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Misuse, problem use, abuse, and heavy use of alcohol refer to improper use of alcohol, which may cause physical, social, or moral harm to the drinker. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 2005, defines "moderate use" as no more than two alcoholic beverage...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	489	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
In professional and research contexts, the term alcoholism is not currently favored, but rather alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, or alcohol use disorder are used. Talbot (1989) observes that alcoholism in the classical disease model follows a progressive course: if people continue to drink, their condition will worse...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	511	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
Screening Screening is recommended among those over the age of 18. Several tools may be used to detect a loss of control of alcohol use. These tools are mostly self-reports in questionnaire form. Another common theme is a score or tally that sums up the general severity of alcohol use. The CAGE questionnaire, named fo...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	496	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
However, none of these blood tests for biological markers is as sensitive as screening questionnaires. Prevention The World Health Organization, the European Union and other regional bodies, national governments and parliaments have formed alcohol policies in order to reduce the harm of alcoholism. Increasing the ag...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	378	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
Medical treatment for alcohol detoxification usually involves administration of a benzodiazepine, in order to ameliorate alcohol withdrawal syndrome's adverse impact. The addition of phenobarbital improves outcomes if benzodiazepine administration lacks the usual efficacy, and phenobarbital alone might be an effective ...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	511	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
Rationing and moderation programs such as Moderation Management and DrinkWise do not mandate complete abstinence. While most people with alcohol use disorders are unable to limit their drinking in this way, some return to moderate drinking. A 2002 US study by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAA...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	258	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
Medications In the United States there are four approved medications for alcoholism: acamprosate, two methods of using naltrexone and disulfiram. Acamprosate may stabilise the brain chemistry that is altered due to alcohol dependence via antagonising the actions of glutamate, a neurotransmitter which is hyperactive in...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	438	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
Several other drugs are also used and many are under investigation. Benzodiazepines are a first line medication in the management of acute alcohol withdrawal, however their use outside of the acute withdrawal period is not recommended. Benzodiazepines with a shorter half life, such as lorazepam or oxazepam are preferr...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	454	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
Research Topiramate, a derivative of the naturally occurring sugar monosaccharide D-fructose, has been found effective in helping alcoholics quit or cut back on the amount they drink. Evidence suggests that topiramate antagonizes excitatory glutamate receptors, inhibits dopamine release, and enhances inhibitory gamma-a...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	252	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
Dual addictions and dependencies Alcoholics may also require treatment for other psychotropic drug addictions and drug dependencies. The most common dual dependence syndrome with alcohol dependence is benzodiazepine dependence, with studies showing 10–20% of alcohol-dependent individuals had problems of dependence and/...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	423	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
In the United States and Western Europe, 10–20% of men and 5–10% of women at some point in their lives will meet criteria for alcoholism. In England, the number of "dependent drinkers" was calculated as over 600,000 in 2019. Estonia had the highest death rate from alcohol in Europe in 2015 at 8.8 per 100,000 population...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	381	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
Among those with alcohol dependence after one year, some met the criteria for low-risk drinking, even though only 26% of the group received any treatment, with the breakdown as follows: 25% were found to be still dependent, 27% were in partial remission (some symptoms persist), 12% asymptomatic drinkers (consumption in...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	501	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
The various health problems associated with long-term alcohol consumption are generally perceived as detrimental to society; for example, money due to lost labor-hours, medical costs due to injuries due to drunkenness and organ damage from long-term use, and secondary treatment costs, such as the costs of rehabilitatio...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	461	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
