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Suborder Lophioidei Regan, 1912
Family Lophiidae Rafinesque, 1810 (Monkfishes and goosefishes)
Suborder Antennarioidei Regan, 1912
Family Antennariidae Jarocki 1822 (Frogfishes)
Family Tetrabrachiidae Regan, 1912 (Tetrabrachid frogfishes)
Family Lophichthyidae Boeseman, 1964 (Lophichthyid frogfishes)
Family Brach... | Anglerfish | Wikipedia | 438 | 21392941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglerfish | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Anatomy
All anglerfish are carnivorous and are thus adapted for the capture of prey. Ranging in color from dark gray to dark brown, deep-sea species have large heads that bear enormous, crescent-shaped mouths full of long, fang-like teeth angled inward for efficient prey-grabbing. Their length can vary from , with a f... | Anglerfish | Wikipedia | 451 | 21392941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglerfish | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
The source of luminescence is symbiotic bacteria that dwell in and around the esca, enclosed in a cup-shaped reflector containing crystals, probably consisting of guanine. Anglerfish make use of these symbiotic relationships with extracellular luminous bacteria. Atypical of luminous symbionts that live outside of the h... | Anglerfish | Wikipedia | 469 | 21392941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglerfish | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
The light gland is always open to the exterior, so it is possible that the fish acquires the bacteria from the seawater. However, it appears that each species uses its own particular species of bacteria, and these bacteria have never been found in seawater. Haygood (1993) theorized that esca discharge bacteria during s... | Anglerfish | Wikipedia | 504 | 21392941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglerfish | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
In 2005, near Monterey, California, at 1,474 metres depth, an ROV filmed a female ceratioid anglerfish of the genus Oneirodes for 24 minutes. When approached, the fish retreated rapidly, but in 74% of the video footage, it drifted passively, oriented at any angle. When advancing, it swam intermittently at a speed of 0.... | Anglerfish | Wikipedia | 454 | 21392941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglerfish | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Because anglerfish are opportunistic foragers, they show a range of preferred prey with fish at the extremes of the size spectrum, whilst showing increased selectivity for certain prey. One study examining the stomach contents of threadfin anglerfish off the Pacific coast of Central America found these fish primarily a... | Anglerfish | Wikipedia | 511 | 21392941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglerfish | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
The methods anglerfish use to locate mates vary. Some species have minute eyes that are unfit for identifying females, while others have underdeveloped nostrils, making them unlikely to effectively find females by scent. When a male finds a female, he bites into her skin, and releases an enzyme that digests the skin of... | Anglerfish | Wikipedia | 441 | 21392941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglerfish | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
One explanation for the evolution of sexual symbiosis is that the relatively low density of females in deep-sea environments leaves little opportunity for mate choice among anglerfish. Females remain large to accommodate fecundity, as is evidenced by their large ovaries and eggs. Males would be expected to shrink to re... | Anglerfish | Wikipedia | 489 | 21392941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglerfish | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
In Africa, the countries of Namibia and the Republic of South Africa record the highest catches. In Asia, especially Japan, monkfish liver, known as ankimo, is considered a delicacy. Anglerfish is especially heavily consumed in South Korea, where it is featured as the main ingredient in dishes such as Agujjim.
Timelin... | Anglerfish | Wikipedia | 83 | 21392941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglerfish | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Red algae, or Rhodophyta (, ; ), make up one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae. The Rhodophyta comprises one of the largest phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 recognized species within over 900 genera amidst ongoing taxonomic revisions. The majority of species (6,793) are Florideophyceae, and mostly consist o... | Red algae | Wikipedia | 450 | 21392989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20algae | Biology and health sciences | Other organisms | null |
Chloroplasts probably evolved following an endosymbiotic event between an ancestral, photosynthetic cyanobacterium and an early eukaryotic phagotroph. This event (termed primary endosymbiosis) is at the origin of the red and green algae (including the land plants or Embryophytes which emerged within them) and the glauc... | Red algae | Wikipedia | 219 | 21392989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20algae | Biology and health sciences | Other organisms | null |
Red algae are divided into the Cyanidiophyceae, a class of unicellular and thermoacidophilic extremophiles found in sulphuric hot springs and other acidic environments, an adaptation partly made possible by horizontal gene transfers from prokaryotes, with about 1% of their genome having this origin, and two sister clad... | Red algae | Wikipedia | 495 | 21392989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20algae | Biology and health sciences | Other organisms | null |
In the classification system of Adl et al. 2005, the red algae are classified in the Archaeplastida, along with the glaucophytes and the green algae plus land plants (Viridiplantae or Chloroplastida). The authors use a hierarchical arrangement where the clade names do not signify rank; the class name Rhodophyceae is us... | Red algae | Wikipedia | 484 | 21392989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20algae | Biology and health sciences | Other organisms | null |
Some examples of species and genera of red algae are:
Cyanidioschyzon merolae, a primitive red alga
Atractophora hypnoides
Gelidiella calcicola
Lemanea, a freshwater genus
Palmaria palmata, dulse
Schmitzia hiscockiana
Chondrus crispus, Irish moss
Mastocarpus stellatus
Vanvoorstia bennettiana, became extinct in the earl... | Red algae | Wikipedia | 374 | 21392989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20algae | Biology and health sciences | Other organisms | null |
Chloroplasts
The presence of the water-soluble pigments called phycobilins (phycocyanobilin, phycoerythrobilin, phycourobilin and phycobiliviolin), which are localized into phycobilisomes, gives red algae their distinctive color. Their chloroplasts contain evenly spaced and ungrouped thylakoids and contain the pigments... | Red algae | Wikipedia | 454 | 21392989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20algae | Biology and health sciences | Other organisms | null |
Connections that exist between cells not sharing a common parent cell are labelled secondary pit connections. These connections are formed when an unequal cell division produced a nucleated daughter cell that then fuses to an adjacent cell. Patterns of secondary pit connections can be seen in the order Ceramiales.
