 is followed by the Étude Op. 10 No. 5.
In 2013 a lot of media coverage was given to unclassified NSA's study in Cryptologic Spectrum that concluded that Tito did not speak the language as a native, and had features of other Slavic languages (Russian and Polish). The hypothesis that "a non-Yugoslav, perhaps a Russian or a Pole" assumed Tito's identity was included. The report also notes Draža Mihailović's impressions of Tito's Russian origins.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ( ; ] ; 28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German writer and statesman. His works include epic and lyric poetry; prose and verse dramas; memoirs; an autobiography; literary and aesthetic criticism; treatises on botany, anatomy, and colour; and four novels. In addition, numerous literary and scientific fragments, more than 10,000 letters, and nearly 3,000 drawings by him exist.
Charles Bronson - Biography - IMDb Charles Bronson Biography Showing all 100 items Jump to: Overview (5) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (3) \| Trade Mark (4) \| Trivia (58) \| Personal Quotes (21) \| Salary (8) Overview (5) 5' 8½" (1.74 m) Mini Bio (1) The archetypal screen tough guy with weatherbeaten features--one film critic described his rugged looks as "a Clark Gable who had been left out in the sun too long"--Charles Bronson was born Charles Buchinsky, one of 15 children of struggling parents in Pennsylvania. His mother, Mary (Valinsky), was born in Pennsylvania, to Lithuanian parents, and his father, Walter Buchinsky, was a Lithuanian immigrant coal miner. He completed high school and joined his father in the mines (an experience that resulted in a lifetime fear of being in enclosed spaces) and then served in WW II. After his return from the war, Bronson used the GI Bill to study art (a passion he had for the rest of his life), then enrolled at the Pasadena Playhouse in California. One of his teachers was impressed with the young man and recommended him to director Henry Hathaway , resulting in Bronson making his film debut in You're in the Navy Now (1951). He appeared on screen often early in his career, though usually uncredited. However, he made an impact on audiences as the evil assistant to Vincent Price in the 3-D thriller House of Wax (1953). His sinewy yet muscular physique got him cast in action-type roles, often without a shirt to highlight his manly frame. He received positive notices from critics for his performances in Vera Cruz (1954), Target Zero (1955) and Run of the Arrow (1957). Indie director Roger Corman cast him as the lead in his well-received low-budget gangster flick Machine-Gun Kelly (1958), then Bronson scored the lead in his own TV series, Man with a Camera (1958). The 1960s proved to be the era in which Bronson made his reputation as a man of few words but much action. Director John Sturges cast him as half Irish/half Mexican gunslinger Bernardo O'Reilly in the smash hit western The Magnificent Seven (1960), and hired him again as tunnel rat Danny Velinski for the WWII POW big-budget epic The Great Escape (1963). Several more strong roles followed, then once again he was back in military uniform, alongside Lee Marvin and Ernest Borgnine in the testosterone-filled The Dirty Dozen (1967). European audiences had taken a shine to his minimalist acting style, and he headed to the Continent to star in several action-oriented films, including Guns for San Sebastian (1968) (aka "Guns for San Sebastian"), the cult western Once Upon a Time in the West (1968) (aka "Once Upon a Time in The West"), Rider on the Rain (1970) (aka "Rider On The Rain") and, in one of the quirkier examples of international casting, alongside Japansese screen legend Toshirô Mifune in the western Red Sun (1971) (aka "Red Sun"). American audiences were by now keen to see Bronson back on US soil, and he returned triumphantly in the early 1970s to take the lead in more hard-edged crime and western dramas, including The Valachi Papers (1972) and the revenge western Chato's Land (1972). After nearly 25 years as a working actor, he became an 'overnight" sensation. Bronson then hooked up with British director Michael Winner to star in several highly successful urban crime thrillers, including The Mechanic (1972) and The Stone Killer (1973). He then scored a solid hit as a Colorado melon farmer-done-wrong in Richard Fleischer 's Mr. Majestyk (1974). However, the film that proved to be a breakthrough for both Bronson and Winner came in 1974 with the release of the controversial Death Wish (1974) (written with Henry Fonda in mind, who turned it down because he was disgusted by the script). The US was at the time in the midst of rising street crime, and audiences flocked to see a story about a mild-mannered architect who seeks revenge for the murder of his wife and rape of his daughter by gunning down hoods, rapists and killers on the streets of New York City. So popular was the film that it spawned four sequels over the next 20 years. A
Dolores Janney Rivera Saavedra -LRB- July 2 , 1969 -- December 9 , 2012 -RRB- , better known as Jenni Rivera , was an American singer , songwriter , actress , television producer , spokesperson , philanthropist and entrepreneur known for her work within the Banda and ranchera music genres . In life and death , several media outlets including CNN , Billboard , Fox News , and The New York Times have labeled her as the most important female figure and top selling female artist in the Mexican music genre . Billboard magazine named her the `` top Latin artist of 2013 '' , the `` best selling Latin artist of 2013 '' . Rivera began recording music in 1992 . Her recordings often had themes of social issues , infidelity , and relationships . Rivera released her first studio album , Si Quieres Verme Llorar , in the late 1990s , failing to attain commercial success ; however , she rose to prominence in the United States and Mexico with her major-label debut , Parrandera , Rebelde y Atrevida . In the early 2000s , she was often criticized and was refused bookings at venues across California for performing Banda music -- a male-dominated music genre . However , her popularity grew after she won the Lo Nuestro Award for Regional Mexican Female Artist of the Year in 2007 , which she won nine consecutive times . Her tenth studio album , Jenni -LRB- 2008 -RRB- became her first No. 1 record on the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart in the United States . In 2010 , she appeared in and produced the reality TV show Jenni Rivera Presents : Chiquis & Raq-C . She also appeared in and produced I Love Jenni starting in 2011 through 2013 and Chiquis 'n Control in 2012 . Her acting debut was in the film Filly Brown , which was released in 2013 . Rivera garnered nominations and awards from Latin music 's most prestigious accolades . Over the course of her career she was awarded two Oye ! Awards -LRB- Mexico 's equivalent to the United States ' Grammy Awards -RRB- , two Billboard Music Awards , twenty-two Billboard Latin Music Awards , eleven Billboard Mexican Music Awards and eighteen Lo Nuestro Awards . She received four Latin Grammy nominations . She has a star on the Las Vegas Walk of Stars , and she is one of the best-selling regional Mexican artists of all time , having sold more than 20 million records worldwide . Aside from music , she was active in her community and donated her time to civic causes . The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence appointed her its spokesperson in the United States . A proclamation was given `` officially naming '' August 6 `` Jenni Rivera Day '' by the Los Angeles City Council for all her charity work and community involvement . Rivera , along with six others , died in a plane crash near Iturbide , Nuevo León on December 9 , 2012 . Her death made international headlines for weeks . In December 2014 , Mexican authorities closed the investigation on what brought the plane down . Mexican Director of Civil Aviation , Gilberto Gómez Meyer , stated that the results of the plane crash have come back inconclusive and that they are unable to determine the exact cause of the crash . Lawsuits involving the owners of the plane , Rivera 's estate , and family members of those on board with Rivera have been filed in The Superior Court of Los Angeles County .
The pistons, cylinders and cylinder head create a pressure vessel containing the burning fuel/air mixture. What has likely happened here is that the structural members (bolts, probably) that hold the cylinders and head to the crankshaft (and pistons) have failed catastrophically, so the pressure on the pistons is no longer constrained to rotating the crankshaft, allowing that same pressure to lift the cylinder block and head, ejecting them from the vehicle.
Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree The trees are now scouted by Erik Pauzé, Head Gardener at Rockefeller Center. Pauzé visits nurseries throughout the tri-state area while keeping his eye out for one-of-a-kind backyard trees. Trees may also be submitted for consideration through Rockefeller Center's web site. Pauzé and his team choose each year’s tree based on its heartiness and “Christmas tree shape,” as well as its ability to support the heavy ornaments.[6]
Mike McGrady: Currently there are about 430 pairs of golden eagles in the UK, and these are found in Scotland only. There are unpaired eagles in England. Golden eagles are less widely distributed in the UK than they could be. Of course, there used to be eagles in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
Letâs look at each type in more detail: â You can earn about $20 000 per show or an hourly rate of anywhere upward from $200. You will also get paid for fittings and rehearsals. â You will earn a bit less than a runway model, but it will still be substantial at about $100 per hour.f your face is shown however you cannot model for a competing product. â You can earn anywhere from $100 per hour or $1,500 per day for catalogues and for advertising agencies $250 per hour or $10,000 per day is average. Child Model â You can earn anywhere from $50 upwards for the day (about 5 hours).
nan Home Puppy Mills 101 How to Avoid Cruelty Laws & Rules Take Action All Dogs Deserve the Good Life Will You Fight For Love? The commercial puppy industry keeps dogs captive in cruel conditions, just so they can keep making puppies. It's time for dog lovers to fight back. Sign up to receive information on how you can help make a difference. First Name Last Name Email Address The Latesthttps://www.aspca.org/barred-from-love/puppy-mills-101/hallmarks-cruel-breeding The Dirty Secrets of Puppy Breedinghttps://www.aspca.org/barred-from-love/puppy-mills-101/puppy-pipeline Ever Wonder How Pet Stores Can Offer So Many Breeds?https://secure.aspca.org/action/USA-PICA?ms=wb_con_feature-barred-from-love-feat... What Can I Do to Help? Beware of "Puppy Leasing"https://www.aspca.org/barred-from-love/how-avoid-cruelty/responsible-breeders Is It Ever Okay to Go to a Breeder?https://www.facebook.com/barredfromlove Be a Puppy Advocate on Facebook Connect With Us: Learn More How Cruel Breeding Hurts Dogs Online Sales State Laws Federal/USDA Standards Have questions? Contact us at barredfromlove@aspca.org Help the ASPCA Put a Stop to Animal Cruelty Donate
Best Answer: Medically a term used to measure bone mass. It is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given unit volume (density = mass/volume). It is usually expressed in kg/m^3. Put simply, if mass is a measure of how much âstuffâ there is in an object, density is a measure of how tightly that âstuffâ is packed together. One of the ways we can see density illustrated in everyday life is by looking at whether things float or sink in a liquid (water, for example).
John Felix Anthony Cena Jr. -LRB- -LSB- ˈsiːnə -RSB- born April 23 , 1977 -RRB- is an American professional wrestler , rapper , actor , and reality television show host . He is signed to WWE , where he performs on the SmackDown brand . Cena started his professional wrestling career in 1999 with Ultimate Pro Wrestling -LRB- UPW -RRB- and won the UPW Heavyweight Championship the following year . Cena signed a developmental contract with the World Wrestling Federation -LRB- WWF , later renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment , or simply WWE -RRB- in 2001 , debuting on the WWE main roster in 2002 . From a generic character in 2002 , Cena morphed into a rapper for the time period of 2002 -- 2004 , which earned him fame within the audience on SmackDown ! . Cena later transitioned to his current character , which he describes as a `` goody-two shoes Superman '' . However , Cena has been labeled as the `` most polarizing professional wrestler ever '' as his character has many supporters and many detractors , according to Jim Ross of Fox Sports , who also noted that Cena has been WWE 's franchise player for a long-time . In 2012 , IGN described Cena as WWE 's franchise player since 2005 and WWE credited Cena as being the `` face of WWE '' in 2015 since 2004 . Industry veterans John Layfield , Paul Heyman , and Kurt Angle have called Cena the greatest WWE star of all time . Throughout his WWE career , Cena has won 25 championships , with 16 reigns as a world champion -LRB- 13 times as WWE Champion and three times as WWE 's World Heavyweight Champion -RRB- , an accomplishment only previously achieved by WWE Hall of Famer Ric Flair . He is also a five-time United States Champion , and four-time world tag team champion -LRB- two World Tag Team and two WWE Tag Team -RRB- . Furthermore , he is a Money in the Bank ladder match winner -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , a two-time Royal Rumble winner -LRB- 2008 , 2013 -RRB- , and a three-time Superstar of the Year Slammy Award winner -LRB- 2009 , 2010 , 2012 -RRB- . Cena has the fourth-highest number of combined days as WWE Champion , behind Bruno Sammartino , Bob Backlund , and Hulk Hogan . He has also headlined WWE 's flagship event , WrestleMania , on five different occasions -LRB- WrestleManias 22 , 23 , XXVII , XXVIII , and 29 -RRB- over the course of his career , as well as many others pay-per-view events . As of 2016 , John Cena is WWE 's highest-paid wrestler . Outside of wrestling , Cena has released the rap album You Ca n't See Me , which debuted at No. 15 on the US Billboard 200 chart , and starred in the feature films The Marine -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , 12 Rounds -LRB- 2009 -RRB- , Legendary -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , The Reunion -LRB- 2011 -RRB- , Trainwreck -LRB- 2015 -RRB- , and Sisters -LRB- 2015 -RRB- . Cena has also made appearances on television shows including Manhunt , Deal or No Deal , MADtv , Saturday Night Live , Punk 'd , Psych , and Parks and Recreation . He was also a contestant on Fast Cars and Superstars : The Gillette Young Guns Celebrity Race , where he made it to the final round before being eliminated , placing third in the overall competition . Cena is also the host of American Grit on Fox . Cena is involved in numerous philanthropic causes ; most notably with the Make-A-Wish Foundation . He has granted the most wishes in Make-A-Wish history .
Mitch Margo (born May 25, 1947) is an American singer and songwriter who was a professional recording artist by the age of 14. Along with brother Phil Margo), he was, and still is, a member of The Tokens. The vocal group is best known for its hit recording of "The Lion Sleeps Tonight", which rose to #1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and remained there for 3 weeks in 1961. Other hits by The Tokens include: "Tonight I Fell In Love" (which Mitch Margo co-wrote), "I hear Trumpets Blow" (written by Mitch Margo), "He’s In Town", and "Portrait of My Love". The Tokens are still recording and performing. Their schedule includes venues such as The Riviera in Las Vegas, Epcot in Walt Disney World, Orlando, Florida, and much more.
Joy is a 2015 American biographical comedy-drama film , written and directed by David O. Russell and starring Jennifer Lawrence as Joy Mangano , about whom the story is loosely based as a self-made millionaire who created her own business empire . Joy received a theatrical release on December 25 , 2015 , distributed by 20th Century Fox . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised Lawrence 's performance but criticized the writing and pace of the film . Lawrence received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for her performance . Joy was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , among other accolades .
Alicia Silverstone to Play Mom of Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Star Kyle Richards in New Series. Nov 7, 2016 5:51 PM EST. The TV series Real Housewives of Beverly Hills star Kyle Richards has been working on, about her mother's Hollywood life in the 70s, is coming to fruition thanks to TV Land. The Viacom-owned network ordered American Woman to series with Alicia Silverâ¦
Continental crust The continental crust consists of various layers, with a bulk composition that is intermediate to felsic. The average density of continental crust is about 2.7 g/cm3, less dense than the ultramafic material that makes up the mantle, which has a density of around 3.3 g/cm3. Continental crust is also less dense than oceanic crust, whose density is about 2.9 g/cm3. At 25 to 70 km, continental crust is considerably thicker than oceanic crust, which has an average thickness of around 7–10 km. About 40% of Earth's surface is currently occupied by continental crust.[1] It makes up about 70% of the volume of Earth's crust.[2]
Raleigh's industrial base includes banking/financial services; electrical, medical, electronic and telecommunications equipment; clothing and apparel; food processing; paper products; and pharmaceuticals. Raleigh is part of North Carolina's Research Triangle, one of the country's largest and most successful research parks, and a major center in the United States for high-tech and biotech research, as well as advanced textile development. The city is a major retail shipping point for eastern North Carolina and a wholesale distributing point for the grocery industry.
The 2008 Formula 3 Euro Series season was the sixth championship year of Europe’s premier Formula Three series. The season was dominated by 21-year-old German Nico Hülkenberg, who won seven of the season's ten feature races amassing 76 of his total of 85 championship points on Saturday afternoons. He won the championship by 35.5 points from early frontrunner Edoardo Mortara as the 2007's rookie cup winner's season somewhat tailed off after the Norisring, scoring just 9.5 points in the final twelve races compared to Hülkenberg's 60. Jules Bianchi's strong finish to the season, including a win in the final race at Hockenheim and coupled with Renger van der Zande's fifth place and Mika Mäki's ninth place, it allowed the 2008 Ultimate Masters winner to finish third in the championship, a point ahead of both van der Zande and Mäki.
All About Your Baby at Week Twenty Babies Growth & Development All About Your Baby at Week Twenty By Vincent Iannelli, MD, a board-certified physician Updated December 02, 2017Share Pin Email Print What is your goal for breastfeeding your baby? In other words—how long have you planned on breastfeeding? Three months? Six months? Nine months? Twelve months or longer? Are you reaching that goal?1 Reaching Your Breastfeeding Goals Inti St Clair/Getty Images According to most surveys, while about 65 percent of mothers start breastfeeding, only about 30 percent are still breastfeeding at six months and only about 15 percent are still breastfeeding when their baby is 12 months old. This is well below the Healthy People 2010 Targets, a set of national health objectives, that 50 percent of mothers are breastfeeding at six months and 25 percent at 12 months. Also, remember that the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that "breastfeeding should be continued for at least the first year of life and beyond for as long as mutually desired by mother and child. "Of course, things don't always go as planned. But if you are enjoying breastfeeding and things are going well for you and your baby, you might consider continuing to breastfeed until your baby is at least 12 months old. And if you begin to have breastfeeding problems that are getting in the way of your goal, don't hesitate to call your pediatrician and/or a lactation consultant to get some help. These breastfeeding problems might include: Biting A nursing strike Decreased milk production Early weaning Often, there are very simple measures you can take to overcome the most common problems which threaten your ability to breastfeed. Don't be afraid to ask, and ask again. In addition to your pediatrician and lactation consultant, talking with other young mothers may give you a number of ideas that have helped them cope with the same concerns.2 Baby Food Allergy A four or five month old baby enjoying his baby food and not showing any signs of a food allergy. Photo © Nick Thompson As parents try out new baby foods, it's ideal to wait two or three days in between each new food. Waiting a few days allows you to easily recognize which foods might be causing any food allergy or intolerance symptoms. On the other hand, if you started two or three new foods on the same day and your baby had a problem, it would be hard to know which baby food was to blame. If you've faced this problem, however, you are not alone. Many parents are too excited watching their babies try out new things to wait the requisite two or three days. So how can you tell if your baby has food allergies? Baby Food Allergy Symptoms Even when they know that they should wait to start new baby foods, parents aren't always sure what signs or symptoms they are watching for. How do you know if your baby is having a food allergy or intolerance after starting a new baby food? Most of the time, baby food allergy symptoms will be just what you would expect from an allergic reaction to a food in anyone else, including: Diarrhea Skin rash, including hives Vomiting Wheezing Stomach cramps Other symptoms, such as gas and bloating, and sometimes diarrhea, are more likely to be caused by a food intolerance. Simply not liking the taste of something is usually not a sign of an allergy. Keep in mind that your baby may not like some foods or may have to get used to the taste or texture of some baby foods. For those baby foods that your baby doesn't seem to like right away, you may have to try several times before your baby will eat them regularly. If you think that your baby has a true allergy or intolerance to a certain food, you should usually stop giving it to your child and move on to something else. You can usually try the food again in two or three months—especially if it was a mild reaction—to see if your baby eventually tolerates the food. Talk to your pediatrician before giving a food to your baby if it was a more serious reaction, such as one that included wheezing or if your child has a reaction to multiple attempts on trying the food. The most common food allergies in babies include: Milk Eggs Fish Shellfish Tree nuts Wheat Peanuts Soybeans3 Your Baby's Eyesight As your baby's eyesight matures, he will enjoy looking around more and will especially like looking at a mirror at his own reflection. Photo © Andrew Taylor How well can your baby see now? It's probably obvious that your baby can see better now than she once did, as she follows you around the room and watches you. But you may still wonder just how good her eyesight is. While early on in her first month, your baby could only focus on things that were about a foot away from her face, she now sees objects clearly that are several feet away. Also, in addition to the simple, high-contrast patterns that she liked as a newborn, your baby can now see more colors, shapes, and patterns. Your baby's vision will continue to mature over the next two or three months, as she continues to appreciate an even greater variety of colors and more complex shapes and patterns. She won't actually have 20/20 vision until she is somewhere between 6 and 30 months old. Your baby's eyes should no longer "cross" once she has reached 20 weeks of age. If you do notice your baby's eyes crossing, talk to your pediatrician, who may, in turn, recommend a consultation with a pediatric ophthalmologist.4 Red Flag Symptoms Certain red flag symptoms may send you to the emergency room with your baby. Photo © David H. Lewis When your child gets sick, like with a runny nose, cough, or fever, how do you know when it is a simple viral infection or something more serious? Which symptoms should you worry about? Fever Most parents worry about fever, but how high a fever doesn't necessarily tell you how sick your child is. A child can have a temperature of 102 or 103 degrees F with a cold or other viral infection, but may still be eating and drinking and sleeping well and may not be very sick. On the other hand, a child can be very ill with only a low-grade fever or even no fever at all. So instead of worrying about the actual temperature, consider your child's other symptoms when she has a fever. Symptoms might include trouble breathing, being lethargic, being overly fussy and hard to console, or skipping feedings. A fever can also be worrisome if it is hard to control, like if it doesn't come down at all after giving your child a fever reducer, such as Tylenol. You should usually call your pediatrician or seek medical attention if your infant is: Three to six months old and has a temperature at or above 101 F (38.3 C)Six to twelve months old and has a temperature at or above 103 F (39.4 C)Red Flag Symptoms Other symptoms that should raise a red flag that your child might need immediate medical attention include: Bilious (dark green) vomiting - This can be a sign of an intestinal blockage Bloody diarrhea Fast breathing A constant cough, so that your child can barely take a breath between coughs Vomiting or diarrhea that leads to dehydration Being lethargic or difficult to wake up Seizures A bulging fontanel (soft spot)A non-blanching skin rash (a rash that doesn't go away when you press on it) - A non-blanching skin rash, in contrast to those that branch, may be petechiae, small points of bleeding under the skin5 Safety Alert - Car Seat Mistakes Putting a baby in a car seat seems like it should be easy. Instead, it is pretty easy to make a mistake that could leave your baby less protected than she should be. Rear Facing Car Seat Limits One of the more common mistakes that parents make is that they don't understand the latest car seat guidelines: Infants and toddlers should ride in a rear-facing car seat (infant-only rear facing car seat or rear-facing convertible car seat) until they are two years old or until they have reached the weight and height limits of their car seat. Although this means that some larger infants and toddlers might have to graduate to a rear-facing convertible car seat, there are also several models of an infant only seats with higher, 30- to 35-pound weight limits that should get you to the next car seat safety milestone. If you review infant growth charts, you will see that some babies reach 20 pounds, the weight limit of many infant-only car seats, as early as 6 to 7 months. These babies should move from their infant carrier type car seat, into a rear-facing convertible car seat. A convertible car seat can have a rear facing weight limit up to 35 to 45 pounds, so will allow you to keep your baby rear facing through to her second birthday. Car Seat Mistakes Other common car seat mistakes that parents make include: Putting car seat harness straps in the wrong position or allowing them to be too loose Putting the harness chest clip in the wrong position Not using the LATCH system correctly Dressing their baby in a heavy coat or covering them with a heavy blanket and then putting the harness straps over the winter coat in the car seat Placing a child in the wrong car seat or wrong position in the car, for example forward facing versus rear facing Putting their baby's car seat in the front seat when it has a passenger side airbag If you are unsure if you are using your car seat correctly, consider getting a car seat inspection at a local fire station (not always available) or visiting an official car seat inspection station. Your pediatrician and her staff can help you locate an inspection station if you rare unable to find one yourself. Many parents—even parents who are pediatricians—are surprised to learn that there are changes they can make to the way they position their baby in the car seat which leads to greater safety. If this service is offered in your community, it's a very simple measure you can take to ensure the safety of your child.6 Sibling Rivalry Even siblings that seem sweet most of the time will likely have some rivalry issues. Photo © Debi Bishop If you have older children, you may have had a difficult week or two once you brought your new baby home. Depending on the ages of your other children, this probably included some extra whining and crying, regression in development (wetting the bed, refusing to use the potty, daytime wetting accidents,) and lots of jealousy. Preparing your kids for the new baby likely helped you prevent and decrease any feelings of sibling rivalry—at least in those first few months. Unfortunately, now that your baby is awake more often during the day, she may be taking up more of your time, which can lead to even more problems with her siblings. That makes it more important than ever to take the time to help your other kids adjust to being older brothers or sisters, including: Having your kids help in age-appropriate ways, such as holding the baby, getting diapers, putting clothes away, and other chores Continuing to be prepared for changes and regression in your child's behavior and development, such as having more temper tantrums or having some accidents for those only recently potty trained Encouraging friends and family to spend time with your other kids when they offer to help with the baby, or letting them help with the baby so that you have more time for your other children Sticking to your usual routines as much as possible, including mealtimes, naps, and bedtimes Setting aside special one-on-one time as often as possible with each older sibling, even if it is just 5 or 10 minutes each day Remember that it is still important to supervise your other children, especially toddlers and preschool-age children when they hold or play with their little brother or sister.7 How Long Do You Need to Keep Burping Your Baby? While some older infants don't need any help burping, some still do. Photo © Amanda Rohde The majority of parents seem to stop burping their babies when they are about six months old, as children around six months of age often learn to burp on their own. If you notice that your baby burps on his own before this age, you can likely stop burping your baby as early as three or four months. Giving up on burping is most likely to work if it is already getting hard to get your baby to burp and he seems to be doing fine, without much gas, fussiness or spitting up. Some babies simply swallow less air than others when they eat, especially as they get older, and so don't need to burp after they eat as often as other babies do. If you do stop burping your baby and he starts spitting up or acts fussy after eating, continue to burp him for a few more weeks or months. Keep in mind that some babies need to be burped in between feedings as well. If your child is fussy, it may just mean she needs to be burped. Crying causes babies to swallow air as well, and if your child has been crying, she may need to be burped even if she hasn't been fed. Sources Kliegman, Robert M., Bonita Stanton, St Geme III Joseph W., Nina Felice. Schor, Richard E. Behrman, and Waldo E. Nelson. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 20th Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2015. Print. Sauber-Schatz, E., Thomas, A., Cook, L., CDC. Motor Vehicle Crashes, Medical Outcomes, and Hospital Charges Among Children Aged 1-12 Years - Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System, 11 States, 2005-2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries. 2015. 64 (8):1-32
Anderson da Silva -LRB- -LSB- ˈɐ̃deʁsõ ˈsiwvɐ -RSB- ; born April 14 , 1975 -RRB- is a Brazilian mixed martial artist and former UFC Middleweight Champion . Silva holds the longest title streak in UFC history , which ended in 2013 after 2,457 days , with 16 consecutive wins and 10 title defenses . He has 13 post-fight bonuses , the second most in UFC history . UFC president Dana White and several mixed-martial-arts publications have called Silva the greatest mixed martial artist of all time . He is currently ranked the # 6 contender in official UFC middleweight rankings .
