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A brick is a type of construction material used to build walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Properly, the term brick denotes a unit primarily composed of clay, but is now also used informally to denote units made of other materials or other chemically cured construction blocks. Bricks can be j...	Brick	Wikipedia	500	4526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick	Technology	Building materials	null
In the middle of the third millennium BC, there was a rise in monumental baked brick architecture in Indus cities. Examples included the Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro, the fire altars of Kaalibangan, and the granary of Harappa. There was a uniformity to the brick sizes throughout the Indus Valley region, conforming to the...	Brick	Wikipedia	415	4526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick	Technology	Building materials	null
By the end of the third century BC in China, both hollow and small bricks were available for use in building walls and ceilings. Fired bricks were first mass-produced during the construction of the tomb of China's first Emperor, Qin Shi Huangdi. The floors of the three pits of the terracotta army were paved with an est...	Brick	Wikipedia	474	4526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick	Technology	Building materials	null
A clear distinction between the two styles only developed at the transition to Baroque architecture. In Lübeck, for example, Brick Renaissance is clearly recognisable in buildings equipped with terracotta reliefs by the artist Statius von Düren, who was also active at Schwerin (Schwerin Castle) and Wismar (Fürstenhof)....	Brick	Wikipedia	440	4526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick	Technology	Building materials	null
The demand for high office building construction at the turn of the 20th century led to a much greater use of cast and wrought iron, and later, steel and concrete. The use of brick for skyscraper construction severely limited the size of the building – the Monadnock Building, built in 1896 in Chicago, required exceptio...	Brick	Wikipedia	409	4526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick	Technology	Building materials	null
The mix is then kneaded with water and molded into rectangular prisms of a desired size. Bricks are lined up and left to dry in the sun for three days on both sides. After the six days, the bricks continue drying until required for use. Typically, longer drying times are preferred, but the average is eight to nine days...	Brick	Wikipedia	349	4526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick	Technology	Building materials	null
Moulded bricks – These bricks start with raw clay, preferably in a mix with 25–30% sand to reduce shrinkage. The clay is first ground and mixed with water to the desired consistency. The clay is then pressed into steel moulds with a hydraulic press. The shaped clay is then fired at to achieve strength. Dry-pressed br...	Brick	Wikipedia	485	4526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick	Technology	Building materials	null
In operation, new green bricks, along with roofing bricks, are stacked at one end of the brick pile. Historically, a stack of unfired bricks covered for protection from the weather was called a "hack". Cooled finished bricks are removed from the other end for transport to their destinations. In the middle, the brick wo...	Brick	Wikipedia	502	4526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick	Technology	Building materials	null
Chemically set bricks Chemically set bricks are not fired but may have the curing process accelerated by the application of heat and pressure in an autoclave. Calcium-silicate bricks Calcium-silicate bricks are also called sandlime or flintlime bricks, depending on their ingredients. Rather than being made with cla...	Brick	Wikipedia	429	4526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick	Technology	Building materials	null
Concrete bricks are available in many colours and as an engineering brick made with sulfate-resisting Portland cement or equivalent. When made with adequate amount of cement they are suitable for harsh environments such as wet conditions and retaining walls. They are made to standards BS 6073, EN 771-3 or ASTM C55. Con...	Brick	Wikipedia	409	4526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick	Technology	Building materials	null
Specialized use bricks: Chemically resistant – bricks made with resistance to chemical reactions Acid brick – acid resistant bricks Engineering – a type of hard, dense, brick used where strength, low water porosity or acid (flue gas) resistance are needed. Further classified as type A and type B based on their compr...	Brick	Wikipedia	491	4526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick	Technology	Building materials	null
A bigger brick makes for a thicker (and thus more insulating) wall. Historically, this meant that bigger bricks were necessary in colder climates (see for instance the slightly larger size of the Russian brick in table below), while a smaller brick was adequate, and more economical, in warmer regions. A notable illustr...	Brick	Wikipedia	490	4526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick	Technology	Building materials	null
