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The prehensile-tailed porcupines or coendous (genus Coendou) are found in Central and South America. Two other formerly recognized Neotropical tree porcupine genera, Echinoprocta and Sphiggurus, have been subsumed into Coendou, since Sphiggurus was shown by genetic studies to be polyphyletic, while Echinoprocta nested ... | Prehensile-tailed porcupine | Wikipedia | 468 | 2902373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehensile-tailed%20porcupine | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | Animals |
The nadir is the direction pointing directly below a particular location; that is, it is one of two vertical directions at a specified location, orthogonal to a horizontal flat surface.
The direction opposite of the nadir is the zenith.
Definitions
Space science
Since the concept of being below is itself somewhat va... | Nadir | Wikipedia | 425 | 2903625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir | Physical sciences | Celestial sphere: General | Astronomy |
The Nitrososphaerota (syn. Thaumarchaeota) are a phylum of the Archaea proposed in 2008 after the genome of Cenarchaeum symbiosum was sequenced and found to differ significantly from other members of the hyperthermophilic phylum Thermoproteota (formerly Crenarchaeota). Three described species in addition to C. symbio... | Nitrososphaerota | Wikipedia | 466 | 21541335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrososphaerota | Biology and health sciences | Archaea | Plants |
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
Class Nitrososphaeria Stieglmeier et al. 2014 [Conexivisphaeria Kato et al. 2020]
?"Cenoporarchaeum" corrig. Zhang et al. 2019
?"Candidatus Gagatemar... | Nitrososphaerota | Wikipedia | 502 | 21541335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrososphaerota | Biology and health sciences | Archaea | Plants |
?"Candidatus Nitrosokoinonia" Glasl et al. 2023
?"Candidatus Nitrosomaritimum" Zhao et al. 2024
"Candidatus Nitrosopelagicus" Santoro et al. 2015
Nitrosopumilus Qin et al. 2017
?"Candidatus Nitrosospongia" Moeller et al. 2019
"Candidatus Nitrosotalea" Lehtovirta 2011
"Candidatus Nitrosotenuis" Li et al. 2016 | Nitrososphaerota | Wikipedia | 113 | 21541335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrososphaerota | Biology and health sciences | Archaea | Plants |
Metabolism
Nitrososphaerota are important ammonia oxidizers in aquatic and terrestrial environments, and are the first archaea identified as being involved in nitrification. They are capable of oxidizing ammonia at much lower substrate concentrations than ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, and so probably dominate in oligotro... | Nitrososphaerota | Wikipedia | 346 | 21541335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrososphaerota | Biology and health sciences | Archaea | Plants |
Many members of the phylum assimilate carbon by fixing HCO3−. This is done using a hydroxypropionate/hydroxybutyrate cycle similar to the Thermoproteota but which appears to have evolved independently. All Nitrososphaerota that have been identified by metagenomics thus far encode this pathway. Notably, the Nitrososphae... | Nitrososphaerota | Wikipedia | 312 | 21541335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrososphaerota | Biology and health sciences | Archaea | Plants |
Environment
Many Nitrososphaerota, such as Nitrosopumilus maritimus, are marine and live in the open ocean. Most of these planktonic Nitrososphaerota, which compose the Marine Group I.1a, are distributed in the subphotic zone, between 100m and 350m. Other marine Nitrososphaerota live in shallower waters. One study has ... | Nitrososphaerota | Wikipedia | 252 | 21541335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrososphaerota | Biology and health sciences | Archaea | Plants |
A passenger terminal is a structure in a port which services passengers boarding and leaving water vessels such as ferries, cruise ships and ocean liners. Depending on the types of vessels serviced by the terminal, it may be named (for example) ferry terminal, cruise terminal, marine terminal or maritime passenger term... | Maritime passenger terminal | Wikipedia | 446 | 2088910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime%20passenger%20terminal | Technology | Coastal infrastructure | null |
Major passenger ports (such as the Port of Southampton) tend to have numerous docks and wharves, some with multiple berths, in order to handle more than one ship simultaneously. Some ports → a single, large passenger terminal to service multiple docks, while others have multiple terminal buildings, each servicing a do... | Maritime passenger terminal | Wikipedia | 196 | 2088910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime%20passenger%20terminal | Technology | Coastal infrastructure | null |
The geology of Mercury is the scientific study of the surface, crust, and interior of the planet Mercury. It emphasizes the composition, structure, history, and physical processes that shape the planet. It is analogous to the field of terrestrial geology. In planetary science, the term geology is used in its broadest s... | Geology of Mercury | Wikipedia | 442 | 2090039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology%20of%20Mercury | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Mercury's density implies a solid iron-rich core that accounts for about 60% of its volume (75% of its radius). Mercury's magnetic equator is shifted nearly 20% of the planet's radius towards the north, the largest ratio of all planets. This shift suggests there being one or more iron-rich molten layers surrounding the... | Geology of Mercury | Wikipedia | 477 | 2090039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology%20of%20Mercury | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Earth-based observations are made difficult by Mercury's constant proximity to the Sun. This has several consequences:
Whenever the sky is dark enough for viewing through telescopes, Mercury is always already near the horizon, where viewing conditions are poor anyway due to atmospheric factors.
