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Bald men are more 'virile' or sexually active than others
Levels of free testosterone are strongly linked to libido and DHT levels, but unless free testosterone is virtually nonexistent, levels have not been shown to affect virility. Men with androgenic alopecia are more likely to have a higher baseline of free androg... | Pattern hair loss | Wikipedia | 510 | 5165199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20hair%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
Although nonhuman primates do not go bald, their hairlines do undergo recession. In infancy the hairline starts at the top of the supraorbital ridge, but slowly recedes after puberty to create the appearance of a small forehead. | Pattern hair loss | Wikipedia | 52 | 5165199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20hair%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
Palpation is the process of using one's hands to check the body, especially while perceiving/diagnosing a disease or illness. Usually performed by a health care practitioner, it is the process of feeling an object in or on the body to determine its size, shape, firmness, or location (for example, a veterinarian can fee... | Palpation | Wikipedia | 502 | 1404351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpation | Biology and health sciences | Diagnostics | Health |
Tactile palpation is one of the oldest, simplest, and least expensive methods for approximate intraocular pressure assessment.
Quantitative palpation of anatomical landmarks for measurements must occur according to strict protocols if one wishes to achieve reproducible measurements. Palpation protocols are usually bas... | Palpation | Wikipedia | 476 | 1404351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpation | Biology and health sciences | Diagnostics | Health |
Use of standardized definitions for the above activities allows better result comparison and exchange; this is a key element for patient follow-up or the elaboration of quality clinical and research databases. Such definitions also allow acceptable repeat ability by individuals with different backgrounds (physiotherapi... | Palpation | Wikipedia | 498 | 1404351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpation | Biology and health sciences | Diagnostics | Health |
Thermolabile refers to a substance which is subject to, decomposition, or change in response to heat. This term is often used
describe biochemical substances.
For example, many bacterial exotoxins are thermolabile and can be easily inactivated by the application of moderate heat.
Enzymes are also thermolabile and los... | Thermolabile | Wikipedia | 249 | 1405654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermolabile | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
Electronic engineering is a sub-discipline of electrical engineering that emerged in the early 20th century and is distinguished by the additional use of active components such as semiconductor devices to amplify and control electric current flow. Previously electrical engineering only used passive devices such as mech... | Electronic engineering | Wikipedia | 502 | 28923910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
Telecommunications engineering deals with the transmission of information across a medium such as a co-axial cable, an optical fiber, or free space. Transmissions across free space require information to be encoded in a carrier wave in order to be transmitted, this is known as modulation. Popular analog modulation tech... | Electronic engineering | Wikipedia | 398 | 28923910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
Computer engineering deals with the design of computers and computer systems. This may involve the design of new computer hardware, the design of PDAs or the use of computers to control an industrial plant. Development of embedded systems—systems made for specific tasks (e.g., mobile phones)—is also included in this fi... | Electronic engineering | Wikipedia | 412 | 28923910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
In most countries, a bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first step towards certification and the degree program itself is certified by a professional body. Certification allows engineers to legally sign off on plans for projects affecting public safety. After completing a certified degree program, the engi... | Electronic engineering | Wikipedia | 393 | 28923910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl; Gauss' and Stokes' theorems, Maxwell's equations: differential and integral forms. Wave equation, Poynting vector. Plane waves: propagation through various media; reflection and refraction; phase and group velocity; skin depth. Transmission lines: characteristic impedan... | Electronic engineering | Wikipedia | 493 | 28923910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
Digital circuits: Boolean functions (NOT, AND, OR, XOR,...). Logic gates digital IC families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinational circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers, and decoders. Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters, and shift-registers. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs, ... | Electronic engineering | Wikipedia | 494 | 28923910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
Analog communication systems: amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these operations, superheterodyne noise conditions.