Blocks have a much greater range of sizes. Standard co-ordinating sizes in length and height (in mm) include 400×200, 450×150, 450×200, 450×225, 450×300, 600×150, 600×200, and 600×225; depths (work size, mm) include 60, 75, 90, 100, 115, 140, 150, 190, 200, 225, and 250. They are usable across this range as they are li...	Brick	Wikipedia	462	4526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick	Technology	Building materials	null
In the United States, bricks have been used for both buildings and pavement. Examples of brick use in buildings can be seen in colonial era buildings and other notable structures around the country. Bricks have been used in paving roads and sidewalks especially during the late 19th century and early 20th century. The i...	Brick	Wikipedia	452	4526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick	Technology	Building materials	null
Limitations Starting in the 20th century, the use of brickwork declined in some areas due to concerns about earthquakes. Earthquakes such as the San Francisco earthquake of 1906 and the 1933 Long Beach earthquake revealed the weaknesses of unreinforced brick masonry in earthquake-prone areas. During seismic events, th...	Brick	Wikipedia	302	4526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick	Technology	Building materials	null
Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that each last from days to weeks. If the elevated mood is severe or associated with psychosis, it is called mania; if it is less severe and does not significantly ...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	472	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
Mood stabilizers, particularly lithium, and certain anticonvulsants, such as lamotrigine and valproate, as well as atypical antipsychotics, including quetiapine, olanzapine, and aripiprazole are the mainstay of long-term pharmacologic relapse prevention. Antipsychotics are additionally given during acute manic episodes...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	427	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
Late adolescence and early adulthood are peak years for the onset of bipolar disorder. The condition is characterized by intermittent episodes of mania, commonly (but not in every patient) alternating with bouts of depression, with an absence of symptoms in between. During these episodes, people with bipolar disorder e...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	474	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
In severe manic episodes, a person can experience psychotic symptoms, where thought content is affected along with mood. They may feel unstoppable, persecuted, or as if they have a special relationship with God, a great mission to accomplish, or other grandiose or delusional ideas. This may lead to violent behavior and...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	414	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
Symptoms of the depressive phase of bipolar disorder include persistent feelings of sadness, irritability or anger, loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities, excessive or inappropriate guilt, hopelessness, sleeping too much or not enough, changes in appetite or weight, fatigue, problems concentrating, self-loa...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	351	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
Comorbid conditions People with bipolar disorder often have other co-existing psychiatric conditions such as anxiety (present in about 71% of people with bipolar disorder), substance abuse (56%), personality disorders (36%) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (10–20%) which can add to the burden of illness an...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	487	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
Genetic Behavioral genetic studies have suggested that many chromosomal regions and candidate genes are related to bipolar disorder susceptibility with each gene exerting a mild to moderate effect. The risk of bipolar disorder is nearly ten-fold higher in first-degree relatives of those with bipolar disorder than in t...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	462	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
Environmental Psychosocial factors play a significant role in the development and course of bipolar disorder, and individual psychosocial variables may interact with genetic dispositions. Recent life events and interpersonal relationships likely contribute to the onset and recurrence of bipolar mood episodes, just as...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	456	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
Meta-analyses of structural MRI studies have shown that certain brain regions (e.g., the left rostral anterior cingulate cortex, fronto-insular cortex, ventral prefrontal cortex, and claustrum) are smaller in people with bipolar disorder, whereas other regions are larger (lateral ventricles, globus pallidus, subgenual ...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	366	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
People with bipolar disorder who are in a euthymic mood state show decreased activity in the lingual gyrus compared to people without bipolar disorder. In contrast, they demonstrate decreased activity in the inferior frontal cortex during manic episodes compared to people without the disorder. Similar studies examining...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	504	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
