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The furcula of Oviraptor is very distinct from other oviraptorids in having a midline keel on the anterior surface of the hypocleidium−a downwards directed projection at the center of the furcula. This bone is V-shaped, rounded in cross-section, preserves an elongate spike-like hypocleidium, and the interclavicular ang... | Oviraptor | Wikipedia | 494 | 581471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
The cladogram below follows an analysis by Gregory F. Funston and colleagues in 2020:
Paleobiology
Feeding
When first described in 1924 by Osborn, Oviraptor was originally presumed to have been ovivorous—an organism that has an egg-based diet—based on the association of the holotype with a nest thought to belong to ... | Oviraptor | Wikipedia | 392 | 581471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
In 2008, Stig Olav K. Jansen compared the skull of several oviraptorid species to those of birds and turtles to investigate which properties can predict a rhamphotheca. He found the lower jaws of oviraptorids to be very similar to those of parrots, and the upper jaws to be more similar to those of turtles. Based on the... | Oviraptor | Wikipedia | 209 | 581471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Longrich and colleagues in 2010 also rejected a durophagous (animals that practise shell-crushing) hypothesis, given that such animals typically develop teeth with broad crushing surfaces. The pointed shape of the dentary bones in the lower jaws suggests that oviraptorids had a sharp-edged rhamphotheca used for shearin... | Oviraptor | Wikipedia | 454 | 581471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Since the description of the embryonic Citipati specimen in 1994, oviraptorids became more understood: instead of having been egg-eating animals, they actually brooded and cared for the nests. This specimen showed that the holotype of Oviraptor was likely a sexually mature individual that perished incubating the associ... | Oviraptor | Wikipedia | 436 | 581471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Thomas P. Hopp and Mark J. Orsen in 2004 analyzed the brooding behavior of extinct and extant dinosaur species, including oviraptorids, in order to evaluate the reason for the elongation and development of wing and tail feathers. Given that the most complete oviraptorid nesting specimen—at the time, the 1995 Citipati n... | Oviraptor | Wikipedia | 290 | 581471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
In 2005, Tamaki Sato and team reported an unusual oviraptorid specimen from the Nanxiong Formation. This new specimen was found preserving mainly the pelvic region with two eggs inside and thereby indicating a female. The size and position of the eggs suggest that oviraptorids retained two functional oviducts, but had ... | Oviraptor | Wikipedia | 430 | 581471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
In 2019 Yang and colleagues re-evaluated the hypothesis of thermoregulatory contact incubation using complete oviraptorid nests from the Nanxiong Formation, and provided a detailed reconstruction of the architecture of the oviraptorid clutch. They noted that adult oviraptorid specimens in association with nest were not... | Oviraptor | Wikipedia | 441 | 581471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
The Djadokhta Formation is separated into a lower Bayn Dzak Member and an upper Turgrugyin Member. The known remains of Oviraptor have been produced by the Bayn Dzak member, which has also yielded the dinosaurs Bainoceratops, Pinacosaurus, Protoceratops, Saurornithoides, Velociraptor, and Halszkaraptor. Further dinosau... | Oviraptor | Wikipedia | 252 | 581471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
The Crotalinae, commonly known as pit vipers, or pit adders, are a subfamily of vipers found in Asia and the Americas. Like all other vipers, they are venomous. They are distinguished by the presence of a heat-sensing pit organ located between the eye and the nostril on both sides of the head. Currently, 23 genera and... | Pit viper | Wikipedia | 206 | 581543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%20viper | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
This subfamily is unique in that all member species share a common characteristic – a deep pit, or fossa, in the loreal area between the eye and the nostril on either side of the head. These loreal pits are the external openings to a pair of extremely sensitive infrared-detecting organs, which in effect give the snakes... | Pit viper | Wikipedia | 453 | 581543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%20viper | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
Evolution
The earliest known fossil pit viper remains are from the Early Miocene of Nebraska. As pit vipers are thought to have had an Asian origin before eventually colonizing the Americas, this suggests that they must have originated and diversified even earlier. During the Late Miocene, they reached as far west as ... | Pit viper | Wikipedia | 423 | 581543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%20viper | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
Many temperate species of pit vipers (e.g. most rattlesnakes) congregate in sheltered areas or "dens" to overwinter (brumate, see hibernation), the snakes benefiting from the combined heat. In cool temperatures and while pregnant, pit vipers also bask on sunny ledges. Some species do not mass together in this way, for ... | Pit viper | Wikipedia | 493 | 581543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%20viper | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
The mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) is one of the two subspecies of the eastern gorilla. It is listed as endangered by the IUCN .
