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Pesticides safety education and pesticide applicator regulation are designed to protect the public from pesticide misuse, but do not eliminate all misuse. Reducing the use of pesticides and choosing less toxic pesticides may reduce risks placed on society and the environment from pesticide use. Integrated pest management, the use of multiple approaches to control pests, is becoming widespread and has been used with success in countries such as Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, the U.S., Australia, and Mexico. IPM attempts to recognize the more widespread impacts of an action on an ecosystem, so that natural balances are not upset. New pesticides are being developed, including biological and botanical derivatives and alternatives that are thought to reduce health and environmental risks. In addition, applicators are being encouraged to consider alternative controls and adopt methods that reduce the use of chemical pesticides.
The Secret Life of Us is a three-time silver Logie Award-winning Australian television drama series set in the beachside suburb of St Kilda , Melbourne , Australia . The series was produced by Southern Star Group and screened in Australia from 2001 to 2005 on Network Ten and on Channel 4 in the UK . Initially co-funded by the two networks , Channel 4 pulled out after the third series and the fourth series was not aired in the UK . It is primarily a drama with some comedic moments . It has been shown in other countries such as New Zealand -LRB- TV3 -RRB- , Ireland -LRB- RTÉ Two -RRB- , Canada -LRB- SuperChannel3 -RRB- , the Netherlands -LRB- Yorin -RRB- , France -LRB- Canal Plus , France 4 -RRB- , Estonia -LRB- ETV , Kanal 11 -RRB- , Norway -LRB- NRK -RRB- , Serbia -LRB- B92 , TV Avala -RRB- , Russia -LRB- TNT , Muz TV -RRB- , Israel -LRB- Channel 2 -RRB- , and United States -LRB- Hulu -RRB- .
Sex and the City (film) The film was prominently shot in New York between Septemberâ€“December 2007.[8][9] The locations included a number of places around Manhattan and a certain portion was shot in Steiner Studios and Silvercup Studios. The shooting was continually interrupted by paparazzi and onlookers with the security and police authorities employed in order to control the crowd.[10] Efforts were taken to keep the film's plot secret, including the shooting of multiple endings.[11] As a defense strategy, scenes shot in public or in presence of number of extras were termed by Ryan Jonathan Healy and the main cast as "dream sequences."[12]
Kaia Kaia What does the name Kaia mean? The different meanings of the name Kaia are: Greek meaning: Pure Estonian meaning: Echo The meaning of the name “Kaia” is different in several languages, countries and cultures and has more than one possibly same or different meanings available. Categories: Scandinavian Names Used in: English speaking countries Gender: Girl Names Origins: Estonian, Greek Starts with: KPronunciation: (KY ya) Form of: Kaja Considering Kaia as a Baby Name? The first thing you should know if you are considering Kaia for your baby's name is that in most countries all over the world the name Kaia is a girl name. The name Kaia is of Estonian, Greek origins, which means it has more than one root, and is used mostly in English speaking countries but also in a few other countries and languages of the world. If you consider naming your baby Kaia we recommend you take note of the special meaning and history of the name as your baby’s name will play a big role in its life and your baby will hear it spoken every day. Searching for a name is a very important and fun process as it’s the very first gift you will give to your baby. Many people believe that the name can affect success in life, through their children's working career and other circumstances, so they choose more “respectable” names or name meanings as they believe that the name meaning reflects the personality of the child. Kaia Name Meaning The meaning of Kaia has more than one different etymologies. It has same or different meanings in other countries and languages. The different meanings of the name Kaia are: Greek meaning: Pure Estonian meaning: Echo Keep in mind that many names may have different meanings in other countries and languages, so be careful that the name that you choose doesn’t mean something bad or unpleasant. Search comprehensively and find the name meaning of Kaia and its name origin or of any other name in our database. Also note the spelling and the pronunciation of the name Kaia and check the initials of the name with your last name to discover how it looks and sounds. The history and meaning of the name Kaia is fascinating, learn more about it. (If you know more meanings of the name and you would like to contribute click here to submit another name meaning). Hey! How’s your love life going lately? Get a free love reading & personal horoscope with the most truthful answers. Start to grab every chance for success in your life! Did I mention it’s FREE? (Sponsored Link; 18+ only)Name Kaia Categories The name Kaia is in the Scandinavian Names category. (If you would like to suggest one or more categories for the name, click here ). We have plenty of different baby name categories to search for special meanings plus popular and unique names, search our database before choosing but also note that baby name categories designed to help you and not to be an influential factor when choosing a name. Instead, we recommend that you pay a greater attention to the origin and meaning of the name Kaia. Read our baby name articles for useful tips regarding baby names and naming your baby. If you are thinking of giving your baby the beautiful name Kaia, spread the love and share this with your friends. Popularity of the Name Kaia Below you will find the popularity of the baby name Kaia displayed annually, from 1880 to the present day in our name popularity chart. Hover over or click on the dots that represent a year to see how many babies were given the name for that year, for both genders, if available. Kaia Boy Name Popularity Chart Kaia Girl Name Popularity Chart Note: The data above is from the Social Security Administrator of United States, (more info here) from Social Security card applications for births in US for every name, from 1880 up to the present year. The gender associated with the name might be incorrect, as the data presents the record applications without being edited for errors. The name's popularity and ranking is announced annually, so the data for this year will not be available until next year. The more babies that are given a name, the higher popularity ranking the name receives. For names with the same popularity, the tie is solved by assigning popularity rank in alphabetical order. This means that if two or more names have the same popularity their rankings may differ significantly, as they are set in alphabetical order. If a name has less than five occurrences, the SSA excludes it from the provided data to protect privacy. If you’re not sure yet, see our wide selection of both boy names and girl names all over the world to find the ideal name for your new born baby. We offer a comprehensive and meaningful list of popular names and cool names along with the name's origin, meaning, pronunciation, popularity and additional information. Do your research and choose a name wisely, kindly and selflessly. Our research is continuous so that we can deliver a high quality service; our lists are reviewed by our name experts regularly but if you think the information on this page is incorrect or incomplete, please let us know. Use our contact form to submit your suggestions, or leave your comment below. Didn't find what you were looking for? Custom Search If you liked what you read, please share it. It really helps us a lot. Tweet«Kafil »Labhrainn Leave a Reply Your Name Your Email Your Website
Hayden Leslie Panettiere -LRB- born August 21 , 1989 -RRB- is an American actress , model , singer , and activist . She is known for her roles as cheerleader Claire Bennet on the NBC sci-fi series Heroes -LRB- 2006 -- 10 -RRB- , Juliette Barnes in the ABC/CMT musical-drama series Nashville -LRB- 2012 -- present -RRB- and Kairi in the video game series Kingdom Hearts . A native of New York City , she first appeared in a commercial at the age of 11 months . She began her acting career by playing Sarah Roberts on One Life to Live -LRB- 1994 -- 97 -RRB- , and Lizzie Spaulding on Guiding Light -LRB- 1996 -- 2000 -RRB- , before starring at age 10 as Sheryl Yoast in the Disney feature film Remember the Titans . Other notable roles include her portrayal of the title character in the true crime drama Amanda Knox : Murder on Trial in Italy and Kirby Reed in the slasher film Scream 4 . She received two nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film , for her work on Nashville in 2012 and 2013 .
Mixed-sex education The world's oldest co-educational day and boarding school is Dollar Academy, a junior and senior school for males and females from ages 5 to 18 in Scotland, United Kingdom. From its opening in 1818 the school admitted both boys and girls of the parish of Dollar and the surrounding area. The school continues in existence to the present day with around 1,250 pupils.[1]
Health Benefits of Cucumbers and Cucumber Salad Recipe Health Benefits of Cucumbers and Cucumber Salad Recipe Jan 201329No comments The health benefits of cucumbers are plentiful but it seems they always get a bad rap as a not so healthy vegetable, filled with water and little else. While they do contain a lot of water, the nutritional level and health benefits of cucumbers is quite high. C ucumbers are surprisingly one of the best foods for your body’s overall health. See below their abundant health benefits, along with a flavorful, easy to make, light and refreshing cucumber salad recipe. This lightly spiced cucumber salad makes a perfect accompaniment to almost any meal and is a perfect cleansing detox dish being low in calories and fat, and super nutritious as well. Health Benefits of Cucumbers Cucumbers make you happy. They are a great source of B vitamins and the B’s are known to help reduce stress. They are the feel-good vitamins. Cuumbers replenish your daily vitamins as they contain almost all of the vitamins that you need each day. They contain a broad range of vitamins and are high in magnesium and potassium too. Cucumbers help build bones with their very high level of vitamin K, which is great for bone health and promotes the building of bone mass. Vitamin K has also been found to limit neuron damage in the brain and is often used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Cucumbers high water content is great for detoxing. Cucumbers are 95% water and not just any water. The water found in fruits and vegetables is naturally filtered and super healthy living water, loaded with enzymes. The water in cucumbers is especially good at flushing toxins from the body. Cucumbers are great for weight loss as they are low calorie and filled with water. They have a natural ability to pull toxins from the body and flush out the unhealthy fats. Cucumbers are beneficial for the digestive system. Their high water content and dietary fiber work together to help with digestion. Also, cucumbers ability to chase away toxins clears the digestion system of them allowing for smoother digestion as well. Many digestive disorders such as heartburn, gastritis and even ulcers can be cured by drinking cucumber juice each day. The silica and sulphur in cucumbers promotes healthy hair and nail growth. The silica in cucumbers is also great for joint health, as it strengthens connective tissues. Cucumber has anti-inflammatory properties which further promotes smooth use of joints. Cucumbers contain sterols which help to reduce cholesterol levels. This with their high levels of magnesium, potassium and fiber make cucumbers great for regulating blood pressure. Cucumbers have a special hormone that the pancreas utilizes to produce insulin, and have been found to be very beneficial to diabetics. Cucumber contains 3 lignans: lariciresinol, pinoresinol, and secoisolariciresinol, which have been studied lots and found to reduce the risk of several types of cancer, including breast, ovarian, uterine and prostate cancers. More benefits? Cucumbers can help get rid of bad breath. Press a cucumber slice to the roof of the mouth and it’s phytochemicals will remove unhealthy bacteria in the mouth that can give you bad breath. Cucumbers for hangover prevention. If you have had a few drinks, eat a few cucumber slices before you go to bed. Cucumbers are full of electrolytes and contain enough sugar and B vitamins to replenish nutrients while keeping you hydrated and so lessen any potential hangover or headaches in the morning. For sunburns rub thick peels or slices of cucumbers on burnt area. It works in a similar manner as aloe to remove the burn. Cucumbers will reduce under eye puffiness because of their natural anti-inflammatory properties. Place a slice on puffy eyes and the puffiness will reduce. Enjoy all of the health benefits of cucumbers in this healthy, tasty and easy to make cucumber salad recipe. Cucumber Salad Recipe Ingredients1 English Cucumber – quartered and sliced thin ¼ small Red Onion – chopped ¼ Red Pepper – chopped leaves of 2 sprigs of Cilantro 2 T Apple Cider Vinegar 1 T Agave ½ t Salt Dash Cumin and Cayenne Directions Mix all together in bowl. Let marinate at least an hour before serving. Photo Description Assemble ingredients Mix dressing and chop vegetables. Put all of the ingredients together in a bowl. Mix well...and then it’s ready. So easy! It is lightly spiced but flavorful, and a perfect side dish with many meals. Simple and abundant nutrition. Enjoy! To your optimal health!Get Free Recipes and Love Notes!Sent every 2nd Sunday + Get my 20 Quick & Easy Raw Recipes ebook FREE!I will protect your email address and never give it away. You can unsubscribe at any time. Powered by Optin Forms (Visited 5,175 time, 5 visit today)Tags: raw, recipes, salad
is a Japanese animation studio and production enterprise . It is a subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings . Its former name was Nippon Sunrise , and prior to that , Sunrise Studios . Its headquarters is located in Suginami , Tokyo . Among Japan 's largest and most famous studios , Sunrise is renowned for several critically lauded and popular original anime series , such as Gundam , Cowboy Bebop , Space Runaway Ideon , Armored Trooper Votoms , Yoroiden Samurai Troopers , Future GPX Cyber Formula , Crush Gear Turbo , The Vision of Escaflowne , Love Live School Idol Project , Witch Hunter Robin , My-HiME , My-Otome , Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion , Tiger & Bunny , Cross Ange : Rondo of Angel and Dragon , as well as its numerous adaptations of acclaimed light novels including Dirty Pair , Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere and Accel World , and manga such as City Hunter , InuYasha , Outlaw Star , Yakitate !! Japan , Planetes , Keroro Gunso , Gin Tama , Kekkaishi and several others . Many of Sunrise 's original anime include similar themes , including mecha and masked identities accompanied with fluid animation . Because of the fluidity and high degree of details on much of their works , fans refer to their animation works as `` Sunrise Smooth '' . Most of their works are mostly original titles created in-house by their creative staffs that went into a collective pseudonym called Hajime Yatate . They also previously operated a now defunct video game studio of their own named Sunrise Interactive . Sunrise also launched their own light novel publication titled Yatate Bunko Imprint on September 30 , 2016 aimed to publish new original titles and also to supplemment their already existing franchises with new materials . Anime created by Sunrise that have won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize are Mobile Suit Gundam in 1979 and the first half of 1980 , Space Runaway Ideon in the second half of 1980 , Crusher Joe -LRB- co-production with Studio Nue -RRB- in 1983 , Dirty Pair in 1985 , Future GPX Cyber Formula in 1991 , Gundam SEED in 2002 , Gundam SEED Destiny in 2004 and 2005 , Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion in 2006 and 2007 and Code Geass R2 in 2008 , thus making Sunrise as the studio that won the most number of Animage Awards .
Bring them to a brisk boil but then immediately turn down the heat to a very low boil, more of a simmer than an active boil. Simmer your brats for about 15 to 20 minutes, then finish off on the grill or in a pan with just your brats and a little olive oil to get a nice crispy char and finish.
There is actually a certain degree of confusion on this. Hawaii was settled by Polynesians from the Marquesas sometime in the first millennium CE--the exact date isn't known because the direct evidence and proxies don't quite match up. Now, by and large the Polynesian/Oceanic method of discovering new islands is well known--sail in a direction where the winds are not optimal so that for a potentially unsuccessful return uses favorable winds. The intentionality and discipline of these voyages of exploration are not in question. Hawaii is a bit of an odd case because it isn't reachable by using a reasonably cautious navigation methods, and so we may need to assume that it was the result of a single extraordinarily courageous, or foolish, navigator. Source is Patrick Kirch's On the Road of the Winds.
Cleopatra VII Philopator -LRB- Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ 69 -- August 12 , 30 BC -RRB- , known to history simply as Cleopatra , was the last active ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt , briefly survived as pharaoh by her son Caesarion . After her reign , Egypt became a province of the recently established Roman Empire . Cleopatra was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty , a Greek family of Macedonian origin that ruled Egypt after Alexander the Great 's death during the Hellenistic period . The Ptolemies spoke Greek throughout their dynasty , and refused to speak Egyptian , which is the reason that Greek as well as Egyptian languages were used on official court documents such as the Rosetta Stone . By contrast , Cleopatra did learn to speak Egyptian and represented herself as the reincarnation of the Egyptian goddess Isis . Cleopatra originally ruled jointly with her father Ptolemy XII Auletes , and later with her brothers Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV , whom she married as per Egyptian custom , but eventually she became sole ruler . As queen , she consummated a liaison with Julius Caesar that solidified her grip on the throne . She later elevated Caesarion , her son with Caesar , to co-ruler in name . After Caesar 's assassination in 44 BC , she aligned with Mark Antony in opposition to Caesar 's legal heir Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus -LRB- later known as Augustus -RRB- . With Antony , she bore the twins Cleopatra Selene II and Alexander Helios , and son Ptolemy Philadelphus -LRB- her unions with her brothers had produced no children -RRB- . Antony committed suicide after losing the Battle of Actium to Octavian 's forces , and Cleopatra followed suit . According to a popular belief , she killed herself by means of an asp bite on August 12 , 30 BC . She was outlived by Caesarion , who was declared pharaoh by his supporters , but he was soon killed on Octavian 's orders . Egypt then became the Roman province of Aegyptus . Her legacy survives in numerous works of art and many dramatizations of incidents from her life in literature and other media , such as William Shakespeare 's tragedy Antony and Cleopatra , George Frideric Handel 's opera Giulio Cesare , George Bernard Shaw 's play Caesar and Cleopatra , Jules Massenet 's opera Cléopâtre , and the films Cleopatra -LRB- 1934 -RRB- and Cleopatra -LRB- 1963 -RRB- .
Noorpur Ki Rani (Urdu: ‎ ) is a Pakistani teledrama which was broadcast on Hum TV from 25 April 2009 to on 3 October 2009. Written by Pakistani author and screenwriter Samira Fazal, and directed by Haissam Hussain, "Noorpur Ki Rani" was based on the English novel "Rebecca" by Daphne Du Maurier.
Gay and lesbian people can have sexual relationships with someone of the opposite sex for a variety of reasons, including the desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism. While some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses, others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages. Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children can present challenges that are not faced by gay and lesbian people who are not married to people of the opposite sex or do not have children.
Southern California , often abbreviated as SoCal , is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises California 's 10 southernmost counties . The region is traditionally described as eight counties , based on demographics and economic ties : Imperial , Los Angeles , Orange , Riverside , San Bernardino , San Diego , Santa Barbara , and Ventura . The more extensive 10-county definition , which includes Kern and San Luis Obispo counties , is also used and is based on historical political divisions . The 8-county and 10-county definitions are not used for the greater Southern California Megaregion , one of the 11 megaregions of the United States . The megaregion is more expansive , extending east into Las Vegas , Nevada and south across the Mexican border into Tijuana . Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area which stretches along the Pacific coast from Ventura through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire , and down to Greater San Diego . Southern California 's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas : the Los Angeles metropolitan area -LRB- Los Angeles and Orange counties -RRB- , the Inland Empire , -LRB- Riverside and San Bernardino counties -RRB- , the San Diego metropolitan area , the Oxnard -- Thousand Oaks -- Ventura metropolitan area , the Santa Barbara metropolitan area , the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area , and the El Centro area . The Los Angeles area has over 12 million inhabitants , while the Riverside-San Bernardino area has over 4 million inhabitants and the San Diego area has over 3 million inhabitants . For Community Supported Agriculture -LRB- CSA -RRB- metropolitan purposes , the five counties of Los Angeles , Orange , Riverside , San Bernardino , and Ventura , are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people . With over 22 million people , Southern California contains roughly 60 percent of California 's population . The Colorado Desert and the Colorado River are located on Southern California 's eastern border with Arizona , and the Mojave Desert is located north on California 's Nevada border . Southern California 's southern border is part of the Mexico -- United States border .
Great Mills was a large DIY chain, consisting of around 98 stores across the United Kingdom. In December 2000, the business was bought by Focus DIY, which in turn entered administration in May 2011, with all stores closing by July 2011. Most Focus DIY stores have been bought, some by B&Q, Wickes and B&M Bargains (B&M Homestore).
Xiphoid process The xiphoid process /ˈzaɪfɔɪd/, or xiphisternum or metasternum, is a small cartilaginous process (extension) of the lower (inferior) part of the sternum, which is usually ossified in the adult human.[1] It may also be referred to as the ensiform process. Both the Greek derived xiphoid and its Latin equivalent ensiform mean 'swordlike'.
Milky Spore, also known as Milky disease, kills the omnipresent summer-time pest known as the Japanese Beetle. Milky Spore works by specifically targeting, in a completely natural way, the white grub of the Japanese Beetle, which lives and breeds just under the surface of your lawn. Adult Japanese Beetles feed on your flowers, roses, shrubs, and lots of other valuable garden plants.
Hotels near Imola Race Track - Enzo e Dino Ferrari Circuit I don't have specific dates yet Search Find the best accommodation Hotels within close distance of Autodromo di Imola can be found nearby in Imola, Castel San Pietro Terme, Bologna, San Lazzaro Di Savena, and more. Accommodation located not far away in the town of Imola include popular four star Best Western Hotel Olimpia (only 10 minute’s walk from the Enzo e Dino Ferrari race track), Hotel Donatello Imola, and cheap Euro Hotel. Best Western Hotel Olimpia offers modern and comfortable accommodations close to the famed Imola race track. If you want to stay in the city of Bologna, check out very popular Best Western Hotel San Donato, Suite Hotel Elite, or cheap 3 star rated Millennhotel. These hotels offer comfortable accommodation in Bologna city centre, close to Bologna railway station, Piazza Maggiore, nearby Bologna's exhibition centre, ... >Find my Hotel near the Imola San Marino formula one racing circuit Imola F1 Enzo e Dino Ferrari Racing Circuit Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari di Imola -- Imola was the venue for the Formula One. It's unfortunately known as the track where the legendary Ayrton Senna lost his life in 1994. Location -- Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari (Imola auto Race Track) is located near the Italian town of Imola, 40 kilometres (24.9 mi) east of Bologna and 80 kilometres (49.7 mi) east of the Ferrari factory in Maranello. Imola is about 50 miles from San Marino in Italy. Address -- Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari, Via Fratelli Rosselli 2, 40026 Imola (BO), Italy Major Events -- San Marino Formula One Grand Prix, SBK, GP2, WTCC, Italian GT Circuit Length -- 4,909 km or 3,050 miles Spectator Capacity -- around 60.000 Air Connections : Nearest Airports are Forli Airport ( 32.8 km ) and Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport ( 39.6 km ). Relevant internet information
On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used—including Wal-Mart—and these iPods eventually made up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by Apple.
Deramaxx. Deramaxx is one drug that is widely used for dog arthritis. It belongs to the NSAID family, the group of drugs that inhibit the COX-2 substance. The COX-2 substance is the one that causes the inflammation and pain that are evident in pets suffering from arthritis.he drug was approved by the FDA as a prescription medication for dog osteoarthritis. It comes in different dosage quantities. Deramaxx is available in 25 mg, 75 mg, and 100 mg chewable tablets. The tablets are beef flavored, allowing pet owners to administer the drug easily to pets.
"Near East" remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles, but a variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates: "the Nearer East," reverting to the classical and then more scholarly distinction of "nearer" and "farther." They undoubtedly saw a need to separate the Biblical lands from the terrain of the Ottoman Empire. The Christians saw the country as the land of the Old and New Testaments, where Christianity had developed. The scholars in the field of studies that eventually became Biblical archaeology attempted to define it on the basis of archaeology.
