text stringlengths 26 3.6k | page_title stringlengths 1 71 | source stringclasses 1
value | token_count int64 10 512 | id stringlengths 2 8 | url stringlengths 31 117 | topic stringclasses 4
values | section stringlengths 4 49 ⌀ | sublist stringclasses 9
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Backbone network
A backbone network is part of a computer network infrastructure that provides a path for the exchange of information between different LANs or subnetworks. A backbone can tie together diverse networks within the same building, across different buildings, or over a wide area. When designing a network ba... | Computer network | Wikipedia | 491 | 4122592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20network | Technology | Networks | null |
VPN may have best-effort performance or may have a defined service level agreement (SLA) between the VPN customer and the VPN service provider.
Global area network
A global area network (GAN) is a network used for supporting mobile users across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc. The k... | Computer network | Wikipedia | 467 | 4122592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20network | Technology | Networks | null |
Participants on the Internet use a diverse array of methods of several hundred documented, and often standardized, protocols compatible with the Internet protocol suite and the IP addressing system administered by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority and address registries. Service providers and large enterprises ex... | Computer network | Wikipedia | 399 | 4122592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20network | Technology | Networks | null |
Network delay is a design and performance characteristic of a telecommunications network. It specifies the latency for a bit of data to travel across the network from one communication endpoint to another. Delay may differ slightly, depending on the location of the specific pair of communicating endpoints. Engineers us... | Computer network | Wikipedia | 397 | 4122592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20network | Technology | Networks | null |
Network congestion
Network congestion occurs when a link or node is subjected to a greater data load than it is rated for, resulting in a deterioration of its quality of service. When networks are congested and queues become too full, packets have to be discarded, and participants must rely on retransmission to mainta... | Computer network | Wikipedia | 464 | 4122592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20network | Technology | Networks | null |
Network security
Network Security consists of provisions and policies adopted by the network administrator to prevent and monitor unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of the computer network and its network-accessible resources. Network security is used on a variety of computer networks, both public an... | Computer network | Wikipedia | 487 | 4122592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20network | Technology | Networks | null |
Typical server-based communications systems do not include end-to-end encryption. These systems can only guarantee the protection of communications between clients and servers, not between the communicating parties themselves. Examples of non-E2EE systems are Google Talk, Yahoo Messenger, Facebook, and Dropbox.
The en... | Computer network | Wikipedia | 425 | 4122592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20network | Technology | Networks | null |
Network administrators can see networks from both physical and logical perspectives. The physical perspective involves geographic locations, physical cabling, and the network elements (e.g., routers, bridges and application-layer gateways) that interconnect via the transmission media. Logical networks, called, in the T... | Computer network | Wikipedia | 413 | 4122592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20network | Technology | Networks | null |
A redox indicator (also called an oxidation-reduction indicator) is an indicator which undergoes a definite color change at a specific electrode potential.
The requirement for fast and reversible color change means that the oxidation-reduction equilibrium for an indicator redox system needs to be established very quic... | Redox indicator | Wikipedia | 210 | 577876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox%20indicator | Physical sciences | Chemical methods | Chemistry |
Chromate salts contain the chromate anion, . Dichromate salts contain the dichromate anion, . They are oxyanions of chromium in the +6 oxidation state and are moderately strong oxidizing agents. In an aqueous solution, chromate and dichromate ions can be interconvertible.
Chemical properties
Chromates react with hyd... | Chromate and dichromate | Wikipedia | 499 | 577881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromate%20and%20dichromate | Physical sciences | Metallic oxyanions | Chemistry |
Oxidation–reduction properties
The chromate and dichromate ions are fairly strong oxidizing agents. Commonly three electrons are added to a chromium atom, reducing it to oxidation state +3. In acid solution the aquated Cr3+ ion is produced.
+ 14 H+ + 6 e− → 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O ε0 = 1.33 V
In alkaline solution chromium(III... | Chromate and dichromate | Wikipedia | 472 | 577881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromate%20and%20dichromate | Physical sciences | Metallic oxyanions | Chemistry |
Chromate containing minerals are rare. Crocoite, PbCrO4, which can occur as spectacular long red crystals, is the most commonly found chromate mineral. Rare potassium chromate minerals and related compounds are found in the Atacama Desert. Among them is lópezite – the only known dichromate mineral.