Pit... | Red algae | Wikipedia | 464 | 21392989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20algae | Biology and health sciences | Other organisms | null |
Life cycle
They display alternation of generations. In addition to a gametophyte generation, many have two sporophyte generations, the carposporophyte-producing carpospores, which germinate into a tetrasporophyte – this produces spore tetrads, which dissociate and germinate into gametophytes. The gametophyte is typical... | Red algae | Wikipedia | 492 | 21392989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20algae | Biology and health sciences | Other organisms | null |
In its diploid phase, a carpospore can germinate to form a filamentous "conchocelis stage", which can also self-replicate using monospores. The conchocelis stage eventually produces conchosporangia. The resulting conchospore germinates to form a tiny prothallus with rhizoids, which develops to a cm-scale leafy thallus.... | Red algae | Wikipedia | 382 | 21392989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20algae | Biology and health sciences | Other organisms | null |
Cyanidioschyzon merolae, Cyanidiophyceae
Galdieria sulphuraria, Cyanidiophyceae
Pyropia yezoensis, Bangiophyceae
Chondrus crispus, Florideophyceae
Porphyridium purpureum, Porphyridiophyceae
Porphyra umbilicalis, Bangiophyceae
Gracilaria changii, Gracilariales
Galdieria phlegrea, Cyanidiophytina
Gracilariopsis lemane... | Red algae | Wikipedia | 486 | 21392989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20algae | Biology and health sciences | Other organisms | null |
Human consumption
Red algae have a long history of use as a source of nutritional, functional food ingredients and pharmaceutical substances. They are a source of antioxidants including polyphenols, and phycobiliproteins and contain proteins, minerals, trace elements, vitamins and essential fatty acids.
Traditionally... | Red algae | Wikipedia | 421 | 21392989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20algae | Biology and health sciences | Other organisms | null |
Animal feed
Researchers in Australia discovered that limu kohu (Asparagopsis taxiformis) can reduce methane emissions in cattle. In one Hawaii experiment, the reduction reached 77%. The World Bank predicted the industry could be worth ~$1.1 billion by 2030. As of 2024, preparation included three stages of cultivation ... | Red algae | Wikipedia | 160 | 21392989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20algae | Biology and health sciences | Other organisms | null |
Black seadevils are small, deepsea lophiiform fishes of the family Melanocetidae. The five known species (with only two given common names) are all within the genus Melanocetus. They are found in tropical to temperate waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, with one species known only from the Ross Sea.
On... | Black seadevil | Wikipedia | 462 | 21393031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20seadevil | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
Black seadevils are characterised by a gelatinous, mostly scaleless, globose body, a large head, and generous complement of menacingly large, sharp, glassy, fang-like teeth lining the jaws of a cavernous, oblique mouth. These teeth are depressible and present only in females. Some species have a scattering of epidermal... | Black seadevil | Wikipedia | 465 | 21393031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20seadevil | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
The Melanocetidae appear to buck the trend in deepsea anglers, in that the males—despite not feeding as an adult and thus being little more than couriers of sperm—are free-living rather than parasitic. A brief attachment to the female does probably occur, however, as evidenced by a case of mistaken identity: A male hum... | Black seadevil | Wikipedia | 385 | 21393031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20seadevil | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
Microbiology () is the scientific study of microorganisms, those being of unicellular (single-celled), multicellular (consisting of complex cells), or acellular (lacking cells). Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, bacteriology, protistology, mycology, immunology, and parasitology.