There are two populations: One is found in the Virunga volcanic mountains of Central/East Africa, within three National Parks: Mgahinga, in southwest Uganda; Volcanoes, in nort... | Mountain gorilla | Wikipedia | 511 | 581632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain%20gorilla | Biology and health sciences | Apes | Animals |
Males reach a standing height of , a girth of , an arm span of and a weight of . Females are smaller with a weight of .
This subspecies is smaller than the eastern lowland gorilla, the other subspecies of eastern gorilla. Adult males have more pronounced bony crests on the top and back of their skulls, giving their he... | Mountain gorilla | Wikipedia | 450 | 581632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain%20gorilla | Biology and health sciences | Apes | Animals |
The mountain gorilla inhabits the Albertine Rift montane cloud forest, including the Virunga Mountains, ranging in elevation from . Most groups live on the slopes of three of the dormant volcanoes: Karisimbi, Mikeno, and Visoke. The vegetation is very dense at the bottom of the mountains, becoming more sparse at higher... | Mountain gorilla | Wikipedia | 453 | 581632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain%20gorilla | Biology and health sciences | Apes | Animals |
61% of groups are composed of one adult male and a number of females and 36% contain more than one adult male. The remaining gorillas are either lone males or exclusively male groups, usually made up of one mature male and a few younger males. Group sizes vary from five to thirty, with an average of ten individuals. A ... | Mountain gorilla | Wikipedia | 429 | 581632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain%20gorilla | Biology and health sciences | Apes | Animals |
When the silverback dies or is killed by disease, accident, or poachers, the family group may be disrupted. Unless there is an accepted male descendant capable of taking over his position, the group will either split up or adopt an unrelated male. When a new silverback joins the family group, he may kill all of the inf... | Mountain gorilla | Wikipedia | 483 | 581632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain%20gorilla | Biology and health sciences | Apes | Animals |
Vocalization
Twenty-five distinct vocalizations are recognized, many of which are used primarily for group communication within dense vegetation. Sounds classified as grunts and barks are heard most frequently while traveling, and indicate the whereabouts of individual group members. They also may be used during social... | Mountain gorilla | Wikipedia | 496 | 581632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain%20gorilla | Biology and health sciences | Apes | Animals |
Conservation
As of 2018, the mountain gorilla was listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List. Conservation efforts have led to an increase in the overall population of the mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) in the Virungas and at Bwindi. The overall population is now believed to be at more than 1,000 individua... | Mountain gorilla | Wikipedia | 511 | 581632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain%20gorilla | Biology and health sciences | Apes | Animals |
Dian Fossey broke down conservation efforts into the following three categories:
Active conservation includes frequent patrols in wildlife areas to destroy poacher equipment and weapons, firm and prompt law enforcement, census counts in regions of breeding and ranging concentration, and strong safeguards for the limit... | Mountain gorilla | Wikipedia | 471 | 581632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain%20gorilla | Biology and health sciences | Apes | Animals |
According to the Director of UNESCO, Audrey Azoulay, "As we have seen in Rwanda, species conservation succeeds when local communities are placed at the heart of the conservation strategy. Biodiversity protection measures must go hand in hand with measures that meet the needs of these local communities". In Rwanda, it c... | Mountain gorilla | Wikipedia | 454 | 581632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain%20gorilla | Biology and health sciences | Apes | Animals |
Poaching
Mountain gorillas are not usually hunted for bushmeat, but frequently, they are maimed or killed by traps and snares intended for other animals. They have been killed for their heads, hands, and feet, which are sold to collectors. Infants are sold to zoos, researchers, and people who want them as pets. The abd... | Mountain gorilla | Wikipedia | 505 | 581632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain%20gorilla | Biology and health sciences | Apes | Animals |
The risk of disease transmission is not limited to those of a human origin; pathogens from domestic animals and livestock through contaminated water are also a concern. Studies have found that waterborne, gastrointestinal parasites such as Cryptosporidium sp., Microsporidia sp., and Giardia sp. are genetically identica... | Mountain gorilla | Wikipedia | 285 | 581632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain%20gorilla | Biology and health sciences | Apes | Animals |
In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, a matching or independent edge set in an undirected graph is a set of edges without common vertices. In other words, a subset of the edges is a matching if each vertex appears in at most one edge of that matching. Finding a matching in a bipartite graph can be treated as ... | Matching (graph theory) | Wikipedia | 506 | 581797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching%20%28graph%20theory%29 | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
Given a matching M, an alternating path is a path that begins with an unmatched vertex and whose edges belong alternately to the matching and not to the matching. An augmenting path is an alternating path that starts from and ends on free (unmatched) vertices. Berge's lemma states that a matching M is maximum if and on... | Matching (graph theory) | Wikipedia | 493 | 581797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching%20%28graph%20theory%29 | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
A fundamental problem in combinatorial optimization is finding a maximum matching. This problem has various algorithms for different classes of graphs.
