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In 1977, referring to computers used in home automation at the dawn of the home computer era, Digital Equipment Corporation CEO Ken Olsen is quoted as saying "There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home." Despite Olsen's warning, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, from about 1977 to 1983, it wa... | Home computer | Wikipedia | 332 | 25122906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20computer | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
All this was predicted to be commonplace by the end of the 1980s, but by 1987 Dan Gutman wrote that the predicted revolution was "in shambles", with only 15% of American homes owning a computer. Virtually every aspect that was foreseen would be delayed to later years or would be entirely surpassed by later technologica... | Home computer | Wikipedia | 388 | 25122906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20computer | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
A backlash set in; computer users were "geeks", "nerds" or worse, "hackers". The video game crash of 1983 soured many on home computer technology as users saw large investments in 'the technology of the future' turn into dead-ends when manufacturers pulled out of the market or went out of business. The computers that w... | Home computer | Wikipedia | 364 | 25122906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20computer | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
It wouldn't be until the 2000s and 2010s that many of the dreams of the home computer revolution were fully realized, though often in unanticipated ways. The cost of computer systems dropped precipitously, allowing individuals to access their own personal computing hardware, with shared desktop machines leaving the hom... | Home computer | Wikipedia | 432 | 25122906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20computer | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
Use in the 21st century
Retrocomputing is the use of vintage hardware, possibly performing modern tasks such as surfing the web and email. As programming techniques evolved and these systems were well-understood after decades of use, it became possible to write software giving home computers capabilities undreamed of b... | Home computer | Wikipedia | 489 | 25122906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20computer | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
The British market was different, as relatively high prices and lower disposable incomes reduced the appeal of most American products. New Scientist stated in 1977 that "the price of an American kit in dollars rapidly translates into the same figure in pounds sterling by the time it has reached the shores of Britain". ... | Home computer | Wikipedia | 347 | 25122906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20computer | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
June 1977: Apple II (North America), color graphics, eight expansion slots; one of the first computers to use a typewriter-like plastic case design.
August 1977: TRS-80 (N. Am.), first home computer for less than US$600, used a dedicated monitor for US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules compliance.
October... | Home computer | Wikipedia | 257 | 25122906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20computer | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
January 1980: Sinclair ZX80, available in the United Kingdom for less than a hundred pounds
1980: VIC-20 (N. Am.), under US$300; first computer of any kind to pass one million sold.
1980: TRS-80 Color Computer (N. Am.), Motorola 6809, optional OS-9 multi-user multi-tasking.
July 1980: TRS-80 Model III (N. Am.), esse... | Home computer | Wikipedia | 470 | 25122906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20computer | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
1983: Acorn Electron A stripped down 'sibling' of the BBC microcomputer with limited functionality. The Electron recovered from a slow start to become one of the more popular home computers of that era in the UK.
1983: Sanyo PHC-25, with 16k of RAM, one of a number of Sanyo models
1983: Coleco Adam, one of the few h... | Home computer | Wikipedia | 442 | 25122906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20computer | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
1985: Robotron KC 85/1 (Europe), one of the few 8-bit general-purpose microcomputers produced in East Germany. As the KC line of computers, with the exception of the KC compact, was not available for sale to the general public due to the strict prioritization of 'societal users' over consumers, they are not genuine 'ho... | Home computer | Wikipedia | 492 | 25122906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20computer | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
1990s
December 1991: The MSX TurboR is launched in Japan only. This is the last generation of MSX computers that was put to market by a household electronic brand. It is also the first MSX based on a 16 bit CPU: The Ascii R800 processor.