Stereotypes of alcoholics are often found in fiction and popular culture. The "town drunk" is a stock character in Western popular culture. Stereotypes of drunkenness may be based on racism or xenophobia, as in the fictional depiction of the Irish as heavy drinkers. Studies by social psychologists Stivers and Greeley a...	Alcoholism	Wikipedia	249	2965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism	Biology and health sciences	Drugs and medication	null
In mathematics, an abelian group, also called a commutative group, is a group in which the result of applying the group operation to two group elements does not depend on the order in which they are written. That is, the group operation is commutative. With addition as an operation, the integers and the real numbers fo...	Abelian group	Wikipedia	479	2974	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian%20group	Mathematics	Algebra	null
Multiplication table To verify that a finite group is abelian, a table (matrix) – known as a Cayley table – can be constructed in a similar fashion to a multiplication table. If the group is under the the entry of this table contains the product . The group is abelian if and only if this table is symmetric about t...	Abelian group	Wikipedia	477	2974	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian%20group	Mathematics	Algebra	null
Properties If is a natural number and is an element of an abelian group written additively, then can be defined as ( summands) and . In this way, becomes a module over the ring of integers. In fact, the modules over can be identified with the abelian groups. Theorems about abelian groups (i.e. modules over th...	Abelian group	Wikipedia	466	2974	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian%20group	Mathematics	Algebra	null
Finite abelian groups Cyclic groups of integers modulo , , were among the first examples of groups. It turns out that an arbitrary finite abelian group is isomorphic to a direct sum of finite cyclic groups of prime power order, and these orders are uniquely determined, forming a complete system of invariants. The auto...	Abelian group	Wikipedia	509	2974	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian%20group	Mathematics	Algebra	null
Amputation is the removal of a limb by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventive surgery for such problems. A special case is that of co...	Amputation	Wikipedia	377	2992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation	Biology and health sciences	Medical procedures	null
partial foot amputation amputation of the lower limb distal to the ankle joint ankle disarticulation amputation of the lower limb at the ankle joint trans-tibial amputation amputation of the lower limb between the knee joint and the ankle joint, commonly referred to as a below-knee amputation knee disarticulation am...	Amputation	Wikipedia	494	2992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation	Biology and health sciences	Medical procedures	null
In some rare cases when a person has become trapped in a deserted place, with no means of communication or hope of rescue, the victim has amputated their own limb. The most notable case of this is Aron Ralston, a hiker who amputated his own right forearm after it was pinned by a boulder in a hiking accident and he was ...	Amputation	Wikipedia	494	2992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation	Biology and health sciences	Medical procedures	null
Infection Bone infection (osteomyelitis) and/or diabetic foot infections Gangrene Trench foot Necrosis Meningococcal meningitis Streptococcus Vibrio vulnificus Necrotizing fasciitis Gas gangrene Legionella Influenza A Virus Animal bites Sepsis Bubonic plague Frostbite Frostbite is a cold-related injury...	Amputation	Wikipedia	262	2992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation	Biology and health sciences	Medical procedures	null
According to Quran 5:38, the punishment for stealing is the amputation of the hand. Under Sharia law, after repeated offense, the foot may also be cut off. This is still in practice today in countries like Brunei, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and 11 of the 36 states within Nigeria. Cross-amputa...	Amputation	Wikipedia	440	2992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation	Biology and health sciences	Medical procedures	null
Surgeons performing an amputation have to first ligate the supplying artery and vein, so as to prevent hemorrhage (bleeding). The muscles are transected, and finally, the bone is sawed through with an oscillating saw. Sharp and rough edges of bones are filed, skin and muscle flaps are then transposed over the stump, oc...	Amputation	Wikipedia	482	2992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation	Biology and health sciences	Medical procedures	null
A 2017 review found that the use of rigid removable dressings (RRD's) in trans-tibial amputations, rather than soft bandaging, improved healing time, reduced edema, prevented knee flexion contractures and reduced complications, including further amputation, from external trauma such as falls onto the stump. Post-opera...	Amputation	Wikipedia	477	2992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation	Biology and health sciences	Medical procedures	null
