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Varieties Heavy body acrylics are typically found in the Artist and Student Grade paints. "Heavy Body" refers to the viscosity or thickness of the paint. They are the best choice for impasto or heavier paint applications and will hold a brush or knife stroke and even a medium stiff peak. Gel Mediums ("pigment-less pai...	Acrylic paint	Wikipedia	432	2838	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic%20paint	Technology	Artist's and drafting tools	null
Acrylic gouache is like traditional gouache because it dries to a matte, opaque finish. However, unlike traditional gouache, the acrylic binder makes it water-resistant once it dries. Like craft paint, it will adhere to a variety of surfaces, not only canvas and paper. This paint is typically used by water-colorists, c...	Acrylic paint	Wikipedia	386	2838	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic%20paint	Technology	Artist's and drafting tools	null
Differences between acrylic and oil paint The vehicle and binder of oil paints is linseed oil (or another drying oil), whereas acrylic paint has water as the vehicle for an emulsion (suspension) of acrylic polymer, which serves as the binder. Thus, oil paint is said to be "oil-based", whereas acrylic paint is "water-...	Acrylic paint	Wikipedia	474	2838	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic%20paint	Technology	Artist's and drafting tools	null
Because of acrylic paint's more flexible nature and more consistent drying time between layers, an artist does not have to follow the same rules of oil painting, where more medium must be applied to each layer to avoid cracking. It usually takes 10–20 minutes for one to two layers of acrylic paint to dry, depending on ...	Acrylic paint	Wikipedia	457	2838	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic%20paint	Technology	Artist's and drafting tools	null
Another difference between oil and acrylic paint is the cleanup. Acrylic paint can be cleaned out of a brush with any soap, while oil paint needs a specific type to be sure to get all the oil out of the brushes. Also, it is easier to let a palette with oil paint dry and then scrape the paint off, whereas one can easily...	Acrylic paint	Wikipedia	270	2838	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic%20paint	Technology	Artist's and drafting tools	null
Angular momentum (sometimes called moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational analog of linear momentum. It is an important physical quantity because it is a conserved quantity – the total angular momentum of a closed system remains constant. Angular momentum has both a direction and a magnitude, and...	Angular momentum	Wikipedia	493	2839	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum	Physical sciences	Classical mechanics	null
where is the sphere's mass, is the frequency of rotation and is the sphere's radius. Thus, for example, the orbital angular momentum of the Earth with respect to the Sun is about 2.66 × 1040 kg⋅m2⋅s−1, while its rotational angular momentum is about 7.05 × 1033 kg⋅m2⋅s−1. In the case of a uniform rigid sphere rotat...	Angular momentum	Wikipedia	415	2839	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum	Physical sciences	Classical mechanics	null
Angular momentum is a vector quantity (more precisely, a pseudovector) that represents the product of a body's rotational inertia and rotational velocity (in radians/sec) about a particular axis. However, if the particle's trajectory lies in a single plane, it is sufficient to discard the vector nature of angular momen...	Angular momentum	Wikipedia	458	2839	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum	Physical sciences	Classical mechanics	null
To completely define orbital angular momentum in three dimensions, it is required to know the rate at which the position vector sweeps out angle, the direction perpendicular to the instantaneous plane of angular displacement, and the mass involved, as well as how this mass is distributed in space. By retaining this vec...	Angular momentum	Wikipedia	503	2839	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum	Physical sciences	Classical mechanics	null
is the matter's momentum. Referring this momentum to a central point introduces a complication: the momentum is not applied to the point directly. For instance, a particle of matter at the outer edge of a wheel is, in effect, at the end of a lever of the same length as the wheel's radius, its momentum turning the lever...	Angular momentum	Wikipedia	479	2839	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum	Physical sciences	Classical mechanics	null
For a collection of objects revolving about a center, for instance all of the bodies of the Solar System, the orientations may be somewhat organized, as is the Solar System, with most of the bodies' axes lying close to the system's axis. Their orientations may also be completely random. In brief, the more mass and the...	Angular momentum	Wikipedia	492	2839	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum	Physical sciences	Classical mechanics	null
This is the rotational analog of Newton's second law. Note that the torque is not necessarily proportional or parallel to the angular acceleration (as one might expect). The reason for this is that the moment of inertia of a particle can change with time, something that cannot occur for ordinary mass. Conservation of ...	Angular momentum	Wikipedia	475	2839	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum	Physical sciences	Classical mechanics	null
