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Podocarpus () is a genus of conifers, the most numerous and widely distributed of the podocarp family, the Podocarpaceae. Podocarpus species are evergreen shrubs or trees, usually from tall, known to reach at times. The cones have two to five fused cone scales, which form a fleshy, berry-like, brightly coloured recep... | Podocarpus | Wikipedia | 501 | 940304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocarpus | Biology and health sciences | Gymnosperms | null |
The pollen cones are long and catkin-like in shape. They may be sessile or short pedunculate. A pollen cone consists of a slender rachis with numerous spirally arranged microsporophylls around it. Each triangular microsporophyll has two basal pollen-producing pollen sacs. The pollen is bisaccate.
The seed cones are hi... | Podocarpus | Wikipedia | 285 | 940304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocarpus | Biology and health sciences | Gymnosperms | null |
Podocarpus and the Podocarpaceae were endemic to the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana, which broke up into Africa, South America, India, Australia-New Guinea, New Zealand, and New Caledonia between 105 and 45 million years ago. Podocarpus is a characteristic tree of the Antarctic flora, which originated in the cool, ... | Podocarpus | Wikipedia | 512 | 940304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocarpus | Biology and health sciences | Gymnosperms | null |
Some species of genus Afrocarpus were formerly in Podocarpus, such as Afrocarpus gracilior. | Podocarpus | Wikipedia | 25 | 940304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocarpus | Biology and health sciences | Gymnosperms | null |
Species
Subgenus Podocarpus
section Podocarpus (eastern and southern Africa)
Podocarpus elongatus
Podocarpus latifolius
Podocarpus milanjianus
section Scytopodium (Madagascar, eastern Africa)
Podocarpus capuronii
Podocarpus henkelii
Podocarpus humbertii
Podocarpus madagascariensis
Podocarpus rostratus
secti... | Podocarpus | Wikipedia | 511 | 940304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocarpus | Biology and health sciences | Gymnosperms | null |
Podocarpus micropedunculatus
section Bracteatus (Sumatra to Fiji)
Podocarpus atjehensis
Podocarpus bracteatus
Podocarpus confertus
Podocarpus degeneri
Podocarpus pseudobracteatus
section Foliolatus (Nepal to Sumatra, the Philippines, and New Guinea to Tonga)
Podocarpus colliculatus (treated as a synonym... | Podocarpus | Wikipedia | 507 | 940304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocarpus | Biology and health sciences | Gymnosperms | null |
Podocarpus laubenfelsii
Podocarpus rumphii
section Polystachyus (southern China and Japan, through Malaya to New Guinea and northeast Australia)
Podocarpus chingianus
Podocarpus elatus
Podocarpus fasciculus
Podocarpus macrocarpus
Podocarpus macrophyllus
Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki (syn. Podocarpus... | Podocarpus | Wikipedia | 228 | 940304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocarpus | Biology and health sciences | Gymnosperms | null |
Allergenic potential
Male Podocarpus spp. are extremely allergenic, and have an OPALS allergy-scale rating of 10 out of 10. Conversely, completely female Podocarpus plants have an OPALS rating of 1, and are considered "allergy-fighting", as they capture pollen while producing none.
Podocarpus resemble yews, and as wit... | Podocarpus | Wikipedia | 448 | 940304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocarpus | Biology and health sciences | Gymnosperms | null |
Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population or dispersed group. The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 8.2 billion in 2025. Actual global human population growth amounts to around 70 million annually, or 0.85% per year. As of 2024, The United Nations projects that globa... | Population growth | Wikipedia | 498 | 940606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population%20growth | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
McKeown stated that the growth in Western population, particularly surging in the 19th century, was not so much caused by an increase in fertility, but largely by a decline of mortality particularly of childhood mortality followed by infant mortality,
The decline of mortality could largely be attributed to rising stan... | Population growth | Wikipedia | 448 | 940606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population%20growth | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Most populations do not grow exponentially, rather they follow a logistic model. Once the population has reached its carrying capacity, it will stabilize and the exponential curve will level off towards the carrying capacity, which is usually when a population has depleted most its natural resources. In the world human... | Population growth | Wikipedia | 447 | 940606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population%20growth | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
The United Nations Population Division projects world population to reach 11.2 billion by the end of the 21st century.
The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation projects that the global population will peak in 2064 at 9.73 billion and decline to 8.89 billion in 2100.