In the United States in 1999, there were 14,420 non-fatal traumatic amputations according to the American Statistical Association. Of these, 4,435 occurred as a result of traffic and transportation accidents and 9,985 were due to labor accidents. Of all traumatic amputations, the distribution percentage is 30.75% for t...	Amputation	Wikipedia	471	2992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation	Biology and health sciences	Medical procedures	null
A study found that the patented method called Circulator Boot achieved significant results in prevention of amputation in patients with diabetes and arteriosclerosis. Another study found it also effective for healing limb ulcers caused by peripheral vascular disease. The boot checks the heart rhythm and compresses the ...	Amputation	Wikipedia	493	2992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation	Biology and health sciences	Medical procedures	null
Another side effect can be heterotopic ossification, especially when a bone injury is combined with a head injury. The brain signals the bone to grow instead of scar tissue to form, and nodules and other growth can interfere with prosthetics and sometimes require further operations. This type of injury has been especia...	Amputation	Wikipedia	470	2992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation	Biology and health sciences	Medical procedures	null
Notable cases Patch Adams Rick Allen Douglas Bader Götz of the Iron Hand Carl Brashear Lisa Bufano Roberto Carlos Tammy Duckworth Kalamandalam Sankaran Embranthiri Terry Fox Zach Gowen Pete Gray Shaquem Griffin Robert David Hall Bethany Hamilton Hugh Herr Frida Kahlo Ronnie Lott Hari Budha Magar Ai...	Amputation	Wikipedia	93	2992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation	Biology and health sciences	Medical procedures	null
Archaeopteryx (; ), sometimes referred to by its German name, "" ( Primeval Bird) is a genus of bird-like dinosaurs. The name derives from the ancient Greek (archaīos), meaning "ancient", and (ptéryx), meaning "feather" or "wing". Between the late 19th century and the early 21st century, Archaeopteryx was generally a...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	469	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
Most of these twelve fossils include impressions of feathers. Because these feathers are of an advanced form (flight feathers), these fossils are evidence that the evolution of feathers began before the Late Jurassic. The type specimen of Archaeopteryx was discovered just two years after Charles Darwin published On the...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	384	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
The first skeleton, known as the London Specimen (BMNH 37001), was unearthed in 1861 near , Germany, and perhaps given to local physician in return for medical services. He then sold it for £700 (roughly £83,000 in 2020) to the Natural History Museum in London, where it remains. Missing most of its head and neck, it w...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	418	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
The Berlin Specimen (HMN 1880/81) was discovered in 1874 or 1875 on the Blumenberg near , Germany, by farmer Jakob Niemeyer. He sold this precious fossil for the money to buy a cow in 1876, to innkeeper Johann Dörr, who again sold it to Ernst Otto Häberlein, the son of K. Häberlein. Placed on sale between 1877 and 1881...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	483	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
The Eichstätt Specimen (JM 2257) was discovered in 1951 near Workerszell, Germany, and described by Peter Wellnhofer in 1974. Currently located at the Jura Museum in Eichstätt, Germany, it is the smallest known specimen and has the second-best head. It is possibly a separate genus (Jurapteryx recurva) or species (A. re...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	361	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
An eighth, fragmentary specimen was discovered in 1990 in the younger Mörnsheim Formation at Daiting, Suevia. Therefore, it is known as the Daiting Specimen, and had been known since 1996 only from a cast, briefly shown at the Naturkundemuseum in Bamberg. The original was purchased by palaeontologist Raimund Albertsdör...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	283	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
Long in a private collection in Switzerland, the Thermopolis Specimen (WDC CSG 100) was discovered in Bavaria and described in 2005 by Mayr, Pohl, and Peters. Donated to the Wyoming Dinosaur Center in Thermopolis, Wyoming, it has the best-preserved head and feet; most of the neck and the lower jaw have not been preserv...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	439	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
The existence of a thirteenth specimen (the Chicago specimen) was announced in 2024 by the Field Museum in Chicago, US. One of two specimens in an institution outside Europe, the specimen was originally identified in a private collection in Switzerland, and had been acquired by these collectors in 1990, prior to German...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	503	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
Finally, the motives they suggested for a forgery are not strong, and are contradictory; one is that Richard Owen wanted to forge evidence in support of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, which is unlikely given Owen's views toward Darwin and his theory. The other is that Owen wanted to set a trap for Darwin, hoping...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	475	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
