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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
53,268,205	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siva%20Brata%20Bhattacherjee	Siva Brata Bhattacherjee (1921–2003)—sometimes spelt Sibabrata Bhattacherjee—was a professor of physics at the University of Calcutta. He studied with the physicist, Satyendra Nath Bose, under whose supervision he completed his doctoral thesis in solid-state physics at the University College of Science (commonly known ...	Siva Brata Bhattacherjee	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	269	[ "X-ray crystallography", "Crystallography" ]
56,118,194	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarracenia%20%C3%97%20swaniana	Sarracenia × swaniana is a nothospecies of carnivorous plant from the genus Sarracenia in the family Sarraceniaceae described by hort. and Nichols. It is a hybrid between Sarracenia purpurea subsp. venosa and Sarracenia minor var. minor. References swaniana Hybrid plants	Sarracenia × swaniana	[ "Biology" ]	70	[ "Hybrid plants", "Plants", "Hybrid organisms" ]
56,125,271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucker%20Prize	The Tucker Prize for outstanding theses in the area of optimization is sponsored by the Mathematical Optimization Society (MOS). Up to three finalists are presented at each (triennial) International Symposium of the MOS. The winner will receive an award of $1000 and a certificate. The Albert W. Tucker Prize was approve...	Tucker Prize	[ "Technology" ]	482	[ "Science and technology awards", "Computer science", "Computer science awards" ]
56,125,679	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Commutative%20Algebra	The Journal of Commutative Algebra is a peer-reviewed academic journal of mathematical research that specializes in commutative algebra and closely related fields. It has been published by the Rocky Mountain Mathematics Consortium (RMMC) since its establishment in 2009. It is currently published four times per year. H...	Journal of Commutative Algebra	[ "Mathematics" ]	209	[ "Algebra journals", "Algebra" ]
56,127,040	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C2-Symmetric%20ligands	{{DISPLAYTITLE:C2-Symmetric ligands}} In homogeneous catalysis, C2-symmetric ligands refer to ligands that lack mirror symmetry but have C2 symmetry (two-fold rotational symmetry). Such ligands are usually bidentate and are valuable in catalysis. The C2 symmetry of ligands limits the number of possible reaction pathway...	C2-Symmetric ligands	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	863	[ "Ligands", "Stereochemistry", "Coordination chemistry", "Space", "nan", "Spacetime", "Organometallic chemistry" ]
76,089,082	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazan%20system	The Khazan is a traditional farming system of Goa, India. It comprises mainly rice-fish fields established on reclaimed coastal wetlands, salt marshes and mangrove forests. It involves construction of levees and sluice gates to prevent sea water from entering the fields. The Bandora (Bandiwade) copper-plate inscriptio...	Khazan system	[ "Engineering" ]	250	[ "Construction", "Coastal construction" ]
65,933,012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Meaning%20of%20Relativity	The Meaning of Relativity: Four Lectures Delivered at Princeton University, May 1921 is a book published by Princeton University Press in 1922 that compiled the 1921 Stafford Little Lectures at Princeton University, given by Albert Einstein. The lectures were translated into English by Edwin Plimpton Adams. The lecture...	The Meaning of Relativity	[ "Physics" ]	966	[ "Theory of relativity" ]
65,937,478	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles%20of%20Optics	Principles of Optics, colloquially known as Born and Wolf, is an optics textbook written by Max Born and Emil Wolf that was initially published in 1959 by Pergamon Press. After going through six editions with Pergamon Press, the book was transferred to Cambridge University Press who issued an expanded seventh edition i...	Principles of Optics	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,533	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Optics", " molecular", "Atomic", " and optical physics" ]
65,937,796	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrative%20model%20of%20greenhouse%20effect%20on%20climate%20change	There is a strong scientific consensus that greenhouse effect due to carbon dioxide is a main driver of climate change. Following is an illustrative model meant for a pedagogical purpose, showing the main physical determinants of the effect. Under this understanding, global warming is determined by a simple energy bud...	Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change	[ "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]	3,769	[ "Greenhouse gases", "Carbon dioxide", "Environmental chemistry" ]
51,724,747	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single%20pushout%20graph%20rewriting	In computer science, a single pushout graph rewriting or SPO graph rewriting refers to a mathematical framework for graph rewriting, and is used in contrast to the double-pushout approach of graph rewriting. References Further reading Graph rewriting	Single pushout graph rewriting	[ "Mathematics", "Technology" ]	52	[ "Graph theory stubs", "Graph theory", "Computer science stubs", "Computer science", "Mathematical relations", "Computing stubs", "Graph rewriting" ]
51,725,805	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOD%20bottle	BOD Bottle or an incubation bottle is a main apparatus used for the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) test. During the five-day BOD or BOD5 test process, the BOD bottle is used for incubating diluted samples under the 20 °C or 68 °F of temperature. Structure The bottle is normally designed to have a special shoulder ra...	BOD bottle	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	577	[ "Measuring instruments" ]
51,726,771	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper-ruling%20machine	A paper-ruling machine is a device for ruling paper. In 1770, John Tetlow was awarded a patent for a "machine for ruling paper for music and other purposes." William Orville Hickok invented an "improved ruling machine" in the mid-19th century. As the device is designed for drawing lines on paper, it can produce tables ...	Paper-ruling machine	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	210	[ "Physical systems", "Machines", "Mechanical engineering" ]
51,728,633	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrolic%20acid	Nitrolic acids are organic compounds with the functional group RC(NO2)=NOH. They are prepared by the reaction of nitroalkanes with base and nitrite sources: RCH2NO2 + HNO2 → RC(NO2)=NOH + H2O The conversion was first demonstrated by Victor Meyer using nitroethane. The reaction proceeds via the intermediacy o...	Nitrolic acid	[ "Chemistry" ]	277	[ "Organic compounds", "Organonitrogen compounds", "Functional groups" ]