The Hubble Space Telesco... | Geology of Mercury | Wikipedia | 500 | 2090039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology%20of%20Mercury | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Craters on Mercury range in diameter from small bowl-shaped craters to multi-ringed impact basins hundreds of kilometers across. They appear in all states of degradation, from relatively fresh rayed-craters, to highly degraded crater remnants. Mercurian craters differ subtly from Lunar craters – the extent of their eje... | Geology of Mercury | Wikipedia | 468 | 2090039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology%20of%20Mercury | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Pit-floor craters
Some impact craters on Mercury have non-circular, irregularly shaped depressions or pits on their floors. Such craters have been termed pit-floor craters, and MESSENGER team members have suggested that such pits formed by the collapse of subsurface magma chambers. If this suggestion is correct, the pi... | Geology of Mercury | Wikipedia | 509 | 2090039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology%20of%20Mercury | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
One unusual feature of the planet's surface is the numerous compression folds which crisscross the plains. It is thought that as the planet's interior cooled, it contracted and its surface began to deform. The folds can be seen on top of other features, such as craters and smoother plains, indicating that they are more... | Geology of Mercury | Wikipedia | 503 | 2090039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology%20of%20Mercury | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
In spite of its proximity to the Sun, Mercury may have surface ice, since temperatures near the poles are constantly below freezing point: On the polar plains, the temperature does not rise above −106 °C. Craters at Mercury's higher latitudes (discovered by radar surveys from Earth as well) may be deep enough to shield... | Geology of Mercury | Wikipedia | 487 | 2090039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology%20of%20Mercury | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Iron(II) sulfide or ferrous sulfide (Br.E. sulphide) is one of a family of chemical compounds and minerals with the approximate formula . Iron sulfides are often iron-deficient non-stoichiometric. All are black, water-insoluble solids.
Preparation and structure
FeS can be obtained by the heating of iron and sulfur:... | Iron(II) sulfide | Wikipedia | 405 | 2091630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%28II%29%20sulfide | Physical sciences | Sulfide salts | Chemistry |
The presence of ferrous sulfide as a visible black precipitate in the growth medium peptone iron agar can be used to distinguish between microorganisms that produce the cysteine metabolizing enzyme cysteine desulfhydrase and those that do not. Peptone iron agar contains the amino acid cysteine and a chemical indicator,... | Iron(II) sulfide | Wikipedia | 112 | 2091630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%28II%29%20sulfide | Physical sciences | Sulfide salts | Chemistry |
Shower gel (also called body wash) is a specialized liquid product used for cleaning the body during showers. Not to be confused with liquid soaps, shower gels, in fact, do not contain saponified oil. Instead, it uses synthetic detergents derived from either petroleum or plant sources.