Archaeopteryx was roughly the size of a raven, with broad wings that were rounded at the ends and a long tail compared to its body length. It could reach up to in body length and in wingspan, with an estimated mass of . Archaeopteryx feathers, although less documented than its other features, were very similar in str...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	482	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
The body plumage of Archaeopteryx is less well-documented and has only been properly researched in the well-preserved Berlin specimen. Thus, as more than one species seems to be involved, the research into the Berlin specimen's feathers does not necessarily hold true for the rest of the species of Archaeopteryx. In the...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	483	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
In 2011, graduate student Ryan Carney and colleagues performed the first colour study on an Archaeopteryx specimen. Using scanning electron microscopy technology and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, the team was able to detect the structure of melanosomes in the isolated feather specimen described in 1861. The resulta...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	380	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
Today, fossils of the genus Archaeopteryx are usually assigned to one or two species, A. lithographica and A. siemensii, but their taxonomic history is complicated. Ten names have been published for the handful of specimens. As interpreted today, the name A. lithographica only referred to the single feather described b...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	476	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
It has been argued that all the specimens belong to the same species, A. lithographica. Differences do exist among the specimens, and while some researchers regard these as due to the different ages of the specimens, some may be related to actual species diversity. In particular, the Munich, Eichstätt, Solnhofen, and T...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	393	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
If two names are given, the first denotes the original describer of the "species", the second the author on whom the given name combination is based. As always in zoological nomenclature, putting an author's name in parentheses denotes that the taxon was originally described in a different genus. Archaeopteryx lithogr...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	507	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
The discovery of the closely related Xiaotingia in 2011 led to new phylogenetic analyses that suggested that Archaeopteryx is a deinonychosaur rather than an avialan, and therefore, not a "bird" under most common uses of that term. A more thorough analysis was published soon after to test this hypothesis, and failed to...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	391	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
Agnolín and Novas (2013) found Archaeopteryx and (possibly synonymous) Wellnhoferia to be from a clade sister to the lineage including Jeholornis and Pygostylia, with Microraptoria, Unenlagiinae, and the clade containing Anchiornis and Xiaotingia being successively closer outgroups to the Avialae (defined by the author...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	478	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
As in the wings of modern birds, the flight feathers of Archaeopteryx were somewhat asymmetrical and the tail feathers were rather broad. This implies that the wings and tail were used for lift generation, but it is unclear whether Archaeopteryx was capable of flapping flight or simply a glider. The lack of a bony brea...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	446	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
The feathers of Archaeopteryx were asymmetrical. This has been interpreted as evidence that it was a flyer, because flightless birds tend to have symmetrical feathers. Some scientists, including Thomson and Speakman, have questioned this. They studied more than 70 families of living birds, and found that some flightles...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	118	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
In 2010, Robert L. Nudds and Gareth J. Dyke in the journal Science published a paper in which they analysed the rachises of the primary feathers of Confuciusornis and Archaeopteryx. The analysis suggested that the rachises on these two genera were thinner and weaker than those of modern birds relative to body mass. The...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	467	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
In 2004, scientists analysing a detailed CT scan of the braincase of the London Archaeopteryx concluded that its brain was significantly larger than that of most dinosaurs, indicating that it possessed the brain size necessary for flying. The overall brain anatomy was reconstructed using the scan. The reconstruction sh...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	330	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
Archaeopteryx continues to play an important part in scientific debates about the origin and evolution of birds. Some scientists see it as a semi-arboreal climbing animal, following the idea that birds evolved from tree-dwelling gliders (the "trees down" hypothesis for the evolution of flight proposed by O. C. Marsh). ...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	419	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
