id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
32,271,415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sono-Seq | Sono-Seq (Sonication of Cross-linked Chromatin Sequencing) is a method in molecular biology used for determining the sequences of those DNA regions in the genome near regions of open chromatin of expressed genes. It is also known as "Input" in the Chip-Seq protocol, since it follows the same steps except it doesn't req... | Sono-Seq | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 90 | [
"Gene expression",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
37,898,548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermally%20isolated%20system | In thermodynamics, a thermally isolated system can exchange no mass or heat energy with its environment. The internal energy of a thermally isolated system may therefore change due to the exchange of work energy. The entropy of a thermally isolated system will increase over time if it is not at equilibrium, but as long... | Thermally isolated system | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 255 | [
"Thermodynamics stubs",
"Thermodynamic systems",
"Physical systems",
"Thermodynamics",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
37,898,741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanically%20isolated%20system | In thermodynamics, a mechanically isolated system is a system that is mechanically constrained to disallow deformations, so that it cannot perform any work on its environment. It may however, exchange heat across the system boundary.
For a simple system, mechanical isolation is equivalent to a state of constant volume... | Mechanically isolated system | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 187 | [
"Thermodynamic systems",
"Thermodynamics stubs",
"Physical systems",
"Thermodynamics",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
37,899,800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tris%28triphenylphosphine%29rhodium%20carbonyl%20hydride | Carbonyl hydrido tris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I) [Carbonyl(hydrido)tris(triphenylphosphane)rhodium(I)] is an organorhodium compound with the formula [RhH(CO)(PPh3)3] (Ph = C6H5). It is a yellow, benzene-soluble solid, which is used industrially for hydroformylation.
Preparation
[RhH(CO)(PPh3)3] was first prepared b... | Tris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium carbonyl hydride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 691 | [
"Catalysis",
"Catalysts",
"Reagents for organic chemistry",
"Homogeneous catalysis",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
37,905,049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C19H20FN3 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C19H20FN3}}
The molecular formula C19H20FN3 (molar mass: 309.38 g/mol, exact mass: 309.1641 u) may refer to:
Fluperlapine, or fluoroperlapine
Gevotroline (WY-47,384)
Molecular formulas | C19H20FN3 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 78 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
29,993,443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Establishment%20of%20sister%20chromatid%20cohesion | Sister chromatid cohesion refers to the process by which sister chromatids are paired and held together during certain phases of the cell cycle. Establishment of sister chromatid cohesion is the process by which chromatin-associated cohesin protein becomes competent to physically bind together the sister chromatids. In... | Establishment of sister chromatid cohesion | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,264 | [
"Molecular genetics",
"Molecular biology"
] |
53,585,184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIP2%20experiment | The VIP2 experiment (Violation of the Pauli Principle) is an atomic physics experiment studying the possible violation of the Pauli exclusion principle for electrons. The experiment is located in the underground laboratory of Gran Sasso, LNGS-INFN, near the town L'Aquila in Italy. It is run by an international collabor... | VIP2 experiment | [
"Physics"
] | 642 | [
"Physics experiments",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Experimental physics",
"Pauli exclusion principle"
] |
53,585,937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20coin%20flipping | Consider two remote players, connected by a channel, that don't trust each other. The problem of them agreeing on a random bit by exchanging messages over this channel, without relying on any trusted third party, is called the coin flipping problem in cryptography. Quantum coin flipping uses the principles of quantum m... | Quantum coin flipping | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 3,008 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Applied mathematics",
"Computer science",
"Information theory"
] |
53,589,134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%20initio%20methods%20%28nuclear%20physics%29 | In nuclear physics, ab initio methods seek to describe the atomic nucleus from the bottom up by solving the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation for all constituent nucleons and the forces between them. This is done either exactly for very light nuclei (up to four nucleons) or by employing certain well-controlled appr... | Ab initio methods (nuclear physics) | [
"Physics"
] | 469 | [
"Nuclear physics"
] |
40,666,874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis%28dinitrogen%29bis%281%2C2-bis%28diphenylphosphino%29ethane%29molybdenum%280%29 | trans-Bis(dinitrogen)bis[1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane]molybdenum(0) is a coordination complex with the formula Mo(N2)2(dppe)2. It is a relatively air stable yellow-orange solid. It is notable as being the first discovered dinitrogen containing complex of molybdenum.
Structure
Mo(N2)2(dppe)2 is an octahedral comp... | Bis(dinitrogen)bis(1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane)molybdenum(0) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 562 | [
"Coordination chemistry",
"Coordination complexes"
] |
40,670,179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C10H20O3 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C10H20O3}}
The molecular formula C10H20O3 may refer to:
Hydroxydecanoic acids
10-Hydroxydecanoic acid
Myrmicacin (3-hydroxydecanoic acid)
Promoxolane
Molecular formulas | C10H20O3 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 63 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
40,674,284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtright%20field | In theoretical physics, the Curtright field (named after Thomas Curtright) is a tensor quantum field of mixed symmetry, whose gauge-invariant dynamics are dual to those of the general relativistic graviton in higher (D>4) spacetime dimensions. Or at least this holds for the linearized theory.