Medications used to treat bipolar may exert their effect by modulating intracellular signaling, such as through depleting myo-inositol levels, inhibition of cAMP signaling, and through altering subunits of the dopamine-associated G-protein. Consistent with this, elevated levels of Gαi, Gαs, and Gαq/11 have been reporte...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	478	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
The most widely used criteria for diagnosing bipolar disorder are from the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10t...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	380	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
Although there are no biological tests that are diagnostic of bipolar disorder, blood tests and/or imaging are carried out to investigate whether medical illnesses with clinical presentations similar to that of bipolar disorder are present before making a definitive diagnosis. Neurologic diseases such as multiple scler...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	435	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
The DSM and the ICD characterize bipolar disorder as a spectrum of disorders occurring on a continuum. The DSM-5 and ICD-11 lists three specific subtypes: Bipolar I disorder: At least one manic episode is necessary to make the diagnosis; depressive episodes are common in the vast majority of cases with bipolar disorde...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	405	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
Rapid cycling Most people who meet criteria for bipolar disorder experience a number of episodes, on average 0.4 to 0.7 per year, lasting three to six months. Rapid cycling, however, is a course specifier that may be applied to any bipolar subtype. It is defined as having four or more mood disturbance episodes within ...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	425	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
In the 1920s, Kraepelin noted that manic episodes are rare before puberty. In general, bipolar disorder in children was not recognized in the first half of the twentieth century. This issue diminished with an increased following of the DSM criteria in the last part of the twentieth century. The diagnosis of childhood b...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	371	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
Elderly Bipolar disorder is uncommon in older patients, with a measured lifetime prevalence of 1% in over 60s and a 12-month prevalence of 0.10.5% in people over 65. Despite this, it is overrepresented in psychiatric admissions, making up 48% of inpatient admission to aged care psychiatry units, and the incidence of m...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	334	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
The aim of management is to treat acute episodes safely with medication and work with the patient in long-term maintenance to prevent further episodes and optimise function using a combination of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic techniques. Hospitalization may be required especially with the manic episodes presen...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	471	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
Mood stabilizers Lithium and the anticonvulsants carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and valproic acid are classed as mood stabilizers due to their effect on the mood states in bipolar disorder. Lithium has the best overall evidence and is considered an effective treatment for acute manic episodes, preventing relapses, and bip...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	374	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
Antipsychotics Antipsychotic medications are effective for short-term treatment of bipolar manic episodes and appear to be superior to lithium and anticonvulsants for this purpose. Atypical antipsychotics are also indicated for bipolar depression refractory to treatment with mood stabilizers. Olanzapine is effective in...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	418	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
Other drugs Short courses of benzodiazepines are used in addition to other medications for calming effect until mood stabilizing become effective. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective form of treatment for acute mood disturbances in those with bipolar disorder, especially when psychotic or catatonic features...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	416	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
Prognosis A lifelong condition with periods of partial or full recovery in between recurrent episodes of relapse, bipolar disorder is considered to be a major health problem worldwide because of the increased rates of disability and premature mortality. It is also associated with co-occurring psychiatric and medical p...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	407	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
Functioning Changes in cognitive processes and abilities are seen in mood disorders, with those of bipolar disorder being greater than those in major depressive disorder. These include reduced attentional and executive capabilities and impaired memory. People with bipolar disorder often experience a decline in cogniti...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	444	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