Structural Biochemistry/Carbohydrates < Structural Biochemistry The latest reviewed version was checked on 22 December 2017. There are template/file changes awaiting review.navigation search Carbohydrates are important macromolecules that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are organic compounds organized in the form of aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups coming off the carbon chain. Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic compounds in living organisms and account for one of the four major biomolecular classes including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. They originate as products from carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis,n CO 2+ n H 2O (+ reducing agents and energy from photon [sunlight]) → ADP + C n H 2n O n+ n O 2where ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) is a product that can be synthesized to form ATP (Adenosine-5'-triphosphate) - a form of chemical energy used in cells which acts as a fuel of metabolism in plants and animals - through aerobic cellular respiration,C n H 2n O n+ n O 2+ ADP + Phosphate (+ oxidizing agent and energy from photon [through electrochemical gradient]) → ATP + n CO2+ n H2OContents1 Function of Carbohydrates2 Microbial Carbohydrates3 Catagorization of Carbohydrates: 3 types3.1 Monosaccharides4 Structure of monosaccharides5 Types of Monosaccharides6 Disaccharides7 Glycosidic bond8 Oligosaccharides9 Polysaccharides10 Types of Sugars10.1 Reducing Sugars10.2 Nonreducing sugars11 Glycoproteins12 Carbohydrate-binding proteins12.1 Lectins12.2 Malectin12.3 Selectin12.4 Viruses12.5 Diversity of Carbohydrates13 References Function of Carbohydrates [ edit]Carbohydrates play a variety of extensive roles in all forms of life: The general empirical structure for carbohydrates is (CH 2 O) n. Monosaccharides, which are simple sugars that serve as fuel molecules as well as fundamental constituents of living organisms, are the simplest carbohydrates, and are required as energy sources. The most commonly known ones are perhaps glucose and fructose. Carbohydrates exist in a variety of isomers forms. Those that differ in arrangements of atoms are known as constitutional isomers, such as glyceradehyde and dihydroxyacetone. Stereoisomers have the same attachments of the atoms, but different in spatial arrangements, which can be further separated into two types: diastereoisomers and enantiomers. Diastereoisomers are the molecules that are not mirror images of each other and enantiomers exists as nonsuperimposable mirror images. The fact that monosacharides can possess up to three different asymmetric carbon atoms contributes significantly to the wide variety of isomer formations. * Serve as energy stores, fuels, and metabolic intermediates. * Formation of the structural framework of RNA and DNA (ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid). * Are structural elements in the cell walls of bacteria (peptidoglycan or murein), plants (cellulose) and animals (chitin). * They are linked to many proteins and lipids. Such linked carbohydrates are important in cell-cell communication and in interactions between cells and other elements in the cellular environment. * As "food" for energy supply (starch, glycogen, dextrans) and production of fats. For carbohydrate derivatives, amino sugar is of amine group in place of hydroxyl group; deoxy sugar is of hydroxyl group replaced by hydrogen, and acidic sugar is of carboxylic acid group. Microbial Carbohydrates [ edit]In a detailed article, written by Hazel M. Holden, Paul D. Cook, and James B. Thoden, recent studies on carbohydrates were revealed and intensively discoveries on their three-dimensional structures were mentioned. Carbohydrates make up 50% of the Earth’s biomass and are known for their functions as energy storage, cell wall structure in plants, and other functions such as fertilization and cell adhesion. Current studies are being directed at new sugars provided by microbes and bacteria that possess chemical importance. Some microbial sugars are the dideoxysugars and trideoxysugars, made by bacteria, fungi, and plants. Some are found in Gram-negative bacteria or erythromycin. Scientists believe that these microbial sugars have unique functions in chemistry and thus, studies have been done looking at their three-dimensional structures. According to recent studies, sugars that are produced by microbes are made from glucose-6-phosphate or fructose-6-phosphate. Deoxysugars are made by modifications from acetylation, amination, epimerization, and methylation reactions. It was discovered that these sugars are extracted from prokaryotic sources, and they themselves carry biological importance in eukaryotic systems. The production of unique microbial sugars began with the formation of NDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose. This sugar is formed via biosynthesis pathways in which alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate is attached to an NMP moiety through nuleotidyltransferase, followed by the removal of the C-6’ hydroxyl group as well as the oxidation of C-4’ hydroxyl moiety. With the formation of NDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose, important enzymatic reactions take place such as acetylations, isomerizations, dehydrations, epimerizations, etc. These reactions are responsible for the production of unique biosynthesized microbial sugars. There are two enzymes that are being investigated for their functions in catalyzing N-acetylations and PLP-dependent aminations. N-acetylransferases are ezymes that catalyze the acetyl transfer from acetyl-Co A to primary amine acceptors. The family members of this particular enzymes are being studied rigorously by scholars and scientists. One of the important family members is Lbeta H, responsible in the biosynthesis of lipid A via O-aceyltransferase. Three-dimensional studies have revealed that the structure of Lipid A molecules shows the “left-handed crossover connections and its isoleucine rich hexapeptide motif”. Another important enzyme in this family is Pgl D, in the Co A complex. This enzyme is a trimer with two domains for each of its subunit. The base of Pgl D structure was discovered to be His 125. This base is the critical requirement for the catalysis of nuleotide-linked sugars. Odt C is another enzyme that catalyzes the last step in the making of Quip3NAc. This sugar is found in some Gram-negative bacteria . Like Pgl D, Qdt C is a trimer but each of the subunit is engaged in active interactions with other monomers. The significance in the studies of these two enzymes lies in the fact that these two enzymes have very similar structures but surprisingly different biological functions. Detailed structural analysis reveals that enzymes can be very similar structures and possess entirely different activities.n Another enzyme that functions in the enzymatic reactions, started by the production of NDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose, is PLP-dependent aminotransferases and dehydratases. The name of this enzyme is derived from the fact that for the amino group to be successfully transferred to the sugar, a pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (PLP) is required. Thus, the aminotransferase is PLP-dependent and it is called PLP-dependent aminotransferase. The first sugar to perform this function was Arn B. The sugar catalyzes the amino group transfer of an UDP-linked sugar to produce UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose. The amination performed by Arn B is discovered to be a “ping-pong mechanism”, with the “ping” being the formation of PMP, and “pong” being its reaction with ketons to form “transaminated products”. In PLP reactions, the -amino group of glutamate acid attacks the C4’ of PLP shifts the position of lysine. As a result, the external aldimine collapses and form -ketoglutarate and PMP. The formation of PMP gave way to a series of reactions between PMP and ketose forms of carbohydrates to produce products via amino group transfer. Within the family of PLP-dependent aminotransferase, Pse C has been studied because its structures are believed by researchers to serve significant biological roles. They believe that Pse C can provide a first look at an aminotransferase with a nucleotide-linked sugar as a substrate. From recent studies, Pse C is revealed to be involved in the biosynthesis of pseudaminic acid and it also catalyzes the amino group transfer of the C-4’ position of carbohydrates. Another important enzyme is Col D, Col D can transform a sugar via dehydration to remove the 3’ hydroxyl group. GDP-perosamine synthases is also fascinating in that it uses the same substrate as Col D but instead of performing dehydration to remove a hydroxyl group, GDP-perosamine synthase catalyzes the amination at the C4’ position. Overall, many enzymes were studied by scientists because of their importance in enzymatic reactions that yield the biosynthesis of sugars in bacteria and microbes. Because of the wide varieties found in enzymes, scientists seek to study and explain the formation of unique microbial sugars. Below is an image of Salmonella typhimurium from which Arn B is found. Arn B is known to be the first sugar that modifies the aminotransferase structure. Catagorization of Carbohydrates: 3 types [ edit]1. Mono saccharides2. Oligo saccharides3. Polysaccharides Monosaccharides [ edit]Monosaccharides (C-H 2 O) n, n > 3, are the simplest form of carbohydrates. They may be subcategorized as aldoses or ketoses, if the molecule contains an aldehyde or ketone functional groups respectively. Aldoses have a carbonyl group in the form of an aldehyde on the end of the carbon chain and ketoses have a ketone group somewhere along the sugar backbone. The simplest ketose is dihydroxyacetone while the simplest aldose is glyceraldehyde, which can be found as either the L or D enantiomer. Monosaccharides may be further classified based on the number of carbon atoms as triose (n=3), tetrose (n=4), pentose (n=5), hexose (n=6), heptose (n=7), etc. For example, glucose is known as a aldohexose (a six carbon aldose) and ribose is considered an aldopentose (a five carbon aldose). Sugars have the ability to form cyclic compounds, typically five or six member heterocyclic rings. In addition, sugars can be reducing or non-reducing depending on whether a sugar has a carbonyl moiety in its linear form. This means that the sugar in cyclic form is either in hemiacetal or hemiketal form. Monosaccharides aid in the development of nucleic acids. They are often represented by a Fischer Projection. L and D represent the absolute configuration of the asymmetric carbon farthest away from the ketone or aldehyde group on the monosaccharide. Biological carbohydrate is D sugar mostly. Note that the D and L designations are not correlated with the D and L designations for specific rotation (dextro and levorotary molecules). In addition, each carbon atom bonded to a hydroxyl group except for the first and last ones is a stereocenter of R or S, potentially forming many isomers for the same chemical formula of saccharide. In cyclic form, sugars can be described using Haworth projections. Monosaccharides are classified as α or β anomers in their cyclic forms where the carbon atom of the carbonyl oxygen is called the anomeric carbon atom. Because the carbonyl carbon is sp 2 hybridized in the open chain form, when the sugar cyclizes, the carbonyl carbon forms a new chiral center; the α anomer of glucose has the hydroxyl group attached to anomeric carbon in a trans position relative to heteroatom oxygen. The β anomer occurs when the hydroxyl group is on the same side or in cis position as the heteroatom oxygen. Both anomers are in equilibrium and are constantly changing between the ring and straight-chain conformations. Anomeric carbon is defined as hemiacetal or hemiketal carbon for which results in different forms of stereoisomer for the saccharide. The anomeric position is easily oxidized and can form glycosidic linkages readily. Hemiacetals/Hemiaketals, Intramolecular Cyclization and Function Formation of Hemiacetal and Hemiketal Hemiacetals and hemiaketals are formed under acidic conditions when an aldehyde or ketone reacts with an alcohol, respectively. The acidic condition protonates the carbonyl carbon on the aldehyde or ketone, followed by a nucleophilic attack of the hydroxyl group on the alcohol on the carbonyl carbon (electrophile). In monosaccharides, their physical structure can exist either as an open chain or a cyclized ring. The ring structure is more energetically stable and is more common in the case of glucose, fructose and ribose. There are two possible ring formations for these sugars, known as pyranose and furanose formations. Pyranose rings are formed from aldoses (aldehyde sugars) and furanose rings are formed from ketoses (ketone sugars). Pyranoses are 6 membered rings that resemble the structure of a pyran, whereas furanoses are 5 membered rings that resemble a furan. In hexoses, for example, the C-5 hydroxyl group acts as the alcohol (nucleophile) that attacks the C-1 aldehyde carbonyl carbon (electrophile). This results in an intramolecular hemiacetal at the C-1 position. To form a intramolecular hemiaketal, the C-5 hydroxyl group of a ketohexose attacks the C-2 keto group to form the 5 membered ring, furanose. Glucopyranose Formation It is possible for pentoses and hexoses to cyclize. In fact, many 5- or 6-carbon sugars, such as glucose, ribose, and fructose, exist predominantly as cyclic molecules. The carbonyl group in ketoses and aldoses reacts with an alcohol group within the same sugar molecule. This intramolecular reaction produces either an intramolecular hemiacetal or hemiketal. If the resulting cyclic sugar is a 5-membered ring, it is a furanose. If the resulting cyclic sugar is a 6-membered ring, it is a pyranose. Only the 5-membered and the 6-membered ring can be formed because they are the only types of ring formations that are energetically favored. It is important to note that when sugar undergoes a cyclic transformation, an anomeric carbon is formed in the process. An anomeric carbon is the hemiacetal or hemiketal carbon where there can be two different configuration in cyclic sugar. It can either be α or β depending on the relative position of the -CH 2 OH group and the -OH group on the anomeric carbon. α refers to the two groups being on opposite sides, and β refers to the two group being on the same side. The cyclic sugar has conformational isomers. When carbon 2 is out of the plane it is called C-2 endo. Also it has chair and boat conformations. Due to steric hindrance in boat form, chair form is more favorable. Overall the sugar has many stereochemistry such as enantiomers (D and L), Diasteromers, Anomers (alpha and beta) and molecules with same stereochemical configuration but differ in 3D conformation (chair and boat).pyranose vs furanose Structure of monosaccharides [ edit]Structure of monosaccharides can be drawn either as1. The Fisher Projection, which is in straight chain perspective,The Fischer projection of D-glucose is shown above. Exaple of Haworth Projection: Glucose2. The Haworth Projection, which displays molecules as cyclic or planar with substitutes above or below the ring. The Haworth projection of α-D-glucopyranose is shown above.3. In hetercyclic compounds, five-membered and six-membered rings are favored over others due less steric strain of the cyclic structure. Thus, furanoses (pentoses) and pyranoses (hexoses) rings are the predominant cyclic structures in monosaccharides. The rings of monosaccarides resemble the molecules furan and pyran, thus the names furanoses and pyranoses. Example (pyran is left ring and furan is right ring): Pyran (left) and Furan (right)Of straight-chain monosaccharide, aldehyde or ketone group react with other hydroxyl group, for which oxygen is bonded between the two carbon atom, to form a hemiacetal or hemiketal, which forms a heterocyclic ring; the five-atom furanose and six-atom pyranose forms are in equilibrium with their straight-chain structures. The pyranose ring can take on different conformations. Either of the chair or boat form. The chair form allows for substituents to be in two positions, either axial or equatorial. Substituents in the axial position create steric hindrance, thus larger substituents normally are in the equatorial position, due to less crowding. The boat form is disfavored due to steric hindrances. The furanose ring can take on the form of a envelope. It has four nearly coplanar atoms with a puckered fifth atom. Basic formation of a ring structure from the Fischer Projection1. Rotate the substituents from last carbon in a way so that the hydroxyl group is connected by a vertical line.2. All the substituents on the right hand side of the spine, connected to their carbons by a horizontal line, will be located at the bottom of the ring.3. All the substituents on the left hand side of the spine, connect to their carbons by a horizontal line, will be located on top of the ring.4. Connect the anomeric carbon to the hydroxyl group connected to the last carbon in a clockwise fashion.5. The ring structure is normally drawn as a pyranose (six member ring) or furanose (five member ring), in a Haworth Projection (side plane view). Types of Monosaccharides [ edit]Trioses (n=3 where n refers to the number of carbons that make up the skeleton of the sugar) are the smallest forms of monosaccharides: Dihydroxyacetone (a ketose ), Glyceraldehyde (an aldose)Examples of monosaccharides: Glucose (the most common sugar)-Glucose is Glucose is a polyhydroxyaldehyde. Emil Fischer, a carbohydrate chemist received the Nobel Prize for his proof of the structure of glucose. Fructose (sweetens fruit)- Fructose is a polyhydroxyketone. Galactose (sugar in milk)-Galactose is the C4 epimer of glucose. Like glucose, galactose mutarotates when it dissolves in water. Ribose (component of RNA)-The C2 epimer of arabinose, is most stable in its furanose form. Each ribose unit carries a heterocyclic base that provides part of the information needed to specify a particular amino acid in protein synthesis. *** Deoxyribose (component of DNA)-The principal difference between RNA and DNA is the presence of o-2-deoxyribose as the sugar in DNA instead of the o-ribose found.in RNA. D-ribose D-fructose Fructofuranose Glucopyranose Disaccharides [ edit]Disaccharides, or chemical formula of C n (H 2 O) n-1, n > 5, are namely two monosaccharides linked by condensation or dehydration synthesis. As a result, a glycosidic bond is formed when the -OH of one sugar molecule joins with that of another sugar molecule. The glycosidic bond can be broken by hydrolysis, which is the addition of the water molecule, to form two monosaccharides. Examples of Disaccharides: Lactose (sugar in milk) - 1 galactose + 1 glucose Lactose consists of galactose bonded to glucose by a β-1,4-glycosidic linkage. Lactase is the enzyme in humans that hydrolyzes lactose back to its two monosaccharides. Maltose (malt sugar) - 1 glucose + 1 glucose Maltose is made from two glucose molecules bonded by a α-1,4-glycosidic linkage. Maltase is the enzyme that hydrolyzes maltose. Cellobiose - 1 glucose + 1 glucose Cellobiose is also made from two glucose molecules. Unlike maltose it is bonded by a β-1,4-glycosidic linkage, making it a non-digestable sugar due to the equatorial linkage. Cellobiose is the disaccharide of cellulose and a reducing sugar because it has hemiacetal. Sucrose (table sugar)- 1 glucose + 1 fructose Sucrose is formed from a glucose and a fructose. They form a glycosidic linkage between the α glucose and β fructose. Since they are linked at their anomeric carbons, sucrose is not a reducing sugar, because neither glucose or fructose can be changed to a aldehyde or ketone. Glycosidic bond [ edit]In general, a glycosidic bond is the covalent bond between two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide. It is formed between the hemiacetal group of anomeric carbon of a carbohydrate in acid by a condensation reaction to a hydroxyl group of an organic compound. The condensation reaction causes the formation of one additional water molecule. This results in the formation of an acetal group on the anomeric carbon, which stabilizes the bond. Glycosidic bonds are notably stable, but they can be broken chemically by strong aqueous acids. There are two types of glycosidic bonds, α and β glycosidic bonds. A substance with a glycosidic bond is called a glycoside. For saccharides; if they have anomeric carbons, they can form glycosidic bonds to form cyclic structures and not linear forms. The chemical bonds is accounted as O-glycosidic bonds (type II linkage), for which, the anomeric carbon is bonded by oxygen to other group. O-glycosidic bond creates a covalent linkage between a serine or threonine hydroxyl side chain amide and sugar. N-glycosidic bond, type I linkage, is a type of carbohydrate-protein covalent linkage between an asparagine side chain amide and a sugar. N-glycosidic bond involves the bonding of the anomeric carbon of a sugar and the nitrogen atom of an amine group. In the formation of a glycosidic bond, the hemiacetal group of carbohydrates (which contains the anomeric carbon) forms the glycosidic bond in the presence of an acid. Fischer glycosidation is a result from this condensation, which releases a water from the previous reaction. Though Glycosidic bonds are relatively stable under most conditions, they are easily broken under many aqueous acidic conditions. There are enzymes called glycoside hydrolases that also break the bonds, but they are only able to break either the alpha or beta conformation, not both. The following image shows an example of a reaction that generates glycosidic bonds. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: Ethyl-glucoside.png The stereochemistry of the bond is based on the position of the stereocenter furthest away from the C1. The alpha conformation of the glycosidic bond creates an axial conformation, whereas the beta conformation develops an equatorial conformation. Oligosaccharides [ edit]Oligosacchardies are polysaccharides with a smaller number of sugar molecules; disaccharides bonded to simpler polysaccharides, for which, n=3 or 4 simple sugar units. Since almost all the screted and membrane-associated proteins of eukaryotic cells are glycosylated, Oligosaccharides are covalently attached to proteins by either N-glycosidic or O-glycosidic bonds. There are two main types of Oligosaccharides: N-linked Oligosaccharide: In N-linked oligosaccharides, Glc NAc is variably β-linked to the amide N of an Asn residue in the sequence Asn-X-Thr or Asn-X-Ser, where X is amino acid except possibly Pro or Asp. There is enormous diversity among the oligosaccharides of N-linked glycoproteins. In some glycoproteins, processing if brief, leaving "high-mannose" oligosaccharides. In some other glycoproteins, extensive processing generates large oligosaccharides containing several kinds of sugar residues. N linked oligosaccharides have a common pentasaccharide core which contains 3 mannose and 2 N acetylglucosamine residue. Proteins containing N-linked oligosaccharides typically are glycosylated and then processed as elucidated, in large part: 1. An oligosacchride containing 9 mannose residues, 3 glucose residues, and 2 Glc NAc residued is attached to the Asn of a growing polypeptide chain that is synthesized by a ribosome associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. 2. Some of the sugars are removed during the process, which begins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and continues in the Golgi apparatus. 3. Additional monosaccharide residues, including Glc NAc, galactose, fucose, and sialic acid are added by the action of specific glycosyl-transferases in the Golgi apparatus. O-linked Oligosaccharide: The most common O-glycosidic attachment involves the disaccharide core β-galactosyl- (1->3)-α-N-acetylgalactosamine linked to the OH group of either Ser or Thr. O-linked Oligosaccharides are synthesized in the Golgi apparatus by the serial addition of monnosaccharide units to a completed polypeptide chain. Synthesis starts with the transfer of Gal NAc to a Ser and Thr residue on the polypeptide. N-linked oligosaccharides are transferred to an Asn in a specific amino acid sequence, but O-glycosulated Ser and Thr residues are not members of any common sequence. Instead, the locations of glycosylation sites are specified only by the secondary or tertiary structure of the polypeptide. O-glycosylation continues with stepwise addition of sugars by the corresponding glycosyltransferases. Endoplasmic Reticulum (3) = N-linked Golgi complex (8)= O-linked and N-linked Sequencing of Oligosaccharides: To determine the structures of oligosaccharide and their points of attachment, Berg et al., [1] states that the first step is to detach the oligosaccharides from the protein and then the oligosaccharides will be isolated and analyzed. Berg et al. state that mass spectrometric techniques can provide the mass of an oligosaccharide fragment. An example given by Berg et al. is the release of N-linked oligosaccharide from proteins by an enzyme such as a peptide N-glycosidase F. The N-glycosidase F cleaves the N-glycosidic bonds linking the oligosaccharide to the protein. N-linked Glycosidic Bond Peptide: N-glycosidase FPolysaccharides [ edit]Polysaccharides (also called Glycans), the chemical formula is written as C n (H 2 O) n-1, for which 200 < n < 2500, or (C 6 H 10 O 5) n, 40<n<3000, are polymers or multiple units of monosaccharides. They are constructed by glycosidic bonds and make ideal storage products due to their structure and solubility. Oligosacchardies are polysaccharides with smaller number of sugar molecules; disaccharides bonded to simpler polysaccharides, for which, n=3 or 4 simple sugar units. Oligosaccharides are covalently attached to proteins by either N-glycosidic or O-glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides can be further classified into homo-polysaccharides and hetero-polysaccharides based on the composition of individual monosaccharides. In addition, branched and unbranched polysaccharides are formed by glycosidic bonds on different Carbons of the monosaccharides. Homo-polysaccharides are composed of one type of monosaccharids. They can be branched or unbranched. Hetero-polysaccharides can be composed of two or more types of monosaccharides in straight or branched chains. Example of Homopolysaccharides: 1) some are storage of energy (starch, glycogen, and dextrans). 2) Others have structural roles (cellulose, chitin). Examples of polysaccharides: Cellulose Cellulose [ (C 6 H 10 O 5 )n] is a homo-polysaccharide that serves a significant structural role in plant cell walls. Cotton fibers and the wood of trees and bushes, for instance, are largely composed of cellulose. Glucose residues in cellulose are linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds in a linear fashion. Intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds allow the more hydrophobic part of cellulose to stack, leading to complete insolubility of cellulose in normal aqueous solution. Starch Starch is a polymer of glucose, and is constructed by glycopyranose units that are bonded by α-glycosidic bonds. Starch is a homo-polysaccharide that serves as a major source of energy storage in plants and also nourishment to most animals, including humans. Amylose and amylopectin are examples of starch carbohydrates. Amylose are linear chains linked with thousands of glucose residues by α-glycosidic bonds, whereas Amylopectin are branched chains of polysaccharides. The linear binding of amylose are α-1,4-glycosidic linkages. The branching chains of Amylopectin are α-1,6-linkages. The branching in Amylopectin is less than in glycogen. These branchings occur about once for every thirty α-1,4-linkages. The polymer of glucose is not soluble in water. Glycogen Glycogen, also known as "animal starch", is the storage of glucose as a source of energy to animal cells. Its structure is similar to that of the amylopectin and has even more branches. Glycogen is made up of chains of glucopyranose units connected by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds and the branching of the polymer is due to α-1,6-glycosidic bonds. These branchings occur once for every ten 1,4-linkages. Glycogen is primarily produced in the liver and muscles cells. Chitin Chitin is a homopolysaccharide made from repeating units of a derivative of glucose, N-Acetylglucosamine. These units are connected linearly through β-1,4-linkages. Chitin is a very important structural component making up the cell walls of fungi, the exoskeletons of arthropods and insects, and other such components. Its structure and linkages are similar to that of cellulose, except that the hydroxyl group on the 2' carbon of glucose is replaced by an acetylamine group. Structural Differences The linkage by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds in starch and glycogen give them a very different structure than cellulose (linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds). The α-1,4-glycosidic linkage results in a hollow helical structure that is more suitable for energy storage, whereas the β-1-4-glycosidic bonds allows cellulose to form linear chains that are stabilized by hydrogen-bonding with adjacent chains to form tensile fibers. Cellulose Starch Glycogen Chitin Types of Sugars [ edit]Sugars may also be classified as either reducing or nonreducing sugars. Reducing or non reducing sugar ? Reducing Sugars [ edit]Maltose is a reducing sugar, with a free aldehyde group Reducing sugars have access to their open chain form. Reducing sugars are basically sugars with an aldehyde group (in their open form) or a hemiacetal group (in their ring form)at the anomeric carbon that is ready to oxidize. In other words, reducing sugars allow for chain formation and elongation. The presence of reducing sugars can be tested using Fehling's solution, a solution of Cu 2+ ions that readily oxidizes free aldehydes or ketones. A similar test can be done with Benedict's reagent, which also contains the critical Cu2+ ion. A characteristic of a reducing sugars is the β-glycosidic bond, where the β anomeric carbon is involved in the linkage. Examples of reducing sugars are glucose, maltose, and lactose. Reducing sugars can form aldehyde or ketone groups under basic conditions as the carboxyl group is reduced to carbonyl group of aldehyde or ketone group and occurs when the anomeric carbon is not bonded to hemiacetal or hemiketal hydroxyl group. It has only been mentioned that aldoses can form reducing sugars. What about ketoses? Mechanistically, when ketoses isomerize to their ring form, acetals are formed. So no, ketoses do not form reducing sugars. However, ketoses can tautomerize to aldoses, where a hemiacetal can then be formed upon ring closure. [2]Nonreducing sugars [ edit]a non-reducing sugar Nonreducing sugars do not have access to free aldehyde or ketone such as glycosides. These type of sugar is basically an acetal (in its ring form) at the anomeric carbon. Since the anomeric carbon is fixed in a glycosidic linkage, the sugar chain cannot form or be elongated. A non-reducing sugar can also be identified by an α-glycosidic bond in which an α anomeric carbon is involved in the linkage. An example of a nonreducing sugar is sucrose. Glycoproteins [ edit]Structure Glycoproteins, namely organic compounds of a mixture of carbohydrates and proteins bonded by covalent bonds, are formed in the process of glycosylation. Carbohydrate groups may be covalently bonded to a protein to form a glycoprotein, which is an important part of the cell membrane in such processes as cell adhesion and the binding of sperm to eggs in fertilization. In glycoproteins, the carbohydrate weight percentage is much less than the weight of carbohydrates found in proteoglycans. The sugar group of glycoproteins help protein folding and increase protein stability. Sugars within glycoproteins are found attached either to the amide nitrogen atom side chain of asparagine by N-linked glycosidic bond or to the oxygen atom in the side chain of serine or threonine by O-linked glycosidic bond. The bond formed between carbohydrate and protein is by bonding to one of four amino acids of asparagine, hydroxylysine, serine, or threonine. Thus protein glycosylation sites can be predicted because an asparagine can only be glycosylated when found in the form: Asn-X-Ser, Asn-X-Thr, or Asn-X-Cys sequence, where X can be any amino acid but Proline. But not all potential sites are glycosylated. Glycosylated sites have other factors such as the cell type in which the protein is expressed and protein structure. In N-linked oligosaccharides, it has a common pentasaccharide core with three mannose and two N-acetyglucosamine residues. To form a great variety of oligosaccharide pattern, additional sugars are attached to this core. Integral membrane proteins of glycoproteins are important for interactions between one cell to the other. Glycosylation Glycosylation of the extracellular part of proteins takes place in the Endoplasmic Reticulum and in the Golgi complex. The ER and the Golgi complex are organelles involved in major roles in protein trafficking/packaging. Golgi is the major