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The different species of Arthropleura are primarily differentiated by the dorsal ornamentation of their tergites. There is a keel across the middle of the tergites running laterally in all species, and typically, there is a line of large tubercules running behind it. The only exception is A. cristata from the Mazon Cre... | Arthropleura | Wikipedia | 282 | 3838790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropleura | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
Most fossils of Arthropleura are believed to represent exuviae (moulted shells) instead of carcasses. Arthropleura has typically been reconstructed living in coal swamps, based on the co-occurrence of its fossils with dense plant remains and coal veins. However, this view is no longer strictly supported. Many fossils o... | Arthropleura | Wikipedia | 245 | 3838790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropleura | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
Arthropleura has repeatedly been suggested to have been amphibious to some degree. Despite falling out of favour for many years, this idea has been bolstered by new evidence. Trackways, often found in association with coastlines, are found in both submerged and emergent substrates, showing that Arthropleura was probabl... | Arthropleura | Wikipedia | 348 | 3838790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropleura | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
The diet of Arthropleura has also been heavily debated. Waterlot suggested it was a carnivore, but the holotype of "A. moyseyi" was suggested to preserve the original gut contents, a mix of woody plant material, suggesting it was an herbivore. The interpretation of these fossils as gut contents is no longer supported. ... | Arthropleura | Wikipedia | 328 | 3838790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropleura | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
The common bream (Abramis brama), also known as the freshwater bream, bream, bronze bream, carp bream or sweaty bream, is a European species of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae. It is now considered to be the only species in the genus Abramis.
Range and habitat
The common bream's home range is Europe north of... | Common bream | Wikipedia | 457 | 3839250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20bream | Biology and health sciences | Cypriniformes | Animals |
Feeding habits
The common bream lives in schools near the bottom. At night, common bream can feed close to the shore, and in clear waters with sandy bottoms, feeding pits can be seen during daytime. The fish's protractile mouth helps it dig for chironomid larvae, Tubifex worms, bivalves, and gastropods. The bream eats ... | Common bream | Wikipedia | 479 | 3839250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20bream | Biology and health sciences | Cypriniformes | Animals |
Bream can be caught in rivers or lakes, with generous use of groundbait to attract the shoals. They are not shy fish. Another technique is float fishing on the bottom. Ledgering (using just a lead weight to hold the bait down) with a cage feeder full of bait often works better on larger rivers and lakes.
the current ... | Common bream | Wikipedia | 90 | 3839250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20bream | Biology and health sciences | Cypriniformes | Animals |
Anoplotheriidae is an extinct family of artiodactyl ungulates. They were endemic to Europe during the Eocene and Oligocene epochs about 44—30 million years ago. Its name is derived from the ("unarmed") and θήριον ("beast"), translating as "unarmed beast".
Ecology
Species of Anoplotheriidae varied substantially in si... | Anoplotheriidae | Wikipedia | 376 | 24412554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoplotheriidae | Biology and health sciences | Other artiodactyla | Animals |
The Rome Metro () is a rapid transit system that operates in Rome, Italy. It started operation in 1955, making it the oldest in the country.
The Metro comprises three lines – A (orange), B (blue) and C (green) – which operate on of route, serving 73 stations. It has a daily ridership of approximately 820,000 passenge... | Rome Metro | Wikipedia | 446 | 1417480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome%20Metro | Technology | Italy | null |
Line A runs from the southeastern suburbs of Rome, then along the northeast section of downtown, and then to the northern section of the city, near Vatican City. It connects with Line B, along with many other national and regional rail services, at Termini, and with Line C at San Giovanni. It has 27 stations, with term... | Rome Metro | Wikipedia | 394 | 1417480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome%20Metro | Technology | Italy | null |
Line B was planned during the 1930s by the fascist government to provide a rapid connection between the main train station, Termini, and a new district to the southeast of the city, E42, the planned location of the Universal Exposition (or Expo), which was to be held in Rome in 1942. The exposition never took place due... | Rome Metro | Wikipedia | 395 | 1417480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome%20Metro | Technology | Italy | null |
The first section of the line, from Centocelle to Pantano, is the furthest from the city centre and includes 15 of the planned 30 stops. A further section of Line C, serving six additional stations, opened on 29 June 2015, as the line's western terminus was moved from Parco di Centocelle to Lodi. On 12 May 2018, the w... | Rome Metro | Wikipedia | 490 | 1417480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome%20Metro | Technology | Italy | null |
All Rome metro lines are heavy rapid transit lines, with 6-car trains, approximately 105 m long. Line A of the Rome metro uses exclusively the CAF MA 300 series, line B essentially uses the CAF MB400 series together with other CAF MA300 series trains and the historic MB 100 Ansaldobreda. Line C is the longest driverles... | Rome Metro | Wikipedia | 494 | 1417480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome%20Metro | Technology | Italy | null |
Construction of the Roma–Lido line began shortly after the end of World War I and was completed some six years later in 1924. It began operation as a steam locomotion railway but electrification was completed less than a year later.