The conservation of angular momentum explains the angular acceleration of an ice skater as they bring their arms and legs close to the vertical axis of rotation. By bringing part of the mass of their body closer to the axis, they decrease their body's moment of inertia. Because angular momentum is the product of moment...	Angular momentum	Wikipedia	504	2839	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum	Physical sciences	Classical mechanics	null
As an example, consider decreasing of the moment of inertia, e.g. when a figure skater is pulling in their hands, speeding up the circular motion. In terms of angular momentum conservation, we have, for angular momentum L, moment of inertia I and angular velocity ω: Using this, we see that the change requires an energ...	Angular momentum	Wikipedia	512	2839	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum	Physical sciences	Classical mechanics	null
Since all rotations can be expressed as matrix exponential of skew-symmetric matrices, i.e. as where is a skew-symmetric matrix and is angle of rotation, we can express the change of coordinates due to the rotation , up-to first order of infinitesimal angle of rotation, as: Combining the equation of motion and rot...	Angular momentum	Wikipedia	472	2839	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum	Physical sciences	Classical mechanics	null
Suppose the system is invariant to rotations, so that the potential is independent of an overall rotation by the angle θz (thus it may depend on the angles of objects only through their differences, in the form ). We therefore get for the total angular momentum: And thus the angular momentum around the z-axis is conse...	Angular momentum	Wikipedia	510	2839	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum	Physical sciences	Classical mechanics	null
called specific angular momentum. Note that Mass is often unimportant in orbital mechanics calculations, because motion of a body is determined by gravity. The primary body of the system is often so much larger than any bodies in motion about it that the gravitational effect of the smaller bodies on it can be neglecte...	Angular momentum	Wikipedia	461	2839	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum	Physical sciences	Classical mechanics	null
The first term is the angular momentum of the center of mass relative to the origin. Similar to , below, it is the angular momentum of one particle of mass M at the center of mass moving with velocity V. The second term is the angular momentum of the particles moving relative to the center of mass, similar to , below. ...	Angular momentum	Wikipedia	506	2839	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum	Physical sciences	Classical mechanics	null
The angular velocity can also be defined as an anti-symmetric second order tensor, with components ωij. The relation between the two anti-symmetric tensors is given by the moment of inertia which must now be a fourth order tensor: Again, this equation in L and ω as tensors is true in any number of dimensions. This equ...	Angular momentum	Wikipedia	490	2839	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum	Physical sciences	Classical mechanics	null
The plum pudding model was the first scientific model of the atom to describe an internal structure. It was first proposed by J. J. Thomson in 1904 following his discovery of the electron in 1897, and was rendered obsolete by Ernest Rutherford's discovery of the atomic nucleus in 1911. The model tried to account for tw...	Plum pudding model	Wikipedia	512	2840	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum%20pudding%20model	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	Physics
Background Throughout the 19th century evidence from chemistry and statistical mechanics accumulated that matter was composed of atoms. The structure of the atom was discussed, and by the end of the century the leading model was the vortex theory of the atom, proposed by William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) in 1867. B...	Plum pudding model	Wikipedia	411	2840	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum%20pudding%20model	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	Physics
Development Thomson's model was the first to assign a specific inner structure to an atom, though his earliest descriptions did not include mathematical formulas. From 1897 through 1913, Thomson proposed a series of increasingly detailed polyelectron models for the atom. His first versions were qualitative culminating ...	Plum pudding model	Wikipedia	504	2840	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum%20pudding%20model	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	Physics
In 1899 Thomson reiterated his atomic model in a paper that showed that negative electricity created by ultraviolet light landing on a metal (known now as the photoelectric effect) has the same mass-to-charge ratio as cathode rays; then he applied his previous method for determining the charge on ions to the negative e...	Plum pudding model	Wikipedia	509	2840	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum%20pudding%20model	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	Physics
For instance, he observed that while five pins would arrange themselves in a stable pentagon around the centre, six pins could not form a stable hexagon. Instead, one pin would move to the centre and the other five would form a pentagon around the centre pin, and this arrangement was stable. As he added more pins, they...	Plum pudding model	Wikipedia	414	2840	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum%20pudding%20model	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	Physics