An histological study by Erickson, Norell, Zhongue, and others in 2009 estimated that Archaeopteryx grew relatively slowly compared to modern birds, presumably because the outermost portions of Archaeopteryx bones appear poorly vascularized; in living vertebrates, poorly vascularized bone is correlated with slow growth...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	415	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
The richness and diversity of the Solnhofen limestones in which all specimens of Archaeopteryx have been found have shed light on an ancient Jurassic Bavaria strikingly different from the present day. The latitude was similar to Florida, though the climate was likely to have been drier, as evidenced by fossils of plant...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	444	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
The lifestyle of Archaeopteryx is difficult to reconstruct and there are several theories regarding it. Some researchers suggest that it was primarily adapted to life on the ground, while other researchers suggest that it was principally arboreal on the basis of the curvature of the claws which has since been questione...	Archaeopteryx	Wikipedia	186	2995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx	Biology and health sciences	General articles	null
In chemistry, an acid–base reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base. It can be used to determine pH via titration. Several theoretical frameworks provide alternative conceptions of the reaction mechanisms and their application in solving related problems; these are called the acid–base the...	Acid–base reaction	Wikipedia	258	3038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base%20reaction	Physical sciences	Chemistry	null
Lavoisier's oxygen theory of acids The first scientific concept of acids and bases was provided by Lavoisier in around 1776. Since Lavoisier's knowledge of strong acids was mainly restricted to oxoacids, such as (nitric acid) and (sulfuric acid), which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded...	Acid–base reaction	Wikipedia	481	3038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base%20reaction	Physical sciences	Chemistry	null
This causes the protonation of water, or the creation of the hydronium () ion. Thus, in modern times, the symbol is interpreted as a shorthand for , because it is now known that a bare proton does not exist as a free species in aqueous solution. This is the species which is measured by pH indicators to measure the aci...	Acid–base reaction	Wikipedia	486	3038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base%20reaction	Physical sciences	Chemistry	null
Whether commercially or domestically prepared, the principles behind baking powder formulations remain the same. The acid–base reaction can be generically represented as shown: The real reactions are more complicated because the acids are complicated. For example, starting with sodium bicarbonate and monocalcium ph...	Acid–base reaction	Wikipedia	322	3038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base%20reaction	Physical sciences	Chemistry	null
Unlike the previous definitions, the Brønsted–Lowry definition does not refer to the formation of salt and solvent, but instead to the formation of conjugate acids and conjugate bases, produced by the transfer of a proton from the acid to the base. In this approach, acids and bases are fundamentally different in behavi...	Acid–base reaction	Wikipedia	510	3038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base%20reaction	Physical sciences	Chemistry	null
In the Brønsted–Lowry model, the solvent does not necessarily have to be water, as is required by the Arrhenius Acid–Base model. For example, consider what happens when acetic acid, , dissolves in liquid ammonia. An ion is removed from acetic acid, forming its conjugate base, the acetate ion, . The addition of an io...	Acid–base reaction	Wikipedia	387	3038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base%20reaction	Physical sciences	Chemistry	null
is a typical Lewis acid, Lewis base reaction. All compounds of group 13 elements with a formula can behave as Lewis acids. Similarly, compounds of group 15 elements with a formula , such as amines, , and phosphines, , can behave as Lewis bases. Adducts between them have the formula with a dative covalent bond, shown ...	Acid–base reaction	Wikipedia	460	3038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base%20reaction	Physical sciences	Chemistry	null
Some aprotic systems also undergo such dissociation, such as dinitrogen tetroxide into nitrosonium and nitrate, antimony trichloride into dichloroantimonium and tetrachloroantimonate, and phosgene into chlorocarboxonium and chloride: A solute that causes an increase in the concentration of the solvonium ions and a dec...	Acid–base reaction	Wikipedia	506	3038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base%20reaction	Physical sciences	Chemistry	null
Usanovich definition Mikhail Usanovich developed a general theory that does not restrict acidity to hydrogen-containing compounds, but his approach, published in 1938, was even more general than Lewis theory. Usanovich's theory can be summarized as defining an acid as anything that accepts negative species or donates p...	Acid–base reaction	Wikipedia	490	3038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base%20reaction	Physical sciences	Chemistry	null