The line is operated as an integrated part of the Metro, but runs entirely overground.... | Rome Metro | Wikipedia | 496 | 1417480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome%20Metro | Technology | Italy | null |
The line is operated in two modes: as an urban service from Piazzale Flaminio to Montebello, and as a suburban service from Piazzale Flaminio to Viterbo. The urban service operates with a frequency of about one train every ten minutes, while the suburban service operates considerably less frequently, with less than a t... | Rome Metro | Wikipedia | 508 | 1417480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome%20Metro | Technology | Italy | null |
Line C
Line C is an automatic line and uses a radio frequency system for communication with the train. It has an electrical block system that permits a max frequency of a train every 90 seconds. | Rome Metro | Wikipedia | 38 | 1417480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome%20Metro | Technology | Italy | null |
The ribbon eel (Rhinomuraena quaesita), also known as the leaf-nosed moray eel or bernis eel, is a species of moray eel, the only member of the genus Rhinomuraena. The ribbon eel is found in sand burrows and reefs in the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Although generally placed in the moray eel family Muraenidae, it has several di... | Ribbon eel | Wikipedia | 502 | 1419898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbon%20eel | Biology and health sciences | Anguilliformes | Animals |
Taxonomy
The ribbon eel is the only one of its genus, Rhinomuraena, in the subspecies Muraeninae of the moray eel family. Its unique morphology, such as its gonad structure and function are not shared with many of the other major genera in the family and provided evidence for separation. Typically, eels of the family ... | Ribbon eel | Wikipedia | 403 | 1419898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbon%20eel | Biology and health sciences | Anguilliformes | Animals |
Sex linked describes the sex-specific reading patterns of inheritance and presentation when a gene mutation (allele) is present on a sex chromosome (allosome) rather than a non-sex chromosome (autosome). In humans, these are termed X-linked recessive, X-linked dominant and Y-linked. The inheritance and presentation of ... | Sex linkage | Wikipedia | 452 | 1420406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex%20linkage | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
The inheritance patterns are different in animals that use sex-determination systems other than XY. In the ZW sex-determination system used by birds, the mammalian pattern is reversed, since the male is the homogametic sex (ZZ) and the female is heterogametic (ZW).
In classical genetics, a mating experiment called a r... | Sex linkage | Wikipedia | 483 | 1420406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex%20linkage | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
The incidence of X-linked recessive conditions in females is the square of that in males: for example, if 1 in 20 males in a human population are red–green color blind, then 1 in 400 females in the population are expected to be color-blind (1/20)*(1/20).
Examples
Aarskog–Scott syndrome
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)
Br... | Sex linkage | Wikipedia | 465 | 1420406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex%20linkage | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
The giant otter shrew (Potamogale velox) is a semiaquatic, carnivorous afrotherian mammal. It is found in the main rainforest block of central Africa from Nigeria to Zambia, with a few isolated populations in Kenya and Uganda. It lives in streams, wetlands and slow flowing larger rivers. It is the only species in the g... | Giant otter shrew | Wikipedia | 428 | 1421035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%20otter%20shrew | Biology and health sciences | Other afrotheres | Animals |
Geographic range
Giant otter shrews are native to central Africa, from the southern regions of Nigeria (central Rainforest Zone), and then eastward through Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Central African Republic, Chad, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan to the northern regions o... | Giant otter shrew | Wikipedia | 498 | 1421035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%20otter%20shrew | Biology and health sciences | Other afrotheres | Animals |
Lifespan
Giant otter shrews fare very poorly in captivity. Captive specimens have been recorded to deteriorate in health very quickly, living only 1–14 days.
Reproduction
Giant otter shrews breed during the wet/rainy season. They give birth to one or two young per litter, once or twice a year. Males move long distanc... | Giant otter shrew | Wikipedia | 213 | 1421035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%20otter%20shrew | Biology and health sciences | Other afrotheres | Animals |
An application programming interface (API) is a connection between computers or between computer programs. It is a type of software interface, offering a service to other pieces of software. A document or standard that describes how to build such a connection or interface is called an API specification. A computer syst... | API | Wikipedia | 470 | 27697009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Building software using APIs has been compared to using building-block toys, such as Lego bricks. Software services or software libraries are analogous to the bricks; they may be joined together via their APIs, composing a new software product. The process of joining is called integration.