For the full nonlinear t... | Curtright field | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 449 | [
"Hypothetical particles",
"Matter",
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"String theory",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Subatomic particles"
] |
28,465,562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuilleumier%20cycle | The Vuilleumier cycle was patented by a Swiss-American engineer named Rudolph Vuilleumier in 1918. The purpose of Vuilleumier's machine was to create a heat pump that would use heat at high temperature as energy input. The Vuilleumier cycle...utilize[s] working gas expansion and compression at three variable volume spa... | Vuilleumier cycle | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 915 | [
"Thermodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
28,469,244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz%20reciprocity | The Helmholtz reciprocity principle describes how a ray of light and its reverse ray encounter matched optical adventures, such as reflections, refractions, and absorptions in a passive medium, or at an interface. It does not apply to moving, non-linear, or magnetic media.
For example, incoming and outgoing light can ... | Helmholtz reciprocity | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,777 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Optics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
28,472,413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virbhadra%E2%80%93Ellis%20lens%20equation | The Virbhadra-Ellis lens equation in astronomy and mathematics relates to the angular positions of an unlensed source , the image , the Einstein bending angle of light , and the angular diameter lens-source and observer-source distances.
.
This approximate lens equation is useful for studying the gravitational len... | Virbhadra–Ellis lens equation | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 85 | [
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Astrophysics",
"Astrophysics stubs",
"Equations of astronomy",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
28,473,219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaidya%20metric | In general relativity, the Vaidya metric describes the non-empty external spacetime of a spherically symmetric and nonrotating star which is either emitting or absorbing null dusts. It is named after the Indian physicist Prahalad Chunnilal Vaidya and constitutes the simplest non-static generalization of the non-radiati... | Vaidya metric | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,405 | [
"Exact solutions in general relativity",
"Black holes",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Astrophysics",
"Equations",
"Density",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Astronomical objects",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
28,473,945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon%20surface | Photon sphere (definition):
A photon sphere of a static spherically symmetric metric is a timelike hypersurface if the deflection angle of a light ray with the closest distance of approach diverges as
For a general static spherically symmetric metric
the photon sphere equation is:
The concept of a photon sphere i... | Photon surface | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 243 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Black holes",
"Physical quantities",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Astrophysics",
"General relativity",
"Stellar astronomy stubs",
"Astrophysics stubs",
"Density",
"Relativity stubs",
"Theory of relativity",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Astronomical ob... |
28,474,959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exon%20skipping | In molecular biology, exon skipping is a form of RNA splicing used to cause cells to “skip” over faulty or misaligned sections (exons) of genetic code, leading to a truncated but still functional protein despite the genetic mutation.
Mechanism
Exon skipping is used to restore the reading frame within a gene. Genes a... | Exon skipping | [
"Biology"
] | 1,222 | [
"Genetics"
] |
46,719,532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic%20metasurface | An electromagnetic metasurface refers to a kind of artificial sheet material with sub-wavelength features. Metasurfaces can be either structured or unstructured with subwavelength-scaled patterns.
In electromagnetic theory, metasurfaces modulate the behaviors of electromagnetic waves through specific boundary conditio... | Electromagnetic metasurface | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,334 | [
"Metamaterials",
"Materials science"
] |
37,908,022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-band%20multi-object%20spectrograph | The K-band multi-object spectrograph, or KMOS for short, is an instrument mounted on ESO’s Very Large Telescope Antu (UT1) at the Paranal Observatory in Chile. KMOS is a multi-object spectrograph able to observe 24 objects at the same time in infrared light and to map out how their properties vary from place to place. ... | K-band multi-object spectrograph | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 117 | [
"Telescope instruments",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Astronomical instruments",
"Spectrometers",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
37,914,029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic%20Eulerian%20Lagrangian%20method | In computational fluid dynamics, the Stochastic Eulerian Lagrangian Method (SELM) is an approach to capture essential features of fluid-structure interactions subject to thermal fluctuations while introducing approximations which facilitate analysis and the development of tractable numerical methods. SELM is a hybrid ... | Stochastic Eulerian Lagrangian method | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 616 | [
"Computational fluid dynamics",
"Computational physics",
"Civil engineering",
"Fluid mechanics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
37,914,061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle%20of%20normality | The Principle of normality in solid mechanics states that if a normal to the yield locus is constructed at the point of yielding, the strains that result from yielding are in the same ratio as the stress components of the normal.
References
Solid mechanics | Principle of normality | [
"Physics"
] | 49 | [
"Solid mechanics",
"Mechanics"
] |
45,386,524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorobis%28cyclooctene%29rhodium%20dimer | Chlorobis(cyclooctene)rhodium dimer is an organorhodium compound with the formula Rh2Cl2(C8H14)4, where C8H14 is cis-cyclooctene. Sometimes abbreviated Rh2Cl2(coe)4, it is a red-brown, air-sensitive solid that is a precursor to many other organorhodium compounds and catalysts.
The complex is prepared by treating an a... | Chlorobis(cyclooctene)rhodium dimer | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 346 | [
"Catalysis",
"Homogeneous catalysis",
"Dimers (chemistry)",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
45,386,574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorobis%28cyclooctene%29iridium%20dimer | Chlorobis(cyclooctene)iridium dimer is an organoiridium compound with the formula Ir2Cl2(C8H14)4, where C8H14 is cis-cyclooctene. Sometimes abbreviated Ir2Cl2(coe)4, it is a yellow, air-sensitive solid that is used as a precursor to many other organoiridium compounds and catalysts.