Drama is literature intended for performance. The form is often combined with music and dance, as in opera and musical theatre. A play is a subset of this form, referring to the written dramatic work of a playwright that is intended for performance in a theatre; it comprises chiefly dialogue between characters, and usually aims at dramatic or theatrical performance rather than at reading. A closet drama, by contrast, refers to a play written to be read rather than to be performed; hence, it is intended that the meaning of such a work can be realized fully on the page. Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently.
Andrew Stanton -LRB- born December 3 , 1965 -RRB- is an American film director , screenwriter , producer and voice actor based at Pixar . His film work includes writing and directing Pixar 's A Bug 's Life -LRB- 1998 -RRB- -LRB- as co-director -RRB- , Finding Nemo -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , and WALL-E -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , and the live-action film , Disney 's John Carter -LRB- 2012 -RRB- . He also co-wrote all three Toy Story films and Monsters , Inc. -LRB- 2001 -RRB- Finding Nemo and WALL-E earned him two Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature . He was also nominated for three Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay , for Finding Nemo , WALL-E , and Toy Story -LRB- 1995 -RRB- , and for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for Toy Story 3 -LRB- 2010 -RRB- . Stanton directed the sequel to Finding Nemo , Finding Dory , which was released in June 2016 .
In Denmark you find three department store chains: Magasin (1868), Illum (1891), Salling (1906). Magasin is by far the largest with 6 stores all over the country, with the flagship store being Magasin du Nord on Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen. Illums only store on Amagertorv in Copenhagen has the appearance of a department store with 20% run by Magasin, but has individual shop owners making it a shopping centre. But in people's mind it remains a department store. Salling has two stores in Jutland with one of these being the reason for the closure of a magasin store due to the competition.
How long it will stay on your reports starts from the date of 1st.... 0. 0. I`m assuming by delinquency you`re referring to a late payment on an account. If so, those can stay on your credit files for 7 years from the date of the delinquency.If there were a series of delinquencies and eventually the account was charged off and forwarded to collections, the 7 year statute for how long it will stay on your reports starts from the date of 1st delinquency.ow long it will stay on your reports starts from the date of 1st.... 0. 0. I`m assuming by delinquency you`re referring to a late payment on an account. If so, those can stay on your credit files for 7 years from the date of the delinquency.
Ellen Kathleen Pompeo -LRB- -LSB- pʌmˈpɛoʊ -RSB- , born November 10 , 1969 -RRB- is an American actress and producer . Born in Everett , Massachusetts , Pompeo moved to New York City at 26 where she was discovered by a casting director who signed her for an advertisement campaign for L'Oreal . She made her screen debut with NBC 's legal drama Law & Order , and then guest-starred in other television shows , including the comedy Strangers with Candy , the medical drama Strong Medicine and the sitcom Friends . Pompeo made her feature film debut in 1999 with the romantic comedy Coming Soon , and went on to play minor roles in films like In the Weeds and Mambo Café but found little success initially . A turning point came in her career in 2002 , when she gained wide recognition for her starring role in Brad Silberling 's drama Moonlight Mile . Pompeo then starred in ABC 's popular medical drama Grey 's Anatomy -LRB- 2005 -- present -RRB- , and garnered worldwide recognition for her portrayal of the title character Dr. Meredith Grey . The role on the long running series earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama nomination , and the Screen Actors Guild Award . The character became widely popular , making Pompeo one of the most popular television actresses . In 2015 , Pompeo was ranked fourth in the list of highest paid TV actresses by Forbes , with the earnings of $ 11.5 million , a spot that she held on to the following year with the earnings of $ 14.5 million . Pompeo 's other notable film roles include the comedy Old School -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , the superhero film Daredevil -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , the caper film Art Heist -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , and the comedy drama Life of the Party -LRB- 2005 -RRB- . In October 2007 , she was honored with Special Achievement in Entertaining by the National Italian American Foundation for her achievement in the entertainment industry . Pompeo married producer Chris Ivery in 2007 and the couple have three children together .
Newcastle United F.C. The club has been a member of the Premier League for all but three years of the competition's history, spending 85 seasons in the top tier as of May 2016, and has never dropped below English football's second tier since joining the Football League in 1893. They have won four League Championship titles, six FA Cups and a Charity Shield, as well as the 1969 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and the 2006 UEFA Intertoto Cup. Newcastle United has the ninth highest total of trophies won by an English club.[4] The club's most successful period was between 1904 and 1910, when they won an FA Cup and three of their First Division titles. The club were highly successful in the Premier League in the 1990s and early 2000s without winning any trophies, but have been mostly struggling since the 2006–07 season, and were relegated in 2009 and 2016. They returned to the Premiership for the 2017–18 season after winning the Championship title the preceding year.
Venice -LRB- -LSB- langˈvɛnɪs -RSB- ; Venezia -LSB- veˈnɛtsja -RSB- ; Venesia -LSB- - vecveˈnɛsja -RSB- -RRB- is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region . It is situated across a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by bridges . These are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon , an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers . Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings , their architecture , and artwork . The lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a World Heritage Site . In 2014 , 264,579 people resided in Comune di Venezia , of whom around 55,000 live in the historic city of Venice -LRB- Centro storico -RRB- . Together with Padua and Treviso , the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area -LRB- PATREVE -RRB- , with a total population of 2.6 million . PATREVE is a statistical metropolitan area without any degree of autonomy . The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC . The city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice . Venice has been known as the `` La Dominante , '' `` Serenissima , '' `` Queen of the Adriatic , '' `` City of Water , '' `` City of Masks , '' `` City of Bridges , '' `` The Floating City , '' and `` City of Canals . '' The Republic of Venice was a major financial and maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance , and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto , as well as a very important center of commerce -LRB- especially silk , grain , and spice -RRB- and art in the 13th century up to the end of the 17th century . The City State of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center which gradually emerged from the 9th century to its peak in the 14th century . This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history . It is also known for its several important artistic movements , especially the Renaissance period . After the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna , the Republic was annexed by the Austrian Empire , until it became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1866 , following a referendum held as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence . Venice has played an important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music , and it is the birthplace of Antonio Vivaldi . Venice has been ranked the most beautiful city in the world as of 2016 .
Outlander (TV series) Jamie kills Randall at Culloden, but is gravely injured, and spared execution. At Ardsmuir prison, he befriends the governor Lord John Grey, who later paroles him to work at an English estate, where he fathers an illegitimate son, Willie. Jamie returns to Scotland and becomes a printer. Meanwhile, in 1948, Claire enrolls in medical school as she and Frank raise Jamie's daughter, Brianna, in Boston. Frank is killed in a car accident. With the help of Roger Wakefield, Claire learns of Jamie's whereabouts, and Claire returns to find him. She discovers that Jamie has remarried. To pay off his new wife Laoghaire, they try to retrieve some hidden treasure, during which his nephew Ian is captured and carried off to the Caribbean. Jamie and Claire follow, and manage to rescue him. They set sail for Scotland but are shipwrecked in Georgia.
See You Again (Miley Cyrus song) "See You Again" is the debut single by American recording artist Miley Cyrus. It was recorded for Hannah Montana 2: Meet Miley Cyrus (2007), the second soundtrack album from the Disney Channel original series Hannah Montana and the debut studio album of Cyrus. It was written by Cyrus (credited as Destiny Hope Cyrus) with the song's producers Antonina Armato and Tim James. It was released as the lead single from the album by Hollywood Records. Later, it was remixed by Rock Mafia and released on August 25, 2008 by Hollywood Records, as the second single from Cyrus' second studio album, Breakout (2008). Musically, the track is a pop rock number that contains influences from various musical genres, including electronic music. Lyrically, the track speaks of teenage romance.
Beside the introduction of the lute to Spain (Andalusia) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians. There were singer-lutenists at the court in Palermo following the Norman conquest of the island from the Muslims, and the lute is depicted extensively in the ceiling paintings in the Palermo’s royal Cappella Palatina, dedicated by the Norman King Roger II of Sicily in 1140. His Hohenstaufen grandson Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (1194 - 1250) continued integrating Muslims into his court, including Moorish musicians. By the 14th century, lutes had disseminated throughout Italy and, probably because of the cultural influence of the Hohenstaufen kings and emperor, based in Palermo, the lute had also made significant inroads into the German-speaking lands.
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film) Harry tells Dumbledore that Voldemort returned and killed Cedric. Moody takes Harry back to his office to interrogate him about Voldemort, but inadvertently blows his cover by asking Harry whether there were "others in the graveyard", despite Harry not mentioning a graveyard. Moody reveals that he submitted Harry's name to the Goblet of Fire and manipulated Harry throughout the tournament to ensure he would win. Moody attempts to attack Harry, but Dumbledore, Snape, and Minerva McGonagall intervene and subdue him. The teachers force Moody to drink Veritaserum, a truth-telling potion, and he reveals that the real Moody is imprisoned in a magical trunk. The impostor's Polyjuice Potion wears off, revealing him as Crouch Jr., who is then returned to Azkaban.
3 Giant Men (a.k.a. "Captain America and Santo vs. Spider-Man"; Turkish: "3 Dev Adam" ] ) is a 1973 Turkish cult action film, directed by T. Fikret Uçak and written by Doğan Tamer based on the characters created by Steve Ditko, Jack Kirby, Stan Lee, Joe Simon and Rodolfo Guzmán Huerta, featuring Aytekin Akkaya as Captain America and Yavuz Selekman as Santo called to Istanbul on a special mission to stop the villainous Spider-Man and his criminal gang. The film, which went on nationwide general release across the country on 1, 1973 (1973--) , was completely unauthorized by the copyright owners of the characters depicted.
Wish You Well (film) Wish You Well is a 2013 theatrical family film directed by Darnell Martin, written by David Baldacci from his novel, and starring Mackenzie Foy, Josh Lucas and Ellen Burstyn. The movie is set in rural Virginia during the 1940s. Foy and Burstyn, who play granddaughter and grandmother in this film, both portrayed "Murph" Cooper at radically different ages in Interstellar the following year. The supporting cast features Ned Bellamy and Laura Fraser, the cinematographer was Frank Prinzi, and the music was by Paul Cantelon. The film was shot in Giles County, Virginia, near the southeastern border of West Virginia.
Full NFL Preseason Schedule 2017: 8 National Games Slated. The full 2017 NFL preseason schedule, which includes eight nationally televised games and starts on Aug. 3 with the Hall of Fame Game. Itâs only been two months since the conclusion of Super Bowl LI and already NFL fans are likely going through withdrawals.
Herbert John Hodgson (2 June 1893, Camberwell – 10 August 1974, London) is regarded as one of the most skilled printers of the twentieth century. After serving in the First World War, with Roy Manning Pike he printed the rare 1926 subscribers' edition of The Seven Pillars of Wisdom by T. E. Lawrence. From 1927 to 1936 he worked at the Gregynog Press for fine books in mid-Wales.
Maniac is a 2012 French-American psychological slasher film directed by Franck Khalfoun and written by Alexandre Aja, Grégory Levasseur, and C.A. Rosenberg. The film was produced by the French film companies La Petite Reine and Studio 37. It is a remake of the 1980 film "Maniac" and stars Elijah Wood as Frank Zito, a brutal serial killer. The film also stars Nora Arnezeder, Jan Broberg, and America Olivo.
Life in the Roman Republic revolved around the city of Rome, and its famed seven hills. The city also had several theatres, gymnasiums, and many taverns, baths and brothels. Throughout the territory under Rome's control, residential architecture ranged from very modest houses to country villas, and in the capital city of Rome, to the residences on the elegant Palatine Hill, from which the word "palace" is derived. The vast majority of the population lived in the city center, packed into apartment blocks.[citation needed]
During the initial punk era, a variety of entrepreneurs interested in local punk-influenced music scenes began founding independent record labels, including Rough Trade (founded by record shop owner Geoff Travis) and Factory (founded by Manchester-based television personality Tony Wilson). By 1977, groups began pointedly pursuing methods of releasing music independently , an idea disseminated in particular by the Buzzcocks' release of their Spiral Scratch EP on their own label as well as the self-released 1977 singles of Desperate Bicycles. These DIY imperatives would help form the production and distribution infrastructure of post-punk and the indie music scene that later blossomed in the mid-1980s.
Group Names for Birds Group Names for Birds: A Partial List By Terry Ross A bevy of quail A bouquet of pheasants [when flushed] A brood of hens A building of rooks A cast of hawks [or falcons] A charm of finches A colony of penguins A company of parrots A congregation of plovers A cover of coots A covey of partridges [or grouse or ptarmigans] A deceit of lapwings A descent of woodpeckers A dissimulation of birds A dole of doves An exaltation of larks A fall of woodcocks A flight of swallows [or doves, goshawks, or cormorants] A gaggle of geese [wild or domesticated] A host of sparrows A kettle of hawks [riding a thermal] A murmuration of starlings A murder of crows A muster of storks A nye of pheasants [on the ground] An ostentation of peacocks A paddling of ducks [on the water] A parliament of owls A party of jays A peep of chickens A pitying of turtledoves A raft of ducks A rafter of turkeys A siege of herons A skein of geese [in flight] A sord of mallards A spring of teal A tidings of magpies A trip of dotterel An unkindness of ravens A watch of nightingales A wedge of swans [or geese, flying in a "V"] A wisp of snipe Any of these group names may properly be used by birders who wish to display their erudition, although it is probably linguistically inaccurate (and it certainly is bad manners) to upbraid someone who refers to "a bunch of ravens" by saying, "Surely you mean `an unkindness of ravens,' my good fellow." Most of these terms date back at least 500 years. Some of them have been in continuous use since then; others have gone out of fashion and been resurrected in the last century or two; still others only exist on lists. Most of these terms are listed in James Lipton's An Exaltation of Larks. Lipton's list is substantially based on very old sources. There were manuscript lists of group names in the 15th century, and these lists appeared in some of the first books printed in England. Many of them make their first appearance in John Lydgate's Debate between the Horse, Goose, and Sheep (1440); and Lydgate's terms along with others appear in The Book of Hawking and Hunting (also known as The Book of St. Albans) by Dame Juliana Barnes (1486). Whether Lydgate and Barnes coined any of these terms, or whether they were setting down the terms that were considered proper in their day is not known. Many of the terms did catch on, and the lists they appeared on were frequently reprinted. The best source I know for investigating the histories of English words is the Oxford English Dictionary. Unfortunately, on the question whether these terms ever were or still are appropriate, the OED is not entirely helpful. To make sense of the matter, I have placed the group names into groups-- GROUP A--The following group names are standard: A bevy of quail A bouquet of pheasants A brood of hens A cast of hawks A charm of finches A covey of partridges A flight of swallows A gaggle of geese A nye of pheasants A siege of herons A skein of geese A trip of dotterel A wisp of snipe GROUP B--These terms are not group names for a particular type of bird, but have been commonly used for many different types: Colony Company Flock Parliament Party GROUP C--These terms are archaic; they were once obsolete, but they have been revived somewhat in the 19th or 20th centuries: A building of rooks A murmuration of starlings A muster of peacocks A peep of chickens A sord of mallards A spring of teal A watch of nightingales GROUP D--These terms are obsolete; they appeared on the old lists, but almost nobody has used them in centuries: A congregation of plovers A dissimulation of birds A dole of doves A fall of woodcock A host of sparrows A paddling of ducks An unkindness of ravens GROUP E--These terms are not in the OED at all as group names for birds: A cover of coots A kettle of hawks A murder of crows An ostentation of peacocks A pitying of turtledoves A rafter of turkeys A tidings of magpies My categories are imprecise, but they provide some guidance about usage. Have no qualms about usin
Answers. Relevance. Rating Newest Oldest. Best Answer: No. A rider is a supplement or addendum to the Mortgage/Deed of Trust. Many riders include: Prepayment Penalties 1-4 family (for Rentals) Second Home Adjustable Rate These riders will replace a section or paragraph in the original Mortgage/Deed of Trust. The rider terms to prevail over the original.
The mung bean (Vigna radiata), alternatively known as the moong bean, green gram, or mung Sanskrit à¤®à¥à¤¦à¥à¤ / mudga, is a plant species in the legume family. The mung bean is mainly cultivated in India, China, Korea, and Southeast Asia. It is used as an ingredient in both savory and sweet dishes.
Famous Named Horses and Horse Types From Mythology By Katherine Blocksdorf Updated April 03, 2016. When I was much younger I used to love to spend hot summer days reading my book of Greek mythology. Horses belonging to heros, magical horses and part-horse, part other-creatures were favorite amongst the stories. Horses have always captivated our imaginations and have become woven into many legends and myths. Here are just seven of the many horses and horse-like creatures that can be found in the mythologies of almost every civilization. Image:eschu1952/www.freeimages.com 1. Pegasus One of the most well known mythological horses is Pegasus . Winged horses have been used to symbolize freedom , power and victory in many different cultures. Pegasus is an immortal winged horse of Greek mythology. Pegasus is said to have sprung from the head or body, depending on what version of the myth you read, of Medusa , a mythical Gorgon sister with hair of snakes and a stare that could turn a man to stone. Medusa's head was lopped off by Perseus , a greek hero who was challenged by a rival suitor to bring back Medusa's head, a ploy intended to keep him out of the way while his rival won his lady. Thanks to some tools and trickery supplied by a sympathetic God and Goddess, Perseus was successful in his quest. Along with Pegasus was 'born' a warrior, Chrysaor who arrived riding Pegasus and carrying a golden sword and is regarded as his brother. We don't seem to know much abour Chrysoar, and the relationship between the brothers. Perseus himself was the first to ride Pegasus in a heroic quest. Bellerophon, a rather vain young man also desired to ride Pegasus but did not know how to capture him. He was told to sleep in a temple to gain guidance, and dreamed he was presented with a golden bridle. When he awoke the bridle was beside him. He used the bridle to capture Pegasus while the winged horse drank at a fountain. Then Bellerophon is said to have ridden Pegasus into a battle against a fire-breathing Chimera. Then, unwisely, Bellerophon tried to ride Pegasus to the top of Mount Olympus , the home of the gods. But this displeased Zeus with whom Bellerophon had fallen out of favor, and he sent an insect to to sting Pegasus and make him buck. Bellerphon fell to the earth. Pegasus continued his flight to the top of Mount Olympus where the gods welcomed him and gave him the job of carrying thunderbolts. Today, Pegasus can still be seen as a constellation in his place of honor in the spring sky. If you are lucky enough to find a Pegasus of your own, I would suggest paying close attention to saddle fit as the wings make if difficult to put a modern English or western style saddle on it. Riding bareback may be your best bet. Because your winged horse will carry you much higher in the sky than a regular horse be sure to wear both an ASTM approved helmet and a parachute . Unicorn on hilltop. Image Credit:Lucy von HeldééDe Agostini RM /Getty Images 2. Unicorn Another well known mythical horse-like creature is the unicorn . The unicorn is most often described as a beautiful mythical horse with a single horn in its forehead. They are sometimes depicted as having cloven hooves like a goat or deer. The can come in almost every color, although are most often depicted as being white. The tail or mane hairs, blood, hooves or horns of unicorns are often used in magical or medicinal potions and Harry Potter's wand had a core made of a strand of unicorn tail hair. They are sometimes attributed with having healing or purifying powers. Unicorns are often seen on Medieval style tapestries and are often seen as a heraldic symbol on coats of arms. Unicorns are said to only appear to, or may be captured by women of pure virtue. Over the centuries, many ancient societies were convinced of the unicorn's existence. They are mentioned in many very ancient texts including the bible. Because of this, there is speculation that unicorns did exist. Some people think they were actually single-horned goats, as there are some skeletal remains that could support this. A cross b
Sampoorna Ramayanam (English: "The Complete Ramayana" ) is a 1958 Tamil-language Indian historical drama film directed by K. Somu. It is based on Valmiki's "Ramayana". The film features N. T. Rama Rao and Sivaji Ganesan in lead roles. The film, produced by M. A. Venu, had musical score by K. V. Mahadevan and was released on 14 April 1958. K. V. Srinivasan lent voice to N. T. Rama Rao in Tamil. The dubbed Telugu version was released on 14 January 1959. Arudra wrote dialogues and lyrics for the Telugu version.
Paralegal Salaries Paralegal Salaries Paralegal Resources Paralegal Degrees Paralegal Career How to become a paralegal Paralegal Salaries Is there Paralegal Certification? Types of Paralegals Litigation Paralegal Estate Planning and Probate Paralegal Corporate Paralegal Employment/Labor Law Paralegal Real Estate Paralegal Government Paralegal Becoming a paralegal in today's economy may be more of a challenge than in the past. At one time, anyone could become a paralegal (also called a legal secretary) and work side-by-side with an attorney. Today's paralegal position is much more demanding and complicated than taking on the role of a secretary, however. Now paralegal play a vital role in any law setting acting in a professional support role to lawyers, performing many of the tasks that would typically fall on the attorney. Even with the economical downturn, the average paralegal salary still makes it an attractive career path for many who enjoy the legal field. The salary range may be as low as $13,000 a year for an untrained entry-level paralegal, up to six figures for a skilled paralegal acting in a managerial role. There are many factors that bear on how much a paralegal earns; education, job location, and employers will all impact salaries. The paralegal profession has changed over the years with many levels of training available to those entering the field. The paralegal salary will vary depending on how much experience and formal training they have. For instance, in 2010 the national average yearly salary for a paralegal was just above $46,000 annually according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. This figure can change once a paralegal factors in their education and experience. In San Jose, California for instance, a litigation paralegal manager can expect an annual income of about $120,000. A job of this nature requests that applicants have at least five years of prior experience in the field as well as management experience and hold a bachelor's degree. On the other end of the spectrum, a paralegal specialist in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan can expect to earn around $20,000 for the first year. The requirements for this junior position still demands an associate's degree as well as five years of previous legal work history. Just as education can affect salaries, the same is true for job location. The same position of paralegal specialist offered in a large metropolitan area versus a small city can affect how much a paralegal will make. A recent posting for a paralegal specialist on Indeed.com in Washington D. C. indicated a salary between $56,000.00 to $99,000.00 a year. This position required completion of a certificate program and one year in a particular specialty. It also sought candidates with agency certification designations. In a small city in Ohio, a similar position offered just under $30,000 a year and required experience only. Larger cities tend to offer greater salaries across the board. Living expenses in larger cities are often higher; therefore, employers may compensate their employees to offset these expenses. If there isn't an offset, these costs could reduce the actual value of an attractive salary. Paralegal Salary Information By State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Another element to consider is the employer. For instance, government positions may offer less income than a comparable private firm; yet have a greater degree of job stability. When compared to private firms that promise large salaries but don't have a strong client foundation, the security of a government paralegal position may be more attractive. Sponsored Listing Featured Program Washington University School of Law - Online Master of Legal Studies (MLS) Degree Pepperdine School of Law - Online Master of Legal Studies Program Rasmussen College - Online Paralegal Associate Degree and Post-Degree Certificate Programs When looking at paralegal salaries, it is important to consider all aspects of compensation, not just yearly income. Some jobs may offer benefits such as healthcare, paid vacations, educational scholarships, and other similar benefits. Factoring these into an income may cause a modest mid-range income to exceed higher salaries that don't offer additional perks. Back to Top
The descending colon is located on the left side of the large intestine, extending from the bend below the spleen to the sigmoid colon. The descending colon stores the food to be emptied into the rectum. The colon is held in place by peritoneum, a thin layer of tissue that supports the abdominal organs.he colon is part of the large intestine, the final part of the digestive system.