sorting center of the cell. The Golgi complex alter and add onto the carbohydrate units of glycoproteins because it is the major packaging/sorting center of the cell. Protein proceed from Golgi to lysosomes, secretory granules, or plasma membrane. Ribosomes on the cytoplasmic face of the rough ER synthesize the protein that is taken into the lumen of the ER. N-linked glycosylation starts in the ER and continues into the Golgi complex. It begins with the addition of an oligosaccharide precursor made up of a chain of 14 sugar molecules. However, the O-linked glycosylation site is exclusively in the Golgi complex. Also unlike N-linked glycosylation, O-linked glycosylation has the sugar molecules added one at a time, each by a different glycotransferase enzyme. One example includes the addition of N-acetylgalactosamide (Gal NAc), in the cis -Golgi area, by N-acetylgalactosamide transferase. (It should be noted that the Golgi complex is split into three areas the cis, trans, and medial ). In the trans -Golgi, a galactose residue is attached to N-acetylgalacosamide by a galactosamide transferase specific to the this region of the Golgi complex. An oligosaccharide precursor that is to be attached to the amide side chain of an asparagine residue in a protein is first attached to dolichol phosphate. Dolichol phosphate is a lipid molecule found in the ER lumen and is made of about twenty isoprene units. The terminal phosphate group of dolical phosphate is the site of attachment of the oligosaccharide. With the help oligosaccharide-protein transferase, the oligosaccharide is transferred from dolichol phosphate to the asparagine molecule. Proteins from the lumen of the ER and the ER membrane are then transferred to the Golgi complex, where the carbohydrate part of the glycoprotein is altered. Since the Golgi has three areas, each with its own set of enzymes, modifications to the precursor oligosaccharide allows for a range of oligosaccaride structures to form. After the Golgi complex, proteins proceed to either lysosomes, secretory granules, or the plasma membrane, depending on the signals embedded within the amino acid sequences and the three-dimensional structures. Examples Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone that stimulate the production of red blood cells. The presence of three Asn residues and one Ser residues allow oligosaccharides to link the protein at the three N-linked glycosylation and one O-linked glycosylation sites. It is secreted by the kidney. A mature EPO contains about 40% carbohydrate and by going through glycosylation it will enhance its stability of protein. When EPO does not go through glycosylation its protein is rapidly being removed from the blood and therefore contains only 10% carbohydrate. Zona Pellucida The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein membrane, where it appears at multilaminar primary oocytes around the plasma membrane. The zona pellucida structures must initiate the acrosome reaction, in order to binds with the spermatozoa. Therefore, scientists found four zona pellucidas that are responsible binding the spermatozoa and the acrosome reaction within the mouse. The most important zona glycoprotein is the ZP3, because ZP3 is responsible for sperm binding. The sperm protein is adhering with the plasma membrane of the oocyte. In addition, the ZP3 is involved with the acrosomal reaction; this lead to the releasing the spermatozoon of the acrosomal vesicle. The ZP2 is responsible of mediating the subsequent of the sperm binding. Hence, the ZP2 and ZP3 cross linked, due to ZP1. The ZP4 is the protein that human encodes the genes. For humans, it takes five days after fertilization that the zona hatching was performed by the blastocyst. On the other hand, the zona pellucida is being replaced by the layer of trophoblastic cells, when zona pellucida is decomposes and degenerate. Overall, the zona pellucida is has a great importance on the egg death and began the fertilization. Sequence Oligossacrides Oligosaccharides can be sequenced by enzymatic analysis and mass spectroscopy. It is hard to know the structure of sugars so remove sugar from glycoprotein. You will use enzyme and mass spectroscopy to find out the order of these sugars that are attached. Glycosylation Errors Carbohydrate attachment to proteins is important for processing, stability, and targeting these proteins. Improper glycosylation of proteins can lead to inheritable human diseases called congenital disorders of glycosylation. An example involves I-cell disease. I-cell disease is a lysosomal storage disease. A carbohydrate marker is used for directing degradative enzymes. The lysosomes of people with I-cell disease have large inclusions of undigested glycosaminoglycans. These inclusions are present because the lysosomes of I-cell patients lack the enzyme to degrade them. However, these enzymes are present in high volumes elsewhere in the body, thus indicating incorrectly delivered enzymes in I-cell patients. Carbohydrate-binding proteins [ edit]O-linkage It has been shown that carbohydrate-protein complexes function in cell-cell recognition processes as well as adhesion of cells to neighboring cells and the extracellular matrix. The diverse carbohydrate structures displayed on cell surfaces are well suited to serve as interaction sites between cells and their environments. A glycoprotein is formed when a carbohydrate group attaches to a protein through a covalent bond. These glycosidic bonds link carbohydrates to the amino and hydroxy side chains of asparagine and serine or threonine, respectively. An N-linkage is the bond between a carbohydrate and the nitrogen in the asparagine side chain, and an O-linkage is the bond between a carbohydrate and the oxygen of serine or threonine. An asparagine residue can accept an oligosaccharide only if the residue is part of an Asn-X-Ser or Asn-X-Thr sequence, in which X can be any amino acid, except proline. Thus, potential glycosylation sites can be detected in a proteins primary structure. Not all potential sites are glycosylated, however. Glocosylated sites depend on protein structure within the region and the cell type in which the protein is expressed. All N-linked oligosaccharides have in commmon a pentasaccharide core consisting of three mannose and two N-acetylglucosamine residues. Glycoproteins play several roles in terms of the medical world. Modified carbohydrates have the ability to interfere with the interactions between carbohydrates and proteins. This leads to the inhibition of the cell–cell recognition and adhesion that is a major factor contributing to cancerous growth. Thus, these the ligands of the carbohydrate-binding proteins could potentially evolve into new forms of cancer treatment. There has been research on the development of protein serum-based cancer diagnostics. [1] Similarly, the glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin, from the kidneys, has improved the treatment for anemia by stimulating an increase in red blood cells. Also, proper glycosylation of membrane proteins by stabilizing potassium channels prevents degradation of human tissue and muscular dystrophy. Lectins [ edit]Specific carbohydrate-binding proteins in plants and animals are lectins, which are the partners that bind carbohydrate structures and facilitate cell-cell interaction. Typical lectins contain 2+ binding sites for carbohydrates and exhibit weak interactions between the protein and carbohydrate. These multiple weak interactions sum together to form a strong linkage. Linkage of lectin is like Velcro, weak interaction but strong composite! Lectins are found in animals, plants and microorganism. Lectins also play an important role in cell recognition since modified carbohydrates and oligosaccharides have the ability to interfere with carbohydrate–protein interactions and therefore, inhibit the cell–cell recognition and adhesion processes. Lectins are exquisitely specific: they can recognize individual monosaccharides in particular linkages to other sugars in an oligosaccharide (this property also makes lectins useful laboratory tools for isolating glycoproteins and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates on the surface of one cell bind to the binding sites of lectins on the surface of another cell. Importance of Carbohydrates in Cell Communication Carbohydrates have found to be capable of containing an abundance of information as a result of the various composition and structures that are possible. These diverse compounds result from the fact that monosaccharaides contain many OH groups available for linkage. This further allows for extensive branching. Additionally, the substituent attached to the anomeric carbon can assume either an α or β configuration. The presence of these various carbohydrates on cell surfaces allows for effective cell-to-cell communication. C-Type Lectins Illustration of mannose-binding lectin, Lectin MPAC-Type lectins are those that require a calcium ion. The calcium ion helps bind the protein and carbohydrate by interacting with the OH groups found on the carbohydrate. Calcium can also form a linkage between the carbohydrate and glutamates in the lectin. Binding is further strengthened through hydrogen bonds that form between the lectin side chains and the OH groups of the carbohydrate. Carbohydrate recognition and binding is made possible by a homologous domain consisting of 120 amino acids. These amino acids determine the specificity of carbohydrate binding. Examples of Lectins Embryos are attached to the endometrium of the uterus through L-Selectin. This activates a signal to allow for implantation. E. coli are able to reside in the gastrointestinal tract by lectins that recognize carbohydrates in the intestines. Malectin [ edit]Malectin is a carbohydrate-binding protein present in the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell. It plays important roles in the early stages of N-Glycosylation. Selectin [ edit]Selectins are transmembrane glycoproteins that form a single chain. They mediate the attachment between leukocytes (circulating white blood cells) and the surfaces of endothecial cells (the cells that line blood vessels. Selections are members of the C-type lectins. The selectins recognize and bind specific oligosaccharides on cell-surface glycoproteins. Reciprocal selectin-oligosaccharide interactions between the two cells types allow the endothelial cells to "capture" circulating leukocytes, which then crawl past the endothelial cells on their way to eliminate the infection or help repair damaged tissues. Selectins bind specific immune cells to sites of injury and inflammation. There are various types of selectins. For example, the L-type selectin refers to lymph-node vessels, the E-type selectin refers to endothelium, and the P-type is for platelets. Viruses [ edit]Adhesion to carbohydrates on the cell's surface grants some viruses access to the cell. Viruses can bind to certain residues on glycoproteins and once within the cell, release proteins which will break certain bonds within the glycoprotein to grant the virus free access. The influenza virus binds to sialic acid residues which is present on cell surface glycoprotein. The viral protein that's binds to the siliac acid residues is called hemagglutinin. After the virus penetrates the cell membrane, another viral protein, neuraminidase (sialidase), cleaves the glycosidic bonds to the sialic acid residues, freeing the virus to infect the cell. Inhibitors of this enzyme such as Tamiflu and Relenza are important anit-influenza agents. Diversity of Carbohydrates [ edit]Carbohydrates are very diverse due to these reasons:1. Different monosaccharides can be joined to one another through any of several OH group.2. The C-1 linkage can have either an alpha or a beta configuration, and extensive branching is possible. So many different oligosaccharides can be formed from four sugars compared to oligopeptides. Diversity as a result of carbohydrate chemical properties Chemical structure. Monosaccharides are naturally complex building blocks, owing to their high number of stereogenic centers. C6H12O6 (a hexose) has 16 stereoisomers. Two of these are the enantiomers D- and L-galactose (D-Gal and L-Gal). In humans, only D-Gal is present, whereas in plants both D and L forms can be found. Free monosaccharides are polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones and can exist in an open form or undergo an intramolecular reaction to yield cyclic hemiacetals. The attacking OH determines the ring size, normally of six members (pyranosic ring) or, less commonly, five members (furanosic ring). As a result of cyclization, a new chiral carbon is formed and generates two possible anomers (α and β), in equilibrium with the open form. These hemiacetals can react to form acetals, fixing the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon and generating diverse carbohydrate derivatives. For example, D-Gal is present in certain microorganisms in both pyranosic and furanosic forms, even in the same glycoconjugate. Chemical connectivity: glycosidic bonds and branching. Because of the different OH groups available for intermolecular acetal formation, many glycosidic linkages can potentially be formed between the anomeric carbon of one monosaccharide and any OH group in another. This reaction determines the type of linkage (α- or β-bond), which is essential for enzymatic recognition. This availability of diverse branching points is a key factor that influences carbohydrate compactness, flexibility and also physical and biochemical properties. A clear example of its relevance is the difference between starch—which is composed of amylose, a linear homopolymer of α (1,4)-glucose residues deposited in semicrystalline granules in plants—and glycogen. Glycogen is also a homopolymer of α (1,4)-glucose residues, but as there is a α (1,6) branching point present every ten units, it exists in animal cells as a noncrystalline polysaccharide. Noncarbohydrate modifications. Glycan structures can be modified by diverse substitutions, including sulfation, acetylation or phosphorylation. References [ edit]↑ Berg J. M., Tymoczko J L., Stryer L. " Biochemistry" Sixth Edition, (c) 2007, 2002 by W. H. Freeman and Company, New York↑ http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/350/Carey5th/Ch25/ch25-2-5.html1. Berg, Jeremy M. 2007. Biochemistry. Sixth Ed. New York: W. H. Freeman. 303-325. 2. "The selectin family of carbohydrate-binding proteins: Structure and importance of carbohydrate ligands for cell adhesion". Richard D. Cummings, David F. Smith. Bio Essays . Volume 14, Issue 12, Pages 849-856, 1992 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 3. "Carbohydrate-binding proteins are becoming extremely useful in curing various illnesses", April 2004, News-Medical. Net [2] 4. Nangia-Makker, P.; Conklin, J.; Hogan, V. and Raz, A. "Carbohydrate-binding proteins in cancer, and their ligands as therapeutic agents", Trends in Molecular Medicine. Volume 8, Issue 4, 1 April 2002, Pages 187-192 5. Richards, M. R. & Lowary, T. L. Chemistry and biology of galactofuranose-containing polysaccharides. Chem Bio Chem 10, 1920–1938 (2009). 6. Wade, L. G. "23 Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids." Organic Chemistry. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2009. 1097-141. Print. 7. Holden, Hazel M., Paul D. Cook, and James B. Thoden. “Biosynthetic enzymes of unusual microbial sugars”. Current Opinion in Structural Biology. (2010): 543-550. Science Direct. Category: Book: Structural Biochemistry
All About Eve is a 1950 American drama film written and directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz , and produced by Darryl F. Zanuck . It was based on the 1946 short story `` The Wisdom of Eve '' by Mary Orr , although screen credit was not given for it . The film stars Bette Davis as Margo Channing , a highly regarded but aging Broadway star . Anne Baxter plays Eve Harrington , an ambitious young fan who insinuates herself into Channing 's life , ultimately threatening Channing 's career and her personal relationships . George Sanders , Celeste Holm , Hugh Marlowe , Barbara Bates , Gary Merrill , and Thelma Ritter also appear , and the film provided one of Marilyn Monroe 's earliest important roles . Praised by critics at the time of its release , All About Eve received 14 Academy Awards nominations -LRB- a feat only matched by the 1997 film Titanic and the 2016 film La La Land -RRB- and won six , including Best Picture . All About Eve is the only film in Oscar history to receive four female acting nominations -LRB- Davis and Baxter as Best Actress , Holm and Ritter as Best Supporting Actress -RRB- . All About Eve was selected in 1990 for preservation in the United States National Film Registry and was among the first 50 films to be registered . All About Eve appeared at # 16 on AFI 's 1998 list of the 100 best American films .
Name: Hilarie Burton; Age: 35 years old; Height: 5ft 7in (171 cm) Occupation: Actress; Net Worth: US $2 Million; Status: Alive; ORIGIN Hilarie Burton is an American actress, producer and founder of Southern Gothic Production (SoGoPro). She starred as âPeyton Sawyerâ on the series One Tree Hill, and as âSara Ellisâ on White Collar.
Federal Emergency Relief Administration The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was the new name given by the Roosevelt Administration to the Emergency Relief Administration (ERA) which President Franklin Delano Roosevelt had created in 1933. FERA was established as a result of the Federal Emergency Relief Act and was replaced in 1935 by the Works Progress Administration (WPA).
Stephen F. Austin Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, 1793 â€“ December 27, 1836) was an American empresario. Known as the "Father of Texas", and the founder of Texas,[1][2] he led the second, and ultimately, the successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States to the region in 1825.
Sir Manuel Richard Hornibrook (1893–1970) OBE was an Australian civil engineer. He founded the firm M R Hornibrook Pty Ltd that after merger with Baulderstone became one of the largest Australian civil engineering firms. Known as "MR", Hornibrook was knighted in 1960. He was highly respected and a builder of bridges across Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Papua New Guinea as well as other major projects including Stages 2 (the Sails) and 3, of the Sydney Opera House.
Blue Crush. Ok, so if you have seen this movie, it is kind of a given that it was filmed in Hawaii. Most of this super sexy surfer girl movie was filmed on the island of Oahu, including the North Shore, Makaha, Waikiki, and the JW Marriott Ihilani Resort & Spa at Ko Olina. More information on Oahui.
Uranus Moons Jupiter Facts Uranus Moons Uranus has 27 known moons (satellites). All of it’s moons compositions are generally rock and ice. Uranus’s moons are generally categorized as the Inner Moons (13), Major Moons (5) and Irregular Moons (9). The Inner Moons are named Cordelia, Ophelia, Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda, Perdita, Puck and Mab. The Major Moons are named Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania and Oberon. The Irregular Moons are named Francisco, Caliban, Stephano, Trinculo, Sycorax, Margaret, Prospero, Setebos and Ferdinand. Some of these names may look familiar to you, a matter of fact, all of Uranus’s moons are named after characters from Alexander Pope and William Shakespeare works. Titania Uranus’s largest moon is Titania with a diameter of 1,577.8 km or 980 miles and a mass of 3.42 x 1021 kg. This makes it the eighth largest moon in our solar system (less than half the size of Earth’s moon). Titania was discovered on January 11, 1787 by William Herschel. Its distance from Uranus is 436,300 km or 271,104 miles and takes 8.7 Earth days to make 1 complete orbit around Uranus. Titania’s orbit around Uranus is almost a perfect circle with the orbit eccentricity at 0.0011 and is closest (Periapsis) to the planet at 435,820 km or 270,805 miles and farthest (Apoapsis) from the planet at 436,780 km or 271,402 miles. The orbit inclination is only 0.079°, which means it’s North pole is getting about 42 years of straight sunlight and about 42 years of straight darkness. You’ll remember that Uranus is on its side so when the moons orbit the planet they are actually moving in a vertical manner compared to the horizontal manner we are accustomed to here on Earth. The density of Titania is 1.662 g/cm3, which is less than half the density of Earth’s moon. Miranda Another moon of Uranus that is interesting is Miranda. It was discovered on February 16, 1948 by Gerard P. Kuiper. Its distance from Uranus is 129,900 km or 80,716 miles and takes 1.413 Earth days to make 1 complete orbit around the planet. Miranda’s average diameter is 471.6 km or 293 miles with a mass of 6.5941 x 1019 kg. Sounds boring so far, what’s so interesting about it? Well if you like the Grand Canyon, then you’ll definitely like Miranda. This moon’s fault canyons can be more than 10 times as deep as the Grand Canyon. Scientists are not sure why such a rigid surface exists on Miranda, where some believe it may be from other objects crashing into it which would raise the partially melted ice to the surface causing this rigid formation. Building on this possible theory since about 42 years are in straight sunlight for each pole the Sun may play some role in helping the ice melt when foreign objects crash into it. Ariel What’s Uranus’s brightest moon? That would be Ariel, which was discovered on October 24, 1851 by William Lassell. Its distance from Uranus is 190,900 km or 118,620 miles and takes 2.52 Earth days to make 1 complete orbit around the planet. Ariel’s average diameter is 1,157.8 km or 719.4 miles with a mass of 1.2948 x 1021 kg. Its composition is believed to be about 50% ice and 50% rock. Ariel’s other notable feature is its long canyons which run across its surface. The reason for these unique canyons is unknown. Some scientists rule out it being from water because at these temperatures it is very difficult for water to form. However one must also think that if a large asteroid came colliding with Ariel, enough heat could be produced from the collision which would temporarily melt the ice. Umbriel Ever wonder what a fluorescent cheerio would look like on a moon. Then look at Uranus’s moon Umbriel which has a bright ring spot on it. One of the theories behind this distinctive feature is it was impacted by some large object which caused the inner material (which is brighter than the surface) of the moon to surface. But that is still a mystery on why it has that bright ring. Umbriel was discovered in the year 1851 by William Lassell. Its distance from Uranus is 266,000 km or 16
Picasso Exhibition - British Pathé British Pathé Item title reads - Picasso Exhibition. Tate Gallery, London. M/S interior Tate Gallery where exhibition is being held. C/U exhibition organiser Mr Penrose looking at painting. 'Girl with Bare Feet' which Pablo Picasso painted in 1895. C/U painting 'Pipes of Pan', from 1923. C/U man going cross-eyed, camera turns man's head onto its side. C/U one of the Picasso modern paintings as it turns round. C/U of another painting. M/S 'Still Life with Bull's Skull' painted in 1958 being hung by two workmen. C/U pan up painting 'Three Dancers' from 1925, another modern painting. L/S man walking along line of paintings. C/U Picasso's modern interpretation of the 'Crucifixion' painted in 1930. C/U man looking at one of the paintings and biting his lip. C/U pan up another modern painting 'Head' from 1929. M/S paintings in the exhibition. C/U painting 'Dutch Girl' from 1905 which was recently sold for a great deal of money. M/S man looking at painting. L/S painting 'Drop Curtain For Parade', from 1917 one of the biggest paintings in the show measuring 11 x 18 yards, cleaners scrub floor in foreground. Tags
Pediatrician Pediatrician<addthis>Contents [ hide ]1 Pediatrician Job Description1.1 Pediatrician Duties2 How To Become A Pediatrician2.1 How Long Does It Take To Become A Pediatrician?2.1.1 Education Requirements2.1.2 Certification2.1.3 Licensing3 Job Outlook3.1 States With Highest Employment Levels Pediatrician Job Description What is a pediatrician? A pediatrician is a doctor who specializes in the care of children. More U. S. children receive health care from pediatricians than from any other kind of doctor. Experts in age-appropriate care, general pediatricians are considered primary care physicians for a large section of the population. Educated in a broad range of medical issues, they can often operate independently of the numerous specialists other doctors must consult with daily. Pediatricians are already specialist medical care providers, but those that take on an additional subspecialty can often earn higher pay. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) says that general pediatricians report more satisfying patient relationships than any other medical specialist. Recognizing the critical importance of early environments and experiences, pediatricians regularly have the chance to make a major positive difference in people's lives. Pediatrician Duties What does a pediatrician do from day to day? In a typical work week, a pediatrician might: Examine children for proper growth and development Maintain cumulative medical histories, reports, and test results Treat children with minor, acute, and chronic health problems Prescribe medication or therapy as part of treatment plans Counsel families in times of crisis Monitor progress for treatment effectiveness Supervise nurses and other assistive personnel How To Become A Pediatrician Pediatrician schooling is extensive. Becoming a pediatrician takes dedication and an ability to see through long-term commitments. Before specialist pediatric training even begins, it's necessary to complete an undergraduate education and then go through medical school. Afterwards, physicians go on to residency, where they work under the supervision of practicing pediatricians treating children in real clinical settings. A pediatric residency typically lasts three years. Successful completion of the residency means students are eligible to take the certification examination in general pediatrics with the American Board of Pediatrics (ABP). To become a pediatric subspecialist, however, residents transition to a fellowship and afterwards pursue subspecialty board certification. Finally, all pediatricians will need a state license to actually practice. How Long Does It Take To Become A Pediatrician? It takes 4 years of undergraduate education, 4 years of medical school, and 3 years of pediatric residency to become a general pediatrician, totaling at least 11 years. Further, most fellowship subspecialties last 3 years, increasing the time spent in training to about 14 years overall. Education Requirements As undergraduates, aspiring pediatricians need to take ‘pre-medical’ coursework to prepare for medical school. While there is no specific undergraduate major corresponding to a pediatrician education, medical schools look for the completion of certain classes considered to prepare students for the rigors of advanced study in medicine. These include biology, biochemistry, organic and general chemistry, physics, and calculus, as well as statistics and introductory humanities. Certification General certification for M. D. pediatricians in the United States is organized by the ABP. The American Osteopathy Board of Pediatrics also offers certifications to Doctors of Osteopathy (D. O.s) who complete the requisite training. Additionally, pediatricians pursuing subspecialty become further certified with the relevant APB board. Pediatric subspecialists often earn higher incomes than general pediatricians, making the added 3 years of fellowship training worth it. Subspecialty certifications range from Adolescent Medicine and Child Abuse to Dermatology and Genetics. Licensing Pediatricians must be licensed in all states. Licensing requires much the same criteria as certification, including completion of an accredited medical program, 1 to 3 years of postgraduate residency training, and a licensure exam. For M. D.s, the test is the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE); for D. O.s, it is the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination (COMLEX). Each of the USMLE's three test phases must be mastered before a pediatrician can legally practice in any state. The testing process begins at the end of Year 2 of medical school and can be completed after one year of residency. Job Outlook The U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics has predicted that physicians, including pediatricians, will see rapid job growth at least through the end of the decade at a rate of 24 percent. Job opportunities for this profession should continue to grow as the American population expands and as existing practitioners retire. Detailed Pediatrician salary data is available here . States With Highest Employment Levels State Hourly mean Wage Annual mean salary # Employed Employment/1000 jobs California $80.60 $167,650 4,750 0.33Texas $85.26 $177,340 3,480 0.33Massachusetts $87.82 $182,660 2,710 0.84New York $79.58 $165,530 2,200 0.26Ohio $66.45 $138,220 1,970 0.39Authors of this article This page has been accessed 35,040 times.
You breathe out the carbons. Fat breaks down into ketone bodies like actylacetate and beta-hydroxybutarate, which is transported to our cells and made into acetyl-CoA, which then enters the TCA cycle, producing CO2, which is then transported to your lungs. Nitrogen waste products (urea) from protein catabolism is excreted by urine.
Convicts in Australia The British government began transporting convicts overseas to American colonies in the early 18th century. When transportation ended with the start of the American Revolution, an alternative site was needed to relieve further overcrowding of British prisons and hulks. Earlier in 1770, James Cook charted and claimed possession of the east coast of Australia for Britain. Seeking to pre-empt the French colonial empire from expanding into the region, Britain chose Australia as the site of a penal colony, and in 1787, the First Fleet of eleven convict ships set sail for Botany Bay, arriving on 20 January 1788 to found Sydney, New South Wales, the first European settlement on the continent. Other penal colonies were later established in Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) in 1803 and Queensland in 1824, while Western Australia, founded in 1829 as a free colony, received convicts from 1850. Victoria and South Australia remained free colonies. Penal transportation to Australia peaked in the 1830s and dropped off significantly the following decade. The last convict ship arrived in Western Australia on 10 January 1868.
Akbar's son, Jahangir more or less followed father's policy. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600. The reign of Shah Jahan was the golden age of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb and also started its terminal decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Shivaji. Historian Sir. J.N. Sarkar wrote, "All seemed to have been gained by Aurangzeb now, but in reality all was lost." The same was echoed by Vincent Smith: "The Deccan proved to be the graveyard not only of Aurangzeb's body but also of his empire".
That Don't Impress Me Much "That Don't Impress Me Much" is a song co-written and recorded by Canadian singer Shania Twain. It was released in December 1998 as the sixth country single from her third studio album, Come On Over (1997). It was third to pop and fourth to international markets. The song was written by Robert John "Mutt" Lange and Twain, and was originally released to North American country radio stations in late 1998. It became her third biggest single on the Billboard Hot 100 and remains one of Twain's biggest hits worldwide. "That Don't Impress Me Much" was included in both the Come On Over and Up! Tours. The country version was performed on the Come on Over Tour and the dance version on the Up! Tour. "That Don't Impress Me Much" was named Foreign Hit of the Year at the 2000 Danish Grammy Awards.[1]
Athens (formally known as Athens-Clarke County) is a consolidated city–county in the U.S. state of Georgia, in the northeastern part of the state about an hour's drive from the global city of Atlanta, and comprising the former city of Athens proper (the county seat) and Clarke County. The University of Georgia, the state's flagship public research university, is located in this college town, and contributed to its initial growth. In 1991, after a vote the preceding year, the original city abandoned its charter to form a unified government with Clarke County, referred to jointly as Athens-Clarke County. As of the 2010 census, the consolidated city-county (including all of Athens-Clarke County except Winterville and a portion of Bogart) had a total population of 115,452; all of Clarke County had a population of 116,714. Athens is the sixth-largest city in Georgia, and the principal city of the Athens-Clarke County, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area, which had a population of 192,541 as of the 2010 census. Athens-Clarke County has the smallest geographical area of a county in Georgia.