The equilibrium constant for this reaction can be derived from the acid dissociation constants of adenine and of the dihydrogen phosphate ion. The notation [X] signifies "concentration of X". When these two equations are combined by eliminating the hydrogen ion concentration, an expression for the equilibrium constant...	Acid–base reaction	Wikipedia	215	3038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base%20reaction	Physical sciences	Chemistry	null
Autumn, also known as fall, is one of the four temperate seasons on Earth. Outside the tropics, autumn marks the transition from summer to winter, in September (Northern Hemisphere) or March (Southern Hemisphere). Autumn is the season when the duration of daylight becomes noticeably shorter and the temperature cools co...	Autumn	Wikipedia	364	3049	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn	Physical sciences	Seasons	null
Under the traditional East Asian solar term system, autumn starts on or around 8 August and ends on or about 7 November. In Ireland, the autumn months according to the national meteorological service, Met Éireann, are September, October, and November. However, according to the Irish Calendar, which is based on ancient ...	Autumn	Wikipedia	501	3049	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn	Physical sciences	Seasons	null
During the 17th century, English settlers began emigrating to the new North American colonies, and took the English language with them. While the term fall gradually became nearly obsolete in Britain, it became the more common term in North America. The name backend, a once common name for the season in Northern Engla...	Autumn	Wikipedia	444	3049	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn	Physical sciences	Seasons	null
Similar examples may be found in Irish poet W.B. Yeats' poem The Wild Swans at Coole where the maturing season that the poet observes symbolically represents his own ageing self. Like the natural world that he observes, he too has reached his prime and now must look forward to the inevitability of old age and death. Fr...	Autumn	Wikipedia	484	3049	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn	Physical sciences	Seasons	null
Television stations and networks, particularly in North America, traditionally begin their regular seasons in their autumn, with new series and new episodes of existing series debuting mostly during late September or early October (series that debut outside the autumn season are usually known as mid-season replacements...	Autumn	Wikipedia	502	3049	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn	Physical sciences	Seasons	null
Eastern Canada and New England are famous for their autumnal foliage, and this attracts major tourism (worth billions of US dollars) for the regions. Views of autumn Allegories of autumn in art	Autumn	Wikipedia	39	3049	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn	Physical sciences	Seasons	null
\|- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" \| Note (category: variability): \|\| H and K emission vary. Arcturus is the brightest star in the northern constellation of Boötes. With an apparent visual magnitude of −0.05, it is the fourth-brightest star in the night sky, and the brightest in the northern celestial hemisphere. The name Arcturus...	Arcturus	Wikipedia	372	3072	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus	Physical sciences	Notable stars	null
With an apparent visual magnitude of −0.05, Arcturus is the brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere and the fourth-brightest star in the night sky, after Sirius (−1.46 apparent magnitude), Canopus (−0.72) and α Centauri (combined magnitude of −0.27). However, α Centauri AB is a binary star, whose components...	Arcturus	Wikipedia	502	3072	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus	Physical sciences	Notable stars	null
Based upon an annual parallax shift of 88.83 milliarcseconds, as measured by the Hipparcos satellite, Arcturus is from Earth. The parallax margin of error is 0.54 milliarcseconds, translating to a distance margin of error of ±. Because of its proximity, Arcturus has a high proper motion, two arcseconds a year, greater...	Arcturus	Wikipedia	380	3072	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus	Physical sciences	Notable stars	null
There have been suggestions that Arcturus might be a member of a binary system with a faint, cool companion, but no companion has been directly detected. In the absence of a binary companion, the mass of Arcturus cannot be measured directly, but models suggest it is slightly greater than that of the Sun. Evolutionary m...	Arcturus	Wikipedia	414	3072	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus	Physical sciences	Notable stars	null
The spectrum shows a dramatic transition from emission lines in the ultraviolet to atomic absorption lines in the visible range and molecular absorption lines in the infrared. This is due to the optical depth of the atmosphere varying with wavelength. The spectrum shows very strong absorption in some molecular lines th...	Arcturus	Wikipedia	416	3072	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus	Physical sciences	Notable stars	null