The compound is prepared by heatin... | Chlorobis(cyclooctene)iridium dimer | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 242 | [
"Catalysis",
"Homogeneous catalysis",
"Dimers (chemistry)",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
33,867,932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geospatial%20topology | Geospatial topology is the study and application of qualitative spatial relationships between geographic features, or between representations of such features in geographic information, such as in geographic information systems (GIS). For example, the fact that two regions overlap or that one contains the other are exa... | Geospatial topology | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 1,530 | [
"Geometric topology",
"Spatial analysis",
"Geographic data and information",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Data",
"Spacetime"
] |
33,868,489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Busby | Stephen Busby FRS is a British biochemist, and professor at the University of Birmingham. His research is concerned with the molecular mechanisms controlling gene expression in bacteria, especially regulation of transcription initiation in Escherichia coli.
Career
Stephen Busby started his career working for severa... | Stephen Busby | [
"Chemistry"
] | 338 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Biochemists",
"Biochemist stubs"
] |
33,872,518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Donder%E2%80%93Weyl%20theory | In mathematical physics, the De Donder–Weyl theory is a generalization of the Hamiltonian formalism in the calculus of variations and classical field theory over spacetime which treats the space and time coordinates on equal footing. In this framework, the Hamiltonian formalism in mechanics is generalized to field theo... | De Donder–Weyl theory | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 907 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
33,876,683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoluminescence | Piezoluminescence is a form of luminescence created by pressure upon certain solids. This phenomenon is characterized by recombination processes involving electrons, holes and impurity ion centres. Some piezoelectric crystals give off a certain amount of piezoluminescence when under pressure. Irradiated salts, such as... | Piezoluminescence | [
"Chemistry"
] | 263 | [
"Luminescence",
"Molecular physics"
] |
43,542,926 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein%20problem | In plane geometry, the einstein problem asks about the existence of a single prototile that by itself forms an aperiodic set of prototiles; that is, a shape that can tessellate space but only in a nonperiodic way. Such a shape is called an einstein, a word play on ein Stein, German for "one stone".
Several variants o... | Einstein problem | [
"Physics"
] | 1,099 | [
"Tessellation",
"Aperiodic tilings",
"Symmetry"
] |
43,548,860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MassMatrix | MassMatrix is a mass spectrometry data analysis software that uses a statistical model to achieve increased mass accuracy over other database search algorithms. This search engine is set apart from others dues to its ability to provide extremely efficient judgement between true and false positives for high mass accurac... | MassMatrix | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 140 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Chemistry software",
"Theoretical chemistry stubs",
"Computational chemistry stubs",
"Mass spectrometry software",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Computational chemistry",
"Physical chemistry stubs"
] |
36,469,390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20metamaterial | Quantum metamaterials apply the science of metamaterials and the rules of quantum mechanics to control electromagnetic radiation. In the broad sense, a quantum metamaterial is a metamaterial in which certain quantum properties of the medium must be taken into account and whose behaviour is thus described by both Maxwe... | Quantum metamaterial | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 586 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Metamaterials",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Materials science",
"Applications of quantum mechanics"
] |
48,400,112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion%20disk | An accretion disk is a structure (often a circumstellar disk) formed by diffuse material in orbital motion around a massive central body. The central body is most frequently a star. Friction, uneven irradiance, magnetohydrodynamic effects, and other forces induce instabilities causing orbiting material in the disk to s... | Accretion disk | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,450 | [
"Space plasmas",
"Black holes",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Vortices",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Density",
"Dynamical systems",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Astronomical objects",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
48,403,381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%20king%20theory | Dragon king is a double metaphor for an event that is both extremely large in size or effect (a "king") and born of unique origins (a "dragon") relative to its peers (other events from the same system). DK events are generated by or correspond to mechanisms such as positive feedback, tipping points, bifurcations, and p... | Dragon king theory | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,259 | [
"Mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
48,404,487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-island%20principle | The three-island principle was a technique used in the construction of steel-hulled ships whereby a ship was built with a forecastle, bridge deck, and poop. The technique allowed the economical and efficient construction of ships and was particularly common in tramp steamers and smaller vessels of the nineteenth and ea... | Three-island principle | [
"Engineering"
] | 105 | [
"Shipbuilding",
"Marine engineering"
] |
48,407,923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hume%20Feldman | Hume A. Feldman is a physicist specializing in cosmology and astrophysics. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and a professor and chair (2013-2023) of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Kansas.
Education
Feldman graduated from the University of California at Santa Cruz in 1983. ... | Hume Feldman | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 800 | [
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Theoretical physics",
"Physical cosmology",
"Astrophysics"
] |
48,407,985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure%20function | The structure function, like the fragmentation function, is a probability density function in physics. It is somewhat analogous to the structure factor in solid-state physics, and the form factor (quantum field theory).
The nucleon (proton and neutron) electromagnetic form factors describe the spatial distributions o... | Structure function | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 246 | [
"Scattering stubs",
"Scattering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Particle physics",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
49,642,031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20activated%20bonding | Surface activated bonding (SAB) is a non-high-temperature wafer bonding technology with atomically clean and activated surfaces. Surface activation prior to bonding by using fast atom bombardment is typically employed to clean the surfaces. High-strength bonding of semiconductors, metals, and dielectrics can be obtaine... | Surface activated bonding | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 289 | [
"Electronics manufacturing",
"Packaging (microfabrication)",
"Microtechnology",
"Materials science",
"Semiconductor device fabrication",
"Electronic engineering",
"Semiconductor technology",
"Microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems"
] |
49,644,528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarooj | Sarooj is a traditional water-resistant mortar used in Iranian architecture, used in the construction of bridges and yakhchāl, ancient Persian ice houses.