As an example, consider a we... | API | Wikipedia | 442 | 27697009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API | Technology | Software development: General | null |
The term "application program interface" (without an -ing suffix) is first recorded in a paper called Data structures and techniques for remote computer graphics presented at an AFIPS conference in 1968. The authors of this paper use the term to describe the interaction of an application—a graphics program in this case... | API | Wikipedia | 450 | 27697009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API | Technology | Software development: General | null |
The Semantic Web proposed by Tim Berners-Lee in 2001 included "semantic APIs" that recast the API as an open, distributed data interface rather than a software behavior interface. Proprietary interfaces and agents became more widespread than open ones, but the idea of the API as a data interface took hold. Because web ... | API | Wikipedia | 481 | 27697009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Operating systems
An API can specify the interface between an application and the operating system. POSIX, for example, specifies a set of common APIs that aim to enable an application written for a POSIX conformant operating system to be compiled for another POSIX conformant operating system.
Linux and Berkeley Softw... | API | Wikipedia | 421 | 27697009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API | Technology | Software development: General | null |
When used in the context of web development, an API is typically defined as a set of specifications, such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request messages, along with a definition of the structure of response messages, usually in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) or JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format. An ... | API | Wikipedia | 454 | 27697009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Private: The API is for internal company use only.
Partner: Only specific business partners can use the API. For example, vehicle for hire companies such as Uber and Lyft allow approved third-party developers to directly order rides from within their apps. This allows the companies to exercise quality control by curati... | API | Wikipedia | 370 | 27697009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Client code may contain innovative or opportunistic usages that were not intended by the API designers. In other words, for a library with a significant user base, when an element becomes part of the public API, it may be used in diverse ways.
On February 19, 2020, Akamai published their annual “State of the Internet” ... | API | Wikipedia | 471 | 27697009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API | Technology | Software development: General | null |
It is possible to generate API documentation in a data-driven manner. By observing many programs that use a given API, it is possible to infer the typical usages, as well the required contracts and directives. Then, templates can be used to generate natural language from the mined data.
Dispute over copyright protecti... | API | Wikipedia | 464 | 27697009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API | Technology | Software development: General | null |
LibreOffice () is a free and open-source office productivity software suite, a project of The Document Foundation (TDF). It was forked in 2010 from OpenOffice.org, an open-sourced version of the earlier StarOffice. It consists of programs for word processing; creating and editing spreadsheets, slideshows, diagrams, and... | LibreOffice | Wikipedia | 420 | 28981081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice | Technology | Office and data management | null |
LibreOffice is cross platform software. The Document Foundation developers target Microsoft Windows (IA-32 and x86-64), Linux (IA-32, x86-64, and ARM) and macOS (x86-64 and ARM). There are community ports for FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and Mac OS X 10.5 PowerPC receive support from contributors to those projects, respect... | LibreOffice | Wikipedia | 439 | 28981081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice | Technology | Office and data management | null |
LibreOffice Online is the online office suite edition of LibreOffice. It allows for the use of LibreOffice through a web browser by using the canvas element of HTML5. Development was announced at the first LibreOffice Conference in October 2011, and is ongoing. The Document Foundation, IceWarp, and Collabora announced ... | LibreOffice | Wikipedia | 425 | 28981081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice | Technology | Office and data management | null |
LibreOffice can use the GStreamer multimedia framework in Linux to render multimedia content such as videos in Impress and other programs. Visually, LibreOffice used the large "Tango style" icons that are used for the application shortcuts, quick launch icons, icons for associated files and for the icons found on the t... | LibreOffice | Wikipedia | 455 | 28981081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice | Technology | Office and data management | null |
LibreOffice supports third-party extensions. , the LibreOffice Extension Repository lists more than 320 extensions. Another list is maintained by the Apache Software Foundation and another one by the Free Software Foundation. Extensions and scripts for LibreOffice can be written in C++, Java, CLI, Python, and LibreOffi... | LibreOffice | Wikipedia | 490 | 28981081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice | Technology | Office and data management | null |
Sun was purchased by Oracle Corporation in early 2010. OpenOffice.org community members were concerned by Oracle's behaviour towards open source software, specifically the Java lawsuit against Google and Oracle's withdrawal of developers, and lack of activity on or visible commitment to OpenOffice.org, as had been note... | LibreOffice | Wikipedia | 424 | 28981081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice | Technology | Office and data management | null |
Oracle announced in April 2011 that it was ending its development of OpenOffice.org and would lay off the majority of its paid developers. In June 2011, Oracle announced that it would donate the OpenOffice.org code and trademark to the Apache Software Foundation, where the project was accepted for a project incubation ... | LibreOffice | Wikipedia | 494 | 28981081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice | Technology | Office and data management | null |
Since January 2024 and version 24.2.0, LibreOffice use calendar-based release numbering scheme.