In an unweighted bipartite graph, the optimization problem is to find a maximum cardinality matching. The problem is solved by the Hopcroft-Karp algorithm in time ti... | Matching (graph theory) | Wikipedia | 454 | 581797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching%20%28graph%20theory%29 | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
The number of matchings in a graph is known as the Hosoya index of the graph. It is #P-complete to compute this quantity, even for bipartite graphs. It is also #P-complete to count perfect matchings, even in bipartite graphs, because computing the permanent of an arbitrary 0–1 matrix (another #P-complete problem) is th... | Matching (graph theory) | Wikipedia | 467 | 581797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching%20%28graph%20theory%29 | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
Kőnig's theorem states that, in bipartite graphs, the maximum matching is equal in size to the minimum vertex cover. Via this result, the minimum vertex cover, maximum independent set, and maximum vertex biclique problems may be solved in polynomial time for bipartite graphs.
Hall's marriage theorem provides a charact... | Matching (graph theory) | Wikipedia | 264 | 581797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching%20%28graph%20theory%29 | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
Tehran Metro () is a rapid transit system serving Tehran, the capital of Iran. It is the largest metro system in the Middle East. The system is owned and operated by Tehran Urban and Suburban Railway. It consists of six operational metro lines (and an additional commuter rail line), with construction under way on seven... | Tehran Metro | Wikipedia | 505 | 2174399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran%20Metro | Technology | Asia_2 | null |
In 1985, the "Tehran Metro Execution Plan" was re-approved by the Majiles, the Iranian Parliament, on the basis of legal project of "Amendment of Law of Establishment of Tehran Urban and suburban Railway Company" which had been founded on Farvardin 1364 (April 1985). This was a literal continuation of exactly the same ... | Tehran Metro | Wikipedia | 472 | 2174399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran%20Metro | Technology | Asia_2 | null |
From 2000 onwards, commercial operation began on Lines 1 and 2. The wagons on these lines are provided by CRV via CNTIC. The railway tracks and points on these lines are provided by the Austrian company Voestalpine.
The Metro uses equipment manufactured by a wide range of international companies: double-deck passenger... | Tehran Metro | Wikipedia | 438 | 2174399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran%20Metro | Technology | Asia_2 | null |
Line 1 runs mostly north–south. A , three station extension of the line from Mirdamad station to Qolhak station opened on May 20, 2009. The , four stations second phase of this extension from Qolhak station to Tajrish Square was completed in 2011. Construction was to be completed by March 2007 but faced major issues du... | Tehran Metro | Wikipedia | 495 | 2174399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran%20Metro | Technology | Asia_2 | null |
Line 3 travels from northeast to southwest. Line 3 is one of the most important lines as it connects southwest Tehran to northeast, crosses busy parts of the capital city, and can help to alleviate traffic problems. About of Line 3 became operational in December 2012, followed by in April 2014, and finally, the last ... | Tehran Metro | Wikipedia | 484 | 2174399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran%20Metro | Technology | Asia_2 | null |
This line, similar to line 6, and in contrast with line 3, goes from northwest to southeast and was constructed with modern TBM machines. Its first phase, compromising of of line and 7 stations were opened in June 2017. This line has with 20 stations right now.
Future plans
There are several plans to expand Tehran'... | Tehran Metro | Wikipedia | 441 | 2174399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran%20Metro | Technology | Asia_2 | null |
Line 9
The planned line 9 of the metro network, coloured golden in the system map, is another circular line, starting further west at line 5 station Chitgar, passing the city center in the North, turning south and ending at line 6 station Dowlat Abad. It might have 39 stations all together, 27 of them new constructed, ... | Tehran Metro | Wikipedia | 219 | 2174399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran%20Metro | Technology | Asia_2 | null |
Interchange stations
1- Darvazeh Shemiran; Lines 2 & 4
2- Shahid Beheshti; Lines 1 & 3
3- Darvazeh Dowlat; Lines 1 & 4
4- Imam Khomeini; Lines 1 & 2
5- Theatr-e Shahr; Lines 3 & 4
6- Shademan; Lines 2 & 4
7- (Tehran) Sadeghiyeh; Lines 2 & 5
8- Eram-e Sabz; Lines 4 & 5
9- Shahid Navvab-e Safavi; Lines 2 & 7
10... | Tehran Metro | Wikipedia | 423 | 2174399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran%20Metro | Technology | Asia_2 | null |
On 18 July 2007, a twenty square metres area immediately adjacent to the entrance of the Toupkhaneh metro station caved in. There were no casualties, but the station had to undergo numerous repairs.