Toxicity
Hexavalen... | Chromate and dichromate | Wikipedia | 183 | 577881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromate%20and%20dichromate | Physical sciences | Metallic oxyanions | Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, a half-cell is a structure that contains a conductive electrode and a surrounding conductive electrolyte separated by a naturally occurring Helmholtz double layer. Chemical reactions within this layer momentarily pump electric charges between the electrode and the electrolyte, resulting in a potent... | Half-cell | Wikipedia | 414 | 577962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-cell | Physical sciences | Electrochemistry | Chemistry |
Hypochlorous acid is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula , also written as HClO, HOCl, or ClHO. Its structure is . It is an acid that forms when chlorine dissolves in water, and itself partially dissociates, forming a hypochlorite anion, . HClO and are oxidizers, and the primary disinfection agents of chlo... | Hypochlorous acid | Wikipedia | 386 | 578099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochlorous%20acid | Physical sciences | Specific acids | Chemistry |
Uses
In organic synthesis, HClO converts alkenes to chlorohydrins.
In biology, hypochlorous acid is generated in activated neutrophils by myeloperoxidase-mediated peroxidation of chloride ions, and contributes to the destruction of bacteria.
In medicine, hypochlorous acid water has been used as a disinfectant and san... | Hypochlorous acid | Wikipedia | 437 | 578099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochlorous%20acid | Physical sciences | Specific acids | Chemistry |
When acids are added to aqueous salts of hypochlorous acid (such as sodium hypochlorite in commercial bleach solution), the resultant reaction is driven to the left, and chlorine gas is formed. Thus, the formation of stable hypochlorite bleaches is facilitated by dissolving chlorine gas into basic water solutions, such... | Hypochlorous acid | Wikipedia | 421 | 578099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochlorous%20acid | Physical sciences | Specific acids | Chemistry |
Reaction with protein sulfhydryl groups
Knox et al. first noted that HClO is a sulfhydryl inhibitor that, in sufficient quantity, could completely inactivate proteins containing sulfhydryl groups. This is because HClO oxidises sulfhydryl groups, leading to the formation of disulfide bonds that can result in crosslinkin... | Hypochlorous acid | Wikipedia | 337 | 578099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochlorous%20acid | Physical sciences | Specific acids | Chemistry |
Reaction with protein amino groups
Hypochlorous acid reacts readily with amino acids that have amino group side-chains, with the chlorine from HClO displacing a hydrogen, resulting in an organic chloramine. Chlorinated amino acids rapidly decompose, but protein chloramines are longer-lived and retain some oxidative cap... | Hypochlorous acid | Wikipedia | 501 | 578099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochlorous%20acid | Physical sciences | Specific acids | Chemistry |
Reaction with lipids
Hypochlorous acid reacts with unsaturated bonds in lipids, but not saturated bonds, and the ion does not participate in this reaction. This reaction occurs by hydrolysis with addition of chlorine to one of the carbons and a hydroxyl to the other. The resulting compound is a chlorohydrin. The polar... | Hypochlorous acid | Wikipedia | 346 | 578099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochlorous%20acid | Physical sciences | Specific acids | Chemistry |
In 1948, Knox et al. proposed the idea that inhibition of glucose oxidation is a major factor in the bacteriocidal nature of chlorine solutions. They proposed that the active agent or agents diffuse across the cytoplasmic membrane to inactivate key sulfhydryl-containing enzymes in the glycolytic pathway. This group was... | Hypochlorous acid | Wikipedia | 488 | 578099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochlorous%20acid | Physical sciences | Specific acids | Chemistry |
Later studies revealed that Ubiquinol oxidase activity ceases first, and the still-active cytochromes reduce the remaining quinone. The cytochromes then pass the electrons to oxygen, which explains why the cytochromes cannot be reoxidized, as observed by Rosen et al. However, this line of inquiry was ended when Albrich... | Hypochlorous acid | Wikipedia | 130 | 578099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochlorous%20acid | Physical sciences | Specific acids | Chemistry |
Depletion of adenine nucleotides
Having eliminated loss of respiration, Albrich et al. proposes that the cause of death may be due to metabolic dysfunction caused by depletion of adenine nucleotides. Barrette et al. studied the loss of adenine nucleotides by studying the energy charge of HClO-exposed cells and found th... | Hypochlorous acid | Wikipedia | 460 | 578099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochlorous%20acid | Physical sciences | Specific acids | Chemistry |
Protein unfolding and aggregation
HClO is known to cause post-translational modifications to proteins, the notable ones being cysteine and methionine oxidation. A recent examination of HClO's bactericidal role revealed it to be a potent inducer of protein aggregation. Hsp33, a chaperone known to be activated by oxidati... | Hypochlorous acid | Wikipedia | 507 | 578099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochlorous%20acid | Physical sciences | Specific acids | Chemistry |
Commercialisation
Commercial disinfection applications remained elusive for a long time after the discovery of hypochlorous acid because the stability of its solution in water is difficult to maintain. The active compounds quickly deteriorate back into salt water, losing the solution its disinfecting capability, which ... | Hypochlorous acid | Wikipedia | 203 | 578099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochlorous%20acid | Physical sciences | Specific acids | Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, the standard hydrogen electrode (abbreviated SHE), is a redox electrode which forms the basis of the thermodynamic scale of oxidation-reduction potentials. Its absolute electrode potential is estimated to be at 25 °C, but to form a basis for comparison with all other electrochemical reactions, hyd... | Standard hydrogen electrode | Wikipedia | 455 | 578150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20hydrogen%20electrode | Physical sciences | Electrochemistry | Chemistry |
This redox reaction occurs at a platinized platinum electrode.
