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Because it is difficult to measure actual volume and easy to measure mass, many of these units are now also defined as units of mass, specific to each commodity, so a bushel of apples is a different weight from a bushel of wheat (weighed at a specific moisture level). Indeed, the bushel, the best-known unit of dry mea... | Dry measure | Wikipedia | 338 | 3842527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry%20measure | Physical sciences | Basics | Basics and measurement |
A network on a chip or network-on-chip (NoC or ) is a network-based communications subsystem on an integrated circuit ("microchip"), most typically between modules in a system on a chip (SoC). The modules on the IC are typically semiconductor IP cores schematizing various functions of the computer system, and are d... | Network on a chip | Wikipedia | 481 | 3842768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20on%20a%20chip | Technology | Semiconductors | null |
Benefits
Traditionally, ICs have been designed with dedicated point-to-point connections, with one wire dedicated to each signal. This results in a dense network topology. For large designs, in particular, this has several limitations from a physical design viewpoint. It requires power quadratic in the number of in... | Network on a chip | Wikipedia | 416 | 3842768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20on%20a%20chip | Technology | Semiconductors | null |
This may indicate that for many real-time applications the service quality of existing on-chip interconnect infrastructure is sufficient, and dedicated hardware logic would be necessary to achieve microsecond precision, a degree that is rarely needed in practice for end users (sound or video jitter need only tenth of m... | Network on a chip | Wikipedia | 484 | 3842768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20on%20a%20chip | Technology | Semiconductors | null |
The Belt Supergroup is an assemblage of primarily fine-grained sedimentary rocks and mafic intrusive rocks of late Precambrian (Mesoproterozoic) age. It is more than thick, covers an area of some 200,000 km2 (77,220 sq. mi), and is considered to be one of the world's best-exposed and most accessible sequences of Mesop... | Belt Supergroup | Wikipedia | 476 | 24425329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt%20Supergroup | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Paleogeographic reconstructions indicate that the Belt Supergroup accumulated in a fault-bounded rift basin that existed where the North American craton and another landmass were joined in a supercontinent called Columbia/Nuna. The basin appears to have been a closed "lacustrine" environment, or at least not completely... | Belt Supergroup | Wikipedia | 419 | 24425329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt%20Supergroup | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Economic resources
The Belt Supergroup rocks host a variety of economically significant deposits of lead, zinc, silver, copper, gold, and other metals. These include the Coeur d'Alene lead–zinc–silver mining district in Idaho, which has produced about 7,400,000 tons of lead, 2,900,000 tons of zinc, and 35,600 tons of s... | Belt Supergroup | Wikipedia | 110 | 24425329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt%20Supergroup | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
In mathematics and physics, an equipotential or isopotential refers to a region in space where every point is at the same potential. This usually refers to a scalar potential (in that case it is a level set of the potential), although it can also be applied to vector potentials. An equipotential of a scalar potential ... | Equipotential | Wikipedia | 451 | 2866340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipotential | Physical sciences | Classical mechanics | Physics |
A ball will not be accelerated left or right by the force of gravity if it is resting on a flat, horizontal surface, because it is an equipotential surface.
For the gravity of Earth, the corresponding geopotential isosurface (the equigeopotential) that best fits mean sea level is called the geoid. | Equipotential | Wikipedia | 70 | 2866340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipotential | Physical sciences | Classical mechanics | Physics |
In elastodynamics, Love waves, named after Augustus Edward Hough Love, are horizontally polarized surface waves. The Love wave is a result of the interference of many shear waves (S-waves) guided by an elastic layer, which is welded to an elastic half space on one side while bordering a vacuum on the other side. In sei... | Love wave | Wikipedia | 490 | 2063011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20wave | Physical sciences | Seismology | Earth science |
where is the displacement vector and is the stiffness tensor. Love waves are a special solution () that satisfy this system of equations. We typically use a Cartesian coordinate system () to describe Love waves.