On 15 April 2012, safety walls of Mianrood River broke due to heavy rain in Tehran, and consequently, 300,000 cubic meter... | Tehran Metro | Wikipedia | 423 | 2174399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran%20Metro | Technology | Asia_2 | null |
A microbial cyst is a resting or dormant stage of a microorganism, that can be thought of as a state of suspended animation in which the metabolic processes of the cell are slowed and the cell ceases all activities like feeding and locomotion. Many groups of single-celled, microscopic organisms, or microbes, possess th... | Microbial cyst | Wikipedia | 452 | 14469976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial%20cyst | Biology and health sciences | Biological reproduction | null |
Leeuwenhoek later continued his work with rotifers to discover that when he returned the dried bodies to their preferred aquatic conditions, they resumed their original shape and began swimming again. These observations did not gain traction with the general microbiological community of the time, and the phenomena as L... | Microbial cyst | Wikipedia | 483 | 14469976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial%20cyst | Biology and health sciences | Biological reproduction | null |
As microbial research began to gain popularity exponentially, details about ciliated protist physiology and cyst formation led to increased curiosity about the role of encystment in the life cycle of ciliates and other microbes. The realization that no one category of microscopic organism ‘owns’ the ability to form met... | Microbial cyst | Wikipedia | 373 | 14469976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial%20cyst | Biology and health sciences | Biological reproduction | null |
The composition of the cyst wall is variable in different organisms.
The cyst walls of bacteria are formed by the thickening of the normal cell wall with added peptidoglycan layers.
The walls of protozoan cysts are made of chitin, a type of glycopolymer.
The cyst wall of some ciliated protists is composed of four la... | Microbial cyst | Wikipedia | 428 | 14469976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial%20cyst | Biology and health sciences | Biological reproduction | null |
Some species of filamentous cyanobacteria have been known to form heterocysts to escape levels of oxygen concentration detrimental to their nitrogen fixing processes. This process is distinct from other types of microbial cysts in that the heterocysts are often produced in a repeating pattern within a filament composed... | Microbial cyst | Wikipedia | 463 | 14469976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial%20cyst | Biology and health sciences | Biological reproduction | null |
Rotifers also produce diapause cysts, which are different from quiescent (environmentally triggered) cysts in that the process of their formation begins before environmental conditions have deteriorated to unfavorable levels and the dormant state may extend past the restoration of ideal conditions for microbial life. ... | Microbial cyst | Wikipedia | 317 | 14469976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial%20cyst | Biology and health sciences | Biological reproduction | null |
The Hawaii hotspot is a volcanic hotspot located near the namesake Hawaiian Islands, in the northern Pacific Ocean. One of the best known and intensively studied hotspots in the world, the Hawaii plume is responsible for the creation of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, a mostly undersea volcanic mountain range. F... | Hawaii hotspot | Wikipedia | 411 | 13309470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%20hotspot | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Ancient Hawaiians were the first to recognize the increasing age and weathered state of the volcanoes to the north as they progressed on fishing expeditions along the islands. The volatile state of the Hawaiian volcanoes and their constant battle with the sea was a major element in Hawaiian mythology, embodied in Pele,... | Hawaii hotspot | Wikipedia | 441 | 13309470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%20hotspot | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Wilson proposed that mantle convection produces small, hot, buoyant upwellings under the Earth's surface; these thermally active mantle plumes supply magma which in turn sustains long-lasting volcanic activity. This "mid-plate" volcanism builds peaks that rise from relatively featureless sea floor, initially as seamoun... | Hawaii hotspot | Wikipedia | 455 | 13309470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%20hotspot | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Geophysicists believe that hotspots originate at one of two major boundaries deep in the Earth, either a shallow interface in the lower mantle between an upper mantle convecting layer and a lower non-convecting layer, or a deeper D'' ("D double-prime") layer, approximately thick and immediately above the core-mantle b... | Hawaii hotspot | Wikipedia | 301 | 13309470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%20hotspot | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Another hypothesis is that melting anomalies form as a result of lithospheric extension, which allows pre-existing melt to rise to the surface. These melting anomalies are normally called "hotspots", but under the shallow-source hypothesis the mantle underlying them is not anomalously hot. In the case of the Hawaiian–E... | Hawaii hotspot | Wikipedia | 387 | 13309470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%20hotspot | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