The... | Microbiology | Wikipedia | 463 | 21393077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology | Biology and health sciences | Basics | null |
The existence of microorganisms was hypothesized for many centuries before their actual discovery. The existence of unseen microbiological life was postulated by Jainism which is based on Mahavira's teachings as early as 6th century BCE (599 BC - 527 BC). Paul Dundas notes that Mahavira asserted the existence of unseen... | Microbiology | Wikipedia | 487 | 21393077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology | Biology and health sciences | Basics | null |
Kircher was among the first to design magic lanterns for projection purposes, and so he was well acquainted with the properties of lenses. He wrote "Concerning the wonderful structure of things in nature, investigated by Microscope" in 1646, stating "who would believe that vinegar and milk abound with an innumerable mu... | Microbiology | Wikipedia | 430 | 21393077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology | Biology and health sciences | Basics | null |
While Pasteur and Koch are often considered the founders of microbiology, their work did not accurately reflect the true diversity of the microbial world because of their exclusive focus on microorganisms having direct medical relevance. It was not until the late 19th century and the work of Martinus Beijerinck and Ser... | Microbiology | Wikipedia | 481 | 21393077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology | Biology and health sciences | Basics | null |
Bacteria can be used for the industrial production of amino acids. organic acids, vitamin, proteins, antibiotics and other commercially used metabolites which are produced by microorganisms. Corynebacterium glutamicum is one of the most important bacterial species with an annual production of more than two million tons... | Microbiology | Wikipedia | 487 | 21393077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology | Biology and health sciences | Basics | null |
Research has suggested that microorganisms could be useful in the treatment of cancer. Various strains of non-pathogenic clostridia can infiltrate and replicate within solid tumors. Clostridial vectors can be safely administered and their potential to deliver therapeutic proteins has been demonstrated in a variety of p... | Microbiology | Wikipedia | 104 | 21393077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology | Biology and health sciences | Basics | null |
Pholcus phalangioides, commonly known as the cosmopolitan cellar spider, long-bodied cellar spider, or one of various types called a daddy long-legs spider, is a spider of the family Pholcidae. This is the only spider species described by the Swiss entomologist Johann Kaspar Füssli, who first recorded it in 1775. Its c... | Pholcus phalangioides | Wikipedia | 373 | 21393779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholcus%20phalangioides | Biology and health sciences | Spiders | Animals |
Genetic population structure
The population sizes of P. phalangioides are influenced greatly by the presence of human-made buildings since these spiders prefer warmer habitats indoors. The large number of buildings in the world has favoured P. phalangioides, though populations tend to be relatively small, widely dispe... | Pholcus phalangioides | Wikipedia | 490 | 21393779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholcus%20phalangioides | Biology and health sciences | Spiders | Animals |
Although some other members of the family Pholcidae have six eyes, Pholcus phalangioides is an eight-eyed spider. The eyes are arranged such that there is a pair of smaller, dark eyes at the front of the prosoma followed by three parallel rows of pairs of larger eyes.
Similar to other species of spider, a hard exoskel... | Pholcus phalangioides | Wikipedia | 422 | 21393779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholcus%20phalangioides | Biology and health sciences | Spiders | Animals |
Diet
P. phalangioides are carnivorous predators that feed on insects, other spiders, and other small invertebrates. Unlike many other spiders, who simply feed on prey that have gotten stuck in their webs, these spiders frequently venture out from their own webs to hunt other spiders resting in their respective webs an... | Pholcus phalangioides | Wikipedia | 270 | 21393779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholcus%20phalangioides | Biology and health sciences | Spiders | Animals |
A jumping spider species whose aggressive mimicry behavior towards P. phalangioides has been well studied is the Portia fimbriata jumping spider species of the genus Portia. During mimicry, the jumping spider produces certain specialized vibrations near the edge of the webs of P. phalangioides. These vibrations cause t... | Pholcus phalangioides | Wikipedia | 494 | 21393779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholcus%20phalangioides | Biology and health sciences | Spiders | Animals |
Mimicry
Much like the Salticidae family of spiders, P. phalangioides also use mimicry as a predatory tactic to subdue their prey; however, unlike jumping spiders, P. phalangioides do not rely on vision for predation. This mimicry consists of creating specialized vibrations to trick the prey into thinking that it has c... | Pholcus phalangioides | Wikipedia | 505 | 21393779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholcus%20phalangioides | Biology and health sciences | Spiders | Animals |
Overall genital system structure
The genital system of an adult male P. phalangioides is located in the ventral portion of the opisthosoma and can be characterized by a large pair of testes and thin, twisted vasa deferentia which become thicker upon nearing the genital opening of the male pedipalp. These vasa deferent... | Pholcus phalangioides | Wikipedia | 465 | 21393779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholcus%20phalangioides | Biology and health sciences | Spiders | Animals |