It is made of clay and limestone mixed in a six-to-four ratio to make a stiff mix, and kneaded for three days. A portion of furnace slags from baths is combined with... | Sarooj | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 297 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Building engineering",
"Coatings",
"Architecture",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Concrete",
"Plastering",
"Matter",
"Building materials"
] |
55,065,601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MASCARA | MASCARA (Multi-site All-Sky CAmeRA) is an exoplanet experiment by Leiden University. It has two stations, one in each hemisphere, each of which use cameras to make short exposure photographs of most of the visible sky to observe stars to a magnitude of 8.4. The Northern Hemisphere station at Roque de los Muchachos Obse... | MASCARA | [
"Astronomy"
] | 508 | [
"Astronomy projects",
"Exoplanet search projects",
"Telescope instruments",
"Astronomical instruments"
] |
55,071,594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron%20embrittlement | Neutron embrittlement, sometimes more broadly radiation embrittlement, is the embrittlement of various materials due to the action of neutrons. This is primarily seen in nuclear reactors, where the release of high-energy neutrons causes the long-term degradation of the reactor materials. The embrittlement is caused by ... | Neutron embrittlement | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 602 | [
"Materials degradation",
"Nuclear and atomic physics stubs",
"Materials science",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
55,072,303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20shift%20torque%20measurement | Phase shift torque measurement involves the use of a shaft, which is either an integral part of the rotating machine under test - such as a turbine, compressor, or jet engine - or positioned between the machine and a dynamometer. The shaft has a pair of identical toothed disks attached at each end and often has a slend... | Phase shift torque measurement | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 288 | [
"Force",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Classical mechanics stubs",
"Classical mechanics",
"Measurement",
"Size",
"Measuring instruments",
"Dynamometers",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Torque"
... |
55,085,415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesampator | Pesampator (; developmental code names BIIB-104 and PF-04958242) is a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the AMPA receptor (AMPAR), an ionotropic glutamate receptor, which was under development by Pfizer for the treatment of cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. In March 2018, the development of the drug was transfe... | Pesampator | [
"Chemistry"
] | 536 | [
"Nitriles",
"Functional groups"
] |
32,272,502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghouse | A baghouse, also known as a baghouse filter, bag filter, or fabric filter is an air pollution control device and dust collector that removes particulates entrained in gas released from commercial processes. Power plants, steel mills, pharmaceutical producers, food manufacturers, chemical producers and other industrial ... | Baghouse | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 3,312 | [
"Chemical equipment",
"Filters",
"Pollution control technologies",
"Filtration",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
32,273,514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minisci%20reaction | The Minisci reaction () is a named reaction in organic chemistry. It is a nucleophilic radical substitution to an electron deficient aromatic compound, most commonly the introduction of an alkyl group to a nitrogen containing heterocycle. The reaction was published in 1971 by F. Minisci. In the case of N-Heterocycles,... | Minisci reaction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 702 | [
"Coupling reactions",
"Name reactions",
"Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
32,274,237 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro%20Bridge | Metro Bridge can refer to a bridge span on a metro (subway) system:
Russia
Moscow Metro
Preobrazhensky Metro Bridge
Luzhniki Metro Bridge
Smolensky Metro Bridge
Novosibirsk Metro
Novosibirsk Metro Bridge
Turkey
Istanbul Metro
Golden Horn Metro Bridge
Ukraine
Kyiv Metro
Kyiv Metro Bridge, on the Sviatoshynsko-Brovar... | Metro Bridge | [
"Engineering"
] | 157 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Bridges"
] |
32,274,243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRB%20090429B | GRB 090429B was a gamma-ray burst observed on 29 April 2009 by the Burst Alert Telescope aboard the Swift satellite. The burst triggered a standard burst-response observation sequence, which started 106 seconds after the burst. The X-ray telescope aboard the satellite identified an uncatalogued fading source. No optica... | GRB 090429B | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 299 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Astronomical events",
"Constellations",
"Canes Venatici",
"Gamma-ray bursts",
"Stellar phenomena"
] |
32,285,510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20radiation%20reaction%20force | The magnetic radiation reaction force is a force on an electromagnet when its magnetic moment changes. One can derive an electric radiation reaction force for an accelerating charged particle caused by the particle emitting electromagnetic radiation. Likewise, a magnetic radiation reaction force can be derived for an a... | Magnetic radiation reaction force | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,526 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Radiation",
"Electrodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
32,287,441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C13H10O5 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C13H10O5}}
The molecular formula C13H10O5 (molar mass: 246.21 g/mol, exact mass: 246.0528 u) may refer to:
Citromycin
Hispidin
Isopimpinellin
Molecular formulas | C13H10O5 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 65 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
31,275,000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation%20effects%20from%20the%20Fukushima%20Daiichi%20nuclear%20disaster | The radiation effects from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster are the observed and predicted effects as a result of the release of radioactive isotopes from the Fukushima Daiichii Nuclear Power Plant following the 2011 Tōhoku 9.0 magnitude earthquake and tsunami (Great East Japan Earthquake and the resultant tsunam... | Radiation effects from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Technology"
] | 30,177 | [
"Radiation health effects",
"Radioactively contaminated areas",
"Radioactive contamination",
"Soil contamination",
"Radiation effects",
"Radioactivity"
] |
31,279,073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance%20crystallography | Nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography (NMR crystallography) is a method which utilizes primarily NMR spectroscopy to determine the structure of solid materials on the atomic scale. Thus, solid-state NMR spectroscopy would be used primarily, possibly supplemented by quantum chemistry calculations (e.g. density func... | Nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,301 | [
"Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"Materials science",
"Crystallography",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Nuclear physics",
"Solid-state chemistry"
] |
39,358,688 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial%20fan%20design | An axial fan is a type of fan that causes gas to flow through it in an axial direction, parallel to the shaft about which the blades rotate. The flow is axial at entry and exit. The fan is designed to produce a pressure difference, and hence force, to cause a flow through the fan. Factors which determine the performanc... | Axial fan design | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,824 | [
"Chemical equipment",
"Turbomachinery",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
39,359,065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20Transitions%20and%20Critical%20Phenomena | Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena is a 20-volume series of books, comprising review articles on phase transitions and critical phenomena, published during 1972-2001. It is "considered the most authoritative series on the topic".