A 2014 study in Science concludes that the ... | Population growth | Wikipedia | 335 | 940606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population%20growth | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Giganotosaurus ( ) is a genus of large theropod dinosaur that lived in what is now Argentina, during the early Cenomanian age of the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 99.6 to 95 million years ago. The holotype specimen was discovered in the Candeleros Formation of Patagonia in 1993 and is almost 70% complete. The a... | Giganotosaurus | Wikipedia | 373 | 941270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganotosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Part of the family Carcharodontosauridae, Giganotosaurus is one of the most completely known members of the group, which includes other very large theropods, such as the closely related Mapusaurus, Tyrannotitan and Carcharodontosaurus. Giganotosaurus is thought to have been homeothermic (a type of "warm-bloodedness"), ... | Giganotosaurus | Wikipedia | 380 | 941270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganotosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
In 1995, this specimen was preliminarily described by Coria and Salgado, who made it the holotype of the new genus and species Giganotosaurus carolinii (parts of the skeleton were still encased in plaster at this time). The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek words gigas/ (meaning "giant"), notos/ (meaning "... | Giganotosaurus | Wikipedia | 508 | 941270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganotosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
In 1996, the paleontologist Paul Sereno and colleagues described a new skull of the related genus Carcharodontosaurus from Morocco, a theropod described in 1927 but previously known only from fragmentary remains (much of its fossils were destroyed in World War II). They estimated the skull to have been long, similar t... | Giganotosaurus | Wikipedia | 311 | 941270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganotosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
In a 1997 interview, Coria estimated Giganotosaurus to have been 13.7 (45 ft) to 14.3 (47 ft) m long and weighing based on new material, larger than Carcharodontosaurus. Sereno countered that it would be difficult to determine a size range for a species based on few, incomplete specimens, and both paleontologists agre... | Giganotosaurus | Wikipedia | 484 | 941270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganotosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
In 2001, the physician-scientist Frank Seebacher proposed a new polynomial method of calculating body-mass estimates for dinosaurs (using body-length, depth, and width), and found Giganotosaurus to have weighed (based on the original length estimate). In their 2002 description of the braincase of Giganotosaurus, Cori... | Giganotosaurus | Wikipedia | 273 | 941270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganotosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
In 2005, the paleontologist Cristiano Dal Sasso and colleagues described new skull material (a snout) of Spinosaurus (the original fossils of which were also destroyed during World War II), and concluded this dinosaur would have been long with a weight , exceeding the maximum size of all other theropods. In 2006, Cori... | Giganotosaurus | Wikipedia | 298 | 941270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganotosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
In 2012, the paleontologist Matthew T. Carrano and colleagues noted that though Giganotosaurus had received much attention due to its enormous size, and in spite of the holotype being relatively complete, it had not yet been described in detail, apart from the braincase. They pointed out that many contacts between skul... | Giganotosaurus | Wikipedia | 347 | 941270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganotosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
In 2014, the paleontologist Nizar Ibrahim and colleagues estimated the length of Spinosaurus to have been over , by extrapolating from a new specimen scaled up to match the snout described by Dal Sasso and colleagues. This would make Spinosaurus the largest known carnivorous dinosaur. In 2019, the paleontologist W. Sco... | Giganotosaurus | Wikipedia | 231 | 941270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganotosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
In 2021, the paleontologist Matías Reolid and colleagues compiled various mass estimates of theropods (including Giganotosaurus) to calculate the average, but did not include Therrien and Henderson's 2007 estimates of Carnotaurus and Giganotosaurus, considering them outliers. This resulted in a body mass range for Giga... | Giganotosaurus | Wikipedia | 509 | 941270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganotosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Though incompletely known, the skull of Giganotosaurus appears to have been low. The maxilla of the upper jaw had a long tooth row, was deep from top to bottom, and its upper and lower edges were almost parallel. The maxilla had a pronounced process (projection) under the nostril, and a small, ellipse-shaped fenestra ... | Giganotosaurus | Wikipedia | 277 | 941270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganotosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
The skull roof (formed by the frontal and parietal bones) was broad and formed a "shelf", which overhung the short supratemporal fenestrae at the top rear of the skull. The jaw articulated far behind the occipital condyle (where the neck is attached to the skull) compared to other theropods. The condyle was broad and l... | Giganotosaurus | Wikipedia | 258 | 941270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganotosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