Liberia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the country in Africa. For other uses, see Liberia (disambiguation). Coordinates: 6°30′N 9°30′WRepublic of Liberia Flag Coat of arms Motto: "The Love Of Liberty Brought Us Here"Anthem: All Hail, Liberia, Hail!Location of Liberia (dark blue)– in Africa (light blue & dark grey) – in the African Union (light blue)Capital and largest city Monrovia6°19′N 10°48′WOfficial languages English Spoken and national languages [1]Liberian English Ethnic groups (2008 [2])20.3% Kpelle13.4% Bassa10.6% Americo-Liberian10.0% Grebo8.0% Gio7.9% Mano6.0% Kru5.1% Lorma4.8% Kissi4.4% Gola Religion85.6% Christianity12.2% Islam2.2% others [2]Demonym Liberian Government Unitarypresidential republic•President George Weah•Vice President Jewel Taylor•Speaker of the House Bhofal Chambers•Chief Justice Francis Korkpor, Sr. Legislature Legislature of Liberia•Upper house Senate•Lower house House of Representatives Formation and Independence• Settlement by the American Colonization Society January 7, 1822•Liberian Declaration of Independence July 26, 1847• Annexation of Republic of Maryland March 18, 1857• Recognition by the United States February 5, 1862•Current constitution January 6, 1986Area• Total 111,369 km 2 (43,000 sq mi) ( 102nd)• Water (%) 13.514Population• 2015 estimate 4,503,000 [3] ( 125th)• 2008 census 3,476,608 ( 130th)• Density 40.43/km 2 (104.7/sq mi) ( 180th)GDP ( PPP) 2018 estimate• Total $4.123 billion [4]• Per capita $897 [4]GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate• Total $2.335 billion [4]• Per capita $475 [4]Gini (2007) 38.2 [5]medium HDI (2015) 0.427 [6]low · 177th Currency Liberian dollar (LRD) United States dollar (USD, de facto)Time zone GMT ( UTC +0)Drives on the right Calling code +231ISO 3166 code LRInternet TLD .lr Liberia ( / l aɪ ˈ b ɪər i ə / ( listen) ), officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its west, Guinea to its north and Ivory Coast to its east, the Atlantic Ocean to its south. It covers an area of 111,369 square kilometers (43,000 sq mi) and has a population of around 4,700,000 people. [7] English is the official language and over 20 indigenous languages are spoken, representing the numerous ethnic groups who make up more than 95% of the population. The country's capital and largest city is Monrovia. Forests on the coastline are composed mostly of salt-tolerant mangrove trees, while the more sparsely populated inland has forests opening onto a plateau of drier grasslands. The climate is equatorial, with significant rainfall during the May–October rainy season and harsh harmattan winds the remainder of the year. Liberia possesses about forty percent of the remaining Upper Guinean rainforest. It was an important producer of rubber in the early 20th century. The Republic of Liberia began as a settlement of the American Colonization Society (ACS), who believed black people would face better chances for freedom and prosperity in Africa than in the United States. [8] The country declared its independence on July 26, 1847. The U. S. did not recognize Liberia's independence until during the American Civil War on February 5, 1862. Between January 7, 1822, and the American Civil War, more than 15,000 freed and free-born black people who faced legislated limits in the U. S., and 3,198 Afro-Caribbeans, relocated to the settlement. [9] The black settlers carried their culture and tradition with them to Liberia. The Liberian constitution and flag were modeled after those of the U. S. On January 3, 1848, Joseph Jenkins Roberts, a wealthy, free-born African American from Virginia who settled in Liberia, was elected as Liberia's first president after the people proclaimed independence. [9]Liberia was the first African republic to proclaim its independence, on July 26, 1847, and is Africa's first and oldest modern republic. Liberia retained its independence during the Scramble for Africa. During World War II, Liberia supported the United States war efforts against Germany and in turn the U. S. invested in considerable infrastructure in Liberia to help its war effort, which also aided the country in modernizing and improving its major air transportation facilities. In addition, President William Tubman encouraged economic changes. Internationally, Liberia was a founding member of the League of Nations, United Nations and the Organisation of African Unity. The Americo-Liberian settlers did not relate well to the indigenous peoples they encountered, especially those in communities of the more isolated " bush ", They knew nothing of their cultures, languages or animist religion. Encounters with tribal Africans in the bush often developed as violent confrontations. The colonial settlements were raided by the Kru and Grebo from their inland chiefdoms. Because of feeling set apart and superior by their culture and education to the indigenous peoples, the Americo-Liberians developed as a small elite that held on to political power. It excluded the indigenous tribesmen from birthright citizenship in their own lands until 1904, in a repetition of the United States' treatment of Native Americans. [10] Because of ethnocentrism and the cultural gap, the Americo-Liberians envisioned creating a western-style state to which the tribesmen should assimilate. They promoted religious organizations to set up missions and schools to educate the indigenous peoples. Political tensions from the rule of William R. Tolbert resulted in a military coup in 1980 that overthrew his leadership soon after his death, marking the beginning of years-long political instability. Five years of military rule by the People's Redemption Council and five years of civilian rule by the National Democratic Party of Liberia were followed by the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars. These resulted in the deaths of 250,000 people (about 8% of the population), the displacement of many more and shrunk Liberia's economy by 90%. [11] A peace agreement in 2003 led to democratic elections in 2005, in which Ellen Johnson Sirleaf was elected President. Recovery proceeds but about 85% of the population live below the international poverty line. Liberia's economic and political stability was threatened in the 2010s by an Ebola virus epidemic; it originated in Guinea in December 2013, entered Liberia in March 2014, and was declared officially ended on May 8, 2015. [12] [13] [14]Contents [ hide ]1 History1.1 Early colonization1.2 Government1.3 20th century1.4 2000s2 Geography2.1 Counties and districts2.2 Environmental issues3 Politics3.1 Corruption3.2 Military3.3 Foreign relations3.4 Law enforcement4 Economy and infrastructure4.1 Shipping flag of convenience4.2 Telecommunications4.3 Transportation4.4 Energy5 Demographics5.1 Ethnic groups5.2 Languages5.3 Largest cities5.4 Religion6 Education7 Health8 Crime9 Culture9.1 Polygamy9.2 Cuisine9.3 Sport9.4 Measurement system10 See also11 References12 Further reading13 External links History [ edit]Main article: History of Liberia A European map of West Africa and the Grain Coast, 1736. It has the archaic mapping designation of Negroland. The Pepper Coast, also known as the Grain Coast, has been inhabited by indigenous peoples of Africa at least as far back as the 12th century. Mende -speaking people expanded westward from the Sudan, forcing many smaller ethnic groups southward toward the Atlantic Ocean. The Dei, Bassa, Kru, Gola and Kissi were some of the earliest documented peoples in the area. [15]This influx of these groups was compounded by the decline of the Western Sudanic Mali Empire in 1375 and the Songhai Empire in 1591. Liberia was a part of the Kingdom of Koya from 1450 to 1898. As inland regions underwent desertification, inhabitants moved to the wetter coast. These new inhabitants brought skills such as cotton spinning, cloth weaving, iron smelting, rice and sorghum cultivation, and social and political institutions from the Mali and Songhai empires. [15] Shortly after the Mane conquered the region, the Vai people of the former Mali Empire immigrated into the Grand Cape Mount County region. The ethnic Kru opposed the influx of Vai, forming an alliance with the Mane to stop further influx of Vai. [16]People along the coast built canoes and traded with other West Africans from Cap-Vert to the Gold Coast. Arab traders entered the region from the north, and a long-established slave trade took captives to north and east Africa. Early colonization [ edit]Between 1461 and the late 17th century, Portuguese, Dutch and British traders had contacts and trading posts in the region. The Portuguese named the area Costa da Pimenta ("Pepper Coast") but it later came to be known as the Grain Coast, due to the abundance of melegueta pepper grains. European traders would barter commodities and goods with local people. In the United States, there was a movement to resettle free-born blacks and freed slaves who faced racial discrimination in the form of political disenfranchisement, and the denial of civil, religious and social privileges in the United States. [17] Most whites and later a small cadre of black nationalists believed that blacks would face better chances for freedom in Africa than in the U. S. [8] The American Colonization Society was founded in 1816 in Washington, DC for this purpose, by a group of prominent politicians and slaveholders. But its membership grew to include mostly people who supported abolition of slavery. Slaveholders wanted to get free people of color out of the South, where they were thought to threaten the stability of the slave societies. Some abolitionists collaborated on relocation of free blacks, as they were discouraged by racial discrimination against them in the North and believed they would never be accepted in the larger society. [18] Most blacks, who were native-born by this time, wanted to work toward justice in the United States rather than emigrate. [8] Leading activists in the North strongly opposed the ACS, but some free blacks were ready to try a different environment. In 1822, the American Colonization Society began sending black volunteers to the Pepper Coast to establish a colony for freed blacks. By 1867, the ACS (and state-related chapters) had assisted in the migration of more than 13,000 blacks to Liberia. [19] These free African-Americans and their descendants married within their community and came to identify as Americo-Liberians. Many were of mixed race and educated in American culture; they did not identify with the indigenous natives of the tribes they encountered. They intermarried largely within the colonial community, developing an ethnic group that had a cultural tradition infused with American notions of political republicanism and Protestant Christianity. [20]Map of Liberia Colony in the 1830s, created by the ACS, and also showing Mississippi Colony and other state-sponsored colonies. The ACS, the private organization supported by prominent American politicians such as Abraham Lincoln, Henry Clay, and James Monroe, believed repatriation of free African Americans was preferable to widespread emancipation of slaves. [18] Similar state-based organizations established colonies in Mississippi-in-Africa and the Republic of Maryland, which were later annexed by Liberia. The Americo-Liberian settlers did not relate well to the indigenous peoples they encountered, especially those in communities of the more isolated " bush ", They knew nothing of their cultures, languages or animist religion. Encounters with tribal Africans in the bush often developed as violent confrontations. The colonial settlements were raided by the Kru and Grebo from their inland chiefdoms. Because of feeling set apart and superior by their culture and education to the indigenous peoples, the Americo-Liberians developed as a small elite that held on to political power. It excluded the indigenous tribesmen from birthright citizenship in their own lands until 1904, in a repetition of the United States' treatment of Native Americans. [10] Because of ethnocentrism and the cultural gap, the Americo-Liberians envisioned creating a western-style state to which the tribesmen should assimilate. They promoted religious organizations to set up missions and schools to educate the indigenous peoples. Government [ edit]On July 26, 1847, the settlers issued a Declaration of Independence and promulgated a constitution. Based on the political principles denoted in the United States Constitution, it established the independent Republic of Liberia. [21] [22] The United Kingdom was the first country to recognize Liberia's independence. [23]The leadership of the new nation consisted largely of the Americo-Liberians, who initially established political and economic dominance in the coastal areas that had been purchased by the ACS; they maintained relations with United States contacts in developing these areas and the resulting trade. Their passage of the 1865 Ports of Entry Act prohibited foreign commerce with the inland tribes, ostensibly to "encourage the growth of civilized values" before such trade was allowed in the region. [21]By 1877, the Americo-Liberian True Whig Party was the most powerful political power in the country. [24] It was made up primarily of people from the Americo-Liberian ethnic group, who maintained social, economic and political dominance well into the 20th century, repeating patterns of European colonists in other nations in Africa. Competition for office was usually contained within the party; a party nomination virtually ensured election. [24]Pressure from the United Kingdom, which controlled Sierra Leone to the west, and France with its interests in the north and east led to a loss of Liberia's claims to extensive territories. Both Sierra Leone and the Ivory Coast annexed some territories. [25] Liberia struggled to attract investment in order to develop infrastructure and a larger, industrial economy. There was a decline in production of Liberian goods in the late 19th century, and the government struggled financially, resulting in indebtedness on a series of international loans. [26] On July 16, 1892, Martha Ann Erskine Ricks met Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle and presented her a hand made quilt, Liberia's first diplomatic gift. Born into slavery in Tennessee, Ricks stated, "I had heard it often, from the time I was a child, how good the Queen had been to my people – to slaves – and how she wanted us to be free." [23]20th century [ edit]Charles D. B. King, 17th President of Liberia (1920–1930), with his entourage on the steps of the Peace Palace, The Hague (the Netherlands), 1927. American and other international interests emphasized resource extraction, with rubber production a major industry in the early 20th century. [27]In 1929 allegations of modern slavery in Liberia led the League of Nations to establish the Christy commission. Findings included government involvement in widespread "Forced or compulsory labour", minority ethnic groups especially were exploited in a system which enriched well connected elites within Liberia. [28] As a result of the Christy report, President Charles D. B. King and Vice-president Allen N. Yancy both resigned. [29]In the mid-20th century, Liberia gradually began to modernize with American assistance. During World War II, the United States made major infrastructure improvements to support its military efforts in Africa and Europe against the Nazis. It built the Freeport of Monrovia and Roberts International Airport under the Lend-Lease program before its entry into the Second World War. [30]After the war, President William Tubman encouraged foreign investment in the country. Liberia had the second-highest rate of economic growth in the world during the 1950s. [30]Liberia also began to take a more active role in international affairs. It was a founding member of the United Nations in 1945 and became a vocal critic of the South African apartheid regime. [31] Liberia also served as a proponent both of African independence from the European colonial powers and of Pan-Africanism, and helped to fund the Organisation of African Unity. [32]A technical in Monrovia during the Second Liberian Civil War. On April 12, 1980, a military coup led by Master Sergeant Samuel Doe of the Krahn ethnic group overthrew and killed President William R. Tolbert, Jr.. Doe and the other plotters later executed a majority of Tolbert's cabinet and other Americo-Liberian government officials and True Whig Party members. [33] The coup leaders formed the People's Redemption Council (PRC) to govern the country. [33] A strategic Cold War ally of the West, Doe received significant financial backing from the United States while critics condemned the PRC for corruption and political repression. [33]After Liberia adopted a new constitution in 1985, Doe was elected president in subsequent elections, which were internationally condemned as fraudulent. [33] On November 12, 1985, a failed counter-coup was launched by Thomas Quiwonkpa, whose soldiers briefly occupied the national radio station. [34] Government repression intensified in response, as Doe's troops retaliated by executing members of the Gio and Mano ethnic groups in Nimba County. [34]The National Patriotic Front of Liberia, a rebel group led by Charles Taylor, launched an insurrection in December 1989 against Doe's government with the backing of neighboring countries such as Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast. This triggered the First Liberian Civil War. [35] By September 1990, Doe's forces controlled only a small area just outside the capital, and Doe was captured and executed in that month by rebel forces. [36]The rebels soon split into various factions fighting one another. The Economic Community Monitoring Group under the Economic Community of West African States organized a military task force to intervene in the crisis. [36] From 1989 to 1996 one of Africa's bloodiest civil wars broke out, claiming the lives of more than 200,000 Liberians and displacing a million others into refugee camps in neighboring countries. [10] A peace deal between warring parties was reached in 1995, leading to Taylor's election as president in 1997. [36]Under Taylor's leadership, Liberia became internationally known as a pariah state due to its use of blood diamonds and illegal timber exports to fund the Revolutionary United Front in the Sierra Leone Civil War. [37] The Second Liberian Civil War began in 1999 when Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy, a rebel group based in the northwest of the country, launched an armed insurrection against Taylor. [38]2000s [ edit]In March 2003, a second rebel group, Movement for Democracy in Liberia, began launching attacks against Taylor from the southeast. [38] Peace talks between the factions began in Accra in June of that year, and Taylor was indicted by the Special Court for Sierra Leone for crimes against humanity the same month. [37] By July 2003, the rebels had launched an assault on Monrovia. [39] Under heavy pressure from the international community and the domestic Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace movement, [40] Taylor resigned in August 2003 and went into exile in Nigeria. [41]A peace deal was signed later that month. [42] The United Nations Mission in Liberia began arriving in September 2003 to provide security and monitor the peace accord, [43] and an interim government took power the following October. [44]The subsequent 2005 elections were internationally regarded as the most free and fair in Liberian history. [45]Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, a Harvard -trained economist and former Minister of Finance, was elected as the first female president in Africa. [45] Upon her inauguration, Sirleaf requested the extradition of Taylor from Nigeria and transferred him to the SCSL for trial in The Hague. [46] [47]In 2006, the government established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to address the causes and crimes of the civil war. [48]Geography [ edit]Main article: Geography of Liberia A map of Liberia Liberia map of Köppen climate classification. Liberia is situated in West Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean to the country's southwest. It lies between latitudes 4° and 9°N, and longitudes 7° and 12°W. The landscape is characterized by mostly flat to rolling coastal plains that contain mangroves and swamps, which rise to a rolling plateau and low mountains in the northeast. [49]Tropical rainforests cover the hills, while elephant grass and semi-deciduous forests make up the dominant vegetation in the northern sections. [49] The equatorial climate is hot year-round with heavy rainfall from May to October with a short interlude in mid-July to August. [49] During the winter months of November to March, dry dust-laden harmattan winds blow inland, causing many problems for residents. [49]Liberia's watershed tends to move in a southwestern pattern towards the sea as new rains move down the forested plateau off the inland mountain range of Guinée Forestière, in Guinea. Cape Mount near the border with Sierra Leone receives the most precipitation in the nation. [49]Liberia's main northwestern boundary is traversed by the Mano River while its southeast limits are bounded by the Cavalla River. [49] Liberia's three largest rivers are St. Paul exiting near Monrovia, the river St. John at Buchanan and the Cestos River, all of which flow into the Atlantic. The Cavalla is the longest river in the nation at 515 kilometers (320 mi). [49]The highest point wholly within Liberia is Mount Wuteve at 1,440 meters (4,724 ft) above sea level in the northwestern Liberia range of the West Africa Mountains and the Guinea Highlands. [49] However, Mount Nimba near Yekepa, is higher at 1,752 meters (5,748 ft) above sea level but is not wholly within Liberia as Nimba shares a border with Guinea and Ivory Coast and is their tallest mountain as well. [50]Counties and districts [ edit]Main article: Administrative divisions of Liberia A view of a lake in Bomi County Liberia is divided into fifteen counties, which, in turn, are subdivided into a total of 90 districts and further subdivided into clans. The oldest counties are Grand Bassa and Montserrado, both founded in 1839 prior to Liberian independence. Gbarpolu is the newest county, created in 2001. Nimba is the largest of the counties in size at 11,551 km 2 (4,460 sq mi), while Montserrado is the smallest at 1,909 km 2 (737 sq mi). [51] Montserrado is also the most populous county with 1,144,806 residents as of the 2008 census. [51]The fifteen counties are administered by superintendents appointed by the president. The Constitution calls for the election of various chiefs at the county and local level, but these elections have not taken place since 1985 due to war and financial constraints. [52]Map # County Capital Population (2008 Census) [51]Area (km 2) [51]Number of Districts Date Created1 Bomi Tubmanburg 82,036 1,942 km 2 (750 sq mi) 4 19842Bong Gbarnga328,919 8,772 km 2 (3,387 sq mi) 12 19643Gbarpolu Bopolu83,758 9,689 km 2 (3,741 sq mi) 6 20014Grand Bassa Buchanan224,839 7,936 km 2 (3,064 sq mi) 8 18395 Grand Cape Mount Robertsport129,055 5,162 km 2 (1,993 sq mi) 5 18446Grand Gedeh Zwedru126,146 10,484 km 2 (4,048 sq mi) 3 19647Grand Kru Barclayville57,106 3,895 km 2 (1,504 sq mi) 18 19848Lofa Voinjama270,114 9,982 km 2 (3,854 sq mi) 6 19649Margibi Kakata199,689 2,616 km 2 (1,010 sq mi) 4 198510 Maryland Harper 136,404 2,297 km 2 (887 sq mi) 2 185711 Montserrado Bensonville 1,144,806 1,909 km 2 (737 sq mi) 4 183912Nimba Sanniquellie468,088 11,551 km 2 (4,460 sq mi) 6 196413Rivercess Rivercess65,862 5,594 km 2 (2,160 sq mi) 6 198514River Gee Fish Town67,318 5,113 km 2 (1,974 sq mi) 6 200015Sinoe Greenville104,932 10,137 km 2 (3,914 sq mi) 17 1843Environmental issues [ edit]Further information: Environmental issues in Liberia Pygmy hippos are among the species illegally hunted for food in Liberia. [53] The World Conservation Union estimates that there are fewer than 3,000 pygmy hippos remaining in the wild. [54]Endangered species are hunted for human consumption as bushmeat in Liberia. [53] Species hunted for food in Liberia include elephants, pygmy hippopotamus, chimpanzees, leopards, duikers, and other monkeys. [53] Bushmeat is often exported to neighboring Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast, despite a ban on the cross-border sale of wild animals. [53]Bushmeat is widely eaten in Liberia, and is considered a delicacy. [55] A 2004 public opinion survey found that bushmeat ranked second behind fish amongst residents of the capital Monrovia as a preferred source of protein. [55] Of households where bushmeat was served, 80% of residents said they cooked it "once in a while," while 13% cooked it once a week and 7% cooked bushmeat daily. [55] The survey was conducted during the last civil war, and bushmeat consumption is now believed to be far higher. [55]Loggers and logging truck, early 1960s Liberia is a global biodiversity hotspot – a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat from humans. [56] Liberia hosts the last remaining viable populations of certain species including western chimpanzees, forest elephants and leopards. [56] Liberia contains a significant portion of West Africa's remaining rainforest, with about 43% of the Upper Guinean forest – an important forest that spans several West African nations. [56]Slash-and-burn agriculture is one of the human activities eroding Liberia's natural forests. [57] A 2004 UN report estimated that 99 per cent of Liberians burnt charcoal and fuel wood for cooking and heating, resulting in deforestation. [57]Illegal logging has increased in Liberia since the end of the Second Civil War in 2003. [56] In 2012, President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf granted licenses to companies to cut down 58% of all the primary rainforest left in Liberia. [56] After international protests, many of those logging permits were canceled. [56] Liberia and Norway struck an agreement in September 2014 whereby Liberia ceases all logging in exchange for $150 million in development aid. [56]Pollution is a significant issue in Liberia's capital city Monrovia. [58] Since 2006 the international community has paid for all garbage collection and disposal in Monrovia via the World Bank. [59]Politics [ edit]Main article: Politics of Liberia President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf The government of Liberia, modeled on the government of the United States, is a unitary constitutional republic and representative democracy as established by the Constitution. The government has three co-equal branches of government: the executive, headed by the president; the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Legislature of Liberia; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and several lower courts. The president serves as head of government, head of state and the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Liberia. [2] Among the other duties of the president are to sign or veto legislative bills, grant pardons, and appoint Cabinet members, judges and other public officials. Together with the vice president, the president is elected to a six-year term by majority vote in a two-round system and can serve up to two terms in office. [2]The Legislature is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The House, led by a speaker, has 73 members apportioned among the 15 counties on the basis of the national census, with each county receiving a minimum of two members. [2] Each House member represents an electoral district within a county as drawn by the National Elections Commission and is elected by a plurality of the popular vote of their district into a six-year term. The Senate is made up of two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators. [2] Senators serve nine-year terms and are elected at-large by a plurality of the popular vote. [2] The vice president serves as the President of the Senate, with a President pro tempore serving in their absence. Liberia's highest judicial authority is the Supreme Court, made up of five members and headed by the Chief Justice of Liberia. Members are nominated to the court by the president and are confirmed by the Senate, serving until the age of 70. The judiciary is further divided into circuit and speciality courts, magistrate courts and justices of the peace. [60] The judicial system is a blend of common law, based on Anglo-American law, and customary law. [2] An informal system of traditional courts still exists within the rural areas of the country, with trial by ordeal remaining common despite being officially outlawed. [60]Between 1877 and 1980, the government was dominated by the True Whig Party. [24] Today, over 20 political parties are registered in the country, based largely around personalities and ethnic groups. [45] Most parties suffer from poor organizational capacity. [45] The 2005 elections marked the first time that the president's party did not gain a majority of seats in the Legislature. [45]Corruption [ edit]Further information: Corruption in Liberia Corruption is endemic at every level of the Liberian government. [61] When President Sirleaf took office in 2006, she announced that corruption was "the major public enemy." [62] In 2014, the US ambassador to Liberia stated that corruption there was harming people through "unnecessary costs to products and services that are already difficult for many