1992: Atari Falcon (N. Am.), the final home computer from Atari, it shipped w... | Home computer | Wikipedia | 109 | 25122906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20computer | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
Poposauroidea is a clade of advanced pseudosuchians. It includes poposaurids, shuvosaurids, ctenosauriscids, and other unusual pseudosuchians such as Qianosuchus and Lotosaurus. It excludes most large predatory quadrupedal "rauisuchians" such as rauisuchids and "prestosuchids". Those reptiles are now allied with crocod... | Poposauroidea | Wikipedia | 436 | 31167376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poposauroidea | Biology and health sciences | Other prehistoric archosaurs | Animals |
Features
Poposauroidea was a diverse group of pseudosuchians, containing genera with many different ecological adaptations. Some (Poposaurus and shuvosaurids) were short-armed bipeds, while others (ctenosauriscids and Lotosaurus) were robust quadrupeds with elongated neural spines, creating a 'sail' like that of certa... | Poposauroidea | Wikipedia | 475 | 31167376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poposauroidea | Biology and health sciences | Other prehistoric archosaurs | Animals |
Poposauroids also possess several features which are unusual compared to archosaurs in general. For example, in most archosaurs each side of the braincase possesses a pit from where the internal carotid arteries may exit the brain. In early poposauroids, these pits migrated to the underside of the braincase, thereby re... | Poposauroidea | Wikipedia | 505 | 31167376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poposauroidea | Biology and health sciences | Other prehistoric archosaurs | Animals |
Although all poposauroids possessed open acetabula, most other specializations of the ilium did not evolve until the clade containing Poposaurus and the shuvosaurids. For example, the supraacetabular crest projects downward, rather than outward in this clade. This trait is rare in archosaurs, only evolving independentl... | Poposauroidea | Wikipedia | 373 | 31167376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poposauroidea | Biology and health sciences | Other prehistoric archosaurs | Animals |
Sacrum
Although the ancestral archosaur only had two sacral (hip) vertebrae, many different archosaur groups acquired additional sacral vertebrae over the course of their evolution. Nesbitt (2011) argued that additional sacral vertebrae formed between these two "primordial" vertebrae. He gave the well-preserved sacrum... | Poposauroidea | Wikipedia | 391 | 31167376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poposauroidea | Biology and health sciences | Other prehistoric archosaurs | Animals |
In almost all archosariforms, the sacral ribs of the first primordial sacral vertebra contact the ilium near the base of that bone, close to its contact with the pubis. Poposauroids had first primordial sacral ribs with additional forward branches, which lie on the inner edge of the ilium's preacetabular blade. In popo... | Poposauroidea | Wikipedia | 454 | 31167376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poposauroidea | Biology and health sciences | Other prehistoric archosaurs | Animals |
History
Franz Nopcsa first used the term Poposauridae in 1923 to refer to poposauroids. At this time, the sole member of the group was Poposaurus, which was considered to be a theropod dinosaur. Over the following years, poposauroids were placed in various groups, including Saurischia, Theropoda, and Carnosauria. This ... | Poposauroidea | Wikipedia | 474 | 31167376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poposauroidea | Biology and health sciences | Other prehistoric archosaurs | Animals |
Brusatte et al. (2010) conducted a phylogenetic study of archosaurs that resulted in a grouping referred to as Poposauroidea. Unlike many recent studies, they found Rauisuchia to be monophyletic, consisting of two major clades: Rauisuchoidea and Poposauroidea. The monophyly of Rauisuchia was not strongly supported in B... | Poposauroidea | Wikipedia | 352 | 31167376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poposauroidea | Biology and health sciences | Other prehistoric archosaurs | Animals |
Drylands are defined by a scarcity of water. Drylands are zones where precipitation is balanced by evaporation from surfaces and by transpiration by plants (evapotranspiration). The United Nations Environment Program defines drylands as tropical and temperate areas with an aridity index of less than 0.65. One can class... | Drylands | Wikipedia | 434 | 32154505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drylands | Physical sciences | Biomes: General | Earth science |
The East African drylands cover about 47% of land areas and are home to around 20 million people. Pastoralists who rely on cattle for both economic and social well-being constitute the majority of rural inhabitants in the drylands. Pastoralists use strategic movement to gain access to pasture during the dry season, usi... | Drylands | Wikipedia | 361 | 32154505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drylands | Physical sciences | Biomes: General | Earth science |
Definition of semi-arid lands
According to literature, arid and semi-arid lands are defined based on the characteristics of the climate. For instance, Mongi et al. (2010) consider semi-arid lands as places where the annual rainfall ranges between 500 and 800mm. Fabricius et al. on the other hand insist that the concep... | Drylands | Wikipedia | 425 | 32154505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drylands | Physical sciences | Biomes: General | Earth science |
Increased variability of precipitations and their characteristics (number of rainfall days, date of start, length of the season) that can be translated to an abrupt alternative between dry and humid years.