The dentary of the lower jaw expanded in height towards the front (by the mandibular symphysis, where the two halves of the lower jaw connected), where it was also flattened, and it had a downwards projection at the tip (which has been referred to as a "chin"). The lower side of the dentary was concave, the outer side ... | Giganotosaurus | Wikipedia | 335 | 941270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganotosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
The neck of Giganotosaurus was strong, and the axis bone (the neck vertebra that articulates with the skull) was robust. The rear neck (cervical) vertebrae had short, flattened centra (the "bodies" of the vertebrae), with almost hemispherical articulations (contacts) at the front, and pleurocoels (hollow depressions) d... | Giganotosaurus | Wikipedia | 429 | 941270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganotosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Coria and Salgado originally found Giganotosaurus to group more closely with the theropod clade Tetanurae than to more basal (or "primitive") theropods such as ceratosaurs, due to shared features (synapomorphies) in the legs, skull, and pelvis. Other features showed that it was outside the more derived (or "advanced") ... | Giganotosaurus | Wikipedia | 428 | 941270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganotosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Evolution
Coria and Salgado suggested that the convergent evolution of gigantism in theropods could have been linked to common conditions in their environments or ecosystems. Sereno and colleagues found that the presence of carcharodontosaurids in Africa (Carcharodontosaurus), North America (Acrocanthosaurus), and Sout... | Giganotosaurus | Wikipedia | 398 | 941270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganotosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
In 2001, the physicist Rudemar Ernesto Blanco and Mazzetta evaluated the cursorial (running) capability of Giganotosaurus. They rejected the hypothesis by James O. Farlow that the risk of injuries involved in such large animals falling while on a run, would limit the speed of large theropods. Instead they posed that th... | Giganotosaurus | Wikipedia | 442 | 941270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganotosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
In 2005 Therrien and colleagues estimated the relative bite force of theropods and found that Giganotosaurus and related taxa had adaptations for capturing and bringing down prey by delivering powerful bites, whereas tyrannosaurs had adaptations for resisting torsional stress and crushing bones. Estimates in absolute v... | Giganotosaurus | Wikipedia | 485 | 941270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganotosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Giganotosaurus was probably the apex predator in its ecosystem. It shared its environment with herbivorous dinosaurs such as the titanosaurian sauropod Andesaurus, and the rebbachisaurid sauropods Limaysaurus and Nopcsaspondylus. Other theropods include the abelisaurid Ekrixinatosaurus, the dromaeosaurid Buitreraptor, ... | Giganotosaurus | Wikipedia | 166 | 941270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganotosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
In biology, adaptation has three related meanings. Firstly, it is the dynamic evolutionary process of natural selection that fits organisms to their environment, enhancing their evolutionary fitness. Secondly, it is a state reached by the population during that process. Thirdly, it is a phenotypic trait or adaptive tra... | Adaptation | Wikipedia | 418 | 942048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
In natural theology, adaptation was interpreted as the work of a deity and as evidence for the existence of God. William Paley believed that organisms were perfectly adapted to the lives they led, an argument that shadowed Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who had argued that God had brought about "the best of all possible wo... | Adaptation | Wikipedia | 487 | 942048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Adaptation is one of the two main processes that explain the observed diversity of species, such as the different species of Darwin's finches. The other process is speciation, in which new species arise, typically through reproductive isolation. An example widely used today to study the interplay of adaptation and spec... | Adaptation | Wikipedia | 477 | 942048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Adaptation differs from flexibility, acclimatization, and learning, all of which are changes during life which are not inherited. Flexibility deals with the relative capacity of an organism to maintain itself in different habitats: its degree of specialization. Acclimatization describes automatic physiological adjustme... | Adaptation | Wikipedia | 475 | 942048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
