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In physics, natural unit systems are measurement systems for which selected physical constants have been set to 1 through nondimensionalization of physical units. For example, the speed of light may be set to 1, and it may then be omitted, equating mass and energy directly rather than using as a conversion factor in... | Natural units | Wikipedia | 493 | 33710742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20units | Physical sciences | Measurement: General | null |
The Schrödinger system of units (named after Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger) is seldom mentioned in literature. Its defining constants are:
, , , .
Geometrized units
Defining constants:
, .
The geometrized unit system, used in general relativity, the base physical units are chosen so that the speed of light... | Natural units | Wikipedia | 370 | 33710742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20units | Physical sciences | Measurement: General | null |
Tabby's Star (designated as KIC 8462852 in the Kepler Input Catalog and also known by the names Boyajian's Star and WTF (Where'sTheFlux?) Star, is a binary star in the constellation Cygnus approximately from Earth. The system is composed of an F-type main-sequence star and a red dwarf companion.
Unusual light fluctua... | Tabby's Star | Wikipedia | 272 | 48217770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabby%27s%20Star | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
Nomenclature
The names "Tabby's Star" and "Boyajian's Star" refer to American astronomer Tabetha S. Boyajian, who was the lead author of the scientific paper that announced the discovery of the star's irregular light fluctuations in 2015. The nickname "WTF Star" is a reference to the paper's subtitle "where's the flux?... | Tabby's Star | Wikipedia | 487 | 48217770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabby%27s%20Star | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
On 20 May 2017, Boyajian and her colleagues reported, via The Astronomer's Telegram, on an ongoing dimming event (named "Elsie") which possibly began on 14 May 2017. It was detected by the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network, specifically by its telescope in Maui (LCO Maui). This was verified by the Fairbo... | Tabby's Star | Wikipedia | 485 | 48217770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabby%27s%20Star | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
A fourth prominent dimming event (named "Angkor") began 5 September 2017, and is, as of 16 September 2017, between 2.3% and 3% dimming event, making it the "deepest dip this year".
Another dimming event, amounting to a 0.3% dip, began around 21 September 2017, and completely recovered by 4 October 2017.
On 10 October... | Tabby's Star | Wikipedia | 500 | 48217770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabby%27s%20Star | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
Between October 2019 and December 2019, at least seven separate dips were observed, the deepest of which had a depth of 2%. By the end of the observing season in early January 2020, the star had once again recovered in brightness. The total combined depth of the dips in 2019 was 11%, comparable to that seen in 2011 and... | Tabby's Star | Wikipedia | 385 | 48217770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabby%27s%20Star | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
In addition to the day-long dimmings, a study of a century's worth of photographic plates suggests that the star has gradually faded in 100 years (from c. 1890 to c. 1990) by about 20%, which would be unprecedented for any F-type main-sequence star. Teasing accurate magnitudes from long-term photographic archives is a ... | Tabby's Star | Wikipedia | 481 | 48217770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabby%27s%20Star | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
By 2018, the leading hypothesis was that the "missing" heat flux involved in the star's dimming could be stored within the star's interior. Such variations in luminosity might arise from a number of mechanisms affecting the efficiency of heat transport inside the star.