Recovery and recurrence A naturalistic study in 2003 by Tohen and coworkers from the first admission for mania or mixed episode (representing the hospitalized and therefore most severe cases) found that 50% achieved syndromal recovery (no longer meeting criteria for the diagnosis) within six weeks and 98% within two y...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	426	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
Bipolar disorder is the sixth leading cause of disability worldwide and has a lifetime prevalence of about 1 to 3% in the general population. However, a reanalysis of data from the National Epidemiological Catchment Area survey in the United States suggested that 0.8% of the population experience a manic episode at lea...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	389	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
The incidence of bipolar disorder is similar in men and women as well as across different cultures and ethnic groups. A 2000 study by the World Health Organization found that prevalence and incidence of bipolar disorder are very similar across the world. Age-standardized prevalence per 100,000 ranged from 421.0 in Sout...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	465	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
The term "manic–depressive reaction" appeared in the first version of the DSM in 1952, influenced by the legacy of Adolf Meyer. Subtyping into "unipolar" depressive disorders and bipolar disorders has its origin in Karl Kleist's concept – since 1911 – of unipolar and bipolar affective disorders, which was used by Karl ...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	301	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
Advocacy There are widespread issues with social stigma, stereotypes, and prejudice against individuals with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. In 2000, actress Carrie Fisher went public with her bipolar disorder diagnosis. She became one of the most well-recognized advocates for people with bipolar disorder in the publi...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	408	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
In Mr. Jones (1993), (Richard Gere) swings from a manic episode into a depressive phase and back again, spending time in a psychiatric hospital and displaying many of the features of the syndrome. In The Mosquito Coast (1986), Allie Fox (Harrison Ford) displays some features including recklessness, grandiosity, increas...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	479	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
Research Research directions for bipolar disorder in children include optimizing treatments, increasing the knowledge of the genetic and neurobiological basis of the pediatric disorder and improving diagnostic criteria. Some treatment research suggests that psychosocial interventions that involve the family, psychoeduc...	Bipolar disorder	Wikipedia	85	4531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar%20disorder	Biology and health sciences	Mental disorder	null
Bra–ket notation, also called Dirac notation, is a notation for linear algebra and linear operators on complex vector spaces together with their dual space both in the finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional case. It is specifically designed to ease the types of calculations that frequently come up in quantum mecha...	Bra–ket notation	Wikipedia	449	4542	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket%20notation	Physical sciences	Quantum mechanics	Physics
It is common to suppress the vector or linear form from the bra–ket notation and only use a label inside the typography for the bra or ket. For example, the spin operator on a two-dimensional space of spinors has eigenvalues with eigenspinors . In bra–ket notation, this is typically denoted as , and . As above, kets...	Bra–ket notation	Wikipedia	410	4542	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket%20notation	Physical sciences	Quantum mechanics	Physics
Symbols, letters, numbers, or even words—whatever serves as a convenient label—can be used as the label inside a ket, with the making clear that the label indicates a vector in vector space. In other words, the symbol "" has a recognizable mathematical meaning as to the kind of variable being represented, while just t...	Bra–ket notation	Wikipedia	450	4542	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket%20notation	Physical sciences	Quantum mechanics	Physics
In the simple case where we consider the vector space , a ket can be identified with a column vector, and a bra as a row vector. If, moreover, we use the standard Hermitian inner product on , the bra corresponding to a ket, in particular a bra and a ket with the same label are conjugate transpose. Moreover, conventio...	Bra–ket notation	Wikipedia	402	4542	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket%20notation	Physical sciences	Quantum mechanics	Physics
In quantum mechanics, it is common practice to write down kets which have infinite norm, i.e. non-normalizable wavefunctions. Examples include states whose wavefunctions are Dirac delta functions or infinite plane waves. These do not, technically, belong to the Hilbert space itself. However, the definition of "Hilbert ...	Bra–ket notation	Wikipedia	481	4542	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket%20notation	Physical sciences	Quantum mechanics	Physics