a shorter rainy season correlatively to its late start;
an increase in the occurrence of dry sequences that can h... | Drylands | Wikipedia | 416 | 32154505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drylands | Physical sciences | Biomes: General | Earth science |
In computing, rebooting is the process by which a running computer system is restarted, either intentionally or unintentionally. Reboots can be either a cold reboot (alternatively known as a hard reboot) in which the power to the system is physically turned off and back on again (causing an initial boot of the machine... | Reboot | Wikipedia | 496 | 32159470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboot | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
Operating systems based on Linux support an alternative to warm boot; the Linux kernel has optional support for kexec, a system call which transfers execution to a new kernel and skips hardware or firmware reset. The entire process occurs independently of the system firmware. The kernel being executed does not have to ... | Reboot | Wikipedia | 362 | 32159470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboot | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
Users may deliberately initiate a reboot. Rationale for such action may include:
Troubleshooting: Rebooting may be used by users, support staff or system administrators as a technique to work around bugs in software, for example memory leaks or processes that hog resources to the detriment of the overall system, or to... | Reboot | Wikipedia | 502 | 32159470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboot | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
Systems may be configured to reboot automatically after a power failure, or a fatal system error or kernel panic. The method by which this is done varies depending on whether the reboot can be handled via software or must be handled at the firmware or hardware level. Operating systems in the Windows NT family (from Wi... | Reboot | Wikipedia | 415 | 32159470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboot | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
Classical Cepheids are a type of Cepheid variable star. They are young, population I variable stars that exhibit regular radial pulsations with periods of a few days to a few weeks and visual amplitudes ranging from a few tenths of a magnitude up to about 2 magnitudes. Classical Cepheids are also known as Population I ... | Classical Cepheid variable | Wikipedia | 448 | 29828324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20Cepheid%20variable | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Cepheid variables may pulsate in a fundamental mode, the first overtone, or rarely a mixed mode. Pulsations in an overtone higher than first are rare but interesting. The majority of classical Cepheids are thought to be fundamental mode pulsators, although it is not easy to distinguish the mode from the shape of the ... | Classical Cepheid variable | Wikipedia | 499 | 29828324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20Cepheid%20variable | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
A Cepheid light curve is typically asymmetric with a rapid rise to maximum light followed by a slower fall to minimum (e.g. Delta Cephei). This is due to the phase difference between the radius and temperature variations and is considered characteristic of a fundamental mode pulsator, the most common type of type I Ce... | Classical Cepheid variable | Wikipedia | 428 | 29828324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20Cepheid%20variable | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Discovery
On September 10, 1784 Edward Pigott detected the variability of Eta Aquilae, the first known representative of the class of classical Cepheid variables. However, the namesake for classical Cepheids is the star Delta Cephei, discovered to be variable by John Goodricke a month later. Delta Cephei is also of p... | Classical Cepheid variable | Wikipedia | 493 | 29828324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20Cepheid%20variable | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Small amplitude Cepheids
Classical Cepheid variables with visual amplitudes below 0.5 magnitudes, almost symmetrical sinusoidal light curves, and short periods, have been defined as a separate group called small amplitude Cepheids. They receive the acronym DCEPS in the GCVS. Periods are generally less than 7 days, al... | Classical Cepheid variable | Wikipedia | 481 | 29828324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20Cepheid%20variable | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Line is a freeware app and service for instant messaging and social networking, operated by the Japanese company LY Corporation, co-owned by SoftBank Group. Line was launched in Japan in June 2011 by NHN Japan, a subsidiary of Naver.