The electrode is immersed in the acidic solution and pure hydrogen gas is bubbled over its surface. The concentration of both the reduced and oxidised forms of hydrogen are maintained at unity. That implies that the pressure of hydrogen gas is 1 bar (100 kP... | Standard hydrogen electrode | Wikipedia | 485 | 578150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20hydrogen%20electrode | Physical sciences | Electrochemistry | Chemistry |
SHE vs NHE vs RHE
During the early development of electrochemistry, researchers used the normal hydrogen electrode as their standard for zero potential. This was convenient because it could actually be constructed by "[immersing] a platinum electrode into a solution of 1 N strong acid and [bubbling] hydrogen gas throu... | Standard hydrogen electrode | Wikipedia | 436 | 578150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20hydrogen%20electrode | Physical sciences | Electrochemistry | Chemistry |
Interference
Because of the high adsorption activity of the platinized platinum electrode, it's very important to protect electrode surface and solution from the presence of organic substances as well as from atmospheric oxygen. Inorganic ions that can be reduced to a lower valency state at the electrode also have to b... | Standard hydrogen electrode | Wikipedia | 390 | 578150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20hydrogen%20electrode | Physical sciences | Electrochemistry | Chemistry |
The bush dog (Speothos venaticus) is a canine found in Central and South America. In spite of its extensive range, it is very rare in most areas except in Suriname, Guyana and Peru; it was first described by Peter Wilhelm Lund from fossils in Brazilian caves and was believed to be extinct.
The bush dog is the only ext... | Bush dog | Wikipedia | 427 | 578550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
Bush dogs are found from Costa Rica in Central America and through much of South America east of the Andes, as far south as central Bolivia, Paraguay, and southern Brazil. They primarily inhabit lowland forests up to elevation, wet savannas and other habitats near rivers, but may also be found in drier cerrado and ope... | Bush dog | Wikipedia | 472 | 578550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
Bush dogs appear to be the most gregarious South American canid species. They use hollow logs and cavities such as armadillo burrows for shelter. Packs consist of a single mated pair and their immediate relations, and have a home range of . Only the adult pair breed, while the other members of the pack are subordinate,... | Bush dog | Wikipedia | 412 | 578550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists bush dogs as Near Threatened due to a population decline of approximately 20-25% over the past 12 years. The main threats include habitat loss (particularly from deforestation for wood, cattle farming, and palm oil production), loss of prey due to human hu... | Bush dog | Wikipedia | 323 | 578550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of a pair of cruciate ligaments (the other being the posterior cruciate ligament) in the human knee. The two ligaments are called "cruciform" ligaments, as they are arranged in a crossed formation. In the quadruped stifle joint (analogous to the knee), based on its anatomical... | Anterior cruciate ligament | Wikipedia | 490 | 578923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior%20cruciate%20ligament | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
An ACL tear is one of the most common knee injuries, with over 100,000 tears occurring annually in the US. Most ACL tears are a result of a non-contact mechanism such as a sudden change in a direction causing the knee to rotate inward. As the knee rotates inward, additional strain is placed on the ACL, since the femur ... | Anterior cruciate ligament | Wikipedia | 492 | 578923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior%20cruciate%20ligament | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
This is dangerous, as some athletes start resuming some of their activities such as jogging, which with a wrong move or twist, could damage the bones, as the graft has not completely become integrated into the bone tunnels. Injured athletes must understand the significance of each step of an ACL injury to avoid complic... | Anterior cruciate ligament | Wikipedia | 67 | 578923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior%20cruciate%20ligament | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
Nonoperative treatment of the ACL
ACL reconstruction is the most common treatment for an ACL tear, but it is not the only treatment available for individuals. Some may find it more beneficial to complete a nonoperative rehabilitation program. Individuals who are going to continue with physical activity that involves c... | Anterior cruciate ligament | Wikipedia | 370 | 578923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior%20cruciate%20ligament | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
Operative treatment of the ACL
Anterior cruciate ligament surgery is a complex operation that requires expertise in the field of orthopedic and sports medicine. Many factors should be considered when discussing surgery, including the athlete's level of competition, age, previous knee injury, other injuries sustained, l... | Anterior cruciate ligament | Wikipedia | 467 | 578923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior%20cruciate%20ligament | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