Body washes and shower gels have... | Shower gel | Wikipedia | 355 | 5248591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shower%20gel | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Surfactants can make up as much as 50 percent of the shower gel content, with the remaining proportion being made up of a combination of water and ingredients to thicken, preserve, emulsify, add fragrance, and color. Multiple surfactants are often used to achieve desired product qualities. A primary surfactant can prov... | Shower gel | Wikipedia | 448 | 5248591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shower%20gel | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Like shampoo and bubble bath products, many are marketed directly towards children. These often feature scents intended to appeal to children, such as fruit scents, or cookies or cotton candy scents. Many bottles feature popular characters from children's television or movies. As with men's body wash, they often are sp... | Shower gel | Wikipedia | 86 | 5248591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shower%20gel | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Scholarly peer review or academic peer review (also known as refereeing) is the process of having a draft version of a researcher's methods and findings reviewed (usually anonymously) by experts (or "peers") in the same field. Peer review is widely used for helping the academic publisher (that is, the editor-in-chief,... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 373 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Peer review became a touchstone of the scientific method, but until the end of the 19th century was often performed directly by an editor-in-chief or editorial committee. Editors of scientific journals at that time made publication decisions without seeking outside input, i.e. an external panel of reviewers, giving est... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 344 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Gaudet provides a social science view of the history of peer review carefully tending to what is under investigation, here peer review, and not only looking at superficial or self-evident commonalities among inquisition, censorship, and journal peer review. It builds on historical research by Gould, Biagioli, Spier, an... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 457 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
The decision whether or not to publish a scholarly article, or what should be modified before publication, ultimately lies with the publisher (editor-in-chief or the editorial board) to which the manuscript has been submitted. Similarly, the decision whether or not to fund a proposed project rests with an official of t... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 404 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Procedure
In the case of proposed publications, the publisher (editor-in-chief or the editorial board, often with assistance of corresponding or associate editors) sends advance copies of an author's work or ideas to researchers or scholars who are experts in the field (known as "referees" or "reviewers"). Communicatio... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 498 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Reasons vary for acceptance of an article by editors, but Elsevier published an article where three editors weigh in on factors that drive article acceptance. These factors include whether the manuscript: delivers "new insight into an important issue", will be useful to practitioners, advances or proposes a new theory,... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 424 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
In situations where multiple referees disagree substantially about the quality of a work, there are a number of strategies for reaching a decision. The paper may be rejected outright, or the editor may choose which reviewer's point the authors should address. When a publisher receives very positive and very negative re... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 415 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Sometimes authors may exclude certain reviewers: one study conducted on the Journal of Investigative Dermatology found that excluding reviewers doubled the chances of article acceptance. Some scholars are uncomfortable with this idea, arguing that it distorts the scientific process. Others argue that it protects agains... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 447 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Referees are supposed to inform the editor of any conflict of interests that might arise. Journals or individual editors may invite a manuscript's authors to name people whom they consider qualified to referee their work. For some journals this is a requirement of submission. Authors are sometimes also given the opport... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 454 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Referees have the opportunity to prevent work that does not meet the standards of the field from being published, which is a position of some responsibility. Editors are at a special advantage in recruiting a scholar when they have overseen the publication of his or her work, or if the scholar is one who hopes to submi... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 505 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Some experts proposed blind review procedures for reviewing controversial research topics.
In double-blind peer review, which has been fashioned by sociology journals in the 1950s and remains more common in the social sciences and humanities than in the natural sciences, the identity of the authors is concealed from t... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 438 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
A more rigorous standard of accountability is known as an audit. Because reviewers are not paid, they cannot be expected to put as much time and effort into a review as an audit requires. Therefore, academic journals such as Science, organizations such as the American Geophysical Union, and agencies such as the Nationa... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 429 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
After a manuscript is published, the process of peer review continues as publications are read, known as post-publication peer review. Readers will often send letters to the editor of a journal, or correspond with the editor via an on-line journal club. In this way, all "peers" may offer review and critique of publishe... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 489 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Recent research has called attention to the use of social media technologies and science blogs as a means of informal, post-publication peer review, as in the case of the #arseniclife (or GFAJ-1) controversy. In December 2010, an article published in Scienceexpress (the ahead-of-print version of Science) generated both... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 374 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Result-blind peer review or results blind peer review, first proposed 1966: Reviewers receive an edited version of the submitted paper which omits the results and conclusion section. In a two-stage version, a second round of reviews or editorial judgment is based on the full paper version, which was first proposed in 1... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 382 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