Initially designed for text messaging and VoIP voice and video calling, it has gradua... | Line (software) | Wikipedia | 500 | 36354724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In July 2012, NHN Japan announced the new Line features Home and Timeline. The features allowed users to share recent personal developments to a community of contacts in real-time, similar to the status updates in social networking services such as Facebook. On April 1, 2013, Naver's Japanese branch name was changed fr... | Line (software) | Wikipedia | 451 | 36354724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Market share
By 18 January 2013, Line had been downloaded 100 million times worldwide. The number expanded to 140 million by early July 2013 and to 200 million by July 21. As of June 2016, Japan claimed 68 million users while Thailand had 33 million. As of February 2014, Indonesia had 20 million users, Taiwan 17 milli... | Line (software) | Wikipedia | 492 | 36354724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Official channels
Line includes a feature known as "official channels" which allows companies, especially news media outlets, publications and other mass media companies to offer an official channel which users can join and thereby receive regular updates, published articles or news updates from companies or news outle... | Line (software) | Wikipedia | 480 | 36354724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On December 12, 2018, Line Games held a media event called LPG (Line Games-Play-Game) to introduce its games for 2019. Mobile games announced include: Exos Heroes (by OOZOO), Ravenix: The Card Master (also by OOZOO), Dark Summoners (by SkeinGlobe), Project PK (by Rock Square) and Super String (by Factorial Games). Proj... | Line (software) | Wikipedia | 471 | 36354724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Limitations
Line accounts can be accessed on only one mobile device (running the app version) or one personal computer (running the version for these). Additional mobile devices can install the app but require different mobile numbers or e-mail addresses for the Line account.
If "Line Lite" for Android was installed ... | Line (software) | Wikipedia | 424 | 36354724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In March 2021, the Japanese government announced that it would investigate Line after reports that it let Chinese system-maintenance engineers in Shanghai access Japanese users' data without informing them, beginning in August 2018. Four Chinese engineers in a Shanghai-based affiliate that Line subcontracted to develop... | Line (software) | Wikipedia | 504 | 36354724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Line publicly confirmed the practice in December 2013. However, by 2014, access to Line chat servers has been entirely blocked by the Great Firewall, while the company still makes revenue in China from brick-and-mortar stores.
In Indonesia, Line has responded to pressure from the Indonesian Communication and Informati... | Line (software) | Wikipedia | 435 | 36354724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Patent Infringement
The "Furufuru" feature on Line, which allowed users to add friends by shaking their smartphones in the same location and exchanging contact information, was found to infringe on a patent held by a Kyoto-based IT company called "Future Eye." The company filed a lawsuit in the Tokyo District Court, de... | Line (software) | Wikipedia | 456 | 36354724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Use in Sexual Crimes and Other Criminal Activities
Since around 2012, there has been an increasing trend of incidents such as extortion and compensated dating occurring through Line. However, Line does not have a feature for exchanging contact information with strangers, similar to "dating apps." Most of these incident... | Line (software) | Wikipedia | 491 | 36354724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In August 2017, the National Web Counseling Association received a record number of 353 inquiries about Line-related bullying.
Line Account Takeover Incidents
In June 2014, a series of incidents occurred where Line accounts were hijacked, and special fraud was committed using these accounts. The fraudsters used leaked... | Line (software) | Wikipedia | 494 | 36354724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On September 23, 2014, the Presidential Office of the Republic of China announced that Line would be banned from use on government computers due to security concerns.