In 1993, radial velocity measurements of Aldebaran, Arcturus and Pollux showed that Arcturus exhibited a long-period radial velocity oscillation, which could be interpreted as a substellar companion. This substellar object would be nearly 12 times the mass of Jupiter and be located roughly at the same orbital distance ...	Arcturus	Wikipedia	448	3072	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus	Physical sciences	Notable stars	null
In ancient Greek, the star is found in ancient astronomical literature, e.g. Hesiod's Work and Days, circa 700 BC, as well as Hipparchus's and Ptolemy's star catalogs. The folk-etymology connecting the star name with the bears (Greek: ἄρκτος, arktos) was probably invented much later. It fell out of use in favour of Ara...	Arcturus	Wikipedia	478	3072	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus	Physical sciences	Notable stars	null
The Wotjobaluk Koori people of southeastern Australia knew Arcturus as Marpean-kurrk, mother of Djuit (Antares) and another star in Boötes, Weet-kurrk (Muphrid). Its appearance in the north signified the arrival of the larvae of the wood ant (a food item) in spring. The beginning of summer was marked by the star's sett...	Arcturus	Wikipedia	380	3072	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus	Physical sciences	Notable stars	null
Arcturus had several other names that described its significance to indigenous Polynesians. In the Society Islands, Arcturus, called Ana-tahua-taata-metua-te-tupu-mavae ("a pillar to stand by"), was one of the ten "pillars of the sky", bright stars that represented the ten heavens of the Tahitian afterlife. In Hawaii, ...	Arcturus	Wikipedia	484	3072	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus	Physical sciences	Notable stars	null
The Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra, compiled at the end of the 4th century or beginning of the 5th century, names one of Avalokiteśvaras meditative absorptions as "The face of Arcturus". One of the possible etymologies offered for the name "Arthur" assumes that it is derived from "Arcturus" and that the late 5th to early 6th-cent...	Arcturus	Wikipedia	261	3072	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus	Physical sciences	Notable stars	null
Antares is the brightest star in the constellation of Scorpius. It has the Bayer designation α Scorpii, which is Latinised to Alpha Scorpii. Often referred to as "the heart of the scorpion", Antares is flanked by σ Scorpii and τ Scorpii near the center of the constellation. Distinctly reddish when viewed with the naked...	Antares	Wikipedia	377	3076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antares	Physical sciences	Notable stars	Astronomy
α Scorpii (Latinised to Alpha Scorpii) is the star's Bayer designation. Antares has the Flamsteed designation 21 Scorpii, as well as catalogue designations such as HR 6134 in the Bright Star Catalogue and HD 148478 in the Henry Draper Catalogue. As a prominent infrared source, it appears in the Two Micron All-Sky Surve...	Antares	Wikipedia	465	3076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antares	Physical sciences	Notable stars	Astronomy
For two to three weeks on either side of November 30, Antares is not visible in the night sky from mid-northern latitudes, because it is near conjunction with the Sun. In higher northern latitudes, Antares is only visible low in the south in summertime. Higher than 64° northern latitude, the star does not rise at all. ...	Antares	Wikipedia	460	3076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antares	Physical sciences	Notable stars	Astronomy
Antares is 4.57 degrees south of the ecliptic, one of four first magnitude stars within 6° of the ecliptic (the others are Spica, Regulus and Aldebaran), so it can be occulted by the Moon. The occultation of 31 July 2009 was visible in much of southern Asia and the Middle East. Every year around December 2 the Sun pass...	Antares	Wikipedia	493	3076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antares	Physical sciences	Notable stars	Astronomy
Early measurements of the pair found them to be about apart in 1847–49, or apart in 1848. More modern observations consistently give separations around . The variations in the separation are often interpreted as evidence of orbital motion, but are more likely to be simply observational inaccuracies with very little t...	Antares	Wikipedia	506	3076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antares	Physical sciences	Notable stars	Astronomy
Like most cool supergiants, Antares's size has much uncertainty due to the tenuous and translucent nature of the extended outer regions of the star. Defining an effective temperature is difficult due to spectral lines being generated at different depths in the atmosphere, and linear measurements produce different resul...	Antares	Wikipedia	478	3076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antares	Physical sciences	Notable stars	Astronomy
Antares B Antares B is a magnitude 5.5 blue-white main-sequence star of spectral type B2.5V; it also has numerous unusual spectral lines suggesting it has been polluted by matter ejected by Antares. It is assumed to be a relatively normal early-B main sequence star with a mass around , a temperature around , and a radi...	Antares	Wikipedia	478	3076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antares	Physical sciences	Notable stars	Astronomy
In Persia, Antares was known as one of the four "royal stars". In India, it with σ Scorpii and τ Scorpii were Jyeshthā (the eldest or biggest, probably attributing its huge size), one of the nakshatra (Hindu lunar mansions). The ancient Chinese called Antares 心宿二 (Xīnxiù'èr, "second star of the Heart"), because it was...	Antares	Wikipedia	315	3076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antares	Physical sciences	Notable stars	Astronomy