In Chapter 7, Thomson summarised his 1906 results on the number of electrons in an atom. He included one important correction: he replaced the beta-particle analysis with one based on the cathode ray experiments of August Becker, giving a result in better agreement with other approaches to the problem. Experiments by ...	Plum pudding model	Wikipedia	422	2840	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum%20pudding%20model	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	Physics
Another innovation in Thomson's 1910 paper was that he modelled how an atom might deflect an incoming beta particle if the positive charge of the atom existed in discrete units of equal but arbitrary size, spread evenly throughout the atom, separated by empty space, with each unit having a positive charge equal to the ...	Plum pudding model	Wikipedia	482	2840	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum%20pudding%20model	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	Physics
To find the average deflection angle , the angle for each value of b and the corresponding L are added across the face sphere, then divided by the cross-section area. per Pythagorean theorem. This matches Thomson's formula in his 1910 paper. Deflection by the electrons Thomson modelled the collisions between a beta ...	Plum pudding model	Wikipedia	453	2840	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum%20pudding%20model	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	Physics
Thomson probed the structure of atoms through beta particle scattering, whereas his former student Ernest Rutherford was interested in alpha particle scattering. Beta particles are electrons emitted by radioactive decay, whereas alpha particles are essentially helium atoms, also emitted in process of decay. Alpha parti...	Plum pudding model	Wikipedia	471	2840	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum%20pudding%20model	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	Physics
Rutherford's 1911 paper on alpha particle scattering showed that Thomson's scattering model could not explain the large angle scattering and it showed that multiple scattering was not necessary to explain the data. However, in the years immediately following its publication few scientists took note. The scattering mode...	Plum pudding model	Wikipedia	324	2840	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum%20pudding%20model	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	Physics
Atomic theory is the scientific theory that matter is composed of particles called atoms. The definition of the word "atom" has changed over the years in response to scientific discoveries. Initially, it referred to a hypothetical concept of there being some fundamental particle of matter, too small to be seen by the n...	History of atomic theory	Wikipedia	309	2844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20atomic%20theory	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	null
Groundwork Working in the late 17th century, Robert Boyle developed the concept of a chemical element as substance different from a compound. Near the end of the 18th century, a number of important developments in chemistry emerged without referring to the notion of an atomic theory. The first was Antoine Lavoisier who...	History of atomic theory	Wikipedia	354	2844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20atomic%20theory	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	null
In 1804, Dalton explained his atomic theory to his friend and fellow chemist Thomas Thomson, who published an explanation of Dalton's theory in his book A System of Chemistry in 1807. According to Thomson, Dalton's idea first occurred to him when experimenting with "olefiant gas" (ethylene) and "carburetted hydrogen ga...	History of atomic theory	Wikipedia	434	2844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20atomic%20theory	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	null
Example 2 — iron oxides: Dalton identified two oxides of iron. There is one type of iron oxide that is a black powder which Dalton referred to as "the protoxide of iron", which is 78.1% iron and 21.9% oxygen. The other iron oxide is a red powder, which Dalton referred to as "the intermediate or red oxide of iron" which...	History of atomic theory	Wikipedia	465	2844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20atomic%20theory	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	null
Dalton defined an atom as being the "ultimate particle" of a chemical substance, and he used the term "compound atom" to refer to "ultimate particles" which contain two or more elements. This is inconsistent with the modern definition, wherein an atom is the basic particle of a chemical element and a molecule is an agg...	History of atomic theory	Wikipedia	353	2844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20atomic%20theory	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	null
Because atoms were too small to be directly weighed using the methods of the 19th century, Dalton instead expressed the weights of the myriad atoms as multiples of the hydrogen atom's weight, which Dalton knew was the lightest element. By his measurements, 7 grams of oxygen will combine with 1 gram of hydrogen to make ...	History of atomic theory	Wikipedia	392	2844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20atomic%20theory	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	null
Opposition to atomic theory Dalton's atomic theory attracted widespread interest but not everyone accepted it at first. The law of multiple proportions was shown not to be a universal law when it came to organic substances, whose molecules can be quite large. For instance, in oleic acid there is 34 g of hydrogen for ev...	History of atomic theory	Wikipedia	485	2844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20atomic%20theory	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	null