A 2010 Los Angeles Times review of two medical studies discussed whether ACL reconstruction was advisable. One study found that children under 14 who had ACL reconstruction fared better after early surgery than those who underwent a delayed surgery. For adults 18 to 35, though, patients who underwent early surgery foll... | Anterior cruciate ligament | Wikipedia | 511 | 578923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior%20cruciate%20ligament | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
The agouti (, ) or common agouti is many of several rodent species of the genus Dasyprocta. They are native to Central America, northern and central South America, and the southern Lesser Antilles. Some species have also been introduced elsewhere in the West Indies. They are related to guinea pigs and look quite simila... | Agouti | Wikipedia | 423 | 579019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | Animals |
Agoutis are found in forested and wooded areas in Central and South America. Their habitats include rainforests, savannas, and cultivated fields. They conceal themselves at night in hollow tree trunks or in burrows among roots. Active and graceful in their movements, their pace is either a kind of trot or a series of s... | Agouti | Wikipedia | 356 | 579019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | Animals |
Species
Azara's agouti, Dasyprocta azarae
Coiban agouti, Dasyprocta coibae
Crested agouti, Dasyprocta cristata
Black agouti, Dasyprocta fuliginosa
Orinoco agouti, Dasyprocta guamara
Kalinowski's agouti, Dasyprocta kalinowskii
Red-rumped agouti, Dasyprocta leporina
Mexican agouti, Dasyprocta mexicana
Black-rumped agouti... | Agouti | Wikipedia | 167 | 579019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | Animals |
In classical mechanics, the gravitational potential is a scalar potential associating with each point in space the work (energy transferred) per unit mass that would be needed to move an object to that point from a fixed reference point in the conservative gravitational field. It is analogous to the electric potential ... | Gravitational potential | Wikipedia | 480 | 579026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational%20potential | Physical sciences | Classical mechanics | Physics |
The gravitational field, and thus the acceleration of a small body in the space around the massive object, is the negative gradient of the gravitational potential. Thus the negative of a negative gradient yields positive acceleration toward a massive object. Because the potential has no angular components, its gradient... | Gravitational potential | Wikipedia | 355 | 579026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational%20potential | Physical sciences | Classical mechanics | Physics |
β-Carotene (beta-carotene) is an organic, strongly colored red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, plants, and fruits. It is a member of the carotenes, which are terpenoids (isoprenoids), synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and thus having 40 carbons.
Dietary β-carotene is a provitamin A compound, conver... | Β-Carotene | Wikipedia | 512 | 579219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Carotene | Biology and health sciences | Biological pigments | Biology |
At the enterocyte cell wall, β-carotene is taken up by the membrane transporter protein scavenger receptor class B, type 1 (SCARB1). Absorbed β-carotene is then either incorporated as such into chylomicrons or first converted to retinal and then retinol, bound to retinol binding protein 2, before being incorporated int... | Β-Carotene | Wikipedia | 486 | 579219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Carotene | Biology and health sciences | Biological pigments | Biology |
Retinol activity equivalents (RAEs)
Since 2001, the US Institute of Medicine uses retinol activity equivalents (RAE) for their Dietary Reference Intakes, defined as follows:
1 μg RAE = 1 μg retinol from food or supplements
1 μg RAE = 2 μg all-trans-β-carotene from supplements
1 μg RAE = 12 μg of all-trans-β-carotene... | Β-Carotene | Wikipedia | 381 | 579219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Carotene | Biology and health sciences | Biological pigments | Biology |
Dietary sources
The average daily intake of β-carotene is in the range 2–7 mg, as estimated from a pooled analysis of 500,000 women living in the US, Canada, and some European countries. Beta-carotene is found in many foods and is sold as a dietary supplement. β-Carotene contributes to the orange color of many differen... | Β-Carotene | Wikipedia | 481 | 579219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Carotene | Biology and health sciences | Biological pigments | Biology |
No risk for hypervitaminosis A
At the enterocyte cell wall, β-carotene is taken up by the membrane transporter protein scavenger receptor class B, type 1 (SCARB1). Absorbed β-carotene is then either incorporated as such into chylomicrons or first converted to retinal and then retinol, bound to retinol binding protein 2... | Β-Carotene | Wikipedia | 497 | 579219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Carotene | Biology and health sciences | Biological pigments | Biology |
Additionally, supplemental, high-dose β-carotene may increase the risk of prostate cancer, intracerebral hemorrhage, and cardiovascular and total mortality irrespective of smoking status.