There is a relationship between adaptedness and the concept of fitness used in population genetics. Differences in fitness between genotypes predict the rate of evolution by natural selection. Natural selection changes the relative frequencies of alternative phenotypes, insofar as they are heritable. However, a phenoty... | Adaptation | Wikipedia | 313 | 942048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Before Darwin, adaptation was seen as a fixed relationship between an organism and its habitat. It was not appreciated that as the climate changed, so did the habitat; and as the habitat changed, so did the biota. Also, habitats are subject to changes in their biota: for example, invasions of species from other areas. ... | Adaptation | Wikipedia | 216 | 942048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Without mutation, the ultimate source of all genetic variation, there would be no genetic changes and no subsequent adaptation through evolution by natural selection. Genetic change occurs in a population when mutation increases or decreases in its initial frequency followed by random genetic drift, migration, recombin... | Adaptation | Wikipedia | 353 | 942048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Habitats and biota do frequently change over time and space. Therefore, it follows that the process of adaptation is never fully complete. Over time, it may happen that the environment changes little, and the species comes to fit its surroundings better and better, resulting in stabilizing selection. On the other hand,... | Adaptation | Wikipedia | 414 | 942048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Bates' work on Amazonian butterflies led him to develop the first scientific account of mimicry, especially the kind of mimicry which bears his name: Batesian mimicry. This is the mimicry by a palatable species of an unpalatable or noxious species (the model), gaining a selective advantage as predators avoid the model ... | Adaptation | Wikipedia | 396 | 942048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Stream-dwelling salamanders, such as Caucasian salamander or Gold-striped salamander have very slender, long bodies, perfectly adapted to life at the banks of fast small rivers and mountain brooks. Elongated body protects their larvae from being washed out by current. However, elongated body increases risk of desiccati... | Adaptation | Wikipedia | 498 | 942048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Pre-adaptation occurs when a population has characteristics which by chance are suited for a set of conditions not previously experienced. For example, the polyploid cordgrass Spartina townsendii is better adapted than either of its parent species to their own habitat of saline marsh and mud-flats. Among domestic anima... | Adaptation | Wikipedia | 410 | 942048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Animals including earthworms, beavers and humans use some of their adaptations to modify their surroundings, so as to maximize their chances of surviving and reproducing. Beavers create dams and lodges, changing the ecosystems of the valleys around them. Earthworms, as Darwin noted, improve the topsoil in which they li... | Adaptation | Wikipedia | 469 | 942048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Just as there is co-adaptation, there is also coextinction, the loss of a species due to the extinction of another with which it is coadapted, as with the extinction of a parasitic insect following the loss of its host, or when a flowering plant loses its pollinator, or when a food chain is disrupted.
Origin of adapti... | Adaptation | Wikipedia | 263 | 942048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Adaptation raises philosophical issues concerning how biologists speak of function and purpose, as this carries implications of evolutionary history – that a feature evolved by natural selection for a specific reason – and potentially of supernatural intervention – that features and organisms exist because of a deity's... | Adaptation | Wikipedia | 276 | 942048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
The Lagoon Nebula (catalogued as Messier 8 or M8, NGC 6523, Sharpless 25, RCW 146, and Gum 72) is a giant interstellar cloud in the constellation Sagittarius. It is classified as an emission nebula and has an H II region.
The Lagoon Nebula was discovered by Giovanni Hodierna before 1654 and is one of only two star-for... | Lagoon Nebula | Wikipedia | 377 | 943374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon%20Nebula | Physical sciences | Notable nebulae | Astronomy |
Nymphaea () is a genus of hardy and tender aquatic plants in the family Nymphaeaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution. Many species are cultivated as ornamental plants, and many cultivars have been bred. Some taxa occur as introduced species where they are not native, and some are weeds. Plants of the genus a... | Nymphaea | Wikipedia | 338 | 944428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea | Biology and health sciences | Nymphaeales | Plants |
Generative characteristics
The flowers are emergent, floating, or rarely submerged. The diurnal or nocturnal, chasmogamous or rarely cleistogamous, solitary, hermaphrodite, entomophilous, fragrant or inodorous flowers are mostly protogynous. The flowers have (3–)4(–5) green, sometimes spotted sepals, and about 6–50 lan... | Nymphaea | Wikipedia | 410 | 944428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea | Biology and health sciences | Nymphaeales | Plants |
Subgenera
The genus Nymphaea has been divided into several subgenera:
Nymphaea subg. Anecphya (Casp.) Conard
Nymphaea subg. Brachyceras (Casp.) Conard
Nymphaea subg. Confluentes S.W.L.Jacobs
Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis (Planch.) Conard
Nymphaea subg. Lotos (DC.) Conard
Nymphaea subg. Nymphaea (autonym)
Sections
... | Nymphaea | Wikipedia | 212 | 944428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea | Biology and health sciences | Nymphaeales | Plants |
Nymphaea abhayana
Nymphaea alba
Nymphaea alexii
Nymphaea amazonum
Nymphaea ampla
Nymphaea atrans
Nymphaea belophylla
Nymphaea × borealis
Nymphaea caatingae
Nymphaea candida
Nymphaea carpentariae
Nymphaea conardii
Nymphaea × daubenyana
Nymphaea dimorpha
Nymphaea divaricata
Nymphaea elegans
Nymphaea ellen... | Nymphaea | Wikipedia | 493 | 944428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea | Biology and health sciences | Nymphaeales | Plants |
Evolutionary relationships
The genus Nymphaea may be paraphyletic in its current circumscription, as the genera Euryale and Victoria have been placed within the genus Nymphaea in several studies.
Ecology
Habitat
Nymphaea occurs in freshwater, as well as brackish water habitats.