Digital communication systems: pulse-code modulation (PCM), differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM), delta modulation (DM), digital modulation – amplitude, p... | Electronic engineering | Wikipedia | 442 | 28923910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
A light pillar or ice pillar is an atmospheric optical phenomenon in which a vertical beam of light appears to extend above and/or below a light source. The effect is created by the reflection of light from tiny ice crystals that are suspended in the atmosphere or that comprise high-altitude clouds (e.g. cirrostratus o... | Light pillar | Wikipedia | 398 | 6786780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20pillar | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | Earth science |
Interstellar ice consists of grains of volatiles in the ice phase that form in the interstellar medium. Ice and dust grains form the primary material out of which the Solar System was formed. Grains of ice are found in the dense regions of molecular clouds, where new stars are formed. Temperatures in these regions can ... | Interstellar ice | Wikipedia | 507 | 30422155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar%20ice | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
On 18 November 2014, spacecraft Philae revealed presence of large amount of water ice on the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, the report stating that "the strength of the ice found under a layer of dust on the first landing site is surprisingly high". The team responsible for the MUPUS... | Interstellar ice | Wikipedia | 154 | 30422155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar%20ice | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
The international yard and pound are two units of measurement that were the subject of an agreement among representatives of six nations signed on 1 July 1959: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. The agreement defined the yard as exactly and the avoirdupois pound as ... | International yard and pound | Wikipedia | 502 | 37027825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20yard%20and%20pound | Physical sciences | Measurement systems | Basics and measurement |
In 1930, the British Standards Institution adopted an inch of exactly 25.4 millimetres (mm), based on the 1927 light-wave definition of the meter. The American Standards Association followed suit in 1933. By 1935, industry in 16 countries had adopted the "industrial inch" as it came to be known. In 1946, the British Co... | International yard and pound | Wikipedia | 345 | 37027825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20yard%20and%20pound | Physical sciences | Measurement systems | Basics and measurement |
Elaeis guineensis is a species of palm commonly just called oil palm but also sometimes African oil palm or macaw-fat. The first Western person to describe it and bring back seeds was the French naturalist Michel Adanson.
It is native to west and southwest Africa, specifically the area between Angola and The Gambia; t... | Elaeis guineensis | Wikipedia | 456 | 37031747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis%20guineensis | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
For each hectare of oil palm, which is harvested year-round, the annual production averages 20 tonnes of fruit yielding of palm oil and of seed kernels yielding of high-quality palm kernel oil, as well as of kernel meal. Kernel meal is processed for use as livestock feed.
All modern, commercial planting material... | Elaeis guineensis | Wikipedia | 382 | 37031747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis%20guineensis | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
After the work of Beirnaert and Vanderweyen (1941), it became feasible to monitor the efficacy of controlled pollination. From 1963 until the introduction of the palm-pollinating weevil Elaeidobius kamerunicus in 1982, contamination in Malaysia's commercial plantings was generally low. Thrips, the main pollinating agen... | Elaeis guineensis | Wikipedia | 461 | 37031747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis%20guineensis | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
Disease
Worldwide the two most impactful diseases are Ganoderma orbiforme (syn. Ganoderma boninense, basal stem rot, BSR, reviewed by Chong et al., 2017) and Phytophthora palmivora (bud rot, reviewed by Torres et al. 2016). The earliest stages of data gathering and investigation have been performed for disease resistan... | Elaeis guineensis | Wikipedia | 353 | 37031747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis%20guineensis | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
In a 2007 study in Portugal, scientists suggested control of the fungus on oil palms would benefit from further consideration of the process as one of white rot. Ganoderma is an extraordinary organism capable exclusively of degrading lignin to carbon dioxide and water; celluloses are then available as nutrients for the... | Elaeis guineensis | Wikipedia | 329 | 37031747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis%20guineensis | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
Endophytic bacteria
Endophytic bacteria are organisms inhabiting plant organs that at some time in their life cycles can colonize the internal plant tissues without causing apparent harm to the host. Introducing endophytic bacteria to the roots to control plant disease is to manipulate the indigenous bacterial communit... | Elaeis guineensis | Wikipedia | 496 | 37031747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis%20guineensis | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
Other arthropods
Other arthropods include: Bagworm moths (the Psychidae family), the coconut rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros), Rhynchophorus palmarum (the South American palm weevil), Tirathaba mundella (the oil palm bunch moth), and Tirathaba rufivena (the coconut spike moth).