Release schedule
LibreOffice uses a time-based release schedule for predictability, rather than a "when it's ready" schedule. New major versions are released around every six months, in January or February and July or Augu... | LibreOffice | Wikipedia | 330 | 28981081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice | Technology | Office and data management | null |
The acorn is the nut of the oaks and their close relatives (genera Quercus, Notholithocarpus and Lithocarpus, in the family Fagaceae). It usually contains a seedling surrounded by two cotyledons (seedling leaves), enclosed in a tough shell known as the pericarp, and borne in a cup-shaped cupule. Acorns are long and o... | Acorn | Wikipedia | 424 | 922939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn | Biology and health sciences | Nuts | Plants |
Large mammals such as pigs, bears, and deer also consume large amounts of acorns; they may constitute up to 25% of the diet of deer in the autumn. In Spain, Portugal and the New Forest region of southern England, pigs are still turned loose in dehesas (large oak groves) in the autumn, to fill and fatten themselves on a... | Acorn | Wikipedia | 498 | 922939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn | Biology and health sciences | Nuts | Plants |
Tannins can be removed by soaking chopped acorns in several changes of water, until the water no longer turns brown. Cold water leaching can take several days, but three to four changes of boiling water can leach the tannins in under an hour. Hot water leaching (boiling) cooks the starch of the acorn, which would other... | Acorn | Wikipedia | 463 | 922939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn | Biology and health sciences | Nuts | Plants |
Acorns germinate on different schedules, depending on their place in the oak family. Once acorns sprout, they are less nutritious, as the seed tissue converts to the indigestible lignins that form the root.
Uses
In some cultures, acorns once constituted a dietary staple, though they have largely been replaced by grain... | Acorn | Wikipedia | 499 | 922939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn | Biology and health sciences | Nuts | Plants |
Use by Native Americans
Acorns are a traditional food of many indigenous peoples of North America, and long served an especially important role for Californian Native Americans, where the ranges of several species of oaks overlap, increasing the reliability of the resource. One ecology researcher of Yurok and Karuk her... | Acorn | Wikipedia | 471 | 922939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn | Biology and health sciences | Nuts | Plants |
Art
A motif in Roman architecture, also popular in Celtic and Scandinavian art, the acorn symbol is used as an ornament on cutlery, furniture, and jewelry; it also appears on finials at Westminster Abbey.
In the Artemis Fowl book series, "The Ritual" describes the method used by faeries to regenerate their magical pow... | Acorn | Wikipedia | 174 | 922939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn | Biology and health sciences | Nuts | Plants |
Antiaromaticity is a chemical property of a cyclic molecule with a π electron system that has higher energy, i.e., it is less stable due to the presence of 4n delocalised (π or lone pair) electrons in it, as opposed to aromaticity. Unlike aromatic compounds, which follow Hückel's rule ([4n+2] π electrons) and are highl... | Antiaromaticity | Wikipedia | 456 | 923714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiaromaticity | Physical sciences | Aromatic hydrocarbons | Chemistry |
This differs from aromaticity only in the fourth criterion: aromatic molecules have 4n +2 π-electrons in the conjugated π system and therefore follow Hückel’s rule. Non-aromatic molecules are either noncyclic, nonplanar, or do not have a complete conjugated π system within the ring.