The Hilbert space of a spin-0 point particle is spanned by a "position basis" , where the label extends over the set of all points in position space. This label is the eigenvalue of the position operator acting on such a basis state, . Since there are an uncountably infinite number of vector components in the basis, t...	Bra–ket notation	Wikipedia	501	4542	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket%20notation	Physical sciences	Quantum mechanics	Physics
depending on which basis you are using. In other words, the "coordinates" of a vector depend on the basis used. There is a mathematical relationship between , , and ; see change of basis. Pitfalls and ambiguous uses There are some conventions and uses of notation that may be confusing or ambiguous for the non-initi...	Bra–ket notation	Wikipedia	453	4542	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket%20notation	Physical sciences	Quantum mechanics	Physics
A linear operator is a map that inputs a ket and outputs a ket. (In order to be called "linear", it is required to have certain properties.) In other words, if is a linear operator and is a ket-vector, then is another ket-vector. In an -dimensional Hilbert space, we can impose a basis on the space and represent in...	Bra–ket notation	Wikipedia	501	4542	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket%20notation	Physical sciences	Quantum mechanics	Physics
If is expressed as an matrix, then is its conjugate transpose. Properties Bra–ket notation was designed to facilitate the formal manipulation of linear-algebraic expressions. Some of the properties that allow this manipulation are listed herein. In what follows, and denote arbitrary complex numbers, denotes the ...	Bra–ket notation	Wikipedia	484	4542	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket%20notation	Physical sciences	Quantum mechanics	Physics
Composite bras and kets Two Hilbert spaces and may form a third space by a tensor product. In quantum mechanics, this is used for describing composite systems. If a system is composed of two subsystems described in and respectively, then the Hilbert space of the entire system is the tensor product of the two space...	Bra–ket notation	Wikipedia	507	4542	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket%20notation	Physical sciences	Quantum mechanics	Physics
Let be the dual space of . This is the space of linear functionals on . The embedding is defined by , where for every the linear functional satisfies for every the functional equation . Notational confusion arises when identifying and with and respectively. This is because of literal symbolic substitutions. Le...	Bra–ket notation	Wikipedia	162	4542	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket%20notation	Physical sciences	Quantum mechanics	Physics
Blue is one of the three primary colours in the RYB colour model (traditional colour theory), as well as in the RGB (additive) colour model. It lies between violet and cyan on the spectrum of visible light. The term blue generally describes colours perceived by humans observing light with a dominant wavelength that's b...	Blue	Wikipedia	473	4543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue	Physical sciences	Color terms	null
In Russian, Spanish, Mongolian, Irish, and some other languages, there is no single word for blue, but rather different words for light blue (, ; ) and dark blue (, ; ) (see Colour term). Several languages, including Japanese and Lakota Sioux, use the same word to describe blue and green. For example, in Vietnamese, t...	Blue	Wikipedia	485	4543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue	Physical sciences	Color terms	null
The RYB model was used for colour printing by Jacob Christoph Le Blon as early as 1725. Later, printers discovered that more accurate colours could be created by using combinations of cyan, magenta, yellow, and black ink, put onto separate inked plates and then overlaid one at a time onto paper. This method could produ...	Blue	Wikipedia	449	4543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue	Physical sciences	Color terms	null
Blue also varies in shade or tint; darker shades of blue contain black or grey, while lighter tints contain white. Darker shades of blue include ultramarine, cobalt blue, navy blue, and Prussian blue; while lighter tints include sky blue, azure, and Egyptian blue (for a more complete list see the List of colours). As ...	Blue	Wikipedia	430	4543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue	Physical sciences	Color terms	null
In 1824 the Societé pour l'Encouragement d'Industrie in France offered a prize for the invention of an artificial ultramarine which could rival the natural colour made from lapis lazuli. The prize was won in 1826 by a chemist named Jean Baptiste Guimet, but he refused to reveal the formula of his colour. In 1828, anoth...	Blue	Wikipedia	493	4543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue	Physical sciences	Color terms	null
Inks Methyl blue is the dominant blue pigment in inks used in pens. Blueprinting involves the production of Prussian blue in situ. Inorganic compounds Certain metal ions characteristically form blue solutions or blue salts. Of some practical importance, cobalt is used to make the deep blue glazes and glasses. It subs...	Blue	Wikipedia	476	4543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue	Physical sciences	Color terms	null
Some of the most desirable gems are blue, including sapphire and tanzanite. Compounds of copper(II) are characteristically blue and so are many copper-containing minerals. Azurite (, with a deep blue colour, was once employed in medieval years, but it is unstable pigment, losing its colour especially under dry conditio...	Blue	Wikipedia	308	4543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue	Physical sciences	Color terms	null