Vertebrate pests
Mammal pests
Bes... | Elaeis guineensis | Wikipedia | 468 | 37031747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis%20guineensis | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
Basal stem rot
Volatiles and microfocus X-ray fluorescence are two methods can be used to non-invasively detect pre-emergence Ganoderma orbiforme disease as a lab test. Sonic tomography is already in use with good results, at 96% accuracy. On the other hand satellite imagery and computer vision has low classification a... | Elaeis guineensis | Wikipedia | 423 | 37031747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis%20guineensis | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
Federal Land Development Authority (Felda) is the world's biggest oil palm planter, with planted area close to 900,000 hectares in Malaysia and Indonesia. Felda was formed on July 1, 1956, when the Land Development Act came into force with the main aim of eradicating poverty. Settlers were each allocated 10 acres of la... | Elaeis guineensis | Wikipedia | 452 | 37031747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis%20guineensis | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
The high oil yield of oil palms (as high as 7,250 liters per hectare per year) has made it a common cooking ingredient in Southeast Asia and the tropical belt of Africa. Its increasing use in the commercial food industry in other parts of the world is buoyed by its cheaper pricing, the high oxidative stability of the r... | Elaeis guineensis | Wikipedia | 456 | 37031747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis%20guineensis | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
Biodiversity loss (including the potential extinction of charismatic species) is one of the most serious negative effects of oil palm cultivation. On the other hand, it also helps to push invasive species further, e.g. Anoplolepis gracilipes in southeast Asia. Large areas of already threatened tropical rainforest are o... | Elaeis guineensis | Wikipedia | 493 | 37031747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis%20guineensis | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
Environmental groups, such as Greenpeace, claim the deforestation caused by making way for oil palm plantations is far more damaging for the climate than the benefits gained by switching to biofuel. Fresh land clearances, especially in Borneo, are contentious for their environmental impact.
Despite thousands of square ... | Elaeis guineensis | Wikipedia | 508 | 37031747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis%20guineensis | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
By using palm biomass to generate renewable energy, fuels and biodegradable products, both the energy balance and the greenhouse gas emissions balance for palm biodiesel is improved. For every tonne of palm oil produced from fresh fruit bunches, a farmer harvests around 6 tonnes of waste palm fronds, 1 tonne of palm tr... | Elaeis guineensis | Wikipedia | 355 | 37031747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis%20guineensis | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
A network solid or covalent network solid (also called atomic crystalline solids or giant covalent structures) is a chemical compound (or element) in which the atoms are bonded by covalent bonds in a continuous network extending throughout the material. In a network solid there are no individual molecules, and the ent... | Network covalent bonding | Wikipedia | 486 | 24369901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20covalent%20bonding | Physical sciences | Alloys and ceramic compounds | Chemistry |
An iron planet is a type of planet that consists primarily of an iron-rich core with little or no mantle. Mercury is the largest celestial body of this type in the Solar System (as the other terrestrial planets are silicate planets), but larger iron-rich exoplanets are called super-Mercuries.
Iron is the sixth most ab... | Iron planet | Wikipedia | 340 | 25784499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20planet | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Communicating vessels or communicating vases are a set of containers containing a homogeneous fluid and connected sufficiently far below the top of the liquid: when the liquid settles, it balances out to the same level in all of the containers regardless of the shape and volume of the containers. If additional liquid i... | Communicating vessels | Wikipedia | 275 | 25786928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicating%20vessels | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | Physics |
PSR B1937+21 is a pulsar located in the constellation Vulpecula a few degrees in the sky away from the first discovered pulsar, PSR B1919+21. The name PSR B1937+21 is derived from the word "pulsar" and the declination and right ascension at which it is located, with the "B" indicating that the coordinates are for the 1... | PSR B1937+21 | Wikipedia | 496 | 22841263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR%20B1937%2B21 | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
Discovery
In the late 1970s, the radio source 4C21.53 captured the attention of radio astronomers, "because of its anomalously high level of interplanetary scintillation." As interplanetary scintillation is associated with compact radio sources, the interplanetary scintillation observations suggested that 4C21.53 might... | PSR B1937+21 | Wikipedia | 349 | 22841263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR%20B1937%2B21 | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
Age and spin down rate
When Backer et al. reported their finding in November 1982, they found that the rotation period of PSR B1937+21 was increasing at a rate of 3 seconds per second. Pulsars are expected to slow over time, as the energy that they emit is ultimately drawn from the rotational energy of the pulsar. Usin... | PSR B1937+21 | Wikipedia | 247 | 22841263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR%20B1937%2B21 | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