In 2021 researchers proposed a three stage Hawaii hotspot model. The first stage has ridge plume interaction in which the Hawaii hotspot either fed the Izanagi-Pacific or Kula-Pacific ridge. This period involved the creation of young oceanic crust and the formation of the Meji and Detroit seamounts. The second stage in... | Hawaii hotspot | Wikipedia | 323 | 13309470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%20hotspot | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Despite the large shift, the change in direction was never recorded by magnetic declinations, fracture zone orientations or plate reconstructions; nor could a continental collision have occurred fast enough to produce such a pronounced bend in the chain. To test whether the bend was a result of a change in direction of... | Hawaii hotspot | Wikipedia | 346 | 13309470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%20hotspot | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Pele was born to the female spirit Haumea, or Hina, who, like all Hawaiian gods and goddesses, descended from the supreme beings, Papa, or Earth Mother, and Wakea, or Sky Father. According to the myth, Pele originally lived on Kauai, when her older sister Nāmaka, the Goddess of the Sea, attacked her for seducing her hu... | Hawaii hotspot | Wikipedia | 355 | 13309470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%20hotspot | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Dana remained interested in the origin of the Hawaiian Islands, and directed a more in-depth study in 1880 and 1881. He confirmed that the islands' age increased with their distance from the southeasternmost island by observing differences in their degree of erosion. He also suggested that many other island chains in t... | Hawaii hotspot | Wikipedia | 431 | 13309470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%20hotspot | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
In 1912 geologist Thomas Jaggar founded the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. The facility was taken over in 1919 by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and in 1924 by the United States Geological Survey (USGS), which marked the start of continuous volcano observation on Hawaii Island. The next century was ... | Hawaii hotspot | Wikipedia | 445 | 13309470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%20hotspot | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Temperature
Indirect studies found that the magma chamber is located about underground, which matches the estimated depth of the Cretaceous Period rock in the oceanic lithosphere; this may indicate that the lithosphere acts as a lid on melting by arresting the magma's ascent. The magma's original temperature was foun... | Hawaii hotspot | Wikipedia | 479 | 13309470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%20hotspot | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Each successive volcano spends less time actively attached to the plume. The large difference between the youngest and oldest lavas between Emperor and Hawaiian volcanoes indicates that the hotspot's velocity is increasing. For example, Kohala, the oldest volcano on Hawaii island, is one million years old and last erup... | Hawaii hotspot | Wikipedia | 360 | 13309470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%20hotspot | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Almost all magma created by the hotspot is igneous basalt; the volcanoes are constructed almost entirely of this or the similar in composition but coarser-grained gabbro and diabase. Other igneous rocks such as nephelinite are present in small quantities; these occur often on the older volcanoes, most prominently Detro... | Hawaii hotspot | Wikipedia | 392 | 13309470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%20hotspot | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Topography and geoid
A detailed topographic analysis of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain reveals the hotspot as the center of a topographic high, and that elevation falls with distance from the hotspot. The most rapid decrease in elevation and the highest ratio between the topography and geoid height are over the so... | Hawaii hotspot | Wikipedia | 256 | 13309470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%20hotspot | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Seismicity
The Hawaii hotspot is a highly active seismic zone with thousands of earthquakes occurring on and near Hawaii island every year. Most are too small to be felt by people but some are large enough to result in minor to moderate devastation. The most destructive recorded earthquake was the 2 April 1868 earthqua... | Hawaii hotspot | Wikipedia | 467 | 13309470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%20hotspot | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Hawaiian volcanoes are characterized by frequent rift eruptions, their large size (thousands of cubic kilometers in volume), and their rough, decentralized shape. Rift zones are a prominent feature on these volcanoes, and account for their seemingly random volcanic structure. The tallest mountain in the Hawaii chain, M... | Hawaii hotspot | Wikipedia | 488 | 13309470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%20hotspot | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
GPS measurements on the eastern flank of Hawaii Island over a 5 year epoch show the pattern of collapse with velocities of up to relative to the Pacific Plate
Evolution and construction
Hawaiian volcanoes follow a well-established life cycle of growth and erosion. After a new volcano forms, its lava output gradually... | Hawaii hotspot | Wikipedia | 441 | 13309470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%20hotspot | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
After the subaerial phase the volcano enters a series of postshield stages involving mechanical collapse creating subsidence and erosion, becoming an atoll and eventually a seamount. Once the Pacific Plate moves it out of the tropics, the reef mostly dies away, and the extinct volcano becomes one of an estimated 10,00... | Hawaii hotspot | Wikipedia | 348 | 13309470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%20hotspot | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
A therapy or medical treatment is the attempted remediation of a health problem, usually following a medical diagnosis. Both words, treatment and therapy, are often abbreviated tx, Tx, or Tx.