Liberians to afford". [63]Liberia scored a 3.3 on a scale from 10 (highly clean) to 0 (highly corrupt) on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions Index. This gave it a ranking 87th of 178 countries worldwide and 11th of 47 in Sub-Saharan Africa. [64] This score did, however, represent a significant improvement since 2007, when the country scored 2.1 and ranked 150th of 180 countries. [65] When dealing with public-facing government functionaries 89% of Liberians say they have had to pay a bribe, the highest national percentage in the world according to the organization's 2010 Global Corruption Barometer. [66]Military [ edit]Main article: Armed Forces of Liberia The Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) are the armed forces of the Republic of Liberia. Founded as the Liberian Frontier Force in 1908, the military was retitled in 1956. For virtually all of its history, the AFL has received considerable material and training assistance from the United States. For most of the 1941–89 period, training was largely provided by U. S. advisers. After the UN Security Council Resolution 1509 of September 2003, the United Nations Mission in Liberia arrived to referee the ceasefire with units from Ghana, Nigeria, Pakistan, and China with the view to assist the National Transitional Government of Liberia in forming the new Liberian military. [67]Foreign relations [ edit]President Sirleaf with John Kerry , Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos, and British PM David Cameron in September 2015Further information: Foreign relations of Liberia After the turmoil following the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars, Liberia's internal stabilization in the 21st century brought a return to cordial relations with neighboring countries and much of the Western world. As in other African countries, China is an important part of the post-conflict reconstruction. [68]In the past, both of Liberia's neighbors, Guinea and Sierra Leone, have accused Liberia of backing rebels inside their countries. [62]Law enforcement [ edit]Further information: Law enforcement in Liberia The Liberian National Police are the national police force of the country. It has 844 officers in 33 stations in Montserrado County, which contains the capital Monrovia, as of October 2007. [69] The National Police Training Academy is in Montserrado County in Paynesville City. [70] A history of corruption among the police officers diminishes the public trust and operational effectiveness. The internal security is characterized by a general lawlessness coupled with the danger that former combatants in the late civil war might reestablish militias to challenge the civil authorities. [71]Economy and infrastructure [ edit]Main article: Economy of Liberia A proportional representation of Liberian exports. The shipping related categories reflect Liberia's status as an international flag of convenience – there are 3,500 vessels registered under Liberia's flag accounting for 11% of ships worldwide. [72] [73]Liberia, trends in the Human Development Index 1970–2010. The Central Bank of Liberia is responsible for printing and maintaining the Liberian dollar, which is the primary form of currency in Liberia. Liberia is one of the world's poorest countries, with a formal employment rate of 15%. [60] GDP per capita peaked in 1980 at US$496, when it was comparable to Egypt's (at the time). [74] In 2011, the country's nominal GDP was US$1.154 billion, while nominal GDP per capita stood at US$297, the third-lowest in the world. [4] Historically, the Liberian economy has depended heavily on foreign aid, foreign direct investment and exports of natural resources such as iron ore, rubber, and timber. [49]Following a peak in growth in 1979, the Liberian economy began a steady decline due to economic mismanagement following the 1980 coup. [75] This decline was accelerated by the outbreak of civil war in 1989; GDP was reduced by an estimated 90% between 1989 and 1995, one of the fastest declines in history. [75] Upon the end of the war in 2003, GDP growth began to accelerate, reaching 9.4% in 2007. [76] The global financial crisis slowed GDP growth to 4.6% in 2009, [76] though a strengthening agricultural sector led by rubber and timber exports increased growth to 5.1% in 2010 and an expected 7.3% in 2011, making the economy one of the 20 fastest growing in the world. [77] [78]Current impediments to growth include a small domestic market, lack of adequate infrastructure, high transportation costs, poor trade links with neighboring countries and the high dollarization of the economy. [77] Liberia used the United States dollar as its currency from 1943 until 1982 and continues to use the U. S. dollar alongside the Liberian dollar. [79]A boy grinding sugar cane. Following a decrease in inflation beginning in 2003, inflation spiked in 2008 as a result of worldwide food and energy crises, [80] reaching 17.5% before declining to 7.4% in 2009. [76] Liberia's external debt was estimated in 2006 at approximately $4.5 billion, 800% of GDP. [75] As a result of bilateral, multilateral and commercial debt relief from 2007 to 2010, the country's external debt fell to $222.9 million by 2011. [81]While official commodity exports declined during the 1990s as many investors fled the civil war, Liberia's wartime economy featured the exploitation of the region's diamond wealth. [82] The country acted as a major trader in Sierra Leonian blood diamonds, exporting over US$300 million in diamonds in 1999. [83] This led to a United Nations ban on Liberian diamond exports in 2001, which was lifted in 2007 following Liberia's accession to the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme. [84]In 2003, additional UN sanctions were placed on Liberian timber exports, which had risen from US$5 million in 1997 to over US$100 million in 2002 and were believed to be funding rebels in Sierra Leone. [85] [86] These sanctions were lifted in 2006. [87] Due in large part to foreign aid and investment inflow following the end of the war, Liberia maintains a large account deficit, which peaked at nearly 60% in 2008. [77] Liberia gained observer status with the World Trade Organization in 2010 and is in the process of acquiring full member status. [88]Liberia has the highest ratio of foreign direct investment to GDP in the world, with US$16 billion in investment since 2006. [78] Following the inauguration of the Sirleaf administration in 2006, Liberia signed several multibillion-dollar concession agreements in the iron ore and palm oil industries with numerous multinational corporations, including BHP Billiton, Arcelor Mittal, and Sime Darby. [89] Especially palm oil companies like Sime Darby (Malaysia) and Golden Veroleum (USA) are being accused by critics of the destruction of livelihoods and the displacement of local communities, enabled through government concessions. [90] The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company has operated the world's largest rubber plantation in Harbel, Margibi County since 1926 with more than 8,000 mostly Liberian employees in 2015, making Firestone Liberia the largest private employer in Liberia. [91] [92]Shipping flag of convenience [ edit]Due to its status as a flag of convenience, Liberia has the second-largest maritime registry in the world behind Panama. It has 3500 vessels registered under its flag accounting for 11% of ships worldwide. [72] [73]Telecommunications [ edit]Main article: Communications in Liberia There are six major newspapers in Liberia, and 45% of the population has a mobile phone service. Much of Liberia's communications infrastructure was destroyed or plundered during the two civil wars (1989–1996 and 1999–2003). [93] With low rates of adult literacy and high poverty rates, television and newspaper use is limited, leaving radio as the predominant means of communicating with the public. [94]Transportation [ edit]Main article: Transport in Liberia The streets of downtown Monrovia, March 2009Liberia's economic main links to the outside world come through Monrovia, via the port and airport in the capital. Energy [ edit]Further information: Energy in Liberia Formal electricity services are provided solely by the state-owned Liberia Electricity Corporation, which operates a small grid almost exclusively in the Greater Monrovia District. [95] The vast majority of electric energy services is provided by small privately owned generators. At $0.54 per k Wh, the electricity tariff in Liberia is among the highest in the world. Total installed capacity in 2013 was 20 MW, a sharp decline from a peak of 191 MW in 1989 before the wars. [95]Completion of the repair and expansion of the Mount Coffee Hydropower Plant, with a maximum capacity of 80 MW, is scheduled to be completed by 2018. [96] Construction of three new heavy fuel oil power plants is expected to boost electrical capacity by 38 MW. [97] In 2013, Liberia began importing power from neighboring Ivory Coast and Guinea through the West African Power Pool. [98]Liberia has begun exploration for offshore oil; unproven oil reserves may be in excess of one billion barrels. [99] The government divided its offshore waters into 17 blocks and began auctioning off exploration licenses for the blocks in 2004, with further auctions in 2007 and 2009. [100] [101] [102] An additional 13 ultra-deep offshore blocks were demarcated in 2011 and planned for auction. [103] Among the companies to have won licenses are Repsol, Chevron, Anadarko and Woodside Petroleum. [104]Demographics [ edit]Liberia's population from 1961–2013, in millions. [105] Liberia's population tripled in 40 years. [105]Liberia's population pyramid, 2005. 43.5% of Liberians were below the age of 15 in 2010. [106]Main article: Demographics of Liberia See also: Liberian nationality law As of the 2017 national census, Liberia was home to 4,694,608 people. [107] Of those, 1,118,241 lived in Montserrado County, the most populous county in the country and home to the capital of Monrovia. The Greater Monrovia District has 970,824 residents. [108] Nimba County is the next most populous county, with 462,026 residents. [108] As revealed in the 2008 census, Monrovia is more than four times more populous than all the county capitals combined. [51]Prior to the 2008 census, the last census had been held in 1984 and listed the country's population as 2,101,628. [108] The population of Liberia was 1,016,443 in 1962 and increased to 1,503,368 in 1974. [51] As of 2006, Liberia has the highest population growth rate in the world (4.50% per annum). [109] In 2010 some 43.5% of Liberians were below the age of 15. [106]Ethnic groups [ edit]The population includes 16 indigenous ethnic groups and various foreign minorities. Indigenous peoples comprise about 95 percent of the population. The 16 officially recognized ethnic groups include the Kpelle, Bassa, Mano, Gio or Dan, Kru, Grebo, Krahn, Vai, Gola, Mandingo or Mandinka, Mende, Kissi, Gbandi, Loma, Fante, Dei or Dewoin, Belleh, and Americo-Liberians or Congo people. The Kpelle comprise more than 20% of the population and are the largest ethnic group in Liberia, residing mostly in Bong County and adjacent areas in central Liberia. [110] Americo-Liberians, who are descendants of African American and West Indian, mostly Barbadian settlers, make up 2.5%. Congo people, descendants of repatriated Congo and Afro-Caribbean slaves who arrived in 1825, make up an estimated 2.5%. [2] [111] These latter two groups established political control in the 19th century which they kept well into the 20th century. Numerous immigrants have come as merchants and become a major part of the business community, including Lebanese, Indians, and other West African nationals. There is a high percentage of interracial marriage between ethnic Liberians and the Lebanese, resulting in a significant mixed-race population especially in and around Monrovia. A small minority of Liberians who are White Africans of European descent reside in the country. [ better source needed] [2] The Liberian constitution restricts citizenship to people of African descent. [112]Languages [ edit]Further information: Languages of Liberia English is the official language and serves as the lingua franca of Liberia. [113] Thirty-one indigenous languages are spoken within Liberia, none of which is a first language to more than a small percentage of the population. [114] Liberians also speak a variety of creolized dialects collectively known as Liberian English. [113]Largest cities [ edit]v t e Largest cities or towns in Liberia2008 National Population and Housing Census: Preliminary Results, Appendix 2Rank Name County Pop. Monrovia Ganta1 Monrovia Montserrado 1,010,970Buchanan2 Ganta Nimba 41,1063 Buchanan Grand Bassa 34,2704 Gbarnga Bong 34,0465 Kakata Margibi 33,9456 Voinjama Lofa 26,5947 Zwedru Grand Gedeh 23,9038 Harbel Margibi 23,4029 Pleebo Maryland 22,96310 Foya Lofa 19,522Religion [ edit]Main article: Religion in Liberia Religion in Liberia (2010) [115]Religion percent Protestant 76.3%Muslim 12.2%Catholic 7.2%Other Christian 1.6%Unaffiliated 1.4%Other faith 1.3%According to the 2008 National Census, 85.5% of the population practices Christianity. A multitude of diverse Protestant confessions such as Lutheran, Baptist, Episcopal, Presbyterian, Pentecostal, United Methodist, African Methodist Episcopal (AME) and African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AME Zion) denominations form the bulk of Christians, followed by adherents of the Roman Catholic Church and other non-Protestant Christians. Most of these Christian denominations were brought by African American settlers moving from the United States into Liberia via the American Colonization Society, while some are indigenous—especially Pentecostal and evangelical Protestant ones. Protestantism was originally associated with Black American settlers and their Americo-Liberian descendants, while native peoples held to their own animist forms of African traditional religion. Indigenous people were subject to Christian missionary, as well as Americo-Liberian efforts to close the cultural gap by means of education. This proved successful, leaving Christians a majority in the country. Muslims comprise 12.2% of the population, largely represented by the Mandingo and Vai ethnic groups. Sunnis, Shias, Ahmadiyyas, Sufis, and non-denominational Muslims constitute the bulk of the Liberian Muslims. [116]Traditional indigenous religions are practiced by 0.5% of the population, while 1.5% subscribe to no religion. A small number of people are Bahá'í, Hindu, Sikh, or Buddhist. While Christian, many Liberians also participate in traditional, gender-based indigenous religious secret societies, such as Poro for men and Sande for women. The all-female Sande society practices female circumcision. [117]The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the government generally respects this right. [117] While separation of church and state is mandated by the Constitution, Liberia is considered a Christian state in practice. [45] Public schools offer biblical studies, though parents may opt their children out. Commerce is prohibited by law on Sundays and major Christian holidays. The government does not require businesses or schools to excuse Muslims for Friday prayers. [117]Education [ edit]Main article: Education in Liberia Students studying by candlelight in Bong County In 2010, the literacy rate of Liberia was estimated at 60.8% (64.8% for males and 56.8% for females). [118] In some areas primary and secondary education is free and compulsory from the ages of 6 to 16, though enforcement of attendance is lax. [119] In other areas children are required to pay a tuition fee to attend school. On average, children attain 10 years of education (11 for boys and 8 for girls). [2] The country's education sector is hampered by inadequate schools and supplies, as well as a lack of qualified teachers. [120]Higher education is provided by a number of public and private universities. The University of Liberia is the country's largest and oldest university. Located in Monrovia, the university opened in 1862. Today it has six colleges, including a medical school and the nation's only law school, Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law. [121]Cuttington University was established by the Episcopal Church of the USA in 1889 in Suakoko, Bong County, as part of its missionary education work among indigenous peoples. It is the nation's oldest private university. In 2009, Tubman University in Harper, Maryland County was established as the second public university in Liberia. [122] Since 2006, the government has also opened community colleges in Buchanan, Sanniquellie, and Voinjama. [123] [124] [125]Health [ edit]Further information: Health in Liberia Hospitals in Liberia include the John F. Kennedy Medical Center in Monrovia and several others. Life expectancy in Liberia is estimated to be 57.4 years in 2012. [126] With a fertility rate of 5.9 births per woman, the maternal mortality rate stood at 990 per 100,000 births in 2010. [127] A number of highly communicable diseases are widespread, including tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases and malaria. In 2007, the HIV infection rates stood at 2% of the population aged 15–49 [128] whereas the incidence of tuberculosis was 420 per 100,000 people in 2008. [129] Approximately 58.2% [130] – 66% [131] of women are estimated to have undergone female genital mutilation. Liberia imports 90% of its rice, a staple food, and is extremely vulnerable to food shortages. [132] In 2007, 20.4% of children under the age of five were malnourished. [133] In 2008, only 17% of the population had access to adequate sanitation facilities. [134]Approximately 95% of the country's healthcare facilities had been destroyed by the time civil war ended in 2003. [135] In 2009, government expenditure on health care per capita was US$22, [136] accounting for 10.6% of total GDP. [137] In 2008, Liberia had only one doctor and 27 nurses per 100,000 people. [129]In 2014, an outbreak of Ebola virus in Guinea spread to Liberia. [138] As of November 17, 2014, there were 2,812 confirmed deaths from the ongoing outbreak. [139] In early August 2014 Guinea closed its borders to Liberia to help contain the spread of the virus, as more new cases were being reported in Liberia than in Guinea. On May 9, 2015, Liberia was declared Ebola free after six weeks with no new cases. [140]According to an Overseas Development Institute report, private health expenditure accounts for 64.1% of total spending on health. [141]Crime [ edit]Rape and sexual assault are frequent in the post-conflict era in Liberia. The country has one of the highest incidences of sexual violence against women in the world. Rape is the most frequently reported crime, accounting for more than one-third of sexual violence cases. Adolescent girls are the most frequently assaulted, and almost 40% of perpetrators are adult men known to victims. [142]Both male and female homosexuality is illegal in Liberia. [143] On July 20, 2012, the Liberian senate voted unanimously to enact legislation to prohibit and criminalize same-sex marriages. [144]Culture [ edit]Main article: Culture of Liberia Bassa culture. Helmet Mask for Sande Society (Ndoli Jowei), Liberia. 20th century. Brooklyn Museum. The religious practices, social customs and cultural standards of the Americo-Liberians had their roots in the antebellum American South. The settlers wore top hat and tails and modeled their homes on those of Southern slaveowners. [145] Most Americo-Liberian men were members of the Masonic Order of Liberia, which became heavily involved in the nation's politics. [146]Liberia has a long, rich history in textile arts and quilting, as the settlers brought with them their sewing and quilting skills. Liberia hosted National Fairs in 1857 and 1858 in which prizes were awarded for various needle arts. One of the most well-known Liberian quilters was Martha Ann Ricks, [147] who presented a quilt featuring the famed Liberian coffee tree to Queen Victoria in 1892. When President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf moved into the Executive Mansion, she reportedly had a Liberian-made quilt installed in her presidential office. [148]A rich literary tradition has existed in Liberia for over a century. Edward Wilmot Blyden, Bai T. Moore, Roland T. Dempster and Wilton G. S. Sankawulo are among Liberia's more prominent authors. [149] Moore's novella Murder in the Cassava Patch is considered Liberia's most celebrated novel. [150]Polygamy [ edit]Further information: Polygamy in Liberia One-third of married Liberian women between the ages of 15–49 are in polygamous marriages. [151] Customary law allows men to have up to four wives. [152]Cuisine [ edit]Main article: Liberian cuisine A beachside barbeque at Sinkor, Monrovia, Liberia Liberian cuisine heavily incorporates rice, the country's staple food. Other ingredients include cassava, fish, bananas, citrus fruit, plantains, coconut, okra and sweet potatoes. [153] Heavy stews spiced with habanero and scotch bonnet chillies are popular and eaten with fufu. [154] Liberia also has a tradition of baking imported from the United States that is unique in West Africa. [155]Sport [ edit]The most popular sport in Liberia is association football, with President George Weah — the only African to be named FIFA World Player of the Year — being the nation's most famous athlete. [156] The Liberia national football team has reached the Africa Cup of Nations twice, in 1996 and 2002. The second most popular sport in Liberia is basketball. The Liberian national basketball team has reached the Afro Basket twice, in 1983 and 2007. In Liberia, the Samuel Kanyon Doe Sports Complex serves as a multi-purpose stadium. It hosts FIFA World Cup qualifying matches in addition to international concerts and national political events. [157]Measurement system [ edit]Liberia is one of only three countries that have not officially adopted the International System of Units (metric system), the others being the United States and Myanmar. In the United States, the Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act amended the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 and designated the metric system as "the Preferred system of weights and measures for United States trade and commerce", but is mixed in consumer usage, with the population clinging to old units and industries either fully metric or mixed. [158] [ better source needed]Myanmar, has made an official decision to metricate and, since 2013, has been transitioning away from Imperial units in the past few years. Gasoline sales are now in litres. [159]The Liberian government has begun transitioning away from use of United States Customary Units to the metric system. 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Retrieved July 23, 2011.^ "Martha Ricks". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved December 12, 2008.^ "Liberia: It's the Little Things—A Reflection on Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's Journey to the Presidency". all Africa.com. Retrieved May 16, 2008.^ Kamara, Varney (July 20, 2010). "Liberia: "Literature Must Be Given Priority " ". The Analyst. all Africa.com. Retrieved July 23, 2011.^ Doe, J. Kpanneh (October 31, 2000). "Baa Salaka: Sacrificial Lamb – A Book Review & Commentary". The Perspective. Retrieved July 23, 2011.^ OECD Atlas of Gender and Development: How Social Norms Affect Gender Equality in non-OECD Countries, OECD Publishing, 2010. p 236.^ Olukoju, Ayodeji. "Gender Roles, Marriage and Family", Culture and Customs of Liberia. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2006, p. 97.^ "Celtnet Liberian Recipes and Cookery". Celtnet Recipes. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved July 23, 2011.^ "Liberia". Food in Every Country. Retrieved August 27, 2013.^ "The Baking Recipes of Liberia". Africa Aid. Retrieved July 23, 2011.^ "Iconic Weah a true great". FIFA.com. Retrieved November 17, 2013^ "Liberia: Chaos Mars Grand Bassa and Nimba Clash". All Africa. January 21, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2016.^ Metrication in the United States^ "CIA The World Factbook". Appendix G: Weights and Measures. US Central Intelligence Agency. 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2010.^ Wilcox, Michael D., Jr. Department of Agricultural Economics University of Tennessee (2008). "Reforming Cocoa and Coffee Marketing in Liberia" (PDF). Presentation and Policy Brief. University of Tennessee. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2010.^ Government of Liberia (2008). "County Development Agendas". Government of the Republic of Liberia. Archived from the original on January 14, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010.^ Shannon, Eugene H. (December 31, 2009). "Annual report" (PDF). Annual report. Liberian Ministry of Lands, Mines and Energy. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 10, 2011. Retrieved May 1, 2010. Further reading [ edit]Cooper, Helene, House at Sugar Beach: In Search of a Lost African Childhood (Simon & Schuster, 2008, ISBN 0-7432-6624-2)Gilbert, Erik; Reynolds, Jonathan T (October 2003). Africa in World History, From Prehistory to the Present (Paperback ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-092907-5. Greene, Barbara (March 5, 1991). Too Late to Turn Back. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-009594-2. Greene, Graham (1936). Journey Without Maps. Vintage. ISBN 978-0-09-928223-5. Hetherington, Tim (2009). Long Story Bit By Bit: Liberia Retold. New York: Umbrage. ISBN 978-1-884167-73-7. Huffman, Alan (2004). Mississippi in Africa: The Saga of the Slaves of Prospect Hill Plantation and Their Legacy in Liberia Today. Gotham Books. ISBN 978-1-59240-044-7. Kraaij, Fred; van der (2015). Liberia : From the Love of Liberty to Paradise Lost. African Studies Centre, Leiden. ISBN 978-90-54481447. Lang, Victoria, To Liberia: Destiny's Timing (Publish America, Baltimore, 2004, ISBN 1-4137-1829-9 ). A fast-paced gripping novel of the journey of a young Black couple fleeing America to settle in the African motherland of Liberia. Maksik, Alexander, A Marker to Measure Drift (John Murray 2013; Paperback 2014; ISBN 978-1-84854-807-7 ). A beautifully written, powerful & moving novel about a young woman's experience of and escape from the Liberian civil war. Merriam Webster's Geographical Dictionary: 3rd Edition (Paperback ed.). Merriam Webster Inc., Springfield. 1997. ISBN 0-87779-546-0. Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties, Chapter Eight: Liberia: 'The Love of Liberty Brought Us Here,' pp. 85–110, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Huntington, New York, 2001; Godfrey Mwakikagile, The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation, Chapter One: The Collapse of A Modern African State: Death and Rebirth of Liberia, pp. 1–18, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2001. Pham, John-Peter (April 4, 2001). Liberia: Portrait of a Failed State. Reed Press. ISBN 1-59429-012-1. Sankawulo, Wilton, Great Tales of Liberia. Dr. Sankawulo is the compiler of these tales from Liberia and about Liberian culture. Editura Universitatii "Lucian Blaga", Sibiu, Romania, 2004. ISBN 9789736518386. Sankawulo, Wilton, Sundown at Dawn: A Liberian Odyssey. Recommended by the Cultural Resource Center, Center for Applied Linguistics for its content concerning Liberian culture. ISBN 0-9763565-0-3Shaw, Elma, Redemption Road: The Quest for Peace and Justice in Liberia (a novel), with a Foreword by President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (Cotton Tree Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-9800774-0-7)Williams, Gabriel I. H. (July 6, 2006). Liberia: The Heart of Darkness. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-55369-294-2. External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liberia. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Liberia. Chief of State and Cabinet Members"Liberia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Liberia from UCB Libraries Gov Pubs. Liberia at Curlie (based on DMOZ)Liberia profile from the BBC News. Liberia profile from the African Studies Centre Leiden Country portal. "Liberia Maps", Perry-Castañeda Library, University of Texas at Austin. Wikimedia Atlas of Liberia [ show]v t e Liberia articles [ show]v t e Countries and territories of Africa [ show]International membership [ show]Languages Authority control World Cat Identities VIAF: 148839939 GND: 4035583-4 BNF: cb11945553v (data) HDS: 3451NDL: 00569439Categories: Liberia Economic Community of West African States English-speaking countries and territories Least developed countries Member states of the African Union Reparations for slavery Republics States and territories established in 1847 Member states of the United Nations West African countries1847 establishments in Liberia Countries in Africa
Joey Potter Joey and Dawson get chosen as class couple as a practical joke by Drue Valentine. Also, Pacey has returned to academic probation while Joey dreams of admittance to the prestigious Worthington College in Boston. On a ski trip with the senior class, Pacey and Joey finally sleep together for the first time. However, when Dawson questions her, she lies about losing her virginity. Pacey finds out about the lie and is unsettled. He is further disturbed when Joey accepts money from Dawson to attend Worthington.