However, in September 2019, astronomers reported ... | Tabby's Star | Wikipedia | 480 | 48217770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabby%27s%20Star | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
One proposed explanation for the reduction in light is that it is due to a cloud of disintegrating comets orbiting the star elliptically. This scenario would assume that a planetary system around Tabby's Star has something similar to the Oort cloud and that gravity from a nearby star caused comets from said cloud to fa... | Tabby's Star | Wikipedia | 390 | 48217770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabby%27s%20Star | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
As with the possibility of coalescing material around the star, spectroscopic studies using the NASA IRTF found no evidence for hot close-in dust or circumstellar matter from an evaporating or exploding planet within a few astronomical units of the central star. Similarly, a study of past infrared data from NASA's Spit... | Tabby's Star | Wikipedia | 327 | 48217770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabby%27s%20Star | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
Large ringed planet followed by Trojan swarms
Ballesteros et al. (2017) proposed a large, ringed planet trailed by a swarm of Trojan asteroids in its L5 Lagrangian point, and estimated an orbit that predicts another event in early 2021 due to the leading Trojans followed by another transit of the hypothetical planet in... | Tabby's Star | Wikipedia | 359 | 48217770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabby%27s%20Star | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
The possible location of this early F star near the boundary between radiative and convective transport seems to be supported by the finding that the star's observed brightness variations appear to fit the "avalanche statistics" known to occur in a system close to a phase-transition. "Avalanche statistics" with a self-... | Tabby's Star | Wikipedia | 428 | 48217770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabby%27s%20Star | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
Exomoons
Two papers published in summer 2019 offered plausible scientific scenarios involving large moons being stripped from their planets. Numeric simulations were performed of the migration of gas giant planets, and their large gaseous moons, during the first few hundred million years after the formation of the plan... | Tabby's Star | Wikipedia | 449 | 48217770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabby%27s%20Star | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
SETI results
In October 2015, the SETI Institute used the Allen Telescope Array to look for radio emissions from possible intelligent extraterrestrial life in the vicinity of the star. After an initial two-week survey, the SETI Institute reported that it found no evidence of technology-related radio signals from the st... | Tabby's Star | Wikipedia | 425 | 48217770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabby%27s%20Star | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
Entorrhizomycetes is the sole class in the phylum Entorrhizomycota, within the Fungi subkingdom Dikarya along with Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. It contains three genera and is a small group of teliosporic root parasites that form galls on plants in the Juncaceae (rush) and Cyperaceae (sedge) families. Prior to 2015 th... | Entorrhizomycetes | Wikipedia | 265 | 25095376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entorrhizomycetes | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
Morphology
All members of Entorrhizomycetes are obligate parasites on the roots of plants. Sori are produced as galls on the roots of hosts. Galls are tubercular with a globoid, irregular or elongated shape and are composed of vascular bundles, parenchymatous cells and fungal mycelium. Younger segments of the galls ar... | Entorrhizomycetes | Wikipedia | 465 | 25095376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entorrhizomycetes | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
Evolution
Molecular phylogeny place Entorrhizomycetes as either a sister group to Basidiomycota or a sister group to Dikarya as a whole. Entorrhizomycetes share many traits with basidiomycetes such as dikaryotic vegetative mycelium, fibrillate cell walls, hyphal septa with a tripartite profile, and similarities in the... | Entorrhizomycetes | Wikipedia | 495 | 25095376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entorrhizomycetes | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
Entorrhizomycetes have much lower number of species and more limited host range than their estimated age would indicate. One possible explanation is that many lineages have gone extinct along with their hosts during mass extinction events in the past. Another explanation is that much of the diversity in this phylum rem... | Entorrhizomycetes | Wikipedia | 105 | 25095376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entorrhizomycetes | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
Astrophysical X-ray sources are astronomical objects with physical properties which result in the emission of X-rays.
Several types of astrophysical objects emit X-rays. They include galaxy clusters, black holes in active galactic nuclei (AGN), galactic objects such as supernova remnants, stars, and binary stars conta... | Astrophysical X-ray source | Wikipedia | 480 | 25101402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20X-ray%20source | Physical sciences | High-energy astronomy | Astronomy |
A quasi-stellar radio source (quasar) is a very energetic and distant galaxy with an active galactic nucleus (AGN). QSO 0836+7107 is a Quasi-Stellar Object (QSO) that emits baffling amounts of radio energy. This radio emission is caused by electrons spiraling (thus accelerating) along magnetic fields producing cyclotro... | Astrophysical X-ray source | Wikipedia | 443 | 25101402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20X-ray%20source | Physical sciences | High-energy astronomy | Astronomy |
Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are pointlike, nonnuclear X-ray sources with luminosities above the Eddington limit of 3 × 1032 W for a black hole. Many ULXs show strong variability and may be black hole binaries. To fall into the class of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs), their luminosities, thermal disk emis... | Astrophysical X-ray source | Wikipedia | 490 | 25101402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20X-ray%20source | Physical sciences | High-energy astronomy | Astronomy |
A Type Ia supernova is an explosion of a white dwarf in orbit around either another white dwarf or a red giant star. The dense white dwarf can accumulate gas donated from the companion. When the dwarf reaches the critical mass of , a thermonuclear explosion ensues. As each Type Ia shines with a known luminosity, Type... | Astrophysical X-ray source | Wikipedia | 339 | 25101402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20X-ray%20source | Physical sciences | High-energy astronomy | Astronomy |
The first extrasolar X-ray source was discovered on 12 June 1962. This source is called Scorpius X-1, the first X-ray source found in the constellation of Scorpius, located in the direction of the center of the Milky Way. Scorpius X-1 is some 9,000 ly from Earth and after the Sun is the strongest X-ray source in the sk... | Astrophysical X-ray source | Wikipedia | 450 | 25101402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20X-ray%20source | Physical sciences | High-energy astronomy | Astronomy |
Solar flares usually follow the solar cycle. CORONAS-F was launched on 31 July 2001 to coincide with the 23rd solar cycle maximum.