Volumes 1-6 were edited by Cyril Domb and Melville S. Green, and after Green's deat... | Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,952 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Critical phenomena",
"Phases of matter",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Matter",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
52,206,441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-D%20relation | The Sigma-D relation, or Σ-D Relation, is the claimed relation between the radio surface brightness and diameter of a supernova remnant. It is generally regarded as of limited physical use, since it has very large scatter and is dominated by observational selection biases.
References
Physical cosmology
Astrophysics
... | Sigma-D relation | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 68 | [
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Theoretical physics",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Astrophysics",
"Astrophysics stubs",
"Equations of astronomy",
"Physical cosmology"
] |
52,213,563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross%20ventilation | Cross ventilation is a natural phenomenon where wind, fresh air or a breeze enters upon an opening, such as a window, and flows directly through the space and exits through an opening on the opposite side of the building (where the air pressure is lower). This produces a cool stream of air and as well as a current acro... | Cross ventilation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,664 | [
"Sustainable building",
"Physical phenomena",
"Building engineering",
"Chemical engineering",
"Architecture",
"Construction",
"Architectural elements",
"Civil engineering",
"Piping",
"Components",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
52,214,944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof%20of%20space | Proof of space (PoS) is a type of consensus algorithm achieved by demonstrating one's legitimate interest in a service (such as sending an email) by allocating a non-trivial amount of memory or disk space to solve a challenge presented by the service provider. The concept was formulated in 2013 by Dziembowski et al. an... | Proof of space | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,390 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Cryptography",
"Cybersecurity engineering"
] |
52,215,328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine%20half%20body | In the field of fluid dynamics, a Rankine half body is a feature of fluid flow discovered by Scottish physicist and engineer William Rankine that is formed when a fluid source is added to a fluid undergoing potential flow. Superposition of uniform flow and source flow yields the Rankine half body flow. A practical exam... | Rankine half body | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 559 | [
"Piping",
"Chemical engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
26,656,965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACN-PCN%20method | The Aircraft Classification Number (ACN) – Pavement Classification Number (PCN) method is a standardized international airport pavement rating system promulgated by the ICAO in 1981. The method has been the official ICAO pavement rating system for pavements intended for aircraft of apron (ramp) mass greater than 5700 k... | ACN-PCN method | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,077 | [
"Airport infrastructure",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
26,658,547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTB/POZ%20domain | The BTB/POZ domain (BTB for BR-C, ttk and bab or POZ for Pox virus and Zinc finger) is a structural domain found in proteins across the domain Eukarya. Given its prevalence in eukaryotes and its absence in Archaea and bacteria, it likely arose after the origin of eukaryotes. While primarily a protein-protein interactio... | BTB/POZ domain | [
"Biology"
] | 442 | [
"Protein domains",
"Protein classification"
] |
26,660,462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvo%20catalyst | The Shvo catalyst is an organoruthenium compound that catalyzes the hydrogenation of polar functional groups including aldehydes, ketones and imines. The compound is of academic interest as an early example of a catalyst for transfer hydrogenation that operates by an "outer sphere mechanism". Related derivatives are kn... | Shvo catalyst | [
"Chemistry"
] | 699 | [
"Hydrogenation catalysts",
"Hydrogenation"
] |
26,666,199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercomplex%20analysis | In mathematics, hypercomplex analysis is the extension of complex analysis to the hypercomplex numbers. The first instance is functions of a quaternion variable, where the argument is a quaternion (in this case, the sub-field of hypercomplex analysis is called quaternionic analysis). A second instance involves functio... | Hypercomplex analysis | [
"Mathematics"
] | 554 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical structures",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical objects",
"Algebraic structures",
"Mathematical relations",
"Hypercomplex numbers",
"Numbers"
] |
26,669,297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced%20dynamics | In quantum mechanics, especially in the study of open quantum systems, reduced dynamics refers to the time evolution of a density matrix for a system coupled to an environment. Consider a system and environment initially in the state (which in general may be entangled) and undergoing unitary evolution given by . The... | Reduced dynamics | [
"Physics"
] | 197 | [
"Quantum mechanics",
"Quantum physics stubs"
] |
26,669,532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20exchange | In quantum mechanics, and especially quantum information processing, the entropy exchange of a quantum operation acting on the density matrix of a system is defined as
where is the von Neumann entropy of the system and a fictitious purifying auxiliary system after they are operated on by . Here,
and
where in ... | Entropy exchange | [
"Physics"
] | 71 | [
"Quantum mechanics",
"Quantum physics stubs"
] |
42,094,122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20terms%20of%20location | Geometric terms of location describe directions or positions relative to the shape of an object. These terms are used in descriptions of engineering, physics, and other sciences, as well as ordinary day-to-day discourse.