74,567,901	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doron%20Levy	Doron Levy is a mathematician, scientist, magician, and academic. He is a Professor and chair at the Department of Mathematics at the University of Maryland, College Park. He is also the Director of the Brin Mathematics Research Center. Levy's research encompasses the field of numerical analysis, applied nonlinear par...	Doron Levy	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,632	[ "Applied mathematics", "Applied mathematicians" ]
74,575,092	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohn%E2%80%93Luttinger%20superconductivity	Kohn–Luttinger superconductivity is a theoretical mechanism for unconventional superconductivity proposed by Walter Kohn and Joaquin Mazdak Luttinger based on Friedel oscillations. In contrast to BCS theory, in which Cooper pairs are formed due to electron–phonon interaction, Kohn–Luttinger mechanism is based on fact t...	Kohn–Luttinger superconductivity	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	262	[ "Matter", "Physical quantities", "Superconductivity", "Phases of matter", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "Electrical resistance and conductance" ]
74,576,446	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kac%20ring	In statistical mechanics, the Kac ring is a toy model introduced by Mark Kac in 1956 to explain how the second law of thermodynamics emerges from time-symmetric interactions between molecules (see reversibility paradox). Although artificial, the model is notable as a mathematically transparent example of coarse-grainin...	Kac ring	[ "Physics" ]	622	[ "Statistical mechanics" ]
74,578,936	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20ammonium%20tartrate	Sodium ammonium tartrate (NAT) is an organic compound with the formula . The salt is derived from tartaric acid by neutralizing with ammonia and with sodium hydroxide. Louis Pasteur obtained enantiopure crystals of the tetrahydrate of NAT, via the process of spontaneous resolution. His discovery led to increased study ...	Sodium ammonium tartrate	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	152	[ "Physical phenomena", "Ferroelectric materials", "Double salts", "Salts", "Organic sodium salts", "Materials", "Electrical phenomena", "Ammonium compounds", "Hysteresis", "Matter" ]
47,605,998	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipolar%20exchange%20interaction	Magnetic materials with strong spin-orbit interaction, such as: LaFeAsO, PrFe4P12, YbRu2Ge2, UO2, NpO2, Ce1−xLaxB6, URu2Si2 and many other compounds, are found to have magnetic ordering constituted by high rank multipoles, e.g. quadruple, octople, etc. Due to the strong spin-orbit coupling, multipoles are automatically...	Multipolar exchange interaction	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,635	[ "Magnetic ordering", "Condensed matter physics", "Electric and magnetic fields in matter", "Materials science" ]
59,524,587	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied%20Spectral%20Imaging	Applied Spectral Imaging or ASI is a multinational biomedical company that develops and manufactures microscopy imaging and digital analysis tools for hospitals, service laboratories and research centers. The company provides cytogenetic, pathology, and research laboratories with bright-field, fluorescence and spectral...	Applied Spectral Imaging	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	1,036	[ "Biological engineering", "Medical technology", "Biomedical engineering" ]
59,525,996	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%2C4%E2%80%B2-%28Hexafluoroisopropylidene%29diphthalic%20anhydride	4,4′-(Hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) is an aromatic organofluorine compound and the dianhydride of 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)bisphthalic acid (name derived from phthalic acid). Synthesis The raw materials for 6FDA are hexafluoroacetone and orthoxylene. With hydrogen fluoride as a catalyst, ...	4,4′-(Hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	373	[ "Monomers", "Polymer chemistry" ]
54,556,438	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komar%20superpotential	In general relativity, the Komar superpotential, corresponding to the invariance of the Hilbert–Einstein Lagrangian , is the tensor density: associated with a vector field , and where denotes covariant derivative with respect to the Levi-Civita connection. The Komar two-form: where denotes interior product, ...	Komar superpotential	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	179	[ "Tensors", "Equations of physics", "Mathematical objects", "Equations", "General relativity", "Relativity stubs", "Theory of relativity" ]
54,564,418	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhar%27s%20H-function	In atmospheric radiation, Chandrasekhar's H-function appears as the solutions of problems involving scattering, introduced by the Indian American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. The Chandrasekhar's H-function defined in the interval , satisfies the following nonlinear integral equation where the characteri...	Chandrasekhar's H-function	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics" ]	385	[ " absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Special functions", "Integral equations", "Mathematical objects", "Equations", "Combinatorics", "Scattering", "Condensed matter physics", "Particle physics", "Nuclear physics" ]
77,526,605	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber%20Security%20and%20Resilience%20Bill	On July 17th 2024, it was announced at the State Opening of Parliament that the Labour government will introduce the Cyber Security and Resilience Bill (CS&R). The proposed legislation is intended to update the existing Network and Information Security Regulations 2018, known as UK NIS. CS&R will strengthen the UK's ...	Cyber Security and Resilience Bill	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	867	[ "Malware", "Cybersecurity engineering", "Computer networks engineering", "Computer network security", "Computer security exploits" ]
77,531,717	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzgalantamine	Benzgalantamine, sold under the brand name Zunveyl, is a medication used for the treatment of mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor. Benzgalantamine is a prodrug of galantamine. The most common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, and decre...	Benzgalantamine	[ "Chemistry" ]	206	[ "Chemicals in medicine", "Prodrugs" ]
70,302,266	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamas%27s%20theorem	Gamas's theorem is a result in multilinear algebra which states the necessary and sufficient conditions for a tensor symmetrized by an irreducible representation of the symmetric group to be zero. It was proven in 1988 by Carlos Gamas. Additional proofs have been given by Pate and Berget. Statement of the theorem L...	Gamas's theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	210	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic combinatorics", "Combinatorics" ]