Cannizzaro criticized past chemists such as Berzelius for not accepting that the particles of certain gaseous elements are actually pairs of atoms, which led to mistakes in their formulation of certain compounds. Berzelius believed that hydrogen gas and chlorine gas particles are solitary atoms. But he observed that wh...	History of atomic theory	Wikipedia	503	2844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20atomic%20theory	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	null
Isomerism Scientists discovered some substances have the exact same chemical content but different properties. For instance, in 1827, Friedrich Wöhler discovered that silver fulminate and silver cyanate are both 107 parts silver, 12 parts carbon, 14 parts nitrogen, and 16 parts oxygen (we now know their formulas as bot...	History of atomic theory	Wikipedia	505	2844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20atomic%20theory	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	null
The elements on the periodic table were originally arranged in order of increasing atomic weight. However, in a number of places chemists chose to swap the positions of certain adjacent elements so that they appeared in a group with other elements with similar properties. For instance, tellurium is placed before iodine...	History of atomic theory	Wikipedia	456	2844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20atomic%20theory	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	null
Brownian motion In 1827, the British botanist Robert Brown observed that dust particles inside pollen grains floating in water constantly jiggled about for no apparent reason. In 1905, Einstein theorized that this Brownian motion was caused by the water molecules continuously knocking the grains about, and developed a ...	History of atomic theory	Wikipedia	339	2844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20atomic%20theory	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	null
In 1898, Thomson measured the charge on ions to be roughly 6 × 10−10 electrostatic units (2 × 10−19 Coulombs). In 1899, he showed that negative electricity created by ultraviolet light landing on a metal (known now as the photoelectric effect) has the same mass-to-charge ratio as cathode rays; then he applied his previ...	History of atomic theory	Wikipedia	497	2844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20atomic%20theory	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	null
In 1906, Robert A. Millikan and Harvey Fletcher performed the oil drop experiment in which they measured the charge of an electron to be about -1.6 × 10−19, a value now defined as -1 e. Since the hydrogen ion and the electron were known to be indivisible and a hydrogen atom is neutral in charge, it followed that the po...	History of atomic theory	Wikipedia	331	2844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20atomic%20theory	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	null
Between 1908 and 1913, Rutherford and his colleagues performed a series of experiments in which they bombarded thin foils of metal with a beam of alpha particles. They spotted alpha particles being deflected by angles greater than 90°. According to Thomson's model, all of the alpha particles should have passed through ...	History of atomic theory	Wikipedia	348	2844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20atomic%20theory	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	null
Max Planck in 1900 and Albert Einstein in 1905 had postulated that light energy is emitted or absorbed in discrete amounts known as quanta (singular, quantum). This led to a series of atomic models with some quantum aspects, such as that of Arthur Erich Haas in 1910 and the 1912 John William Nicholson atomic model wi...	History of atomic theory	Wikipedia	455	2844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20atomic%20theory	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	null
That same year, J. J. Thomson conducted an experiment in which he channeled a stream of neon ions through magnetic and electric fields, striking a photographic plate at the other end. He observed two glowing patches on the plate, which suggested two different deflection trajectories. Thomson concluded this was because ...	History of atomic theory	Wikipedia	507	2844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20atomic%20theory	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	null
These observations led Rutherford to conclude that the hydrogen nucleus was a singular particle with a positive charge equal to that of the electron's negative charge. The name "proton" was suggested by Rutherford at an informal meeting of fellow physicists in Cardiff in 1920. The charge number of an atomic nucleus wa...	History of atomic theory	Wikipedia	472	2844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20atomic%20theory	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	null
In 1928, Walter Bothe observed that beryllium emitted a highly penetrating, electrically neutral radiation when bombarded with alpha particles. It was later discovered that this radiation could knock hydrogen atoms out of paraffin wax. Initially it was thought to be high-energy gamma radiation, since gamma radiation ha...	History of atomic theory	Wikipedia	498	2844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20atomic%20theory	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	null