Blue-pigmented animals are relatively rare. Examples of which include butterflies of the genus Nessaea, where blue is created by pterobilin. Other blue pigments of animal origin include phorcabilin, used by other butterflies in Graphium and Papilio (specifically P. phorcas and P. weiskei), and sarpedobilin, which is us...	Blue	Wikipedia	482	4543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue	Physical sciences	Color terms	null
In the United States, as of 2006, 1 out of every 6 people, or 16.6% of the total population, and 22.3% of the white population, have blue eyes, compared with about half of Americans born in 1900, and a third of Americans born in 1950. Blue eyes are becoming less common among American children. In the US, males are 3–5%...	Blue	Wikipedia	373	4543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue	Physical sciences	Color terms	null
The earliest known blue dyes were made from plants – woad in Europe, indigo in Asia and Africa, while blue pigments were made from minerals, usually either lapis lazuli or azurite, and required more. Blue glazes posed still another challenge since the early blue dyes and pigments were not thermally robust. In , the blu...	Blue	Wikipedia	490	4543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue	Physical sciences	Color terms	null
In the 12th century the Roman Catholic Church dictated that painters in Italy (and the rest of Europe consequently) to paint the Virgin Mary with blue, which became associated with holiness, humility and virtue. In medieval paintings, blue was used to attract the attention of the viewer to the Virgin Mary. Paintings of...	Blue	Wikipedia	477	4543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue	Physical sciences	Color terms	null
Recognizing the emotional power of blue, many artists made it the central element of paintings in the 19th and 20th centuries. They included Pablo Picasso, Pavel Kuznetsov and the Blue Rose art group, and Kandinsky and Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) school. Henri Matisse expressed deep emotions with blue, "A certain...	Blue	Wikipedia	412	4543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue	Physical sciences	Color terms	null
Blue in Judaism: In the Torah, the Israelites were commanded to put fringes, tzitzit, on the corners of their garments, and to weave within these fringes a "twisted thread of blue (tekhelet)". In ancient days, this blue thread was made from a dye extracted from a Mediterranean snail called the hilazon. Maimonides claim...	Blue	Wikipedia	460	4543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue	Physical sciences	Color terms	null
Blue in Sikhism: The Akali Nihangs warriors wear all-blue attire. Guru Gobind Singh also has a blue roan horse. The Sikh Rehat Maryada states that the Nishan Sahib hoisted outside every Gurudwara should be xanthic (Basanti in Punjabi) or greyish blue (modern day navy blue) (Surmaaee in Punjabi) colour. Blue in Paganism...	Blue	Wikipedia	113	4543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue	Physical sciences	Color terms	null
Sports In sports, blue is widely represented in uniforms in part because the majority of national teams wear the colours of their national flag. For example, the national men's football team of France are known as Les Bleus (the Blues). Similarly, Argentina, Italy, and Uruguay wear blue shirts. The Asian Football Con...	Blue	Wikipedia	342	4543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue	Physical sciences	Color terms	null
A blizzard is a severe snowstorm characterized by strong sustained winds and low visibility, lasting for a prolonged period of time—typically at least three or four hours. A ground blizzard is a weather condition where snow that has already fallen is being blown by wind. Blizzards can have an immense size and usually s...	Blizzard	Wikipedia	444	4548	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard	Physical sciences	Storms	null
The Oxford English Dictionary concludes the term blizzard is likely onomatopoeic, derived from the same sense as blow, blast, blister, and bluster; the first recorded use of it for weather dates to 1829, when it was defined as a "violent blow". It achieved its modern definition by 1859, when it was in use in the wester...	Blizzard	Wikipedia	453	4548	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard	Physical sciences	Storms	null
A nor'easter is a macro-scale storm that occurs off the New England and Atlantic Canada coastlines. It gets its name from the direction the wind is coming from. The usage of the term in North America comes from the wind associated with many different types of storms, some of which can form in the North Atlantic Ocean a...	Blizzard	Wikipedia	398	4548	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard	Physical sciences	Storms	null
The initial blizzard in October 1880 brought snowfalls so deep that two-story homes experienced accumulations, as opposed to drifts, up to their second-floor windows. No one was prepared for deep snow so early in the winter. Farmers from North Dakota to Virginia were caught flat with fields unharvested, what grain that...	Blizzard	Wikipedia	439	4548	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard	Physical sciences	Storms	null