Though these terms themselves may be somewhat ambiguous, they are usually used in a context in whi... | Geometric terms of location | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 442 | [
"Geometric measurement",
"Point (geometry)",
"Physical quantities",
"Position",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Vector physical quantities",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Orientation (geometry)"
] |
42,095,335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20hopping | Surface hopping is a mixed quantum-classical technique that incorporates quantum mechanical effects into molecular dynamics simulations. Traditional molecular dynamics assume the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, where the lighter electrons adjust instantaneously to the motion of the nuclei. Though the Born-Oppenheimer a... | Surface hopping | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,569 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Computational physics",
"Molecular dynamics",
"Computational chemistry"
] |
50,748,263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-Xylylenediamine | m-Xylylenediamine is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(CH2NH2)2. A colorless oily liquid, it is produced by hydrogenation of isophthalonitrile.
Uses and reactions
m-Xylylenediamine (MXDA) is used in a variety of industrial applications including amine based curing agents for epoxy resins which may then be form... | M-Xylylenediamine | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 268 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Aromatic compounds",
"Monomers",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
50,759,262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20reactor%20materials%20selection | Chemical reactor materials selection is an important aspect in the design of a chemical reactor. There are four main groups of chemical reactors - CSTR, PFR, semi-batch, and catalytic - with variations on each. Depending on the nature of the chemicals involved in the reaction, as well as the operating conditions (e.g... | Chemical reactor materials selection | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 606 | [
"Chemical reactors",
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Chemical equipment"
] |
53,594,762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n%20swirling%20flow | Von Kármán swirling flow is a flow created by a uniformly rotating infinitely long plane disk, named after Theodore von Kármán who solved the problem in 1921. The rotating disk acts as a fluid pump and is used as a model for centrifugal fans or compressors. This flow is classified under the category of steady flows in ... | Von Kármán swirling flow | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,247 | [
"Piping",
"Chemical engineering",
"Flow regimes",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
53,596,792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGLM%20algorithm | FGLM is one of the main algorithms in computer algebra, named after its designers, Faugère, Gianni, Lazard and Mora. They introduced their algorithm in 1993. The input of the algorithm is a Gröbner basis of a zero-dimensional ideal in the ring of polynomials over a field with respect to a monomial order and a second mo... | FGLM algorithm | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 176 | [
"Polynomials",
"Computer algebra",
"Computational mathematics",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Computer science",
"Commutative algebra",
"Algebra"
] |
30,006,925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G1%20and%20G1/S%20cyclins-%20budding%20yeast | Cln1, Cln2, and Cln3 are cyclin proteins expressed in the G1-phase of the cell cycle of budding yeast. Like other cyclins, they function by binding and activating cyclin-dependent kinase. They are responsible for initiating entry into a new mitotic cell cycle at Start. As described below, Cln3 is the primary regulator ... | G1 and G1/S cyclins- budding yeast | [
"Biology"
] | 586 | [
"Cell cycle",
"Cellular processes"
] |
30,007,269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencil-beam%20scanning | Pencil beam scanning is the practice of steering a beam of radiation or charged particles across an object. It is often used in proton therapy, to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure to surrounding non-cancerous cells.
Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation photons or x-rays (IMRT) use pencil beam scanning to precis... | Pencil-beam scanning | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 232 | [
"Radiobiology",
"Radioactivity",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Medical physics"
] |
30,008,292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes%20snark | In the mathematical field of graph theory, a Descartes snark is an undirected graph with 210 vertices and 315 edges. It is a snark, a graph with three edges at each vertex that cannot be partitioned into three perfect matchings. It was first discovered by William Tutte in 1948 under the pseudonym Blanche Descartes.
... | Descartes snark | [
"Mathematics"
] | 133 | [
"Graph theory stubs",
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory"
] |
30,014,576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-frame%20complex | In organometallic chemistry, A-frame complexes are coordination compounds that contain two bridging bidentate ligands and a single atom bridge. They have the formula , where bd is a bidentate ligand like dppm, and X and L are a wide variety of ligands. The term was coined to describe products arising from the oxidati... | A-frame complex | [
"Chemistry"
] | 342 | [
"Coordination chemistry",
"Coordination complexes"
] |
40,674,864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation%20operator%20%28quantum%20mechanics%29 | In quantum mechanics, a translation operator is defined as an operator which shifts particles and fields by a certain amount in a certain direction. It is a special case of the shift operator from functional analysis.