The second stage of development is observed two weeks prior the spider's final molt. At this point, the pedipalps of the spider are only partially bent, and the internal structures of the tarsus can be seen. The testes are dimensionally very similar to those of subadult stage one males and adult males. The distal porti... | Pholcus phalangioides | Wikipedia | 499 | 21393779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholcus%20phalangioides | Biology and health sciences | Spiders | Animals |
As the males approach the females, they begin to do a series of rapid dorso-ventral vibrations with their opisthosoma. This only occurs once the females have noticed the presence of the males. The males then use the ventral portion of their tarsus to begin tapping on the web of the female. This tapping can last up to t... | Pholcus phalangioides | Wikipedia | 497 | 21393779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholcus%20phalangioides | Biology and health sciences | Spiders | Animals |
Male competition
Because palpal, or genital bulb, movements from the males result in the displacement of spermatozoa and other seminal fluid from the female uterus externus, sperm competition exists between males of the P. Phalangioides species. A rival male can attempt to displace the sperm of another male from the f... | Pholcus phalangioides | Wikipedia | 507 | 21393779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholcus%20phalangioides | Biology and health sciences | Spiders | Animals |
To examine the potential role of this dragline silk in biological imaging, resin was dripped onto the fibers of Pholcus phalangioides silk. As it condensed, the silk molded naturally into a dome or lens shape. By shining a laser onto this lens, researchers were able to generate high-quality photonic nanojets (PNJs), or... | Pholcus phalangioides | Wikipedia | 138 | 21393779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholcus%20phalangioides | Biology and health sciences | Spiders | Animals |
Titanoboa (; ) is an extinct genus of giant boid (the family that includes all boas and anacondas) snake that lived during the middle and late Paleocene. Titanoboa was first discovered in the early 2000s by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute who, along with students from the University of Florida, recovered 18... | Titanoboa | Wikipedia | 296 | 21396352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanoboa | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
In 2002, during an expedition to the coal mines of Cerrejón in La Guajira launched by the University of Florida and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, large thoracic vertebrae and ribs were unearthed by the students Jonathon Bloch and Carlos Jaramillo. More fossils were unearthed over the course of the expedition... | Titanoboa | Wikipedia | 508 | 21396352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanoboa | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
Based on the size of the vertebrae, Titanoboa is the largest snake in the paleontological record. In modern constrictors like boids and pythonids, increased body size is achieved through larger vertebrae rather than an increase in the number of bones making up the skeleton, allowing for length estimates based on indivi... | Titanoboa | Wikipedia | 453 | 21396352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanoboa | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
The skull is only briefly described in a 2013 abstract. According to it, Titanoboa has a high amount of palatal and marginal tooth positions compared to others boids. The quadrate bone is oriented at a low angle and the articulation of both the palatine to pterygoid and pterygoid to quadrate are heavily reduced, a trai... | Titanoboa | Wikipedia | 491 | 21396352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanoboa | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
Habitat
Due to the warm and humid greenhouse climate of the Paleocene, the region of what is now Cerrejón was a coastal plain covered by wet tropical forests with large river systems, which were inhabited by various freshwater animals. Among the native reptiles are three different genera of dyrosaurs, crocodylomorphs t... | Titanoboa | Wikipedia | 302 | 21396352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanoboa | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
Climate implications
In the 2009 type description, Head and colleagues correlate the gigantism observed in Titanoboa with the climate conditions of its environment. As a poikilothermic ectotherm, Titanoboas internal temperature and metabolism were heavily dependent on the ambient temperature, which would in turn affect... | Titanoboa | Wikipedia | 245 | 21396352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanoboa | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
However, this conclusion was questioned by several researchers following the publication of the paper. J. M. Kale Sniderman used the same methodology as Head and colleagues on the Pleistocene monitor lizard Varanus priscus, comparing it to the extant Komodo dragon. Sniderman calculates that following this method, the m... | Titanoboa | Wikipedia | 360 | 21396352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanoboa | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
These issues, alongside adjustments suggested by Makarieva, were addressed by Head and his team the same year, arguing that Denny and colleagues misunderstand their proposed model. They retort that the method takes into account variation caused by body size and that it's furthermore based on the largest extant snakes, ... | Titanoboa | Wikipedia | 211 | 21396352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanoboa | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
An electrical grid (or electricity network) is an interconnected network for electricity delivery from producers to consumers. Electrical grids consist of power stations, electrical substations to step voltage up or down, electric power transmission to carry power over long distances, and finally electric power distrib... | Electrical grid | Wikipedia | 482 | 20344155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20grid | Technology | Electricity generation and distribution | null |
Example implementations include:
Hajjah and Lahj, Yemen: community-owned solar microgrids.