The following journals used result-blind peer review or pre-accepted articles:
The European Journal of Parapsychology, under Martin Johnson (who proposed a version of Registered Reports in 1974), began accepting papers based on submitted designs and then publishing them, from 1976 to 1993, and published 25 RRs total
... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 455 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Scholarly peer review has been subject to several criticisms, and various proposals for reforming the system have been suggested over the years. Many studies have emphasized the problems inherent to the process of peer review. Moreover, Ragone et al., have shown that there is a low correlation between peer review outco... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 497 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Low-end distinctions in articles understandable to all peers
Brezis and Birukou show that the peer review process is not working properly due to reviewer bias. Additionally, they underline that the ratings are not robust, e.g., changing reviewers can have a dramatic impact on the review results. Two main elements affe... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 215 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Medical researcher John Ioannidis expands on this second point, arguing that since the exams and other tests that people pass on their way from "layman" to "expert" focus on answering the questions in time and in accordance with a list of answers, and not on making precise distinctions (the latter of which would be unr... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 299 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Tendency to Discourage Innovative Projects
The peer process is also in use for projects acceptance. (For projects, the acceptance rates are small and are between 1% and 20%, with an average of 10%. In the European H2020 calls, the acceptance rate is 1.8%.) Peer review is more problematic when choosing the projects to ... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 504 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
At times, peer review has been exposed as a process that was orchestrated for a preconceived outcome. The New York Times gained access to confidential peer review documents for studies sponsored by the National Football League (NFL) that were cited as scientific evidence that brain injuries do not cause long-term harm ... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 306 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Just as experts in a particular field have a better understanding of the value of papers published in their area, scientists are considered to have better grasp of the value of published papers than the general public and to see peer review as a human process, with human failings, and that "despite its limitations, we ... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 496 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Instead, the credibility conferred by the "peer-reviewed" label could diminish what Feynman calls the culture of doubt necessary for science to operate a self-correcting, truth-seeking process. The effects of this can be seen in the ongoing replication crisis, hoaxes, and widespread outrage over the inefficacy of the c... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 363 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Such modern technology includes posting results to preprint servers, preregistration of studies, open peer review, and other open science practices. In all these initiatives, the role of gatekeeping remains prominent, as if a necessary feature of all scholarly communication, but critics argue that a proper, real-world ... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 460 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Allegations of bias and suppression
The interposition of editors and reviewers between authors and readers may enable the intermediators to act as gatekeepers. Some sociologists of science argue that peer review makes the ability to publish susceptible to control by elites and to personal jealousy.
The peer review proc... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 401 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Open access journals and peer review
Some critics of open access (OA) journals have argued that, compared to traditional subscription journals, open access journals might utilize substandard or less formal peer review practices, and, as a consequence, the quality of scientific work in such journals will suffer. In a s... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 428 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
In November 2014, an article in Nature exposed that some academics were submitting fake contact details for recommended reviewers to journals, so that if the publisher contacted the recommended reviewer, they were the original author reviewing their own work under a fake name. The Committee on Publication Ethics issued... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 345 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
"Perhaps the most widely recognized failure of peer review is its inability to ensure the identification of high-quality work. The list of important scientific papers that were rejected by some peer-reviewed journals goes back at least as far as the editor of Philosophical Transaction's 1796 rejection of Edward Jenner'... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 445 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
The controversial Younger Dryas impact hypothesis, which evolved directly from pseudoscience and now forms the basis for the pseudoarchaeology of Graham Hancock's Ancient Apocalypse, was first published in the peer-reviewed journal PNAS using a nonstandard review system, according to a comprehensive refutation by Holli... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 195 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Proposed Alternatives
Other attempts to reform the peer review process originate among others from the fields of metascience and journalology. Reformers seek to increase the reliability and efficiency of the peer review process and to provide it with a scientific foundation. Alternatives to common peer review practice... | Scholarly peer review | Wikipedia | 271 | 33158412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly%20peer%20review | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Tidal range is the difference in height between high tide and low tide. Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and Sun, by Earth's rotation and by centrifugal force caused by Earth's progression around the Earth-Moon barycenter. Tidal range depends on time and locat... | Tidal range | Wikipedia | 434 | 3895284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal%20range | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
The world's largest mean tidal range of occurs in the Bay of Fundy, Canada (more specificially, at Burntcoat Head, Nova Scotia). The next highest, of , is at Ungava Bay, also in Canada, and the next, of , in the Bristol Channel, between England and Wales. The highest predicted extreme (not mean) range is , in the Bay ... | Tidal range | Wikipedia | 236 | 3895284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal%20range | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Borophagus ("gluttonous eater") is an extinct genus of the subfamily Borophaginae, a group of canids endemic to North America from the Middle Miocene epoch through the Early Pleistocene epoch 12—1.8 Mya.