As a rule, each therapy has indications and contraindications. There are many different types of therapy. Not all therapies a... | Therapy | Wikipedia | 477 | 13311819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy | Biology and health sciences | Medical procedures | null |
The English word therapy comes via Latin therapīa from and literally means "curing" or "healing". The term is a somewhat archaic doublet of the word therapy.
Types of therapies
By chronology, priority, or intensity | Therapy | Wikipedia | 48 | 13311819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy | Biology and health sciences | Medical procedures | null |
Levels of care
Levels of care classify health care into categories of chronology, priority, or intensity, as follows:
Urgent care handles health issues that need to be handled today but are not necessarily emergencies; the urgent care venue can send a patient to the emergency care level if it turns out to be needed.
... | Therapy | Wikipedia | 502 | 13311819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy | Biology and health sciences | Medical procedures | null |
End-of-life care is care near the end of one's life. It often includes the following:
Palliative care is supportive care, most especially (but not necessarily) near the end of life.
Hospice care is palliative care very near the end of life when cure is very unlikely. Its main goal is comfort, both physical and mental... | Therapy | Wikipedia | 74 | 13311819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy | Biology and health sciences | Medical procedures | null |
Lines of therapy
Treatment decisions often follow formal or informal algorithmic guidelines. Treatment options can often be ranked or prioritized into lines of therapy: first-line therapy, second-line therapy, third-line therapy, and so on. First-line therapy (sometimes referred to as induction therapy, primary thera... | Therapy | Wikipedia | 472 | 13311819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy | Biology and health sciences | Medical procedures | null |
Step therapy or stepladder therapy is a specific type of prioritization by lines of therapy. It is controversial in American health care because unlike conventional decision-making about what constitutes first-line, second-line, and third-line therapy, which in the U.S. reflects safety and efficacy first and cost only ... | Therapy | Wikipedia | 126 | 13311819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy | Biology and health sciences | Medical procedures | null |
By matter
by drugs: pharmacotherapy, chemotherapy (also, medical therapy often means specifically pharmacotherapy)
by medical devices: implantation
cardiac resynchronization therapy
by specific molecules: molecular therapy (although most drugs are specific molecules, molecular medicine refers in particular to medi... | Therapy | Wikipedia | 511 | 13311819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy | Biology and health sciences | Medical procedures | null |
androgen deprivation therapy
by whole cells: cell therapy (cytotherapy)
by stem cells: stem cell therapy
by immune cells: see immune system products below
by immune system products: immunotherapy, host modulatory therapy
by immune cells:
T-cell vaccination
cell transfer therapy
autologous immune enhancement the... | Therapy | Wikipedia | 353 | 13311819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy | Biology and health sciences | Medical procedures | null |
By energy
by electric energy as electric current: electrotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Vagus nerve stimulation
by magnetic energy:
magnet therapy
pulsed electromagnetic field therapy
magnetic resonance therapy
by electromagnetic radiation (EMR):
by light: light therapy (... | Therapy | Wikipedia | 473 | 13311819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy | Biology and health sciences | Medical procedures | null |
By animal interaction
by pets, assistance animals, or working animals: animal-assisted therapy
by horses: equine therapy, hippotherapy
by dogs: pet therapy with therapy dogs, including grief therapy dogs
by cats: pet therapy with therapy cats
by fish: ichthyotherapy (wading with fish), aquarium therapy (watching ... | Therapy | Wikipedia | 197 | 13311819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy | Biology and health sciences | Medical procedures | null |
In electromagnetism, the impedance of free space, , is a physical constant relating the magnitudes of the electric and magnetic fields of electromagnetic radiation travelling through free space. That is,
where is the electric field strength, and is the magnetic field strength. Its presently accepted value is
,
wh... | Impedance of free space | Wikipedia | 474 | 7001745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance%20of%20free%20space | Physical sciences | Physical constants | Physics |
It is very common in textbooks and papers written before about 1990 to substitute the approximate value 120 ohms for . This is equivalent to taking the speed of light to be precisely in conjunction with the then-current definition of as . For example, Cheng 1989 states that the radiation resistance of a Hertzian dip... | Impedance of free space | Wikipedia | 121 | 7001745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance%20of%20free%20space | Physical sciences | Physical constants | Physics |
Energy conversion efficiency (η) is the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversion machine and the input, in energy terms. The input, as well as the useful output may be chemical, electric power, mechanical work, light (radiation), or heat. The resulting value, η (eta), ranges between 0 and 1.