Industrial sources
β-carotene is industrially made either by total synthesis (see ) or by extraction from biological sources such ... | Β-Carotene | Wikipedia | 467 | 579219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Carotene | Biology and health sciences | Biological pigments | Biology |
Cancer
A meta-analysis concluded that supplementation with β-carotene does not appear to decrease the risk of cancer overall, nor specific cancers including: pancreatic, colorectal, prostate, breast, melanoma, or skin cancer generally. High levels of β-carotene may increase the risk of lung cancer in current and former... | Β-Carotene | Wikipedia | 302 | 579219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Carotene | Biology and health sciences | Biological pigments | Biology |
Land reclamation, often known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill), is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground, reclaimed land, or land fill.
History
In Ancient Egypt, the rulers of t... | Land reclamation | Wikipedia | 489 | 579223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20reclamation | Physical sciences | Artificial landforms | null |
Asia
Parts of the coastlines of Mainland China, Hong Kong, North Korea and South Korea. It is estimated that nearly 65% of tidal flats around the Yellow Sea have been reclaimed.
The north of Bahrain.
Inland lowlands in the Yangtze valley, China, including the areas of important cities like Wuhan.
Nanhui New City ... | Land reclamation | Wikipedia | 235 | 579223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20reclamation | Physical sciences | Artificial landforms | null |
A data center is a building, a dedicated space within a building, or a group of buildings used to house computer systems and associated components, such as telecommunications and storage systems.
Since IT operations are crucial for business continuity, it generally includes redundant or backup components and infrastru... | Data center | Wikipedia | 419 | 579730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20center | Technology | Commercial buildings | null |
During the microcomputer industry boom of the 1980s, users started to deploy computers everywhere, in many cases with little or no care about operating requirements. However, as information technology (IT) operations started to grow in complexity, organizations grew aware of the need to control IT resources. The availa... | Data center | Wikipedia | 488 | 579730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20center | Technology | Commercial buildings | null |
A study published by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in May 2024 estimates U.S. data center power consumption could range from 4.6% to 9.1% of the country’s generation by 2030. As of 2023, about 80% of U.S. data center load was concentrated in 15 states, led by Virginia and Texas.
Requirements for modern ... | Data center | Wikipedia | 465 | 579730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20center | Technology | Commercial buildings | null |
Data center transformation
Data center transformation takes a step-by-step approach through integrated projects carried out over time. This differs from a traditional method of data center upgrades that takes a serial and siloed approach. The typical projects within a data center transformation initiative include stand... | Data center | Wikipedia | 512 | 579730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20center | Technology | Commercial buildings | null |
Residents living near data centers have described the sound as "a high-pitched whirring noise 24/7", saying “It’s like being on a tarmac with an airplane engine running constantly ... Except that the airplane keeps idling and never leaves.”
External sources of noise include HVAC equipment and energy generators.
Data... | Data center | Wikipedia | 493 | 579730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20center | Technology | Commercial buildings | null |
Environmental control
Temperature and humidity are controlled via:
Air conditioning
indirect cooling, such as using outside air, Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IDEC) units, and also using sea water.
It is important that computers do not get humid or overheat, as high humidity can lead to dust clogging the fans, which... | Data center | Wikipedia | 502 | 579730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20center | Technology | Commercial buildings | null |
Another option is fitting cabinets with vertical exhaust duct chimneys. Hot exhaust pipes/vents/ducts can direct the air into a Plenum space above a Dropped ceiling and back to the cooling units or to outside vents. With this configuration, traditional hot/cold aisle configuration is not a requirement.