Storage and Viewing of User Data on Servers of Overseas Outsourcing Companies in South Korea, China, and Other Countries
On March 17, 2021, it was repo... | Line (software) | Wikipedia | 495 | 36354724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Line Digital Technology (Shanghai) Limited, a subsidiary of Line Plus Corporation in Dalian, develops internal tools, AI features, and various functionalities available in the Line app. They also monitor servers, networks, and PC terminals under their jurisdiction for unauthorized access. During software development, t... | Line (software) | Wikipedia | 474 | 36354724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Starting on March 31, 2021, the Personal Information Protection Commission conducted an on-site inspection of Line under Article 40, Section 1 of the Personal Information Protection Act. On April 23, the Commission issued administrative guidance regarding the issue where Chinese contractors were able to access Line's p... | Line (software) | Wikipedia | 486 | 36354724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Alleged Violation of Laws by Line Games
It was reported by Mainichi Shimbun that the Ministry of Finance and the Kanto Local Finance Bureau conducted an on-site inspection of Line's mobile game "Line Pop" due to suspected violations of the Funds Settlement Act regarding paid in-game items. In response to the report, Li... | Line (software) | Wikipedia | 409 | 36354724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Fake Posts on Line Open Chat
Shukan Bunshun reported that employees of Line were posting fake messages (known as "Sakura posts") on its new service, Open Chat, impersonating ordinary users like high school girls or trendy women. The "Sakura posts" were not done solely by staff, but followed a manual called "Talk-room O... | Line (software) | Wikipedia | 481 | 36354724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Stores
There are physical stores in Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Philippines, Thailand, U.S. and a Korean online store to purchase Line Friends merchandise. Occasionally, Line will have pop-up or temporary stores globally. | Line (software) | Wikipedia | 50 | 36354724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Anorexia nervosa (AN), often referred to simply as anorexia, is an eating disorder characterized by food restriction, body image disturbance, fear of gaining weight, and an overpowering desire to be thin.
Individuals with anorexia nervosa have a fear of being overweight or being seen as such, despite the fact that the... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 491 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Treatment of anorexia involves restoring the patient back to a healthy weight, treating their underlying psychological problems, and addressing underlying maladaptive behaviors. A daily low dose of olanzapine (Zyprexa®, Eli Lilly) has been shown to increase appetite and assist with weight gain in anorexia nervosa patie... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 446 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by attempts to lose weight by way of starvation. A person with anorexia nervosa may exhibit a number of signs and symptoms, the type and severity of which may vary and be present but not readily apparent. Though anorexia is typically recognized by the physical manife... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 495 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Affective symptoms
Depression
Ashamed of oneself or one's body
Anxiety disorders
Rapid mood swings
Emotional dysregulation
Alexithymia
Behavioral symptoms
Compulsive weighing
Regular body checking
Food restriction, both in terms of caloric content and type (for example, macronutrient groups)
Food rituals... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 481 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Aside from weight gain and outer appearance, people with anorexia also report abnormal bodily functions such as indistinct feelings of fullness. This provides an example of miscommunication between internal signals of the body and the brain. Due to impaired interoceptive sensitivity, powerful cues of fullness may be de... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 394 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Post traumatic stress disorder remains highly prevalent among patients with anorexia nervosa, with more comorbid PTSD being associated with more severe eating disorder symptoms. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) are highly comorbid with AN. OCD is linked with more ... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 481 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Environmental
Obstetric complications: prenatal and perinatal complications may factor into the development of anorexia nervosa, such as preterm birth, maternal anemia, diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, placental infarction, and neonatal heart abnormalities. Neonatal complications may also have an influence on harm avoi... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 466 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Anorexia nervosa is more likely to occur in a person's pubertal years. Some explanatory hypotheses for the rising prevalence of eating disorders in adolescence are "increase of adipose tissue in girls, hormonal changes of puberty, societal expectations of increased independence and autonomy that are particularly diffic... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 422 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Although the prevalence rates vary greatly, between 37% and 100%, there appears to be a link between traumatic events and eating disorder diagnosis. Approximately 72% of individuals with anorexia report experiencing a traumatic event prior to the onset of eating disorder symptoms, with binge-purge subtype reporting the... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 388 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
When trauma is perpetrated on an individual, it can lead to feelings of not being safe within their own body. Both physical and sexual abuse can lead to an individual seeing their body as belonging to an "other" and not to the "self". Individuals who feel as though they have no control over their bodies due to trauma m... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 428 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Media effects
Persistent exposure to media that present thin ideal may constitute a risk factor for body dissatisfaction and anorexia nervosa. Cultures that equate thinness with beauty often have higher rates of anorexia nervosa. The cultural ideal for body shape for men versus women continues to favor slender women a... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 294 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Cultural
Cultural attitudes towards body image, beauty, and health also significantly impact the incidence of anorexia nervosa. There is a stark contrast between Western societies that idolize slimness and certain Eastern traditions that worship gods depicted with larger bodies, and these varying cultural norms have v... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 395 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Mechanisms
Evidence from physiological, pharmacological and neuroimaging studies suggest serotonin (also called 5-HT) may play a role in anorexia. While acutely ill, metabolic changes may produce a number of biological findings in people with anorexia that are not necessarily causative of the anorexic behavior. For ex... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 494 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Structural neuroimaging studies have found global reductions in both gray matter and white matter, as well as increased cerebrospinal fluid volumes. Regional decreases in the left hypothalamus, left inferior parietal lobe, right lentiform nucleus and right caudate have also been reported in acutely ill patients. Howeve... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 469 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Subtypes
There are two subtypes of AN:
Restrictive Type: In the most recent months leading up to the evaluation, the patient has not engaged in binging and purging via laxative or diuretic abuse, enemas, or self-induced vomiting. The weight loss accomplished in this patient is mainly through the use of one or more of... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 292 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Blinded Weight: The patient will strip and put on a surgical gown alone. The patient will step backwards onto the scale as the healthcare provider blocks the reading from the patient's line of vision.