Pollination
Flowers of Nymphaea subg. ... | Nymphaea | Wikipedia | 387 | 944428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea | Biology and health sciences | Nymphaeales | Plants |
Horticulture
Water lilies are not only decorative, but also provide useful shade which helps reduce the growth of algae in ponds and lakes. Many of the water lilies familiar in water gardening are hybrids and cultivars. These cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
'Escarboucle'... | Nymphaea | Wikipedia | 486 | 944428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea | Biology and health sciences | Nymphaeales | Plants |
Water lilies were said to have been a major food source for a certain tribe of indigenous Australians in 1930, with the flowers and stems eaten raw, while the "roots and seedpods" were cooked either on an open fire or in a ground oven.
Other uses
Tannins extracted from rhizomes are used in dyeing wool a purple-black o... | Nymphaea | Wikipedia | 408 | 944428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea | Biology and health sciences | Nymphaeales | Plants |
Earth's energy budget (or Earth's energy balance) is the balance between the energy that Earth receives from the Sun and the energy the Earth loses back into outer space. Smaller energy sources, such as Earth's internal heat, are taken into consideration, but make a tiny contribution compared to solar energy. The energ... | Earth's energy budget | Wikipedia | 441 | 944638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20energy%20budget | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
In spite of the enormous transfers of energy into and from the Earth, it maintains a relatively constant temperature because, as a whole, there is little net gain or loss: Earth emits via atmospheric and terrestrial radiation (shifted to longer electromagnetic wavelengths) to space about the same amount of energy as it... | Earth's energy budget | Wikipedia | 455 | 944638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20energy%20budget | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Generally, absorbed solar energy is converted to different forms of heat energy. Some of the solar energy absorbed by the surface is converted to thermal radiation at wavelengths in the "atmospheric window"; this radiation is able to pass through the atmosphere unimpeded and directly escape to space, contributing to OL... | Earth's energy budget | Wikipedia | 497 | 944638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20energy%20budget | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
The geothermal heat flow from the Earth's interior is estimated to be 47 terawatts (TW) and split approximately equally between radiogenic heat and heat left over from the Earth's formation. This corresponds to an average flux of 0.087 W/m2 and represents only 0.027% of Earth's total energy budget at the surface, being... | Earth's energy budget | Wikipedia | 462 | 944638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20energy%20budget | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
The 51 units reaching and absorbed by the surface are emitted back to space through various forms of terrestrial energy: 17 directly radiated to space and 34 absorbed by the atmosphere (19 through latent heat of vaporisation, 9 via convection and turbulence, and 6 as absorbed infrared by greenhouse gases). The 48 units... | Earth's energy budget | Wikipedia | 512 | 944638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20energy%20budget | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Heating/cooling rate analysis
Generally speaking, changes to Earth's energy flux balance can be thought of as being the result of external forcings (both natural and anthropogenic, radiative and non-radiative), system feedbacks, and internal system variability. Such changes are primarily expressed as observable shif... | Earth's energy budget | Wikipedia | 468 | 944638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20energy%20budget | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Clouds are responsible for about half of Earth's albedo and are powerful expressions of internal variability of the climate system. They may also act as feedbacks to forcings, and could be forcings themselves if for example a result of cloud seeding activity. Contributions to ΔEC vary regionally and depending upon cl... | Earth's energy budget | Wikipedia | 488 | 944638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20energy%20budget | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
The planetary heat content that resides in the climate system can be compiled given the heat capacity, density and temperature distributions of each of its components. Most regions are now reasonably well sampled and monitored, with the most significant exception being the deep ocean.
Estimates of the absolute magnit... | Earth's energy budget | Wikipedia | 486 | 944638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20energy%20budget | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
NASA's Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instruments are part of its Earth Observing System (EOS) since March 2000. CERES is designed to measure both solar-reflected (short wavelength) and Earth-emitted (long wavelength) radiation. The CERES data showed increases in EEI from in 2005 to in 2019. Con... | Earth's energy budget | Wikipedia | 479 | 944638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20energy%20budget | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Climate scientists Kevin Trenberth, James Hansen, and colleagues have identified the monitoring of Earth's energy imbalance as an important metric to help policymakers guide the pace for mitigation and adaptation measures. Because of climate system inertia, longer-term EEI (Earth's energy imbalance) trends can forecast... | Earth's energy budget | Wikipedia | 201 | 944638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20energy%20budget | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Near-surface geophysics is the use of geophysical methods to investigate small-scale features in the shallow (tens of meters) subsurface. It is closely related to applied geophysics or exploration geophysics. Methods used include seismic refraction and reflection, gravity, magnetic, electric, and electromagnetic method... | Near-surface geophysics | Wikipedia | 489 | 33142291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-surface%20geophysics | Physical sciences | Geophysics | Earth science |
The reduced data may not provide a good enough image because of background noise. The signal-to-noise ratio may be improved by repeated measurements of the same quantity followed by some sort of averaging such as stacking or signal processing.