Overview
E... | Energy conversion efficiency | Wikipedia | 458 | 7005062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20conversion%20efficiency | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
Related, more specific terms include
Electrical efficiency, useful power output per electrical power consumed;
Mechanical efficiency, where one form of mechanical energy (e.g. potential energy of water) is converted to mechanical energy (work);
Thermal efficiency or Fuel efficiency, useful heat and/or work output per i... | Energy conversion efficiency | Wikipedia | 490 | 7005062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20conversion%20efficiency | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
For a water electrolysis unit operating at a constant temperature of 25 °C without the input of any additional heat energy, electrical energy would have to be supplied at a rate equivalent of the enthalpy (heat) of reaction or 285.830 kJ (0.07940 kWh) per gram mol of water consumed. It would operate at a cell voltage o... | Energy conversion efficiency | Wikipedia | 511 | 7005062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20conversion%20efficiency | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
The wall-plug efficiency differs from the luminous efficiency in that wall-plug efficiency describes the direct output/input conversion of energy (the amount of work that can be performed) whereas luminous efficiency takes into account the human eye's varying sensitivity to different wavelengths (how well it can illumi... | Energy conversion efficiency | Wikipedia | 357 | 7005062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20conversion%20efficiency | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
Unlike efficacy (effectiveness), which is a unit of measurement, efficiency is a unitless number expressed as a percentage, requiring only that the input and output units be of the same type. The luminous efficiency of a light source is thus the percentage of luminous efficacy per theoretical maximum efficacy at a spec... | Energy conversion efficiency | Wikipedia | 277 | 7005062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20conversion%20efficiency | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
Calculations for luminous efficiency become more complex for lamps that produce white light or a mixture of spectral lines. Fluorescent lamps have higher wall-plug efficiencies than low-pressure sodium lamps, but only have half the luminous efficacy of ~ 100 lm/w, thus the luminous efficiency of fluorescents is lower t... | Energy conversion efficiency | Wikipedia | 339 | 7005062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20conversion%20efficiency | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
With the exception of a few light sources, such as incandescent light bulbs, most light sources have multiple stages of energy conversion between the "wall plug" (electrical input point, which may include batteries, direct wiring, or other sources) and the final light-output, with each stage producing a loss. Low-press... | Energy conversion efficiency | Wikipedia | 313 | 7005062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20conversion%20efficiency | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
Theoretical computer science is a subfield of computer science and mathematics that focuses on the abstract and mathematical foundations of computation.
It is difficult to circumscribe the theoretical areas precisely. The ACM's Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computation Theory (SIGACT) provides the following... | Theoretical computer science | Wikipedia | 464 | 323392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical%20computer%20science | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
Coding theory is the study of the properties of codes and their fitness for a specific application. Codes are used for data compression, cryptography, error correction and more recently also for network coding. Codes are studied by various scientific disciplines – such as information theory, electrical engineering, ma... | Theoretical computer science | Wikipedia | 468 | 323392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical%20computer%20science | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
Theoretical results in machine learning mainly deal with a type of inductive learning called supervised learning. In supervised learning, an algorithm is given samples that are labeled in some
useful way. For example, the samples might be descriptions of mushrooms, and the labels could be whether or not the mushrooms ... | Theoretical computer science | Wikipedia | 496 | 323392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical%20computer%20science | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
Data structures provide a means to manage large amounts of data efficiently for uses such as large databases and internet indexing services. Usually, efficient data structures are key to designing efficient algorithms. Some formal design methods and programming languages emphasize data structures, rather than algorithm... | Theoretical computer science | Wikipedia | 427 | 323392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical%20computer%20science | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics, electrical engineering, and computer science involving the quantification of information. Information theory was developed by Claude E. Shannon to find fundamental limits on signal processing operations such as compressing data and on reliably storing and communic... | Theoretical computer science | Wikipedia | 476 | 323392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical%20computer%20science | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