Evolution
Borophagus, like other borophagines, are loosely known as "bone-crushing" or "hyena-like" dogs. Though no... | Borophagus | Wikipedia | 466 | 3898548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borophagus | Biology and health sciences | Other carnivora | Animals |
Species
Borophagus diversidens existed for (synonymous with Felis hillianus, Hyaenognathus matthewi, Hyaenognathus pachyodon, Hyaenognathus solus, Porthocyon dubius)
Borophagus dudleyi existed for
Borophagus hilli existed for (synonymous with Osteoborus crassapineatus, Osteoborus progressus)
Borophagus littoralis ... | Borophagus | Wikipedia | 378 | 3898548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borophagus | Biology and health sciences | Other carnivora | Animals |
In chemistry, a parent hydride in IUPAC nomenclature refers to a main group compound with the formula , where A is a main group element. The names of parent hydrides end with -ane, analogous with the nomenclature for alkanes. Derivatives of parent hydrides are named by appending prefixes or suffixes to the name of the ... | Parent hydride | Wikipedia | 198 | 27815938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent%20hydride | Physical sciences | Nomenclature | Chemistry |
Diaphoretickes ( ) is a major group of eukaryotic organisms, with over 400,000 species. The majority of the earth's biomass that carries out photosynthesis belongs to Diaphoretickes.
Phylogeny
In 2012 the term Diaphoretickes was coined, and received the following phylogenetic definition:
The placement of Hemimastigo... | Diaphoretickes | Wikipedia | 433 | 24521450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphoretickes | Biology and health sciences | Bikonts | Plants |
The Acasta Gneiss Complex, also called the Acasta Gneiss, is a body of felsic to ultramafic Archean basement rocks, gneisses, that form the northwestern edge of the Slave Craton in the Northwest Territories, Canada, about north of Yellowknife, Canada. This geologic complex consists largely of tonalitic and granodiorit... | Acasta Gneiss | Wikipedia | 487 | 2908792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acasta%20Gneiss | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Lithology
The Acasta Gneiss Complex is a heterogeneous assemblage of foliated to gneissic tonalites, trondhjemites, granodiorites, and granites which contains minor quartz-diorites, diorites, gabbros, and ultramafic rocks. Of the of the Canadian Shield underlain by Acasta Gneiss, only a area has been mapped and studi... | Acasta Gneiss | Wikipedia | 396 | 2908792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acasta%20Gneiss | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Origin
From decades of petrologic, geochronologic, and geochemical studies, it has become apparent that the Acasta Gneiss Complex, as it is now exposed in the Canadian Shield, is the result of the complex interplay between repeated periods of felsic magma generation from the partial melting of older, mafic crust, its ... | Acasta Gneiss | Wikipedia | 407 | 2908792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acasta%20Gneiss | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Earth’s oldest rock
With zircon U-Pb crystallization ages as old as about 4.03 Ga, beds within the Acasta Gneiss Complex are, , regarded to be the oldest known felsic rocks (crust) on Earth. Based on the analyses of Sm and Nd isotopes, mafic rocks of the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt, found on the shore of Hudson Bay, I... | Acasta Gneiss | Wikipedia | 434 | 2908792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acasta%20Gneiss | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
In hydrodynamics and hydrostatics, the pressure gradient (typically of air but more generally of any fluid) is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the pressure increases the most rapidly around a particular location. The pressure gradient is a dimensional quantity expressed in units o... | Pressure gradient | Wikipedia | 477 | 2909308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure%20gradient | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
Weather and climate relevance
Interpreting differences in air pressure between different locations is a fundamental component of many meteorological and climatological disciplines, including weather forecasting. As indicated above, the pressure gradient constitutes one of the main forces acting on the air to make it mo... | Pressure gradient | Wikipedia | 135 | 2909308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure%20gradient | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
Saltwater fish, also called marine fish or sea fish, are fish that live in seawater. Saltwater fish can swim and live alone or in a large group called a school.