The solar flare of 29 October 2003 apparently showed a significant degree of linear polarization (> 70% in channels E2 = 40–60 keV and E3 = 60–100 keV, but only about 50% in E1 = 20–40 keV)... | Astrophysical X-ray source | Wikipedia | 498 | 25101402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20X-ray%20source | Physical sciences | High-energy astronomy | Astronomy |
X-ray emission has been detected from PG 1658+441, a hot, isolated, magnetic white dwarf, first detected in an Einstein IPC observation and later identified in an Exosat channel multiplier array observation. "The broad-band spectrum of this DA white dwarf can be explained as emission from a homogeneous, high-gravity, p... | Astrophysical X-ray source | Wikipedia | 437 | 25101402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20X-ray%20source | Physical sciences | High-energy astronomy | Astronomy |
LP 944-20
With no strong central nuclear energy source, the interior of a brown dwarf is in a rapid boiling, or convective state. When combined with the rapid rotation that most brown dwarfs exhibit, convection sets up conditions for the development of a strong, tangled magnetic field near the surface. The flare obser... | Astrophysical X-ray source | Wikipedia | 483 | 25101402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20X-ray%20source | Physical sciences | High-energy astronomy | Astronomy |
Saturn's X-ray spectrum is similar to that of X-rays from the Sun indicating that Saturn's X-radiation is due to the reflection of solar X-rays by Saturn's atmosphere. The optical image is much brighter, and shows the beautiful ring structures, which were not detected in X-rays.
X-ray fluorescence
Some of the detecte... | Astrophysical X-ray source | Wikipedia | 454 | 25101402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20X-ray%20source | Physical sciences | High-energy astronomy | Astronomy |
Celestial X-ray sources
The celestial sphere has been divided into 88 constellations. The IAU constellations are areas of the sky. Each of these contains remarkable X-ray sources. Some of them are galaxies or black holes at the centers of galaxies. Some are pulsars. As with the astronomical X-ray sources, striving to ... | Astrophysical X-ray source | Wikipedia | 500 | 25101402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20X-ray%20source | Physical sciences | High-energy astronomy | Astronomy |
CTA 1 is another SNR X-ray source in Cassiopeia. A pulsar in the CTA 1 supernova remnant (4U 0000+72) initially emitted radiation in the X-ray bands (1970–1977). Strangely, when it was observed at a later time (2008) X-ray radiation was not detected. Instead, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope detected the pulsar was ... | Astrophysical X-ray source | Wikipedia | 477 | 25101402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20X-ray%20source | Physical sciences | High-energy astronomy | Astronomy |
Chamaeleon III dark cloud
"Chamaeleon III appears to be devoid of current star-formation activity." HD 104237 (spectral type A4e) observed by ASCA, located in the Chamaeleon III dark cloud, is the brightest Herbig Ae/Be star in the sky.
Corona Borealis
The galaxy cluster Abell 2142 emits X-rays and is in Corona Bor... | Astrophysical X-ray source | Wikipedia | 486 | 25101402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20X-ray%20source | Physical sciences | High-energy astronomy | Astronomy |
Stephan's Quintet are of interest because of their violent collisions. Four of the five galaxies in Stephan's Quintet form a physical association, and are involved in a cosmic dance that most likely will end with the galaxies merging. As NGC 7318B collides with gas in the group, a huge shock wave bigger than the Milky... | Astrophysical X-ray source | Wikipedia | 462 | 25101402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20X-ray%20source | Physical sciences | High-energy astronomy | Astronomy |
As of 27 August 2007, discoveries concerning asymmetric iron line broadening and their implications for relativity have been a topic of much excitement. With respect to the asymmetric iron line broadening, Edward Cackett of the University of Michigan commented, "We're seeing the gas whipping around just outside the neu... | Astrophysical X-ray source | Wikipedia | 411 | 25101402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20X-ray%20source | Physical sciences | High-energy astronomy | Astronomy |
M82 X-1 is in the constellation Ursa Major at +. It was detected in January 2006 by the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer.