Parallel computing is a form of computation in which many calculations are carried out simultaneously, operating on the principle that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which are then solved "in parallel". There are several different forms of parallel computing: bit-level, instruction level, data, ... | Theoretical computer science | Wikipedia | 421 | 323392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical%20computer%20science | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
A quantum computer is a computation system that makes direct use of quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data. Quantum computers are different from digital computers based on transistors. Whereas digital computers require data to be encoded into binary digits (b... | Theoretical computer science | Wikipedia | 465 | 323392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical%20computer%20science | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC) by combining thousands of transistors into a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s when complex semiconductor and communication technologies were being developed. The microprocessor is a VLSI device. Before the introduction of VLSI... | Theoretical computer science | Wikipedia | 505 | 323392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical%20computer%20science | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
The common wood pigeon (Columba palumbus), also known as simply wood pigeon, is a large species in the dove and pigeon family (Columbidae), native to the western Palearctic. It belongs to the genus Columba, which includes closely related species such as the rock dove (Columba livia). It has a flexible diet, predominant... | Common wood pigeon | Wikipedia | 479 | 323559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20wood%20pigeon | Biology and health sciences | Columbimorphae | Animals |
Juvenile birds do not have the white patches on either side of the neck. When they are about 6 months old (about three months out of the nest) they gain small white patches on both sides of the neck, which gradually enlarge until they are fully formed when the bird is about 6–8 months old. Juvenile birds also have a gr... | Common wood pigeon | Wikipedia | 496 | 323559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20wood%20pigeon | Biology and health sciences | Columbimorphae | Animals |
The nests are vulnerable to attack, particularly by crows. The young usually fly at 33 to 34 days; however, if the nest is disturbed, some young may be able to survive having left the nest as early as 20 days from hatching.
In a study carried out using ring-recovery data, the survival rate for juveniles in their first... | Common wood pigeon | Wikipedia | 490 | 323559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20wood%20pigeon | Biology and health sciences | Columbimorphae | Animals |
In culture
The wood pigeon is mentioned several times in the Eclogues written by the ancient Roman poet Virgil. Referring to its distinctive husky call, Virgil writes in Eclogue 1;
Here beneath high rocks
The gatherers of leaves, with cheerful songs
Fill the high winds. Meanwhile thy turtle doves
And hoarse wood pigeon... | Common wood pigeon | Wikipedia | 73 | 323559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20wood%20pigeon | Biology and health sciences | Columbimorphae | Animals |
Eublepharis is a genus of terrestrial geckos native to eastern and southwestern Asia. The genus was first described by the British zoologist John Edward Gray in 1827. The etymology of their name is 'eu' = good (=true) |'blephar' = eyelid, and all have fully functional eyelids. Members of this genus are found in eastern... | Eublepharis | Wikipedia | 211 | 323654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eublepharis | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. Skinks are characterized by their smaller legs in comparison to typical lizard... | Skink | Wikipedia | 431 | 323825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
Some species of skinks are quite small; Scincella lateralis typically ranges from , more than half of which is the tail. Most skinks, though, are medium-sized, with snout-to-vent lengths around , although some grow larger; the Solomon Islands skink (Corucia zebrata) is the largest known extant species and may attain a ... | Skink | Wikipedia | 505 | 323825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
Although most species of skinks are oviparous, laying eggs in clutches, some 45% of skink species are viviparous in one sense or another. Many species are ovoviviparous, the young (skinklets) developing lecithotrophically in eggs that hatch inside the mother's reproductive tract, and emerging as live births.
In some ... | Skink | Wikipedia | 450 | 323825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
Many species are good burrowers. More species are terrestrial or fossorial (burrowing) than arboreal (tree-climbing) or aquatic species. Some are "sand swimmers", especially the desert species, such as the mole skink or sand skink in Florida. Some use a very similar action in moving through grass tussocks. Most skinks ... | Skink | Wikipedia | 510 | 323825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
Acontias (25 species)
Typhlosaurus (5 species)
Subfamily Egerniinae (social skinks; 63 species in 9 genera)
Bellatorias (3 species)
Corucia (1 species)
Cyclodomorphus (9 species)
Egernia (17 species)
Liopholis (12 species)
Lissolepis (2 species)
Tiliqua (7 species)
Tribolonotus (10 species)
Subfamily Eugong... | Skink | Wikipedia | 113 | 323825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
Ablepharus (18 species)
Acritoscincus (3 species)
Alpinoscincus (2 species)
Anepischetosia (1 species)
Austroablepharus (3 species)
Caesoris (1 species)
Caledoniscincus (14 species)
Carinascincus (8 species)
Carlia (46 species)
Celatiscincus (2 species)
Cophoscincopus (4 species)
Cryptoblepharus (53 species)... | Skink | Wikipedia | 490 | 323825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
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