Saltwater fish are very commonly kept in aquariums for entertainment. Many saltwater fish are also caught to be eaten, or grown in aquaculture. However, many ... | Saltwater fish | Wikipedia | 389 | 37205436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltwater%20fish | Biology and health sciences | Fishes by habitat | Animals |
Habitats
There are many different components that make up a marine life habitat. Some of them are the temperature of the water, the quality, and quantity of water (flow and depth). Other components that can also contribute to the habitat of saltwater fish are pH level, salt level, and alkalinity level. Levels of nitra... | Saltwater fish | Wikipedia | 354 | 37205436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltwater%20fish | Biology and health sciences | Fishes by habitat | Animals |
Overfishing
Overfishing is defined as the mass removal of fish from a body of water that results in halting the ability for breeding populations to replenish what has been removed. Fish is one of the most popular foods in the world and consumption has continued to rise with the growing human population and will contin... | Saltwater fish | Wikipedia | 439 | 37205436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltwater%20fish | Biology and health sciences | Fishes by habitat | Animals |
The great white shark is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List because its fins are commonly used in shark fin soup and has led to people over harvesting them for their fins. This shark belongs to the class Chondrichthyes that includes all sharks, skates and rays. The great white shark is one of the many examples o... | Saltwater fish | Wikipedia | 335 | 37205436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltwater%20fish | Biology and health sciences | Fishes by habitat | Animals |
Cage aquaculture involves rearing aquatic organisms in natural water sources while enclosed in a mesh/net cage that allows water from the surrounding environment to freely flow in and out. Cage aquaculture in marine environments has been particularly controversial because of the effects it has on the surrounding ecosys... | Saltwater fish | Wikipedia | 443 | 37205436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltwater%20fish | Biology and health sciences | Fishes by habitat | Animals |
In the study of mechanisms, a four-bar linkage, also called a four-bar, is the simplest closed-chain movable linkage. It consists of four bodies, called bars or links, connected in a loop by four joints. Generally, the joints are configured so the links move in parallel planes, and the assembly is called a planar four-... | Four-bar linkage | Wikipedia | 341 | 1442361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-bar%20linkage | Technology | Mechanisms | null |
There are three basic types of planar four-bar linkage, depending on the use of revolute or prismatic joints:
Four revolute joints:It is denoted as RRRR, constructed from four links connected by four revolute joints. The planar quadrilateral linkage refers to all arrangements in this type.Examples of 4R linkages inclu... | Four-bar linkage | Wikipedia | 468 | 1442361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-bar%20linkage | Technology | Mechanisms | null |
Planar quadrilateral linkage
Planar quadrilateral linkage, RRRR or 4R linkages have four rotating joints. One link of the chain is usually fixed, and is called the ground link, fixed link, or the frame. The two links connected to the frame are called the grounded links and are generally the input and output links of th... | Four-bar linkage | Wikipedia | 481 | 1442361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-bar%20linkage | Technology | Mechanisms | null |
The configuration of a quadrilateral linkage may be classified into three types: convex, concave, and crossing. In the convex and concave cases no two links cross over each other. In the crossing linkage two links cross over each other. In the convex case all four internal angles are less than 180 degrees, and in the c... | Four-bar linkage | Wikipedia | 500 | 1442361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-bar%20linkage | Technology | Mechanisms | null |
Other applications require that the mechanism-to-be-designed has a faster average speed in one direction than the other. This category of mechanism is most desired for design when work is only required to operate in one direction. The speed at which this one stroke operates is also very important in certain machine app... | Four-bar linkage | Wikipedia | 456 | 1442361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-bar%20linkage | Technology | Mechanisms | null |
A slider-crank linkage is a four-bar linkage with three revolute joints and one prismatic, or sliding, joint. The rotation of the crank drives the linear movement the slider, or the expansion of gases against a sliding piston in a cylinder can drive the rotation of the crank.