Orthostatic Vitals: The patient lies completely flat for five minutes, and then, the medical provider measures the pat... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 229 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Blood Tests:
Complete blood count (CBC): a test of the white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets used to assess the presence of various disorders such as leukocytosis, leukopenia, thrombocytosis and anemia which may result from malnutrition.
Chem-20: Chem-20 also known as SMA-20 a group of twenty separate chem... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 466 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
BUN-to-creatinine ratio: A BUN to creatinine ratio is used to predict various conditions. A high BUN/creatinine ratio can occur in severe hydration, acute kidney failure, congestive heart failure, and intestinal bleeding. A low BUN/creatinine ratio can indicate a low protein diet, celiac disease, rhabdomyolysis, or cir... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 238 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Differential diagnoses
A variety of medical and psychological conditions have been misdiagnosed as anorexia nervosa; in some cases the correct diagnosis was not made for more than ten years.
The distinction between binge purging anorexia, bulimia nervosa and Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorders (OSFED) is oft... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 457 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Psychological support
Psychological support, often in the form of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), family-bases treatment, or psychotherapy aims to change distorted thoughts and behaviors around food, body image, and self-worth, with family-based therapy also being a key approach for younger patients.
Family-based... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 395 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is useful in adolescents and adults with anorexia nervosa. One of the most known psychotherapy in the field is CBT-E, an enhanced cognitive-behavior therapy specifically focus to eating disorder psychopathology. Acceptance and commitment therapy is a thir... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 417 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Extreme hunger
People who have undergone significant caloric deficits often report experiencing hyperphagia, or extreme hunger. With adequate refeeding and the full restoration of both fat mass and fat-free mass, hunger eventually becomes normalized. However, the restoration of fat-free mass typically takes longer tha... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 389 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Admission to hospital
Patients with AN may be deemed to have a lack of insight regarding the necessity of treatment, and thus may be involuntarily treated without their consent. AN has a high mortality and patients admitted in a severely ill state to medical units are at particularly high risk. Diagnosis can be challe... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 478 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
AN has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder. The mortality rate is 11 to 12 times greater than in the general population, and the suicide risk is 56 times higher. Half of women with AN achieve a full recovery, while an additional 20–30% may partially recover. Not all people with anorexia recover com... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 311 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Complications
Anorexia nervosa can have serious implications if its duration and severity are significant and if onset occurs before the completion of growth, pubertal maturation, or the attainment of peak bone mass. Complications specific to adolescents and children with anorexia nervosa can include growth retardatio... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 324 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Anorexia nervosa causes alterations in the female reproductive system; significant weight loss, as well as psychological stress and intense exercise, typically results in a cessation of menstruation in women who are past puberty. In patients with anorexia nervosa, there is a reduction of the secretion of gonadotropin r... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 401 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
The most common gastrointestinal complications of anorexia nervosa are delayed stomach emptying and constipation, but also include elevated liver function tests, diarrhea, acute pancreatitis, heartburn, difficulty swallowing, and, rarely, superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Delayed stomach emptying, or gastroparesis, ... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 295 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Abnormalities in conduction and repolarization of the heart that can result from anorexia nervosa include QT prolongation, increased QT dispersion, conduction delays, and junctional escape rhythms. Electrolyte abnormalities, particularly hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia, can cause anomalies in the electrical activity of ... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 298 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Some individuals may also have a decrease in cardiac contractility. Cardiac complications can be life-threatening, but the heart muscle generally improves with weight gain, and the heart normalizes in size over weeks to months, with recovery. Atrophy of the heart muscle is a marker of the severity of the disease, and w... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 388 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Anorexia is estimated to occur in 0.9% to 4.3% of women and 0.2% to 0.3% of men in Western countries at some point in their life. About 0.4% of young females are affected in a given year and it is estimated to occur three to ten times less commonly in males. The cause of this disparity is not well-established but is th... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 473 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Males
While anorexia nervosa is more commonly found in women, it can also affect men, with a lifetime prevalence of 0.3% in men. However, a lack of awareness of eating disorders in males may lead to underdiagnosis and underreporting. This can include a lack of knowledge about what kinds of behaviors males with eating ... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 499 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
This eating disorder that affects older adults has two types – early onset and late onset. Early onset refers to a recurrence of anorexia in late life in an individual who experienced the disease during their youth. Late onset describes instances where the eating disorder begins for the first time late in life.
The st... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 480 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Anorexia in the elderly should be identified by the retirement communities but is often overlooked, especially in patients with dementia. Some studies report that malnutrition is prevalent in nursing homes, with up to 58% of residents suffering from it, which can lead to the difficulty of identifying anorexia. One of t... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 503 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
In the late 19th century anorexia nervosa became widely accepted by the medical profession as a recognized condition. Awareness of the condition was largely limited to the medical profession until the latter part of the 20th century, when German-American psychoanalyst Hilde Bruch published The Golden Cage: the Enigma o... | Anorexia nervosa | Wikipedia | 118 | 26534334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia%20nervosa | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
The evolution of fish began about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion. It was during this time that the early chordates developed the skull and the vertebral column, leading to the first craniates and vertebrates. The first fish lineages belong to the Agnatha, or jawless fish. Early examples include Hai... | Evolution of fish | Wikipedia | 489 | 37824359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution%20of%20fish | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
Fish, like many other organisms, have been greatly affected by extinction events throughout natural history. The earliest ones, the Ordovician–Silurian extinction events, led to the loss of many species. The Late Devonian extinction led to the extinction of the ostracoderms and placoderms by the end of the Devonian, as... | Evolution of fish | Wikipedia | 490 | 37824359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution%20of%20fish | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
The colonisation of new niches resulted in diversification of body plans and sometimes an increase in size. The Devonian period (395 to 345 Mya) brought in such giants as the placoderm Dunkleosteus, which could grow up to seven meters long, and early air-breathing fish that could remain on land for extended periods. Am... | Evolution of fish | Wikipedia | 370 | 37824359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution%20of%20fish | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
Many Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian agnathians were armoured with heavy, bony, and often elaborately sculpted, plates derived from mineralized scales. The first armoured agnathans—the ostracoderms, precursors to the bony fish and hence to the tetrapods (including humans)—are known from the Middle Ordovician, and by ... | Evolution of fish | Wikipedia | 389 | 37824359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution%20of%20fish | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
Conodonts resembled primitive jawless eels. They appeared 520 Ma ago and were wiped out 200 Ma ago. Initially they were known only from tooth-like microfossils called conodont elements. These "teeth" have been variously interpreted as filter-feeding apparatuses or as a "grasping and crushing array". Conodonts ranged in... | Evolution of fish | Wikipedia | 509 | 37824359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution%20of%20fish | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