Having a planar ring system is esse... | Antiaromaticity | Wikipedia | 457 | 923714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiaromaticity | Physical sciences | Aromatic hydrocarbons | Chemistry |
Examples of antiaromatic compounds are pentalene (A), biphenylene (B), cyclopentadienyl cation (C). The prototypical example of antiaromaticity, cyclobutadiene, is the subject of debate, with some scientists arguing that antiaromaticity is not a major factor contributing to its destabilization. Cyclooctatetraene appear... | Antiaromaticity | Wikipedia | 449 | 923714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiaromaticity | Physical sciences | Aromatic hydrocarbons | Chemistry |
Examples
While there are multitudes of molecules in existence which would appear to be antiaromatic on paper, the number of molecules that are antiaromatic in actuality is considerably less. This is compounded by the fact that one cannot typically make derivatives of antiaromatic molecules by adding more antiaromatic h... | Antiaromaticity | Wikipedia | 462 | 923714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiaromaticity | Physical sciences | Aromatic hydrocarbons | Chemistry |
Despite the lack of this π-antiaromatic destabilization effect, none of its 4n π-electron relatives (cyclooctatetraene, etc.) had even close to as much destabilization, suggesting there was something more going on in the case of cyclobutadiene. It was found that a combination of angle strain, torsional strain, and Paul... | Antiaromaticity | Wikipedia | 512 | 923714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiaromaticity | Physical sciences | Aromatic hydrocarbons | Chemistry |
Antiaromaticity can also have a significant effect on pKa. The linear compound propene has a pKa of 44, which is relatively acidic for an sp3 carbon center because the resultant allyl anion can be resonance stabilized. The analogous cyclic system appears to have even more resonance stabilized, as the negative charge ca... | Antiaromaticity | Wikipedia | 343 | 923714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiaromaticity | Physical sciences | Aromatic hydrocarbons | Chemistry |
Quern-stones are stone tools for hand-grinding a wide variety of materials, especially for various types of grains. They are used in pairs. The lower stationary stone of early examples is called a saddle quern, while the upper mobile stone is called a muller, rubber, or handstone. The upper stone was moved in a back-an... | Quern-stone | Wikipedia | 487 | 923872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quern-stone | Technology | Industrial machinery | null |
In early Maya civilizations the process of nixtamalization was distinctive in that hard, ripe kernels of maize (corn) were boiled in water and lime, thus producing nixtamal which was then made into unleavened dough for flat cakes by grinding with a handstone on a quern (metate).
Quern stones were used in China at leas... | Quern-stone | Wikipedia | 402 | 923872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quern-stone | Technology | Industrial machinery | null |
In Shetland, tobacco was not smoked when first introduced, but instead was ground up into snuff, and inhaled up the nose. Snuff-querns consisted of an upper and lower stone, fixed together by a central iron pivot. The quern was held on the user's lap, the eye of the quern was filled with dried tobacco leaves, and then ... | Quern-stone | Wikipedia | 494 | 923872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quern-stone | Technology | Industrial machinery | null |
Evolution of quern-stones
Knocking stones were used in the preparation of small quantities of cereal, however the earliest forms of quern were the saddle and trough querns. The earliest quern so far discovered dates to and was found at Abu Hureyra, Syria. A later development was the rotary quern, which takes several f... | Quern-stone | Wikipedia | 494 | 923872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quern-stone | Technology | Industrial machinery | null |
Disc querns consist of two flat disc-shaped stones, an upper stone with a cylindrical perforation for containing a handle and a lower stone with a central spindle hole. The adjustable, discoid rotary quern has larger, flatter and more discoid stones than the beehive type. The lower stone was completely perforated. The ... | Quern-stone | Wikipedia | 463 | 923872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quern-stone | Technology | Industrial machinery | null |
A similar obligation (the manorial right of mulcture) existed in England, established by custom only and not by statute. This was actively enforced using common law provisions. Among many recorded adjudications, the 1274 case of the abbot of St Albans Abbey, Cirencester, who owned as lord of the manor the exclusive mil... | Quern-stone | Wikipedia | 358 | 923872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quern-stone | Technology | Industrial machinery | null |
A quern was discovered at Dunadd in Scotland that has a cross carved into the upper stone. The cross has expanded terminals and ultimately derives its form from Roman and Byzantine predecessors of the fifth and sixth centuries. This example has a high quality of finishing which reflects its 'cost' and enhances its symb... | Quern-stone | Wikipedia | 383 | 923872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quern-stone | Technology | Industrial machinery | null |
Mole crickets are members of the insect family Gryllotalpidae, in the order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets). Mole crickets are cylindrical-bodied, fossorial insects about long as adults, with small eyes and shovel-like fore limbs highly developed for burrowing. They are present in many parts of the wo... | Mole cricket | Wikipedia | 322 | 924328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole%20cricket | Biology and health sciences | Orthoptera | null |