. Argalius Skirmisherposted 12-25-06 01:27 PM EDT (US)Progress: [ ••••••• •••] {75%}Credits: Mod Leader & Coding: Argalius AI Scripting: Felix Hermansson Texturing: Riderof Eternity, Treleth, Argalius Random Map Scripting: RF_Gandalf Hosting: Elpea Screen-taking: Elpea, Spartos, Riderof Eternity Beta testing will start summer 2008! Probably the most ambitious Age of Empires III mod ever, Age of Crusades adds six brand new nations, divided into two new cultures. This includes the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Templars, Hospitallers, Fatimids, Saracens and Seljuk Turks. The subcivs haven't been neglected and with the Cilician Armenians, Almoravides, Mameluks and Mongols there are four subcivs to ally with. The mod, as the name suggests, emphisizes on the Crusades and is based on the timespan from 1095 AD to 1291 AD. The mod has been in progress for almost 1.5 years and has finally reached alpha status. The mod doesn't only add new civilizations and units but also new buildings, new farm system, relics, new UIs, new AI and a staggering amount of 20 new maps! The alpha version of the mod has been released to the public and can be download through the following link: http://argalius.elpea.net/Crusade-alpha.zip An online version of the Read Me can be found here (it is important that you first read the Read Me before you start your installation! ): http://argalius.elpea.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=153 For suggestions, comments, reviews etc. you can visit the following link: http://argalius.elpea.net/forum/index.php?f=11As modleader I'd like to thank all the present and past team members who have worked hard with me to get to the point we are now. Special thanks goes out to Elpea who has provided webspace and bandwidth for the mod. Without him all this wouldn't be possible!Everything in this thread is subject to change without further notice.\| \| argalius.elpea.net\| \| Cherub at Ao E3H\| \| In honor of Flip Bizcut\| \| Mod: The Age of Crusades [This message has been edited by Argalius (edited 01-13-2008 @ 04:22 PM). ]Author Replies:
Frequently Asked Questions Frequently Asked Questions How much does it cost to build a new garage? Is it okay to contact you by phone for questions I might have? I have heard that buying plans from internet is risky – would I be wasting my money if I buy your plans? The dimensions that are shown on the product page – are they for footprint or are roof overhangs included? You offer a package of (4) sets of plans. Is it possible to save money and buy just (1) set? Canadian and US building codes are not the same publication – can we use your plans in Canada? Can I buy Behm Design garage plans through one of those broker type plans companies on the web? Will Behm Design plans be suitable for our building permit application? Are Behm Design plans wet-stamp certified? I like one of your plans for my project – but this area requires that engineering – can you provide that? Other plans companies have told me that all plans need to be certified by a state engineer wherever they will be used? Is this true? Are garage plans from Behm Design guaranteed? I’d like my plan customized a bit. Is that available with your plans? Do your plans have a foundation plan and details? I want to site-build the roof trusses like they used to do years ago. Do your garage plans show how to build the roof trusses on-site?
Has anyone experienced loose watery stools with use of melatonin? I started taking 3 mg of melatonin about 3 months ago when I was experiencing insomnia after the death of my brother. It worked so well I continued to take it nightly rather than just as needed. Then 6 weeks ago I started to have foul smelling, watery diarrhea 5-10 times a day.
North Carolina Colony Facts Home > Facts > 13 colonies Facts > North Carolina Colony Facts North Carolina Colony Facts North Carolina Colony Facts The North Carolina Colony was one of the 13 original colonies in America. The 13 original colonies were divided into three regions including the New England Colonies, the Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonies. The North Carolina Colony was one of the five Southern Colonies that also included the Maryland Colony, the Virginia Colony, the South Carolina Colony, and the Georgia Colony. The Carolina Colony (later the North Carolina Colony) was founded in 1653, and in 1663 eight nobleman, referred to as the Lord Proprietors were granted the rights to the colony by King Charles II. The North Carolina Colony, also called the Province of North Carolina, was originally one colony - Carolina, which encompassed what would later become present-day North and South Carolina. Interesting North Carolina Colony Facts: Carolina is a word derived from the Latin name for Charles, 'Carolus'. The first settlement in the North Carolina region occurred in 1587. One of these settler's named John White was the father of the first English baby born in the New World. Her name was Virginia Dare. These colonists all disappeared by 1590 and the first permanent settler would not arrive until more than 60 years later, in 1653. The earliest known permanent settler in the North Carolina Colony was Nathaniel Batts, who settled there in 1653. There was no dominating religion in the North Carolina Colony. Like most of the Southern Colonies settlers were free to worship as Catholics, Anglicans, Jews, Baptists or whichever they chose to believe. The North Carolina Colony landscape included coastal plains, mountain ranges and plateaus. Farming and agriculture were extremely important to the settlers because of the warm climate and vast farmland. The warm weather and lack of cold winters made it much easier for illness to spread and thrive. Because of the warm climate in the Southern Colonies it was possible to farm most of the year. This made it possible for the North Carolina Colony farmers to export agricultural products to the other colonies. Natural resources in the North Carolina Colony included forests (timber), fish, and land, suitable for the development of large plantations. Common crops grown on plantations and farms included cotton, fruit, grains, vegetables, tobacco, rice, sugar, indigo and livestock. Slavery was common in the Southern Colonies, exploiting workers to work on large plantations. The plantation owners often traded their crops for items they could not produce themselves such as tools, shoes, thread, lace, and kitchenware such as iron kettles. In 1712 the Carolina colony officially became the North Carolina Colony and the South Carolina Colony. The North Carolina Colony's first governor was Edward Hyde. In 1729 the North and South Carolina colonies became royal colonies, after the Lord Proprietors sold their holdings of the Carolinas to the English. Nicknames given to the North Carolina Colony over the years included the Old Northern State, and the Tar Heel State. The North Carolina Colony became a state on November 21 st, 1789. North Carolina would secede from the United States in 1861, along with 10 other states. This signified the beginning of the Civil War. Related Links: Facts13 colonies Facts Animals Facts South Carolina Colony Facts13 Colonies Facts for Kids Southern Colonies Facts13 Colonies Timeline Penelope Pagett Barker Timeline North Carolina State Georgia Colony Facts Virginia Colony Facts13 Colonies Facts<a href="http://www.softschools.com/facts/13_colonies/north_carolina_colony_facts/2047/">North Carolina Colony Facts</a>
Gerald Seymour – The Art of Danger 1 2 3 … 6 Next Posts» This site is 100% unofficial! Please note that this website is 100% unofficial. It is not affiliated with Gerald Seymour, his agents or his publishers. I'm just a fan who has been enjoying the books since 1987. Having said that the nice folk at Hodder do send me advance copies of each new book for my reading enjoyment. And long may that continue. - Jack
Stretching west from the Blue Ridge for approximately 55 miles (89 km) is the Ridge and Valley region, in which numerous tributaries join to form the Tennessee River in the Tennessee Valley. This area of Tennessee is covered by fertile valleys separated by wooded ridges, such as Bays Mountain and Clinch Mountain. The western section of the Tennessee Valley, where the depressions become broader and the ridges become lower, is called the Great Valley. In this valley are numerous towns and two of the region's three urban areas, Knoxville, the 3rd largest city in the state, and Chattanooga, the 4th largest city in the state. The third urban area, the Tri-Cities, comprising Bristol, Johnson City, and Kingsport and their environs, is located to the northeast of Knoxville.
Middle name - Wikiquote Middle name Austin Powers, in Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997) written Written by Mike Myers . Danger's my middle name! Well, actually it's Quincy, but you guys get the picture. Steve Urkel in Family Matters Call me Eugene. It's my middle name. Reference: Jerome Morrow Gattaca is a film about eugenics. Oh, forgiveness is my middle name. Well, actually it's LaVelle, and I'd appreciate it if you guard that secret with your life. For those lucky enough to be baptised with a middle name, they don’t ever have to wonder what it would be like to be without one. Franklin P. Jones. I can handle this. "Handle" is my middle name. Actually, "handle" is the middle of my first name. Chandler Bing (Matthew Perry), Friends And my middle name used to be Helping People. The Helping People Tick. The Tick, The Tick Julie: Oh, hi. Elaine's my middle name. Elaine: Oh, mine's Ike. Season 6 episode 2 The Big Salad (1994), Seinfeld Note: It was revealed in another episode that her actual middle name is Marie. Ike is actually the nickname of the male-only names Isaac and Dwight. We'll put that stuff at the back, not in the window. Luxury is not our middle name. Margaret Atwood , Robber Bride (414) I'm not a prude, I just want some respect (that's right) So close the door if you want me to respond Cause privacy is my middle name My last name is control No, my first name ain't baby It's Janet — Ms. Jackson, if you're nasty Janet Jackson , Control (1986) Nasty Actually, Scarlet is my middle name. My whole name is Will Scarlet O'Hara. [pauses] We're from Georgia. Woody, Woody, Woody… I promise that I will keep an open mind, okay? And anyway, "sensitivity" is my middle name. [opens the door] SWEET MARY IN THE MANGER! Dr. Nigel Townsend, Crossing Jordan Well, trouble's my middle name. Actually, my middle name is Marion, but I don't want you spreading that around. Z, Antz (1998) written by Written by Paul Weitz , Chris Weitz and Todd Alcott You might end up dead" is my middle name. Frank Drebin (Leslie Nielsen), Naked Gun 33 1/3: The Final Insult Bending is my middle name. My full name is Bender Bending Rodriguez. Bender the robot, from Futurama First name Mr, middle name 'period', last name T!
Plague doctor costume The mask had glass openings in the eyes and a curved beak shaped like that of a bird. Straps held the beak in front of the doctor's nose.[3] The mask had two small nose holes and was a type of respirator which contained aromatic items.[4] The beak could hold dried flowers (including roses and carnations), herbs (including mint), spices, camphor, or a vinegar sponge.[5][6] The purpose of the mask was to keep away bad smells, which were thought to be the principal cause of the disease in the miasma theory of infection, before it was disproved by germ theory.[2][3] Doctors believed the herbs would counter the "evil" smells of the plague and prevent them from becoming infected.[3]
List of Super Bowl champions The Pittsburgh Steelers (6–2) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships, while the New England Patriots (5–5), the Dallas Cowboys (5–3), and the San Francisco 49ers (5–1) have five wins. New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten, while the Buffalo Bills (0–4) have the most consecutive appearances with four (all losses) from 1990 to 1993. The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances: 1972–1974. The Denver Broncos (3–5) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls. The Minnesota Vikings (0–4) and the Bills have lost four. The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises: the Green Bay Packers (1966–1967), the Miami Dolphins (1972–1973), the Pittsburgh Steelers (1974–1975 and 1978–1979, the only team to accomplish this feat twice), the San Francisco 49ers (1988–1989), the Dallas Cowboys (1992–1993), the Denver Broncos (1997–1998), and the New England Patriots (2003–2004). Among those, Dallas (1992–1993; 1995) and New England (2001; 2003–2004) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls. The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII. The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens, who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position. Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl, including franchise relocations and renaming: the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans, though both the Browns (1964) and Lions (1957) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.
Great White Fleet Additionally, the voyage of the Great White Fleet demonstrated both at home and on the world stage that the U.S. had become a major sea power in the years after its triumph in the Spanish–American War, with possessions that included Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico.[5] It was not the first flexing of U.S. naval muscle since that war, however; during the Algeciras Conference in 1906, which was convened to settle a diplomatic crisis between France and Germany over the fate of Morocco, Roosevelt had ordered eight battleships to maintain a presence in the Mediterranean Sea.[6] Since Japan had arisen as a major sea power with the 1905 annihilation of the Russian fleet at Tsushima, the deployment of the Great White Fleet was therefore intended, at least in part, to send a message to Tokyo that the American fleet could be deployed anywhere, even from its Atlantic ports, and would be able to defend American interests in the Philippines and the Pacific.[7][8]
noise noisenoise Use noise in a sentence Fireworks make a lot of noise. Licensed from i Stock Photo Fireworks make a lot of noise. Licensed from i Stock Photonoun Noise is defined as a sound, especially a loud one. An example of a noise is the sound of fireworks.verb To noise is defined as to tell rumors or spread information around. An example of to noise is to gossip around town. Your Dictionary definition and usage example. Copyright © 2018 by Love To Know Corp Link/Citenoiseloud or confused shouting; din of voices; clamorany loud, discordant, or disagreeable sound or soundsa sound of any kind: the noise of the rain Informalgossip; rumor; scandala protest or accusationsomething that draws public notice [ often pl.] Informal a hint or indication of someone's opinion, intention, etc. : the White House making noises about an upcoming trade agreement Electronics any unwanted electrical signal, esp. within a communication system, that interferes with the sound or image being communicated Origin of noise Middle English from OFr, noise, quarreling, clamor from Classical Latin nausea: see nauseatransitive verbnoised, nois′ingto spread about (a report, rumor, etc. ): usually with about, around, etc.to talk much or loudlyto make noise or a noise Webster's New World College Dictionary, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Link/Citenoisenouna. Sound or a sound that is loud, unpleasant, unexpected, or undesired.b. Sound or a sound of any kind: The only noise was the wind in the pines. A loud outcry or commotion: the noise of the mob; a lot of noise over the new law. Physics A disturbance, especially a random and persistent disturbance, that obscures or reduces the clarity of a signal. Computers Irrelevant or meaningless data. Informala. A complaint or protest.b. Rumor; talk.c. noises Remarks or actions intended to convey a specific impression or to attract attention: “The U. S. is making appropriately friendly noises to the new Socialist Government” ( Flora Lewis )transitive verbnoised, nois·ing, nois·es To spread the rumor or report of. Origin of noise Middle English from Old French perhaps from Vulgar Latin nausea discomfort from Latin nausea seasickness ; see nausea . THE AMERICAN HERITAGE® DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, FIFTH EDITION by the Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries. Copyright © 2016, 2011 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Link/Citenoise Noun ( plural noises)Various sounds, usually unwanted. He knew that it was trash day, when the garbage collectors made all the noise. Sound or signal generated by random fluctuations. (technology) Unwanted part of a signal. ( Signal to noise ratio) (genetics) The measured level of variation in gene expression among cells, regardless of source, within a supposedly identical population. Rumour or complaint. The problems with the new computer system are causing a lot of noise at Head Office. Hyponyms (Various sounds): bang, boom, crash, thud Verb ( third-person singular simple present noises, present participle noising, simple past and past participle noised) (intransitive) To make a noise; to sound. To spread news of; to spread as rumor or gossip. Anagramseosin NESOIOrigin From Middle English, from Old French noise (“a dispute, wrangle, strife, noise"); origin uncertain; according to some, from Latin nausea (“disgust, nausea"); according to others, from Latin noxia (“hurt, harm, damage, injury"); but neither explanation is satisfactory in regard to either form or sense. English Wiktionary. Available under CC-BY-SA license. Link/Citenoise - Computer Definition Unwanted disturbances superimposed on a signal and interfering with its integrity. Noise can be introduced by equipment or can be the result of natural phenomena. Noise can take a number of forms, including amplitude noise, cross-talk, echo, intermodulation noise, harmonic distortion, impulse noise, random noise, and white noise. Webster's New World Telecom Dictionary Copyright © 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana. Used by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Link/Cite (1) Extraneous, unwanted signals that invade an electrical or optical system. In electronics, noise can come from strong electrical or magnetic signals in nearby lines, from poorly fitting electrical contacts and from power line spikes. In optics, noise comes from the stray reflections of light that emanate from the various components in the optical system. See signal-to-noise ratio and noise cancellation . (2) Distortions in analog and digital video images that are caused by a variety of circumstances. The silver grains in the original film create granular noise. Electronic circuits create Gaussian noise. Drop outs and bit errors in digital tapes create impulse noise, and the digitization process creates quantization noise. See Gaussian noise, dynamic noise reduction and artifact . (3) Distortions in a still image caused by variations in the pixels in the CCD or CMOS sensor. See digital camera . Computer Desktop Encyclopedia THIS DEFINITION IS FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY All other reproduction is strictly prohibited without permission from the publisher. © 1981-2017 The Computer Language Company Inc. All rights reserved. Link/Citenoise - Investment & Finance Definition Factors that can be cited as the reason that prices for a stock or other investments rose or fell, but that the person making the comment doesn’t think had much of a substantial effect. Webster's New World Finance and Investment Dictionary Copyright © 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana. Used by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Link/Cite
"Bigger" is a song by American boy band Backstreet Boys. It was released on November 29, 2009 as the second single from their seventh studio album, "This Is Us" (2009). The song was co-written and produced by collaborator and producer Max Martin. The band stated that the song was one of their best hits since "I Want It That Way", a song written and produced by Martin for the band in 1998. This was the last standard Backstreet Boys single released before Kevin Richardson rejoined the group.
The 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado (locally referred to as the May 3 tornado) was a very powerful F5 tornado in which the highest wind speeds ever measured globally, 301 mph , were recorded by a Doppler on Wheels (DOW) radar. The tornado devastated southern portions of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, along with surrounding suburbs and towns during the early evening of May 3, 1999. Throughout its 85-minute existence, the tornado covered 38 mi , destroying thousands of homes, killing 36 people (plus an additional five indirectly), and leaving US$1 billion in damage, ranking it as the fifth-costliest on record, not accounting for inflation.
Spartan Helots \| The Helots \| Spartan Serfs Legends and Chronicles > Ancient Civilizations > Ancient Sparta > Spartan Helots Spartan Helots The Spartan helots were the serfs of ancient Sparta, they were owned by the state and used by the Spartans for various purposes and tasks. The helots are believed to have been laconians that was brought to service by the Spartans when their needs for farmers to grow food, and support the growing Spartan community arose. During wartime the helots would be called upon to help in battle, if not fighting then they would at least act as a servant to each hoplite, assisting them when required. It also thought that the helots of Sparta had what was a unique opportunity of the time for a slave. Helots who showed themselves to be exceptional in battle or trustworthy in their duties could sometimes earn what would be considered a promotion. The origin of the name helot The true origin of the name Helot is truly unknown but a common theory is that is relates to the village of Helos, located in the south of Sparta where it is thought that the first Laconian slaves would be formed under the state of Sparta. The beginnings of the helots It was after the First Messenian War that started in 743 BC and lasted for around 20 years, that the Spartans would claim the Messenian people as their helots. Any Messenian that didn’t escape, move or travel to a new land would be declared a helot, a worker for the Spartan state. The future family and children of the Messenian people that become helots would find their offspring born into this new role as a servant to the might state of Sparta. Thus the population of helots in Sparta soon grew to a considerable size, much larger than the full citizens, the Spartans. Spartan helots with their masters the Spartiates Proper The Treatment of the helots by Sparta While slaves in other ancient Greek states was far less favourable for the slaves, the helots were considered to be treated with more favour in Sparta. It is known for example, that while the helots would farm and grow produce to provide to the Spartan citizens, they would also be allowed to keep sufficient crops for themselves. The amount divided in some cases is told to be an entire half of their crop. Helots in ancient Sparta also had the benefit of being able to live as a family, a helot could have a wife or a husband, and even children. In fact the reproduction of slaves in Sparta was not as tightly controlled as in other Greek states, and it’s considered that the Helot population grew over the time they worked for the state. In addition to keeping their family life, the helots would in most cases keep their own homes, they could buy and acquire land and even kept their own choice of language, customs and many other freedoms. As mentioned earlier, there was even a system of promotion for Helots in Sparta, an opportunity for a helot to escape his form of slavery. Successful helots might be moved up to a rank known as Neodamodeis which is essentially Greek for ‘made one of the community’. While the exact benefits of being a Neodamodeis are largely unknown, but its widely though that the helot who would once have served as a hoplites assistant in war would receive somewhat of a promotion. Some Neodamodeis would be assigned more trusted tasks, its though they would even perform guard duty on what Thucydides called their path to freedom. The helot Revolt in Sparta The helots would in time eventually revolt against their captors, the Spartans. While the helots were treated better than some slaves in Ancient Greece, the life of helot was still one of servitude. The helots would bide their time, await an opportunity to lead an uprising against their captors and try to claim back what was once theirs, their freedom. The first revolt by the helots against Sparta came in what was deemed The Second Messenian War, and was believed to have started around 685 BC and lasted all the way till 668 BC. The war would start with the help of the Argives giving support to the Messenian helot people in their battle. Aristomenes a
The House of Lusignan -LRB- -LSB- ˈluːzᵻnjɒn -RSB- -RRB- was a royal house of French origin , which ruled much of Europe and the Levant , including the kingdoms of Jerusalem , Cyprus , and Armenia , from the 12th through the 15th centuries during the Middle Ages . It also had great influence in England and France . The family originated in Poitou , near Lusignan in western France , in the early 10th century . By the end of the 11th century , the family had risen to become the most prominent petty lords in the region from their castle at Lusignan . In the late 12th century , through marriages and inheritance , a cadet branch of the family came to control the kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus . In the early 13th century , the main branch succeeded in the Counties of La Marche and Angoulême . As Crusader kings in the Latin East , they soon had connections with the Hethumid rulers of the Kingdom of Cilicia , which they inherited through marriage in the mid-14th century . The Armenian branch fled to France , and eventually Russia , after the Mamluk conquest of their kingdom . The claim was taken by the Cypriot branch , until their line failed . This kingdom was annexed by the Republic of Venice in the late 15th century .
Bricktown Online - Brick NJ Bricktown Online - Brick NJA Short Description of Brick Township, NJ (Brick NJ) Brick Township (also commonly known as Bricktown or Brick) is a township in Ocean County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township had a population of 75,072, making it the state's 13th-largest municipality and the third most populous municipality in Ocean County (behind Lakewood Township and Toms River Township), having seen a decline of 1,047 residents (-1.4%) from its population of 76,119 in the 2000 Census, when it was the state's 12th most-populous municipality. While the majority of Brick Township is located on the mainland, Ocean Beaches I, II and III are situated on the Barnegat Peninsula, a long, narrow barrier peninsula that separates Barnegat Bay from the Atlantic Ocean. The mainland and beach area of the town are not geographically adjacent. (Excerpt from Wikipedia.)