Schrödinger's wave model for hydrogen replaced Bohr's model, with its neat, clearly defined circular orbits. The modern model of the atom describes the positions of electrons in an atom in terms of probabilities. An electron can potentially be found at any distance from the nucleus, but, depending on its energy level a...	History of atomic theory	Wikipedia	261	2844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20atomic%20theory	Physical sciences	Atomic physics	null
An anxiolytic (; also antipanic or anti-anxiety agent) is a medication or other intervention that reduces anxiety. This effect is in contrast to anxiogenic agents which increase anxiety. Anxiolytic medications are used for the treatment of anxiety disorders and their related psychological and physical symptoms. Nature...	Anxiolytic	Wikipedia	345	2869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolytic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Antidepressants include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). SSRIs are used in all types of anxiety disorders while SNRIs are used for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Both of...	Anxiolytic	Wikipedia	456	2869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolytic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
The first serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), venlafaxine (Effexor), entered the market in 1993. SNRIs can target serotonin and norepinephrine transporters while avoiding imposing significant effects on other adrenergic (α1, α2, and β), histamine (H1), muscarinic, dopamine, or postsynaptic serotonin rec...	Anxiolytic	Wikipedia	485	2869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolytic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Antiepileptics Antiepileptics are rarely prescribed as an off-label treatment for anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorders. There have been some suggestions that they may help with anxiety symptoms but there is generally a lack of research on its use. One antiepileptic, pregabalin, has been found to be b...	Anxiolytic	Wikipedia	312	2869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolytic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
SSRIs and SNRIs Both selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) are reuptake inhibitors of a class of nerve signal transduction chemical called neurotransmitters. Serotonin and norepinephrine are neurotransmitters that are related to nervous control in mo...	Anxiolytic	Wikipedia	430	2869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolytic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of medications used in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, OCD and some personality disorders. SSRIs are the first-line anti-anxiety medications. Serotonin is one of the crucial neurotransmitters in mood enh...	Anxiolytic	Wikipedia	475	2869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolytic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) have anxiolytic effects; however, side effects are often more troubling or severe and overdose is dangerous. They are considered effective, but have generally been replaced by antidepressants that cause different adverse effects. Examples include imipramine, d...	Anxiolytic	Wikipedia	430	2869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolytic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Benzodiazepines include: alprazolam (Xanax), bromazepam, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), clonazepam (Klonopin), diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), oxazepam, temazepam, and Triazolam. Therapeutic use Adverse effect Benzodiazepines lead to central nervous system depression, resulting in common adverse effects like dro...	Anxiolytic	Wikipedia	447	2869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolytic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Phenibut Phenibut (Anvifen, Fenibut, Noofen) is an anxiolytic used in Russia. Phenibut is a GABAB receptor agonist, as well as an antagonist at α2δ subunit-containing voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), similarly to gabapentinoids like gabapentin and pregabalin. The medication is not approved by the FDA for use...	Anxiolytic	Wikipedia	500	2869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolytic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Alpidem Alpidem is a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic with similar anxiolytic effectiveness as benzodiazepines but reduced sedation and cognitive, memory, and motor impairment. It was marketed briefly in France but was withdrawn from the market due to liver toxicity. Etifoxine Etifoxine has similar anxiolytic effects as b...	Anxiolytic	Wikipedia	277	2869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolytic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Antipsychotics, previously known as neuroleptics and major tranquilizers, are a class of psychotropic medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia but also in a range of other psychotic disorders. They are also the main...	Antipsychotic	Wikipedia	437	2870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Medical uses Antipsychotics are most frequently used for the following conditions: Schizophrenia Schizoaffective disorder most commonly in conjunction with either an antidepressant (in the case of the depressive subtype) or a mood stabilizer (in the case of the bipolar subtype). Antipsychotics possess mood stabilizin...	Antipsychotic	Wikipedia	469	2870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Antipsychotic drug treatment is a key component of schizophrenia treatment recommendations by the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE), the American Psychiatric Association, and the British Society for Psychopharmacology. The main aim of treatment with antipsychotics is to reduce the positive symptom...	