Consider an isotropic linear elastic medium in which the elastic properties are functions of only the c... | Love wave | Wikipedia | 305 | 2063011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20wave | Physical sciences | Seismology | Earth science |
Mechanised agriculture or agricultural mechanization is the use of machinery and equipment, ranging from simple and basic hand tools to more sophisticated, motorized equipment and machinery, to perform agricultural operations. In modern times, powered machinery has replaced many farm task formerly carried out by manual... | Mechanised agriculture | Wikipedia | 407 | 2063352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanised%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
Since the beginning of agriculture threshing was done by hand with a flail, requiring a great deal of labour. The threshing machine, which was invented in 1794 but not widely used for several more decades, simplified the operation and allowed the use of animal power. Before the invention of the grain cradle (ca. 1790) ... | Mechanised agriculture | Wikipedia | 464 | 2063352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanised%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
Although U.S. farmers of corn, wheat, soy, and other commodity crops had replaced most of their workers with harvesting machines and combines by the 1950s enabling them to efficiently cut and gather grains, growers of produce continued to rely on human pickers to avoid the bruising of the product in order to maintain t... | Mechanised agriculture | Wikipedia | 475 | 2063352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanised%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
Employment impact
Since at least the early nineteenth century there have been concerns over the possible negative socioeconomic impacts of labour-saving technological change, particularly job displacement resulting in unemployment. However, fears that automation increases labour productivity to the extent that it caus... | Mechanised agriculture | Wikipedia | 490 | 2063352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanised%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
As of 2014, prototype chili pepper harvesters are being tested by New Mexico State University. The New Mexico green chile crop is currently hand-picked entirely by field workers as chili pods tend to bruise easily. The first commercial application commenced in 2015. The equipment is expected to increase yield per acre ... | Mechanised agriculture | Wikipedia | 477 | 2063352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanised%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
Mechanical harvesting of tomatoes started in 1965 and as of 2010, nearly all processing tomatoes are mechanically harvested. As of 2010, 95% of the US processed tomato crop is produced in California. Although fresh market tomatoes have substantial hand harvesting costs (in 2007, the costs of hand picking and hauling we... | Mechanised agriculture | Wikipedia | 364 | 2063352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanised%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
The chi (Tongyong Pinyin chih) is a traditional Chinese unit of length. Although it is often translated as the "", its length was originally derived from the distance measured by a human hand, from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the forefinger, and is similar to the ancient span. It first appeared during China's Sh... | Chi (unit) | Wikipedia | 509 | 2063359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%20%28unit%29 | Physical sciences | East Asian | Basics and measurement |
In 1905 the Korean Empire defined the cheok as 10000/33000 of a metre. In 1964, South Korea fully adopted SI units.
Usage in Chinese language
Due to its long history and its widespread usage, chi (along with cun) has also seen metaphorical usages in the Chinese language. For example, chi cun (), a word made up of the... | Chi (unit) | Wikipedia | 134 | 2063359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%20%28unit%29 | Physical sciences | East Asian | Basics and measurement |
Layering is a vegetative propagation technique where the stem or branch of a plant is manipulated to promote root development while still attached to the parent plant. Once roots are established, the new plant can be detached from the parent and planted. Layering is utilized by horticulturists to propagate desirable pl... | Layering | Wikipedia | 418 | 2064083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layering | Technology | Horticulture | null |
Method and process
A low-growing stem is bent down to touch a hole dug in the ground, then pinned in place using something shaped like a clothes hanger hook and covered over with soil. However, a few inches of leafy growth must remain above the ground for the bent stem to grow into a new plant. Removing a section of sk... | Layering | Wikipedia | 400 | 2064083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layering | Technology | Horticulture | null |
Ground layering
Ground layering or mound layering is the typical propagation technique for the popular Malling-Merton series of clonal apple root stocks, in which the original plants are set in the ground with the stem nearly horizontal, which forces side buds to grow upward. After these are started at the start of the... | Layering | Wikipedia | 352 | 2064083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layering | Technology | Horticulture | null |
Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory aims to explain the physical adsorption of gas molecules on a solid surface and serves as the basis for an important analysis technique for the measurement of the specific surface area of materials. The observations are very often referred to as physical adsorption or physisorption.... | BET theory | Wikipedia | 456 | 2065886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET%20theory | Physical sciences | Other separations | Chemistry |