Bitcoin Price Prediction 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 Bitcoin Price Prediction 2018, 2019, 2020, 20212018/04/12. Bitcoin Price Today. Bitcoin price equal to 7722 dollars a coin. Today's range: $6791 - $8052. The previous day close: $6977. The change was +745, +10.68%. Inverse rate: USD to BTC.7722+10.68%Recent changes: Period 2 Days 3 Days 1 Week 2 Weeks 1 Month Chng,% +12.4% +13.8% +11.6% +9.1% -13.4%Price 6872 6786 6917 7075 8915Ethereum Price Prediction 2018, 2019-2021. Bitcoin Converterequal to77,223.70Bitcoin Price Prediction For Tomorrow And Month. Bitcoin Price Prediction For 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 And 2022Month Open Min-Max Close Total,%2018Apr 6945 6090-7851 7101 2.2%May 7101 5066-7733 7227 4.1%Jun 7227 5646-7227 6071 -12.6%Jul 6071 5758-6624 6191 -10.9%Aug 6191 4836-6191 5200 -25.1%Sep 5200 5200-6454 6032 -13.1%Oct 6032 6032-7487 6997 0.7%Nov 6997 6997-8685 8117 16.9%Dec 8117 6987-8117 7513 8.2%2019Jan 7513 7513-9325 8715 25.5%Feb 8715 8715-10817 10109 45.6%Mar 10109 10109-11947 11165 60.8%Apr 11165 11165-13858 12951 86.5%May 12951 12951-16075 15023 116%Jun 15023 12709-15023 13666 96.8%Jul 13666 13666-16963 15853 128%Aug 15853 14737-16955 15846 128%Sep 15846 15846-19668 18381 165%Oct 18381 17942-20642 19292 178%Nov 19292 19292-23784 22228 220%Dec 22228 21924-25224 23574 239%2020Jan 23574 20254-23574 21779 214%Feb 21779 18724-21779 20133 190%Mar 20133 20133-24989 23354 236%Apr 23354 23354-28987 27091 290%Month Open Min-Max Close Total,%2020 Continuation May 27091 27048-31120 29084 319%Jun 29084 25620-29476 27548 297%Jul 27548 27548-34193 31956 360%Aug 31956 25320-31956 27226 292%Sep 27226 27226-33159 30990 346%Oct 30990 30990-38464 35948 418%Nov 35948 35948-44619 41700 500%Dec 41700 39636-45602 42619 514%2021Jan 42619 33294-42619 35800 416%Feb 35800 35800-41453 38741 458%Mar 38741 38741-47651 44534 541%Apr 44534 40118-46158 43138 521%May 43138 38772-44608 41690 500%Jun 41690 37043-42619 39831 474%Jul 39831 39831-49438 46204 565%Aug 46204 36094-46204 38811 459%Sep 38811 30374-38811 32660 370%Oct 32660 32660-39062 36507 426%Nov 36507 29557-36507 31782 358%Dec 31782 24828-31782 26697 284%2022Jan 26697 20855-26697 22425 223%Feb 22425 18868-22425 20288 192%Mar 20288 18998-21858 20428 194%Apr 20428 20428-25355 23696 241%May 23696 21857-25147 23502 238%Bitcoin price prediction for April 2018. In the beginning price at 6945 Dollars. Maximum price $7851, minimum price $6090. The average for the month $6997. Bitcoin price forecast at the end of the month $7101, change for April 2.2%. BTC to USD predictions for May 2018. In the beginning price at 7101 Dollars. Maximum price $7733, minimum price $5066. The average for the month $6782. Bitcoin price forecast at the end of the month $7227, change for May 1.8%. Bitcoin price prediction for June 2018. In the beginning price at 7227 Dollars. Maximum price $7227, minimum price $5646. The average for the month $6543. Bitcoin price forecast at the end of the month $6071, change for June -16.0%. BTC to USD predictions for July 2018. In the beginning price at 6071 Dollars. Maximum price $6624, minimum price $5758. The average for the month $6161. Bitcoin price forecast at the end of the month $6191, change for July 2.0%. Bitcoin price prediction for August 2018. In the beginning price at 6191 Dollars. Maximum price $6191, minimum price $4836. The average for the month $5605. Bitcoin price forecast at the end of the month $5200, change for August -16.0%. Bitcoin Cash Price Prediction 2018, 2019-2021. Bitcoin Gold Price Prediction 2018, 2019-2021. BTC to USD predictions for September 2018. In the beginning price at 5200 Dollars. Maximum price $6454, minimum price $5200. The average for the month $5722. Bitcoin price forecast at the end of the month $6032, change for September 16.0%. Bitcoin price prediction for October 2018. In the beginning price at 6032 Dollars. Maximum price $7487, minimum price $6032. The average for the month $6637. Bitcoin price forecast at the end of the month $6997, change for October 16.0%. BTC to USD predictions for November 2018. In the beginning price at 6997 Dollars. Maximum price $8685, minimum price $6997. The average for the month $7699. Bitcoin price forecast at the end of the month $8117, change for November 16.0%. Bitcoin price prediction for December 2018. In the beginning price at 8117 Dollars. Maximum price $8117, minimum price $6987. The average for the month $7684. Bitcoin price forecast at the end of the month $7513, change for December -7.4%. BTC to USD predictions for January 2019. In the beginning price at 7513 Dollars. Maximum price $9325, minimum price $7513. The average for the month $8267. Bitcoin price forecast at the end of the month $8715, change for January 16.0%. Bitcoin price prediction for February 2019. In the beginning price at 8715 Dollars. Maximum price $10817, minimum price $8715. The average for the month $9589. Bitcoin price forecast at the end of the month $10109, change for February 16.0%. BTC to USD predictions for March 2019. In the beginning price at 10109 Dollars. Maximum price $11947, minimum price $10109. The average for the month $10833. Bitcoin price forecast at the end of the month $11165, change for March 10.4%. Bitcoin price prediction for April 2019. In the beginning price at 11165 Dollars. Maximum price $13858, minimum price $11165. The average for the month $12285. Bitcoin price forecast at the end of the month $12951, change for April 16.0%. Click here to read more BTC to USD predictions for May 2020. In the beginning price at 27091 Dollars. Maximum price $31120, minimum price $27048. The average for the month $28586. Bitcoin price forecast at the end of the month $29084, change for May 7.4%. Read more USD TO BTC TODAYUSD to BTC exchange rate equal to 1.2949 Bitcoins per 10000Dollars. Today's range: 1.2419-1.4725. The previous day's close: 1.4333. Change for today -0.1384, -9.66%.1.2949-9.66%Recent changes for Period 2 Days 3 Days 1 Week 2 Weeks 1 Month Chng,% -11.02% -12.13% -10.43% -8.39% +15.44%Ex-Rate 1.4553 1.4737 1.4457 1.4135 1.1217Dollar To Bitcoin Forecast For 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 And 2022Month Open Min-Max Close Total,%2018Apr 1.440 1.274-1.642 1.408 -2.2%May 1.408 1.293-1.974 1.384 -3.9%Jun 1.384 1.384-1.771 1.647 14.4%Jul 1.647 1.510-1.737 1.615 12.2%Aug 1.615 1.615-2.068 1.923 33.6%Sep 1.923 1.549-1.923 1.658 15.1%Oct 1.658 1.336-1.658 1.429 -0.8%Nov 1.429 1.151-1.429 1.232 -14.4%Dec 1.232 1.232-1.431 1.331 -7.6%2019Jan 1.331 1.072-1.331 1.147 -20.3%Feb 1.147 0.924-1.147 0.989 -31.3%Mar 0.989 0.837-0.989 0.896 -37.8%Apr 0.896 0.722-0.896 0.772 -46.4%May 0.772 0.622-0.772 0.666 -53.7%Jun 0.666 0.666-0.787 0.732 -49.2%Jul 0.732 0.590-0.732 0.631 -56.2%Aug 0.631 0.590-0.679 0.631 -56.2%Sep 0.631 0.508-0.631 0.544 -62.2%Oct 0.544 0.484-0.557 0.518 -64.0%Nov 0.518 0.420-0.518 0.450 -68.7%Dec 0.450 0.396-0.456 0.424 -70.6%2020Jan 0.424 0.424-0.494 0.459 -68.1%Feb 0.459 0.459-0.534 0.497 -65.5%Mar 0.497 0.400-0.497 0.428 -70.3%Apr 0.428 0.345-0.428 0.369 -74.4%Month Open Min-Max Close Total,%2020 Continuation May 0.369 0.321-0.370 0.344 -76.1%Jun 0.344 0.339-0.390 0.363 -74.8%Jul 0.363 0.292-0.363 0.313 -78.3%Aug 0.313 0.313-0.395 0.367 -74.5%Sep 0.367 0.302-0.367 0.323 -77.6%Oct 0.323 0.260-0.323 0.278 -80.7%Nov 0.278 0.224-0.278 0.240 -83.3%Dec 0.240 0.219-0.252 0.235 -83.7%2021Jan 0.235 0.235-0.300 0.279 -80.6%Feb 0.279 0.241-0.279 0.258 -82.1%Mar 0.258 0.210-0.258 0.225 -84.4%Apr 0.225 0.217-0.249 0.232 -83.9%May 0.232 0.224-0.258 0.240 -83.3%Jun 0.240 0.235-0.270 0.251 -82.6%Jul 0.251 0.202-0.251 0.216 -85.0%Aug 0.216 0.216-0.277 0.258 -82.1%Sep 0.258 0.258-0.329 0.306 -78.7%Oct 0.306 0.256-0.306 0.274 -81.0%Nov 0.274 0.274-0.338 0.315 -78.1%Dec 0.315 0.315-0.403 0.375 -74.0%2022Jan 0.375 0.375-0.480 0.446 -69.0%Feb 0.446 0.446-0.530 0.493 -65.8%Mar 0.493 0.457-0.526 0.490 -66.0%Apr 0.490 0.394-0.490 0.422 -70.7%May 0.422 0.398-0.458 0.425 -70.5%USD to BTC predictions for April 2018. In the beginning price at 1.440 Bitcoins. Maximum price 1.642, minimum 1.274. The average for the month 1.441. The USD to BTC forecast at the end of the month 1.408, change for April -2.2%. Dollar to Bitcoin forecast for May 2018. In the beginning price at 1.408 Bitcoins. Maximum price 1.974, minimum 1.293. The average for the month 1.515. The USD to BTC forecast at the end of the month 1.384, change for May -1.7%. USD to BTC predictions for June 2018. In the beginning price at 1.384 Bitcoins. Maximum price 1.771, minimum 1.384. The average for the month 1.547. The USD to BTC forecast at the end of the month 1.647, change for June 19.0%. Dollar to Bitcoin forecast for July 2018. In the beginning price at 1.647 Bitcoins. Maximum price 1.737, minimum 1.510. The average for the month 1.627. The USD to BTC forecast at the end of the month 1.615, change for July -1.9%. USD to BTC predictions for August 2018. In the beginning price at 1.615 Bitcoins. Maximum price 2.068, minimum 1.615. The average for the month 1.805. The USD to BTC forecast at the end of the month 1.923, change for August 19.1%. Dollar to Bitcoin forecast for September 2018. In the beginning price at 1.923 Bitcoins. Maximum price 1.923, minimum 1.549. The average for the month 1.763. The USD to BTC forecast at the end of the month 1.658, change for September -13.8%. USD to BTC predictions for October 2018. In the beginning price at 1.658 Bitcoins. Maximum price 1.658, minimum 1.336. The average for the month 1.520. The USD to BTC forecast at the end of the month 1.429, change for October -13.8%. Dollar to Bitcoin forecast for November 2018. In the beginning price at 1.429 Bitcoins. Maximum price 1.429, minimum 1.151. The average for the month 1.310. The USD to BTC forecast at the end of the month 1.232, change for November -13.8%. USD to BTC predictions for December 2018. In the beginning price at 1.232 Bitcoins. Maximum price 1.431, minimum 1.232. The average for the month 1.307. The USD to BTC forecast at the end of the month 1.331, change for December 8.0%. Dollar to Bitcoin forecast for January 2019. In the beginning price at 1.331 Bitcoins. Maximum price 1.331, minimum 1.072. The average for the month 1.220. The USD to BTC forecast at the end of the month 1.147, change for January -13.8%. USD to BTC predictions for February 2019. In the beginning price at 1.147 Bitcoins. Maximum price 1.147, minimum 0.924. The average for the month 1.052. The USD to BTC forecast at the end of the month 0.989, change for February -13.8%. Dollar to Bitcoin forecast for March 2019. In the beginning price at 0.989 Bitcoins. Maximum price 0.989, minimum 0.837. The average for the month 0.928. The USD to BTC forecast at the end of the month 0.896, change for March -9.4%. USD to BTC predictions for April 2019. In the beginning price at 0.896 Bitcoins. Maximum price 0.896, minimum 0.722. The average for the month 0.822. The USD to BTC forecast at the end of the month 0.772, change for April -13.8%. Click here to read more Dollar to Bitcoin forecast for May 2020. In the beginning price at 0.369 Bitcoins. Maximum price 0.370, minimum 0.321. The average for the month 0.351. The USD to BTC forecast at the end of the month 0.344, change for May -6.8%. Read more Bitcoin to GBP Prediction 2018, 2019-2022. Bitcoin to AUD Prediction 2018, 2019-2022.
Variant Data Type Variant Data Typeoffice 365 dev account \| Last Updated: 3/29/2018 \| 2 Contributors The Variant data type is the data type for all variables that are not explicitly declared as some other type (using statements such as Dim, Private, Public, or Static ). The Variant data type has no type-declaration character. A Variant is a special data type that can contain any kind of data except fixed-length String data. ( Variant types now support user-defined types .) A Variant can also contain the special values Empty, Error, Nothing, and Null. You can determine how the data in a Variant is treated using the Var Type function or Type Name function. Numeric data can be any integer or real number value ranging from -1.797693134862315E308 to -4.94066E-324 for negative values and from 4.94066E-324 to 1.797693134862315E308 for positive values. Generally, numeric Variant data is maintained in its original data type within the Variant. For example, if you assign an Integer to a Variant, subsequent operations treat the Variant as an Integer. However, if an arithmetic operation is performed on a Variant containing a Byte, an Integer, a Long, or a Single, and the result exceeds the normal range for the original data type, the result is promoted within the Variant to the next larger data type. A Byte is promoted to an Integer, an Integer is promoted to a Long, and a Long and a Single are promoted to a Double. An error occurs when Variant variables containing Currency, Decimal, and Double values exceed their respective ranges. You can use the Variant data type in place of any data type to work with data in a more flexible way. If the contents of a Variant variable are digits, they may be either the string representation of the digits or their actual value, depending on the context. For example: Dim My Var As Variant My Var = 98052In the preceding example, My Var contains a numeric representation — the actual value 98052. Arithmetic operators work as expected on Variant variables that contain numeric values or string data that can be interpreted as numbers. If you use the + operator to add contains a numeric representation — the actual value 98052. Arithmetic operators work as expected on Variant variables that contain numeric values or string data that can be interpreted as numbers. If you use the + operator to add My Var to another Variant containing a number or to a variable of a numeric type, the result is an arithmetic sum. The value Empty denotes a Variant variable that hasn't been initialized (assigned an initial value). A Variant containing Empty is 0 if it is used in a numeric context and a zero-length string ("") if it is used in a string context. Don't confuse Empty with Null. Null indicates that the Variant variable intentionally contains no valid data. In a Variant, Error is a special value used to indicate that an error condition has occurred in a procedure. However, unlike for other kinds of errors, normal application-level error handling does not occur. This allows you, or the application itself, to take some alternative action based on the error value. Error values are created by converting real numbers to error values using the CVErr function.
Angelina Jolie Pitt -LRB- -LSB- dʒoʊˈliː -RSB- ; née Voight ; born June 4 , 1975 -RRB- is an American actress , filmmaker , philanthropist and humanitarian . She has received an Academy Award , two Screen Actors Guild Awards , and three Golden Globe Awards , and has been cited as Hollywood 's highest-paid actress . Jolie made her screen debut as a child alongside her father , Jon Voight , in Lookin ' to Get Out -LRB- 1982 -RRB- . Her film career began in earnest a decade later with the low-budget production Cyborg 2 -LRB- 1993 -RRB- , followed by her first leading role in a major film , Hackers -LRB- 1995 -RRB- . She starred in the critically acclaimed biographical cable films George Wallace -LRB- 1997 -RRB- and Gia -LRB- 1998 -RRB- , and won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the drama Girl , Interrupted -LRB- 1999 -RRB- . Jolie 's starring role as the video game heroine Lara Croft in Lara Croft : Tomb Raider -LRB- 2001 -RRB- established her as a leading Hollywood actress . She continued her successful action-star career with Mr. & Mrs. Smith -LRB- 2005 -RRB- , Wanted -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , and Salt -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , and received critical acclaim for her performances in the dramas A Mighty Heart -LRB- 2007 -RRB- and Changeling -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , which earned her a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Actress . Beginning in the 2010s , she expanded her career into directing , screenwriting , and producing , starting with the wartime dramas In the Land of Blood and Honey -LRB- 2011 -RRB- and Unbroken -LRB- 2014 -RRB- . Her biggest commercial success came with the fantasy picture Maleficent -LRB- 2014 -RRB- . In addition to her film career , Jolie is noted for her humanitarian efforts , for which she has received a Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and an honorary damehood of the Order of St Michael and St George -LRB- DCMG -RRB- , among other honors . She promotes various causes , including conservation , education , and women 's rights , and is most noted for her advocacy on behalf of refugees as a Special Envoy for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees -LRB- UNHCR -RRB- . As a public figure , Jolie has been cited as one of the most influential and powerful people in the American entertainment industry , as well as the world 's most beautiful woman , by various media outlets . Her personal life is the subject of wide publicity . Divorced from actors Jonny Lee Miller and Billy Bob Thornton , she separated from her third husband , actor Brad Pitt , in September 2016 . They have six children together , three of whom were adopted internationally .
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. -LRB- -LSB- ˈroʊzəvɛlt -RSB- ; October 27 , 1858 -- January 6 , 1919 -RRB- was an American statesman , author , explorer , soldier , naturalist , and reformer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909 . He also served as the 25th Vice President of the United States and as the 33rd Governor of New York . As a leader of the Republican Party during this time , he became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century . His face is depicted on Mount Rushmore , alongside those of George Washington , Thomas Jefferson , and Abraham Lincoln . Roosevelt was born a sickly child with debilitating asthma , but he successfully overcame his physical health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle . He integrated his exuberant personality , vast range of interests , and world-famous achievements into a `` cowboy '' persona defined by robust masculinity . Home-schooled , he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College . His book , The Naval War of 1812 -LRB- 1882 -RRB- , established his reputation as both a learned historian and as a popular writer . Upon entering politics , he became the leader of the reform faction of Republicans in New York 's state legislature . Following the near-simultaneous deaths of his wife and mother , he escaped to a cattle ranch in the Dakotas . Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President William McKinley , but resigned from that post to lead the Rough Riders during the Spanish -- American War . Returning a war hero , he was elected Governor of New York in 1898 . After the death of Vice President Garret Hobart , the New York state party leadership convinced McKinley to accept Roosevelt as his running mate in the 1900 election , moving Roosevelt to the prestigious but powerless role of vice president . Roosevelt campaigned vigorously and the McKinley-Roosevelt ticket won a landslide victory based on a platform of peace , prosperity , and conservatism . Following McKinley 's assassination in September 1901 , Roosevelt became president at age 42 , and remains the youngest president . As a leader of the Progressive movement , he championed his `` Square Deal '' domestic policies , promising the average citizen fairness , breaking of trusts , regulation of railroads , and pure food and drugs . Making conservation a top priority , he established a myriad of new national parks , forests , and monuments intended to preserve the nation 's natural resources . In foreign policy , he focused on Central America , where he began construction of the Panama Canal . He expanded the Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States ' naval power around the globe . His successful efforts to broker the end of the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize . He avoided the controversial tariff and money issues . Elected in 1904 to a full term , Roosevelt continued to promote progressive policies , but many of his efforts and much of his legislative agenda were eventually blocked in Congress . Roosevelt successfully groomed his close friend , William Howard Taft , and Taft won the 1908 presidential election to succeed him . In polls of historians and political scientists , Roosevelt is generally ranked as one of the five best presidents . Frustrated with Taft 's conservatism , Roosevelt belatedly tried to win the 1912 Republican nomination . He failed , walked out , and founded a third party , the Progressive , so-called `` Bull Moose '' Party , which called for wide-ranging progressive reforms . The split allowed the Democrats to win the White House and a majority in both houses of Congress . Following his election defeat , Roosevelt led a two-year expedition to the Amazon basin , where he nearly died of tropical disease . During World War I , he criticized President Woodrow Wilson for keeping the country out of the war with Germany , and his offer to lead volunteers to France was rejected . Though he had considered running for president again in 1920 , Roosevelt 's health continued to deteriorate , and he died in 1919 .
Italy -LRB- Italia -LSB- iˈtaːlja -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Italian Republic -LRB- -LSB- Repubblica italiana , links = no -RSB- -RRB- , is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe.The Italian peninsula is geographically located in Southern Europe , while North Italy can be placed partly or totally in Central Europe . Due to cultural , political and historical reasons , Italy is a Western European country . Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea , Italy shares open land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , San Marino and Vatican City . Italy covers an area of 301338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate . Due to its shape , it is often referred to in Italy as lo Stivale -LRB- the Boot -RRB- . With 61 million inhabitants , it is the fourth most populous EU member state . Since classical times , ancient Phoenicians , Carthaginians and Greeks established settlements in the south of Italy , with Etruscans and Celts inhabiting the centre and north of Italy respectively and various different ancient Italian tribes and Italic peoples dispersed throughout the Italian Peninsula and insular Italy . The Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom , which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations . Rome ultimately emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean basin , conquering much of the ancient world and becoming the leading cultural , political and religious centre of Western civilisation . The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the global distribution of civilian law , republican governments , Christianity and the Latin script . During the Middle Ages , Italy suffered sociopolitical collapse amid calamitous barbarian invasions , but by the 11th century numerous rival city-states and maritime republics rose to great prosperity through shipping , commerce and banking , laying down the groundwork for modern capitalism . These independent statelets , acting as Europe 's main trading hubs with Asia and the Near East , often enjoyed a greater degree of democracy and wealth in comparison to the larger feudal monarchies that were consolidating throughout Europe at the time , though much of central Italy remained under the control of the theocratic Papal States , while Southern Italy remained largely feudal until the 19th century , partially as a result of a succession of Byzantine , Arab , Norman , Spanish and Bourbon conquests of the region . The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe , bringing a renewed interest in humanism , science , exploration and art . Italian culture flourished at this time , producing famous scholars , artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci , Galileo , Michelangelo and Machiavelli . Italian explorers such as Marco Polo , Christopher Columbus , Amerigo Vespucci and Giovanni da Verrazzano discovered new routes to the Far East and the New World , helping to usher in the European Age of Discovery . Nevertheless , Italy 's commercial and political power significantly waned with the opening of the Atlantic trade route and the route to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope , which bypassed the Mediterranean . Furthermore , the Italian city-states constantly engaged one another in bloody warfare , culminating in the Italian Wars of the 15th and 16th centuries that left them exhausted , with no one emerging as a dominant power . The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France , Spain and Austria . By the mid-19th century , a rising movement in support of Italian nationalism and independence from foreign control led to a period of revolutionary political upheaval known as the Risorgimento , which sought the formation of a unified nation-state . After various unsuccessful attempts , the Italian Wars of Independence and the Expedition of the Thousand resulted in the eventual unification of the country in 1861 , now a great power after centuries of foreign domination and political division . From the late 19th century to the early 20th century , the new Kingdom of Italy rapidly industrialised , although mainly in the north , and acquired a colonial empire , while the south remained largely impoverished and excluded from industrialisation , fuelling a large and influential diaspora . Despite being one of the main victors in World War I , Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil , leading the way to the rise of a fascist dictatorship in 1922 . The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in military defeat , economic destruction and an Italian civil war . Following the liberation of Italy and the rise of the resistance , the country abolished the monarchy , reinstated democracy , enjoyed a prolonged economic boom and , despite periods of sociopolitical turmoil -LRB- e.g. Anni di piombo , Mani pulite , the Second Mafia War , the Maxi Trial and subsequent assassinations of anti-mafia officials -RRB- , became a major developed country . Today , Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and the eighth largest in the world . It has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy . The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic , military , cultural and diplomatic affairs , and it is both a regional power and a great power . Italy is a founding and leading member of the European Union and the member of numerous international institutions , including the UN , NATO , the OECD , the OSCE , the WTO , the G7/G8 , G20 , the Union for the Mediterranean , the Council of Europe , Uniting for Consensus and many more . As a reflection of its cultural wealth , Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites , the most in the world , and is the fifth most visited country .
The average adult only eats 15 grams of fiber per day. Women need 25 grams of fiber per day, and men need 38 grams per day, according to the Institute of Medicine.Eating more plant foods -- vegetables, beans, fruit, whole grains, and nuts -- is the best way and is one of the major recommendations from the U.S. government's 2010 Dietary Guidelines.ating more plant foods -- vegetables, beans, fruit, whole grains, and nuts -- is the best way and is one of the major recommendations from the U.S. government's 2010 Dietary Guidelines.
Redfin Estimate for 580 Diffley Rd Redfin Estimate for 580 Diffley Rd Edit Home Facts to improve accuracy.$454,681February 2018Track This Estimate1 year 5 years2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 $200K $250K $300K $350K $400K $450K $500KEstimate based on these recent sales. A SOLD 1/19/18$368,0004123 Prairie Ridge Rd Eagan, MN 551234Beds3Baths—Sq. Ft. B SOLD 10/13/17Unknown4016 Northview Ter Eagan, MN 551234Beds2Baths2,491Sq. Ft. Source: Public Records Does something look off? Edit Home Facts
Islam -LRB- -LSB- ˈɪslɑːm -RSB- There are ten pronunciations of Islam in English , differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress , whether the s is -LSB- slinkz -RSB- or -LSB- slinks -RSB- , and whether the a is pronounced -LSB- slinkɑː -RSB- , -LSB- slinkæ -RSB- or -LRB- when the stress is on the first syllable -RRB- -LSB- slinkə -RSB- -LRB- Merriam Webster -RRB- . The most common are -LSB- ˈɪzləm , _ ˈɪsləm , _ ɪzˈlɑːm , _ ɪsˈlɑːm -RSB- -LRB- Oxford English Dictionary , Random House -RRB- and -LSB- ˈɪzlɑːm , _ ˈɪslɑːm -RSB- -LRB- American Heritage Dictionary -RRB- . الإسلام , -LSB- alʔisˈlaːm -RSB- -RRB- is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion which professes that there is only one and incomparable God -LRB- Allah -RRB- and that Muhammad is the last messenger of God . It is the world 's second-largest religion and the fastest-growing major religion in the world , with over 1.8 billion followers or 24.1 % of the global population , known as Muslims . Islam teaches that God who is merciful , all-powerful , and unique has guided mankind through prophets , revealed scriptures and natural signs . The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran , viewed by Muslims as the verbatim word of God , and the teachings and normative example -LRB- called the sunnah , composed of accounts called hadith -RRB- of Muhammad -LRB- 570 -- 8 June 632 CE -RRB- . Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam , Abraham , Moses , and Jesus . As for the Quran , Muslims consider it to be the unaltered and final revelation of God . Like other Abrahamic religions , Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded paradise and unrighteous are punished in hell . Religious concepts and practices include the five pillars of Islam , which are obligatory acts of worship , and following Islamic law , which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society , from banking and welfare to women and the environment . The cities of Mecca , Medina and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in Islam . Islam originated in the early 7th century in Mecca , and by the 8th century the Islamic empire extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east . The Islamic Golden Age refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century when much of the historically Islamic world was experiencing a scientific , economic and cultural flourishing . The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires , traders and conversion to Islam by missionary activities . Most Muslims are of one of two denominations : Sunni -LRB- 75 -- 90 % -RRB- or Shia -LRB- 10 -- 20 % -RRB- . About 13 % of Muslims live in Indonesia , the largest Muslim-majority country , 31 % in South Asia , the largest population of Muslims in the world , 23 % in the Middle East-North Africa , where it is the dominant religion , and 15 % in Sub-Saharan Africa . Sizable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas , Caucasus , China , Europe , Mainland Southeast Asia , Philippines and Russia . Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world .