There are two types of slider-cranks: in-l... | Four-bar linkage | Wikipedia | 475 | 1442361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-bar%20linkage | Technology | Mechanisms | null |
A circumpolar vortex, or simply polar vortex, is a large region of cold, rotating air; polar vortices encircle both of Earth's polar regions. Polar vortices also exist on other rotating, low-obliquity planetary bodies. The term polar vortex can be used to describe two distinct phenomena; the stratospheric polar vortex,... | Polar vortex | Wikipedia | 504 | 1443028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20vortex | Physical sciences | Atmospheric circulation | null |
Ozone depletion occurs most heavily within the polar vortices – particularly over the Southern Hemisphere – reaching a maximum depletion in the spring.
Snow or ice weather phenomena
Arctic and Antarctic vortices
Northern Hemisphere
When the tropospheric vortex of the Arctic is strong, it has a well defined and nearly... | Polar vortex | Wikipedia | 379 | 1443028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20vortex | Physical sciences | Atmospheric circulation | null |
Southern Hemisphere
The Antarctic vortex of the Southern Hemisphere is a single low-pressure zone that is found near the edge of the Ross ice shelf, near 160 west longitude. When the polar vortex is strong, the mid-latitude Westerlies (winds at the surface level between 30° and 60° latitude from the west) increase in s... | Polar vortex | Wikipedia | 383 | 1443028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20vortex | Physical sciences | Atmospheric circulation | null |
Polar cyclones are low-pressure zones embedded within the polar air masses, and exist year-round. The stratospheric polar vortex develops at latitudes above the subtropical jet stream. Horizontally, most polar vortices have a radius of less than . Since polar vortices exist from the stratosphere downward into the mid-t... | Polar vortex | Wikipedia | 482 | 1443028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20vortex | Physical sciences | Atmospheric circulation | null |
The waxing and waning of the polar vortex is driven by the movement of mass and the transfer of heat in the polar region. In the autumn, the circumpolar winds increase in speed and the polar vortex rises into the stratosphere. The result is that the polar air forms a coherent rotating air mass: the polar vortex. As win... | Polar vortex | Wikipedia | 467 | 1443028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20vortex | Physical sciences | Atmospheric circulation | null |
Sudden stratospheric warming events are associated with weaker polar vortices. This warming of stratospheric air can reverse the circulation in the Arctic Polar Vortex from counter-clockwise to clockwise. These changes aloft force changes in the troposphere below. An example of an effect on the troposphere is the chang... | Polar vortex | Wikipedia | 406 | 1443028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20vortex | Physical sciences | Atmospheric circulation | null |
The degree of the mixing of polar and mid-latitude air depends on the evolution and position of the polar night jet. In general, the mixing is less inside the vortex than outside. Mixing occurs with unstable planetary waves that are characteristic of the middle and upper stratosphere in winter. Prior to vortex breakdow... | Polar vortex | Wikipedia | 423 | 1443028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20vortex | Physical sciences | Atmospheric circulation | null |
The chemistry of the Antarctic polar vortex has created severe ozone depletion, although the effect has been weakening since the 2000s. It is expected to return to 1980 levels in about 2075. The nitric acid in polar stratospheric clouds reacts with chlorofluorocarbons to form chlorine, which catalyzes the photochemica... | Polar vortex | Wikipedia | 281 | 1443028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20vortex | Physical sciences | Atmospheric circulation | null |
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or simply autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder "characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts" and "restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities". Sensory abnormalities are also included in the di... | Autism | Wikipedia | 506 | 29113700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorder | null |
There is no known cure for autism. Some advocates dispute the need to find one. Interventions such as applied behavior analysis (ABA), speech therapy, and occupational therapy can help these children gain self-care, social, and language skills. Guidelines from the Centres for Disease Control (CDC), and European Society... | Autism | Wikipedia | 351 | 29113700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorder | null |
Autism is currently defined as a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder that is generally thought to cover a broad and deep spectrum, manifesting very differently from one person to another. Some have high support needs, may be nonspeaking, and experience developmental delays; this is more likely with other co-exi... | Autism | Wikipedia | 510 | 29113700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorder | null |
DSM
The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), released in 2022, is the current version of the DSM. It is the predominant mental health diagnostic system used in the United States and Canada, and is often used in Anglophone cou... | Autism | Wikipedia | 479 | 29113700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorder | null |