70,302,410	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4D%20scanning%20transmission%20electron%20microscopy	4D scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D STEM) is a subset of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) which utilizes a pixelated electron detector to capture a convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) pattern at each scan location. This technique captures a 2 dimensional reciprocal space image assoc...	4D scanning transmission electron microscopy	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,706	[ "Electron", "Electron beam" ]
70,302,736	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilauroyl%20peroxide	Dilauroyl peroxide is an organic compound with the formula (C11H23CO2)2. A colorless solid, it is often sold as a water-damped solid. It is the symmetrical peroxide of lauric acid. It is produced by treating lauroyl chloride with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of base: 2C11H23COCl + H2O2 + 2NaOH → (C11H23CO2...	Dilauroyl peroxide	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	111	[ "Radical initiators", "Organic compounds", "Polymer chemistry", "Reagents for organic chemistry", "Organic peroxides" ]
70,312,163	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20Grace%20Burke	Mary Grace Burke is an American materials scientist who is an emeritus professor at the University of Manchester. She was awarded the 2020 International Metallographic Society Henry Clifton Sorby Award and was the 2019-2023 President of the Royal Microscopical Society. Early life and education Burke was raised in Pit...	M. Grace Burke	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	464	[ "Materials scientists and engineers", "Materials science" ]
71,754,236	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIMERE%20chemistry-transport%20model	CHIMERE is a chemistry-transport model. It is a computer code that unites a set of equations representing the transport and the chemistry of atmospheric species making it possible to quantify the evolution of air masses and pollution plumes as a function of time on different scales (from urban to continental). Using me...	CHIMERE chemistry-transport model	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,254	[ "Theoretical chemistry", "Computational chemistry" ]
71,765,640	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMEM144	Transmembrane Protein 144 (TMEM144) is a protein in humans encoded by the TMEM144 gene. Gene Transmembrane Protein 144 is located on the plus strand of chromosome 4 (4q32.1), spanning a total of 40,857 base pairs. The TMEM144 gene transcribes a mRNA sequence 3,210 nucleotides in length and composed of 13 exons. Pro...	TMEM144	[ "Chemistry" ]	568	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Proteins", "Molecular biology" ]
53,280,578	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box-counting%20content	In mathematics, the box-counting content is an analog of Minkowski content. Definition Let be a bounded subset of -dimensional Euclidean space such that the box-counting dimension exists. The upper and lower box-counting contents of are defined by where is the maximum number of disjoint closed balls with cente...	Box-counting content	[ "Mathematics" ]	169	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical objects", "Fractals", "Mathematical relations" ]
73,189,075	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koml%C3%B3s%27%20theorem	Komlós' theorem is a theorem from probability theory and mathematical analysis about the Cesàro convergence of a subsequence of random variables (or functions) and their subsequences to an integrable random variable (or function). It's also an existence theorem for an integrable random variable (or function). There exi...	Komlós' theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	308	[ "Theorems in mathematical analysis", "Mathematical analysis", "Theorems in probability theory", "Mathematical problems", "Mathematical theorems" ]
73,190,019	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-dimensional%20Chern%E2%80%93Simons%20theory	In mathematical physics, four-dimensional Chern–Simons theory, also known as semi-holomorphic or semi-topological Chern–Simons theory, is a quantum field theory initially defined by Nikita Nekrasov, rediscovered and studied by Kevin Costello, and later by Edward Witten and Masahito Yamazaki. It is named after mathemati...	Four-dimensional Chern–Simons theory	[ "Physics" ]	1,215	[ "Integrable systems", "Quantum field theory", "Theoretical physics", "Quantum mechanics" ]
68,789,736	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenglart%27s%20inequality	In the mathematical theory of probability, Lenglart's inequality was proved by Èrik Lenglart in 1977. Later slight modifications are also called Lenglart's inequality. Statement Let be a non-negative right-continuous -adapted process and let be a non-negative right-continuous non-decreasing predictable process s...	Lenglart's inequality	[ "Mathematics" ]	96	[ "Theorems in probability theory", "Probabilistic inequalities", "Articles containing proofs", "Inequalities (mathematics)" ]
68,789,853	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic%20Gronwall%20inequality	Stochastic Gronwall inequality is a generalization of Gronwall's inequality and has been used for proving the well-posedness of path-dependent stochastic differential equations with local monotonicity and coercivity assumption with respect to supremum norm. Statement Let be a non-negative right-continuous -adapted p...	Stochastic Gronwall inequality	[ "Mathematics" ]	185	[ "Theorems in probability theory", "Probabilistic inequalities", "Articles containing proofs", "Inequalities (mathematics)" ]
68,793,989	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-phase%20reversible%20immobilization	Solid-phase reversible immobilization, or SPRI, is a method of purifying nucleic acids from solution. It uses silica- or carboxyl-coated paramagnetic beads, which reversibly bind to nucleic acids in the presence of polyethylene glycol and a salt. A common application of SPRI technology is purifying samples of DNA ampli...	Solid-phase reversible immobilization	[ "Chemistry" ]	360	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Nucleic acids" ]
68,796,562	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniele%20Dini	Daniele Dini is an Italian/British Mechanical Engineer. He is a Professor of Tribology at Imperial College London, where he is Head of the Tribology Group. Tribology is the science and engineering of friction, lubrication and wear. Education Dini received an M.Eng. degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Politecnic...	Daniele Dini	[ "Materials_science" ]	663	[ "Tribology", "Tribologists" ]