Antipsychotic	Wikipedia	375	2870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Prevention of psychosis and symptom improvement Test batteries such as the PACE (Personal Assessment and Crisis Evaluation Clinic) and COPS (Criteria of Prodromal Syndromes), which measure low-level psychotic symptoms and cognitive disturbances, are used to evaluate people with early, low-level symptoms of psychosis. T...	Antipsychotic	Wikipedia	463	2870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Recurrent psychotic episodes Placebo-controlled trials of both first- and second-generation antipsychotic drugs consistently demonstrate the superiority of active drugs over placebos in suppressing psychotic symptoms. A large meta-analysis of 38 trials of antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia with acute psychotic episod...	Antipsychotic	Wikipedia	453	2870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
A significant challenge in the use of antipsychotic drugs for the prevention of relapse is the poor rate of adherence. In spite of the relatively high rates of adverse effects associated with these drugs, some evidence, including higher dropout rates in placebo arms compared to treatment arms in randomized clinical tri...	Antipsychotic	Wikipedia	397	2870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
At least five atypical antipsychotics (lumateperone, cariprazine, lurasidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine) have also been found to possess efficacy in the treatment of bipolar depression as a monotherapy, whereas only olanzapine and quetiapine have been proven to be effective broad-spectrum (i.e., against all three type...	Antipsychotic	Wikipedia	482	2870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Major depressive disorder A number of atypical antipsychotics have some benefits when used in addition to other treatments in major depressive disorder. Aripiprazole, quetiapine extended-release, and olanzapine (when used in conjunction with fluoxetine) have received the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) labelling for...	Antipsychotic	Wikipedia	240	2870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Other Global antipsychotic utilization has seen a steady growth since the introduction of atypical (second-generation) antipsychotics and this is ascribed to off-label use for many other unapproved disorders. Besides the above uses antipsychotics may be used for obsessive–compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress diso...	Antipsychotic	Wikipedia	334	2870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
In children they may be used in those with disruptive behavior disorders, mood disorders and pervasive developmental disorders or intellectual disability. Antipsychotics are only weakly recommended for Tourette syndrome, because although they are effective, side effects are common. The situation is similar for those on...	Antipsychotic	Wikipedia	500	2870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Clozapine is an effective treatment for those who respond poorly to other drugs ("treatment-resistant" or "refractory" schizophrenia), but it has the potentially serious side effect of agranulocytosis (lowered white blood cell count) in less than 4% of people. Due to bias in the research the accuracy of comparisons of...	Antipsychotic	Wikipedia	453	2870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Other uses Antipsychotics, such as risperidone, quetiapine, and olanzapine, have been used as hallucinogen antidotes or "trip killers" to block the effects of serotonergic psychedelics like psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Adverse effects Generally, more than one antipsychotic drug should not be used ...	Antipsychotic	Wikipedia	333	2870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Clozapine is also associated with thromboembolism (including pulmonary embolism), myocarditis, and cardiomyopathy. A systematic review of clozapine-associated pulmonary embolism indicates that this adverse effect can often be fatal, and that it has an early onset, and is dose-dependent. The findings advised the conside...	Antipsychotic	Wikipedia	295	2870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
By rate Common (≥ 1% and up to 50% incidence for most antipsychotic drugs) adverse effects of antipsychotics include: Dysphoria and apathy (due to dopamine receptor blockade) Sedation (particularly common with asenapine, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, chlorpromazine and zotepine) Headaches Dizziness Diarrhea ...	Antipsychotic	Wikipedia	476	2870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Rare/Uncommon (<1% incidence for most antipsychotic drugs) adverse effects of antipsychotics include: Blood dyscrasias (e.g., agranulocytosis, leukopenia, and neutropaenia), which is more common in patients on clozapine. Metabolic syndrome and other metabolic problems such as type II diabetes mellitus — particularly ...	Antipsychotic	Wikipedia	364	2870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Some studies have found decreased life expectancy associated with the use of antipsychotics, and argued that more studies are needed. Antipsychotics may also increase the risk of early death in individuals with dementia. Antipsychotics typically worsen symptoms in people with depersonalisation disorder. Antipsychotic p...	Antipsychotic	Wikipedia	453	2870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Antipsychotics, due to acting as dopamine D2 receptor antagonists and thereby stimulating pituitary lactotrophs, may have a risk of prolactinoma with long-term use. This is also responsible for their induction of hyperprolactinemia (high prolactin levels). Discontinuation The British National Formulary recommends a g...	Antipsychotic	Wikipedia	504	2870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Clinically used antipsychotic medications are listed below by drug group. Trade names appear in parentheses. A 2013 review has stated that the division of antipsychotics into first and second generation is perhaps not accurate.	Antipsychotic	Wikipedia	44	2870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic	Biology and health sciences	Psychiatric drugs	Health