An age of no more than 750 million years for the PSR B1937+21 was at odds with the observations of the region in other wavelengths. No optical supernova remnant, nor bright x-ray source, had been observed in the vicinity of the PSR B1937+21. If PSR B1937+21 was that young, it would not have had time to move far from th... | PSR B1937+21 | Wikipedia | 341 | 22841263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR%20B1937%2B21 | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
The companion which is supposed to have spun-up PSR B1937+21 is no longer present, making it one of few millisecond pulsars which does not have a stellar mass companion. The generally high occurrence of companions to millisecond pulsars is to be expected, considering a companion is necessary to spin-up millisecond puls... | PSR B1937+21 | Wikipedia | 174 | 22841263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR%20B1937%2B21 | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
Pulses
During one period of rotation for PSR B1937+21, there are two peaks observed, known as the pulse and interpulse. PSR B1937+21 is unusual among pulsars in that it occasionally produces pulses far brighter than an average pulse. Until 1995, the sole other pulsar known to produce giant pulses was the Crab pulsar, a... | PSR B1937+21 | Wikipedia | 358 | 22841263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR%20B1937%2B21 | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
Evidence for companions
After the discovery of planetary mass companions around PSR B1257+12 in 1990 by Aleksander Wolszczan, data for PSR B1937+21 and other pulsars were analyzed for the presence of similar companions. By 1994, an upper limit of about one thousandth of the mass of Earth was determined for any compani... | PSR B1937+21 | Wikipedia | 361 | 22841263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR%20B1937%2B21 | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
As the first discovered millisecond pulsar, PSR B1937+21 "sparked a 'theory frenzy'" by providing a new laboratory in which to study pulsars, neutron stars more generally, and perhaps even some other astrophysical problems such as gravitational waves.<ref
name="encounters"></ref> For instance, as the density required t... | PSR B1937+21 | Wikipedia | 275 | 22841263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR%20B1937%2B21 | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
Darwin's frog (Rhinoderma darwinii), also called the Southern Darwin's frog, is a species of Chilean/Argentinian frog of the family Rhinodermatidae. It was discovered by Charles Darwin during his voyage on HMS Beagle. on a trip to Chile. In 1841, French zoologist André Marie Constant Duméril and his assistant Gabriel B... | Darwin's frog | Wikipedia | 423 | 2045961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s%20frog | Biology and health sciences | Frogs and toads | Animals |
Habitat and distribution
Darwin's frog is found in Chile and Argentina. R. darwinii is mainly found in the Valdivian Temperate Rain Forest which covers parts of both Chile and Argentina. In Chile, its range extends from Concepción Province to Palena Province and in Argentina from Neuquén Province and Río Negro Provinc... | Darwin's frog | Wikipedia | 430 | 2045961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s%20frog | Biology and health sciences | Frogs and toads | Animals |
Since 2018, the species is classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. A 2013 study reported results of a population survey conducted from 2008–2012, which found the species at just 36 of 223 previously recorded habitat sites, with small populations at those sites. The recent change in its conservation category in I... | Darwin's frog | Wikipedia | 484 | 2045961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s%20frog | Biology and health sciences | Frogs and toads | Animals |
Rhinoderma darwinii style of predation has been characterized as "sit and wait". This method seems to conserve energy and allows R. darwinii to evade predators effectively.
Reproduction
Male R. darwinii will call to attract females in an attempt to mate. It has even been shown that male R. darwinii will call when bro... | Darwin's frog | Wikipedia | 390 | 2045961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s%20frog | Biology and health sciences | Frogs and toads | Animals |
In captivity, R. darwinii parents have been observed to leave the eggs unattended for around 3 weeks (some R. darwinii males will guard the eggs for these 3 weeks). Further, captive males have been shown to exhibit alloparental behavior. Foster males have been shown to take a defensive stance at the eggs (oviposition d... | Darwin's frog | Wikipedia | 361 | 2045961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s%20frog | Biology and health sciences | Frogs and toads | Animals |
The tadpoles that did not survive were converted into nutrition for the foster male and he digested them.
The tadpoles died in the vocal sac of the foster male. The nutrients from these dead tadpoles served as sustenance for the surviving tadpoles occupying the vocal sac of the foster male. This phenomenon of one embr... | Darwin's frog | Wikipedia | 402 | 2045961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s%20frog | Biology and health sciences | Frogs and toads | Animals |
In recent years, studies have shown that R. darwinii have shown variation in Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection across populations. In populations where there were high Bd infection rates, there are observed to be higher population growth rates. Similarly, in populations with low Bd infection rates, there are obs... | Darwin's frog | Wikipedia | 480 | 2045961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s%20frog | Biology and health sciences | Frogs and toads | Animals |
Nuclear fuel refers to any substance, typically fissile material, which is used by nuclear power stations or other nuclear devices to generate energy.