68,796,711	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural-Urban%20gradient	The Rural-Urban gradient is a gradient that is used to describe how Anthropocene effects affect their surroundings and how they compare to areas less affected by Anthropocene effects. Effects such as but, not limited to disturbance, change in biota, pollution, and landscape modification. Mainly used in the context of e...	Rural-Urban gradient	[ "Engineering" ]	718	[ "Urban planning", "Architecture" ]
68,797,857	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionometallurgy	Mineral processing and extraction of metals are very energy-intensive processes, which are not exempted of producing large volumes of solid residues and wastewater, which also require energy to be further treated and disposed. Moreover, as the demand for metals increases, the metallurgical industry must rely on sources...	Ionometallurgy	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	2,087	[ "Metallurgy", "Materials science", "nan" ]
68,801,278	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20evolutionary%20developmental%20biology	Ecological evolutionary developmental biology (eco-evo-devo) is a field of biology combining ecology, developmental biology and evolutionary biology to examine their relationship. The concept is closely tied to multiple biological mechanisms. The effects of eco-evo-devo can be a result of developmental plasticity, the ...	Ecological evolutionary developmental biology	[ "Biology" ]	1,510	[ "Evolutionary biology", "Behavior", "Developmental biology", "Reproduction", "Ecology" ]
76,101,893	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altermagnetism	In condensed matter physics, altermagnetism is a type of persistent magnetic state in ideal crystals. Altermagnetic structures are collinear and crystal-symmetry compensated, resulting in zero net magnetisation. Unlike in an ordinary collinear antiferromagnet, another magnetic state with zero net magnetization, the ele...	Altermagnetism	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	916	[ "Magnetic ordering", "Condensed matter physics", "Electric and magnetic fields in matter", "Materials science" ]
62,176,140	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway%2018%20West	Runway 18 West (German Startbahn 18 West) is a 4000-meter-long runway that runs from north to south on the western edge of Frankfurt Airport. A small northern portion of the runway is located in the Frankfurt district of Flughafen, while the larger southern portion lies in the Rüsselsheim am Main district. Before going...	Runway 18 West	[ "Engineering" ]	2,575	[ "Airport infrastructure", "Aerospace engineering" ]
62,184,291	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnological%20tower	A limnological tower is a structure constructed in a body of water to facilitate the study of aquatic ecosystems (limnology). They play an important role in drinking water infrastructure by allowing the prediction of algal blooms which can block filters and affect the taste of the water. Purpose Limnological towers ...	Limnological tower	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	885	[ "Hydrology", "Water supply", "Environmental engineering" ]
51,739,274	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonium	Argonium (also called the argon hydride cation, the hydridoargon(1+) ion, or protonated argon; chemical formula ArH+) is a cation combining a proton and an argon atom. It can be made in an electric discharge, and was the first noble gas molecular ion to be found in interstellar space. Properties Argonium is isoelectro...	Argonium	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,347	[ "Cations", "Ions", "Matter" ]
51,746,867	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali%20metal%20nitrate	Alkali metal nitrates are chemical compounds consisting of an alkali metal (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium) and the nitrate ion. Only two are of major commercial value, the sodium and potassium salts. They are white, water-soluble salts with melting points ranging from 255 °C () to 414 °C () on a rela...	Alkali metal nitrate	[ "Chemistry" ]	417	[ "Oxidizing agents", "Physical chemistry stubs", "Nitrates", "Salts" ]
47,609,709	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean%20operation	In algebraic topology, a mean or mean operation on a topological space X is a continuous, commutative, idempotent binary operation on X. If the operation is also associative, it defines a semilattice. A classic problem is to determine which spaces admit a mean. For example, Euclidean spaces admit a mean -- the usual av...	Mean operation	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	102	[ "Means", "Mathematical analysis", "Point (geometry)", "Geometric centers", "Binary relations", "Binary operations", "Topology stubs", "Topology", "Mathematical relations", "Symmetry" ]
47,611,264	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-locked%20loop%20range	The terms hold-in range, pull-in range (acquisition range), and lock-in range are widely used by engineers for the concepts of frequency deviation ranges within which phase-locked loop-based circuits can achieve lock under various additional conditions. History In the classic books on phase-locked loops, published in ...	Phase-locked loop range	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,008	[ "Radio electronics", "Telecommunications engineering", "Electronic design", "Electronic engineering", "Design", "Hidden oscillation", "Communication circuits", "Dynamical systems" ]
47,616,206	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belavkin%20equation	In quantum probability, the Belavkin equation, also known as Belavkin-Schrödinger equation, quantum filtering equation, stochastic master equation, is a quantum stochastic differential equation describing the dynamics of a quantum system undergoing observation in continuous time. It was derived and henceforth studied ...	Belavkin equation	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,472	[ "Quantum measurement", "Mathematical objects", "Quantum mechanics", "Equations" ]
57,863,122	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Mathematical%20Physics%2C%20Analysis%2C%20Geometry	The Journal of Mathematical Physics, Analysis, Geometry is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering mathematics as applied to physics. It is published by the Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering and was established in 1994 as Mathematical Physics, Analysis, Geometry. Papers are publ...	Journal of Mathematical Physics, Analysis, Geometry	[ "Mathematics" ]	358	[ "Geometry journals", "Mathematical analysis", "Geometry", "Mathematical analysis journals" ]