Amber Rose Net Worth Amber Rose Net Worth Net Worth $ 5 Million Estates and Homes Autos and Cars Holiday Destinations (Getaways) Cause Brands About Quotes Trivia Born on: 21st Oct 83Born in: United States Marital status: Married Occupation: Model Amber net worth is estimated at $5 million. Born on October 1982, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States, Amber Levonchuck more popularly known as Amber Rose is an American model, artist, actress and a well known socialite. After posing for a Louis Vutton Print Ad featuring Lamon Colemans “New line of sneekers”, she ramped the runway at New York fashion week for “Celestino - all these became a contributory factor to Amber net worth . She did many cameos and video’s such as Ludacris “what these girls like”, Young Jeezy’s “vacation”, Mary Mary’s “God in me”, Wiz Khalifa’s “ No Sleep” and many more. In 2009 Amber Rose announced her plans of launching her own line of eye wear. She got the spotlight on her being the girl friend of Kayne West. She got engaged to Wiz Khalifa in March 2012. Having a net worth of $ 5 million the American hot super model, Amber Rose featured for the first time in a Louis Vritton Print Ad for Lamon Colemans sneekers, through which she gained popularity. She also got an assignment as one of the Ford’s Models. In 2011 she appeared as a guest gudge on season 3 of Ru Paul’s Drag Race and Season 2 of Master of the Mix. In 2012 she released her single debut “Fame” and Second single “Loaded” followed. Amber net worth allowed to live a very luxurious and snobbish life being one of the richest celebrities in the world. She has a black Lamborghini Gallardo Spider which indicates that she spends a lot on her own luxurious life. She spends the major portion of her money on shopping as most of the time she is spotted shopping. She wears expensive enhancements and is very conscious about the dresses and the apparels she wears. Apart from spending on her dresses and beautiful, fast machines she loves to hang around in top clubs and class restaurants in the United States - thanks to Amber net worth. Amber rose’s life started living hard, fighting and being the centre of attraction. At the initial stage of her life she wanted to be a restaurant owner. Her expressive nature and a desire to be open sexually over shadowed her love for food. She stormed in music videos for Young Jeezy’s “Vacation” and “Put on” which gave her career a great take off. She broke off with her long time celebrity boyfriend Kayne West in 2010. In 2012 she got engaged with the rapper, wiz Mafia and they are planning to get married soon. Rose loves to travel around the world and generously dedicates her services to improve the lives of women and children affected by HIV, how's this for the human touch of Amber net worth. Family & relationships Share 0Tweet 0Pin It 0Share 0Amber Rose Estates and Homes (1)Pennsylvania Home Model and actress Amber Rose got her first nesting pad along with her lovebird! Her fiancee, Wiz Khalifa, bought for her this house immediately after getting engaged to her on the 1st of March, 2012. According to the listing, the house cost nearly a million dollars, $900,000 to be precise and seems to be a good investment for a future life as a couple. Location: The house is located in Canonsburg which is in Washington County, Pennsylvania. It is 18 miles to the southwest of Khalifa's hometown, Pittsburg. Accommodation: The home is a typical country house and it sits on 2.8 acres of lawns and countryside. The total living space or carpet floor area of the house measures about 3,890 square feet. This is occupied majorly by the five large bedrooms and the four bathrooms. There is also a guest house on the estate grounds which can easily accommodate another 4 people. Features: There is no dearth of garden space and walking grounds in this naturally landscaped house. According to the realtors, the house has been built in a very eco-friendly manner and style. The master suite within is lavish and plush to say the least. The kitchen is gigantic and features an all-wood theme. There is a grand piano near the dining area for romantic dinners. The living room is the largest space in the house and it is tastefully decorated and warmly lit. The house features Brazilian Kos floors and stainless steel appliances all over. Neighborhood: Canonsburg has been home to a large variety of famous people. Singers Bobby Vinton and Perry Como, Olympian Bill Schmidt and the Bishop Theodosius Lazor are some celebrities based from here. The conceptual kitchen Spacious living hall Pennsylvania Home No Image Avaialble Amber Rose Autos and Cars (1)Lamborghini Gallardo In the times of recession, model and actress Amber Rose does not seem to be affected as she was spotted driving a masculine, sexy and black Lamborghini Gallardo as she went shopping in Beverly Hills, California. The open-top car with stylish windows is a two-seater coupe that has been built for the kill as far as power and top-speed are concerned. This LP560-4 coupe was released in 2010 with an ability to accelerate from dead stop to 100 km/h within 3.7 seconds and attain an orgasmic top speed of 340 km/h!The convertible is a veritable luxury pad for the couple sitting in it with all the safety features, security measures, technological assists and comfort. The car seems to assault the senses! Even as people speculate on whether the beast of a car is a purchase or a gift, Rose seemed to calmly go about her shopping. Her feminine curves enclosed in the acid-washed, super-tight jeggings complemented the powerful masculine lines of her steed. Amber Rose Holiday Destinations (Getaways) (1)Hawaii Vacation Amber Rose was photographed almost a year back vacationing in the exotic beach resort of Hawaii. The model was provided company by her fiancee, rapper Wiz Khalifa. The couple spent close to a week there and had a whale of a time frolicking on the iconic beach of Honolulu. They kept themselves busy by splashing in the crystal blue sea waters and taking advantage of the warm sunny weather by tanning themselves by the beach side. Location: The Pacific Ocean island chain of Hawaii is an integral part of the United States of America and is the northern most archipelago in Polynesia. Hundreds of hotels of varying price bands offer a great range of luxury and budget accommodations from which almost any tourist visiting Hawaii can easily pick one tailored to suit his wallet and needs. Per night rates in 5 star hotels like the Turtle Bay Resort, Kauai Marriott Resort and the St. Regis Princeville can go up to $1,100 for a room during peak season. Tourist on a tight budget can choose places of stay like the “Best Western Pioneer Inn”, “Uncle Billy's Kona Bay Hotel” and “Kona Seaside Hotel” which are affordably priced in the range of $85 to $125 per room. Main Attractions: The beaches of Honolulu and Waikiki regularly feature on the list of most popular beach destinations in the world and unsurprisingly millions of tourists flock to them every year. They offer plenty of relaxation avenues in the form of a wide range of popular aquatic sports like surfing, snorkeling and scuba diving. The less adventurous visitors can easily keep themselves occupied by tanning themselves under the hot sun and having a taste of the great seafood easily available in the scores of beach side restaurants that dot the island chain. Shares a kiss with her partner Enjoying in water Taking Sun Bath Amber Rose Cause (1)Auction off clothes for charity Fashion model Amber Rose recently auctioned off many of her personal items for philanthropic purposes. About three auctions of Amber’s personal belongings were conducted with the help of Ebay’s Fashion Vault and Auction Cause. In all, a grand total of 90 items comprising of Rose’s designer clothes and fashion accessories like jewelry, sunglasses, and shoes went under the hammer in different phases. All of these items were donned by the model in different red carpet events held around the globe. Some of the most famous items up for sale included a lime green Zac Posen dress which Amber wore at the Maxim Hot 100 party held in year 2010, Versace platform shoes worn at the BET Awards and the infamous shredded dress designed by Gareth Pugh which was worn during the Paris Fashion Week and turned out to be a fashion disaster. A few of the other accessories bear iconic designer labels like Herve Leger and Givency. The money raised from these auctions has been channeled through the online partners and donated to reputed charitable organizations around the globe to help out poor people in desperate need of food, shelter and clothes. Amber Rose Brands (6)Christian Louboutin Pigalle Studded Pumps Rose donned her designer pumps while leaving a New-York Hotel. The black leather pumps feature their signature red sole with all over stud detailing. It has a pointed toe with heels measuring 5 inches and costs $1,100. Oakley Frogskin Sunglasses The model wore these high-end sunglasses on her shopping trip. The retro styled shades boasts of hydrophobic technology on their black iridium lenses which prevents water, sweat and oil formation and reduce glare. It has high-definition optics for improving visibility. PPQ Print Cardigan Sweater Jacket Amber attended the London Fashion week wearing the stylish Cardigan Sweater Jacket. The long knit sweater is embellished with PPQ letters printed all over the body in bright sunshine yellow gold color which provides a very sophisticated look. Zac Posen Cornelia Duchesse Satin Dress The artist was seen at a party organized by Maxim wearing a beautiful designer dress costing $ 1,795. The satin lime green mini dress features 60% acetate, 35% cotton, 5% elastane with an in-built corset with off shoulder sleeves and a black contrasting spaghetti strapped bust inserted underneath. Balenciaga 0035 Sunglasses The actress was looking stylish sporting the trendy sunglasses while shopping. The glasses possess a unique frame styled with dual tone color of black and gold. The shades costing $320 have partially tinted lenses offering 100% UV protection from the sun. J Brand Low Rise Coated Denim Legging Miss Rose was photographed on the streets of New York wearing the stylish Legging. The Low Rise Denim Legging features 64% cotton, 32% polyester, 4%Lycra are lightweight and very comfortable to wear. It is well-fitted with stylish 4 side pockets and one single button at the center providing a casual look to the wearer. Share With The World Share 0Tweet 0Pin It 0Share 0Latest Articles Celebrities10 Female Stars with Cash to Burn Hotels and Resorts Most Unique Hotel in the World Aviation Most Expensive Seat in The Air Sports The Richest Man on Track Autos The Most Expensive Cars in the World (2017)Boats and Yachts The 10 Most Expensive and Luxurious Yachts in the World Facebook Conversation
This is the list of all Tottenham Hotspur's European matches. Tottenham became the first British club to win a major European competition, with the UEFA Cup Winner's Cup in 1963. In 1972, they won the inaugural UEFA Cup and won the competition again in 1984. Up until 2016, White Hart Lane served as the club's home venue for European home matches, which was temporarily replaced with Wembley Stadium that following season. The first home game of the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League group stage saw the club's highest ever record attendance of 85,000 for a European home match against Monaco.
Betaine Plus HP 90 caps - Biotics Research - 1266. All Biotics Research products are GLUTEN FREE. BETAINE PLUS HP is a source of high potency hydrochloric acid and pepsin in a capsule form. It supplies 700 milligrams of hydrochloric acid and ten milligrams of pepsin per capsule. It is effective for patients who need larger amounts of hydrochloric acid for chronic hypochlorhydia or achlorhydria (low stomach acid).
Fat-Burning Machine: Easy Carb Cycling For A Better Body Fat-Burning Machine: Easy Carb Cycling For A Better Bodyby Calvin Buhler Whether your goal is to build muscle, see your abs, or get back in shape, this simple carb cycling plan will help you eat healthy and stay consistent. Yes…or no? Imagine this: You’re at a restaurant having dinner with friends. The meal hasn’t started yet. You’re talking with one of your buddies as the waitress fills your water glass. She disappears for a minute then returns with a basket of fresh bread and sets it in front of you. Question: Do you reach for a piece of bread? In this situation, most guys will revert into their “default eating mode”. Their brain will switch to autopilot and they’ll do whatever they’re used to doing. (For most of us, that means we’ll reach for the bread, even if we don’t really want it. )Should You Eat the bread…or not? But here’s the thing: The bread doesn’t matter. For guys who want to be healthy and build a good looking body, the question shouldn’t be “Is bread OK to eat?”. Instead, it should be this:“Is today a High Carb day or a Low Carb day?”How you answer that will not only dictate if you have a nice slice of warm bread — it’ll also guide you for the rest of the food decisions you’ll make that night: Sweet potato appetizer…or skip and go straight to the entree? Steak with potatoes…or the salad with a double order of grilled chicken? Lots of carbs…or no carbs? This is called “carb cycling” and it’s our nutritional secret weapon that will help turn your body in a muscle-building, fat-burning machine. Here’s how to do it. HOW CARB CYCLING WORKSWhile it has a fancy name, carb cycling is nothing more than eating more carbohydrates on some days (High Carb days) to help promote muscle growth and eating less carbohydrates on other days (Low Carb days) to help minimize fat gain and even promote fat loss. We focus on carbohydrates (and not protein or fats) because carbs seem to have the most influential effect on body composition and how you look. High Carb Days:stimulate an insulin response that shuttle nutrients in your muscle cells, causing them to growreplenish glycogen stores that fuel your musclesmake you feel good and energized Low Carb Days:promote fat loss by tricking your body into burning fat for fuel (instead of the sugar from the carbs it would normally get)keep your body more receptive to insulin, improving your body’s muscle-building response Follow This: easy Carb Cycling Plan The rules for carb cycling are very simple. Rule 1. On the days you lift weights, eat starchy carbs along with protein, vegetables, and healthy fats. Rule 2. On the days you’re either off from the gym or are doing some kind of intervals or cardio, don’t eat any starchy carbs, but continue to eat protein, vegetables, and healthy fats. That’s it. There’s no need to measure how many grams of carbs you’re eating or count calories. If you can add and subtract, you can do carb cycling. Eat This, Not That Eat This: Nutrient-Dense Carbssweet or white potato oatmealquinoa whole wheat pasta or tortillasfruit (especially berries) ricewhole grain bread Don’t Eat That: Junk Carbs Doughnuts and other pastries Cakes, cookies, and other desserts Pizza (store-bought or delivery) Muffins or croissants Sugar-packed instant oatmeal packets High Carb Meal With Grains: Low Carb Meal Without Grains: So what would a typical week for a guy who wants to stay lean, improve his health, and gain a little muscle look like? Assuming he’s doing three weight workouts per week, here’s how we’d set it up: Workouts and Carbs Monday: Upper Body Workout / High Carb Tuesday: Interval Sprints / Low Carb Wednesday: Off / Low Carb Thursday: Lower Body Workout / High Carb Friday: Off or 20 minutes of cardio / Low Carb Saturday: Total Body Workout / High Carb Sunday: Off / Low Carb Sample High Carb Day Main carb sources highlighted. Breakfast:3 whole eggs (scrambled, poached, or fried) Oatmeal (1/2 cup of oats, cooked in microwave) Couple handfuls of frozen berries for the oatmeal Snack:2 scoops protein powder in water 1 banana Couple handfuls of raw mixed nuts Lunch at Restaurant: Burrito wrapped in whole wheat tortilla with lots of meat and vegetablesor Sandwich on whole grain bread with lots of meat and lettuce, tomato, etc. Optional 2nd Snack:2 scoops protein powder in water 1 banana Couple handfuls of raw mixed nuts Dinner at Home: Healthy Pesto Chicken Pizza Sample Low Carb Day Breakfast:3-4 whole eggs (scrambled, poached, or fried) Breakfast salad with broccoli slaw, arugula, and low-calorie dressing Snack:2 scoops protein powder in water Couple handfuls of baby carrots Couple handfuls of raw mixed nuts Lunch at Restaurant: Salad with lots of meat and vegetables Optional 2nd Snack:2 scoops protein powder in water Couple handfuls of baby carrots Couple handfuls of raw mixed nuts Dinner at Home: Sirloin Burger with Coconut Cauliflower Mash Cheat Tip: Replace Grains With Greens Notice how both the High Carb days and Low Carb days are virtually the same (lots of protein, veggies, and fat) with just one simple replacement: we replaced grains and fruit with greens. In other words, wherever there was a starchy carbohydrate (grains or fruit), we simply added in vegetables to take its place. Tips and Tricks– Carb Cycling FAQWhat if I get hungry on Low Carb days? Occasionally, you may feel hungry on your Low Carb days. This is because you’re avoiding starchy carbohydrates which fill you up fast and contain a lot of calories. Ride through the hunger by adding more protein and vegetables to your meal. There’s no harm in eating an extra bun-less burger or more salad.+++++How many carbs should I eat at every meal? Don’t worry about counting grams of carbs. The beauty of our carb cycling plan is in its simplicity. Just remember the rules: On High Carb days, eat starchy carbs and fruit along with your protein, veggies, and healthy fats. On Low Carb days, don’t eat starchy carbs or fruit, but continue to eat protein, veggies, and healthy fats.+++++Can I do a High Carb day on days I don’t lift weights? You can, but we don’t usually recommend it. The reason we relegate High Carb days to the days you lift is because your muscles will be ready to soak up all those nutrients after a tough workout.+++++Can I eat “junk food” on my High Carb days? We’re not your mom. And we’d be lying if we said we never had dessert. But the more you stick to the “Eat This” Carb List, the better off you and your body will be. Junk food normally has a high amount of carbs and a high amount of fat. If you get in the habit of eating crap food on your High Carb days, your body will be more prone to pack on body fat thanks to the combination of high blood sugar, high blood insulin, and high blood fat. Which, you know, kind of defeats the purpose of carb cycling. Nothing To Lose But Your Belly Forget complicated math, counting calories, and measuring food. Instead, use our simple carb cycling rules to turn your body into a fat burning, muscle-building machine. Lifting weights today? Eat your carbs. Doing cardio or taking the day off? Pass on the bread and feel good about it. Free 5-Day Course Start Building a Muscular, Athletic Body Today We’ll email you a link to Lesson 1 immediately. Then, each day for the next four days, you’ll get an email linking to a new lesson. Your email address will never be shared and you can opt-out easily. Tweet Sorry, the browser you are using is not currently supported. Disqus actively supports the following browsers: Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11+Safari Bacilio Ruiz • 5 years ago Awesome post bro. Great how you make our lives so simple. Your like a genie!Mark • 5 years ago Is there a specific way you would tailor this program for those looking to gain muscle? Would you increase portion sizes, or perhaps add a third shake on lifting days (or all days)? Calvin Buhler • 5 years ago There's a fine line between gaining as much muscle as possible while keeping fat gain to a minimum. Calorie/carb cycling is an ideal strategy to use to do this. The most important thing to do is to make sure that you're eating several meals/super shakes a day. In the S2B coaching program we have our guys eat 3 muscle meals and 3 super shakes each day. These meals and shakes consist of approximately 50 grams of lean protein, about 3 "handfuls" of vegetables and about 1 "handful" of carbs (from the "eat this" list only on lifting days). We also incorporate a work out drink on lifting days as well. Nick Hamblen • 5 years ago Great post as usual! Can you get away with low card all the time or is there actually a better fat burning effect from cycling? Calvin Buhler • 5 years ago If your goal is to build muscle, which you probably wouldn't be here if it wasn't, then you don't want to do low carb all the time. Your muscles (and your brain) need the carbs in order to replenish the glycogen it loses during workouts. So in order to gain muscle while keeping body fat gain to a minimum you should carb cycle. Josh • 5 years ago I have a very active job (75-90% manual labor depending on the week) and carb cycling has been something tough for me to nail down. Any suggestions on cycling b/t moderate and high carb. Timing, specific sources, rough idea of amounts, etc. Any ideas or help would be awesome. Thanks. Calvin Buhler • 5 years ago Based on your situation and depending on how fast your metabolism is you may not need to or even want to carb cycle since you're burning a lot of calories with your job anyways. However, if you still feel that you want to carb cycle then it doesn't have to be anything complex or difficult to follow or nail down. Most of the recommendations in the article would still apply to you as well. I'd start by following the simple formula above to create a baseline for yourself and then adjust as needed. For instance, if you find that you're more tired than usual on your low carb days or are feeling a little dizzy or light headed while doing your manual labor, then add some carbs into your breakfast with some oatmeal (start with 1/2 cup and adjust up if you feel you need more) or a serving of fruit. If you find that this keeps your energy up all day long, great. If not, then consider adding a carb source to your lunch. This could be some whole grain bread or another piece of fruit. The key is to start with a baseline and this article outlines a good starting point and then adjust from there as needed based on your individual circumstances and needs. Dark Cnauck • 5 years ago How can I carb cycle if I work out at 5 o'oclock most days (before supper). Obviously I can have carbs after the workout, but what about the time leading up to the workout, should I be low carb? Also what about the next day after the workout say for breakfast and lunch, should I eat carbs then or am I too far out of the workout window at that point? Thanks for the great info Nate!Calvin Buhler • 5 years ago There are several carb cycling strategies that will work. At S2B we like to keep things as simple and easy as possible because most guys are too busy to worry about the minute details and that's why the carb cycling plan we outlined above is so great. It's simple and easy because it's based on workout/non-workout days and not necessarily on individual meals each day or on when you workout or the optimal workout window. The easiest way to get started with carb cycling is to follow the plan outlined above and then adjust from there. So if you plan on doing resistance training on a particular day, then feel free to eat carbs throughout that day. If it's a rest/cardio/interval day, then no carbs (or very limited carbs) for you that day. Once you've mastered this carb cycling strategy and you're ready for some more fine-tuning with your nutrition then the next step would be to adjust your carb intake for each individual meal depending on your body transformation goals. At this point it also might be wise to bring on a coach to help you make these adjustments. Joe • 5 years ago Remain unconvinced about carb cycling or any other sure-fired way of eating that works for everybody, but kudos to you for an easy to read and understand post. Vic • 5 years ago Is it ok to eat fatty meats on your high carb days or should I stick with lean meats? I hear so many people say that fatty meats aren't healthy and I hear others say that they are fine. What do you recommend? Calvin Buhler • 5 years ago I'd try to stay away from fatty meats every day of the week and instead get your fats from more healthy sources like coconut oil, avocados, nuts, seeds, etc. Cesar • 5 years ago I workout 3 times a week doing HIIT first and then I lift and the forth day I usually jog or go mountain biking, so for the day that I do cardio and lifting I guess I could do the High Carbs Day, is that correct? Thanks Nate!! !Calvin Buhler • 5 years ago Yeah, the day you do lifting (even if you're doing cardio too) is the day to go higher carbs. By the way, I'd probably also have you do your HIIT training after your lifting. Cesar • 5 years ago Thanks for that quick response, my problem is that I workout after work so if I do the HIIT after lifting I can't sleep... zzzzz ughhh. Will you consider milk a high carb because I always drink my protein with it. Thank you. WORK IN PROGRESSCARLOS OSORIO LAKE WORTH, FL 561-843-4501Calvin Buhler • 5 years ago Oh, okay that makes sense why you do HIIT first then. When you say, "milk" I'm assuming you mean cow's milk. If that's the case then... I don't consider cow's milk fit for human consumption so to me it's not a source of any macronutrient. Here are a few other alternatives that I would suggest. Depending on the time of day that you drink your protein will depend on which alternative you use. If it's right after working out then mix your protein with some all-natural, whole orange juice (this is the poor man's version of a workout/recovery drink), then any other time of the day, I would mix your protein powder with water or almond/rice/coconut milk. However, if you still plan on drinking the "dairy delight" with your protein then, yeah, I would consider it a high carb, but also a high fat source. El Rationale • 5 years agohi guys thanks for the info. I am currently starting with the ground zero program to get started .my question is that I am a 17-year old male around 6 foot 3 at 174 pounds. I bought and am currently using these items for maximal results : Liquid fish oil: Carlson’s Very Finest Fish Oil Multivitamin : The Vitamin Code by Garden of Life Protein powder: Muscle Milk by Cytosport Creatine monohydrate: Crea PURE creatine by Prolab Post-workout drink :2:1:1 Recovery by Optimum Nutritionnow the thing is I did some research that said teenagers shold not take any supplemts mainly because of kidney stones,high blood acidty,stomach cramps, and prevention of natural creatine production .courtesy of livestong.comnow before I throw the stuff down the toilet wait do you guys think? Calvin Buhler • 5 years ago Wow, now you have me thinking about the first time I took creatine. I was 18 years old and it was my freshman year of college just before wrestling season started. Your list of supplements looks good and is exactly what we recommend. Even the brands are all quality brands too. As long as you're healthy and don't have any prior issues with your kidneys then the way I look at it is that you should have no problem taking these supplements as long as you also have a good, solid diet in place. My mantra has always been, "food first, supplements second! "The only concern might be the creatine, so if you'd feel "safer" and if you're hesitant at all about it, then just hold off on that one for the time being and come back to it in a year or two. Chuck • 5 years ago Nice post. Just a couple quick questions. 1) If eating too many carbs on a "high carb" day, would one risk having some of the extra glycogen created spill over into the "low carb" day, therefore raising the carb utilization on that low carb day and reducing the fat burning potential? I guess there's kind of a carb tipping point that one needs to experiment with and figure out. 2) What about someone doing longer cardio, upwards of 60 minutes a day at a pretty high intensity, in addition to lifting (such as a triathlete)--should they just stick to a solid nutrition plan and accept they probably can't build huge amounts of muscle training like that? Calvin Buhler • 5 years ago1) Unless you're gorging yourself with carbs on the high carb day, which you shouldn't be, then you won't experience any kind of a "spillover" effect. The amount of carbs you have to eat before there's any noticeable spillover is huge. Here's a couple studies for you to look at if you're really curious about this topic:http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/con...http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/con...2) With everything in life you have to weigh your priorities and make sacrifices based on your priorities. Is your priority to increase muscle mass or is it to be a great triathlete? The training and energy systems involved with each of these is on either ends of the spectrum so, yes it would be difficult to put on a sizable amount of muscle mass while doing upwards of 60 minutes of high intensity cardio. Now that's not to say that you can't put on any muscle mass, especially if you make sure that the nutrition, supplementation and rest/recovery side of things are well-designed and, more importantly, well-followed. Also your biological age and your resistance "training age" will have an impact on whether or not you will be able to pack on muscle while training as a triathlete. For instance, if you're younger and have a lot of testosterone running through your veins, you can get away with a lot of cardio and still put on muscle. Additionally, if you've never really lifted weights in your life and now you are then your body may increase in muscle mass regardless of the cardio. Basically, there's a lot of variables that play into this, but in general you shouldn't expect to be able to do both at once and still be successful with either. Chuck • 5 years ago Calvin,Thanks for such a thorough answer and linking the studies--I really appreciate it!Jake Duval • 5 years ago Another great article team S2BRandy Price • 5 years ago Thanks for the easy to appy info. My question is this... I work 3rd shift so I workout right after work, eat, and hit the sac right away. Should my carb cycle be ingested before my workout throughout the day or after I wake up? Thanks guys. Calvin Buhler • 5 years ago We want to keep it as simple as possible, so the day of your lifting is when you should eat higher carbs, even if you workout in the evening (8-10 hours of sleeping/fasting will basically "reset" your carb cycle). Just make sure to ingest a blend of protein and carbs after you workout. Patty • 5 years ago Hi. I have a BB friend who says that he prefers his carbs on rest day as well because he doesn`t believe in depriving his muscles of the nutrients for repair. How do you feel about this line of thinking? Calvin Buhler • 5 years ago Carb cycling is not a panacea, but it does have a lot of benefits especially for guys looking to increase muscle mass while still staying relatively lean. Carb cycling is not only great for helping guys stay lean, but it also can provide anabolic benefits in a similar way to what IF can do. If you're friend is a "real" BB then he's probably following a very specific and detailed nutrition and supplementation protocol that is much more advanced than our simple carb cycling strategy. As long as his strategy is working for him and he's continuing to see the results he wants, then he should keep doing what he's doing. However, at S2B we try to keep things as simple and as easy as possible to understand and implement for the ordinary guy looking for extraordinary results. Patty • 5 years ago Thanks for your reply Calvin :) He doesn`t compete but has been lifting for many years, is very nicely muscled, and is quite knowledgeable on nutrition and different aspects of it as well as training. I`m trying to find the best way that my body responds to training and eating and I`ve looked into carb cycling, carb back loading, IF and the like. I was just curious if you thought that moderate/high carb for recovery made any sense :) And I forgot to say: great article, easy to understand :)Calvin Buhler • 5 years ago Thanks, I'm glad the article was easy to understand. Depending on the type of training you're doing (high intensity aerobic training or in a mass building phase with no concern about body fat), moderate/high carbs on recovery days could make sense, but if you're looking to lean up while maintaining or even increase muscle mass then carb cycling is a great strategy to use for most people. The real key is to find a good nutrition and training program that you will follow and stick with it while your body adjusts to it as a baseline. Then, depending on your goals, start to make adjustments to your training and nutrition plan. Continue to follow this process until you reach the desired outcome. Patty • 5 years ago Thanks Calvin. My eating is clean, no refined/boxed foods, minimal fruit, no wheat or grain except white rice. Gotta up the vegees and greens though. No refined sugar. I lift 3x a week and try to walk daily. I figure I`ve got about 5 pounds of fat to lose so right now I`m working on cutting and then I`ll re-evaluate....probably a light bulk so I can get a somewhat squat bootay, if that`s possible at 48 lol. Cindy Alberto Vazquez • 5 years agohow would you include a gluten free card meal or no wheat or dairy meal..example a female doing crossfit? Calvin Buhler • 5 years ago The same principles outlined in the blog would apply...eat higher amounts of carbs (gluten free in your situation) on days you do resistance training and lower amounts of carbs on rest/cardio/metcon days. Mike • 5 years ago Great article, really interesting read. How would this apply if your are looking to maintain weight/muscle mass though? Surely if you are eating less on non-lifting days you're likely to lose weight/muscle mass eventually? Would you counter this by eating more on lifting days so as to make for instance your overall weeks calories the same. So say you need to eat 3000kcal a day to maintain weight. Would you eat 3500kcal including carbs on the weight days then 2500kcal on non-weight days to maintain the balance? On a bit of a side note, in Nate's BSB his low carb days still consist of a quite a few carbs. is the completely different as he is looking to gain as much muscle mass in a short period of time as possible. Thanks again, though now i have more questions then answers haha. Kyle Byron • 5 years ago Why a low carb on the interval sprint day? Can't those can be equally or more devastating (calories burned) as an upper body lifting day (where you Rx high carb). Thanks!Brennan O'Brien • 5 years ago So ultimately, it is possible to use this approach to gain lean muscle in the long run? I like the idea of gorging on vegetables on a non lift day, but should I have a calculated caloric minimum if the idea is to build muscle on this protocol? Miikka Leskinen • 5 years ago I've been eating lots of carbs and fat every day all winter to get as many calories as possible, and I want to shed the extra body fat that came along with it before summer. What I'm thinking is to go low carb every day with the exception of taking a high carb recovery drink before and after working out, would that work? Or do I have to eat carbs through the day to gain muscle (or at least not lose what little I have)? Guest • 5 years ago I lift weights 5x's a week and 4 out of the 5 days are in a row, which due to my life, I can't change at the moment. My question is: Would carb cycling still work in this case? Should I perhaps keep my high carb days to the days I train legs and then keep it low carb for other muscle groups? My training schedule goes: Monday: A. M. LEGS P. M. CARDIO & CORETuesday: RESTWednesday: A. M. CARDIO, BI'S & TRI'S P. M. SHOULDERSThursday: A. M. CARDIO & CORE P. M. CHESTFriday: A. M. LEGS P. M. BI'S & TRI'SSaturday: CARDIO & BACKSunday: RESTGuest • 5 years ago I lift weights 5x's a week and 4 out of the 5 days are in a row, which due to my life, I can't change at the moment. My question is: Would carb cycling still work in this case? Should I perhaps keep my high carb days to the days I train legs and then keep it low carb for other muscle groups? My training schedule goes: Monday: A. M. LEGS P. M. CARDIO & CORETuesday: RESTWednesday: A. M. CARDIO, BI'S & TRI'S P. M. SHOULDERSThursday: A. M. CARDIO & CORE P. M. CHESTFriday: A. M. LEGS P. M. BI'S & TRI'SSaturday: CARDIO & BACKSunday: RESTLeave a message...liberatingfitness • 5 years ago I lift weights 5x's a week and 4 out of the 5 days are in a row, which due to my life, I can't change at the moment. My question is: Would carb cycling still work in this case? Should I perhaps keep my high carb days to the days I train legs and then keep it low carb for other muscle groups? My training schedule goes: Monday: A. M. LEGS P. M. CARDIO & CORETuesday: RESTWednesday: A. M. CARDIO, BI'S & TRI'S P. M. SHOULDERSThursday: A. M. CARDIO & CORE P. M. CHESTFriday: A. M. LEGS P. M. BI'S & TRI'SSaturday: CARDIO & BACKSunday: RESTTim Rankin • 5 years ago For those interested in this concept Carbo Back Loading by Kiefer goes into this in much more detail. In fact, Keifer would argue that this "simple" plan likely won't work as you're eating carbs at the wrong time of the day. While I don't follow CBL as strictly as Keifer suggests, it certainly requires more work than this to be truly effective.