Aldebaran () (Proto-Semitic *dVbr- “bee”) is a star located in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. It has the Bayer designation α Tauri, which is Latinized to Alpha Tauri and abbreviated Alpha Tau or α Tau. Aldebaran varies in brightness from an apparent visual magnitude 0.75 down to 0.95, making it the brightest star ...	Aldebaran	Wikipedia	425	3077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldebaran	Physical sciences	Notable stars	Astronomy
Aldebaran and several nearby stars are included in double star catalogues such as the Washington Double Star Catalog as WDS 04359+1631 and the Aitken Double Star Catalogue as ADS 3321. It was included with an 11th-magnitude companion as a double star as H IV 66 in the Herschel Catalogue of Double Stars and Σ II 2 in th...	Aldebaran	Wikipedia	464	3077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldebaran	Physical sciences	Notable stars	Astronomy
On 11 March AD 509, a lunar occultation of Aldebaran was observed in Athens, Greece. English astronomer Edmund Halley studied the timing of this event, and in 1718 concluded that Aldebaran must have changed position since that time, moving several minutes of arc further to the north. This, as well as observations of th...	Aldebaran	Wikipedia	491	3077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldebaran	Physical sciences	Notable stars	Astronomy
Aldebaran was observed using an interferometer attached to the Hooker Telescope at the Mount Wilson Observatory in 1921 in order to measure its angular diameter, but it was not resolved in these observations. The extensive history of observations of Aldebaran led to it being included in the list of 33 stars chosen as ...	Aldebaran	Wikipedia	487	3077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldebaran	Physical sciences	Notable stars	Astronomy
The photosphere shows abundances of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen that suggest the giant has gone through its first dredge-up stage—a normal step in the evolution of a star into a red giant during which material from deep within the star is brought up to the surface by convection. With its slow rotation, Aldebaran lacks...	Aldebaran	Wikipedia	395	3077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldebaran	Physical sciences	Notable stars	Astronomy
Some surveys, for example Gaia Data Release 2, have indicated that Alpha Tauri B may have about the same proper motion and parallax as Aldebaran and thus may be a physical binary system. These measurements are difficult, since the dim B component appears so close to the bright primary star, and the margin of error is t...	Aldebaran	Wikipedia	404	3077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldebaran	Physical sciences	Notable stars	Astronomy
In 2015 a study showed stable long-term evidence for both a planetary companion and stellar activity. An asteroseismic analysis of the residuals to the planet fit has determined that Aldebaran b has a minimum mass of Jupiter masses, and that when the star was on the main sequence it would have given this planet Earth-...	Aldebaran	Wikipedia	407	3077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldebaran	Physical sciences	Notable stars	Astronomy
In Chinese, (), meaning , refers to an asterism consisting of Aldebaran, ε Tauri, δ3 Tauri, δ1 Tauri, γ Tauri, 71 Tauri and λ Tauri. Consequently, the Chinese name for Aldebaran itself is (), . In Hawaiian, the star is named Kapuahi. In Biblical Hebrew, עָשׁ (ʿāš) in Job 9:9 and עַ֫יִשׁ (ʿayiš) in Job 38:32 have be...	Aldebaran	Wikipedia	475	3077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldebaran	Physical sciences	Notable stars	Astronomy
The Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach proposed the name aldebaranium (chemical symbol Ad) for a rare earth element that he (among others) had found. Today, it is called ytterbium (symbol Yb).	Aldebaran	Wikipedia	51	3077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldebaran	Physical sciences	Notable stars	Astronomy
Altair is the brightest star in the constellation of Aquila and the twelfth-brightest star in the night sky. It has the Bayer designation Alpha Aquilae, which is Latinised from α Aquilae and abbreviated Alpha Aql or α Aql. Altair is an A-type main-sequence star with an apparent visual magnitude of 0.77 and is one of th...	Altair	Wikipedia	404	3078	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair	Physical sciences	Notable stars	Astronomy
Altair is a type-A main-sequence star with about 1.8 times the mass of the Sun and 11 times its luminosity. It is thought to be a young star close to the zero age main sequence at about 100 million years old, although previous estimates gave an age closer to one billion years old. Altair rotates rapidly, with a rotati...	Altair	Wikipedia	417	3078	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair	Physical sciences	Notable stars	Astronomy
Theory predicts that, owing to Altair's rapid rotation, its surface gravity and effective temperature should be lower at the equator, making the equator less luminous than the poles. This phenomenon, known as gravity darkening or the von Zeipel effect, was confirmed for Altair by measurements made by the Navy Precision...	Altair	Wikipedia	509	3078	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair	Physical sciences	Notable stars	Astronomy

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