56,133,478	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin%27s%20minimum%20energy%20theorem	In fluid mechanics, Kelvin's minimum energy theorem (named after William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin who published it in 1849) states that the steady irrotational motion of an incompressible fluid occupying a simply connected region has less kinetic energy than any other motion with the same normal component of velocity ...	Kelvin's minimum energy theorem	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	282	[ "Piping", "Chemical engineering", "Fluid dynamics" ]
56,133,906	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz%20minimum%20dissipation%20theorem	In fluid mechanics, Helmholtz minimum dissipation theorem (named after Hermann von Helmholtz who published it in 1868) states that the steady Stokes flow motion of an incompressible fluid has the smallest rate of dissipation than any other incompressible motion with the same velocity on the boundary. The theorem also h...	Helmholtz minimum dissipation theorem	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	538	[ "Piping", "Chemical engineering", "Fluid dynamics" ]
56,135,961	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst%20transfer%20polymerization	Catalyst transfer polymerization (CTP), or catalyst transfer polycondensation, is a type of living chain-growth polymerization that is used for synthesizing conjugated polymers. Benefits to using CTP over other methods are low polydispersity and control over number average molecular weight in the resulting polymers. Ve...	Catalyst transfer polymerization	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	1,007	[ "Polymerization reactions", "Polymer chemistry" ]
56,138,626	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut%20shell%20filter	A nut shell filter is a device to remove oil from water. In the oil and gas industry, the term walnut shell filter is common since black walnuts are most often used. Typically nut shell filters are designed for loadings under 100 mg/L oil and 100 mg/L suspended solids and operate with 90–95% removal efficiency. High oi...	Nut shell filter	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	637	[ "Water filters", "Water treatment", "Chemical equipment", "Filters", "Filtration" ]
74,583,808	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pines%27%20demon	In condensed matter physics, Pines' demon or, simply demon is a collective excitation of electrons which corresponds to electrons in different energy bands moving out of phase with each other. Equivalently, a demon corresponds to counter-propagating currents of electrons from different bands. Named after David Pines, w...	Pines' demon	[ "Physics", "Materials_science" ]	1,046	[ "Quasiparticles", "Subatomic particles", "Condensed matter physics", "Matter" ]
74,589,966	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VITO%20experiment	The Versatile Ion polarisation Technique Online (VITO) experiment is a permanent experimental setup located in the ISOLDE facility at CERN, in the form of a beamline. The purpose of the beamline is to perform a wide range of studies using spin-polarised short-lived atomic nuclei. VITO uses circularly-polarised laser li...	VITO experiment	[ "Physics" ]	822	[ "Experimental physics", "Physics experiments" ]
60,951,296	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine%20learning%20in%20video%20games	Artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques are used in video games for a wide variety of applications such as non-player character (NPC) control and procedural content generation (PCG). Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that uses historical data to build predictive and analytical mode...	Machine learning in video games	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	3,490	[ "Artificial intelligence engineering", "Game theory", "Game artificial intelligence", "Machine learning" ]
60,953,954	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schl%C3%BCsselger%C3%A4t%2041	The Schlüsselgerät 41 ("Cipher Machine 41"), also known as the SG-41 or Hitler mill, was a rotor cipher machine, first produced in 1941 in Nazi Germany, that was designed as a potential successor for the Enigma machine. It saw limited use by the Abwehr (military intelligence) towards the end of World War II. History ...	Schlüsselgerät 41	[ "Physics", "Technology" ]	754	[ "Physical systems", "Machines", "Rotor machines" ]
60,958,267	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reshetikhin%E2%80%93Turaev%20invariant	In the mathematical field of quantum topology, the Reshetikhin–Turaev invariants (RT-invariants) are a family of quantum invariants of framed links. Such invariants of framed links also give rise to invariants of 3-manifolds via the Dehn surgery construction. These invariants were discovered by Nicolai Reshetikhin and ...	Reshetikhin–Turaev invariant	[ "Physics" ]	1,072	[ "Quantum field theory", "Quantum mechanics" ]
60,962,435	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photothermal%20ratio	The photothermal ratio (PTR), also named photothermal quotient, is a variable that characterizes the amount of light available to plants relative to the temperature level. It is used in plant biology to characterize the growth environment of plants. Rationale Both light and temperature are important environmental va...	Photothermal ratio	[ "Physics", "Biology" ]	576	[ "Physical phenomena", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Plants", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Waves", "Light", "Botany" ]
64,458,178	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination%20antibiotic	A combination antibiotic is one in which two ingredients are added together for additional therapeutic effect. One or both ingredients may be antibiotics. Antibiotic combinations are increasingly important because of antimicrobial resistance. This means that individual antibiotics that used to be effective are no long...	Combination antibiotic	[ "Biology" ]	338	[ "Antibiotics", "Biocides", "Biotechnology products" ]
67,434,035	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20cycle	The zinc cycle is a biogeochemical cycle that transports zinc through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Natural Cycle Lithosphere Zinc-containing minerals in the Earth's crust exist primarily as sulfides, such as sphalerite and wurtzite, and carbonates such as smithsonite. Zinc minerals enter the terrestr...	Zinc cycle	[ "Chemistry" ]	464	[ "Biogeochemical cycle", "Biogeochemistry" ]
67,437,670	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replica%20cluster%20move	Replica cluster move in condensed matter physics refers to a family of non-local cluster algorithms used to simulate spin glasses. It is an extension of the Swendsen-Wang algorithm in that it generates non-trivial spin clusters informed by the interaction states on two (or more) replicas instead of just one. It is diff...	Replica cluster move	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,041	[ "Monte Carlo methods", "Phases of matter", "Materials science", "Computational physics", "Condensed matter physics", "Statistical mechanics", "Matter" ]