Here is the amount of adsorbate and is called the monolayer equivalent. The is the entire amount that would be present as a monolayer (which is theoretically impossible for physical adsorption) that would cover the surface with exactly one layer of adsorbate. The above equation is usually rearranged to yield the f... | BET theory | Wikipedia | 368 | 2065886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET%20theory | Physical sciences | Other separations | Chemistry |
Derivation
The BET theory can be derived similarly to the Langmuir theory, but by considering multilayered gas molecule adsorption, where it is not required for a layer to be completed before an upper layer formation starts. Furthermore, the authors made five assumptions:
Adsorptions occur only on well-defined sites ... | BET theory | Wikipedia | 485 | 2065886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET%20theory | Physical sciences | Other separations | Chemistry |
Consider some substance A. The adsorption of A onto an available surface site produces a new site on the first layer. In summary,
A(g) + <=>
Extending this to higher order layers one obtains
A(g) + <=>
and similarly
A(g) + <=>
Denoting the activity of the number of available sites of the th layer with and... | BET theory | Wikipedia | 497 | 2065886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET%20theory | Physical sciences | Other separations | Chemistry |
It is still not clear on how to find the linear range of the BET plot for microporous materials in a way that reduces any subjectivity in the assessment of the monolayer capacity. A crowd-sourced study involving 61 research groups has shown that reproducibility of BET area determination from identical isotherms is, in ... | BET theory | Wikipedia | 459 | 2065886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET%20theory | Physical sciences | Other separations | Chemistry |
The rate of curing of concrete depends on the fineness of the cement and of the components used in its manufacture, which may include fly ash, silica fume and other materials, in addition to the calcinated limestone which causes it to harden. Although the Blaine air permeability method is often preferred, due to its si... | BET theory | Wikipedia | 486 | 2065886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET%20theory | Physical sciences | Other separations | Chemistry |
Thermal desorption
In 2023, researchers in the United States developed a method to determine BET surface areas using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). This method uses a TGA to heat a porous sample loaded with an adsorbate, the produced plot of sample mass vs. temperature is then mapped into a standard isotherm to wh... | BET theory | Wikipedia | 132 | 2065886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET%20theory | Physical sciences | Other separations | Chemistry |
The Kolkata Metro is a rapid transit system serving the city of Kolkata and the Kolkata Metropolitan Region in West Bengal, India. Opened in 1984, it was the first operational rapid transit system in India. Currently it is the second busiest and fifth longest rapid transit system in India. As of now, it has one fully o... | Kolkata Metro | Wikipedia | 384 | 2067207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata%20Metro | Technology | India | null |
Early attempts
In the September 1919 session of the Imperial Legislative Council at Shimla, a committee was set up by W. E. Crum that recommended a metro line for Kolkata (formerly Calcutta). This line was supposed to connect Bagmari in the east to Benaras Road, Salkia, in Howrah in the west via a tunnel beneath Hoogh... | Kolkata Metro | Wikipedia | 487 | 2067207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata%20Metro | Technology | India | null |
The highest priority was given to the busy north–south corridor between Dum Dum and Tollygunge over a length of ; work on this project was approved on 1 June 1972. A tentative deadline was fixed to complete all the corridors by 1991.
Construction
North-South Metro
Since it was India's first metro and was constructed ... | Kolkata Metro | Wikipedia | 371 | 2067207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata%20Metro | Technology | India | null |
Despite all the hurdles, services began on 24 October 1984, with the commissioning of a partial commercial service covering a distance of with five stations served between Esplanade and Bhowanipur (currently Netaji Bhavan). The first metro was driven by Tapan Kumar Nath and Sanjoy Kumar Sil. The service was quickly fo... | Kolkata Metro | Wikipedia | 465 | 2067207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata%20Metro | Technology | India | null |
The master plan of the metro corridor was made in 1971 along with the North–South Corridor, connecting the office district of Bidhannagar with the twin city and transportation hub Howrah via another transport hub of the city, Sealdah, and the central business district Esplanade by an underwater metro line. It is a pro... | Kolkata Metro | Wikipedia | 484 | 2067207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata%20Metro | Technology | India | null |
A new four-platform interchange station was constructed at Noapara and Kavi Subhash. This acts as an interchange station for Line 1 with Line 4 and Line 6 respectively. For the time being, only two platforms are in use for Noapara, but once Line 4 is running, all four platforms will be operational, whereas, from 6 Marc... | Kolkata Metro | Wikipedia | 506 | 2067207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata%20Metro | Technology | India | null |
Line 1, or the Blue line, of Kolkata Metro () has a total length of serving 26 Kolkata Metro stations, of which 15 are underground, 9 are elevated and 2 at-grade. It uses the broad gauge tracks. It was the first underground railway to be built in India, with the first trains running in October 1984 and the full stret... | Kolkata Metro | Wikipedia | 427 | 2067207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata%20Metro | Technology | India | null |
Green Line or Line 2, is the metro corridor to connect Kolkata with Howrah by an underwater tunnel below the Hooghly River. The length was supposed to be , underground and elevated. However, the project was stalled several times due to land acquisition and slum relocation issues. A major route realignment in 2013 inc... | Kolkata Metro | Wikipedia | 459 | 2067207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata%20Metro | Technology | India | null |