Description
Mole crickets vary in size and appearance, but most of them are of moderate size for an insect, typically between long as adults. They are adapted for underground life and are cylindrical in shape and covered with fine, dense hairs. The head, fore limbs, and prothorax are heavily sclerotised, but the abdom... | Mole cricket | Wikipedia | 510 | 924328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole%20cricket | Biology and health sciences | Orthoptera | null |
Scapteriscinae
tribe Indioscaptorini Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 (Indian Subcontinent)
Indioscaptor
tribe Scapteriscini Zeuner, 1939 (Americas)
Scapteriscus
Neoscapteriscus
†subfamily Marchandiinae
†Archaeogryllotalpoides Martins-Neto 1991 Crato Formation, Brazil, Aptian
†Cratotetraspinus Martins-Neto 1997 Crato Fo... | Mole cricket | Wikipedia | 445 | 924328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole%20cricket | Biology and health sciences | Orthoptera | null |
Mole crickets undergo incomplete metamorphosis; when nymphs hatch from eggs, they increasingly resemble the adult form as they grow and pass through a series of up to 10 moults. After mating, a period of 1–2 weeks may occur before the female starts laying eggs. She burrows into the soil to a depth of , ( has been seen... | Mole cricket | Wikipedia | 478 | 924328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole%20cricket | Biology and health sciences | Orthoptera | null |
Male mole crickets sing by stridulating, always under ground. In Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, the song is based on an almost pure tone at 3.5 kHz, loud enough to make the ground vibrate 20 cm all round the burrow; in fact, the song is unique in each species. In G. gryllotalpa, the burrow is somewhat roughly sculpted; in G.... | Mole cricket | Wikipedia | 182 | 924328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole%20cricket | Biology and health sciences | Orthoptera | null |
Mole crickets stridulate like other crickets by scraping the rear edge of the left fore wing, which forms a plectrum, against the lower surface of the right fore wing, which has a ratchet-like series of asymmetric teeth; the more acute edges face backwards, as do those of the plectrum. The plectrum can move forward wit... | Mole cricket | Wikipedia | 497 | 924328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole%20cricket | Biology and health sciences | Orthoptera | null |
Food
Mole crickets vary in their diets; some like the tawny mole cricket are herbivores, others are omnivores, feeding on larvae, worms, roots, and grasses, and others like the southern mole cricket are mainly predacious. They leave their burrows at night to forage for leaves and stems, which they drag underground befo... | Mole cricket | Wikipedia | 496 | 924328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole%20cricket | Biology and health sciences | Orthoptera | null |
Distribution
Mole crickets are relatively common, but because they are nocturnal and spend nearly all their lives under ground in extensive tunnel systems, they are rarely seen. They inhabit agricultural fields and grassy areas. They are present in every continent except Antarctica; by 2014, 107 species had been descr... | Mole cricket | Wikipedia | 467 | 924328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole%20cricket | Biology and health sciences | Orthoptera | null |
The next detection was in Georgia, USA, and at that time was assumed to be N. didactylus from the West Indies. It was, in fact, three South American Neoscapteriscus species, N. abbreviatus, N . vicinus, and N. borellii, probably having arrived in ship ballast. They caused major problems for decades as they spread in th... | Mole cricket | Wikipedia | 366 | 924328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole%20cricket | Biology and health sciences | Orthoptera | null |
Once gravid female Ormia depleta flies were found to be attracted to the song of Neoscapteriscus males in South America, a path to trap these flies with synthetic mole cricket songs was opened. Experimentation then led to a rearing method. Laborious rearing of over 10,000 flies on mole cricket hosts allowed releases o... | Mole cricket | Wikipedia | 475 | 924328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole%20cricket | Biology and health sciences | Orthoptera | null |
In their native lands, mole crickets have natural enemies that keep them under control. This is not the case when they have been accidentally introduced to other parts of the world. In Florida from the 1940s through the 1980s, they were considered pests and were described as "a serious problem". Their population densit... | Mole cricket | Wikipedia | 440 | 924328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole%20cricket | Biology and health sciences | Orthoptera | null |
In the Philippines, they are served as a delicacy called camaro in the province of Pampanga and are a tourist attraction. They are also served in parts of Northern Luzon. "Ararawan" or "susuhong" in Ilocano language is a delicacy or exotic food than june beetle or salagubang. It is found in Vintar, Ilocos Norte and is ... | Mole cricket | Wikipedia | 93 | 924328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole%20cricket | Biology and health sciences | Orthoptera | null |
Hump-winged grigs are insects belonging to the genus Cyphoderris, in the family Prophalangopsidae, and superfamily Grylloidea (crickets). In modern times they are known only in northwestern North America and central Asia, but the fossil record indicates a wider distribution in the past.