More specifically, for any displacement vector , there is a corresponding translation operator that ... | Translation operator (quantum mechanics) | [
"Physics"
] | 3,581 | [
"Quantum operators",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
40,677,335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonances%20in%20scattering%20from%20potentials | In quantum mechanics, resonance cross section occurs in the context of quantum scattering theory, which deals with studying the scattering of quantum particles from potentials. The scattering problem deals with the calculation of flux distribution of scattered particles/waves as a function of the potential, and of the ... | Resonances in scattering from potentials | [
"Physics"
] | 787 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
40,679,734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC%2062061 | IEC/EN 62061, ”Safety of machinery: Functional safety of electrical, electronic and programmable electronic control systems”, is the machinery specific implementation of IEC/EN 61508. It provides requirements that are applicable to the system level design of all types of machinery safety-related electrical control sys... | IEC 62061 | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 211 | [
"Electrical standards",
"Electrical systems",
"Computer standards",
"IEC standards",
"Physical systems"
] |
28,479,408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtinger%20derivatives | In complex analysis of one and several complex variables, Wirtinger derivatives (sometimes also called Wirtinger operators), named after Wilhelm Wirtinger who introduced them in 1927 in the course of his studies on the theory of functions of several complex variables, are partial differential operators of the first ord... | Wirtinger derivatives | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,923 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Differential operators"
] |
28,487,427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witsenhausen%27s%20counterexample | Witsenhausen's counterexample, shown in the figure below, is a deceptively simple toy problem in decentralized stochastic control. It was formulated by Hans Witsenhausen in 1968. It is a counterexample to a natural conjecture that one can generalize a key result of centralized linear–quadratic–Gaussian control systems—... | Witsenhausen's counterexample | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,126 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Control theory",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
28,492,034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium%28IV%29%20fluoride | Niobium(IV) fluoride is a chemical compound with the formula . It is a nonvolatile black solid.
Properties
absorbs vapor strongly and turns into in moist air. It reacts with water to form a brown solution and a brown precipitate whose components are unknown. It is stable between 275 °C and 325 °C when heated in a v... | Niobium(IV) fluoride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 220 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Fluorides",
"Metal halides",
"Salts"
] |
37,917,585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9el%20effect | In superparamagnetism (a form of magnetism), the Néel effect appears when a superparamagnetic material in a conducting coil is subject to varying frequencies of magnetic fields. The non-linearity of the superparamagnetic material acts as a frequency mixer, with voltage measured at the coil terminals. It consists of sev... | Néel effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 839 | [
"Magnetic ordering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science"
] |
37,918,612 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractive%20electrospray%20ionization | Extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) is a spray-type, ambient ionization source in mass spectrometry that uses two colliding aerosols, one of which is generated by electrospray. In standard EESI, syringe pumps provide the liquids for both an electrospray and a sample spray. In neutral desorption EESI (ND-EESI), th... | Extractive electrospray ionization | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 600 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Ion source",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Matter"
] |
37,923,625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoneutrino | In nuclear and particle physics, a geoneutrino is a neutrino or antineutrino emitted during the decay of naturally-occurring radionuclides in the Earth. Neutrinos, the lightest of the known subatomic particles, lack measurable electromagnetic properties and interact only via the weak nuclear force when ignoring gravit... | Geoneutrino | [
"Physics"
] | 3,588 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Geophysics"
] |
45,389,413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20modeling%20in%20echocardiography | Numerical manipulation of Doppler parameters obtain during routine Echocardiography has been extensively utilized to non-invasively estimate intra-cardiac pressures, in many cases removing the need for invasive cardiac catheterization.
Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create real-time anatomic images of the heart a... | Numerical modeling in echocardiography | [
"Biology"
] | 254 | [
"Medical equipment",
"Medical technology"
] |
45,391,102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral%20dynamics | Viral dynamics is a field of applied mathematics concerned with describing the progression of viral infections within a host organism. It employs a family of mathematical models that describe changes over time in the populations of cells targeted by the virus and the viral load. These equations may also track competiti... | Viral dynamics | [
"Mathematics",
"Biology"
] | 236 | [
"Immunology",
"Applied mathematics",
"Evolutionary biology",
"Mathematical modeling"
] |
45,391,494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorobis%28ethylene%29rhodium%20dimer | Chlorobis(ethylene)rhodium dimer is an organorhodium compound with the formula Rh2Cl2(C2H4)4. It is a red-orange solid that is soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. The molecule consists of two bridging chloride ligands and four ethylene ligands. The ethylene ligands are labile and readily displaced even by other alk... | Chlorobis(ethylene)rhodium dimer | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 348 | [
"Catalysis",
"Homogeneous catalysis",
"Dimers (chemistry)",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
45,395,149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodium%20carbonyl%20chloride | Rhodium carbonyl chloride is an organorhodium compound with the formula Rh2Cl2(CO)4. It is a red-brown volatile solid that is soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. It is a precursor to other rhodium carbonyl complexes, some of which are useful in homogeneous catalysis.
Structure
The molecule consists of two planar Rh... | Rhodium carbonyl chloride | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 652 | [
"Catalysis",
"Homogeneous catalysis",
"Dimers (chemistry)",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
45,395,430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented%20reality-assisted%20surgery | Augmented reality-assisted surgery (ARAS) is a surgical tool utilizing technology that superimposes a computer-generated image on a surgeon's view of the operative field, thus providing a composite view for the surgeon of the patient with a computer generated overlay enhancing the operative experience. In addition, aug... | Augmented reality-assisted surgery | [
"Biology"
] | 784 | [
"Medical technology"
] |
45,398,062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyadic%20space | In mathematics, a polyadic space is a topological space that is the image under a continuous function of a topological power of an Alexandroff one-point compactification of a discrete space.