Ostracoderms existed in two major groups, the more primitive heterostracans and the cephalaspids. Later, about 420 million years ago, the jawed fish evolved from one of the ostracoderms. After the appearance of jawed fish, most ostracoderm species underwent a decline, and the last ostracoderms became extinct at the end... | Evolution of fish | Wikipedia | 471 | 37824359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution%20of%20fish | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
Placoderms, class Placodermi ('plate-skinned'), are extinct armoured prehistoric fish, which appeared about 430 Ma in the Early to Middle Silurian. They were mostly wiped out during the Late Devonian extinction event, 378 Ma, though some survived and made a slight recovery in diversity during the Famennian epoch before... | Evolution of fish | Wikipedia | 406 | 37824359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution%20of%20fish | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
Cartilaginous fish, class Chondrichthyes, consisting of sharks, rays and chimaeras, appeared by about 395 million years ago, in the Middle Devonian, evolving from acanthodians. The class contains the subclasses Holocephali (chimaeras) and Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays). The radiation of elasmobranches in the chart on... | Evolution of fish | Wikipedia | 313 | 37824359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution%20of%20fish | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
Lobe-finned fish, fish belonging to the class Sarcopterygii, are mostly extinct bony fish, basally characterised by robust and stubby lobe fins containing a robust internal skeleton, cosmoid scales and internal nostrils. Their fins are fleshy, lobed, and paired, joined to the body by a single bone. The fins of lobe-fin... | Evolution of fish | Wikipedia | 483 | 37824359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution%20of%20fish | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
In the Early Devonian (416-397 Mya), the lobe-finned fish split into two main lineages — the coelacanths and the rhipidistians. The heyday of the former was the Late Devonian and Carboniferous, from 385 to 299 Mya, as they were more common during those periods than in any other period in the Phanerozoic; coelacanths st... | Evolution of fish | Wikipedia | 449 | 37824359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution%20of%20fish | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
Penghu 1 is a fossil jaw (mandible) belonging to an extinct hominin species of the genus Homo. It was collected from seafloor sediments of the Penghu Channel off the coast of Taiwan, dating to sometime in the Middle Pleistocene or Late Pleistocene. The precise classification of the mandible is disputed. Some believe it... | Penghu 1 | Wikipedia | 483 | 45294967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghu%201 | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
Classification
Although the genus of the Penghu 1 has been widely accepted, there is much discussion on the potential species of the specimen. The Penghu 1 mandible has been described as most similar to Hexian fossils of Homo erectus. Both Penghu 1 and the Hexian mandible share similar crown size, mandibular prominenc... | Penghu 1 | Wikipedia | 478 | 45294967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghu%201 | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
Wu & Bae (2024) assigned Penghu 1 to the new species Homo juluensis, as Xujiayao hominin, Xiahe mandible and Denisovans. | Penghu 1 | Wikipedia | 40 | 45294967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghu%201 | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
Manot 1 is a fossil specimen designated to a skullcap that represents an archaic modern human discovered in Manot Cave, Western Galilee, Israel.
It was discovered in 2008 and the scientific description was published in 2015. Radiometric dating indicates that it is about 54,700 years old (the late Mousterian), and th... | Manot 1 | Wikipedia | 509 | 45298242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manot%201 | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
The Skhul 5 and Skhul 9 skulls, dated to between 120,000 and 80,000 years old, are the oldest known anatomically modern human fossils found in West Asia.
Manot 1, at 55,000 years old, is the oldest fossil found in West Asia which post-dates the presumed recent out-of-Africa expansion, after about 70,000 years ago. It ... | Manot 1 | Wikipedia | 169 | 45298242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manot%201 | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
Dorcatherium is an extinct genus of tragulid ruminant which existed in Europe, East Africa and the Siwaliks during the Miocene and Possibly Pliocene . | Dorcatherium | Wikipedia | 38 | 35442274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorcatherium | Biology and health sciences | Other artiodactyla | Animals |
Kaprosuchus is an extinct genus of mahajangasuchid crocodyliform. It is known from a single nearly complete skull collected from the Upper Cretaceous Echkar Formation of Niger. The name means "boar crocodile" from the Greek , kapros ("boar") and , soukhos ("crocodile") in reference to its unusually large caniniform tee... | Kaprosuchus | Wikipedia | 462 | 25139347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaprosuchus | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric crocodiles | Animals |
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