Oxide fuel
For fission reactors, the fuel (typically based on uranium) is usually based on the metal oxide; the oxides are used rather than the metals themselves becau... | Nuclear fuel | Wikipedia | 469 | 2046416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fuel | Technology | Fuel | null |
Some concern has been expressed that used MOX cores will introduce new disposal challenges, though MOX is a means to dispose of surplus plutonium by transmutation. Reprocessing of commercial nuclear fuel to make MOX was done in the Sellafield MOX Plant (England). As of 2015, MOX fuel is made in France at the Marcoule N... | Nuclear fuel | Wikipedia | 507 | 2046416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fuel | Technology | Fuel | null |
TRIGA fuel
TRIGA fuel is used in TRIGA (Training, Research, Isotopes, General Atomics) reactors. The TRIGA reactor uses UZrH fuel, which has a prompt negative fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity, meaning that as the temperature of the core increases, the reactivity decreases—so it is highly unlikely for a meltdo... | Nuclear fuel | Wikipedia | 445 | 2046416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fuel | Technology | Fuel | null |
As the nitrogen needed for such a fuel would be so expensive it is likely that the fuel would require pyroprocessing to enable recovery of the 15N. It is likely that if the fuel was processed and dissolved in nitric acid that the nitrogen enriched with 15N would be diluted with the common 14N. Fluoride volatility is a ... | Nuclear fuel | Wikipedia | 339 | 2046416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fuel | Technology | Fuel | null |
The high thermal conductivity and high melting point makes uranium carbide an attractive fuel. In addition, because of the absence of oxygen in this fuel (during the course of irradiation, excess gas pressure can build from the formation of O2 or other gases) as well as the ability to complement a ceramic coating (a ce... | Nuclear fuel | Wikipedia | 340 | 2046416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fuel | Technology | Fuel | null |
A liquid core is able to release xenon gas, which normally acts as a neutron absorber ( is the strongest known neutron poison and is produced both directly and as a decay product of as a fission product) and causes structural occlusions in solid fuel elements (leading to the early replacement of solid fuel rods with o... | Nuclear fuel | Wikipedia | 506 | 2046416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fuel | Technology | Fuel | null |
Liquid metals or alloys
The dual fluid reactor (DFR) has a variant DFR/m which works with eutectic liquid metal alloys, e.g. U-Cr or U-Fe.
Common physical forms
Uranium dioxide (UO2) powder is compacted to cylindrical pellets and sintered at high temperatures to produce ceramic nuclear fuel pellets with a high densit... | Nuclear fuel | Wikipedia | 366 | 2046416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fuel | Technology | Fuel | null |
Pressurized water reactor fuel
Pressurized water reactor (PWR) fuel consists of cylindrical rods put into bundles. A uranium oxide ceramic is formed into pellets and inserted into Zircaloy tubes that are bundled together. The Zircaloy tubes are about in diameter, and the fuel cladding gap is filled with helium gas to ... | Nuclear fuel | Wikipedia | 360 | 2046416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fuel | Technology | Fuel | null |
Canada deuterium uranium fuel
Canada deuterium uranium fuel (CANDU) fuel bundles are about long and in diameter. They consist of sintered (UO2) pellets in zirconium alloy tubes, welded to zirconium alloy end plates. Each bundle weighs roughly , and a typical core loading is on the order of 4500–6500 bundles, dependin... | Nuclear fuel | Wikipedia | 485 | 2046416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fuel | Technology | Fuel | null |
It limits the maximum temperature, and hence the thermal efficiency, of the plant.
It reacts with water, preventing long-term storage of spent fuel under water - such as in a spent fuel pool.
Magnox fuel incorporated cooling fins to provide maximum heat transfer despite low operating temperatures, making it expensive... | Nuclear fuel | Wikipedia | 439 | 2046416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fuel | Technology | Fuel | null |
TRISO fuel particles were originally developed in the United Kingdom as part of the Dragon reactor project. The inclusion of the SiC as diffusion barrier was first suggested by D. T. Livey. The first nuclear reactor to use TRISO fuels was the Dragon reactor and the first powerplant was the THTR-300. Currently, TRISO fu... | Nuclear fuel | Wikipedia | 498 | 2046416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fuel | Technology | Fuel | null |
CerMet fuel
CerMet fuel consists of ceramic fuel particles (usually uranium oxide) embedded in a metal matrix. It is hypothesized that this type of fuel is what is used in United States Navy reactors. This fuel has high heat transport characteristics and can withstand a large amount of expansion.