Amoxicillin is an antibiotic medication belonging to the aminopenicillin class of the penicillin family. The drug is used to treat bacterial infections such as middle ear infection, strep throat, pneumonia, skin infections, odontogenic infections, and urinary tract infections. It is taken orally (swallowed by mouth), o...	Amoxicillin	Wikipedia	507	2885	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxicillin	Biology and health sciences	Antibiotics	Health
Respiratory infections Most sinusitis infections are caused by viruses, for which amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate are ineffective, and the small benefit gained by amoxicillin may be overridden by the adverse effects. Amoxicillin is considered the first-line empirical treatment for most cases of uncomplicated ba...	Amoxicillin	Wikipedia	450	2885	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxicillin	Biology and health sciences	Antibiotics	Health
Infections in infants in resource-limited settings Amoxicillin is recommended by the World Health Organization for the treatment of infants with signs and symptoms of pneumonia in resource-limited situations when the parents are unable or unwilling to accept hospitalization of the child. Amoxicillin in combination with...	Amoxicillin	Wikipedia	484	2885	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxicillin	Biology and health sciences	Antibiotics	Health
Rarer adverse effects include mental and behavioral changes, lightheadedness, insomnia, hyperactivity, agitation, confusion, anxiety, sensitivity to lights and sounds, and unclear thinking. Immediate medical care is required upon the first signs of these adverse effects. Similarly to other penicillins, amoxicillin has ...	Amoxicillin	Wikipedia	429	2885	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxicillin	Biology and health sciences	Antibiotics	Health
The rash is described as maculopapular or morbilliform (measles-like; therefore, in medical literature, it is called "amoxicillin-induced morbilliform rash".). It starts on the trunk and can spread from there. This rash is unlikely to be a true allergic reaction and is not a contraindication for future amoxicillin usag...	Amoxicillin	Wikipedia	434	2885	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxicillin	Biology and health sciences	Antibiotics	Health
Pharmacology Amoxicillin (α-amino-p-hydroxybenzyl penicillin) is a semisynthetic derivative of penicillin with a structure similar to ampicillin but with better absorption when taken by mouth, thus yielding higher concentrations in blood and in urine. Amoxicillin diffuses easily into tissues and body fluids. It will cr...	Amoxicillin	Wikipedia	421	2885	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxicillin	Biology and health sciences	Antibiotics	Health
Amoxicillin was one of several semisynthetic derivatives of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) developed by the Beecham Group in the 1960s. It was invented by Anthony Alfred Walter Long and John Herbert Charles Nayler, two British scientists. It became available in 1972 and was the second aminopenicillin to reach the mar...	Amoxicillin	Wikipedia	457	2885	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxicillin	Biology and health sciences	Antibiotics	Health
In condensed matter physics and materials science, an amorphous solid (or non-crystalline solid) is a solid that lacks the long-range order that is characteristic of a crystal. The terms "glass" and "glassy solid" are sometimes used synonymously with amorphous solid; however, these terms refer specifically to amorphous...	Amorphous solid	Wikipedia	481	2889	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous%20solid	Physical sciences	Basics_8	null
On the phenomenological level, many of these properties were described by a collection of tunnelling two-level systems. Nevertheless, the microscopic theory of these properties is still missing after more than 50 years of the research. Remarkably, a dimensionless quantity of internal friction is nearly universal in th...	Amorphous solid	Wikipedia	351	2889	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous%20solid	Physical sciences	Basics_8	null
X-ray and neutron diffraction Unlike crystalline materials, which exhibit strong Bragg diffraction, the diffraction patterns of amorphous materials are characterized by broad and diffuse peaks. As a result, detailed analysis and complementary techniques are required to extract real space structural information from th...	Amorphous solid	Wikipedia	477	2889	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous%20solid	Physical sciences	Basics_8	null
Amorphous thin films Amorphous phases are important constituents of thin films. Thin films are solid layers of a few nanometres to tens of micrometres thickness that are deposited onto a substrate. So-called structure zone models were developed to describe the microstructure of thin films as a function of the homologo...	Amorphous solid	Wikipedia	510	2889	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous%20solid	Physical sciences	Basics_8	null