Previously, the stretch from Thakurpukur to Majerhat was surveyed as a branch line of the circular railway, and a metro line from Majerhat to Dakshineswar via Sealdah (interchange with Green line) was planned. This plan was scrapped and a new metro line from further south in Joka to BBD Bagh was sanctioned in 2010–2011... | Kolkata Metro | Wikipedia | 376 | 2067207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata%20Metro | Technology | India | null |
The Mominpur metro station was planned to be built across a 2500 sq. m area. However, the Ministry of Defence objected to the elevated structure, saying that it would overlook the Ordnance depot. This forced RVNL to stall the entire project, and RVNL almost dropped the station from the plan even though it alone would h... | Kolkata Metro | Wikipedia | 481 | 2067207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata%20Metro | Technology | India | null |
Following an objection from the Airports Authority of India (AAI), the route was further reworked. Instead of using the Circular Line's Jessore Road and Biman Bandar railway station, Jessore Road and Jai Hind metro station were planned at-grade and underground, respectively. This stretch will continue underground till ... | Kolkata Metro | Wikipedia | 464 | 2067207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata%20Metro | Technology | India | null |
Initially, the Jai Hind metro station was planned to be elevated. However, the AAI objected that the elevated stretch up to the airport might pose a threat to aircraft, so the route was further reworked and the station was shifted underground, 150 m from the Airport terminal building. As per another revised plan, this ... | Kolkata Metro | Wikipedia | 401 | 2067207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata%20Metro | Technology | India | null |
Owners and operators
Since the formation of the Metropolitan Transport Project (MTP) in 1969, Kolkata Metro has always been under the Indian Railways, directly or indirectly. It is the only metro in the country to be controlled by Indian Railways. On 29 December 2010, Metro Railway, Kolkata, became the 17th zone of th... | Kolkata Metro | Wikipedia | 459 | 2067207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata%20Metro | Technology | India | null |
The fare is based on the predetermined distance formulas. Kolkata Metro has the lowest starting fare in the country of . For Blue Line, the fare ranges from to ,for Green Line, its to , for Purple Line, the fare ranges from to and Orange line fare range is from to .
Tickets
After using the magnetic ticketing st... | Kolkata Metro | Wikipedia | 375 | 2067207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata%20Metro | Technology | India | null |
Smart Card
After introducing RFID tokens, Kolkata metro introduced a Smart Card service provided by CRIS. Earlier, four different types of smart cards were used: Minimum Multi Ride (MMR), Limited Multi Ride (LMR), General Multi Ride (GMR) and Extended Multi Ride (EMR). They were withdrawn on 7 November 2013 and a sing... | Kolkata Metro | Wikipedia | 436 | 2067207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata%20Metro | Technology | India | null |
Most stations have services such as ATMs, food outlets, and chemist stalls. To ease crowding for recharging smart cards, two Automatic Card recharge machines were installed at Dum Dum. On account of the Swacchota–i–Seba (in English, Cleanliness is service), a nationwide awareness and mobilization campaign on cleanlines... | Kolkata Metro | Wikipedia | 464 | 2067207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata%20Metro | Technology | India | null |
Blue Line: Trains operate on typical Indian Railways automatic signaling technology. A Route Relay Interlocking System has been provided at New Garia depot and Tollygunge depot and Electronic Interlocking has been provided at Noapara depot to facilitate the prompt withdrawal and injection of rakes and to perform shunti... | Kolkata Metro | Wikipedia | 438 | 2067207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata%20Metro | Technology | India | null |
Issues
Since the Kolkata Metro was constructed in the 1970s, there were some technical limitations. Due to the tunnel dimensions, and being under Indian Railways, Kolkata Metro opted for an Indian metre gauge shell (2.7 m width) mounted upon broad gauge bogies. The rakes have to be custom built and require a special ... | Kolkata Metro | Wikipedia | 278 | 2067207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata%20Metro | Technology | India | null |
A splinter (also known as a sliver) is a fragment of a larger object, or a foreign body that penetrates or is purposely injected into a body. The foreign body must be lodged inside tissue to be considered a splinter. Splinters may cause initial pain through ripping of flesh and muscle, or infection through bacteria on ... | Splinter | Wikipedia | 417 | 33067333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splinter | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Specific details of some splinters
Wood: this type of splinter is contracted from lumber or other vegetative materials. Wood splinters must be removed from wounds because they are associated with inflammation and risk of infection. Larger or deeper splinters can result in difficult removal, or localization of the fore... | Splinter | Wikipedia | 389 | 33067333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splinter | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Hair: Short lengths of hair, especially stiff hair such as trimmed beard hair or pet hair, can work their way under the skin of the feet or hands. Hair splinters (cutaneous pili migrans) are commonly experienced by hairdressers and dog groomers. This is distinct from an ingrown hair, where a hair still attached to its ... | Splinter | Wikipedia | 130 | 33067333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splinter | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Detection
Splinters are often first detected by the person with the splinter in their body. There are many signs that a splinter has entered one's body.