Seth Woodbury MacFarlane -LRB- -LSB- ˈsɛθ_ˈwʊdbɛri_məkˈfɑrlɪn -RSB- born October 26 , 1973 -RRB- is an American actor , filmmaker , and singer , working primarily in animation and comedy , as well as live-action and other genres . MacFarlane is the creator of the TV series Family Guy -LRB- 1999 -- 2003 , 2005 -- present -RRB- , co-creator of the TV series American Dad ! -LRB- 2005 -- present -RRB- and The Cleveland Show -LRB- 2009 -- 13 -RRB- . He also wrote , directed , and starred in the films Ted -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , its sequel Ted 2 -LRB- 2015 -RRB- , and A Million Ways to Die in the West -LRB- 2014 -RRB- . MacFarlane is a graduate of the Rhode Island School of Design , where he studied animation . Recruited to Hollywood , he was an animator and writer for Hanna-Barbera for several television series , including Johnny Bravo , Cow and Chicken , Dexter 's Laboratory , I Am Weasel , and Larry & Steve . As an actor , he has made guest appearances on series , such as Gilmore Girls , The War at Home and FlashForward . In 2008 , he created his own YouTube series titled Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy . He won several awards for his work on Family Guy , including two Primetime Emmy Awards and an Annie Award . In 2009 , he won the Webby Award for Film & Video Person of the Year . He occasionally speaks at universities and colleges throughout the United States , and he is a supporter of gay rights . MacFarlane 's first feature-length comedy film , Ted , features his voice acting and performance-capture as the titular anthropomorphic teddy bear and became the highest-grossing original R-rated comedy . As a singer MacFarlane has performed at several venues , including Carnegie Hall and the Royal Albert Hall . MacFarlane has released three studio albums , in the same vein of his musical idol Frank Sinatra , beginning with Music Is Better Than Words in 2011 . He wrote the lyrics for the Academy Award-nominated song `` Everybody Needs a Best Friend '' for Ted . MacFarlane served as executive producer of Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey , an update of the 1980s Carl Sagan -- hosted Cosmos series , hosted by Neil deGrasse Tyson . MacFarlane was instrumental in providing funding for the series , as well as securing studio support for it from other entertainment executives .
On 1 July 1967, BBC Two became the first television channel in Europe to broadcast regularly in colour, using the West German PAL system that is still in use today although being gradually superseded by digital systems. (BBC One and ITV began 625-line colour broadcasts simultaneously on 15 November 1969). Unlike other terrestrial channels, BBC Two does not have soap opera or standard news programming, but a range of programmes intended to be eclectic and diverse (although if a programme has high audience ratings it is often eventually repositioned to BBC One). The different remit of BBC2 allowed its first controller, Sir David Attenborough to commission the first heavyweight documentaries and documentary series such as Civilisation, The Ascent of Man and Horizon.
Judith Quiney -LRB- baptised 2 February 1585 -- 9 February 1662 -RRB- , née Shakespeare , was the younger daughter of William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway and the fraternal twin of Shakespeare 's only son Hamnet Shakespeare . She married Thomas Quiney , a vintner of Stratford-upon-Avon . The circumstances of the marriage , including Quiney 's misconduct , may have prompted the rewriting of Shakespeare 's will . Thomas was struck out , while Judith 's inheritance was attached with provisions to safeguard it from her husband . The bulk of Shakespeare 's estate was left , in an elaborate fee tail , to his elder daughter Susanna and her male heirs . Judith and Thomas Quiney had three children . By the time of Judith Quiney 's death , she had outlived her children by many years . She has been depicted in several works of fiction as part of an attempt to piece together unknown portions of her father 's life .
Harare \| Define Harare at Dictionary.com Harare a city in and the capital of Zimbabwe, in the NE part. Expand [zim-bahb-wey, -wee] /zɪmˈbɑb weɪ, -wi/ Spell noun 1. Formerly Southern Rhodesia , Rhodesia . a republic in S Africa: a former British colony and part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland; gained independence 1980. 150,330 sq. mi. (389,362 sq. km). Capital: Harare. 2. the site of stone ruins (Great Zimbabwe) discovered c1870 in Rhodesia, probably built by a Bantu people, consisting of three main groups of ruins, and dating between the 9th and 15th centuries a.d. Related forms Examples from the Web for Harare Expand British Dictionary definitions for Harare Expand noun 1. the capital of Zimbabwe, in the northeast: University of Zimbabwe (1957); industrial and commercial centre. Pop: 1 527 000 (2005 est) Former name (until 1982) Salisbury Zimbabwe noun 1. a country in SE Africa, formerly a self-governing British colony founded in 1890 by the British South Africa Company, which administered the country until a self-governing colony was established in 1923; joined with Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) and Nyasaland (now Malawi) as the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland from 1953 to 1963; made a unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) under the leadership of Ian Smith in 1965 on the basis of White minority rule; proclaimed a republic in 1970; in 1976 the principle of Black majority rule was accepted and in 1978 a transitional government was set up; gained independence under Robert Mugabe in 1980; effectively a one-party state since 1987; a member of the Commonwealth until 2003, when it withdrew as a result of conflict with other members. Official language: English. Religion: Christian majority. Currency: Zimbabwe dollar. Capital: Harare. Pop: 13 182 908 (2013 est). Area: 390 624 sq km (150 820 sq miles) Former names (until 1964) Southern Rhodesia, (1964–79) Rhodesia 2. Also Great Zimbabwe. a ruined fortified settlement in Zimbabwe, which at its height, in the 15th century, was probably the capital of an empire covering SE Africa Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for Harare Expand Zimbabwe southern African nation, 1980, named for an ancient city there, from Bantu zimba we bahwe "houses of stones," from zimba, plural of imba "house" + bahwe "stones." Previously known as Rhodesia (1964-80). Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
Post 2. @Anon91339: A ricer is also a legitimate kitchen tool. You can find references to ricers online, or in any culinary dictionary. My mother used to use a ricer to squeeze pulp from seeds when making plum jam.There are photos online. Ricers as kitchen tools predate automobile Ricers and probably the automobile itself.ost 2. @Anon91339: A ricer is also a legitimate kitchen tool. You can find references to ricers online, or in any culinary dictionary. My mother used to use a ricer to squeeze pulp from seeds when making plum jam.
River Jude Phoenix -LRB- born River Jude Bottom ; August 23 , 1970 -- October 31 , 1993 -RRB- was an American actor , musician , and activist . He was the older brother of Rain Phoenix , Joaquin Phoenix , Liberty Phoenix and Summer Phoenix . Phoenix 's work encompassed 24 films and television appearances , and his rise to fame led to his status as a `` teen idol '' . He began his acting career at age 10 , in television commercials . He starred in the science fiction adventure film Explorers -LRB- 1985 -RRB- , and had his first notable role in 1986 's Stand By Me , a coming-of-age film based on the novella The Body by Stephen King . Phoenix made a transition into more adult-oriented roles with Running on Empty -LRB- 1988 -RRB- , playing the son of fugitive parents in a well-received performance that earned him a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor , and My Own Private Idaho -LRB- 1991 -RRB- , playing a gay hustler in search of his estranged mother . For his performance in the latter , Phoenix garnered enormous praise and won a Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival , along with Best Actor from the National Society of Film Critics . On October 31 , 1993 , Phoenix collapsed and died of combined drug intoxication following a drug overdose on the sidewalk outside the West Hollywood nightclub The Viper Room at the age of 23 . At the time of his death , Phoenix had been in the middle of filming Dark Blood -LRB- 1993 -RRB- .
Indiana Jones (franchise) The second film, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) is set in 1935, a year before Raiders of the Lost Ark. Indiana escapes Chinese gangsters with the help of singer/actress Willie Scott (Kate Capshaw) and his twelve-year-old sidekick Short Round (Jonathan Ke Quan). The trio crash-land in India, where they come across a village whose children have been kidnapped. A destructive cult led by Mola Ram (Amrish Puri) has also taken the holy Sankara Stones, which they will use to take over the world. Indiana manages to overcome Mola Ram's evil power, rescues the children and returns the stones to their rightful place, overcoming his own mercenary nature.
What happens if you put power steering fluid in brake fluid? Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Cars & Vehicles Auto Parts and Repairs Steering and Suspension Power Steering What happens if you put power steering fluid in brake fluid? Flag What happens if you put power steering fluid in brake fluid? Answer by Mrgallant Confidence votes 9.3KNothing good. Brake fluid is usually much higher density hydraulic fluid as well as different type than is power steering fluid. In vehicles with ABS systems it will damage sensors and seals, and in any vehicle it will result in spongy, poorly operating brakes and damaged seals. If you're lucky and haven't driven the vehicle yet, DON'T. DO NOT operate the brakes, you may be able to remove the power steering fluid before you cause this damage. Use a turkey baster (seriously, they're cheap), or a syringe or similar device to drain your brake fluid reservoir of as much fluid as possible, refill with proper brake fluid, mix it a little if you can and drain it again to be sure. Refill the reservoir. You may wish to consult a mechanic about whether to flush the entire system or not afterwards. Alternatively, if the brakes have been used, you could be looking at a very expensive repair bill. As mentioned above, power steering fluid will damage sensors and seals, which means every part that has either or both, will need to be replaced or have the seals replaced, AFTER the brake lines have been flushed. If your mechanic has already told you this, trust him, he's right.2 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Bclear 2,167 Contributions What happens when you put brake fluid in where the power steering fluid goes in a 1981 Volvo Station wagon? Answer . \\n Not being a chemist, I'm not sure how the seals will react. I've heard stories about seal swelling problems when adding a wrong fluids to a system. I had tried …Brian Mette 197,121 Contributions ASE and Chrysler certified master technician with over 20 years experience working at a Dodge/Chrysler/Jeep dealer. What happens if you put power steering fluid in the brake fluid? Very bad things will happen. Power steering fluid will cause all of the seals in the brake system to swell. You need to get the fluid out immediately, and you will probably ha …Pop Rivet 40,385 Contributions Age 66. Retired after 45+ years in the automotive and truck mechanical repair trade What happens if you put brake fluid in the power steering? It is better than putting power steering fluid in the brake system but it is still not a good thing. Flushing the p/s system as soon as possible would be best. Pop Rivet 40,385 Contributions Age 66. Retired after 45+ years in the automotive and truck mechanical repair trade What happen if you only put a little bit of brake fluid in the power steering reservoir? Not as bad as putting a little bit of power steering fluid in the brake reservoir, but I would have the power steering system flushed just the same. Problems wouldn't happen s …Shaggee01 37 Contributions Will anything happen if you put brake fluid in your power steering fluid?it wont hurt anything both are hydrloic fluid they both do basicly the same thing ive always used brake fluid because of the cost betwine the two infact in older fords if the …Gerald Clay 60,882 Contributions Retired from USPS and now working as electrician. Love cars and still work on them in my spare time. Also a member of the Patriot Guard. What happens if you put brake fluid in power steering fluid? If you only put a very small amount then it will do no harm. If your put more than a small amount it will destroy the pump.austin hobbs 8 Contributions Will anything happen by putting a small amount of brake fluid in where the power steering goes?you will see some smoke and it will be hard to turn What will happen if you put brake fluid in the power steering on a 2000 Nissan Frontier?well they call it brake fluid for a reason and it works for your brakes.. so get power steering fluid and fill the power steering up with power steering fluid and everything w …Pop Rivet 40,385 Contributions Age 66. Retired after 45+ years in the automotive and truck mechanical repair trade What happens if you put brake fluid in with power steering fluid? Not a good idea. I would have the power steering system flushed. In the long term it may lead to premature pump failure. Tonyjo95 2,294 Contributions Accidentally put brake fluid into power steering? You are lucky today. The other way round is a problem,steering fluid into brakes can be a costly repair. Just smile and pretend you knew all along. Archangel dmitry 7,748 Contributions What happens if you put engine fluid in power steering fluid? You will screw your steering system. You need to flush steering system ASAP. And of course do not drive with engine oil in steering. What would happen if you drove your car after adding power steering fluid to brake fluid? If the fluid causes the rubber in the Master Cylinder, you can lose your braking ability. The rubber seals in there are designed to cause pressure one way and allow the oil to …P Torquemada 54,812 Contributions Polymer/Physical/Computational Chemist Answered In Brake Fluid and Lubrication What happens if you put brake fluid in the power steering system? Bad juju. Don't do it. If you've already done it, you'll probably have to have the power steering system flushed; brake fluid has significantly different characteristics from …Gotanthony48 13 Contributions Answered In Brake Fluid and Lubrication Can you put power steering fluid in quad brakes? No you can not. If you do it can ruin your quad brakes and possibly your engine. If you do and something goes wrong you could have to spend a lot of money to get it fixed if t …Answered In Brake Fluid and Lubrication What will happen to a 97 jeep wrangler if you accidentally put stp power steering fluid in the brake fluid reservoir? You sir are an idiot. Archangel dmitry 7,748 Contributions Answered In Brake Fluid and Lubrication What would happen if you put brake fluid in the power steering? Your power steering will fail because brake fluid is poor lubricant. Joshua Selvidge 15 Contributions Answered In Brake Fluid and Lubrication What happens when you put brake fluid in the power steering spot? Most likely the brake fluid will corrode and eat-away the seals on your power steering system. Brake fluid has a mineral in it that the rubber seals of the PS system can't h …
Arithmetic logic unit Although an ALU can be designed to perform complex functions, the resulting higher circuit complexity, cost, power consumption and larger size makes this impractical in many cases. Consequently, ALUs are often limited to simple functions that can be executed at very high speeds (i.e., very short propagation delays), and the external processor circuitry is responsible for performing complex functions by orchestrating a sequence of simpler ALU operations.
Sweden -LRB- Konungariket Sverige -RRB- , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund . At 450295 km2 , Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area , with a total population of 10.0 million . Sweden consequently has a low population density of 22 PD/km2 , with the highest concentration in the southern half of the country . Approximately 85 % of the population lives in urban areas . Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times , emerging into history as the Geats/G ötar and Swedes/Svear and constituting the sea peoples known as the Norsemen . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence , that in spite of this still retains warm continental summers . Today , Sweden is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , with a monarch as head of state . The capital city is Stockholm , which is also the most populous city in the country . Legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag . Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister . Sweden is a unitary state , currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities . Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages . In the 17th century , it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire , which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century . Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries , ending with the annexation of present-day Finland by Russia in 1809 . The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814 , when Norway was militarily forced into personal union . Since then , Sweden has been at peace , maintaining an official policy of neutrality in foreign affairs . The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905 , leading to Sweden 's current borders . Though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars , Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts , such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe . After the end of the Cold War , Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 , but declined NATO membership , as well as Eurozone membership following a referendum . It is also a member of the United Nations , the Nordic Council , Council of Europe , the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development -LRB- OECD -RRB- . Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens . It has the world 's eighth-highest per capita income and ranks highly in numerous metrics of national performance , including quality of life , health , education , protection of civil liberties , economic competitiveness , equality , prosperity and human development .
History of Boxing History of Boxing You are here: Home / About Fight Club® / History of Boxing History of Boxing History of boxing: Boxing is a sport of fighting with fists, also called pugilism (literally fist fight) and prizefighting (in other words, the fight for prizes/money). Boxing has been included in the Olympic Games program since 1904. For centuries people used their fists to resolve disputes before someone thought of organizing such fights as entertainment. BC Period There is a clear evidence that boxing existed as early as 1500 BC, on the Crete Island. The modern researchers insist that such duels had been known even earlier than that, in Africa, specifically in the region of modern Ethiopia. The hieroglyphic scriptures dated back to the year 4000 BC revealed the popularity of this sport throughout the Nile Plateau and all over the Egypt, after the latter had conquered Ethiopia. The enhancement of the Egyptian civilization through the Mediterranean region and the Middle East caused boxing to spread its influence. In the year 686 BC boxing became an essential part of the Olympics. However, ancient boxing barely resembles the sport we admire today. All fights were carried out on open plots, where the spectators formed a living arena. The fight normally lasted until one of the opponents was seriously injured. Although the first boxers primarily fought for glory, the winner was also granted the gold, livestock or other trophies. To protect wrists and hands the fighters braided their fists and sometimes two thirds of their forearms with thin soft leather straps. By the 4th century BC the straps were made of harder leather and were used not just as an arm protection gadget but turned the fists into the kind of assault weapon. Later, in the Roman Empire, the leather straps were armored with special copper and iron brackets used in gladiators’ fights which usually ended with the death of one of the fighters. Minoan youths boxing, Akrotiri (Santorini) fresco. Earliest documented use of 'gloves'. Common Era With the spread of Christianity and the collapse of the Roman Empire, fist fights ceased to exist as an entertainment and were forgotten for several centuries. The first official bout was registered in England in 1681. And since 1698 regularly scheduled boxing matches were conducted in the Royal Theater in London. Gradually London became the center for provincial boxing champions seeking fame, glory and money. That very reason was an incentive for the boxing development in London in particular. In those bouts each boxer’s remuneration as well as the percentage of stakes gambled by spectators were settled. The fighters did not use gloves and did not follow common rules. Weight classification was not determined, which resulted in only one Champion announcement. The lightweight boxers were often beaten. Though rounds were determined, a fight usually lasted until one of the opponents was unable to continue the fight. It was not prohibited to attack an opponent even after he fell to the ground. These conditions existed until mid-XVI century. Despite the fact that the boxing was outlawed, it was gaining more and more popularity. In 1719, James Figg, the favorite of the public and the winner of many boxing matches, was proclaimed the Champion of England and held the title for fifteen years. Jack Brownton, one of James Figg’s followers, made an attempt to turn fist-fighting matches of the time into real athletic competition. In 1743 Jack Brownton wrote the first Code of Rules, and those rules, with minor modifications, were used until 1838, when they were replaced by the updated ‘London Prize Ring Rules’. Broughton abolished the fighting methods widely used by his predecessors (mostly the tactics of drunkard’s boozy brawls in pubs), giving the preference to hands fight only. The boxers were forbidden to punch beneath the waist. Under Brownton’s rules, the fight lasted until one of the fighters was knocked down. If he then was unable to enter the ring and take his stand within one-yard range from his opponent, he was conside
Oosaravelli (English: "Chameleon" ) is a 2011 Telugu romantic thriller film directed by Surender Reddy. It stars N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and Tamannaah Bhatia in the lead roles and Shaam, Prakash Raj, Payal Ghosh, Murali Sharma, Jaya Prakash Reddy and Rahman in supporting roles. The score and soundtrack for the film is composed by Devi Sri Prasad. The film released across 1,800 screens worldwide. It broke previous tollywood records of highest opening day gross by grossing () . This film is inspired from Chinese-French film "Vengeance" (2009). The film is remade into Bengali in 2013 as "Rocky", directed by Sujit Mondal, starring Mahaakshay Chakraborty and Pooja Bose. This movie is dubbed in Hindi as "Mar Mitenge".
Whatâs the difference between bursitis and arthritis? What’s the difference between bursitis and arthritis? Tue., Sept. 30, 2008By Peter H. Gott, M. D. Twitter Facebook Email Reddit Dear Dr. Gott: Please discuss the difference between bursitis and arthritis. I went to my orthopedic doctor because of pain in my hip. It starts in the joint and travels down the thigh and is especially painful at the tendon along the shinbone. I also have right-leg weakness when pressure is applied or when walking upstairs. He said the pain was caused by bursitis, not arthritis. He showed me an exercise to try and told me to continue my regular walks. I take over-the-counter pain relievers, and I use castor oil and Castiva. Should I continue using these joint medicines, or should I use muscle creams to relieve the nighttime pain? I am 88 and do not consider this worthy of surgery, but it would be nice to sleep though the night. I’m tired of having to wake up to take another pill. Dear Reader: Arthritis and bursitis can be difficult to differentiate. Arthritis is joint inflammation with associated degeneration of connective tissue and bone. Bursitis is inflammation of the bursa, a sac-like cavity surrounding joints that is filled with fluid that reduces friction caused by movement. There are more than 150 bursa in the body. Most people have heard the term “water on the knee.” This is often caused by bursitis. Arthritis is common in weight-bearing joints such as the hips and knees. Bursitis is common in the shoulders, elbows, big toe and hips. Direct trauma, joint infection or muscle stress and arthritis are common causes of bursitis. Arthritis is generally caused by age-related wearing of cartilage and connective tissues, leading to bone degeneration. It can also be caused by autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. Gout is a common cause of arthritis. Treatment is similar for both arthritis and bursitis. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen or naproxen sodium, ice, rest and steroid injections make up the primary course of therapy. If infection is the cause, treatment with antibiotics is necessary. For severe cases that last longer than a few weeks or if you have major swelling, the bursa may need to be drained. In rare cases, removal may be necessary. Return to your orthopedist and ask for an X-ray if you have not had one already. Bursitis will not show on the film, but other causes, such as arthritis, can be ruled out. Given your age, the most likely cause of your bursitis is age-related osteoarthritis. If you like, get a second opinion from another orthopedic specialist. You can then compare the results and go from there. To give you related information, I am sending you a copy of my Health Report “Understanding Osteoarthritis.” Other readers who would like a copy should send a self-addressed, stamped No. 10 envelope and $2 to Newsletter, PO Box 167, Wickliffe, OH 44092. Be sure to mention the title. Dr. Gott writes for United Media. If readers would like to contact Dr. Gott, they may write him c/o United Media, 200 Madison Ave., Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10016. Published: Sept. 30, 2008, midnight Subscribe and login to the Spokesman-Review to read and comment on this story
East High School (Salt Lake City) Most of the Disney Channel film High School Musical was filmed at East High School. The opening scenes of its first sequel High School Musical 2 (including the film's opening number, "What Time Is It?") were also filmed at East High. Additional filming took place in Saint George. The filming of the second sequel High School Musical 3: Senior Year began at East High on May 3, 2008.
Judy Greer -LRB- born Judith Therese Evans ; July 20 , 1975 -RRB- is an American actress , model and author , known for several television and film roles . On television , her best known roles include Kitty Sanchez on Arrested Development , Ingrid Nelson/Fatty Magoo on It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia , Trixie on Californication , and Cheryl Tunt on the animated comedy series Archer . In film , Greer is known for several supporting roles in romantic comedies , with appearances in What Women Want -LRB- 2000 -RRB- , The Wedding Planner -LRB- 2001 -RRB- , 13 Going on 30 -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , 27 Dresses -LRB- 2008 -RRB- and Love and Other Drugs -LRB- 2010 -RRB- . Her other film appearances include roles in The Descendants -LRB- 2011 -RRB- , Carrie -LRB- 2013 -RRB- and Jurassic World -LRB- 2015 -RRB- . In 2011 , Greer began hosting an online series of workout videos called Reluctantly Healthy , which was adapted into a series by Litton Entertainment in 2014 as part of their Saturday morning One Magnificent Morning block for The CW . 2014 also saw the publication of her first book , I Do n't Know What You Know Me From : Confessions of a Co-Star .
By about 1910,[note 1] bound collections of empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover, similar to a photograph album, were sold as record albums that customers could use to store their records (the term "record album" was printed on some covers). These albums came in both 10-inch and 12-inch sizes. The covers of these bound books were wider and taller than the records inside, allowing the record album to be placed on a shelf upright, like a book, suspending the fragile records above the shelf and protecting them.
Most records at NARA are in the public domain, as works of the federal government are excluded from copyright protection. However, records from other sources may still be protected by copyright or donor agreements. Executive Order 13526 directs originating agencies to declassify documents if possible before shipment to NARA for long-term storage, but NARA also stores some classified documents until they can be declassified. Its Information Security Oversight Office monitors and sets policy for the U.S. government's security classification system.
The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differences among human groups became a focus of scientific investigation. But the scientific classification of phenotypic variation was frequently coupled with racist ideas about innate predispositions of different groups, always attributing the most desirable features to the White, European race and arranging the other races along a continuum of progressively undesirable attributes. The 1735 classification of Carl Linnaeus, inventor of zoological taxonomy, divided the human race Homo sapiens into continental varieties of europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, and afer, each associated with a different humour: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic, respectively. Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active, acute, and adventurous, whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty, lazy, and careless.
11 Advertising Slogans That Became Catch-Phrases \| Mental Floss 11 Advertising Slogans That Became Catch-Phrases YouTube Like us on Facebook Back in the days when there were only three TV channels to choose from and no way to fast-forward through the commercials, advertising slogans stuck with us and were regularly repeated in daily conversation (just like those mad men on Madison Avenue hoped). Today’s rapid-fire special effects-laden spots don’t seem to have the memorability factor of yesteryear’s Clio winners. See how many of these phrases you’ve uttered yourself, even when you no longer remembered the context or product. 1. Try It! You’ll Like It! This 1971 Alka-Seltzer was one of the first created by the then-new Wells, Rich, Greene advertising agency. The tag phrase soon took on a life of its own (how many mothers used it to convince their picky eaters to eat their broccoli?) and helped to get the commercial elected to the Clio Awards Classic Hall of Fame. 2. I Can’t Believe I Ate The Whole Thing A year after their “Try it, you’ll like it” triumph, Wells, Rich, Greene came up with another memorable phrase to promote Alka-Seltzer: “I can’t believe I ate the whole thing.” The line, moaned in the TV spot by poor, miserable Ralph to his sleepy wife, came to copywriter Howie Cohen after overindulging at a dinner party. 3. Ancient Chinese Secret Many folks remember the tag line but not the product from this long-running ad that debuted in 1972. The “secret” being hawked was Calgon, a water softening powder that allegedly helped get laundry 30 percent whiter when added to your regular detergent. 4. Calgon, Take Me Away! Softer bath water apparently was the key to washing away the daily stress of traffic, screaming kids, barking dogs, and cranky husbands. The original Calgon bath powder was just a slightly different version of the softening agent sold for laundry use (the product name is a portmanteau of Calcium Gone), but later the line was expanded to include foaming milk baths and scented salts. 5. You’re Soaking In It “Dishpan hands” were the bane of every homemaker’s life before automatic dishwashers became standard kitchen equipment (according to the 2010 Census, 65 percent of American kitchens were equipped with a dishwasher). Rubber gloves provide a solid protective barrier between hot water, detergent, and human flesh, but apparently that was just too utilitarian a solution for the manufacturers of dishwashing liquid. Many brands, such as Vel and Ivory Liquid, boasted that their lack of “harsh chemicals” was gentler on hands than other soaps, but Palmolive took it a step further and positioned their dish soap on the same level as pricey moisturizers. Take it from Madge, the all-knowing manicurist: That pretty green stuff softens your hands while you scrub pots and pans. 6. Don’t Leave Home Without It This catchy phrase was coined in 1975 by the Ogilvy and Mather agency as “Don’t leave home without them.” “Them,” in this case, referred to American Express Traveler’s Checks, and the somber warning was delivered by actor Karl Malden, who was co-starring as a hard-boiled homicide detective on The Streets of San Francisco at the time. Eventually American Express altered the phrase to promote their credit card (using the successful “Do you know me?” campaign). 7. It’s Not Nice to Fool Mother Nature Stuffing or potatoes? Tastes great/less filling? When it comes to culinary feuds, one of the longest-running and still enduring has to be butter versus margarine. Today, the argument mainly breaks down into a nutritional trans-fat, polyunsaturated technical-type debate. But back in the early 1970s, consumers cared more that their margarine-of-choice tasted like the butter it was 33 percent less expensive than. 8. How Do You Spell Relief? This tag line was a gold mine for stand-up comedians of the era, who spelled relief from L-I-Q-U-O-R to things we can’t mention here. However, the “relief” sought in this case was for acid indigestion, and Rolaids was the remedy. The minty antacids lost a lot of market share after H2 blockers
How Did Bolivia Get Its Name and Which Famous Person Is Bolivia Named After? @ Super Beefy \| Filed Under: Geography Leave a Comment Bolivia is named after the Venezuelan general Simon Bolivar, who helped the former Spanish colony gain its independence in 1825. Simon Bolivar is considered to be a great liberator in South America, and he inspired many leaders to fight to free the continent from Spanish control. Bolivia has struggled through periods of political instability, dictatorships and economic woes since the 16th century. The country’s economic activities include agriculture, forestry, fishing, manufacturing, and has rich mineral deposits, especially tin. About 10 million people live in Bolivia. Read More Also, any literature on baseball written in the 1800's does not credit Abner Doubleday with the invention either. But if my... 2016-12-28T23:28:08+00:00 I'm not saying that whoever wrote this did not research this at all but I am saying this explanation of the origins of baseball... 2016-12-28T23:19:30+00:00 IT TOOK ME OVER WINTER BREAK 12 DAYS 3 HOURS 5 MINUTES AND 36 SECONDS. 2016-12-28T02:49:36+00:00 The math here is false. The fundation of how this was worked out is how long it takes to count to 100 in seconds; which is fine... 2016-11-08T22:41:08+00:00 I've always wanted to know where that word got its etymology from and what the word truly meant. My parents and grandparents... 2016-10-27T04:26:31+00:00
Heracles \| Hercules Heracles See More Heracles Pictures > Heracles (or Hercules) is best known as the strongest of all mortals , and even stronger than many gods. He was the deciding factor in the triumphant victory of the Olympians over the giants . He was the last mortal son of Zeus , and the only man born of a mortal woman to become a god upon his death. Offsetting his strength was a noticeable lack of intelligence or wisdom. Once, when the temperature was very high, he pulled his bow out and threatened to shoot at the sun. This, coupled with strong emotions in one so powerful, frequently got Heracles in trouble. While his friend and cousin Theseus ruled Athens , Heracles had trouble ruling himself. His pride was easily offended. He took up grudges easily and never forgot them. His appetites for food, wine, and women were as massive as his strength. Many of Heracles ' great deeds occurred while doing penance for stupid acts done in anger or carelessness. It would be easy to view Heracles as a muscle-bound buffoon. Indeed, many of the Greek comedy playwrights used his character this way. Even among serious critics, he was often seen as a primitive, brutal, and violent man. There is much evidence to support this view; his weapon of choice was a massive club; his customary garment was a lion skin, with the head still attached; he impiously wounded some of the gods; he threatened a priestess of Apollo at Delphi when an answer to his questions was not forthcoming. He created most of his own problems. However, viewing Heracles as simply a strong buffoon is unfair. He may have held grudges, but he would also do anything to help a friend. Once his anger passed, he was the most critical judge of his own actions. He was too strong for anyone to force a punishment on him. That he willing did severe penance shows a fundamental sense of justice. During his punishments he showed patience, fortitude and endurance that were as heroic as his strength. Terrible things happened to him because of Hera 's hatred, a hatred that he was not responsible for. That he persevered through it all was a moral victory beyond simple strength. The view of Heracles shifted considerable over time. The early view focused on how badly he managed despite his obvious gifts. As time passed the focus shifted to his virtues. The Romans valued him highly as he best fit their idea of a hero . He eventually had a fair sized cult that worshiped him as a god. Heracles Is also called Hercules.