Plate-type fuel
Plat... | Nuclear fuel | Wikipedia | 444 | 2046416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fuel | Technology | Fuel | null |
Used nuclear fuel is a complex mixture of the fission products, uranium, plutonium, and the transplutonium metals. In fuel which has been used at high temperature in power reactors it is common for the fuel to be heterogeneous; often the fuel will contain nanoparticles of platinum group metals such as palladium. Also t... | Nuclear fuel | Wikipedia | 440 | 2046416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fuel | Technology | Fuel | null |
The thermal conductivity of uranium dioxide is low; it is affected by porosity and burn-up. The burn-up results in fission products being dissolved in the lattice (such as lanthanides), the precipitation of fission products such as palladium, the formation of fission gas bubbles due to fission products such as xenon an... | Nuclear fuel | Wikipedia | 456 | 2046416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fuel | Technology | Fuel | null |
An atomic battery (also called a nuclear battery or radioisotope battery) is a device which uses the radioactive decay to generate electricity. These systems use radioisotopes that produce low energy beta particles or sometimes alpha particles of varying energies. Low energy beta particles are needed to prevent the pro... | Nuclear fuel | Wikipedia | 511 | 2046416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fuel | Technology | Fuel | null |
Their function is to provide highly localised heating of sensitive equipment (such as electronics in outer space). The Cassini–Huygens orbiter to Saturn contains 82 of these units (in addition to its 3 main RTGs for power generation). The Huygens probe to Titan contains 35 devices.
Fusion fuels
Fusion fuels are fuels... | Nuclear fuel | Wikipedia | 489 | 2046416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fuel | Technology | Fuel | null |
Third-generation fusion fuels produce only charged particles in the primary reactions, and side reactions are relatively unimportant. Since a very small amount of neutrons is produced, there would be little induced radioactivity in the walls of the fusion chamber. This is often seen as the end goal of fusion research. ... | Nuclear fuel | Wikipedia | 224 | 2046416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fuel | Technology | Fuel | null |
The ground tissue of plants includes all tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular. It can be divided into three types based on the nature of the cell walls. This tissue system is present between the dermal tissue and forms the main bulk of the plant body.
Parenchyma cells have thin primary walls and usually remai... | Ground tissue | Wikipedia | 407 | 2049869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground%20tissue | Biology and health sciences | Plant tissues | null |
Parenchyma cells have a variety of functions:
In leaves, they form two layers of mesophyll cells immediately beneath the epidermis of the leaf, that are responsible for photosynthesis and the exchange of gases. These layers are called the palisade parenchyma and spongy mesophyll. Palisade parenchyma cells can be eithe... | Ground tissue | Wikipedia | 510 | 2049869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground%20tissue | Biology and health sciences | Plant tissues | null |
Collenchyma tissue is composed of elongated cells with irregularly thickened walls. They provide structural support, particularly in growing shoots and leaves (as seen, for example, the resilient strands in stalks of celery). Collenchyma cells are usually living, and have only a thick primary cell wall made up of cellu... | Ground tissue | Wikipedia | 452 | 2049869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground%20tissue | Biology and health sciences | Plant tissues | null |
Unlike the collenchyma, mature sclerenchyma is composed of dead cells with extremely thick cell walls (secondary walls) that make up to 90% of the whole cell volume. The term sclerenchyma is derived from the Greek σκληρός (sklērós), meaning "hard." It is the hard, thick walls that make sclerenchyma cells important stre... | Ground tissue | Wikipedia | 307 | 2049869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground%20tissue | Biology and health sciences | Plant tissues | null |
Contrasting are hard fibers that are mostly found in monocots. Typical examples are the fiber of many grasses, Agave sisalana (sisal), Yucca or Phormium tenax, Musa textilis and others. Their cell walls contain, besides cellulose, a high proportion of lignin. The load-bearing capacity of Phormium tenax is as high as 20... | Ground tissue | Wikipedia | 448 | 2049869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground%20tissue | Biology and health sciences | Plant tissues | null |
They are small bundles of sclerenchyma tissue in plants that form durable layers, such as the cores of apples and the gritty texture of pears (Pyrus communis). Sclereids are variable in shape. The cells can be isodiametric, prosenchymatic, forked or elaborately branched. They can be grouped into bundles, can form compl... | Ground tissue | Wikipedia | 253 | 2049869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground%20tissue | Biology and health sciences | Plant tissues | null |
Arsinoitherium is an extinct genus of paenungulate mammals belonging to the extinct order Embrithopoda. It is related to elephants, sirenians, and hyraxes. Arsinoitheres were superficially rhinoceros-like herbivores that lived during the Late Eocene and the Early Oligocene of North Africa from 36 to 30 million years ag... | Arsinoitherium | Wikipedia | 489 | 2050678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsinoitherium | Biology and health sciences | Other afrotheres | Animals |