Fire protection... | Data center | Wikipedia | 445 | 579730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20center | Technology | Commercial buildings | null |
Greenhouse gas emissions
In 2020, data centers (excluding cryptocurrency mining) and data transmission each used about 1% of world electricity. Although some of this electricity was low carbon, the IEA called for more "government and industry efforts on energy efficiency, renewables procurement and RD&D", as some data ... | Data center | Wikipedia | 492 | 579730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20center | Technology | Commercial buildings | null |
In 2011, server racks in data centers were designed for more than 25 kW and the typical server was estimated to waste about 30% of the electricity it consumed. The energy demand for information storage systems is also rising. A high-availability data center is estimated to have a 1 megawatt (MW) demand and consume $20,... | Data center | Wikipedia | 428 | 579730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20center | Technology | Commercial buildings | null |
A power and cooling analysis, also referred to as a thermal assessment, measures the relative temperatures in specific areas as well as the capacity of the cooling systems to handle specific ambient temperatures. A power and cooling analysis can help to identify hot spots, over-cooled areas that can handle greater powe... | Data center | Wikipedia | 492 | 579730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20center | Technology | Commercial buildings | null |
Cooling cost reduction through natural means includes location decisions: When the focus is avoiding good fiber connectivity, power grid connections, and people concentrations to manage the equipment, a data center can be miles away from the users. Mass data centers like Google or Facebook don't need to be near populat... | Data center | Wikipedia | 506 | 579730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20center | Technology | Commercial buildings | null |
Impact on electricity prices
Cryptomining and the artificial intelligence boom of the 2020s has also led to increased demand for electricity, that the IEA expects could double global overall data center demand for electricity between 2022 and 2026. The US could see its share of the electricity market going to data cen... | Data center | Wikipedia | 500 | 579730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20center | Technology | Commercial buildings | null |
Onsite is traditional, and one of its major advantages is immediate availability.
Offsite backup storage
Data backup techniques include having an encrypted copy of the data offsite. Methods used for transporting data are:
Having the customer write the data to a physical medium, such as magnetic tape, and then transp... | Data center | Wikipedia | 222 | 579730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20center | Technology | Commercial buildings | null |
A Reuleaux triangle is a curved triangle with constant width, the simplest and best known curve of constant width other than the circle. It is formed from the intersection of three circular disks, each having its center on the boundary of the other two. Constant width means that the separation of every two parallel su... | Reuleaux triangle | Wikipedia | 433 | 580252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuleaux%20triangle | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
The Reuleaux triangle is the first of a sequence of Reuleaux polygons whose boundaries are curves of constant width formed from regular polygons with an odd number of sides. Some of these curves have been used as the shapes of coins. The Reuleaux triangle can also be generalized into three dimensions in multiple ways: ... | Reuleaux triangle | Wikipedia | 419 | 580252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuleaux%20triangle | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
The most basic property of the Reuleaux triangle is that it has constant width, meaning that for every pair of parallel supporting lines (two lines of the same slope that both touch the shape without crossing through it) the two lines have the same Euclidean distance from each other, regardless of the orientation of th... | Reuleaux triangle | Wikipedia | 508 | 580252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuleaux%20triangle | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
Although the Reuleaux triangle has sixfold dihedral symmetry, the same as an equilateral triangle, it does not have central symmetry.
The Reuleaux triangle is the least symmetric curve of constant width according to two different measures of central asymmetry, the Kovner–Besicovitch measure (ratio of area to the larges... | Reuleaux triangle | Wikipedia | 510 | 580252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuleaux%20triangle | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
The optimal packing density of the Reuleaux triangle in the plane remains unproven, but is conjectured to be
which is the density of one possible double lattice packing for these shapes. The best proven upper bound on the packing density is approximately 0.947. It has also been conjectured, but not proven, that the Re... | Reuleaux triangle | Wikipedia | 489 | 580252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuleaux%20triangle | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
The Watts Brothers Tool Works square drill bit has the shape of a Reuleaux triangle, modified with concavities to form cutting surfaces. When mounted in a special chuck which allows for the bit not having a fixed centre of rotation, it can drill a hole that is nearly square. Although patented by Henry Watts in 1914, si... | Reuleaux triangle | Wikipedia | 364 | 580252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuleaux%20triangle | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
Another class of applications of the Reuleaux triangle involves using it as a part of a mechanical linkage that can convert rotation around a fixed axis
into reciprocating motion. These mechanisms were studied by Franz Reuleaux. With the assistance of the Gustav Voigt company, Reuleaux built approximately 800 models of... | Reuleaux triangle | Wikipedia | 353 | 580252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuleaux%20triangle | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
In Gothic architecture, beginning in the late 13th century or early 14th century, the Reuleaux triangle became one of several curvilinear forms frequently used for windows, window tracery, and other architectural decorations. For instance, in English Gothic architecture, this shape was associated with the decorated per... | Reuleaux triangle | Wikipedia | 427 | 580252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuleaux%20triangle | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
The Reuleaux triangle has been used as the shape for the cross section of a fire hydrant valve nut. The constant width of this shape makes it difficult to open the fire hydrant using standard parallel-jawed wrenches; instead, a wrench with a special shape is needed. This property allows the fire hydrants to be opened o... | Reuleaux triangle | Wikipedia | 461 | 580252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuleaux%20triangle | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
According to Plateau's laws, the circular arcs in two-dimensional soap bubble clusters meet at 120° angles, the same angle found at the corners of a Reuleaux triangle. Based on this fact, it is possible to construct clusters in which some of the bubbles take the form of a Reuleaux triangle.