The Storm of the Century, also known as the Great Blizzard of 1993, was a large cyclonic storm that formed over the Gulf of Mexico on March 12, 1993, and dissipated in the North Atlantic Ocean on March 15. It is unique for its intensity, massive size and wide-reaching effect. At its height, the storm stretched from Can...	Blizzard	Wikipedia	252	4548	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard	Physical sciences	Storms	null
1700 to 1799 The Great Snow 1717 series of four snowstorms between February 27 and March 7, 1717. There were reports of about five feet of snow already on the ground when the first of the storms hit. By the end, there were about ten feet of snow and some drifts reaching , burying houses entirely. In the colonial era, ...	Blizzard	Wikipedia	283	4548	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard	Physical sciences	Storms	null
1800 to 1850 Blizzard of 1805. January 26–28, 1805. Cyclone brought heavy snowstorm to New York City and New England. Snow fell continuously for two days where over of snow accumulated. New York City Blizzard of 1811. December 23–24, 1811. Severe blizzard conditions reported on Long Island, in New York City, and so...	Blizzard	Wikipedia	298	4548	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard	Physical sciences	Storms	null
1851 to 1900 Plains Blizzard of 1856. December 3–5, 1856. Severe blizzard-like storm raged for three days in Kansas and Iowa. Early pioneers suffered. "The Cold Storm of 1857" January 18–19, 1857. Produced severe blizzard conditions from North Carolina to Maine. Heavy snowfalls reported in east coast cities. Midwes...	Blizzard	Wikipedia	509	4548	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard	Physical sciences	Storms	null
Great Plains Blizzard of 1887. January 9–11, 1887. Reported 72-hour blizzard that covered parts of the Great Plains in more than of snow. Winds whipped and temperatures dropped to around . So many cows that were not killed by the cold soon died from starvation. When spring arrived, millions of the animals were dead, w...	Blizzard	Wikipedia	406	4548	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard	Physical sciences	Storms	null
Great Blizzard of 1899 February 11–14, 1899. An extremely unusual blizzard in that it reached into the far southern states of the US. It hit in February, and the area around Washington, D.C., experienced 51 hours straight of snowfall. The port of New Orleans was totally iced over; revelers participating in the New Orle...	Blizzard	Wikipedia	149	4548	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard	Physical sciences	Storms	null
1901 to 1939 Great Lakes Storm of 1913 November 7–10, 1913. "The White Hurricane" of 1913 was the deadliest and most destructive natural disaster ever to hit the Great Lakes Basin in the Midwestern United States and the Canadian province of Ontario. It produced wind gusts, waves over high, and whiteout snowsqualls. ...	Blizzard	Wikipedia	129	4548	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard	Physical sciences	Storms	null
1940 to 1949 Armistice Day Blizzard of 1940 November 10–12, 1940. Took place in the Midwest region of the United States on Armistice Day. This "Panhandle hook" winter storm cut a through the middle of the country from Kansas to Michigan. The morning of the storm was unseasonably warm but by mid afternoon conditions q...	Blizzard	Wikipedia	281	4548	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard	Physical sciences	Storms	null
The Blizzard of 1949 - The first blizzard started on Sunday, January 2, 1949; it lasted for three days. It was followed by two more months of blizzard after blizzard with high winds and bitter cold. Deep drifts isolated southeast Wyoming, northern Colorado, western South Dakota and western Nebraska, for weeks. Railroad...	Blizzard	Wikipedia	250	4548	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard	Physical sciences	Storms	null
1950 to 1959 Great Appalachian Storm of November 1950 November 24–30, 1950 March 1958 Nor'easter blizzard March 18–21, 1958. The Mount Shasta California Snowstorm of 1959 – The storm dumped of snow on Mount Shasta. The bulk of the snow fell on unpopulated mountainous areas, barely disrupting the residents of the Mou...	Blizzard	Wikipedia	473	4548	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard	Physical sciences	Storms	null
1990 to 1999 1991 Halloween blizzard Upper Mid-West US, October 31 – November 3, 1991 December 1992 Nor'easter blizzard December 10–12, 1992 1993 Storm of the Century March 12–15, 1993. While the southern and eastern U.S. and Cuba received the brunt of this massive blizzard, the Storm of the Century impacted a wider a...	Blizzard	Wikipedia	327	4548	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard	Physical sciences	Storms	null
2010 to 2019 February 5–6, 2010 North American blizzard February 5–6, 2010 Referred to at the time as Snowmageddon was a Category 3 ("major") nor'easter and severe weather event. February 9–10, 2010 North American blizzard February 9–10, 2010 February 25–27, 2010 North American blizzard February 25–27, 2010 October 20...	Blizzard	Wikipedia	437	4548	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard	Physical sciences	Storms	null
2020 to present December 5–6, 2020 nor'easter December 5–6, 2020 January 31 – February 3, 2021 nor'easter January 31 – February 3, 2021 February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm February 13–17, 2021 March 2021 North American blizzard March 11–14, 2021 January 2022 North American blizzard January 27–30, 2022 Dec...	Blizzard	Wikipedia	353	4548	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard	Physical sciences	Storms	null