There are three species in Nort... | Hump-winged grig | Wikipedia | 263 | 924422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hump-winged%20grig | Biology and health sciences | Orthoptera | Animals |
Skutterudite is a cobalt arsenide mineral containing variable amounts of nickel and iron substituting for cobalt with the ideal formula CoAs3. Some references give the arsenic a variable formula subscript of 2–3. High nickel varieties are referred to as nickel-skutterudite, previously chloanthite. It is a hydrothermal ... | Skutterudite | Wikipedia | 434 | 925570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skutterudite | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
In crystallographic terms, the Co atoms occupy the 8c sites, while the As atoms occupy the 24g sites. The position of the Co atoms within the unit cell is fixed, while the positions of the As atoms are determined by the parameters x and y. It has been shown that for the As-rings to be fully square, these parameters mus... | Skutterudite | Wikipedia | 193 | 925570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skutterudite | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
Forsterite (Mg2SiO4; commonly abbreviated as Fo; also known as white olivine) is the magnesium-rich end-member of the olivine solid solution series. It is isomorphous with the iron-rich end-member, fayalite. Forsterite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system (space group Pbnm) with cell parameters a 4.75 Å (0.475 nm), ... | Forsterite | Wikipedia | 378 | 925638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsterite | Physical sciences | Silicate minerals | Earth science |
Geologic occurrence
Forsterite-rich olivine is the most abundant mineral in the mantle above a depth of about ; pyroxenes are also important minerals in this upper part of the mantle. Although pure forsterite does not occur in igneous rocks, dunite often contains olivine with forsterite contents at least as Mg-rich as... | Forsterite | Wikipedia | 480 | 925638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsterite | Physical sciences | Silicate minerals | Earth science |
This structure of forsterite can form a complete solid solution by replacing the magnesium with iron. Iron can form two different cations which are Fe2+ and Fe3+. The iron(II) ion has the same charge as magnesium ion and it has a very similar ionic radius to magnesium. Consequently, Fe2+ can replace the magnesium ion i... | Forsterite | Wikipedia | 496 | 925638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsterite | Physical sciences | Silicate minerals | Earth science |
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space). The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, made up of two... | Cell membrane | Wikipedia | 403 | 33051527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Organelles and other cell parts | null |
By the second half of the 19th century, microscopy was still not advanced enough to make a distinction between cell membranes and cell walls. However, some microscopists correctly identified at this time that while invisible, it could be inferred that cell membranes existed in animal cells due to intracellular movement... | Cell membrane | Wikipedia | 366 | 33051527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Organelles and other cell parts | null |
In 1925 it was determined by Fricke that the thickness of erythrocyte and yeast cell membranes ranged between 3.3 and 4 nm, a thickness compatible with a lipid monolayer. The choice of the dielectric constant used in these studies was called into question but future tests could not disprove the results of the initial e... | Cell membrane | Wikipedia | 455 | 33051527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Organelles and other cell parts | null |
For many centuries, the scientists cited disagreed with the significance of the structure they were seeing as the cell membrane. For almost two centuries, the membranes were seen but mostly disregarded as an important structure with cellular function. It was not until the 20th century that the significance of the cell ... | Cell membrane | Wikipedia | 398 | 33051527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Organelles and other cell parts | null |
Material is incorporated into the membrane, or deleted from it, by a variety of mechanisms:
Fusion of intracellular vesicles with the membrane (exocytosis) not only excretes the contents of the vesicle but also incorporates the vesicle membrane's components into the cell membrane. The membrane may form blebs around ex... | Cell membrane | Wikipedia | 456 | 33051527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Organelles and other cell parts | null |
The entire membrane is held together via non-covalent interaction of hydrophobic tails, however the structure is quite fluid and not fixed rigidly in place. Under physiological conditions phospholipid molecules in the cell membrane are in the liquid crystalline state. It means the lipid molecules are free to diffuse an... | Cell membrane | Wikipedia | 423 | 33051527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Organelles and other cell parts | null |
Phospholipids forming lipid vesicles
Lipid vesicles or liposomes are approximately spherical pockets that are enclosed by a lipid bilayer. These structures are used in laboratories to study the effects of chemicals in cells by delivering these chemicals directly to the cell, as well as getting more insight into cell m... | Cell membrane | Wikipedia | 456 | 33051527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Organelles and other cell parts | null |
The cell membrane has large content of proteins, typically around 50% of membrane volume These proteins are important for the cell because they are responsible for various biological activities. Approximately a third of the genes in yeast code specifically for them, and this number is even higher in multicellular organ... | Cell membrane | Wikipedia | 459 | 33051527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Organelles and other cell parts | null |
The cell membrane surrounds the cytoplasm of living cells, physically separating the intracellular components from the extracellular environment. The cell membrane also plays a role in anchoring the cytoskeleton to provide shape to the cell, and in attaching to the extracellular matrix and other cells to hold them toge... | Cell membrane | Wikipedia | 102 | 33051527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Organelles and other cell parts | null |