Price of a Stamp. The current price of a first class stamp is 49 cents. A domestic first class letter (1 oz.) is 49 cents. The price of each additional ounce is 21 cents.It will cost you 34 cents to send a domestic postcard.he current price of a first class stamp is 49 cents. A domestic first class letter (1 oz.) is 49 cents.
Dyeing eggs in spring may be a pagan tradition that was adopted by the Christians, but the folks in Eastern Europe took it to the highest level. The technique of creating colorful patterns with a wax resist is called pysanky, and it came to the United States with the émigrés of the Ukraine in the diaspora that began just before WWI. The cultural traditions took root here and in Canada, and were passed through to the current generation. Shannon Wallis is from the Upper Valley, not the Ukraine, but nevertheless enjoys the patterns and colors of the pysanky technique. She often runs into folks who know the history and recognize the regional patterns on her eggs — the patterns she first used to learn the process. Find It shannonwallisdesigns.square.site facebook.com/shannonwallisdesigns Instagram @shannon_w_designs (603) 306-2281 Instagram @shannon_w_designs(603) 306-2281 After eight years of developing her style, Wallis created her own language of design elements that goes beyond the traditional. She sees patterns everywhere — on someone’s dress, in a Hindi henna tattoo or flowers. Wallis says it’s a challenge creating two-dimensional geometric designs with squares and triangles that skirt a conical egg, but therein lies the satisfaction. Starting with a raw chicken or duck egg, Wallis draws on the first layer of design with a kistka filled with flowing hot wax. Wallis says the method is like creating a coloring book — first she draws the lines in wax and then colors in between with dyes. Finally, all the wax is removed with a few seconds in a microwave, and the design is revealed. That is her favorite moment — is it a masterpiece or a mess? The finished eggs are “blown out” to preserve them. Lately, she has been experimenting with brown eggs that are first “etched” with vinegar in spots to create whites lines, revealed under the brown surface. The colors used may be the only seasonal element to her designs, as she sells the most eggs in December as hanging ornaments. But Easter is the traditional time for egg dyeing throughout history and cultures. Wallis may not have a Ukrainian heritage for design inspiration, but she has gathered dozens of “egg friends” all over the world on social media. She’s also been invited to participate in a show at the Pysanka Museum in Kolomyia, Ukraine, in April to bring back to the homeland variations of the technique that took root in America and Canada over the past 100 years. As a side note, she says that the most respected egg artist in the Ukraine is a soldier fighting, at the moment, against the Russian aggression. When Wallis gets around to having her DNA tested, she almost hopes there is a percentage from Eastern Europe. That would explain a lot of things.
Humans are social animals and our very survival depends on cooperation and coordination with other humans, especially in the environment we originally evolved in. Social dynamics create a "pecking order" within a group, and it is advantageous to an individual (or more accurately, their genes) to be as high as possible in this status or "popularity" ranking. Thus there has been a selection pressure to create a drive to gain high status.
ATT Validity Dates. 1 Each ATT is valid for a period of time specified by the BON/RB (the average length of an ATT is 90 days). 2 Once the BON/RB has declared you eligible to test and you receive your ATT, you must test within the validity dates on the ATT. Call NCLEX Candidate Services if you've lost your ATT or if you have not received your ATT two weeks after registering. 2 The ATT contains the authorization number, candidate identification number and an expiration date. 3 These validity dates cannot be extended for any reason.
We always chuck out the vial after sticking it once!! Some medications (like insulin) are dispensed in multi-dose vials. OP, I don't understand why you would need to squirt the medication from the first vial into the second one. Draw it up as if you were drawing up a combo regular/NPH insulin. Draw from the first vial and then draw the remainder from the second vial into the syringe to get your full dose. Feb 5, '13.
Scarlett Johansson -LRB- -LSB- dʒoʊˈhænsən -RSB- born November 22 , 1984 -RRB- is an American actress , model , and singer . She made her film debut in the fantasy comedy North -LRB- 1994 -RRB- . Johansson subsequently starred in Manny & Lo -LRB- 1996 -RRB- , and garnered further acclaim and prominence with roles in The Horse Whisperer -LRB- 1998 -RRB- and Ghost World -LRB- 2001 -RRB- . She shifted to adult roles with her performances in Girl with a Pearl Earring -LRB- 2003 -RRB- and Lost in Translation -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , for which she won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . Her subsequent films included A Love Song for Bobby Long -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , Match Point -LRB- 2005 -RRB- , The Island -LRB- 2005 -RRB- , The Black Dahlia -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , The Prestige -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , The Other Boleyn Girl -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , Vicky Cristina Barcelona -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , He 's Just Not That Into You -LRB- 2009 -RRB- , Don Jon -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , Her -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , Under the Skin -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , Lucy -LRB- 2014 -RRB- , The Jungle Book -LRB- 2016 -RRB- , and Ghost in the Shell -LRB- 2017 -RRB- . Since 2008 , Johansson has also portrayed the Marvel Comics character Black Widow in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . She won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play for her performance in the 2010 Broadway revival of A View from the Bridge . As a singer , Johansson has released two albums , Anywhere I Lay My Head -LRB- 2008 -RRB- and Break Up -LRB- 2009 -RRB- . Johansson is considered one of Hollywood 's modern sex symbols , and has frequently appeared in published lists of the sexiest women in the world . , she is the highest-grossing actress of all time in North America , with her films making over $ 3.6 billion . In 2016 , she was the highest-grossing actress , with a $ 1.2 billion total for the year .
Pseudonym From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search"Aliases" redirects here. For other uses, see Alias (disambiguation). A pseudonym ( / ˈ sj uː d ən ɪ m / or / ˈ s uː d ən ɪ m / SEW -də-nim) or alias is a name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which can differ from their original or true name ( orthonym ). [1]Pseudonyms include stage names and user names (both called screen names ), ring names, pen names, nicknames, aliases, superhero or villain identities and code names, gamer identifications, and regnal names of emperors, popes, and other monarchs. Historically, they have often taken the form of anagrams, Graecisms, and Latinisations, although there are many other methods of choosing a pseudonym. [2]Pseudonyms should not be confused with new names that replace old ones and become the individual's full-time name. Pseudonyms are "part-time" names, used only in certain contexts – usually adopted to hide an individual's real identity, as with writers' pen names, graffiti artists' tags, resistance fighters' or terrorists' noms de guerre, and computer hackers ' handles. Actors, musicians, and other performers sometimes use stage names, for example, to mask their ethnic backgrounds. In some cases, pseudonyms are adopted because they are part of a cultural or organisational tradition: for example devotional names used by members of some religious institutes, and "cadre names" used by Communist party leaders such as Trotsky and Lenin. A pseudonym may also be used for personal reasons: for example, an individual may prefer to be called or known by a name that differs from their given or legal name, but is not ready to take the numerous steps to get their name legally changed; or an individual may simply feel that the context and content of an exchange offer no reason, legal or otherwise, to provide their given or legal name. A collective name or collective pseudonym is one shared by two or more persons, for example the co-authors of a work, such as Ellery Queen, or Nicolas Bourbaki. Contents [ hide ]1 Etymology2 Distinction from allonyms, ghost writers and pseudepigrapha3 Usage3.1 Legal name change3.2 Concealing identity3.2.1 Business3.2.2 Criminal activity3.2.3 Literature3.2.4 Medicine3.2.5 Military and paramilitary organizations3.2.6 Online activity3.2.7 Privacy3.3 Stage names3.3.1 Film, theatre, and related activities3.3.2 Music4 See also5 Notes6 Sources7 External links Etymology [ edit]The term is derived from the Greek ψευδώνυμον ( pseudṓnymon ), literally "false name", from ψεῦδος ( pseûdos ), "lie, falsehood" [3] and ὄνομα ( ónoma ), "name". [4]Distinction from allonyms, ghost writers and pseudepigrapha [ edit]A pseudonym is distinct from an allonym, which is the (real) name of another person, assumed by the author of a work of art. [5] This may occur when someone is ghostwriting a book or play, or in parody, or when using a "front" name, such as by screenwriters blacklisted in Hollywood in the 1950s and 1960s. See also pseudepigraph, for falsely attributed authorship. Usage [ edit]Legal name change [ edit]Sometimes people change their name in such a manner that the new name becomes permanent and is used by all who know the person. This is not an alias or pseudonym, but in fact a new name. In many countries, including common law countries, a name change can be ratified by a court and become a person's new legal name. For example, in the 1960s, black civil rights campaigner Malcolm Little changed his surname to "X", to represent his unknown African ancestral name that had been lost when his ancestors were brought to North America as slaves. He then changed his name again to Malik El-Shabazz when he converted to Islam. [ citation needed] Likewise some Jews adopted Hebrew family names upon immigrating to Israel, dropping surnames that had been in their families for generations. The politician David Ben-Gurion, for example, was born David Grün in Poland. He adopted his Hebrew name in 1910, when he published his first article in a Zionist journal in Jerusalem. [6] Many transgender people also choose to adopt a new name, typically around the time of their social transitioning, to resemble their desired gender better than their birth name. Concealing identity [ edit]Business [ edit]Businesspersons of ethnic minorities in some parts of the world are sometimes advised by an employer to use a pseudonym that is common or acceptable in that area when conducting business, to overcome racial or religious bias. [7]Criminal activity [ edit]Criminals may use aliases, fictitious business names, and dummy corporations ( corporate shells) to hide their identity, or to impersonate other persons or entities in order to commit fraud. Aliases and fictitious business names used for dummy corporations may become so complex that, in the words of the Washington Post, "getting to the truth requires a walk down a bizarre labyrinth" and multiple government agencies may become involved to uncover the truth. [8]Literature [ edit]A young George Sand (real name "Amantine Lucile Dupin")A pen name, or "nom de plume" (French for "pen name"), is a pseudonym (sometimes a particular form of the real name) adopted by an author (or on the author's behalf by their publishers). Some female authors used male pen names, in particular in the 19th century, when writing was a male-dominated profession. The Brontë family used pen names for their early work, so as not to reveal their gender (see below) and so that local residents would not know that the books related to people of the neighbourhood. The Brontës used their neighbours as inspiration for characters in many of their books. Anne Brontë published The Tenant of Wildfell Hall under the name Acton Bell. Charlotte Brontë published Shirley and Jane Eyre under the name Currer Bell. Emily Brontë published Wuthering Heights as Ellis Bell. A well-known example of the former is Mary Ann Evans, who wrote as George Eliot. Another example is Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, a 19th-century French writer who used the pen name George Sand. In contrast, some twentieth and twenty first century male romance novelists have used female pen names. [9] A few examples of male authors using female pseudonyms include Brindle Chase, Peter O'Donnell (wrote as Madeline Brent) and Christopher Wood (wrote as Penny Sutton and Rosie Dixon). [9]A pen name may be used if a writer's real name is likely to be confused with the name of another writer or notable individual, or if their real name is deemed to be unsuitable. Authors who write both fiction and non-fiction, or in different genres, may use different pen names to avoid confusing their readers. In some cases, an author may become better known by his pen name than his real name. One famous example of this is Samuel Clemens writing under the pen name Mark Twain. British mathematician Charles Dodgson, who wrote fantasy novels under the pen name Lewis Carroll and mathematical treatises under his own name, refused to open letters addressed to him as "Lewis Carroll". Some authors, such as Harold Robbins, use several literary pseudonyms. [10]Some pen names are not strictly pseudonyms, as they are simply variants of the authors' actual names. The authors C. L. Moore and S. E. Hinton were female authors who used the initialised forms of their full names. C. L. Moore was Catherine Lucille Moore, who wrote in the 1930s male-dominated science fiction genre, and S. E. Hinton, (author of The Outsiders) is Susan Eloise Hinton. Star Trek writer D. C. Fontana (Dorothy Catherine) wrote using her abbreviated own name and also under the pen names Michael Richards and J. Michael Bingham. Author V. C. Andrews intended to publish under her given name of Virginia Andrews, but was told that, due to a production error, her first novel was being released under the name of "V. C. Andrews"; later she learned that her publisher had in fact done this deliberately. Joanne Kathleen Rowling [11] published the Harry Potter series under the shortened name J. K. Rowling. Rowling also published the Cormoran Strike series, a series of detective novels including The Cuckoo's Calling under the pseudonym "Robert Galbraith". Winston Churchill wrote under the pen name Winston S. Churchill (from his full surname "Spencer-Churchill" which he did not otherwise use) in an attempt to avoid confusion with the American novelist of the same name. In this case, the attempt was not entirely successful – and the two are still sometimes confused by booksellers. [12] [13]A pen name may be used specifically to hide the identity of the author, as in the case of exposé books about espionage or crime, or explicit erotic fiction. Some prolific authors adopt a pseudonym to disguise the extent of their published output, e.g. Stephen King writing as Richard Bachman. Co-authors may choose to publish under a collective pseudonym, e.g., P. J. Tracy and Perri O'Shaughnessy. Frederic Dannay and Manfred Lee used the name Ellery Queen as both a pen name for their collaborative works and as the name of their main character. A famous case in French literature was Romain Gary. Already a well-known and highly acclaimed writer, he started publishing books under the pen name Émile Ajar. He wanted to test whether his new books would be well received on their own merits and without the aid of his established reputation, and they were: Émile Ajar, like Romain Gary before him, was awarded the prestigious Prix Goncourt by a jury unaware that both were the same person. Similarly, Ronnie Barker submitted comedy material under the name of Gerald Wiley. A collective pseudonym may represent an entire publishing house, or any contributor to a long-running series, especially with juvenile literature. Examples include Watty Piper, Victor Appleton, Erin Hunter, and Kamiru M. Xhan. Another use of a pseudonym in literature is to present a story as being written by the fictional characters in the story. The series of novels known as A Series Of Unfortunate Events are written by Daniel Handler under the pen name of Lemony Snicket, a character in the series. An anonymity pseudonym or multiple-use name is a name used by many different people to protect anonymity. [14] It is a strategy that has been adopted by many unconnected radical groups and by cultural groups, where the construct of personal identity has been criticised. This has led to the idea of the "open pop star". Medicine [ edit]Pseudonyms and acronyms are often employed in medical research to protect subjects' identities through a process known as de-identification. Military and paramilitary organizations [ edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)In Ancien Régime France, a nom de guerre ("war name") would be adopted by each new recruit (or assigned to them by the captain of their company) as they enlisted in the French army. These pseudonyms had an official character and were the predecessor of identification numbers: soldiers were identified by their first names, their family names, and their noms de guerre (e.g. Jean Amarault dit Lafidélité ). These pseudonyms were usually related to the soldier's place of origin (e.g. Jean Deslandes dit Champigny, for a soldier coming from a town named Champigny ), or to a particular physical or personal trait (e.g. Antoine Bonnet dit Prettaboire, for a soldier prêt à boire, ready to drink). In 1716, a nom de guerre was mandatory for every soldier; officers did not adopt noms de guerre as they considered them derogatory. In daily life, these aliases could replace the real family name. [15]Noms de guerre were adopted for security reasons by members of the World War II French resistance and Polish resistance. Such pseudonyms are often adopted by military special forces soldiers, such as members of the SAS and other similar units, resistance fighters, terrorists, and guerrillas. This practice hides their identities and may protect their families from reprisals; it may also be a form of dissociation from domestic life. Some well-known men who adopted noms de guerre include Carlos, for Ilich Ramírez Sánchez; Willy Brandt, Chancellor of West Germany; and Subcomandante Marcos, the spokesman of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN). [ citation needed] During Lehi 's underground fight against the British in Mandatory Palestine, the organization's commander Yitzchak Shamir (later Prime Minister of Israel) adopted the nom de guerre "Michael", in honour of Ireland 's Michael Collins. Revolutionaries and resistance leaders, such as Lenin, Trotsky, Golda Meir, Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, and Josip Broz Tito, often adopted their noms de guerre as their proper names after the struggle. George Grivas, the Greek-Cypriot EOKA militant, adopted the nom de guerre Digenis (Διγενής). In the French Foreign Legion, recruits can adopt a pseudonym to break with their past lives. Mercenaries have long used "noms de guerre", even sometimes multiple identities depending on country, conflict and circumstance. [ citation needed] Some of the most familiar noms de guerre today are the kunya used by Islamic mujahideen. These take the form of a teknonym, either literal or figurative. Online activity [ edit]Individuals using a computer online may adopt or be required to use a form of pseudonym known as a "handle" (a term deriving from CB slang ), " user name", " login name", " avatar ", or, sometimes, " screen name ", " gamertag " "IGN ( I n G ame ( N ick) N ame)" or " nickname ". On the Internet, pseudonymous remailers use cryptography that achieves persistent pseudonymity, so that two-way communication can be achieved, and reputations can be established, without linking physical identities to their respective pseudonyms. Aliasing is the use of multiple names for the same data location. More sophisticated cryptographic systems, such as anonymous digital credentials, enable users to communicate pseudonymously (i.e., by identifying themselves by means of pseudonyms). In well-defined abuse cases, a designated authority may be able to revoke the pseudonyms and reveal the individuals' real identity. [ citation needed]Use of pseudonyms is common among professional e Sports players, despite the fact that many professional games are played on LAN. [16]Privacy [ edit]People seeking privacy often use pseudonyms to make appointments and reservations. [17] Those writing to advice columns in newspapers and magazines may use pseudonyms. [18] Steve Wozniak used a pseudonym when attending the University of California, Berkeley after cofounding Apple Computer because, he said, "I knew I wouldn't have time enough to be an A+ student." [19]Stage names [ edit]Main article: Stage name When used by an actor, musician, radio disc jockey, model, or other performer or " show business " personality a pseudonym is called a stage name, or, occasionally, a professional name, or screen name. Film, theatre, and related activities [ edit]Members of a marginalized ethnic or religious group have often adopted stage names, typically changing their surname or entire name to mask their original background. Stage names are also used to create a more marketable name, as in the case of Creighton Tull Chaney, who adopted the pseudonym Lon Chaney, Jr., a reference to his famous father Lon Chaney, Sr. Chris Curtis of Deep Purple fame was christened as Christopher Crummey. In this and similar cases a stage name is adopted simply to avoid an unfortunate pun. Pseudonyms are also used to comply with the rules of performing arts guilds ( Screen Actors Guild (SAG), Writers Guild of America, East (WGA), AFTRA, etc. ), which do not allow performers to use an existing name, in order to avoid confusion. For example, these rules required film and television actor Michael Fox to add a middle initial and become Michael J. Fox, to avoid being confused with another actor named Michael Fox. This was also true of author and actress Fannie Flagg, who chose this pseudonym; her real name, Patricia Neal, being the name of another well-known actress; and British actor Stewart Granger, whose real name was James Stewart. The film-making team of Joel and Ethan Coen, for instance, share credit for editing under the alias Roderick Jaynes. [20]Some stage names are used to conceal a person's identity, such as the pseudonym Alan Smithee, which was used by directors in the Directors Guild of America (DGA) to remove their name from a film they feel was edited or modified beyond their artistic satisfaction. In theatre, the pseudonyms George or Georgina Spelvin, and Walter Plinge are used to hide the identity of a performer, usually when he or she is "doubling" (playing