A bison (: bison) is a large bovine in the genus Bison (Greek: "wild ox" (bison)) within the tribe Bovini. Two extant and numerous extinct species are recognised. Of the two surviving species, the American bison, B. bison, found only in North America, is the more numerous. Although colloquially referred to as a buffal...	Bison	Wikipedia	176	4583	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison	Biology and health sciences	Bovidae	Animals
In particle physics, a baryon is a type of composite subatomic particle that contains an odd number of valence quarks, conventionally three. Protons and neutrons are examples of baryons; because baryons are composed of quarks, they belong to the hadron family of particles. Baryons are also classified as fermions becaus...	Baryon	Wikipedia	469	4584	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon	Physical sciences	Fermions	null
Baryons, alongside mesons, are hadrons, composite particles composed of quarks. Quarks have baryon numbers of B = and antiquarks have baryon numbers of B = −. The term "baryon" usually refers to triquarks—baryons made of three quarks (B = + + = 1). Other exotic baryons have been proposed, such as pentaquarks—baryo...	Baryon	Wikipedia	402	4584	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon	Physical sciences	Fermions	null
Experiments are consistent with the number of quarks in the universe being conserved alongside the total baryon number, with antibaryons being counted as negative quantities. Within the prevailing Standard Model of particle physics, the number of baryons may change in multiples of three due to the action of sphalerons,...	Baryon	Wikipedia	446	4584	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon	Physical sciences	Fermions	null
The mathematics of isospin was modeled after that of spin. Isospin projections varied in increments of 1 just like those of spin, and to each projection was associated a "charged state". Since the "Delta particle" had four "charged states", it was said to be of isospin I = . Its "charged states" , , , and , corresponde...	Baryon	Wikipedia	317	4584	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon	Physical sciences	Fermions	null
The strangeness flavour quantum number S (not to be confused with spin) was noticed to go up and down along with particle mass. The higher the mass, the lower the strangeness (the more s quarks). Particles could be described with isospin projections (related to charge) and strangeness (mass) (see the uds octet and decu...	Baryon	Wikipedia	423	4584	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon	Physical sciences	Fermions	null
Spin (quantum number S) is a vector quantity that represents the "intrinsic" angular momentum of a particle. It comes in increments of ħ (pronounced "h-bar"). The ħ is often dropped because it is the "fundamental" unit of spin, and it is implied that "spin 1" means "spin 1 ħ". In some systems of natural units, ħ is ch...	Baryon	Wikipedia	415	4584	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon	Physical sciences	Fermions	null
Particle physicists are most interested in baryons with no orbital angular momentum (L = 0), as they correspond to ground states—states of minimal energy. Therefore, the two groups of baryons most studied are the S = ; L = 0 and S = ; L = 0, which corresponds to J = + and J = +, respectively, although they are not the ...	Baryon	Wikipedia	492	4584	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon	Physical sciences	Fermions	null
Nomenclature Baryons are classified into groups according to their isospin (I) values and quark (q) content. There are six groups of baryons: nucleon (), Delta (), Lambda (), Sigma (), Xi (), and Omega (). The rules for classification are defined by the Particle Data Group. These rules consider the up (), down () and ...	Baryon	Wikipedia	481	4584	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon	Physical sciences	Fermions	null
Quarks carry a charge, so knowing the charge of a particle indirectly gives the quark content. For example, the rules above say that a contains a c quark and some combination of two u and/or d quarks. The c quark has a charge of (Q = +), therefore the other two must be a u quark (Q = +), and a d quark (Q = −) to have ...	Baryon	Wikipedia	104	4584	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon	Physical sciences	Fermions	null
In cryptography, a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm that operates on fixed-length groups of bits, called blocks. Block ciphers are the elementary building blocks of many cryptographic protocols. They are ubiquitous in the storage and exchange of data, where such data is secured and authenticated via encryption...	Block cipher	Wikipedia	467	4594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20cipher	Technology	Computer security	null
History The modern design of block ciphers is based on the concept of an iterated product cipher. In his seminal 1949 publication, Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems, Claude Shannon analyzed product ciphers and suggested them as a means of effectively improving security by combining simple operations such as subst...	Block cipher	Wikipedia	496	4594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20cipher	Technology	Computer security	null

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