The cell membrane is selectively permeable and able to regulate what enters and exits the cell, thus facilitating the transport of materials needed for survival. The movement of substances across the membrane can be achieved by either passive transport, occurring without the input of cellular energy, or by active trans... | Cell membrane | Wikipedia | 483 | 33051527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Organelles and other cell parts | null |
Endocytosis: Endocytosis is the process in which cells absorb molecules by engulfing them. The plasma membrane creates a small deformation inward, called an invagination, in which the substance to be transported is captured. This invagination is caused by proteins on the outside on the cell membrane, acting as receptor... | Cell membrane | Wikipedia | 402 | 33051527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Organelles and other cell parts | null |
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are divided into two different groups, Archaea and Bacteria, with bacteria dividing further into gram-positive and gram-negative. Gram-negative bacteria have both a plasma membrane and an outer membrane separated by periplasm; however, other prokaryotes have only a plasma membrane. These two me... | Cell membrane | Wikipedia | 307 | 33051527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Organelles and other cell parts | null |
Bacteria are also surrounded by a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan (amino acids and sugars). Some eukaryotic cells also have cell walls, but none that are made of peptidoglycan. The outer membrane of gram negative bacteria is rich in lipopolysaccharides, which are combined poly- or oligosaccharide and carbohydrate l... | Cell membrane | Wikipedia | 349 | 33051527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Organelles and other cell parts | null |
Lipid bilayers form through the process of self-assembly. The cell membrane consists primarily of a thin layer of amphipathic phospholipids that spontaneously arrange so that the hydrophobic "tail" regions are isolated from the surrounding water while the hydrophilic "head" regions interact with the intracellular (cyto... | Cell membrane | Wikipedia | 442 | 33051527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Organelles and other cell parts | null |
The apical membrane or luminal membrane of a polarized cell is the surface of the plasma membrane that faces inward to the lumen. This is particularly evident in epithelial and endothelial cells, but also describes other polarized cells, such as neurons. The basolateral membrane or basolateral cell membrane of a polari... | Cell membrane | Wikipedia | 331 | 33051527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Organelles and other cell parts | null |
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is found underlying the cell membrane in the cytoplasm and provides a scaffolding for membrane proteins to anchor to, as well as forming organelles that extend from the cell. Indeed, cytoskeletal elements interact extensively and intimately with the cell membrane. Anchoring proteins restr... | Cell membrane | Wikipedia | 257 | 33051527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Organelles and other cell parts | null |
Intracellular membranes
The content of the cell, inside the cell membrane, is composed of numerous membrane-bound organelles, which contribute to the overall function of the cell. The origin, structure, and function of each organelle leads to a large variation in the cell composition due to the individual uniqueness a... | Cell membrane | Wikipedia | 486 | 33051527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Organelles and other cell parts | null |
The ER, which is part of the endomembrane system, which makes up a very large portion of the cell's total membrane content. The ER is an enclosed network of tubules and sacs, and its main functions include protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism. There are 2 types of ER, smooth and rough. The rough ER has ribosomes att... | Cell membrane | Wikipedia | 187 | 33051527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Organelles and other cell parts | null |
Variations
The cell membrane has different lipid and protein compositions in distinct types of cells and may have therefore specific names for certain cell types.
Sarcolemma in muscle cells: Sarcolemma is the name given to the cell membrane of muscle cells. Although the sarcolemma is similar to other cell membranes,... | Cell membrane | Wikipedia | 456 | 33051527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Organelles and other cell parts | null |
The cord is a unit of measure of dry volume used to measure firewood and pulpwood in the United States and Canada.
A cord is the amount of wood that, when "racked and well stowed" (arranged so pieces are aligned, parallel, touching, and compact), occupies a volume of . This corresponds to a well-stacked woodpile high... | Cord (unit) | Wikipedia | 495 | 3842182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cord%20%28unit%29 | Physical sciences | Volume | Basics and measurement |
The term is used in other English-speaking countries, such as New Zealand, but may not have a legal definition.
The corde was a unit of volume used before metrication in several French-speaking countries (France, Belgium and Luxembourg). Its value varied from depending on the region, corresponding approximately to 2 ... | Cord (unit) | Wikipedia | 161 | 3842182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cord%20%28unit%29 | Physical sciences | Volume | Basics and measurement |
Dry measures are units of volume to measure bulk commodities that are not fluids and that were typically shipped and sold in standardized containers such as barrels. They have largely been replaced by the units used for measuring volumes in the metric system and liquid volumes in the imperial system but are still used ... | Dry measure | Wikipedia | 433 | 3842527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry%20measure | Physical sciences | Basics | Basics and measurement |
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