The shape was first isolate... | Reuleaux triangle | Wikipedia | 444 | 580252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuleaux%20triangle | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
Similar methods can be used to enclose an arbitrary simple polygon within a curve of constant width, whose width equals the diameter of the given polygon. The resulting shape consists of circular arcs (at most as many as sides of the polygon), can be constructed algorithmically in linear time, and can be drawn with com... | Reuleaux triangle | Wikipedia | 436 | 580252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuleaux%20triangle | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
Relatives of the Reuleaux triangle arise in the problem of finding the minimum perimeter shape that encloses a fixed amount of area and includes three specified points in the plane. For a wide range of choices of the area parameter, the optimal solution to this problem will be a curved triangle whose three sides are ci... | Reuleaux triangle | Wikipedia | 267 | 580252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuleaux%20triangle | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
A trowel is a small hand tool used for digging, applying, smoothing, or moving small amounts of viscous or particulate material. Common varieties include the masonry trowel, garden trowel, and float trowel.
A power trowel is a much larger gasoline or electrically powered walk-behind device with rotating paddles used ... | Trowel | Wikipedia | 418 | 580863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trowel | Technology | Agricultural tools | null |
Other forms of trowel include:
Garden trowel, a hand tool with a pointed, scoop-shaped metal blade and wooden, metal, or plastic handle. It is comparable to a spade or shovel, but is generally much smaller, being designed for use with one hand. It is used for breaking up earth, digging small holes, especially for plant... | Trowel | Wikipedia | 423 | 580863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trowel | Technology | Agricultural tools | null |
Tonkinese is a domestic cat breed produced by crossbreeding between the Siamese and Burmese. Members of the breed are distinguished by a pointed coat pattern in a variety of colors. In addition to the modified coat colors of the "mink" pattern, which is a dilution of the point color, the breed is now being shown in the... | Tonkinese cat | Wikipedia | 480 | 580880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkinese%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Cats | Animals |
Breed recognition
The breed received championship status with the Cat Fanciers' Association in 1984. The Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF) recognised the breed in 1991. Today the breed is recognised in most of Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Japan, and South Africa. Over 30 countries have Tonkinese c... | Tonkinese cat | Wikipedia | 497 | 580880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkinese%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Cats | Animals |
Additionally, all colors can present in the tortoiseshell or tabby patterns.
Color and pattern recognition
Depending on the cat registry, not all colors and patterns are allowed for the Tonkinese cat breed. Tonkineses are currently officially recognized by the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) and World Cat Federation ... | Tonkinese cat | Wikipedia | 417 | 580880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkinese%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Cats | Animals |
Colors and patterns in any litter depend both on statistical chance and the color genetics and patterns of the parents. Breeding between two mink-patterned cats will, on average, produce half mink kittens and one quarter each pointed and sepia kittens. A pointed and a sepia bred together will always produce all mink pa... | Tonkinese cat | Wikipedia | 108 | 580880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkinese%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Cats | Animals |
Sulfur trioxide (alternative spelling sulphur trioxide) is the chemical compound with the formula SO3. It has been described as "unquestionably the most [economically] important sulfur oxide". It is prepared on an industrial scale as a precursor to sulfuric acid.
Sulfur trioxide exists in several forms: gaseous monome... | Sulfur trioxide | Wikipedia | 495 | 580936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur%20trioxide | Physical sciences | Covalent oxides | Chemistry |
Relative vapor pressures of solid SO3 are alpha < beta < gamma at identical temperatures, indicative of their relative molecular weights. Liquid sulfur trioxide has a vapor pressure consistent with the gamma form. Thus heating a crystal of α-SO3 to its melting point results in a sudden increase in vapor pressure, whic... | Sulfur trioxide | Wikipedia | 501 | 580936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur%20trioxide | Physical sciences | Covalent oxides | Chemistry |
Industrial
Industrially SO3 is made by the contact process. Sulfur dioxide is produced by the burning of sulfur or iron pyrite (a sulfide ore of iron). After being purified by electrostatic precipitation, the SO2 is then oxidised by atmospheric oxygen at between 400 and 600 °C over a catalyst. A typical catalyst consis... | Sulfur trioxide | Wikipedia | 486 | 580936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur%20trioxide | Physical sciences | Covalent oxides | Chemistry |
Sulfate esters are used as detergents, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. Sulfur trioxide is generated in situ from sulfuric acid or is used as a solution in the acid.
B2O3 stabilized sulfur trioxide was traded by Baker & Adamson under the tradename "Sulfan" in the 20th century.