Signs of a hidden foreign body
Puncture wound
Blood-stained injury track of a fresh wound
Sharp pain with deep palpation over a puncture wound
Discoloration bene... | Splinter | Wikipedia | 474 | 33067333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splinter | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Infection
Infection is usually determined by the duration of time that the foreign object remains lodged in the human body. Objects that have included poison, deep penetration, dirt, or bite injuries generally result in a shorter time until infection is notable. According to the AAFP, patients that are older, or have... | Splinter | Wikipedia | 415 | 33067333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splinter | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Free range denotes a method of farming husbandry where the animals can roam freely outdoors for at least part of the day, rather than being confined in an enclosure for 24 hours each day.
On many farms, the outdoors ranging area is fenced, thereby technically making this an enclosure, however, free range systems usuall... | Free range | Wikipedia | 498 | 1423441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20range | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
The term "free range" is mainly used as a marketing term rather than a husbandry term, meaning something on the order of, "low stocking density", "pasture-raised", "grass-fed", "old-fashioned", "humanely raised", etc.
There have been proposals to regulate USDA labeling of products as free range within the United State... | Free range | Wikipedia | 408 | 1423441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20range | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
The broadness of "free range" in the U.S. has caused some people to look for alternative terms. "Pastured poultry" is a term promoted by farmer/author Joel Salatin for broiler chickens raised on grass pasture for all of their lives except for the initial brooding period. The Pastured Poultry concept is promoted by the ... | Free range | Wikipedia | 508 | 1423441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20range | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
The European Union regulates marketing standards for egg farming which specifies the following (cumulative) minimum conditions for the free-range method:
hens have continuous daytime access to open-air runs, except in the case of temporary restrictions imposed by veterinary authorities,
the open-air runs to which hen... | Free range | Wikipedia | 509 | 1423441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20range | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
Free-range rearing of pullets:
Free range rearing of pullets for egg-laying is now being pioneered in the UK by various poultry rearing farms. In these systems, the pullets are allowed outside from as young as 4 weeks of age, rather than the conventional systems where the pullets are reared in barns and allowed out at... | Free range | Wikipedia | 503 | 1423441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20range | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
Egg laying hens
In Australia, three farming methods for the production of eggs are utilised. In 2011, traditional cage (or battery) eggs accounted for 42% of value, barn-laid eggs account for 10% of value, free-range eggs accounted for 44% of value, and organic eggs accounted for 4% of value. Increased demand for free... | Free range | Wikipedia | 463 | 1423441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20range | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
Free Range Egg & Poultry Australia (FREPA) standards provides a sliding scale for indoor density, with 10 birds per square metre allowed only in enclosures housing less than 1000 birds, and 6 birds per square metre the maximum for barns with over 4000 birds. Nothing is said in the standards about outdoor density, thus ... | Free range | Wikipedia | 475 | 1423441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20range | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
Fucus is a genus of brown algae found in the intertidal zones of rocky seashores almost throughout the world.
Description and life cycle
The thallus is perennial with an irregular or disc-shaped holdfast or with haptera. The erect portion of the thallus is dichotomous or subpinnately branched, flattened and with a dis... | Fucus | Wikipedia | 406 | 1424029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucus | Biology and health sciences | SAR supergroup | Plants |
In the British Isles these larger brown algae occur on sheltered shores in fairly well defined zones along the shore from high-water mark to below low water mark. On the more exposed shores not all of these species can be found and on very exposed shores few, if any, occur. Pelvetia canaliculata forms a zone at the top... | Fucus | Wikipedia | 495 | 1424029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucus | Biology and health sciences | SAR supergroup | Plants |
Predator
The seaweed fly, Coelopa frigida, together with other species of Coelopa, are known to feed, mate, and create habitats out of different species of Fucus. This is of particular notice when the Fucus is stranded on the beach and not when it is submerged under seawater. With increasing amounts of seaweed washing... | Fucus | Wikipedia | 501 | 1424029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucus | Biology and health sciences | SAR supergroup | Plants |
Fucus distichus is the organism used as a model to study the development of cell polarity, since it forms an apolar zygote that can develop polarity given a varying number of gradients.