Île d'Yeu pilot program: sixty-four solar panels with a peak capacity of 23.7 kW on five houses and a battery with a storage capacity of 15 kWh.
Les Anglais, Haiti: includes energy theft detection.
Mpeketoni, Kenya: a communi... | Electrical grid | Wikipedia | 497 | 20344155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20grid | Technology | Electricity generation and distribution | null |
The benefits of synchronous zones include pooling of generation, resulting in lower generation costs; pooling of load, resulting in significant equalizing effects; common provisioning of reserves, resulting in cheaper primary and secondary reserve power costs; opening of the market, resulting in possibility of long-ter... | Electrical grid | Wikipedia | 512 | 20344155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20grid | Technology | Electricity generation and distribution | null |
Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power at power stations. This is done ultimately from sources of primary energy typically with electromechanical generators driven by heat engines from fossil, nuclear, and geothermal sources, or driven by the kinetic energy of water or wind. Other power sou... | Electrical grid | Wikipedia | 444 | 20344155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20grid | Technology | Electricity generation and distribution | null |
The three main types of substations, by function, are:
Step-up substation: these use transformers to raise the voltage coming from the generators and power plants so that power can be transmitted long distances more efficiently, with smaller currents.
Step-down substation: these transformers lower the voltage coming ... | Electrical grid | Wikipedia | 345 | 20344155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20grid | Technology | Electricity generation and distribution | null |
In cities and towns of North America, the grid tends to follow the classic radially fed design. A substation receives its power from the transmission network, the power is stepped down with a transformer and sent to a bus from which feeders fan out in all directions across the countryside. These feeders carry three-pha... | Electrical grid | Wikipedia | 507 | 20344155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20grid | Technology | Electricity generation and distribution | null |
Voltage
Grids are designed to supply electricity to their customers at largely constant voltages. This has to be achieved with varying demand, variable reactive loads, and even nonlinear loads, with electricity provided by generators and distribution and transmission equipment that are not perfectly reliable. Often gr... | Electrical grid | Wikipedia | 499 | 20344155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20grid | Technology | Electricity generation and distribution | null |
Capacity and firm capacity
The sum of the maximum power outputs (nameplate capacity) of the generators attached to an electrical grid might be considered to be the capacity of the grid.
However, in practice, they are never run flat out simultaneously. Typically, some generators are kept running at lower output powers ... | Electrical grid | Wikipedia | 412 | 20344155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20grid | Technology | Electricity generation and distribution | null |
A brownout is an intentional or unintentional drop in voltage in an electrical power supply system. Intentional brownouts are used for load reduction in an emergency. The reduction lasts for minutes or hours, as opposed to short-term voltage sag (or dip). The term brownout comes from the dimming experienced by incande... | Electrical grid | Wikipedia | 468 | 20344155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20grid | Technology | Electricity generation and distribution | null |
Normally, the electric power used within the plant is provided from the station's own generators. If all of the plant's main generators are shut down, station service power is provided by drawing power from the grid through the plant's transmission line. However, during a wide-area outage, off-site power from the grid ... | Electrical grid | Wikipedia | 390 | 20344155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20grid | Technology | Electricity generation and distribution | null |
Aging equipment – older equipment has higher failure rates, leading to customer interruption rates affecting the economy and society; also, older assets and facilities lead to higher inspection maintenance costs and further repair and restoration costs.