In soils Amorphous materials in soil strongly influence bulk density, aggregate stability, plasticity, and water holding capacity of soils. The low bulk density and high void ratios are mostly due to glass shards and other porous minerals not becoming compacted. Andisol soils contain the highest amounts of amorphous m...	Amorphous solid	Wikipedia	227	2889	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous%20solid	Physical sciences	Basics_8	null
In chemistry, an alkali (; from the Arabic word , ) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal. An alkali can also be defined as a base that dissolves in water. A solution of a soluble base has a pH greater than 7.0. The adjective alkaline, and less often, alkalescent, is commonly used in Engl...	Alkali	Wikipedia	512	2955	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali	Physical sciences	Concepts	Chemistry
There are various, more specific definitions for the concept of an alkali. Alkalis are usually defined as a subset of the bases. One of two subsets is commonly chosen. A basic salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal (this includes Mg(OH)2 (magnesium hydroxide) but excludes NH3 (ammonia)). Any base that is sol...	Alkali	Wikipedia	463	2955	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali	Physical sciences	Concepts	Chemistry
Alcoholism is the continued drinking of alcohol despite it causing problems. Some definitions require evidence of dependence and withdrawal. Problematic use of alcohol has been mentioned in the earliest historical records. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated there were 283 million people with alcohol use dis...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	442	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
Treatment of alcoholism may take several forms. Due to medical problems that can occur during withdrawal, alcohol cessation should be controlled carefully. One common method involves the use of benzodiazepine medications, such as diazepam. These can be taken while admitted to a health care institution or individually. ...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	450	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
Warning signs Warning signs of alcoholism include the consumption of increasing amounts of alcohol and frequent intoxication, preoccupation with drinking to the exclusion of other activities, promises to quit drinking and failure to keep those promises, the inability to remember what was said or done while drinking (c...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	387	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
Having more than one drink a day for women or two drinks for men increases the risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, and stroke. Risk is greater with binge drinking, which may also result in violence or accidents. About 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are believed to be due to alcohol...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	455	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
Psychiatric Long-term misuse of alcohol can cause a wide range of mental health problems. Severe cognitive problems are common; approximately 10% of all dementia cases are related to alcohol consumption, making it the second leading cause of dementia. Excessive alcohol use causes damage to brain function, and psycholog...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	478	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
Serious social problems arise from alcohol use disorder; these dilemmas are caused by the pathological changes in the brain and the intoxicating effects of alcohol. Alcohol misuse is associated with an increased risk of committing criminal offences, including child abuse, domestic violence, rape, burglary and assault. ...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	510	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
A kindling effect also occurs in people with alcohol use disorders whereby each subsequent withdrawal syndrome is more severe than the previous withdrawal episode; this is due to neuroadaptations which occur as a result of periods of abstinence followed by re-exposure to alcohol. Individuals who have had multiple withd...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	509	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
Based on combined data in the US from SAMHSA's 2004–2005 National Surveys on Drug Use & Health, the rate of past-year alcohol dependence or misuse among persons aged 12 or older varied by level of alcohol use: 44.7% of past month heavy drinkers, 18.5% binge drinkers, 3.8% past month non-binge drinkers, and 1.3% of thos...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	269	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
There are genetic variations that affect the risk for alcoholism. Some of these variations are more common in individuals with ancestry from certain areas; for example, Africa, East Asia, the Middle East and Europe. The variants with strongest effect are in genes that encode the main enzymes of alcohol metabolism, ADH1...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	411	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
Alcohol-induced DNA damage, when not properly repaired, may have a key role in the neurotoxicity induced by alcohol. Metabolic conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde can occur in the brain and the neurotoxic effects of ethanol appear to be associated with acetaldehyde induced DNA damages including DNA adducts and crossl...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	193	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null

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