more than one role in the same play). David Agnew was a name used by the BBC to conceal the identity of a scriptwriter, such as for the Doctor Who serial City of Death, which had 3 writers, including Douglas Adams, who was at the time of writing the show's Script Editor. [21] In another Doctor Who serial, The Brain of Morbius, writer Terrance Dicks demanded the removal of his name from the credits saying it could go out under a "bland pseudonym". [22] [23] This ended up being the name Robin Bland. [23] [24]Music [ edit]Musicians and singers can use pseudonyms to allow artists to collaborate with artists on other labels while avoiding the need to gain permission from their own labels, such as the artist Jerry Samuels, who made songs under Napoleon XIV. Rock singer-guitarist George Harrison, for example, played guitar on Cream 's song " Badge " using a pseudonym. [25] In classical music, some record companies issued recordings under a nom de disque in the 1950s and 1960s to avoid paying royalties. A number of popular budget LPs of piano music were released under the pseudonym Paul Procopolis. [ citation needed]Pseudonyms are also used as stage names in heavy metal bands, such as Tracii Guns in LA Guns, Axl Rose and Slash in Guns N' Roses, Mick Mars in Mötley Crüe, Dimebag Darrell in Pantera, or C. C. Deville in Poison. Some of these names have additional meanings, like that of Brian Hugh Warner, more commonly known as Marilyn Manson: Marilyn coming from Marilyn Monroe and Manson from convicted serial killer Charles Manson. Jacoby Shaddix of Papa Roach went under the name "Coby Dick" during the Infest era. He changed back to his birth name when lovehatetragedy was released. Ross Bagdasarian, Sr., creator of Alvin and the Chipmunks, wrote original songs, arranged, and produced the records under his real name, but performed on them as David Seville. He also wrote songs using the name Skipper Adams. Danish pop pianist Bent Fabric, whose full name is Bent Fabricius-Bjerre, wrote his biggest instrumental hit " Alley Cat " under the name Frank Bjorn. For a time, the musician Prince used an unpronounceable " Love Symbol " as a pseudonym ("Prince" is his actual first name rather than a stage name). He wrote the song " Sugar Walls " for Sheena Easton under the alias "Alexander Nevermind" and " Manic Monday " for The Bangles as "Christopher Tracy" (he also produced albums early in his career as "Jamie Starr"). Many Italian-American singers have used stage names as their birth names were difficult to pronounce, or considered too ethnic for American tastes. Singers changing their names included Dean Martin (born Dino Paul Crocetti), Connie Francis (born Concetta Franconero), Frankie Valli (born Francesco Castelluccio), Tony Bennett (born Anthony Benedetto), and Lady Gaga (born Stefani Germanotta)In 2009, British rock band Feeder briefly changed their name to Renegades so they could play a whole show featuring a setlist in which 95 percent of the songs played were from their forthcoming new album of the same name, with none of their singles included. Frontman Grant Nicholas felt that if they played as Feeder, there would be an uproar that they did not play any of the singles, so used the pseudonym as a hint. A series of small shows were played in 2010, at 250- to 1,000-capacity venues with the plan not to say who the band really are and just announce the shows as if they were a new band. In many cases, hip-hop and rap artist prefer to use pseudonyms that represents some variation of their name, personality, or interests. Prime examples include Iggy Azalea (her name comes from her dog name, Iggy, and her home street in Mullumbimby, Azalea street) Ol' Dirty Bastard (who was known under at least six aliases), Diddy (previously known at various times as Puffy, P. Diddy, and Puff Daddy), Ludacris, Flo Rida (his name is a tribute to his home state, Florida ), LL Cool J, and Chingy. Black metal artists also adopt pseudonyms, usually symbolizing dark values, such as Nocturno Culto, Gaahl, Abbath, and Silenoz. In punk and hardcore punk, singers and band members often replace their real names with "tougher"-sounding stage names, such as Sid Vicious (real name John Simon Ritchie) of the late 1970s band Sex Pistols and "Rat" of the early 1980s band The Varukers and the 2000s re-formation of Discharge. Punk rock band The Ramones also had every member take the last name of Ramone. Rob Crow of the rock band Goblin Cock chose to go by the name "Lord Phallus" during the release of the band's albums. A similar practice occurred in hardcore with musicians taking the names of their bands, like Kevin Seconds of 7 Seconds and Ray Cappo of Youth of Today who, for a while, billed himself as Ray of Today. The Norwegian electronic duo Röyksopp 's pseudonym for their Back to Mine album was Emmanuel Splice. Henry John Deutschendorf Jr., an American singer-songwriter used the stage name John Denver. The Australian country musician born Robert Lane changed his name to Tex Morton. Reginald Kenneth Dwight legally changed his name to Elton John in 1972. See also [ edit]Alter ego Heteronym Hypocorism John Doe List of Latinised names List of pseudonyms List of pseudonyms used in the American constitutional debates List of stage names Mononymous persons Secret identity Notes [ edit]^ Room (2010, 3).^ Peschke (2006, vii).^ ψεῦδος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus project^ ὄνομα, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus project^ Turco, Lewis (1999). The Book of Literary Terms: The Genres of Fiction, Drama, Nonfiction, Literary Criticism, and Scholarship. Hanover and London: University Press of New England. p. 182. Retrieved 17 October 2017.^ "Biography David Ben-Gurion: For the Love of Zion". Retrieved 2017-06-01.^ Robertson, Nan, The Girls in the Balcony: Women, Men, and The New York Times (N. Y.: Random House, [2nd printing?] 1992 ( ISBN 0-394-58452-X )), p. 221. In 1968, one such employer was The New York Times, the affected workers were classified-advertising takers, and the renaming was away from Jewish, Irish, and Italian names to ones "with a WASP flavor".^ The Ruse That Roared, The Washington Post, 5 November 1995, Richard Leiby, James Lileks^ a b Naughton, Julie (1 June 2012). "Yes, Virgil, There Are Men Writing Romance: Focus on Romance 2012". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 6 May 2014.^ Rubin, Harold Francis (1916–), Author Pseudonyms: R. Accessed 27 November 2009.^ "Witness statement of Joanne Kathleen Rowling" (PDF). The Leveson Inquiry. November 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2011.^ The Age 19 October 1940, hosted on Google News. "Two Winston Churchills". Retrieved 25 October 2013.^ My Early Life – 1874–1904, hosted on Google Books. Oldham. Retrieved 25 October 2013.^ Home, Stewart (1997). Mind Invaders: A Reader in Psychic Warfare, Cultural Sabotage and Semiotic Terrorism. Indiana University: Serpent's Tail. p. 119. ISBN 1-85242-560-1.^ "Home \| Historica – Dominion". Historica. Retrieved 14 October 2012.^ Cocke, Taylor (26 November 2013). "Why esports needs to ditch online aliases". Retrieved 14 May 2015.^ Ryan, Harriet; Yoshino, Kimi (17 July 2009). "Investigators target Michael Jackson's pseudonyms". Latimes.com. Retrieved 14 October 2012.^ " ' 'Toronto Daily Mail, "Women's Kingdom", "A Delicate Question", April 7, 1883, page 5". News.google.co.uk. Retrieved 14 October 2012.^ Stix, Harriet (14 May 1986). "A UC Berkeley Degree Is Now the Apple of Steve Wozniak's Eye". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 January 2015.^ "Roderick Jaynes, Imaginary Oscar Nominee for 'No Country' – Vulture". Nymag.com. Retrieved 14 October 2012.^ "BBC – Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide – City of Death – Details". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 18 July 2015.^ Shannon Patrick Sullivan. "A Brief History of Time (Travel); The Brain of Morbius". Retrieved 29 April 2006.^ a b Gallagher, William (27 March 2012). "Doctor Who's secret history of codenames revealed". Radio Times. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.^ Howe, Walker and Stammers Doctor Who the Handbook: The Fourth Doctor pp 175–176^ Winn, John (2009). That Magic Feeling: The Beatles' Recorded Legacy, Volume Two, 1966–1970. Three Rivers Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-307-45239-9. Sources [ edit]Peschke, Michael. 2006. International Encyclopedia of Pseudonyms. Detroit: Gale. ISBN 978-3-598-24960-0. Room, Adrian. 2010. Dictionary of Pseudonyms: 13,000 Assumed Names and Their Origins. 5th rev. ed. Jefferson, N. C.: Mc Farland & Co. ISBN 978-0-7864-4373-4. External links [ edit]Look up pseudonym in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Pseudonym. An extensive list of pseudonyms A site with pseudonyms for celebrities and entertainers Another list of pseudonyms The U. S. copyright status of pseudonyms [ hide]v t e Personal names and anthroponymy Family name First name Forename Given name Unisex name Saint's name Theophoric name Honorific Last name Legal name Name change Maiden and married names Matronymic Middle name Nickname Lists of nicknames Patrial name Patronymic Personal name Ancient Greek Pseudonym Stage name List of pseudonyms List of stage names List of one-word stage names Ring name Pen name Regnal name Religious name Skin name Slave name Suffix Surname Matrilineal Patrilineal Patronymicby country extinction Teknonymy Authority control GND: 4047653-4Categories: Pseudonyms Semantics Word play
Michael Schumacher -LRB- -LSB- ˈmɪçaʔɛl ˈʃuːmaxɐ -RSB- ; born 3 January 1969 -RRB- is a German retired racing driver . He is a seven-time Formula One World Champion and is widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers of all time . He was named Laureus World Sportsman of the Year twice . He won two titles with Benetton in and before moving to Ferrari where he drove for eleven years . His time with Ferrari yielded five consecutive titles between and . Schumacher holds many of Formula One 's driver records , including most championships , race victories , fastest laps , pole positions and races won in a single season -- 13 in 2004 -LRB- the last record was equalled by fellow German Sebastian Vettel nine years later -RRB- . In 2002 , he became the only driver in Formula One history to finish in the top three in every race of a season and then also broke the record for most consecutive podium finishes . According to the official Formula One website , he is `` statistically the greatest driver the sport has ever seen '' . After beginning in karting , Schumacher won the German drivers ' championships in Formula König and Formula Three before joining Mercedes in the World Sportscar Championship . In 1991 , his Mercedes-funded race debut for the Jordan Formula One team resulted in Schumacher being signed by Benetton Formula One team as their driver for the rest of that season . Establishing himself as a top driver , finishing third in 1992 and fourth in 1993 , Schumacher became the first German World Drivers ' Champion in 1994 by one point over Damon Hill . In 1995 he repeated the success , this time with a greater margin . Schumacher moved to Ferrari in 1996 . Schumacher came close to winning the 1997 and 1998 titles , before breaking his leg at the 1999 British Grand Prix , ending another title run . Schumacher won five consecutive drivers ' titles from 2000 to 2004 . Schumacher retired from Formula One driving in 2006 staying with Ferrari as an advisor . He came close to an eighth title that year , but due to technical problems in the final two races he fell short to Fernando Alonso . Schumacher agreed to return for Ferrari part-way through 2009 , as cover for the badly injured Felipe Massa , but was prevented by a neck injury . Schumacher returned to Formula One on a permanent basis from 2010 with the Mercedes team before retiring for a second time at the conclusion of the 2012 season . His career was not without controversy , including being twice involved in collisions in the final race of a season that determined the outcome of the World Championship , with Damon Hill in 1994 in Adelaide , and with Jacques Villeneuve in 1997 in Jerez . Off the track , Schumacher is an ambassador for UNESCO and a spokesman for driver safety . He has been involved in numerous humanitarian efforts throughout his life and donated tens of millions of dollars to charity . Schumacher and his younger brother , Ralf , are the only brothers to win races in Formula One , and they were the first brothers to finish 1st and 2nd in the same race , a feat they repeated in four subsequent races . In December 2013 , Schumacher suffered a serious head injury in a skiing accident . He was airlifted to a hospital and placed in a medically induced coma , having suffered a traumatic brain injury . He was in the coma for six months from 29 December 2013 until 16 June 2014 . He left the hospital in Grenoble for further rehabilitation at the University Hospital -LRB- CHUV -RRB- in Lausanne . On 9 September 2014 , Schumacher was relocated to his home where he continues to receive medical treatment and rehabilitation privately .
Appalachian Mountains From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search The Appalachian Mountains in North Carolina The Appalachian Mountains ( French: les Appalaches) are a large group of North American mountains. They are partly in Canada, but mostly in the United States. They form an area from 100 to 300 miles wide, running 1,500 miles from the island of Newfoundland in Canada to central Alabama in the United States. The individual mountains average around 3,000 ft (900 m) in height. The highest is Mt. Mitchell in North Carolina (6,684 ft or 2,037m). Mt. Mitchell is also the highest point in the United States east of the Mississippi River as well as the highest point in eastern North America. The Appalachians today are the worn-down remains of a once huge mountain chain. They first formed about 480 million years ago during the Ordovician and once reached heights similar to that of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains. [1] [2] The Appalachian chain is a barrier to east-west travel as ridgelines and valleys run north-south and travelers must climb them again and again. Only a few mountain passes run east-west. The Erie Canal was built through one of them. In most places the Appalachians are the watershed between the drainage basins of the Mississippi River and the Atlantic Ocean. The term Appalachia is used to refer to regions associated with the mountain range. It refers to the mountain range and the hills and plateau region around it. The term is often used to refer to just areas in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains. These areas usually include parts of the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina, and sometimes extending as far south as northern Georgia and western South Carolina, as far north as Pennsylvania, and as far west as southeastern Ohio. In 1965 the United States Congress created an Appalachian Regional Commission to include these areas and more, as far west as Mississippi. Birth [ change \| change source]The birth of the Appalachian ranges, some 480 million years ago (mya), was the first of several mountain-building plate collisions which made the supercontinent Pangaea. The Appalachians were at the center of the newly formed Pangaea. North America and Africa were connected, and the Appalachians were part of the same mountain chain as the "Anti-Atlas" or Little Atlas Mountains in Morocco. This mountain range, known as the Central Pangean Mountains, extended into Scotland, from the North America/Europe collision (see Caledonian orogeny ). References [ change \| change source]↑ "The mountains that froze the world". AAAS. Retrieved 2012-04-04.↑ "Geology of the Great Smoky Mountains". usgs. Retrieved 2012-04-04.v t e Canada Category: Mountains of North America
Oligonucleotide synthesis In the early 1950s, Alexander Todd’s group pioneered H-phosphonate and phosphate triester methods of oligonucleotide synthesis.[5][6] The reaction of compounds 1 and 2 to form H-phosphonate diester 3 is an H-phosphonate coupling in solution while that of compounds 4 and 5 to give 6 is a phosphotriester coupling (see phosphotriester synthesis below).
Vampire Weekend is an American rock band from New York City, formed in 2006. They are currently signed to XL Recordings. The band consists of lead vocalist and guitarist Ezra Koenig, drummer and percussionist Chris Tomson and bassist and backing vocalist Chris Baio. The band's first album "Vampire Weekend" (2008) – which included the singles "Mansard Roof", "A-Punk", "Oxford Comma", "Cape Cod Kwassa Kwassa" and "The Kids Don't Stand a Chance" – was acclaimed by critics for its world music influences. Their following album, "Contra" (2010), was similarly acclaimed and garnered strong commercial success. Their third studio album, "Modern Vampires of the City" (2013), won the group a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in 2014.
The lion -LRB- Panthera leo -RRB- is one of the big cats in the genus Panthera and a member of the family Felidae . The commonly used term African lion collectively denotes the several subspecies in Africa . With some males exceeding 250 kg in weight , it is the second-largest living cat after the tiger , barring hybrids like the liger . Wild lions currently exist in sub-Saharan Africa and in India -LRB- where an endangered remnant population resides in and around Gir Forest National Park -RRB- . In ancient historic times , their range was in most of Africa , including North Africa , and across Eurasia from Greece and southeastern Europe to India . In the late Pleistocene , about 10,000 years ago , the lion was the most widespread large land mammal after humans : Panthera leo spelaea lived in northern and western Europe and Panthera leo atrox lived in the Americas from the Yukon to Peru . The lion is classified as a vulnerable species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature -LRB- IUCN -RRB- , having seen a major population decline in its African range of 30 -- 50 % over two decades during the second half of the twentieth century . Lion populations are untenable outside designated reserves and national parks . Although the cause of the decline is not fully understood , habitat loss and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes of concern . Within Africa , the West African lion population is particularly endangered . In the wilderness , males seldom live longer than 10 to 14 years , as injuries sustained from continual fighting with rival males greatly reduce their longevity . In captivity they can live more than 20 years . They typically inhabit savanna and grassland , although they may take to bush and forest . Lions are unusually social compared to other cats . A pride of lions consists of related females and offspring and a small number of adult males . Groups of female lions typically hunt together , preying mostly on large ungulates . Lions are apex and keystone predators , although they are also expert scavengers obtaining over 50 percent of their food by scavenging as opportunity allows . While lions do not typically hunt humans , some have . Sleeping mainly during the day , lions are active primarily at night -LRB- nocturnal -RRB- , although sometimes at twilight -LRB- crepuscular -RRB- . Highly distinctive , the male lion is easily recognised by its mane , and its face is one of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture . Depictions have existed from the Upper Paleolithic period , with carvings and paintings from the Lascaux and Chauvet Caves in France dated to 17,000 years ago , through virtually all ancient and medieval cultures where they once occurred . It has been extensively depicted in sculptures , in paintings , on national flags , and in contemporary films and literature . Lions have been kept in menageries since the time of the Roman Empire , and have been a key species sought for exhibition in zoos over the world since the late eighteenth century . Zoos are cooperating worldwide in breeding programs for the endangered Asiatic subspecies .
Yakshagana Yakshagana ( Kannada : "ಯಕ್ಷಗಾನ", Tulu : "ಆಟ") is a traditional theatre form that combines dance, music, dialogue, costume, make-up, and stage techniques with a unique style and form. This theatre style is mainly found in Tulunadu and some parts of Malenadu regions of Karnataka and Kerala.Yakshagana is traditionally presented from dusk to dawn. Its stories are drawn from Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhagavata and other epics from both Hindu and Jain traditions.[1][2]
Alaska admitted into Union - Jan 03, 1959 - HISTORY.com Alaska admitted into Union Publisher A+E Networks On January 3, 1959, President Eisenhower signs a special proclamation admitting the territory of Alaska into the Union as the 49th and largest state. The European discovery of Alaska came in 1741, when a Russian expedition led by Danish navigator Vitus Bering sighted the Alaskan mainland. Russian hunters were soon making incursions into Alaska, and the native Aleut population suffered greatly after being exposed to foreign diseases. In 1784, Grigory Shelikhov established the first permanent Russian colony in Alaska on Kodiak Island. In the early 19th century, Russian settlements spread down the west coast of North America, with the southernmost fort located near Bodega Bay in California. Russian activity in the New World declined in the 1820s, and the British and Americans were granted trading rights in Alaska after a few minor diplomatic conflicts. In the 1860s, a nearly bankrupt Russia decided to offer Alaska for sale to the United States, which earlier had expressed interest in such a purchase. On March 30, 1867, Secretary of State William H. Seward signed a treaty with Russia for the purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million. Despite the bargain price of roughly two cents an acre, the Alaskan purchase was ridiculed in Congress and in the press as “Seward’s folly,” “Seward’s icebox,” and President Andrew Johnson’s “polar bear garden.” Nevertheless, the Senate ratified purchase of the tremendous landmass, one-fifth the size of the rest of the United States. Despite a slow start in settlement by Americans from the continental United States, the discovery of gold in 1898 brought a rapid influx of people to the territory. Alaska, rich in natural resources, has been contributing to American prosperity ever since. Related Videos
Prediabetes is a condition, wherein the blood sugar range of an individual is neither normal nor diabetic, but it is somewhere between the two levels. It is also known as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), borderline diabetes or impaired fasting glucose (IFG).As the blood sugar level is more than the normal prescribed concentration, it signifies that something is wrong with the body's glucose metabolism.t is also known as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), borderline diabetes or impaired fasting glucose (IFG). As the blood sugar level is more than the normal prescribed concentration, it signifies that something is wrong with the body's glucose metabolism.