Safety
Along with being an oxidizing agent, s... | Sulfur trioxide | Wikipedia | 99 | 580936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur%20trioxide | Physical sciences | Covalent oxides | Chemistry |
Auscultation (based on the Latin verb auscultare "to listen") is listening to the internal sounds of the body, usually using a stethoscope. Auscultation is performed for the purposes of examining the circulatory and respiratory systems (heart and breath sounds), as well as the alimentary canal.
The term was introduced... | Auscultation | Wikipedia | 504 | 581091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auscultation | Biology and health sciences | Diagnostics | Health |
Mediate auscultation is an antiquated medical term for listening (auscultation) to the internal sounds of the body using an instrument (mediate), usually a stethoscope. It is opposed to immediate auscultation, directly placing the ear on the body.
Doppler auscultation
It was demonstrated in the 2000s that Doppler a... | Auscultation | Wikipedia | 215 | 581091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auscultation | Biology and health sciences | Diagnostics | Health |
The littoral zone, also called litoral or nearshore, is the part of a sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore. In coastal ecology, the littoral zone includes the intertidal zone extending from the high water mark (which is rarely inundated), to coastal areas that are permanently submerged — known as the foreshor... | Littoral zone | Wikipedia | 424 | 581326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral%20zone | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
In oceanography and marine biology, the idea of the littoral zone is extended roughly to the edge of the continental shelf. Starting from the shoreline, the littoral zone begins at the spray region just above the high tide mark. From here, it moves to the intertidal region between the high and low water marks, and then... | Littoral zone | Wikipedia | 495 | 581326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral%20zone | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
In physical oceanography, the sublittoral zone refers to coastal regions with significant tidal flows and energy dissipation, including non-linear flows, internal waves, river outflows and oceanic fronts. In practice, this typically extends to the edge of the continental shelf, with depths around 200 meters.
In marine... | Littoral zone | Wikipedia | 463 | 581326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral%20zone | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
The great lakes of the world represent a global heritage of surface freshwater and aquatic biodiversity. Species lists for 14 of the world's largest lakes reveal that 15% of the global diversity (the total number of species) of freshwater fishes, 9% of non-insect freshwater invertebrate diversity, and 2% of aquatic ins... | Littoral zone | Wikipedia | 365 | 581326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral%20zone | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
The littoral zone may form a narrow or broad fringing wetland, with extensive areas of aquatic plants sorted by their tolerance to different water depths. Typically, four zones are recognized, from higher to lower on the shore: wooded wetland, wet meadow, marsh and aquatic vegetation. The relative areas of these four t... | Littoral zone | Wikipedia | 445 | 581326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral%20zone | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Oviraptor (; ) is a genus of oviraptorid dinosaur that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous period. The first remains were collected from the Djadokhta Formation of Mongolia in 1923 during a paleontological expedition led by Roy Chapman Andrews, and in the following year the genus and type species Oviraptor philoce... | Oviraptor | Wikipedia | 468 | 581471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
The first remains of Oviraptor were discovered on reddish sandstones of the Late Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation of Mongolia, at the Bayn Dzak locality (also known as Flaming Cliffs), during the Third Central Asiatic expedition in 1923. This expedition was led by the North American naturalist Roy Chapman Andrews and end... | Oviraptor | Wikipedia | 457 | 581471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
In 1976, the Mongolian paleontologist Rinchen Barsbold noted some inconsistencies regarding the taxonomic placement of Oviraptor and concluded that this taxon was quite distinct from ornithomimids based on anatomical traits. Under this consideration, he erected the Oviraptoridae to contain Oviraptor and close relatives... | Oviraptor | Wikipedia | 223 | 581471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
After the naming of Oviraptoridae in 1976, Barsbold referred six additional specimens to Oviraptor, including two particular specimens under the number MPC-D 100/20 and 100/21. In 1986, Barsbold realized that the latter two did not belong to the genus and instead they represented a new oviraptorid: Conchoraptor. Most o... | Oviraptor | Wikipedia | 296 | 581471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
This conception was refuted by James M. Clark and colleagues in 2002, who noted that this tall-crested specimen has more features of the skull in common with Citipati than it does with Oviraptor—which in fact, does not preserve a crest—and it may represent a second species of the former, or, an entire new genus. In 198... | Oviraptor | Wikipedia | 406 | 581471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Skull
The skull of Oviraptor was deep and shortened with large fenestrae (openings) compared to other dinosaurs, and measures about long as preserved. The actual length may actually be longer though, given that the holotype skull lacks several regions such as the premaxilla. The holotype skull lacks a crest in almos... | Oviraptor | Wikipedia | 476 | 581471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.