Modeling
Once a good profile is obtained of the physical property that is ... | Near-surface geophysics | Wikipedia | 512 | 33142291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-surface%20geophysics | Physical sciences | Geophysics | Earth science |
Seismic refraction can be used not only to identify layers in rocks by the trajectories of the seismic waves, but also to infer the wave speeds in each layer, thereby providing some information on the material in each layer.
Magnetic surveying
Magnetic surveying can be done on a planetary scale (for example, the surv... | Near-surface geophysics | Wikipedia | 510 | 33142291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-surface%20geophysics | Physical sciences | Geophysics | Earth science |
Geophysical methods can be used to find or map an archaeological site remotely, avoiding unnecessary digging. They can also be used to date artifacts.
In surveys of a potential archaeological site, features cut into the ground (such as ditches, pits and postholes) may be detected, even after filled in, by electrical r... | Near-surface geophysics | Wikipedia | 392 | 33142291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-surface%20geophysics | Physical sciences | Geophysics | Earth science |
Geotechnical investigations use near-surface geophysics as a standard tool, both for initial site characterisation and to gauge where to subsequently undertake intrusive site investigation (S.I.) which involves boreholes and trial pits. In rural areas conventional SI methods may be employed but in urban areas or in dif... | Near-surface geophysics | Wikipedia | 163 | 33142291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-surface%20geophysics | Physical sciences | Geophysics | Earth science |
Emerging technologies are technologies whose development, practical applications, or both are still largely unrealized. These technologies are generally new but also include old technologies finding new applications. Emerging technologies are often perceived as capable of changing the status quo.
Emerging technologies... | Emerging technologies | Wikipedia | 476 | 3889704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging%20technologies | Technology | General | null |
Many writers, including computer scientist Bill Joy, have identified clusters of technologies that they consider critical to humanity's future. Joy warns that the technology could be used by elites for good or evil. They could use it as "good shepherds" for the rest of humanity or decide everyone else is superfluous an... | Emerging technologies | Wikipedia | 420 | 3889704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging%20technologies | Technology | General | null |
As robotics and artificial intelligence develop further, even many skilled jobs may be threatened. Technologies such as machine learning may ultimately allow computers to do many knowledge-based jobs that require significant education. This may result in substantial unemployment at all skill levels, stagnant or falling... | Emerging technologies | Wikipedia | 506 | 3889704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging%20technologies | Technology | General | null |
Between September 1990 and January 2014, there were around 2,000 gene therapy trials conducted or approved.
Cancer vaccines
A cancer vaccine is a vaccine that treats existing cancer or prevents the development of cancer in certain high-risk individuals. Vaccines that treat existing cancer are known as therapeutic ca... | Emerging technologies | Wikipedia | 351 | 3889704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging%20technologies | Technology | General | null |
Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to nanotech) is the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. The earliest widespread description of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, als... | Emerging technologies | Wikipedia | 468 | 3889704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging%20technologies | Technology | General | null |
Distributed ledger or blockchain technology provides a transparent and immutable list of transactions. A wide range of uses has been proposed for where an open, decentralised database is required, ranging from supply chains to cryptocurrencies.