Convert square feet to acre - Conversion of Measurement Units Convert square foot to acresquare feetacre Did you mean to convert square footsquare foot [survey]to acreacre [commercial]acre [Ireland]acre [survey]More information from the unit converter How many square feet in 1 acre? The answer is 43560. We assume you are converting between square foot and acre. You can view more details on each measurement unit: square feet or acre The SI derived unit for area is the square meter. 1 square meter is equal to 10.76391041671 square feet, or 0.00024710538146717 acre. Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results. Use this page to learn how to convert between square feet and acres. Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units!Want other units? You can do the reverse unit conversion from acre to square feet, or enter any two units below: Enter two units to convert From: To: Definition: Square foot A square foot is by definition the area enclosed by a square with sides each 1 foot long. One square foot is equal to 0.09290304 square metres for the international, English foot. Definition: Acre An acre is a measure of land area in Imperial units or U. S. customary units. It is equal to 43 560 square feet, 4840 square yards, or 160 square rods. The precise meaning of this depends on the exact definition adopted for a foot: the international acre is 4 046.856 422 4 m² (for the UK, see). For measurements based specifically on the US survey foot the US survey acre is ca. 4 046.872 610 m². Metric conversions and more Convert Units.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. Examples include mm, inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more!Convert · Area · Dates · Salary · Chemistry · Forum · Privacy · Bibliography · Contact © 2018 Convert Units.com
Ryan Thomas Gosling -LRB- born November 12 , 1980 -RRB- is a Canadian actor and musician . He began his career as a child star on the Disney Channel 's Mickey Mouse Club -LRB- 1993 -- 95 -RRB- and went on to appear in other family entertainment programs including Are You Afraid of the Dark ? -LRB- 1995 -RRB- and Goosebumps -LRB- 1996 -RRB- . His first starring film role was as a Jewish neo-Nazi in The Believer -LRB- 2001 -RRB- , and he went on to star in several independent films , including Murder by Numbers -LRB- 2002 -RRB- , The Slaughter Rule -LRB- 2002 -RRB- , and The United States of Leland -LRB- 2003 -RRB- . Gosling came to the attention of a wider audience in 2004 with a leading role in the commercially successful romantic drama The Notebook . His performance as a drug-addicted teacher in Half Nelson -LRB- 2006 -RRB- was nominated for an Academy Award and his performance as a socially inept loner in Lars and the Real Girl -LRB- 2007 -RRB- was nominated for a Golden Globe Award . After a three-year acting hiatus , Gosling starred in the marital drama Blue Valentine -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , earning him a second Golden Globe nomination . Gosling co-starred in three mainstream films in 2011the romantic comedy-drama Crazy , Stupid , Love , the political drama The Ides of March , and the action thriller Driveand received two more Golden Globe nominations . Gosling 's directorial debut Lost River was released in 2014 to poor reviews . Greater success came to Gosling when he starred in two critically acclaimed filmsthe financial comedy-drama The Big Short -LRB- 2015 -RRB- and the musical La La Land -LRB- 2016 -RRB- . For the latter , he won a Golden Globe Award and received a second Oscar nomination . Gosling 's band , Dead Man 's Bones , released their self-titled debut album and toured North America in 2009 . He is a co-owner of Tagine , a Moroccan restaurant in Beverly Hills , California . He is a supporter of PETA , Invisible Children and the Enough Project and has traveled to Chad , Uganda and eastern Congo to raise awareness about conflicts in the regions .
Crawford was born on July 18, 1985 in Lubbock, Texas. His father, Chris, is a dermatologist, and his mother, Dana, is a teacher. He has a younger sister, former beauty queen Candice Crawford. Crawford was raised a Southern Baptist. While his father was at med school, Crawford lived in Bloomington, Minnesota for four years and attended Ridgeview Elementary School. When his father completed his training, the family moved back to Texas and settled in Plano, a suburb of Dallas.
BBC - iWonder - Charles Darwin: Evolution and the story of our species Charles Darwin: Evolution and the story of our species 12 Feb 1809 19 April 1882Darwin dies The man who struggled with his own ideas Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection made us rethink our place in the world. The idea that humans shared a common ancestor with apes was a challenge to the foundations of western civilisation. Darwin kept silent for 20 years before going public and was only half joking when he described writing his book 'On the Origin of Species' as 'like confessing a murder'. This is the story of one man’s struggle with the most radical idea of all time. 12 Feb 1809 Born into a free-thinking family Both of Darwin's grandfathers belonged to the 'Lunar Society': a group of industrialists and Natural Philosophers Charles Robert Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, the fifth of six children of wealthy and well-connected parents. The young Charles had a quietly Christian upbringing, but his family life was one of openness to new ideas. His grandfathers had both been important figures of the Enlightenment: Josiah Wedgewood, industrialist and anti-slavery campaigner, and Erasmus Darwin, a doctor whose book ‘Zoonomia’ had set out a radical and highly controversial idea - that one species could 'transmute' into another. Would it be too bold to imagine, that all warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament...? Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin, from his 1794 book 'Zoonomia' 1825 New ideas in Edinburgh Edinburgh University as Darwin would have known it Following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather, Darwin secured a place at Edinburgh University to study medicine. He did not make a good medic. This was long before anaesthetic, and Darwin found the brutal techniques of surgery too stomach-churning to handle. But there was an upside. Edinburgh was one of the best places in Britain to study science. It attracted free thinkers with radical opinions that would not have been tolerated in Oxford and Cambridge. Among other things, Darwin heard speakers talk about the latest theories of transmutation, as evolution was then known. Collecting beetles in Cambridge Darwin was an avid collector of beetles Abandoning plans to be a doctor, Darwin now considered a career in the Church. Aged 18, he went to study Divinity at Cambridge. Though he held fairly conventional beliefs in God, Darwin wasn't particularly keen on this new direction. But training to be a clergyman meant he had plenty of time to pursue his real passion: biology. He spent much of his time collecting beetles and walking on the Fens. He graduated in 1831 but before he could take a job as a cleric, the chance of a lifetime would come his way. I saw two rare beetles and seized one in each hand; then I saw a third… I popped the one which I held in my right hand into my mouth. Charles Darwin describes his Cambridge years in his autobiography 1831 Setting sail around the world HMS Beagle was Darwin's home for five years Darwin’s tutor at Cambridge recommended him as a ‘gentleman naturalist’ on a voyage around the world on HMS Beagle. Darwin jumped at the chance. Over the following five years, Darwin visited four continents, spending much of his time on land collecting specimens and investigating the local geology. He also had long periods with nothing to do but read and reflect. Books such as Charles Lyell's recently published Principles of Geology had a profound impact, making him think about slow processes which occur over vast periods of time. During the trip, Darwin also suffered terrible sea-sickness – the start of a life dogged by illness. The misery I endured from seasickness is beyond what I ever guessed at. Charles Darwin describes his voyage on the Beagle 1835 ...we seem to be brought somewhat near to that great fact — that mystery of mysteries — the first appearance of new beings on this Earth. Darwin describes the Galapágos Islands in 'The Voyage of the Beagle' 1838 Darwin drafts his first account of evolution You need to have JavaScript
The Wojtek Memorial Trust is a Scottish Charity (SCO41057) established in 2009 to celebrate the life of Wojtek, "the Soldier Bear", the lives of those who knew him, and their stories during and after the Second World War. The Trust also aims to promote wider understanding of the many historic and current links between the peoples of Poland and Scotland.
Thurl Ravenscroft Thurl Arthur Ravenscroft (/ˈθɜːrl ˈreɪvənzkrɒft/; February 6, 1914 – May 22, 2005) was an American voice actor and bass singer known as the booming voice behind Tony the Tiger's "They're grrreat!" in Kellogg's Frosted Flakes television commercials for more than five decades. He was also the uncredited vocalist for the song "You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch" from the classic Christmas television special, Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas![1]
Dr. John H. Watson of the BBC's 'Sherlock' Dr. John H. Watson of the BBC's 'Sherlock' See Fourth Series Easter Eggs, Info. Wounded in the shoulder in Afghanistan war and invalided out with problems including psychosomatic leg wound. His therapist thinks he is haunted by the war but Mycroft says she has got it wrong, that John really misses the war and his intermittent tremor in his left hand goes away when he is under stress. Following his therapist's instructions he starts a blog but doesn't do anything with it until after he meets Sherlock and then he uses it to discuss Sherlock's cases. He has an older sister, called Harry for Harriet, who is married to a woman but has left her. Harry is an alcoholic. In Doyle's second novel The Sign of Four Harry is an older brother who had recently died and Watson had inherited his watch which Harry had initially inherited from their father. The original older brother like the new older sister was an alcoholic. John is abducted by the bomber in "The Great Game" and a bomb is attached to him which gives Moriarity a hold over Sherlock. In the "Empty Herse" John is kidnapped and put into a bonfire near Guy Fawkes Day from which Sherlock has to race to save him. In "The Hounds of Baskerville" it is Sherlock who uses John as a guinea pig for an experiment. He played the clarinet at school, John claims in a job interview in "The Bind Banker". The H in his name is for Hamish which he refuses to tell Sherlock for some time. In the Original Arthur Conan Doyle Canon Watson's middle initial appears "only three times..." (source: The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes with notes by Leslie S. Klinger p. 7). "Dorothy L. Sayers, in her classic article "Dr. Watson's Christian Name," argues that the 'H' stands for 'Hamish,' a Scottish equivalent to 'James' (see 'Man with the Twisted Lip' for an instance in which Watson's wife refers to him as 'James')." (Ibid) Dr. John H. Watson served in Afghanistan with the "Fifth Northumberland Fusilers" (the same in Sherlock as in A Study in Scarlet. In Doyle's first story about Sherlock Homes, Watson's title is given as Assistant Surgeon. Who Is Dr. John H. Watson (actor describes character, plus scenes) BBC promo John Watson (Martin Freeman) and Sherlock Holmes (Benedict Cumberbatch) John H. Watson embarrasses easily and in the second episode he still isn't completely at home in civilian life. John Watson (Martin Freeman)
The driving distance from Atlanta, Georgia to Marco Island, Florida is: The driving distance from Atlanta, Georgia to Marco Island, Florida is:629 miles /1 012 km City: Check-in: Check-out: Rooms: Travelers: Get: Get: From: To: Map of driving directions from Atlanta, GA to Marco Island, FLClick here to show map Drag the line on the map to calculate the driving distance for a different route. If you want to verify these driving directions or look for another possible route, you can try Google Maps , Bing Maps, or Map Quest. More trip calculationsdriving time from Atlanta, GA to Marco Island, FLreverse drive distance from Marco Island, FL to Atlanta, GAhalfway between Atlanta, GA and Marco Island, FLhotels near Marco Island, FLflight time from Atlanta, GA to Marco Island, FLairports near Marco Island, FLairlines flying to Marco Island, FL
I Wish (Skee-Lo song) The song's lyrics are self-deprecating, with Skee-Lo lamenting a variety of personal shortcomings that he says are to blame for his unsuccessful love life. He wishes he were of taller stature ("like 6'9") and a basketball player ("a baller"). He wishes for a better car, specifically a '64 Impala, instead of his 1974 Ford Pinto with "an 8-Track and a spare tire in the backseat, but that's flat!" The lyrics also mention the Los Angeles neighborhood of Crenshaw, and a signpost featuring the street name appears in the background of the music video.
VANCOUVER -- Nick Woodhouse felt lucky to be alive after surviving a brain tumour, but the discovery of medical equipment that was left inside his body has left him pleading for help 13 years later. Woodhouse had to abandon a promising career as a competitive racecar driver in the U.K. when he started experiencing mysterious symptoms, including weight gain and extreme fatigue. He was eventually diagnosed with Cushing’s disease; the excess production of his pituitary gland was caused by a tumour in his head. "I was close to death," explained Woodhouse, who is now a Vancouver resident. "I could hardly walk up the stairs." But an exploratory procedure left him with a piece of a catheter in a blood vessel near his groin – and another full catheter was left behind during the surgery to remove the actual tumour. His family doctor, Dr. Gregory Phillips, explained in a letter that the plastic catheter was left between two of his vertebrae, and “is causing persistent symptoms and issues with pain, difficulty walking, an intermittent CSF leak which causes issues with sodium metabolism and further loss of function.” As Woodhouse grapples with headaches, back pain, fatigue and other issues from the devices left in his body, he said the surgeons involved have refused to acknowledge the problem. He said a complaint to the College of Physicians and Surgeons went nowhere, leaving him feeling like he has nowhere to turn. “Everyone makes mistakes. I've made hundreds of mistakes," said Woodhouse. “If you're in my position, there's nowhere to go for help." One of thousands The discovery that health issues were caused by a misplaced medical device isn’t unique, and it’s actually becoming much more common than it used to be in Canada. In November, a report released by the independent not-for-profit Canadian Institute for Health Information found that not only have such incidents spiked by 14 per cent since 2011, Canada has more than twice as many such incidents compared to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) average. Between 2016 and 2018, more than 550 objects were left behind in Canadian surgical patients. The CIHI’s director of emerging issues told CTV News while the data doesn’t examine how or why these incidents happen, they are often smaller items like clips or sponges. "Some surgeries are long and complicated and if they have to change people during that surgery because some surgeries last a long time, it may be that things get missed because of that,” said Tracy Johnson. “It may be that they don't have protocols in place -- surgical checklists are one of the things that are utilized to try and prevent a number of things happening.” What to do? When CTV News asked the provincial health ministry if there was any follow up or analysis to the November report, the government said local health authorities are responsible for oversight. Vancouver Coastal Health directs complainants to its Patient Care Quality Office, which notes patients should address issues with the person who provided the service or their manager. Those who don’t find a resolution there can submit a complaint through their website or by phone at 1-877-993-9199. In November, Parksville mother Laura Jokinen told CTV News she lived with wires coming out of her body after an emergency C-section for 10 weeks before it was removed. It’s been a year, and she says her health authority still hasn’t taken responsibility. “If they aren't taking any accountability how are we going to make any positive changes to our health care system?” she asked. Woodhouse wants acknowledgement of the mistakes made, without expectation of compensation or the need for a blame game – something he wants to see system-wide, in addition for his own personal circumstance. “I need to stop this leak in my spine and that requires someone taking this piece of plastic out," he said, explaining that when he spoke with a lawyer, he was turned away when he told them, “I don't want the money, I just want someone to help me.” Considering his spine is involved, Woodhouse says he’s willing to sign any waivers a surgeon would require for the delicate work required to remove the material. “With my first operation death was on the table. [With] this one, I assume paralysis and death are probably on the table,” said Woodhouse. “Sign me up."
Around the World in Eighty Days: Character Profiles \| Novelguide Around the World in Eighty Days: Character Profiles Character Profiles Lord Abermarle Lord Abermarle is an elderly man who bets 5,000 pounds on Fogg’s success. He himself is paralyzed and the idea of Fogg’s adventure makes him feel part of it. He wants Fogg to succeed for the glory of England. Aouda Aouda is the Parsee princess who was going to be burned alive on her husband’s funeral pyre but was rescued by Fogg and Passepartout. She is the daughter of a Bombay merchant and because she is light skinned and has an English education, she can pass for European. Originally, Fogg takes her to Hong Kong to stay with a relative but when that does not work out, he takes her under his protection. She travels around the world with him and falls in love with his noble nature. Fortunately, she knows how to play whist and captures Fogg’s heart. He marries her when they return to England The Honorable William Batulcar Batulcar is the Proprietor of the Long Noses of the god Tingou. He is a sort of Barnum with a circus in Yokohama which Passepartout joins as an acrobat and clown. They wear long fake noses on which they stand in a pyramid. Passepartout is on the bottom when he sees Fogg in the theater and drops the rest of the pyramid. Fogg has to pay damages to Batulcar to get Passepartout out of the circus. British Consul at Suez The Consul stamps Fogg’s passport to show that he came through Suez, and is not persuaded by Fix to detain Fogg. He thinks Fogg acts like a gentleman. John Bunsby John Bunsby is the pilot of the Tankadere which Fogg hires from Hong Kong to Shanghai to catch the steamer to San Francisco. Passepartout is separated from the party having been drugged and put on board the Carnatic to Yokohama. Fogg generously offers to take Detective Fix with them on the Tankadere, and they reach Yokohama in time to rescue Passepartout. Sir Francis Cromarty Sir Francis is a Brigadier General retired in India. He is Fogg’s whist partner on the Mongolia, then joins him in a train ride across India. He is tall and fair, a man of 50 who distinguished himself in the Sepoy revolt. On the way to his corps in Benares he travels with Fogg and serves as commentator on Indian ways and history. He helps to rescue Aouda. Samuel Fallentin Samuel Fallentin is a Banker and one of the members of the Reform Club who bets with Fogg. Thomas Flanagan Thomas Flanagan is a Brewer and a member of the Reform Club, one of the members who bets with Phileas Fogg. Detective Fix Mr. Fix is a detective from Scotland Yard who believes Fogg is the robber of the Bank of England and follows him around the world. He wants the reward money. Fix is a little dense and unscrupulous in his methods believing he is righteous in stopping Fogg any way he can, though he has no proof. Fix is small and nervous with twitching eyebrows and piercing eyes. He is intelligent but not wise or intuitive. He goes by his fixed ideas and is not flexible. Phileas Fogg Fogg is the main character, a mysterious and rich man of forty, tall and handsome with light hair and whiskers. He is never flustered by any event, a gentleman of the Reform Club of London who is interested in science and whist. He orders his life precisely by the clock, and makes a bet with fellow club members that he can travel around the world in the least amount of time it takes. He bets half his fortune on it and takes the other half with him in a carpet bag, going by train and steamboat around the world in 80 days. He travels with his French servant Passepartout and is followed by Detective Fix who thinks his mysterious fortune was stolen. Although Fogg appears to be uninterested in other people, he rescues Princess Aouda in India and marries her at the end of the journey. He is also generous to his servant Passepartout and rescues him several times though it puts his mission in jeopardy. Fogg is not interested in money but in knowledge. He is kind, giving money to a poor woman on the street and even giving money to Fix who is his enemy. Magnetic and bold,
The X-Files (season 11) The eleventh season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files premiered on January 3, 2018, on Fox.[1] The season consists of ten episodes and concluded on March 21, 2018. It follows newly re-instated Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson). The season's storyline picks up directly after last season's finale and the search for Mulder and Scully's son William is the main story arc for the season.[2]
: a muscle having two heads: asa also biceps brachii \\-ËbrÄ-kÄ-ËÄ, -ËÄ«\\ play or biceps flexor cubiti \\-Ëflek-ËsoÌr-ËkyÃ¼-bÉ-ËtÄ«, -bÉt-Ä\\ play : the large flexor muscle of the front of the upper arm arising by its short head from the coracoid process and by its long head from the upper margin of the glenoid cavity and being inserted into the ...
Pacific Blue is an American crime drama series about a team of police officers with the Santa Monica Police Department who patrolled its beaches on bicycles . The show ran for five seasons on the USA Network , from March 2 , 1996 to April 9 , 2000 , with a total of 101 episodes . Often compared as `` Baywatch on bikes '' , the series enjoyed a popular run among the network 's viewers , and was popular in France , Belgium , Israel , Sweden , Bulgaria , Norway , Spain , Russia , Austria , Germany , Italy , South America , Canada , Denmark , Poland and other foreign markets .
Earning some interest on your business banking deposits and balance could help offset some of the other costs associated with your LLC bank account. If you are looking around for a new business account, be sure to look at costs as well as how much interest the bank will pay on the account.
Abolitionism in the United States The first Americans who made a public protest against slavery were the Mennonites of Germantown, Pennsylvania. Soon after, in April 1688, Quakers in the same town wrote a two-page condemnation of the practice and sent it to the governing bodies of their Quaker church, the Society of Friends. The Quaker establishment never took action. The 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery was an unusually early, clear and forceful argument against slavery and initiated the spirit that finally led to the end of slavery in the Society of Friends (1776) and in the state of Pennsylvania (1780). The Quaker Quarterly Meeting of Chester, Pennsylvania, made its first protest in 1711. Within a few decades the entire slave trade was under attack, being opposed by such leaders as William Burling, Benjamin Lay, Ralph Sandiford, William Southby, and John Woolman.[2]
A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher fertility rates and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with polygyny which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development.
â¢ FRECKLE (noun) The noun FRECKLE has 1 sense: 1. a small brownish spot (of the pigment melanin) on the skin. Familiarity information: FRECKLE used as a noun is very rare. â¢ FRECKLE (verb) The verb FRECKLE has 2 senses: 1. become freckled. 2. mark with freckles. Familiarity information: FRECKLE used as a verb is rare.
The anchovy is a small green fish with blue reflections. These reflections are due to a silver stripe that runs along the length of the fish from the base of the caudal fin. It is maximum nine inches in length and body shape is variable with more slender fish in northern populations.
United Airlines Phone Number. â Customer Service Toll Free Phone Number: 1-800-241-6522. â Reservations Phone Number: 1-800-864-8331. â Hours of Operation: 24 Hours 7 Days a Week. â Average Waiting Time: 10 â 15 Minutes. â Calling Tips: When your call gets answered press â0â, say âYesâ, and then follow the provided instructions.
4. Steam the clams. Allow the clams enough time to open their shells-this will be indicated by a burst of steam and popped-open shells, anywhere from 2â3 minutes to 5-10 minutes, depending on the type of clams.If some don't open in this time, discard them as they probably were already dead.llow the clams enough time to open their shells-this will be indicated by a burst of steam and popped-open shells, anywhere from 2â3 minutes to 5-10 minutes, depending on the type of clams.
Further, the cost of renter's insurance depends on the insurance company selected. According to Independent Insurance Agents & Brokers of America (IIAB), the average cost for renter's insurance is about $12 per month for $30,000 worth of property coverage and $100,000 of liability coverage. renter can choose to insure only certain items and leave others uninsured. Even if the renter has $45,000 worth of possessions, he does not have to use that value as the policy coverage amount. He may instead decide to insure them for only $20,000 or $30,000, which would hold down the cost of the policy.
Definitions for mawk. Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word mawk. Wiktionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Origin: From mawk, mauk, a contraction of mathek, from maÃ°kr, a diminutive of a base from maÃ¾a- (Old English maÃ¾a), from Indo-European *math-, moth- used in reference to insects and vermin. Cognate with Danish madike, Swedish mask, archaic English maddock (modern maggot).
Some training can begin as soon as the puppy can open its eyes and walk. Young puppies have short attention spans but you can expect them to begin to learn simple obedience commands such as âsit,â âdown,â and âstay,â as young as 7 to 8 weeks of age.Formal dog training has traditionally been delayed until 6 months of age. Actually, this juvenile stage is a very poor time to start.The dog is learning from every experience and delaying training means missed opportunities for the dog to learn how you would like him to behave.ormal dog training has traditionally been delayed until 6 months of age. Actually, this juvenile stage is a very poor time to start. The dog is learning from every experience and delaying training means missed opportunities for the dog to learn how you would like him to behave.
In October 2011, the government declared that an area covering nearly 2,000,000 square kilometres (772,000 sq mi) of ocean shall be reserved as a shark sanctuary. This is the world's largest shark sanctuary, extending the worldwide ocean area in which sharks are protected from 2,700,000 to 4,600,000 square kilometres (1,042,000 to 1,776,000 sq mi). In protected waters, all shark fishing is banned and all by-catch must be released. However, some have questioned the ability of the Marshall Islands to enforce this zone.