In Ursa Major at RA 10h 34m 00.00 Dec +57° 40' 00.00" is a field of view that is almost free of absorption by neutral hydrogen gas within the Milky Way. It is known as the Lockman Hole. Hundreds of X-... | Astrophysical X-ray source | Wikipedia | 349 | 25101402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20X-ray%20source | Physical sciences | High-energy astronomy | Astronomy |
LSI+61°303 is a periodic, radio-emitting binary system that is also the gamma-ray source, CG135+01. LSI+61°303 is a variable radio source characterized by periodic, non-thermal radio outbursts with a period of 26.5 d, attributed to the eccentric orbital motion of a compact object, probably a neutron star, around a rapi... | Astrophysical X-ray source | Wikipedia | 512 | 25101402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20X-ray%20source | Physical sciences | High-energy astronomy | Astronomy |
One of the rings, caused by a major eruption, is a shock wave 85,000 light-years in diameter around the black hole. Other remarkable features observed include narrow X-ray emitting filaments up to 100,000 light-years long, and a large cavity in the hot gas caused by a major eruption 70 million years ago.
The galaxy al... | Astrophysical X-ray source | Wikipedia | 412 | 25101402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20X-ray%20source | Physical sciences | High-energy astronomy | Astronomy |
What is the evolutionary relationship between pulsars and magnetars? Astronomers would like to know if magnetars represent a rare class of pulsars, or if some or all pulsars go through a magnetar phase during their life cycles. NASA's Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) has revealed that the youngest known pulsing neutr... | Astrophysical X-ray source | Wikipedia | 365 | 25101402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20X-ray%20source | Physical sciences | High-energy astronomy | Astronomy |
The observations from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory showed that the object had brightened in X-rays, confirming that the bursts were from the pulsar, and that its spectrum had changed to become more magnetar-like. The fact that PSR J1846's spin rate is decelerating also means that it has a strong magnetic field brak... | Astrophysical X-ray source | Wikipedia | 511 | 25101402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20X-ray%20source | Physical sciences | High-energy astronomy | Astronomy |
In the few genuine late A- or early F-type coronal emitters, their weak dynamo operation is generally not able to brake the rapidly spinning star considerably during their short lifetime so that these coronae are conspicuous by their severe deficit of X-ray emission compared to chromospheric and transition region fluxe... | Astrophysical X-ray source | Wikipedia | 494 | 25101402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20X-ray%20source | Physical sciences | High-energy astronomy | Astronomy |
By comparing the soft X-ray background with the distribution of neutral hydrogen, it is generally agreed that within the Milky Way disk, super soft X-rays are absorbed by this neutral hydrogen.
X-ray dark planets
X-ray observations offer the possibility to detect (X-ray dark) planets as they eclipse part of the coro... | Astrophysical X-ray source | Wikipedia | 174 | 25101402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20X-ray%20source | Physical sciences | High-energy astronomy | Astronomy |
A command-line interface (CLI) is a means of interacting with a computer program by inputting lines of text called command lines. Command-line interfaces emerged in the mid-1960s, on computer terminals, as an interactive and more user-friendly alternative to the non-interactive mode available with punched cards.
Today... | Command-line interface | Wikipedia | 475 | 28338635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
Operating system command-line interfaces
Operating system (OS) command-line interfaces are usually distinct programs supplied with the operating system. A program that implements such a text interface is often called a command-line interpreter, command processor or shell.
Examples of command-line interpreters include ... | Command-line interface | Wikipedia | 417 | 28338635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
Some applications support a CLI, presenting their own prompt to the user and accepting command lines. Other programs support both a CLI and a GUI. In some cases, a GUI is simply a wrapper around a separate CLI executable file. In other cases, a program may provide a CLI as an optional alternative to its GUI. CLIs and G... | Command-line interface | Wikipedia | 478 | 28338635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
The first Unix shell, the V6 shell, was developed by Ken Thompson in 1971 at Bell Labs and was modeled after Schroeder's Multics shell. The Bourne shell was introduced in 1977 as a replacement for the V6 shell. Although it is used as an interactive command interpreter, it was also intended as a scripting language and c... | Command-line interface | Wikipedia | 408 | 28338635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
A CLI is used whenever a large vocabulary of commands or queries, coupled with a wide (or arbitrary) range of options, can be entered more rapidly as text than with a pure GUI. This is typically the case with operating system command shells. CLIs are also used by systems with insufficient resources to support a graphic... | Command-line interface | Wikipedia | 508 | 28338635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
Two different CLIs may agree on either syntax or semantics, but it is only when they agree on both that they can be considered sufficiently similar to allow users to use both CLIs without needing to learn anything, as well as to enable re-use of scripts.