Obsolete system layout – older areas require serious additional s... | Electrical grid | Wikipedia | 405 | 20344155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20grid | Technology | Electricity generation and distribution | null |
Electric utility companies established central stations to take advantage of economies of scale and moved to centralized power generation, distribution, and system management. After the war of the currents was settled in favor of AC power, with long-distance power transmission it became possible to interconnect station... | Electrical grid | Wikipedia | 482 | 20344155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20grid | Technology | Electricity generation and distribution | null |
In the United States in the 1920s, utilities formed joint-operations to share peak load coverage and backup power. In 1934, with the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act (USA), electric utilities were recognized as public goods of importance and were given outlined restrictions and regulatory oversight of ... | Electrical grid | Wikipedia | 333 | 20344155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20grid | Technology | Electricity generation and distribution | null |
The binturong (Arctictis binturong) (, ), also known as the bearcat, is a viverrid native to South and Southeast Asia. It is uncommon in much of its range, and has been assessed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List because of a declining population. It is estimated to have declined at least 30% since the mid-1980s. The b... | Binturong | Wikipedia | 496 | 20352309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binturong | Biology and health sciences | Other carnivora | Animals |
The binturong is long and heavy, with short, stout legs. It has a thick coat of coarse black hair. The bushy and prehensile tail is thick at the root, gradually tapering, and curls inwards at the tip. The muzzle is short and pointed, somewhat turned up at the nose, and is covered with bristly hairs, brown at the points... | Binturong | Wikipedia | 461 | 20352309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binturong | Biology and health sciences | Other carnivora | Animals |
The tail is nearly as long as the head and body. The body ranges from and the tail is from long. Some captive binturongs measured from in head and body, with a tail of . The mean weight of captive adult females is , with a range from . Captive animals often weigh more than their wild counterparts. 12 captive female ... | Binturong | Wikipedia | 405 | 20352309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binturong | Biology and health sciences | Other carnivora | Animals |
In Myanmar, binturongs were photographed on the ground in Tanintharyi Nature Reserve, at an elevation of in the Hukaung Valley, at elevations from in the Rakhine Yoma Elephant Reserve, and at and at three other sites up to elevation. In Thailand's Khao Yai National Park, several individuals were observed feeding in... | Binturong | Wikipedia | 367 | 20352309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binturong | Biology and health sciences | Other carnivora | Animals |
The binturong is essentially arboreal. Pocock observed the behaviour of several captive individuals in the London Zoological Gardens. When resting, they lay curled up with their heads tucked under their tails. They seldom leaped, but climbed skilfully, albeit slowly, progressing with equal ease and confidence along the... | Binturong | Wikipedia | 504 | 20352309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binturong | Biology and health sciences | Other carnivora | Animals |
Major threats to the binturong are habitat loss and degradation of forests through logging and conversion of forests to non-forest land-uses throughout the binturong's range. Habitat loss has been severe in the lowlands of the Sundaic part of its range, and there is no evidence that the binturong uses the plantations t... | Binturong | Wikipedia | 383 | 20352309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binturong | Biology and health sciences | Other carnivora | Animals |
Cryptoclidus ( ) is a genus of plesiosaur reptile from the Middle Jurassic period of England, France, and Cuba.
Discovery
Cryptoclidus was a plesiosaur whose specimens include adult and juvenile skeletons, and remains which have been found in various degrees of preservation in England, Northern France, Russia, and S... | Cryptoclidus | Wikipedia | 459 | 3810490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptoclidus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric marine reptiles | Animals |
Callosciurus is a genus of squirrels collectively referred to as the "beautiful squirrels". They are found mainly in Southeast Asia, though a few species also occur in Nepal, northeastern India, Bangladesh and southern China. Several of the species have settled on islands. In total, the genus contains 15 species and nu... | Callosciurus | Wikipedia | 313 | 3811974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callosciurus | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | Animals |
A brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) is defined as the brightest galaxy in a cluster of galaxies. BCGs include the most massive galaxies in the universe. They are generally elliptical galaxies which lie close to the geometric and kinematical center of their host galaxy cluster, hence at the bottom of the cluster potential... | Brightest cluster galaxy | Wikipedia | 448 | 3817826 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightest%20cluster%20galaxy | Physical sciences | Galaxy classification | Astronomy |
Fluorosulfuric acid (IUPAC name: sulfurofluoridic acid) is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is one of the strongest acids commercially available. It is a tetrahedral molecule and is closely related to sulfuric acid, , substituting a fluorine atom for one of the hydroxyl groups. It is a colourless l... | Fluorosulfuric acid | Wikipedia | 476 | 2840068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorosulfuric%20acid | Physical sciences | Specific acids | Chemistry |
Cyclone mitigation encompasses the actions and planning taken before a tropical cyclone strikes to mitigate damage and injury from the storm. Knowledge of tropical cyclone impacts on an area help plan for future possibilities. Preparedness may involve preparations made by individuals as well as centralized efforts b... | Tropical cyclone preparedness | Wikipedia | 391 | 2840108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical%20cyclone%20preparedness | Physical sciences | Storms | Earth science |
Although cyclones take an enormous toll in lives and personal property, they may be important factors in the precipitation regimes of places they impact, as they may bring much-needed precipitation to otherwise dry regions. Tropical cyclones also help maintain the global heat balance by moving warm, moist tropical air ... | Tropical cyclone preparedness | Wikipedia | 404 | 2840108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical%20cyclone%20preparedness | Physical sciences | Storms | Earth science |
An important decision in individual preparedness is determining if and when to evacuate an area that will be affected by a tropical cyclone. Tropical cyclone tracking charts allow people to track ongoing systems to form their own opinions regarding where the storms are going and whether or not they need to prepare for... | Tropical cyclone preparedness | Wikipedia | 505 | 2840108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical%20cyclone%20preparedness | Physical sciences | Storms | Earth science |
Hospitals are needed to be prepared in advance for huge natural disasters. Nurses are in high demand when people are in trouble. They need to be prepared for ready for any situation that enters the hospital. After hurricanes such as Katrina and Rita, nurses are needed to be fully capable of any possible scenario.