The most noticeable features of Arsinoitherium were a pair of enormous horns above the nose and a second pair of tiny knob-like horns over the eyes. These were structurally similar to the horns of modern bovids. While reconstructions usually show them as similar to the ossicones of giraffes, in life each bony core may ... | Arsinoitherium | Wikipedia | 307 | 2050678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsinoitherium | Biology and health sciences | Other afrotheres | Animals |
Environmental biotechnology is biotechnology that is applied to and used to study the natural environment. Environmental biotechnology could also imply that one try to harness biological process for commercial uses and exploitation. The International Society for Environmental Biotechnology defines environmental biote... | Environmental biotechnology | Wikipedia | 501 | 2051037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20biotechnology | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
On the other hand, these newly introduced microorganisms could create an imbalance in the environment concerned. The mutual harmony in which the organisms in that particular environment existed may have to face alteration and we should be extremely careful so as to not disturb the mutual relationships already existing ... | Environmental biotechnology | Wikipedia | 198 | 2051037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20biotechnology | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Mosasaurus (; "lizard of the Meuse River") is the type genus (defining example) of the mosasaurs, an extinct group of aquatic squamate reptiles. It lived from about 82 to 66 million years ago during the Campanian and Maastrichtian stages of the Late Cretaceous. The genus was one of the first Mesozoic marine reptiles kn... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 266 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
The largest species, M. hoffmannii, is estimated to measure up to in maximum length, making it one of the largest mosasaurs. The skull of Mosasaurus had robust jaws and strong muscles capable of powerful bites using dozens of large teeth adapted for cutting prey. Its four limbs were shaped into paddles to steer the an... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 264 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
Fossil evidence suggests Mosasaurus inhabited much of the Atlantic Ocean and the adjacent seaways. Mosasaurus fossils have been found in North and South America, Europe, Africa, Western Asia, and Antarctica. This distribution encompassed a wide range of oceanic climates including tropical, subtropical, temperate, and s... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 310 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
The first Mosasaurus fossil known to science was discovered in 1764 in a chalk quarry near Maastricht in the Netherlands in the form of a skull, which was initially identified as a whale. This specimen, cataloged as TM 7424, is now on display at the Teylers Museum in Haarlem. Later around 1780, the quarry produced a se... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 212 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
After its seizure, the second skull was sent to the National Museum of Natural History, France in 1795 and later cataloged as MNHN AC 9648. By 1800, Camper's son Adriaan Gilles Camper concluded that the fossil, which by then was nicknamed the "great animal of Maastricht", belonged to a marine reptile sharing affinities... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 446 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
The type specimen of M. missouriensis was first described in 1834 by Richard Harlan based on a snout fragment found along the river's Big Bend, in South Dakota. In reference to its discovery made in the river, he coined the specific epithet and initially identified it as a species of Ichthyosaurus but later as an amph... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 403 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
The fourth species M. lemonnieri was described in 1889 by Louis Dollo on the basis of a relatively complete skull discovered in a quarry owned by the Solvay S.A. company in the Ciply Basin of Belgium. This skull, since numbered as IRSNB R28, is one of the many fossils donated by the then director of this quarry, Alfred... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 508 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
Scientists during the early and mid-1800s initially imagined Mosasaurus as an amphibious marine reptile with webbed feet and limbs for walking. This was based on fossils like the M. missouriensis holotype, which indicated an elastic vertebral column that Goldfuss in 1845 saw as evidence of an ability to walk and interp... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 406 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
Mosasaurus was a type of derived mosasaur, or a latecoming member with advanced evolutionary traits such as a fully aquatic lifestyle. As such, it had a streamlined body, an elongated tail ending with a downturn supporting a two-lobed fin, and two pairs of flippers. While in the past derived mosasaurs were depicted as ... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 427 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
Isolated bones suggest some M. hoffmannii may have exceeded the lengths of the Penza specimen. One such bone is a quadrate (NHMM 003892) which is 150% larger than the average size, which Everhart and colleagues in 2016 reported can be extrapolated to scale an individual around in length. It was not stated whether they... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 304 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