77,538,436	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion%20efficiency	Combustion efficiency refers to the effectiveness of the burning process in converting fuel into heat energy. It is measured by the proportion of fuel that is efficiently burned and converted into useful heat, while minimizing the emissions of pollutants. Specifically, it may refer to: fuel efficiency engine efficienc...	Combustion efficiency	[ "Engineering" ]	84	[ "Combustion engineering", "Industrial engineering" ]
77,541,366	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheath%20instability	Sheath instability is an instability in a plasma where ions form sheaths near an electrode, making the plasma unstable. It is a type of Rayleigh–Taylor instability. Formula References Plasma instabilities Stability theory Plasma physics stubs Plasma phenomena Systems theory	Sheath instability	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	51	[ "Physical phenomena", "Plasma physics", "Plasma phenomena", "Plasma instabilities", "Stability theory", "Plasma physics stubs", "Dynamical systems" ]
77,547,459	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tearing%20mode	Tearing mode is distruptions seen in Tokamak in which Ideal MHD Instability grow of the order of 10−1 microsec. Types of Tearing mode Rayleigh–Taylor instability Magnetic reconnection Ballooning instability Resistive ballooning mode Universal instability Kelvin–Helmholtz instability Disruption instability ...	Tearing mode	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	76	[ "Physical phenomena", "Plasma phenomena", "Plasma instabilities", "Stability theory", "Dynamical systems" ]
77,552,742	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Fluorohexane	1-Fluorohexane is a chemical compound from the group of aliphatic saturated halogenated hydrocarbons. The chemical formula is . Synthesis 1-Fluorohexane can be obtained by reacting 1-chlorohexane or 1-bromohexane with potassium fluoride in ethylene glycol. Physical properties 1-Fluorohexane is a colorless liquid that...	1-Fluorohexane	[ "Chemistry" ]	201	[ "Alkylating agents", "Reagents for organic chemistry" ]
77,556,775	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritium%20breeding%20module	A tritium breeding module or TBM is a component of a fusion reactor that produces tritium. ITER will have four easily removable TBMs in order to test various material combinations in order to develop the breeding process. See also Breeding blanket References ITER Fusion reactors	Tritium breeding module	[ "Chemistry" ]	56	[ "Nuclear fusion", "Fusion reactors" ]
77,557,393	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalization%20%28machine%20learning%29	In machine learning, normalization is a statistical technique with various applications. There are two main forms of normalization, namely data normalization and activation normalization. Data normalization (or feature scaling) includes methods that rescale input data so that the features have the same range, mean, var...	Normalization (machine learning)	[ "Engineering" ]	2,804	[ "Artificial intelligence engineering", "Neural networks", "Machine learning" ]
77,557,454	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenck%20ene%20reaction	The Schenck ene reaction or the Schenk reaction is the reaction of singlet oxygen with alkenes to yield hydroperoxides. The hydroperoxides can be reduced to allylic alcohols or eliminate to form unsaturated carbonyl compounds. It is a type II photooxygenation reaction, and is discovered in 1944 by Günther Otto Schenck....	Schenck ene reaction	[ "Chemistry" ]	439	[ "Reaction mechanisms", "Chemical kinetics", "Physical organic chemistry", "Organic reactions" ]
70,321,679	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetting%20solution	Wetting solutions are liquids containing active chemical compounds that minimise the distance between two immiscible phases by lowering the surface tension to induce optimal spreading. The two phases, known as an interface, can be classified into five categories, namely, solid-solid, solid-liquid, solid-gas, liquid-liq...	Wetting solution	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,260	[ "Molecules", "Chemical compounds", "Phases of matter", "Materials", "nan", "Chemical substances", "Matter", "Liquids" ]
70,322,089	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spenolimycin	Spenolimycin is a spectinomycin-type antibiotic which has been isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces gilvospiralissp. Spenolimycin has the molecular formula C15H26N2O7. References Further reading Spenolimycin Antibiotics Oxygen heterocycles Secondary amines Methoxy compounds Diamines	Spenolimycin	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	78	[ "Antibiotics", "Biocides", "Biotechnology products" ]
70,322,404	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobolin	Actinobolin is a antibiotic with the molecular formula C13H20N2O6. Actinobolin is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseoviridus var atrofaciens. References Further reading Antibiotics Lactones Amides Isochromenes	Actinobolin	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	60	[ "Biocides", "Biotechnology products", "Functional groups", "Organic compounds", "Antibiotics", "Amides", "Organic compound stubs", "Organic chemistry stubs" ]
70,328,185	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloheximide%20chase	Cycloheximide chase assays are an experimental technique used in molecular and cellular biology to measure steady state protein stability. Cycloheximide is a drug that inhibits the elongation step in eukaryotic protein translation, thereby preventing protein synthesis. The addition of cycloheximide to cultured cells fo...	Cycloheximide chase	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	830	[ "Molecular biology techniques", "Molecular biology" ]
70,329,400	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PITPNM3	Nir1 or membrane-associated phosphatidylinositol transfer protein 3 (PITPNM3) is a mammalian protein that localizes to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membrane (PM) membrane contact sites (MCS) and aids the transfer of phosphatidylinositol between these two membranes, potentially by recruiting additional proteins...	PITPNM3	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,016	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Proteins", "Membrane biology", "Molecular biology" ]
76,113,618	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinspired%20armor	Bioinspired armor are materials that were inspired by the composition, and most importantly, the microstructures commonly found in nature’s natural defense mechanisms. These microstructures have been evolved by organisms to protect themselves from exterior forces, such as predatory attacks. These materials and their mi...	Bioinspired armor	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	7,369	[ "Biological engineering", "Bioinspiration" ]