Fucus serratus
F. serratus, toothed wrack, is the most distinctive of all the Fucus species. It clearly shows a distinctive serrated... | Fucus | Wikipedia | 243 | 1424029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucus | Biology and health sciences | SAR supergroup | Plants |
In mathematics, a differential equation is an equation that relates one or more unknown functions and their derivatives. In applications, the functions generally represent physical quantities, the derivatives represent their rates of change, and the differential equation defines a relationship between the two. Such rel... | Differential equation | Wikipedia | 418 | 1424309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20equation | Mathematics | Calculus and analysis | null |
The Euler–Lagrange equation was developed in the 1750s by Euler and Lagrange in connection with their studies of the tautochrone problem. This is the problem of determining a curve on which a weighted particle will fall to a fixed point in a fixed amount of time, independent of the starting point. Lagrange solved this ... | Differential equation | Wikipedia | 511 | 1424309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20equation | Mathematics | Calculus and analysis | null |
Ordinary differential equations
An ordinary differential equation (ODE) is an equation containing an unknown function of one real or complex variable , its derivatives, and some given functions of . The unknown function is generally represented by a variable (often denoted ), which, therefore, depends on . Thus is of... | Differential equation | Wikipedia | 381 | 1424309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20equation | Mathematics | Calculus and analysis | null |
A non-linear differential equation is a differential equation that is not a linear equation in the unknown function and its derivatives (the linearity or non-linearity in the arguments of the function are not considered here). There are very few methods of solving nonlinear differential equations exactly; those that ar... | Differential equation | Wikipedia | 430 | 1424309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20equation | Mathematics | Calculus and analysis | null |
In the first group of examples u is an unknown function of x, and c and ω are constants that are supposed to be known. Two broad classifications of both ordinary and partial differential equations consist of distinguishing between linear and nonlinear differential equations, and between homogeneous differential equatio... | Differential equation | Wikipedia | 395 | 1424309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20equation | Mathematics | Calculus and analysis | null |
Related concepts
A delay differential equation (DDE) is an equation for a function of a single variable, usually called time, in which the derivative of the function at a certain time is given in terms of the values of the function at earlier times.
Integral equations may be viewed as the analog to differential equat... | Differential equation | Wikipedia | 469 | 1424309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20equation | Mathematics | Calculus and analysis | null |
Many fundamental laws of physics and chemistry can be formulated as differential equations. In biology and economics, differential equations are used to model the behavior of complex systems. The mathematical theory of differential equations first developed together with the sciences where the equations had originated ... | Differential equation | Wikipedia | 353 | 1424309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20equation | Mathematics | Calculus and analysis | null |
The Scotia plate () is a minor tectonic plate on the edge of the South Atlantic and Southern oceans. Thought to have formed during the early Eocene with the opening of the Drake Passage that separates Antarctica and South America, it is a minor plate whose movement is largely controlled by the two major plates that su... | Scotia plate | Wikipedia | 508 | 1424877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotia%20plate | Physical sciences | Tectonic plates | Earth science |
South Georgia microcontinent
Experts in plate tectonics have been unable to determine whether the South Georgian Islands are part of the Scotia plate or have been recently accreted to the South American plate. Surface expressions of the plate boundary are found north of the islands suggesting a long-term presence of th... | Scotia plate | Wikipedia | 490 | 1424877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotia%20plate | Physical sciences | Tectonic plates | Earth science |
The eastern continuation of the ridge, the Scotia Arc east of the South Sandwich plate, are the South Sandwich island arc and trench. This volcanic active island arc has submerged ancestors in Jane and Discovery banks in the southern ridge.
Shackleton fracture zone
The western edge of the plate is bounded by the Ant... | Scotia plate | Wikipedia | 472 | 1424877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotia%20plate | Physical sciences | Tectonic plates | Earth science |
West Scotia Ridge
One of the most prominent features in the Scotia plate itself is the median valley known as the West Scotia Ridge. It was produced by two plates that are no longer independently active: the Magallanes and Central Scotia plates so is an extinct spreading center. The ridge consists of seven segments se... | Scotia plate | Wikipedia | 393 | 1424877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotia%20plate | Physical sciences | Tectonic plates | Earth science |
The earliest marine fossils found on the Maurice Ewing Bank, on the eastern end of the Falkland Plateau, are associated with the Indian and Tethys Oceans and probably slightly more than 150 Ma. The Weddell Sea opened and spread along the southern margin of the Falkland Plateau and into the Rocas Verdes back-arc basin ... | Scotia plate | Wikipedia | 373 | 1424877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotia%20plate | Physical sciences | Tectonic plates | Earth science |
Opening of Drake Passage
Between the Late Cretaceous and the Early Oligocene (90–30 Ma) little changed in the region, except for the subduction of the Phoenix plate along the Shackleton fracture zone. The Late Paleocene and Early Eocene (60–50 Ma) saw the formation of South Scotia Sea and South Scotia Ridge — the firs... | Scotia plate | Wikipedia | 369 | 1424877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotia%20plate | Physical sciences | Tectonic plates | Earth science |
An electric arc furnace (EAF) is a furnace that heats material by means of an electric arc.