Smart contracts are self-executing transactions which occur when pre-defin... | Emerging technologies | Wikipedia | 401 | 3889704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging%20technologies | Technology | General | null |
A joint is a break (fracture) of natural origin in a layer or body of rock that lacks visible or measurable movement parallel to the surface (plane) of the fracture ("Mode 1" Fracture). Although joints can occur singly, they most frequently appear as joint sets and systems. A joint set is a family of parallel, evenly s... | Joint (geology) | Wikipedia | 410 | 3893437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20%28geology%29 | Physical sciences | Structural geology | Earth science |
When tensional stresses stretch a body or layer of rock such that its tensile strength is exceeded, it breaks. When this happens the rock fractures in a plane parallel to the maximum principal stress and perpendicular to the minimum principal stress (the direction in which the rock is being stretched). This leads to th... | Joint (geology) | Wikipedia | 445 | 3893437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20%28geology%29 | Physical sciences | Structural geology | Earth science |
Within regions that have experienced tectonic deformation, systematic joints are typically associated with either layered or bedded strata that have been folded into anticlines and synclines. Such joints can be classified according to their orientation in respect to the axial planes of the folds as they often commonly ... | Joint (geology) | Wikipedia | 418 | 3893437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20%28geology%29 | Physical sciences | Structural geology | Earth science |
Tectonic
Tectonic joints are joints formed when the relative displacement of the joint walls is normal to its plane as the result of brittle deformation of bedrock in response to regional or local tectonic deformation of bedrock. Such joints form when directed tectonic stress causes the tensile strength of
bedrock to... | Joint (geology) | Wikipedia | 445 | 3893437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20%28geology%29 | Physical sciences | Structural geology | Earth science |
Unloading
Unloading joints or release joints arise near the surface when bedded sedimentary rocks are brought closer to the surface during uplift and erosion; when they cool, they contract and become relaxed elastically. A stress builds up which eventually exceeds the tensile strength of the bedrock and results in joi... | Joint (geology) | Wikipedia | 512 | 3893437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20%28geology%29 | Physical sciences | Structural geology | Earth science |
Importance
Joints are important not only in understanding the local and regional geology and geomorphology but also in developing natural resources, in the safe design of structures, and in environmental protection. Joints have a profound control on weathering and erosion of bedrock. As a result, they exert a strong c... | Joint (geology) | Wikipedia | 334 | 3893437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20%28geology%29 | Physical sciences | Structural geology | Earth science |
Native element minerals are those elements that occur in nature in uncombined form with a distinct mineral structure. The elemental class includes metals, intermetallic compounds, alloys, metalloids, and nonmetals. The Nickel–Strunz classification system also includes the naturally occurring phosphides, silicides, nitr... | Native element mineral | Wikipedia | 435 | 30623838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native%20element%20mineral | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
Class: native elements
01.A Metals and intermetallic alloys
01.AA Copper-cupalite family: 05 native copper, 05 lead, 05 native gold, 05 native silver, 05 nickel, 05 aluminium; 10a auricupride, 10b tetra-auricupride; 15 novodneprite, 15 khatyrkite, 15 anyuiite; 20 cupalite, 25 hunchunite
01.AB Zinc-brass family (Cu-... | Native element mineral | Wikipedia | 378 | 30623838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native%20element%20mineral | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
01.AG PGE-metal alloys: 05 garutiite, 05 hexaferrum; 10 atokite, 10 zvyagintsevite, 10 rustenburgite; 15 taimyrite, 15 tatyanaite; 20 paolovite; 25 plumbopalladinite, 25 stannopalladinite; 30 cabriite; 35 chengdeite, 35 isoferroplatinum; 40 ferronickelplatinum, 40 tetraferroplatinum, 40 tulameenite; 45 hongshiite*, 45 ... | Native element mineral | Wikipedia | 511 | 30623838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native%20element%20mineral | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
01.DA Nonmetallic carbides: 05 moissanite
01.DB Nonmetallic nitrides: 05 nierite, 10 sinoite
01.X Unclassified Strunz elements (metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
01.XX Unknown: 00 hexamolybdenum, 00 tantalum*, 00 brownleeite | Native element mineral | Wikipedia | 103 | 30623838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native%20element%20mineral | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
A lipid profile or lipid panel is a panel of blood tests used to find abnormalities in blood lipid ( such as cholesterol and triglycerides) concentrations. The results of this test can identify certain genetic diseases and can determine approximate risks for cardiovascular disease, certain forms of pancreatitis, and ot... | Lipid profile | Wikipedia | 409 | 25932382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid%20profile | Biology and health sciences | Diagnostics | Health |
Friedewald
Typically the laboratory measures only three quantities: total cholesterol; HDL; Triglycerides. A typical procedure used by NHANES 2004 uses the following measurement methods:
Total cholesterol is measured using a mixture of enzymes. First an esterase converts cholesterol esters into cholesterol and free f... | Lipid profile | Wikipedia | 495 | 25932382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid%20profile | Biology and health sciences | Diagnostics | Health |
All-direct
Every part of the lipid panel can be measured directly using ultracentrifugation, which is the gold standard. This type of measurement involves no errors from estimation and can also measure IDL-C and Lp(a)-C levels. Fully direct measurement is more costly, however.
Laboratories may also use proprietrary ... | Lipid profile | Wikipedia | 355 | 25932382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid%20profile | Biology and health sciences | Diagnostics | Health |
The honeydew melon is one of the two main cultivar types in Cucumis melo Inodorus Group. It is characterized by the smooth, often green or yellowish rind and lack of musky odor. The other main type in the Inodorus Group is the wrinkle-rind casaba melon.