Home... | Tropical cyclone preparedness | Wikipedia | 461 | 2840108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical%20cyclone%20preparedness | Physical sciences | Storms | Earth science |
The goal of these mitigation measures and products is to decrease the likelihood of severe damage to a home. There is no guarantee that these measures will safeguard any home against any kind of storm and the projectiles that may come with a storm, but a well-protected home is far more likely to come through a hurrican... | Tropical cyclone preparedness | Wikipedia | 227 | 2840108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical%20cyclone%20preparedness | Physical sciences | Storms | Earth science |
The Fornax Cluster is a cluster of galaxies lying at a distance of 19 megaparsecs (62 million light-years). It has an estimated mass of solar masses, making it the second richest galaxy cluster within 100 million light-years, after the considerably larger Virgo Cluster. It may be associated with the nearby Eridanus Gr... | Fornax Cluster | Wikipedia | 354 | 2841242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornax%20Cluster | Physical sciences | Notable galaxy clusters | Astronomy |
A strain is an acute or chronic soft tissue injury that occurs to a muscle, tendon, or both. The equivalent injury to a ligament is a sprain. Generally, the muscle or tendon overstretches and partially tears, under more physical stress than it can withstand, often from a sudden increase in duration, intensity, or frequ... | Strain (injury) | Wikipedia | 463 | 2843057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain%20%28injury%29 | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Indirect Muscle Injury
FUNCTIONAL (Negative MSK US & MRI)
Type 1: Overexertion-related Muscle Disorder
Type 1a: Fatigue induced
Type 1b: DOMS
• Type 2: Neuromuscular muscle disorder
Type 2a: Spine-Related
Type 2b: Muscle-Related
STRUCTURAL MUSCLE INJURY (Positive MSK US & MRI)
• Type 3: Partial Muscle Tear
• Typ... | Strain (injury) | Wikipedia | 508 | 2843057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain%20%28injury%29 | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
It is recommended that the person injured should consult a medical provider if the injury is accompanied by severe pain, if the limb cannot be used, or if there is noticeable tenderness over an isolated spot. These can be signs of a broken or fractured bone, a sprain, or a complete muscle tear. | Strain (injury) | Wikipedia | 60 | 2843057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain%20%28injury%29 | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Parareptilia ("near-reptiles") is an extinct subclass or clade of basal sauropsids/reptiles, typically considered the sister taxon to Eureptilia (the group that likely contains all living reptiles and birds). Parareptiles first arose near the end of the Carboniferous period and achieved their highest diversity during t... | Parareptilia | Wikipedia | 436 | 5162226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareptilia | Biology and health sciences | Parareptilia | Animals |
Like many other so-called 'anapsids', parareptiles were historically understudied. Interest in their relationships were reinvigorated in the 1990s, when several studies argued that Testudines (turtles and their kin) were members of Parareptilia. Although this would suggest that Parareptilia was not extinct after all, t... | Parareptilia | Wikipedia | 467 | 5162226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareptilia | Biology and health sciences | Parareptilia | Animals |
Most parareptiles had large orbits (eye sockets), significantly longer (from front-to-back) than the region of the skull behind the eyes. The jugal bone, which forms the lower and rear edge of the orbit, has a very thin suborbital process (front branch), usually no subtemporal process (lower rear branch), and a thick d... | Parareptilia | Wikipedia | 505 | 5162226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareptilia | Biology and health sciences | Parareptilia | Animals |
There was some variation in the body shape of parareptiles, with early members of the group having an overall lizard-like appearance, with thin limbs and long tails. The most successful and diverse groups of parareptiles, the pareiasaurs and procolophonids, had massively-built bodies with reduced tails and stout limbs ... | Parareptilia | Wikipedia | 505 | 5162226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareptilia | Biology and health sciences | Parareptilia | Animals |
Parareptilia's usage was revived by cladistic studies, to refer to those traditional 'anapsids' that were thought to be unrelated to turtles. Gauthier et al. (1988) provided the first phylogenetic definitions for the names of many amniote taxa and argued that captorhinids and turtles were sister groups, constituting th... | Parareptilia | Wikipedia | 386 | 5162226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareptilia | Biology and health sciences | Parareptilia | Animals |
In contrast, several studies in the mid-to-late 1990s by Olivier Rieppel and Michael deBraga argued that turtles were actually lepidosauromorph diapsids related to the sauropterygians. The diapsid affinities of turtles have been supported by molecular phylogenies. The first genome-wide phylogenetic analysis was complet... | Parareptilia | Wikipedia | 446 | 5162226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareptilia | Biology and health sciences | Parareptilia | Animals |
Evolutionary history
The oldest known parareptiles are the bolosaur Erpetonyx and the acleistorhinid Carbonodraco from the Late Carboniferous (Moscovian-Gzhelian) of North America, which represents the only known Carboniferous parareptiles, indicating that the initial diversification of the group took place in the Lat... | Parareptilia | Wikipedia | 175 | 5162226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareptilia | Biology and health sciences | Parareptilia | Animals |
Pattern hair loss (also known as androgenetic alopecia (AGA)) is a hair loss condition that primarily affects the top and front of the scalp. In male-pattern hair loss (MPHL), the hair loss typically presents itself as either a receding front hairline, loss of hair on the crown and vertex of the scalp, or a combination... | Pattern hair loss | Wikipedia | 506 | 5165199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20hair%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
Male-pattern hair loss begins above the temples and at the vertex (calvaria) of the scalp. As it progresses, a rim of hair at the sides and rear of the head remains. This has been referred to as a "Hippocratic wreath", and rarely progresses to complete baldness.