On August 1, 2012, Windows 8 (build 9200) was released to manufacturing with the build number 6.2.9200.16384 . Microsoft planned to hold a launch event on October 25, 2012 and release Windows 8 for general availability on the next day. However, only a day after its release to manufacturing, a copy of the final version of Windows 8 Enterprise N (a version for European markets lacking bundled media players to comply with a court ruling) leaked online, followed by leaks of the final versions of Windows 8 Pro and Enterprise a few days later. On August 15, 2012, Windows 8 was made available to download for MSDN and TechNet subscribers. Windows 8 was made available to Software Assurance customers on August 16, 2012. Windows 8 was made available for students with a DreamSpark Premium subscription on August 22, 2012, earlier than advertised.
Deepwater Horizon (film) On August 19, 2014, casting began, with actor Mark Wahlberg added in the lead role of the film.[13] Wahlberg plays Mike Williams, a real-life electronics technician on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. On March 18, 2015, Gina Rodriguez was set to play a woman named Andrea Fleytas, who was on the bridge on board the Deepwater Horizon at the time of the blowout, and frantically tried to contact the Coast Guard.[14] On April 10, 2015, Deadline reported that Dylan O'Brien was in talks to play Caleb Holloway.[15] Kurt Russell joined the film on the same day O'Brien was in talks.[16] Soon after, John Malkovich was confirmed cast, as a BP representative who fatally underestimates the dangers of working on the rig.[17] Kate Hudson was announced as a cast member in May, 2015, and playing the wife of Wahlberg's character; her role will be her first on-screen pairing with Russell, her stepfather, although they shared no dialogue in the film.[5][18]
what is a culturagram? what is a culturagram? A culturagram is an essential tool for social workers to use when assessing clients cultural backgrounds. It gives the social worker an opportunity to understand their culture on an individual basis rather than generalizing them to the cultural group. It was developed to be used as a family assessment tool to help social workers and others understand families from different cultural backgrounds. It helps to understand that culture is such a broad concept and is different for everyone, even within the same cultural groups. The culturagram works from a strengths-based perspective. It is meant for the family and social worker to see the client's unique culture and empower them. It can be used on any population, but works best with immigrant families. Click here for a helpful podcast that explains culturagrams in more depth. WHat does it consist of? According to Dr. Elaine Congress, the creator of the culturagram, it consists of a diagram including the following elements: Reason for Relocation Legal Status Time in Community Language Spoken at Home and in the Community Health Beliefs Impact of Trauma and Crisis Events Contact with Cultural and Religious Institutions Holidays, Food, and Clothing Oppression, Discrimination, Bias, and Racism Values about Education and Work Values about Family - structure, power, myths, and rules
Aishwarya Rai -LRB- born 1 November 1973 -RRB- , also known by her married name Aishwarya Rai Bachchan , is an Indian actress , model and the winner of the Miss World 1994 pageant . Through her successful acting career , she has established herself as one of the most popular and influential celebrities in India . Rai has received numerous awards and accolades , including two Filmfare Awards from eleven nominations , and she was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2009 . She has often been called `` the most beautiful woman in the world '' . While in college , Rai did a few modelling jobs . Following appearances in several television commercials , she entered the Miss India pageant , in which she placed second . She was then crowned Miss World 1994 , after which she began receiving offers to act in film . She made her acting debut in Mani Ratnam 's 1997 Tamil film Iruvar and had her first Hindi film release in Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya that same year . Her first commercial success was the Tamil romantic drama Jeans -LRB- 1998 -RRB- , following which she achieved wider success and won two Best Actress awards at Filmfare for her performances in Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam -LRB- 1999 -RRB- and Devdas -LRB- 2002 -RRB- . Rai garnered critical appreciation for portraying a passionate artist in the Tamil romance Kandukondain Kandukondain -LRB- 2000 -RRB- , Tagore 's heroine , Binodini , in the Bengali film Chokher Bali -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , a depressed woman in the drama Raincoat -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , Kiranjit Ahluwalia in the British drama film Provoked -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , as a nurse in the drama Guzaarish -LRB- 2010 -RRB- and as a justise-seeking sister in the biographical drama Sarbjit -LRB- 2015 -RRB- . Rai 's greatest commercial successes have been the romance Mohabbatein -LRB- 2000 -RRB- , the adventure film Dhoom 2 -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , the historical romance Jodhaa Akbar -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , the science fiction film Enthiran -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , and the romantic drama Ae Dil Hai Mushkil -LRB- 2016 -RRB- . Rai married actor Abhishek Bachchan in 2007 with whom she has one daughter . Her off-screen roles include duties as a brand ambassador for several charity organisations and campaigns . She is a Goodwill Ambassador for the Joint United Nations Programme on AIDS -LRB- UNAIDS -RRB- . In 2003 , she was the first Indian actress to be a jury member at the Cannes Film Festival .
The Fox and the Hound The Fox and the Hound was released to theaters on July 10, 1981 to financial success.[3] At the time of release it was the most expensive animated film produced to date, costing $12 million.[1] It was re-released to theaters on March 25, 1988.[3] A direct-to-video followup, The Fox and the Hound 2, was released to DVD on December 12, 2006.
Farmington is located in Marion County, WV. The population is 562, making Farmington the 9th largest city in Marion County. There are 2 public schools in Farmington with an average Homefacts rating of B. The total crime rate for Farmington is very low, and there are 5 registered sex offenders residing in the city.
Film-Film Based on True Story - Page5 \| KASKUS 07-08-2008 01:47 Kandahar Kandahar (originally titled Safar-e Ghandehar ("Journey to Kandahar") and, alternatively, The Sun Behind the Moon) is a 2001 film by Iranian director Mohsen Makhmalbaf, set in Afghanistan during the rule of the Taliban. The film is based on a story (partly true, partly fictionalized) of a successful Afghan-Canadian (played by Nelofer Pazira) who returns to Afghanistan after receiving a letter from her sister, who was left behind when the family escaped, that she plans on committing suicide on the last solar eclipse of the millennium. Kandahar was filmed mostly in Iran, but also secretly in Afghanistan itself[citation needed]. Most people, including Nelofer Pazira, played themselves. The film premiered at the Cannes film festival of 2001, but didn't get much attention at first. After 9/11, however, it was widely shown. Kandahar won Makhmalbaf the Federico Fellini Prize from Unesco in 2001. source : wikipedia 07-08-2008 01:55 chicago Chicago is a 2002 musical film released by Miramax Films. First released in limited cities on December 27, 2002, Chicago opened in wide release on January 24, 2003. An adaptation of the satirical stage musical Chicago, the film explores the themes of celebrity and scandal in Jazz age Chicago. Directed and choreographed by Rob Marshall, and adapted for film by screenwriter Bill Condon, Chicago won six Academy Awards in 2003, including Best Picture. The film was the first musical film to win the Best Picture Oscar since Oliver! (1968). Chicago centers around Velma Kelly and Roxie Hart, two murderesses who find themselves on death row together in 1920s Chicago. Velma, a professional vaudevillian, and Roxie, a housewife with aspirations of being a star, fight for the fame that will keep them from the gallows. The film stars Catherine Zeta-Jones, Renée Zellweger, and Richard Gere, also featuring Queen Latifah, John C. Reilly, Christine Baranski, Lucy Liu, Taye Diggs, Colm Feore, and Mýa Harrison. The movie is based on the Kander and Ebb Broadway musical, Chicago, which was based on the Maurine Watkins play, Chicago, which was in turn based on the stories of two Jazz-era killers, Beulah Annan and Belva Gaertner. 07-08-2008 01:57 Monster Monster is a 2003 biographical-crime-drama-thriller about serial killer Aileen Wuornos, a former prostitute who was executed in 2002 for killing seven men in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Aileen Wuornos was played by Charlize Theron, and her lover Selby Wall was played by Christina Ricci (Wuornos' lover's name was actually Tyria Moore, but her character's name, age, and appearance in the film were changed for legal reasons). The film was written and directed by Patty Jenkins. Much of Theron's preparation for the role is credited to Nick Broomfield's 1992 documentary, Aileen Wuornos: The Selling of a Serial Killer, of which Theron reportedly watched clips between takes.[citation needed] Theron won several Best Actress awards for her performance. source : wikipedia 07-08-2008 02:06 Raging Bull Raging Bull is a 1980 film directed by Martin Scorsese, adapted by Paul Schrader and Mardik Martin from the memoir Raging Bull: My Story. It stars Robert De Niro as Jake LaMotta, a temperamental and paranoid but tenacious boxer who alienates himself from his friends and family. Also featured in the film are Joe Pesci as Joey, La Motta's brother and manager, and Cathy Moriarty as his abused wife. The film features supporting roles from Nicholas Colasanto, Theresa Saldana, and Frank Vincent, who has starred in many films directed by Martin Scorsese. After receiving mixed initial reviews, it went on to garner a high critical reputation and is now widely regarded as one of the greatest movies ever made, along with the pair's other famed collaboration from that era, Taxi Driver (1976). It is one of three films that has been named to the National Film Registry in its first year of eligibility. Quote:Original Posted By La Grande Inter ► wah, info yang bagus om tiger... btw ini truestory juga yah ?? Om tiger, thre
KedRab [Rabies Immune Globulin (Human)] View By: Year Company Conditions Areas Names Ked Rab [Rabies Immune Globulin (Human)]The following drug information is obtained from various newswires, published medical journal articles, and medical conference presentations. Company: Kedrion Biopharma Approval Status: Approved August 2017Specific Treatments:post-exposure prophylaxis of rabies infection Therapeutic Areas Infections and Infectious Diseases Find Related Trials for The Following Conditions Viral Infections General Information Ked Rab is a human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG). Ked Rab is specifically indicated for passive, transient post-exposure prophylaxis of rabies infection, when given immediately after contact with a rabid or possibly rabid animal. Ked Rab is supplied as a solution for intramuscular injection. Ked Rab should be administered concurrently with a full course of rabies vaccine. Do not administer additional (repeat) doses of Ked Rab once vaccine treatment has been initiated, since this may interfere with the immune response to the rabies vaccine. Do not administer Ked Rab to persons with a history of a complete preexposure or post-exposure rabies vaccination and confirmed adequate rabies antibody titer. For wound infiltration and intramuscular use: Post-exposure prophylaxis consists of a single dose of Ked Rab and a full course of rabies vaccine. Administer Ked Rab and the rabies vaccine as soon as possible after exposure. Dosage: 20 IU/kg body weight. Infiltrate as much of the dose as possible into and around the exposure site (if visible); administer the remainder intramuscularly at sites distant from the site of vaccination. Clinical Results FDA Approval The FDA approval of Ked Rab was based on a single center, randomized, comparator HRIG-controlled clinical study. Study subjects were healthy adults 18 to 72 years of age who were without significant acute or chronic illness. A total of 118 subjects (59 per treatment group) received intramuscular Ked Rab or comparator HRIG at a dose of 20 IU/kg on Day 0, and rabies vaccine on Days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28. The efficacy variable was RVNA, as assessed by RFFIT, on Day 14. Efficacy analyses were performed on the As-Treated Population, which comprised the 116 study subjects who received Ked Rab or comparator HRIG and at least 3 of the 5 doses of rabies vaccine before Day 14. Efficacy, considered when RVNA titer is 0.5 IU/m L or higher on Day 14 (as established by the WHO), was met by 56/57 subjects (98.2%) in the Ked Rab group and 59/59 subjects in the comparator HRIG group. The lower limit of the 90% CI was greater than the pre-specified non-inferiority margin of -10%; thus, Ked Rab was non-inferior to comparator HRIG. Side Effects Adverse effects associated with the use of Ked Rab may include, but are not limited to, the following:injection site painheadachemuscle painupper respiratory tract infection Mechanism of Action Ked Rab is a human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG). Rabies is a zoonotic disease caused by RNA viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus. Virus is typically present in the saliva of rabid mammals and is transmitted primarily through a bite. Ked Rab is infiltrated into the inoculation site (i.e., at the beginning of anti-rabies PEP) to previously unvaccinated persons, to provide immediate passive rabies virus neutralizing antibody protection until the patient’s immune system responds to vaccination by actively producing antibodies. Additional Information For additional information regarding Ked Rab or rabies infection/prophylaxis, please visit http://www.kedrab.com/KEDRAB-prescribing-information.pdf
James D. `` Jim '' Grant -LRB- born 29 October 1954 -RRB- , better known by his pen name Lee Child , is a British author who writes thriller novels . He is especially known for his Jack Reacher novel series . The books follow the adventures of a former American military policeman , Jack Reacher , who wanders the United States . His first novel , Killing Floor , won both the Anthony Award , and the Barry Award for Best First Novel .
Groom's Suit or Tuxedo Cost Rental: $50-$100 Medium: $300-$800 High: $800-$1,500+E-mail Post Tweet Comments (9)Typical costs: Tuxedo or suit costs vary, depending on whether the groom rents or buys. On the low end, tuxedo rentals start at about $50 to $100 for rental of a basic wool tuxedo and vest. In the mid-range, a groom can buy a nice suit for between $300 and $800. And, on the high end, it costs about $800 to $1,500 and up to purchase a quality designer wool or linen tuxedo or suit. The average groom's tuxedo or suit cost is $197, according to the Bridal Association of America [ 1] . Related articles: Wedding Dress, Groomsman's Suit or Tuxedo, Wedding Photographer What should be included: Tuxedo rental includes a professional measurement and fitting, as well as pressing, cleaning and overnight use of the tuxedo. Additional costs: When renting a tuxedo, the vest, tie shoes and shirt typically cost extra. And, of course, if you buy a suit, you will need to buy a shirt, tie and cufflinks, which can add $100 or more to your cost. The average groom spends $116 on accessories, according to the Bridal Association of America. While rented tuxedoes should fit perfectly, grooms who buy a suit or tuxedo might need alterations, which will cost $30 to $100 or more, depending on the complexity of the alteration. Discounts: If the groomsmen are renting their tuxedoes, the rental shop will usually throw in the groom's tuxedo for free If you check their websites, many chain formalwear rental stores offer coupons. Shopping for a groom's suit or tuxedo: When trying to decide whether to rent a tuxedo, buy a tuxedo or buy a suit, The Groom Guide.com [ 2] provides a list of pros and cons for each option. Brides.com [ 3] offers a guide on how to choose the right suit or tuxedo for the season, time of day and formality level, and The Men's Wearhouse [ 4] lists answers to common questions about formalwear and The Knot.com [ 5] offers a guide on choosing attire based on body type. If the groom does not live near the groomsmen, a chain store might be the most convenient option to coordinate their attire. Chains include After Hours Formalwear [ 6] and The Men's Wearhouse [ 7] . GQ.com [ 8] offers a step-by-step guide to buying a suit and making sure the fit is correct. To get proper fit, buy the suit at least a month in advance and have it tailored by a professional. To buy a suit, check chain department stores such as Nordstrom or Macy's [ 9] or men's stores such as The Men's Wearhouse. E-mail Post Tweet Comments (9)Cost Helper News7 Ways to Stretch Your Reduced Food Budget End of the year budgets are tight for everyone, especially in this economy. It's especially hard for the millions of Americans who depend on government programs like food stamps to help make ends meet. \|\| Posted November 11 20137 Lesser-Known Discounts for the 50+ Crowd As they age, members of the Baby Boomer generation don't like to admit that they're senior citizens, but they love getting discounts. It's kind of a quandary, because some of the best deals available are reduced prices for older folks.\|\| Posted October 21 2013‣ All Cost Helper Blog Posts What People Are Paying - Recent Comments Purchased tuxedo Amount: $2,251.00Posted by: Demitrii in Atlanta, GA. Posted: May 2nd, 2017 10:05AMDesigner: Suit supply Went in thinking about purchasing a tuxedo for under $1,000 and after trying on some nice suits and choosing colors i ended up spending $2,251. Big difference having custom fit materials as opposed to off the rack. I usually purchase decent suits at Macy's for $300- $400 after Discounts. However, this is a tuxedo that I will use on big day and on more formal events going forward. I feel it's worth it. Try both options and go with what makes you feel better ;)Was this post helpful to you? yes no Report prohibited or spam Wanted a specific color Amount: $680.00Posted by: Brenden Breil in Tampa, FL. Posted: September 9th, 2016 06:09PMDesigner: Calvin Klein Needed a specific color of blue as well as a specific color shoe. I also needed a vest and belt to match the shoes. Only problem was that the pants and suit were separate prices. That's what made it so much. Was this post helpful to you? yes no Report prohibited or spam Buying is only a little more Amount: $215.00Posted by: hap-cust in Lansing, MI. Posted: May 7th, 2011 07:05AMRental or Purchase? : purchase Tuxedo or Suit? : Tuxedo Store: Macys Style: Slim Designer: Alfani REDRented an ill-fitting, cheap-looking, not-the-right-fashion tux last year in Mid-Michigan for $105 (included jacket, pant, bow tie and vest). A Calvin Klein would have cost about $150 but they were out of stock. This year, purchased a cool-looking Alfani RED slim-fit tux to keep. Was this post helpful to you? yes no Report prohibited or spam No way to rent for under $100Amount: $140.00Posted by: dgve in Seguin, TX. Posted: December 15th, 2010 01:12AMRental or Purchase? : Rental Tuxedo or Suit? : Tuxedo Store: Local Style: Designer: Calvin Klein Rentals in this area range from 80 - 140, but the lower end rentals do not look nice. Was this post helpful to you? yes no Report prohibited or spam Decided to buy. Amount: $150.00Posted by: Nancycs in Rochester, MN. Posted: March 13th, 2010 08:03PMRental or Purchase? : purchase Tuxedo or Suit? : Tux Store: JCPenney Style: 1-button wool Designer: Stafford I decided to buy a tuxedo for my son verses renting. The local shops were asking $100-$140. I decided to purchase it. I got it 50% off with and additional $ amount off. The $150 included everything from the jacket to the socks and shoes. It is classic and will be able to be worn again and he may even get a second year out of it for prom as well as his brother who will likely fit into it for his prom too as they are built the same way. Was this post helpful to you? yes no Report prohibited or spam I bought my tuxedo- much smarter Amount: $299.95Posted by: Mike Friedman in Bedford, NY. Posted: December 20th, 2009 10:12AMRental or Purchase? : Purchase Tuxedo or Suit? : New Tuxedo Store: Fine Tuxedos.com Style: 2 Button Notch Designer: Joseph Abboud I bought beautiful super 100's wool tuxedo at Fine Tuxedos at what I think is an excellent price. I really don't see the point of renting when you could buy one at the same price. Fine Tuxedos had tuxedo packages that included the tuxedo and ALL accessories for $139.95. You really can't beat that. I chose to go for the nicer fabric. Was this post helpful to you? yes no Report prohibited or spamsuit Amount: $2,000.00Posted by: a user in la, NM. Posted: August 23rd, 2009 09:08PMRental or Purchase? : purchase Tuxedo or Suit? : tuxedo Store: mensland Style: swaed Designer: marc jackobsawesome but expensive Was this post helpful to you? yes no Report prohibited or spam Cost Helper, not Daddy Warbucks ... Amount: $0.00Posted by: Jason in Shreveport, LA. Posted: January 6th, 2008 05:01AMRental or Purchase? : Rental Tuxedo or Suit? : Tux Store: MW Tux (Old After Hours) Style: 1-button Notch Lapel (Classic)Designer: Joesph & Fiess Buying a tux for $960 is not cost prohibative. My (Groom's) wedding tux rental is free after my three groomsmen and her dad pay $127.04 (after tax and includes, shoes, cuffs links, fitting, tie, & all the jazz). Was this post helpful to you? yes no Report prohibited or spam Decided to buy a black suit Amount: $960.00Posted by: a user in San Jose, CA. Posted: April 2nd, 2007 12:04AMRental or Purchase? : Purchase Tuxedo or Suit? : Suit Store: Tuxedo Style: Modern My problem with rental tuxedos is the fit -- my body shape doesn't fit the typical sizes found at a rental shop, and every time I've rented a tux, it's looked terrible. The jacket and the pants can be the wrong size and hurriedly hemmed. Once, at a company party, the hemming (taking 2" off the pants) on my rental tuxedo literally started to fall apart on me while dancing. I didn't want to risk a mishap on my wedding day, so I decided to buy a suit and get it tailored, even though it was a considerable expense. I bought a modern, Italian black suit at Eli Thomas. The store in San Jose had an amazing tailor and they got the fit just right. The suit was $800, the tie was $100, and so the total with tax was $960. I probably could have gotten a better tie at a better price if I shopped around more. If the suits and tuxedos at rental shops don't fit your body type, I recommend buying a suit (or tux) and having it tailored. Was this post helpful to you? yes no Report prohibited or spam Comment On Your Experience With a Groom's Suit or Tuxedo Subject: Amount Spent: Rental or Purchase? : Tuxedo or Suit? : Store: Style: Designer: Comments: Purchased: Year: City: * State: Information about you: Email: Email addresses are not displayed. Name: This is the name we'll display with your post. Remember me on this computer*=required field. External Resources:www.bridalassociationofamerica.com/Wedding_Statistics/www.thegroomguide.com/dress2kill1.htmlwww.brides.com/wedding-dresses-style/groom-style/2006/12/year-round-styletuxedo.menswearhouse.com/home.do? JSESSIONID=F1QY3yqjhl LTvd3j N6t Jlgs DF1B6gh PZq JLJQn1Mh Wn...wedding.theknot.com/groom-groomsmen/groomsmen-guide/articles/find-the-most-flattering-t...tuxedo.menswearhouse.com/home.dotuxedo.menswearhouse.com/home.do?src=GA&googleadwords=tuxweddingcoupon250www.gq.com/stylewww1.macys.com/shop/mens-clothing/mens-suits?id=17788&edge=hybrid&kw=Suits+%26+Suit+Sep... More Weddings Topics Check Out All Costs for Weddings How Much Does a Wedding Dress Cost? How Much Do Wedding Invitations Cost? How Much Does a Wedding Reception Venue Cost? Search Thousands of Topics on Cost Helper.com How much does cost?
Boston is an intellectual, technological, and political center but has lost some important regional institutions, including the acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times, and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004. Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both been merged into the Cincinnati–based Macy's. Boston has experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s. Living expenses have risen, and Boston has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, and was ranked the 129th most expensive major city in the world in a 2011 survey of 214 cities. Despite cost of living issues, Boston ranks high on livability ratings, ranking 36th worldwide in quality of living in 2011 in a survey of 221 major cities.
Rubidium: geological information. Rubidium is far too reactive to be found as the free metal in nature. It is relatively rare, although it is the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust. Rubidium is present in some minerals found in North America, South Africa, Russia, and Canada. It is found in some potassium minerals (lepidolites, biotites, feldspar, carnallite), sometimes with caesium as well.

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