Characteristics
A honeydew has a round to slightly oval shape, ty... | Honeydew (melon) | Wikipedia | 495 | 2899604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeydew%20%28melon%29 | Biology and health sciences | Melons | Plants |
In China, honeydews are known as Bailan melons. They are famous locally near Lanzhou, the capital city of Gansu province in China's northwest.
According to Chinese sources, the melons were introduced to China by American Secretary of Agriculture, Henry A. Wallace, who donated melon seeds to the locals while visiting i... | Honeydew (melon) | Wikipedia | 245 | 2899604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeydew%20%28melon%29 | Biology and health sciences | Melons | Plants |
Spinosauridae (or spinosaurids) is a clade or family of tetanuran theropod dinosaurs comprising ten to seventeen known genera. Spinosaurid fossils have been recovered worldwide, including Africa, Europe, South America and Asia. Their remains have generally been attributed to the Early to Mid Cretaceous.
Spinosaurids w... | Spinosauridae | Wikipedia | 269 | 2899822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosauridae | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
The genus Spinosaurus, from which the family, one of its subfamilies (Spinosaurinae) and tribes (Spinosaurini) borrow their names, is the longest known terrestrial predator from the fossil record, with an estimated length of up to and body mass of up to (similar to the weight of an African elephant). The closely rela... | Spinosauridae | Wikipedia | 470 | 2899822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosauridae | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
The first fossils referred to a spinosaurid were discovered in 1912 at the Bahariya Formation in Egypt. Consisting of vertebrae, skull fragments, and teeth, these remains became the holotype specimen of the new genus and species Spinosaurus aegyptiacus in 1915, when they were described by German paleontologist Ernst St... | Spinosauridae | Wikipedia | 468 | 2899822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosauridae | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
In February 2024, a new spinosaurid was announced with the name of Riojavenatrix lacustris. Originally discovered in La Rioja in 2005, it is the fifth spinosaurid species to be discovered in the Iberian Peninsula. It was found to have lived 120 million years ago and was around 7-8 metres long with a 1.5 metric ton body... | Spinosauridae | Wikipedia | 290 | 2899822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosauridae | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Spinosaurid skulls—similar in many respects to those of crocodilians—were long, low and narrow. As in other theropods, various fenestrae (openings) in the skull aided in reducing its weight. In spinosaurs however, the antorbital fenestrae were greatly reduced, akin to those of crocodilians. The tips of the premaxillae ... | Spinosauridae | Wikipedia | 339 | 2899822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosauridae | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Lengthwise atop their skulls ran a thin and shallow sagittal crest that was usually tallest near or above the eyes, either becoming shorter or disappearing entirely towards the front of the head. Spinosaurus's head crest was comb-shaped and bore distinct vertical grooves, while those of Baryonyx and Suchomimus looked l... | Spinosauridae | Wikipedia | 433 | 2899822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosauridae | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
The coracoid bones of the shoulders in spinosaurids were robust and hook shaped. The arms were relatively large and well-built; the radius (long bone of the forearm) was stout and usually only half as long as the humerus (upper arm bone). Spinosaurid hands had three fingers, typical of tetanurans, and wielded an enlarg... | Spinosauridae | Wikipedia | 431 | 2899822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosauridae | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
The upward-projecting neural spines of spinosaurid vertebrae (backbones) were very tall, more so than in most theropods. In life, these spines would have been covered in skin or fat tissue and formed a sail down the animal's back, a condition that has also been observed in some carcharodontosaurid and ornithopod dinosa... | Spinosauridae | Wikipedia | 435 | 2899822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosauridae | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Traditionally, Spinosauridae is divided into two subfamilies: Spinosaurinae, which contains the genera Icthyovenator, Irritator, Oxalaia, Sigilmassasaurus and Spinosaurus, is marked by unserrated, straight teeth, and external nares which are further back on the skull than in baryonychines, and Baryonychinae, which cont... | Spinosauridae | Wikipedia | 492 | 2899822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosauridae | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
The next cladogram displays an analysis of Tetanurae simplified to show only Spinosauridae from Allain colleagues in 2012:
The 2018 phylogenetic analysis by Arden and colleagues, which included many unnamed taxa, resolved Baryonychinae as monophyletic, and also coined the new term Spinosaurini for the clade of Sigilma... | Spinosauridae | Wikipedia | 169 | 2899822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosauridae | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
In experimental particle physics, a calorimeter is a type of detector that measures the energy of particles. Particles enter the calorimeter and initiate a particle shower in which their energy is deposited in the calorimeter, collected, and measured. The energy may be measured in its entirety, requiring total contai... | Calorimeter (particle physics) | Wikipedia | 373 | 2900052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimeter%20%28particle%20physics%29 | Physical sciences | Devices | Physics |
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