Female-pattern hair loss more often causes diffuse thinn... | Pattern hair loss | Wikipedia | 363 | 5165199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20hair%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
Male-pattern hair loss appears to be undergoing positive sexual selection in European and Asian populations. Male pattern hair loss may be seen as an expression of masculine sexual dimorphism rather than a disorder. Because of this, it is hypothesized that men with male pattern hair loss may be favored by heterosexual ... | Pattern hair loss | Wikipedia | 395 | 5165199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20hair%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
Transgenic studies have shown that growth and dormancy of hair follicles are related to the activity of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) at the dermal papillae, which is affected by DHT. Androgens are important in male sexual development around birth and at puberty. They regulate sebaceous glands, apocrine hair growth,... | Pattern hair loss | Wikipedia | 337 | 5165199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20hair%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
These observations have led to study at the level of the mesenchymal dermal papillae. Types 1 and 2 5α reductase enzymes are present at pilosebaceous units in papillae of individual hair follicles. They catalyze formation of the androgen dihydrotestosterone from testosterone, which in turn regulate hair growth. Androge... | Pattern hair loss | Wikipedia | 472 | 5165199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20hair%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
In support of the association, finasteride improves glucose metabolism and decreases glycated hemoglobin HbA1c, a surrogate marker for diabetes mellitus. The low SHBG seen with premature androgenic alopecia is also associated with, and likely contributory to, insulin resistance, and for which it still is used as an ass... | Pattern hair loss | Wikipedia | 388 | 5165199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20hair%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
IGF levels have been found lower in those with metabolic syndrome. Circulating serum levels of IGF-1 are increased with vertex balding, although this study did not look at mRNA expression at the follicle itself. Locally, IGF is mitogenic at the dermal papillae and promotes elongation of hair follicles. The major site o... | Pattern hair loss | Wikipedia | 483 | 5165199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20hair%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
Free testosterone decreases in men by age 80 to levels double that of a woman at age 20. About 30% of normal male testosterone level, the approximate level in females, is not enough to induce alopecia; 60%, closer to the amount found in elderly men, is sufficient. The testicular secretion of testosterone perhaps "sets ... | Pattern hair loss | Wikipedia | 502 | 5165199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20hair%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
Combination therapy
Combinations of finasteride, minoxidil and ketoconazole are more effective than individual use.
Combination therapy of LLLT or microneedling with finasteride or minoxidil demonstrated substantive increases in hair count.
Androgen-dependent
Finasteride is a medication of the 5α-reductase inhibitors... | Pattern hair loss | Wikipedia | 452 | 5165199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20hair%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
Procedures
More advanced cases may be resistant or unresponsive to medical therapy and require hair transplantation. Naturally occurring units of one to four hairs, called follicular units, are excised and moved to areas of hair restoration. These follicular units are surgically implanted in the scalp in close proximit... | Pattern hair loss | Wikipedia | 481 | 5165199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20hair%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
Future larger randomized controlled trials and other high quality studies are still recommended to be carried out and published for a stronger consensus. Further development of a standardized practice for procedure is also recommended.
Alternative therapies
Many people use unproven treatments. Regarding female pattern... | Pattern hair loss | Wikipedia | 458 | 5165199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20hair%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
For male androgenic alopecia, by the age of 50 30-50% of men have it, hereditarily there is an 80% predisposition. Notably, the link between androgenetic alopecia and metabolic syndrome is strongest in non-obese men.
Society and culture
Studies have been inconsistent across cultures regarding how balding men rate on ... | Pattern hair loss | Wikipedia | 475 | 5165199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20hair%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
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