76,117,102	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAURA%20Technology%20Group	NAURA Technology Group (Naura; ) is a partially state-owned publicly listed Chinese company that manufactures semiconductor chip production equipment. It is currently the largest semiconductor equipment manufacturer in China. History In September 2001, Beijing Electronics Holdings, a government SASAC entity initiate...	NAURA Technology Group	[ "Engineering" ]	817	[ "Equipment semiconductor companies", "Semiconductor fabrication equipment" ]
59,533,535	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog%20tower	Smog towers or smog free towers (see below for other names) are structures designed as large-scale air purifiers to reduce air pollution particles (smog). This approach to the problem of urban air pollution involves air filtration and removal of suspended mechanical particulates such as soot and requires energy or pow...	Smog tower	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,397	[ "Chemical equipment", "Building engineering", "Filters", "Scrubbers", "Industrial gases", "Filtration", "Chemical process engineering", "Building biology" ]
59,537,838	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip%20on%20board	Chip on board (COB) is a method of circuit board manufacturing in which integrated circuits (e.g. microprocessors) are attached (wired, bonded directly) to a printed circuit board, and covered by a blob of epoxy. Chip on board eliminates the packaging of individual semiconductor devices, which allows a completed produc...	Chip on board	[ "Engineering" ]	751	[ "Electrical engineering", "Electronic engineering", "Electronics manufacturing", "Printed circuit board manufacturing" ]
53,292,889	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications%20of%203D%20printing	In recent years, 3D printing has developed significantly and can now perform crucial roles in many applications, with the most common applications being manufacturing, medicine, architecture, custom art and design, and can vary from fully functional to purely aesthetic applications. 3D printing processes are finally ...	Applications of 3D printing	[ "Engineering" ]	7,761	[ "Industrial design", "Design engineering", "Design" ]
53,293,378	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position-specific%20isotope%20analysis	Position-specific isotope analysis, also called site-specific isotope analysis, is a branch of isotope analysis aimed at determining the isotopic composition of a particular atom position in a molecule. Isotopes are elemental variants with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, thereby having different atomic m...	Position-specific isotope analysis	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	4,667	[ "nan", "Isotopes", "Nuclear physics" ]
53,299,610	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Gate	Tommy Gate is an American brand of hydraulic liftgate, or tail lift, manufactured by Woodbine Manufacturing Company. The company was formed in 1965 by Delbert "Bus" Brown and its production facility is located in Woodbine, Iowa. History Prior to founding Woodbine Manufacturing Company, Delbert Brown manufactured farmi...	Tommy Gate	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	319	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Mechanical engineering", "Fluid dynamics" ]
53,302,354	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerization-induced%20phase%20separation	Polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS) is the occurrence of phase separation in a multicomponent mixture induced by the polymerization of one or more components. The increase in molecular weight of the reactive component renders one or more components to be mutually immiscible in one another, resulting in spont...	Polymerization-induced phase separation	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	331	[ "Materials science", "Polymer chemistry" ]
73,196,215	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin-associated%20protein	Keratin-associated proteins (KRTAPs, KAPs) and keratins are the major components of hair and nails. The content of KRTAPs in hair varies considerably between species, ranging from less than 3% in human hair to 30–40% in echidna quill. Both keratin and KRTAPs are extensively cross-linked in hair through disulfide bonds ...	Keratin-associated protein	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,089	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Organ systems", "Molecular biology", "Proteins", "Hair" ]
73,196,457	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESY%20%28particle%20accelerator%29	The particle accelerator DESY (acronym for Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron or German Electron Synchrotron) was the first particle accelerator of the DESY research centre in Hamburg and the one that gave the research centre its name. The DESY synchrotron was used for research in particle physics from 1964 to 1978 and s...	DESY (particle accelerator)	[ "Materials_science" ]	584	[ "Materials testing", "Synchrotron radiation facilities" ]
73,196,880	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20R.%20Shonnard	David R. Shonnard is an American engineer. He is a Richard and Bonnie Robbins Chair in Sustainable Use of Materials and former director of the Michigan Technological University Sustainable Futures Institute. He has expertise in systems analysis for sustainability, environmental life cycle assessments of renewable ene...	David R. Shonnard	[ "Chemistry" ]	351	[ "Chemical engineering academics", "Chemical engineers" ]
73,198,875	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C5%91s%E2%80%93Kaplansky%20theorem	The Erdős–Kaplansky theorem is a theorem from functional analysis. The theorem makes a fundamental statement about the dimension of the dual spaces of infinite-dimensional vector spaces; in particular, it shows that the algebraic dual space is not isomorphic to the vector space itself. A more general formulation allows...	Erdős–Kaplansky theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	179	[ "Theorems in mathematical analysis", "Theorems in functional analysis" ]
73,200,138	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPIC-Seq	EPIC-seq, (short for Epigenetic Expression Inference by Cell-free DNA Sequencing), is a high-throughput method that specifically targets gene promoters using cell-free DNA (cfDNA) sequencing. By employing non-invasive techniques such as blood sampling, it infers the expression levels of targeted genes. It consists of b...	EPIC-Seq	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	5,551	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Biochemistry", "Molecular biology" ]