Clinicians consider assessment for ASD when a patient shows:
Regular difficulties in social interaction or communication
Restricted or repetitive behaviors (often called "stimming")
Resistance to changes or restricted interests
These features are typically assessed with the following, when appropriate:
Problems in... | Autism | Wikipedia | 370 | 29113700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorder | null |
Social-emotional reciprocity
A deficit-based view predicts that autistic–autistic interaction would be less effective than autistic–non-autistic interactions or even non-functional. But recent research has found that autistic–autistic interactions are as effective in information transfer as interactions between non-au... | Autism | Wikipedia | 485 | 29113700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorder | null |
As communication is bidirectional, research on communication difficulties has since also begun to study non-autistic behavior, with researcher Catherine Crompton writing in 2020 that non-autistic people "struggle to identify autistic mental states, identify autistic facial expressions, overestimate autistic egocentrici... | Autism | Wikipedia | 436 | 29113700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorder | null |
Autistic people display atypical nonverbal behaviors or show differences in nonverbal communication. They may make infrequent eye contact, even when called by name, or avoid it altogether. This may be due to the high amount of sensory input received when making eye contact. Autistic people often recognize fewer emotion... | Autism | Wikipedia | 497 | 29113700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorder | null |
Other behavioral characteristics include abnormal responses to sensations (such as sights, sounds, touch, taste and smell) and problems keeping a consistent speech rhythm. The latter problem influences social skills, leading to potential problems in understanding for interlocutors. Autistic people's behavioral characte... | Autism | Wikipedia | 94 | 29113700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorder | null |
The second core symptom of autism spectrum is a pattern of restricted and repetitive behaviors, activities, and interests. In order to be diagnosed with ASD under the DSM-5-TR, a person must have at least two of the following behaviors:
Repetitive behaviors – Repetitive behaviors such as rocking, hand flapping, fing... | Autism | Wikipedia | 450 | 29113700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorder | null |
Mental health, self-injury and suicide
Self-injurious behaviors are relatively common in autistic people, and can include head-banging, self-cutting, self-biting, and hair-pulling. Some of these can result in serious injury or death. Autistic people are about three times as likely as non-autistic people to engage in ... | Autism | Wikipedia | 417 | 29113700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorder | null |
Rates of suicidality vary significantly depending upon what is being measured. This is partly because questionnaires developed for neurotypical subjects are not always valid for autistic people. As of 2023, the Suicidal Behaviours Questionnaire–Autism Spectrum Conditions (SBQ-ASC) is the only test validated for autist... | Autism | Wikipedia | 357 | 29113700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorder | null |
Autistic people may have symptoms that do not contribute to the official diagnosis, but that can affect the person or the family.
Some autistic people show unusual or notable abilities, ranging from splinter skills (such as the memorization of trivia) to rare talents in mathematics, music, or artistic reproduction, wh... | Autism | Wikipedia | 402 | 29113700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorder | null |
Exactly what causes autism remains unknown. It was long mostly presumed that there is a common cause at the genetic, cognitive, and neural levels for the social and non-social components of ASD's symptoms, described as a triad in the classic autism criteria. But it is increasingly suspected that autism is instead a com... | Autism | Wikipedia | 441 | 29113700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorder | null |
Autism has a strong genetic basis, although the genetics of autism are complex and it is unclear whether ASD is explained more by rare mutations with major effects, or by rare multi-gene interactions of common genetic variants. Complexity arises due to interactions among multiple genes, the environment, and epigenetic ... | Autism | Wikipedia | 381 | 29113700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorder | null |
, understanding of genetic risk factors had shifted from a focus on a few alleles to an understanding that genetic involvement in ASD is probably diffuse, depending on a large number of variants, some of which are common and have a small effect, and some of which are rare and have a large effect. The most common gene d... | Autism | Wikipedia | 496 | 29113700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorder | null |
Some ASD is associated with clearly genetic conditions, like fragile X syndrome, but only around 2% of autistic people have fragile X. Hypotheses from evolutionary psychiatry suggest that these genes persist because they are linked to human inventiveness, intelligence or systemising.
Current research suggests that gen... | Autism | Wikipedia | 423 | 29113700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorder | null |
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