Slovenia -LRB- -LSB- sloʊˈviːniə , _ slə - , _ - njə -RSB- ; Slovenija -LSB- slɔˈʋéːnija -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Republic of Slovenia -LRB- Slovene : , abbr. : RS -RRB- , is a nation state in southern Central Europe , located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes . It is bordered by Italy to the west , Austria to the north , Hungary to the northeast , Croatia to the south and southeast , and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest . It covers 20,273 km2 and has a population of 2.06 million . It is a parliamentary republic and a member of the United Nations , European Union , and NATO . The capital and largest city is Ljubljana . The territory is mostly mountainous with a mainly continental climate , with the exception of the Slovene Littoral that has a sub-Mediterranean climate and the north-western area that has an Alpine climate . Additionally , the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Plain meet on the territory of Slovenia . The country , marked by a significant biological diversity , is one of the most water-rich in Europe , with a dense river network , a rich aquifer system , and significant karst underground watercourses . Over half of the territory is covered by forest . The human settlement of Slovenia is dispersed and uneven . Slovenia has historically been the crossroads of South Slavic , Germanic , Romance , and Hungarian languages and culture . Although the population is not homogeneous , the majority is Slovene . South Slavic language Slovene is the official language throughout the country . Slovenia is a largely secularized country , but its culture and identity have been significantly influenced by Catholicism as well as Lutheranism . The economy of Slovenia is small , open , and export-oriented and has been strongly influenced by international conditions . It has been severely hurt by the Eurozone crisis , started in the late 2000s . The main economic field is services , followed by industry and construction . Historically , the current territory of Slovenia was part of many different state formations , including the Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire , followed by the Habsburg Monarchy . In October 1918 , the Slovenes exercised self-determination for the first time by co-founding the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . In December 1918 , they merged with the Kingdom of Serbia into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes -LRB- renamed Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 -RRB- . During World War II , Slovenia was occupied and annexed by Germany , Italy , and Hungary , with a tiny area transferred to the Independent State of Croatia , a Nazi puppet state . Afterward , it was a founding member of the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia , later renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , a communist state which was the only country in the Eastern Bloc which was never part of the Warsaw Pact . In June 1991 , after the introduction of multi-party representative democracy , Slovenia split from Yugoslavia and became an independent country . In 2004 , it entered NATO and the European Union ; in 2007 became the first formerly communist country to join the Eurozone ; and in 2010 joined the OECD , a global association of high-income developed countries .
If you put enough pressure on the nerves that tells your brain what they're doing or what they should do they stop working. It's sometimes called a "pinched nerve" which isn't a real medical term but still describes what is happening. From [National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke](_URL_0_) > The term "pinched nerve" is a colloquial term and not a true medical term. It is used to describe one type of damage or injury to a nerve or set of nerves. The injury may result from compression, constriction, or stretching. Symptoms include numbness, "pins and needles" or burning sensations, and pain radiating outward from the injured area. One of the most common examples of a single compressed nerve is the feeling of having a foot or hand "fall asleep."
The Murder of Roger Ackroyd is a work of detective fiction by Agatha Christie , first published in June 1926 in the United Kingdom by William Collins , Sons and in the United States by Dodd , Mead and Company on 19 June 1926 . It is the third novel to feature Hercule Poirot as the lead detective . Poirot retires to a village near the home of a friend he met in London , Roger Ackroyd , who agrees to keep him anonymous , as he pursues his retirement project of perfecting vegetable marrows . He is not long at this pursuit when his friend is murdered . Ackroyd 's niece calls Poirot in to ensure that the guilt does not fall on Ackroyd 's son ; Poirot promises to find the truth , which she accepts . The novel was initially well-received , remarked for the startling ending , and in 2013 , 87 years after its release the British Crime Writers ' Association voted it the best crime novel ever . It is one of Christie 's best known and most controversial novels , its innovative twist ending having a significant impact on the genre . Howard Haycraft included this novel in his list of the most influential crime novels ever written . The short biography of Christie which is included in 21st century UK printings of her books calls it her masterpiece , although writer and critic Robert Barnard has written that he considers it a conventional Christie novel .
The US has been servicing debt since 1837, and since the US national debt have never been fully paid off since then, I suppose there could be some debt that have been continiously serviced since then. National debt is a complex issue (and outside of my expertise) and simply paying off the debt have rarely been an option. When GDP rises, so does tax income. Money that could have been used to decrease debt could be better used invested in infrastructure, healthcare and so on which allows the citizens of a country to be more productive longer and thus pay more taxes
JUVENILE COURT JUVENILE COURTMinnesota Rules of Juvenile Protection Procedure Rule 4. Time; Timeline4.01 Computation of Time Unless otherwise provided by statute, the day of the act or event from which the designated period of time begins to run shall not be included in the computation of time. The last day of the period shall be included, unless it is a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, in which event the period runs until the end of the next day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday. When a period of time prescribed or allowed is three (3) days or less, intermediate Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays shall be excluded in the computation. As used in these rules, "legal holiday" includes New Year's Day, Martin Luther King's Birthday, Washington's Birthday (Presidents' Day), Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Veteran's Day, Thanksgiving Day, the day after Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and any other day designated as a holiday by the President, Congress of the United States, or by the State.4.02 Additional Time After Service by U. S. Mail or Other Means Whenever a person has the right or is required to do an act within a prescribed period after service of a notice or other document and the notice or other document is served by U. S. mail, three (3) days shall be added to the prescribed period. If service is made by any means other than U. S. mail and accomplished after 5:00 p.m. local time on the day of service, one (1) additional day shall be added to the prescribed period. (Amended effective January 1, 2004; amended effective July 1, 2015. )4.03 Timeline Subdivision 1. Child in Need of Protection or Services Matters. (a) Emergency Protective Care Hearing. If a child has been removed from the home of the parent or legal custodian pursuant to Rule 28.01, the court shall hold an emergency protective care hearing with seventy-two (72) hours of the child's removal pursuant to Rule 30.01. (b) Admit/Deny Hearing. Pursuant to Rule 34.02, subdivision 1 (a), when the child is removed from home by court order, an admit/deny hearing shall be held within ten (10) days of the date of the emergency protective care hearing. Pursuant to Rule 34.02, subdivision 2 (a), when the child is not removed from home by court order, an admit/deny hearing shall be held no sooner than three (3) days, and no later than twenty (20) days after the parties have been served with the summons and petition. (1) Parent's, Indian Custodian's, or Tribe's Identity Known. In matters governed by the Indian Child Welfare Act, 25 U. S. C. section 1901 et seq., the admit/deny hearing on a petition requesting the foster care placement of an Indian child, the permanent placement of an Indian child, or the termination of parental rights to an Indian child shall not be held until at least ten (10) days after receipt of the notice required under Rule 32.06, 25 U. S. C. section 1912 (a), and Minnesota Statutes, section 260.761, subdivision 3. The parent, Indian custodian, or child's tribe shall, upon request, be granted up to twenty (20) additional days from receipt of the notice to prepare for the admit/deny hearing. (2) Parent's, Indian Custodian's, or Child's Tribe's Identity Unknown. If the identity or location of the parent, Indian custodian, or child's tribe cannot be determined, the notice required under Rule 32.06, 25 U. S. C. section 1912 (a), and Minnesota Statutes, section 260.761, subdivision 3, shall be sent to the Secretary of the Interior who shall have fifteen (15) days to provide the requisite notice to the parent or Indian custodian and the tribe. The admit/deny hearing shall be held at least twenty-five (25) days after receipt of the notice by the Secretary. The parent, Indian custodian, or child's tribe shall, upon request, be granted up to twenty (20) additional days from receipt of the notice to prepare for the admit/deny hearing. (c) Scheduling Order. Pursuant to Rule 6.02, the court shall issue a scheduling order at the admit/deny hearing held pursuant to Rule 34 or within fifteen (15) days of the admit/deny hearing. (d) Pretrial Hearing. Pursuant to Rule 36.01, the court shall convene a pretrial hearing at least ten (10) days prior to trial. (e) Trial. Pursuant to Rule 39.02, subdivision 1 (a), when the statutory grounds set forth in the petition are denied, a trial regarding a child in need of protection or services matter shall commence within sixty (60) days from the date of the emergency protective care hearing or the admit/deny hearing, whichever is earlier, and testimony shall be concluded within thirty (30) days from the date of commencement of the trial and whenever possible should be over consecutive days. (f) Findings/Adjudication. Pursuant to Rule 39.05, subdivision 1, within fifteen (15) days of the conclusion of the testimony, during which time the court may require simultaneous written arguments to be filed and served, the court shall issue its findings and order regarding whether one or more statutory grounds set forth in the petition have been proved. The court may extend the period for issuing an order for an additional fifteen (15) days if the court finds that an extension of time is required in the interests of justice and the best interests of the child. (g) Disposition. Pursuant to Rule 41.02, to the extent practicable, the court shall conduct a disposition hearing and enter a disposition order the same day it makes a finding that the statutory grounds set forth in the petition have been proved. In the event disposition is not ordered at the same time as the adjudication, the disposition order shall be issued within ten (10) days of the date the court finds the statutory grounds set forth in the petition have been proved. (h) Review of Legal Custody. When the disposition is transfer of legal custody to the responsible social services agency pursuant to Rule 41.06, the court shall conduct a review hearing at least every ninety (90) days to review whether foster care is necessary and continues to be appropriate or whether the child should be returned to the home of the parent or legal custodian from whom the child was removed. Any party or the county attorney may request a review hearing before ninety (90) days. (i) Review of Protective Supervision. When the disposition is protective supervision pursuant to Rule 41.06, subdivision 1, the court shall review the disposition in court at least every six (6) months from the date of the disposition. Subd. 2. Permanent Placement Matters - Notice of Timeline for Permanency Proceedings. In the case of a child who is alleged or found to be to be in need of protection or services and ordered into foster care or the home of a noncustodial or nonresident parent, and where reasonable efforts for reunification are required, pursuant to Rule 42.01, subdivision 1, the court in its first order placing the child in foster care or the home of a noncustodial or nonresident parent shall set the date or deadline for the admit/deny hearing commencing permanent placement determination proceedings and the permanency progress review hearing. Pursuant to Rule 42.01, subdivision 5, not later than when the court sets the date or deadline for the admit/deny hearing commencing the permanent placement determination proceedings and the permanency progress review hearing, the court shall notify the parties and participants of the following requirements: (a) Requirement of Six (6) Month Permanency Progress Review Hearing. Pursuant to Rule 42.01, subdivision 5 (a), and Minnesota Statutes, section 260C.204, the court shall conduct a permanency progress review hearing not later than six (6) months after the child is placed in foster care or in the home of a noncustodial or nonresident parent to review the progress of the case, the parent's progress on the out-of-home placement plan, and the provision of services. (b) Requirement of Twelve (12) Month Hearing. Pursuant to Rule 42.01, subdivision 5 (b), and Minnesota Statutes, section 260C.503, the court shall commence permanent placement determination proceedings to determine the permanent status of the child not later than twelve (12) months after the child is placed in foster care or in the home of a noncustodial or nonresident parent. Subd. 3. Termination of Parental Rights and Other Permanent Placement Matters at Twelve (12) Months. (a) Admit/Deny Hearing. Pursuant to Rule 34.02, subdivision 1 (b), an admit/deny hearing shall be held not less than ten (10) days after service of the summons and petition upon the parties. (1) Parent's, Indian Custodian's, or Child's Tribe's Identity Known. In matters governed by the Indian Child Welfare Act, 25 U. S. C. section 1901 et seq., the admit/deny hearing on a petition requesting the foster care placement of an Indian child, the permanent placement of an Indian child, or the termination of parental rights to an Indian child shall not be held until at least ten (10) days after receipt of the notice required under Rule 32.06, 25 U. S. C. section 1912 (a), and Minnesota Statutes, section 260.761, subdivision 3. The parent, Indian custodian, or child's tribe shall, upon request, be granted up to twenty (20) additional days from receipt of the notice to prepare for the admit/deny hearing. (2) Parent's, Indian Custodian's, or Child's Tribe's Identity Unknown. If the identity or location of the parent, Indian custodian, or child's tribe cannot be determined, the notice required under Rule 32.06, 25 U. S. C. section 1912 (a), and Minnesota Statutes, section 260.761, subdivision 3, shall be sent to the Secretary of the Interior who shall have fifteen (15) days to provide the requisite notice to the parent or Indian custodian and the tribe. The admit/deny hearing shall be held at least twenty-five (25) days after receipt of the notice by the Secretary. The parent, Indian custodian, or child's tribe shall, upon request, be granted up to twenty (20) additional days from receipt of the notice to prepare for the admit/deny hearing. (b) Pretrial Hearing. Pursuant to Rule 36.01, the court shall convene a pretrial hearing at least ten (10) days prior to trial. (c) Trial. Pursuant to Rule 39.02, subdivision 1 (c), a trial regarding a termination of parental rights matter or other permanent placement matter shall commence within sixty (60) days of the first scheduled admit/deny hearing and testimony shall be concluded within thirty (30) days from the date of commencement of the trial and whenever possible should be over consecutive days. (d) Findings/Adjudication. Pursuant to Rule 39.05, subdivision 1, within fifteen (15) days of the conclusion of the testimony, during which time the court may require simultaneous written arguments to be filed and served, the court shall issue its findings and order regarding whether the statutory grounds set forth in the petition have or have not been proved. The court may extend the period for issuing an order for an additional fifteen (15) days if the court finds that an extension of time is required in the interests of justice and the best interests of the child. (e) Post-Permanency Review Hearings. (1) If the court orders termination of parental rights and adoption as the permanency plan, pursuant to Rule 42.08, subdivision 5, the court shall conduct a review hearing ninety (90) days from the date of the termination of parental rights order is filed, and at least every ninety (90) days thereafter, for the purpose of reviewing the progress towards finalization of the adoption. (2) If the court orders transfer of permanent legal and physical custody to a relative, pursuant to Rule 42.07, subdivisions 3 and 7, the court may order further in-court review hearings at such intervals as it determines to be in the best interests of the child to ensure that the appropriate services are being delivered to the child and permanent legal physical custodian or that conditions ordered by the court relating to the care and custody of the child are met. (3) If the court orders permanent custody to the agency, pursuant to Rule 42.12, subdivision 3, the court shall review the matter in court at least every twelve (12) months to consider whether long-term foster care continues to be the best permanent plan for the child. (4) If the court orders temporary custody to the agency, pursuant to Rule 42.13, subdivision 3, not later than twelve (12) months after the child was ordered into foster care for a specified period of time the matter shall be returned to court for a review of the appropriateness of continuing the child in foster care and of the responsible social service agency's reasonable efforts to finalize a permanent plan for the child. (f) Review When Child Removed from Permanent Placement Within One (1) Year. Pursuant to Rule 42.15, subdivision 1, if a child is removed from a permanent placement disposition within one year after the placement was made: (1) the child shall be returned to the foster home where the child was placed immediately preceding the permanent placement; or (2) the court shall conduct a hearing within ten (10) days after the child is removed from the permanent placement to determine where the child is to be placed. Subd. 4. Hearing for Child on a Trial Home Visit. Pursuant to Rule 42.01, subdivision 2, when the child has been ordered on a trial home visit which continues at the time the court is required to commence permanent placement determination proceedings under Rule 42.01, within twelve (12) months of the date a child is placed in foster care the court shall hold a hearing pursuant to Rule 42.13 to determine the continued status of the child. Subd. 5. Cases Where Reasonable Efforts For Reunification Are Not Required. Pursuant to Rule 42.01, subdivision 6, when the court finds that the petition states a prima facie case that at least one of the circumstances under Minnesota Statutes, section 260.012, paragraph (a), and Rule 30.09, subdivision 3, exists where reasonable efforts for reunification are not required, the court shall order that an admit/deny hearing under Rule 34 be conducted within thirty (30) days and a trial be conducted within ninety (90) days of its prima facie finding. Unless a permanency or termination of parental rights petition under Rule 33 has already been filed, the county attorney requesting the prima facie determination shall file a permanency or termination of parental rights petition that permits the completion of service by the court at least ten (10) days prior to the admit/deny hearing. (Amended effective January 1, 2004; amended effective January 1, 2007; amended effective August 1, 2009; amended effective July 1, 2014. )1999 Advisory Committee Comment (amended 2003, 2009)The timeline set forth in Rule 4.03 is intended as an overall guide for juvenile protection matters and is based upon the requirements of Minnesota Statutes, sections 260C.176; 260C.201, subdivisions 10 and 11; 260C.178, subdivision 6; the Indian Child Welfare Act, 25 U. S. C. sections 1901 to 1963; and the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997, 42 U. S. C. sections 601, 603, 622, 629, 653, 675, 670-679, and 1320. Specific time requirements are set forth in each individual rule. Rule 4.03, subdivision 1, sets forth the timeline for child in need of protection or services matters. The following timeline is an example of how a case would proceed if it related to a non-Indian child who has been removed from the child's home: Day Event1 Child removed from home3 Emergency Protective Care Hearing3-13 Admit/Deny Hearing14-53 Pretrial Hearing63 Trial79 Findings/Adjudication79-88 Disposition Hearing168-178 Disposition Review Hearing180 Permanency Progress Review Hearing258-268 Disposition Review Hearing335 Permanency Petition Filed348-358 Disposition Review Hearing365 Admit/Deny Hearing on Permanency Petition455+ Post-Permanency Review Hearings (if appropriate)4.04 Sanctions for Violation The court may impose sanctions upon any county attorney, party, or counsel for a party who willfully fails to follow the timelines set forth in these rules.4.05 Application of Timing Provisions The timing provisions set forth in this rule are subject to the continuance provisions of Rule 5 and any other timing provisions set forth in each specific rule. (Amended effective August 1, 2009.)
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare The story takes place in the year 2011, where a radical leader has executed the president of an unnamed country in the Middle East, and an ultranationalist movement ignites a civil war in Russia. The conflicts are seen from the perspectives of a U.S. Force Reconnaissance Marine and a British SAS commando, and are set in various locales, such as the United Kingdom, the Middle East, Azerbaijan, Russia, and Ukraine. The multiplayer portion of the game features various game modes, and contains a leveling system that allows the player to unlock additional weapons, weapon attachments, and camouflage schemes as they advance.
Kate Austen In the Sideways, Kate remembers her life when she helps deliver Aaron at the concert. Kate waits at the concert so she can reunite with Jack. She finds him and tells him "I've missed you so much", a reference that she probably lived a long life after leaving the Island and missed Jack profoundly. Jack eventually awakens and remembers Kate and his friends. Together with Jack at her side, they move on together.
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran The Iranians had little time to organise a defence, as the Allies achieved a tactical surprise.[2] The war began in the early morning hours of 25 August, when RAF aircraft entered Iranian airspace. They bombed targets in the cities of Tehran and Qazvin and various other towns and dropped leaflets urging the Iranians to surrender. The Soviets bombed targets in cities such as Tabriz, Ardabil and Rasht. Civilian and residential areas were hit, and several hundred people were killed and wounded.[2][17] Reza Shah refused requests by his generals to destroy the road and transportation networks, largely because he did not want to damage the infrastructure that he had painstakingly built during his reign. That contributed to the speedy victory of the Allies.[2]
The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, although the northern (primarily Germany, France and Great Britain) and southern universities (primarily Italy) did have many elements in common. Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics; while Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna were used for medicine. Outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter. Italian universities focused on law and medicine, while the northern universities focused on the arts and theology. There were distinct differences in the quality of instruction in these areas which were congruent with their focus, so scholars would travel north or south based on their interests and means. There was also a difference in the types of degrees awarded at these universities. English, French and German universities usually awarded bachelor's degrees, with the exception of degrees in theology, for which the doctorate was more common. Italian universities awarded primarily doctorates. The distinction can be attributed to the intent of the degree holder after graduation – in the north the focus tended to be on acquiring teaching positions, while in the south students often went on to professional positions. The structure of northern universities tended to be modeled after the system of faculty governance developed at the University of Paris. Southern universities tended to be patterned after the student-controlled model begun at the University of Bologna. Among the southern universities, a further distinction has been noted between those of northern Italy, which followed the pattern of Bologna as a "self-regulating, independent corporation of scholars" and those of southern Italy and Iberia, which were "founded by royal and imperial charter to serve the needs of government."
Watch The Sarah Jane Adventures Episodes Online \| SideReel Recaps 30 minutes The Sarah Jane Adventures is a British television series, starring Elisabeth Sladen and created by Russell T. Davies. The programme is a spin-off of the long-running BBC science fiction programme Doctor Who (2005), and focuses on the adventures of an investigative journalist, Sarah Jane Smith, and is set in Ealing. Elisabeth Sladen reprises her role as Sarah Jane Smith and is back in action, discovering alien plots to take over the world, or simply helping a lost one get home... Sarah Jane and her new friend Maria Jackson, and her newly (and genetically grown) adopted son Luke Smith have no problem taking on any challenge! Get a free account 30 minutes The Sarah Jane Adventures is a British television series, starring Elisabeth Sladen and created by Russell T. Davies. The programme is a spin-off of the long-running BBC science fiction programme Doctor Who (2005), and focuses on the adventures of an investigative journalist, Sarah Jane Smith, and is set in Ealing. Elisabeth Sladen reprises her role as Sarah Jane Smith and is back in action, discovering alien plots to take over the world, or simply helping a lost one get home... Sarah Jane and her new friend Maria Jackson, and her newly (and genetically grown) adopted son Luke Smith have no problem taking on any challenge!
A man was shot and killed at the Al Hamra restaurant on 16th Street between Mission and Valencia on Monday afternoon, police said. At around 4:40 p.m., police responded to the shooting and found a man with apparent gunshot wounds to his torso, said San Francisco Police Department spokesman Sgt. Michael Andraychak. The victim was declared dead at the scene. Andraychak did not immediately say whether a suspect was in custody. By 6:45 p.m., 16th Street between Julian and Valencia streets was taped off, as homicide investigators pored over the scene. A truck belonging to the San Francisco Medical Examiner also waited. A gurney went inside the restaurant. One witness, who asked not to be named, said they saw a man shoot inside the restaurant — but could not say the number of shots. This is a breaking story and will be updated if and when more information becomes available.
USS Constitution is a wooden-hulled , three-masted heavy frigate of the United States Navy , named by President George Washington after the Constitution of the United States of America . She is the world 's oldest commissioned naval vessel afloat . Constitution was launched in 1797 , one of six original frigates authorized for construction by the Naval Act of 1794 and the third constructed . Joshua Humphreys designed the frigates to be the young Navy 's capital ships , and so Constitution and her sisters were larger and more heavily armed and built than standard frigates of the period . Constitution was built in the North End of Boston , Massachusetts at Edmund Hartt 's shipyard . Her first duties with the newly formed U.S. Navy were to provide protection for American merchant shipping during the Quasi-War with France and to defeat the Barbary pirates in the First Barbary War . Constitution is most noted for her actions during the War of 1812 against the United Kingdom , when she captured numerous merchant ships and defeated five British warships : , , , , and . The battle with Guerriere earned her the nickname of `` Old Ironsides '' and public adoration that has repeatedly saved her from scrapping . She continued to serve as flagship in the Mediterranean and African squadrons , and circled the world in the 1840s . During the American Civil War , she served as a training ship for the United States Naval Academy . She carried American artwork and industrial displays to the Paris Exposition of 1878 . Constitution was retired from active service in 1881 , and served as a receiving ship until designated a museum ship in 1907 . In 1934 , she completed a three-year , 90-port tour of the nation . Constitution sailed under her own power for her 200th birthday in 1997 , and again in August 2012 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of her victory over Guerriere . Constitutions stated mission today is to promote understanding of the Navy 's role in war and peace through educational outreach , historical demonstration , and active participation in public events as part of the Naval History & Heritage Command . As a fully commissioned U.S. Navy ship , her crew of 60 officers and sailors participate in ceremonies , educational programs , and special events while keeping Constitution open to visitors year round and providing free tours . The officers and crew are all active-duty U.S. Navy personnel and the assignment is considered to be special duty in the U.S. Navy . Traditionally , command of the vessel is assigned to a Navy commander . She is usually berthed at Pier 1 of the former Charlestown Navy Yard , at one end of Boston 's Freedom Trail . In May 2015 , Constitution entered Dry Dock 1 to begin a three-year restoration program .

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