73,203,014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20cycle%20powered%20railway%20locomotive	A combined cycle powered locomotive is a patented idea to use two primary movers, a gas turbine with a steam turbine to gain the efficiency of a combined cycle power plant or a combined gas and steam engine. Steam locomotives were tested in the past but were not ideal for low speeds, and gas turbine locomotives (GTELs...	Combined cycle powered railway locomotive	[ "Technology" ]	286	[ "Locomotive engines", "Engines" ]
63,087,895	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy-based%20model	An energy-based model (EBM) (also called Canonical Ensemble Learning or Learning via Canonical Ensemble – CEL and LCE, respectively) is an application of canonical ensemble formulation from statistical physics for learning from data. The approach prominently appears in generative artificial intelligence. EBMs provide ...	Energy-based model	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,424	[ "Machine learning", "Theoretical physics", "Classical mechanics", "Hamiltonian mechanics", "Artificial intelligence engineering", "Statistical mechanics", "Dynamical systems" ]
63,090,080	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Using%20the%20Borsuk%E2%80%93Ulam%20Theorem	Using the Borsuk–Ulam Theorem: Lectures on Topological Methods in Combinatorics and Geometry is a graduate-level mathematics textbook in topological combinatorics. It describes the use of results in topology, and in particular the Borsuk–Ulam theorem, to prove theorems in combinatorics and discrete geometry. It was wri...	Using the Borsuk–Ulam Theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	584	[ "Discrete mathematics", "Algebraic topology", "Combinatorics", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Topology" ]
63,090,329	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brequinar	Brequinar (DuP-785) is a drug that acts as a potent and selective inhibitor of the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. It blocks synthesis of pyrimidine based nucleotides in the body and so inhibits cell growth. Brequinar was invented by DuPont Pharmaceuticals in the 1980s. In 2001, Bristol-Myers Squibb acquired DuPon...	Brequinar	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	331	[ "Antiviral drugs", "Carboxylic acids", "Biocides", "Functional groups" ]
63,093,632	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20970	NGC 970 is an interacting galaxy pair in the constellation Triangulum. It is estimated to be 471 million light-years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 100,000 ly. The object was discovered on September 14, 1850, by Bindon Blood Stoney. See also List of NGC objects (1–1000) Notes References 9...	NGC 970	[ "Astronomy" ]	87	[ "Triangulum", "Constellations" ]
63,094,759	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9%20and%20the%20Three-Body%20Problem	Poincaré and the Three-Body Problem is a monograph in the history of mathematics on the work of Henri Poincaré on the three-body problem in celestial mechanics. It was written by June Barrow-Green, as a revision of her 1993 doctoral dissertation, and published in 1997 by the American Mathematical Society and London Mat...	Poincaré and the Three-Body Problem	[ "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	1,249	[ "Astronomical objects", "Astronomical dynamical systems", "Dynamical systems" ]
63,095,115	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenara%20Vicenta%20Arnal%20Yarza	Jenara Vicenta Arnal Yarza (September 19, 1902 – May 27, 1960), was the first woman to hold a Ph.D. in chemistry (Chemical Sciences) in Spain. She was noted for her work in electrochemistry and her research into the formation of fluorine from potassium biflouride. In later years, she was recognized for her contribution...	Jenara Vicenta Arnal Yarza	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,689	[ "Electrochemistry", "Electrochemists" ]
63,095,268	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C6-Hexanediol%20diacrylate	1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA or HDODA) is a difunctional acrylate ester monomer used in the manufacture of polymers. It is particularly useful for use in ultraviolet light cure applications. Furthermore, it is also used in adhesives, sealants, alkyd coatings, elastomers, photopolymers, and inks for improved adhesion...	1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	256	[ "Monomers", "Polymer chemistry" ]
63,097,582	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203686	NGC 3686 is a spiral galaxy that forms with three other spiral galaxies, NGCs 3681, 3684, and 3691, a quartet of galaxies in the Leo constellation. It was discovered on 14 March 1784 by William Herschel. It is a member of the NGC 3607 Group of galaxies, which is a member of the Leo II Groups, a series of galaxies and g...	NGC 3686	[ "Astronomy" ]	118	[ "Leo (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
63,098,501	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qbox	Qbox is an open-source software package for atomic-scale simulations of molecules, liquids and solids. It implements first principles (or ab initio) molecular dynamics, a simulation method in which inter-atomic forces are derived from quantum mechanics. Qbox is released under a GNU General Public License (GPL) with doc...	Qbox	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	632	[ "Computational chemistry software", "Chemistry software", "Computational physics", "Computational chemistry", "Physics software" ]
47,618,107	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doering%E2%80%93LaFlamme%20allene%20synthesis	In organic chemistry, the Doering–LaFlamme allene synthesis is a reaction of alkenes that converts them to allenes by insertion of a carbon atom. This name reaction is named for William von Eggers Doering and a co-worker, who first reported it. The reaction is a two-stage process, in which first the alkene is reacted ...	Doering–LaFlamme allene synthesis	[ "Chemistry" ]	353	[ "Name reactions" ]
47,618,620	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon%20organic%20water%20repellent	Organosilicon water repellent: water solution of siliconate The water-repelling liquid is applied: To provide the surface of materials with excellent water resistance properties - the surface does not absorb water; To make the material frost- and corrosion resistant; To reduce the pollution of surface; In addition...	Silicon organic water repellent	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,066	[ "Molecular physics", "Materials science", "nan", "Intermolecular forces" ]
47,623,232	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibromine%20monoxide	Dibromine monoxide is the chemical compound composed of bromine and oxygen with the formula Br2O. It is a dark brown solid which is stable below −40 °C and is used in bromination reactions. It is similar to dichlorine monoxide, the monoxide of its halogen neighbor one period higher on the periodic table. The molecule i...	Dibromine monoxide	[ "Chemistry" ]	218	[ "Inorganic compounds", "Oxides", "Inorganic compound stubs", "Salts" ]

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