History
Polyadic spaces were first studied by S. Mrówka in 1970 as a generalisation of dyadic spaces. The theory was developed ... | Polyadic space | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,948 | [
"General topology",
"Properties of topological spaces",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Topological spaces",
"Topology"
] |
45,399,927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functor%20represented%20by%20a%20scheme | In algebraic geometry, a functor represented by a scheme X is a set-valued contravariant functor on the category of schemes such that the value of the functor at each scheme S is (up to natural bijections or one-to-one correspondence) the set of all morphisms . The functor F is then said to be naturally equivalent to ... | Functor represented by a scheme | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,074 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Category theory",
"Functors",
"Mathematical relations",
"Algebraic geometry"
] |
33,882,236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20collaborative%20control | Adaptive collaborative control is the decision-making approach used in hybrid models consisting of finite-state machines with functional models as subcomponents to simulate behavior of systems formed through the partnerships of multiple agents for the execution of tasks and the development of work products. The term “c... | Adaptive collaborative control | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,268 | [
"Robotics engineering",
"Robot control"
] |
33,883,830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic%20testing | Metamorphic testing (MT) is a property-based software testing technique, which can be an effective approach for addressing the test oracle problem and test case generation problem. The test oracle problem is the difficulty of determining the expected outcomes of selected test cases or to determine whether the actual o... | Metamorphic testing | [
"Engineering"
] | 557 | [
"Software engineering",
"Software testing"
] |
33,885,598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano%20Ranch%20experiment | The Volcano Ranch experiment was an array of particle detectors in Volcano Ranch, New Mexico, used to measure ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. The array was built by John Linsley and Livio Scarsi in 1959. On February 22, 1962, Linsley observed an air shower at Volcano Ranch created by a primary particle with an energy gr... | Volcano Ranch experiment | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 112 | [
"Astronomy stubs",
"Astrophysics",
"Astrophysics stubs",
"Particle physics",
"Particle physics stubs"
] |
33,888,206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis%20%28dynamical%20systems%29 | In applied mathematics and astrodynamics, in the theory of dynamical systems, a crisis is the sudden appearance or disappearance of a strange attractor as the parameters of a dynamical system are varied. This global bifurcation occurs when a chaotic attractor comes into contact with an unstable periodic orbit or its st... | Crisis (dynamical systems) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 439 | [
"Bifurcation theory",
"Nonlinear systems",
"Mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
33,888,515 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis%20racket%20theorem | The tennis racket theorem or intermediate axis theorem, is a kinetic phenomenon of classical mechanics which describes the movement of a rigid body with three distinct principal moments of inertia. It has also been dubbed the Dzhanibekov effect, after Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Dzhanibekov, who noticed one of the theore... | Tennis racket theorem | [
"Physics"
] | 1,944 | [
"Equations of physics",
"Mechanics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Physics theorems"
] |
33,889,100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronophobia | Chronophobia, also known as prison neurosis, is considered an anxiety disorder describing the fear of time and time moving forward, which is commonly seen in prison inmates. Next to prison inmates, chronophobia is also identified in individuals experiencing quarantine due to COVID-19. As time is understood as a specifi... | Chronophobia | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,708 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Quantity",
"Spacetime",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
33,889,528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolightning | Paleolightning refers to the remnants of ancient lightning activity studied in fields such as historical geology, geoarchaeology, and fulminology. Paleolightning provides tangible evidence for the study of lightning activity in Earth's past and the roles lightning may have played in Earth's history. Some studies have s... | Paleolightning | [
"Physics"
] | 3,171 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Lightning"
] |
33,890,874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20novo%20transcriptome%20assembly | De novo transcriptome assembly is the de novo sequence assembly method of creating a transcriptome without the aid of a reference genome.
Introduction
As a result of the development of novel sequencing technologies, the years between 2008 and 2012 saw a large drop in the cost of sequencing. Per megabase and genome, t... | De novo transcriptome assembly | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 2,211 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Bioinformatics",
"Omics",
"Computational biology",
"Systems biology"
] |
33,891,046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease%20gene%20identification | Disease gene identification is a process by which scientists identify the mutant genotypes responsible for an inherited genetic disorder. Mutations in these genes can include single nucleotide substitutions, single nucleotide additions/deletions, deletion of the entire gene, and other genetic abnormalities.
Significan... | Disease gene identification | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,525 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological engineering",
"Biochemistry",
"Molecular biology"
] |
33,891,361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wouthuysen%E2%80%93Field%20coupling | Wouthuysen–Field coupling, or the Wouthuysen–Field effect, is a mechanism that couples the excitation temperature, also called the spin temperature, of neutral hydrogen to Lyman-alpha radiation. This coupling plays a role in producing a difference in the temperature of neutral hydrogen and the cosmic microwave backgrou... | Wouthuysen–Field coupling | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 775 | [
"Space plasmas",
"Theoretical physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Physical cosmology",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
36,477,606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadolinium%20oxyorthosilicate | Gadolinium oxyorthosilicate (known as GSO) is a type of scintillating inorganic crystal used for imaging in nuclear medicine and for calorimetry in particle physics.
The formula is Gd2SiO5. Its main properties are shown below:
References
Crystals
Gadolinium compounds
Phosphors and scintillators
Silicates | Gadolinium oxyorthosilicate | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 78 | [
"Crystallography",
"Luminescence",
"Phosphors and scintillators",
"Crystals"
] |
36,479,097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-compounding | Micro-compounding is the mixing or processing of polymer formulations in the melt on a small scale, typically milliliters. It is popular for research and development because it gives faster, more reliable results with smaller samples and less cost. Its applications include pharmaceutical, biomedical, and nutritional ar... | Micro-compounding | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 344 | [
"Materials science",
"Chemical processes",
"Polymer chemistry",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
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