The skull of Mosasaurus is conical and tapers off to a short snout which extends a little beyond the frontmost teeth. In M. hoffmannii, this snout is blunt, while in M. lemonnieri it is pointed. Above the gum line in both jaws, a single row of small pits known as foramina are lined parallel to the jawline; they are use... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 398 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
The palate, which consists of the pterygoid bones, palatine bone, and nearby processes of other bones, is tightly packed to provide greater cranial stability. The neurocranium housed a brain which was narrow and relatively small compared to other mosasaurs. For example, the braincase of the mosasaur Plioplatecarpus mar... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 282 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
The features of teeth in Mosasaurus vary across species, but unifying characteristics include a design specialized for cutting prey, highly prismatic surfaces (enamel circumference shaped by flat sides called prisms), and two opposite cutting edges. Mosasaurus teeth are large and robust except for those in M. conodon a... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 271 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
Like all mosasaurs, Mosasaurus had four types of teeth, classified based on the jaw bones they were located on. On the upper jaw, there were three types: the premaxillary teeth, maxillary teeth, and pterygoid teeth. On the lower jaw, only one type, the dentary teeth, were present. In each jaw row, from front to back, M... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 512 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
Postcranial skeleton
One of the most complete Mosasaurus skeletons in terms of vertebral representation (Mosasaurus sp.; SDSM 452) has seven cervical (neck) vertebrae, thirty-eight dorsal vertebrae (which includes thoracic and lumbar vertebrae) in the back, and eight pygal vertebrae (front tail vertebrae lacking haema... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 511 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
The forelimbs of Mosasaurus are wide and robust. The scapula and humerus are fan-shaped and wider than tall. The radius and ulna are short, but the former is taller and larger than the latter. The ilium is rod-like and slender; in M. missouriensis, it is around 1.5 times longer than the femur. The femur itself is about... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 511 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
As the type genus of the family Mosasauridae and the subfamily Mosasaurinae, Mosasaurus is a member of the order Squamata (which comprises lizards and snakes). Relationships between mosasaurs and living squamates remain controversial as scientists still fiercely debate on whether the closest living relatives of mosasau... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 397 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
Bell's study served as a precedent for later studies that mostly left the systematics of Mosasaurus unchanged, although some later studies have recovered the sister group to Mosasaurus and Plotosaurus to instead be Eremiasaurus or Plesiotylosaurus depending on the method of data interpretation used, with at least one s... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 430 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
The following cladogram on the left (Topology A) is modified from a maximum clade credibility tree inferred by a Bayesian analysis in the most recent major phylogenetic analysis of the Mosasaurinae subfamily by Madzia & Cau (2017), which was self-described as a refinement of a larger study by Simões et al. (2017). The ... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 350 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
Like all mosasaurs, the lower jaws of Mosasaurus could swing forward and backward. In many mosasaurs like Prognathodon and M. lemonnieri, this function mainly served to allow ratchet feeding, in which the pterygoid and jaws would "walk" captured prey into the mouth like a conveyor belt. But especially compared to those... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 450 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
The tissue structure of Mosasaurus bones suggests it had a metabolic rate much higher than modern squamates and its resting metabolic rate was between that of the leatherback sea turtle and that of ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs. Mosasaurus was likely endothermic and maintained a constant body temperature independent of ... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 404 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
Paleontologists generally agree that Mosasaurus was likely an active predator of a variety of marine animals. Fauna likely preyed upon by the genus include bony fish, sharks, cephalopods, birds, and marine reptiles such as other mosasaurs and turtles. It is unlikely Mosasaurus was a scavenger as it had a poor sense of ... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 337 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
Currently, there are only two known examples of a Mosasaurus preserved with stomach contents. The first is a well-preserved partial skeleton of a small M. missouriensis dated about 75 million years old with dismembered and punctured remains of a long fish in its gut. This fish was much longer than the length of the mo... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 481 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
There is fossil evidence that Mosasaurus engaged in aggressive and lethal combat with others of its kind. One partial skeleton of M. conodon bears multiple cuts, breaks, and punctures on various bones, particularly in the rear portions of the skull and neck, and a tooth from another M. conodon piercing through the quad... | Mosasaurus | Wikipedia | 402 | 2051142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
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