Industrial arc furnaces range in size from small units of approximately one-tonne capacity (used in foundries for producing cast iron products) up to about 400-tonne units used for secondary steelmaking. Arc furnaces used in re... | Electric arc furnace | Wikipedia | 424 | 1425422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20arc%20furnace | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
While EAFs were widely used in World War II for production of alloy steels, it was only later that electric steelmaking began to expand. The low capital cost for a mini-mill—around US$140–200 per ton of annual installed capacity, compared with US$1,000 per ton of annual installed capacity for an integrated steel mill—a... | Electric arc furnace | Wikipedia | 453 | 1425422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20arc%20furnace | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
The hearth may be hemispherical in shape, or in an eccentric bottom tapping furnace (see below), the hearth has the shape of a halved egg. In modern meltshops, the furnace is often raised off the ground floor, so that ladles and slag pots can easily be maneuvered under either end of the furnace. Separate from the furna... | Electric arc furnace | Wikipedia | 399 | 1425422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20arc%20furnace | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
The furnace is built on a tilting platform so that the liquid steel can be poured into another vessel for transport. The operation of tilting the furnace to pour molten steel is called "tapping". Originally, all steelmaking furnaces had a tapping spout closed with refractory that washed out when the furnace was tilted... | Electric arc furnace | Wikipedia | 342 | 1425422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20arc%20furnace | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
A mid-sized modern steelmaking furnace would have a transformer rated about 60,000,000 volt-amperes (60 MVA), with a secondary voltage between 400 and 900 volts and a secondary current in excess of 44,000 amperes. In a modern shop such a furnace would be expected to produce a quantity of 80 tonnes of liquid steel in ap... | Electric arc furnace | Wikipedia | 511 | 1425422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20arc%20furnace | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
The scrap is loaded into large buckets called baskets, with "clamshell" doors for a base. Care is taken to layer the scrap in the basket to ensure good furnace operation; heavy melt is placed on top of a light layer of protective shred, on top of which is placed more shred. These layers should be present in the furnace... | Electric arc furnace | Wikipedia | 512 | 1425422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20arc%20furnace | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
An important part of steelmaking is the formation of slag, which floats on the surface of the molten steel. Slag usually consists of metal oxides, and acts as a destination for oxidised impurities, as a thermal blanket (stopping excessive heat loss) and helping to reduce erosion of the refractory lining. For a furnace ... | Electric arc furnace | Wikipedia | 472 | 1425422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20arc%20furnace | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
A foaming slag is maintained throughout, and often overflows the furnace to pour out of the slag door into the slag pit. Temperature sampling and chemical sampling take place via automatic lances. Oxygen and carbon can be automatically measured via special probes that dip into the steel, but for all other elements, a "... | Electric arc furnace | Wikipedia | 509 | 1425422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20arc%20furnace | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
Advantages for steelmaking
The use of EAFs allows steel to be made from a 100% scrap metal feedstock. This greatly reduces the energy required to make steel when compared with primary steelmaking from ores.
Another benefit is flexibility: while blast furnaces cannot vary their production by much and can remain in oper... | Electric arc furnace | Wikipedia | 512 | 1425422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20arc%20furnace | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
For steelmaking, direct current (DC) arc furnaces are used, with a single electrode in the roof and the current return through a conductive bottom lining or conductive pins in the base. The advantage of DC is lower electrode consumption per ton of steel produced, since only one electrode is used, as well as less electr... | Electric arc furnace | Wikipedia | 473 | 1425422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20arc%20furnace | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
Amateurs have constructed a variety of arc furnaces, often based on electric arc welding kits contained by silica blocks or flower pots. Though crude, these simple furnaces can melt a wide range of materials, create calcium carbide, and more.
Cooling methods
Smaller arc furnaces may be adequately cooled by circulatio... | Electric arc furnace | Wikipedia | 463 | 1425422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20arc%20furnace | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
Most grades of steel are melted once and are then cast or teemed into a solid form prior to extensive forging or rolling to a metallurgically-sound form. In contrast, VIM-VAR steels go through two more highly purifying melts under vacuum. After melting in an electric arc furnace and alloying in an argon oxygen decarbur... | Electric arc furnace | Wikipedia | 468 | 1425422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20arc%20furnace | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
A multipole expansion is a mathematical series representing a function that depends on angles—usually the two angles used in the spherical coordinate system (the polar and azimuthal angles) for three-dimensional Euclidean space, . Multipole expansions are useful because, similar to Taylor series, oftentimes only the fi... | Multipole expansion | Wikipedia | 511 | 1425534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipole%20expansion | Mathematics | Sequences and series | null |
where are the standard spherical harmonics, and are constant coefficients which depend on the function. The term represents the monopole; represent the dipole; and so on. Equivalently, the series is also frequently written as
where the represent the components of a unit vector in the direction given by the angles... | Multipole expansion | Wikipedia | 403 | 1425534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipole%20expansion | Mathematics | Sequences and series | null |
Multipole expansions are also useful in numerical simulations, and form the basis of the fast multipole method of Greengard and Rokhlin, a general technique for efficient computation of energies and forces in systems of interacting particles. The basic idea is to decompose the particles into groups; particles within a ... | Multipole expansion | Wikipedia | 490 | 1425534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipole%20expansion | Mathematics | Sequences and series | null |
and we obtain finally the first few terms of the multipole expansion of the total potential, which is the sum of the Coulomb potentials of the separate charges:
This expansion of the potential of a discrete charge distribution is very similar to the one in real solid harmonics given below. The main difference is that ... | Multipole expansion | Wikipedia | 484 | 1425534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipole%20expansion | Mathematics | Sequences and series | null |
Interaction of two non-overlapping charge distributions
Consider two sets of point charges, one set clustered around a point and one set clustered around a point . Think for example of two molecules, and recall that a molecule by definition consists of electrons (negative point charges) and nuclei (positive point ch... | Multipole expansion | Wikipedia | 488 | 1425534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipole%20expansion | Mathematics | Sequences and series | null |
If the molecule has certain point group symmetry, then this is reflected in the wave function: Ψ transforms according to a certain irreducible representation λ of the group ("Ψ has symmetry type λ"). This has the consequence that selection rules hold for the expectation value of the multipole operator, or in other word... | Multipole expansion | Wikipedia | 481 | 1425534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipole%20expansion | Mathematics | Sequences and series | null |
Examples of potentials include the electric potential, the magnetic potential and the gravitational potential of point sources. An example of a potential is the electric potential of an infinite line charge.
General mathematical properties
Multipole moments in mathematics and mathematical physics form an orthogonal ... | Multipole expansion | Wikipedia | 277 | 1425534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipole%20expansion | Mathematics | Sequences and series | null |
In Earth science, ductility refers to the capacity of a rock to deform to large strains without macroscopic fracturing. Such behavior may occur in unlithified or poorly lithified sediments, in weak materials such as halite or at greater depths in all rock types where higher temperatures promote crystal plasticity and h... | Ductility (Earth science) | Wikipedia | 509 | 31557892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductility%20%28Earth%20science%29 | Physical sciences | Structural geology | Earth science |
Quantification
Ductility is a material property that can be expressed in a variety of ways. Mathematically, it is commonly expressed as a total quantity of elongation or a total quantity of the change in cross sectional area of a specific rock until macroscopic brittle behavior, such as fracturing, is observed. For ac... | Ductility (Earth science) | Wikipedia | 448 | 31557892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductility%20%28Earth%20science%29 | Physical sciences | Structural geology | Earth science |
Elastic Deformation is deformation which exhibits a linear stress-strain relationship (quantified by Young's Modulus) and is derived from Hooke's Law of spring forces (see Fig. 1.2). In elastic deformation, objects show no permanent deformation after the stress has been removed from the system and return to their origi... | Ductility (Earth science) | Wikipedia | 279 | 31557892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductility%20%28Earth%20science%29 | Physical sciences | Structural geology | Earth science |
Biological materials
In addition to rocks, biological materials such as wood, lumber, bone, etc. can be assessed for their ductility as well, for many behave in the same manner and possess the same characteristics as abiotic Earth materials. This assessment was done in Hiroshi Yoshihara's experiment, "Plasticity Analy... | Ductility (Earth science) | Wikipedia | 478 | 31557892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductility%20%28Earth%20science%29 | Physical sciences | Structural geology | Earth science |
Peak Ductility Demand
Peak Ductility Demand is a quantity used particularly in the fields of architecture, geological engineering, and mechanical engineering. It is defined as the amount of ductile deformation a material must be able to withstand (when exposed to a stress) without brittle fracture or failure. This qua... | Ductility (Earth science) | Wikipedia | 105 | 31557892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductility%20%28Earth%20science%29 | Physical sciences | Structural geology | Earth science |
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