A simple CLI will display a prompt, accept a command line typed ... | Command-line interface | Wikipedia | 436 | 28338635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
CLI and resource protection
One can modify the set of available commands by modifying which paths appear in the PATH environment variable. Under Unix, commands also need be marked as executable files. The directories in the path variable are searched in the order they are given. By re-ordering the path, one can run e.g... | Command-line interface | Wikipedia | 418 | 28338635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
End-users can often modify prompts. Depending on the environment, they may include colors, special characters, and other elements (like variables and functions for the current time, user, shell number or working directory) in order, for instance, to make the prompt more informative or visually pleasing, to distinguish ... | Command-line interface | Wikipedia | 488 | 28338635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
When a command processor is active a program is typically invoked by typing its name followed by command-line arguments (if any). For example, in Unix and Unix-like environments, an example of a command-line argument is:
rm file.s
is a command-line argument which tells the program rm to remove the file named .
Some... | Command-line interface | Wikipedia | 403 | 28338635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
In Multics, command-line options and subsystem keywords may be abbreviated. This idea appears to derive from the PL/I programming language, with its shortened keywords (e.g., STRG for STRINGRANGE and DCL for DECLARE). For example, in the Multics forum subsystem, the -long_subject parameter can be abbreviated -lgsj. It ... | Command-line interface | Wikipedia | 408 | 28338635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
In DOS, OS/2 and Windows, the forward slash (/) is most prevalent, although the hyphen-minus is also sometimes used. In many versions of DOS (MS-DOS/PC DOS 2.xx and higher, all versions of DR-DOS since 5.0, as well as PTS-DOS, Embedded DOS, FreeDOS and RxDOS) the switch character (sometimes abbreviated switchar or swit... | Command-line interface | Wikipedia | 459 | 28338635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
However, many programs are hardwired to use / only, rather than retrieving the switch setting before parsing command-line arguments. A very small number, mainly ports from Unix-like systems, are programmed to accept - even if the switch character is not set to it (for example netstat and ping, supplied with Microsoft W... | Command-line interface | Wikipedia | 490 | 28338635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
Data General's CLI under their RDOS, AOS, etc. operating systems, as well as the version of CLI that came with their Business Basic, uses only / as the switch character, is case-insensitive, and allows local switches on some arguments to control the way they are interpreted, such as has the global option to the macro... | Command-line interface | Wikipedia | 501 | 28338635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
Depending on the program, additional or more specific help on accepted parameters is sometimes available by either providing the parameter in question as an argument to the help parameter or vice versa (as in /H:W or in /W:? (assuming /W would be another parameter supported by the program)).
In a similar fashion to th... | Command-line interface | Wikipedia | 481 | 28338635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
In many areas of computing, but particularly in the command line, the space character can cause problems as it has two distinct and incompatible functions: as part of a command or parameter, or as a parameter or name separator. Ambiguity can be prevented either by prohibiting embedded spaces in file and directory names... | Command-line interface | Wikipedia | 472 | 28338635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
The earliest computers did not support interactive input/output devices, often relying on sense switches and lights to communicate with the computer operator. This was adequate for batch systems that ran one program at a time, often with the programmer acting as operator. This also had the advantage of low overhead, si... | Command-line interface | Wikipedia | 459 | 28338635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
The default VAX/VMS command shell, using the DCL language, has been ported to Windows systems at least three times, including PC-DCL and Acceler8 DCL Lite. Unix command shells have been ported to VMS and DOS/Windows 95 and Windows NT types of operating systems.
COMMAND.COM is the command-line interpreter of MS-DOS, IB... | Command-line interface | Wikipedia | 489 | 28338635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
FreeBSD uses tcsh as its default interactive shell for the superuser, and ash as default scripting shell.
Many Linux distributions have the Bash implementation of the Unix shell.
Apple macOS and some Linux distributions use zsh. Previously, macOS used tcsh and Bash.
Embedded Linux (and other embedded Unix-like) devi... | Command-line interface | Wikipedia | 192 | 28338635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
Scripting
Most command-line interpreters support scripting, to various extents. (They are, after all, interpreters of an interpreted programming language, albeit in many cases the language is unique to the particular command-line interpreter.) They will interpret scripts (variously termed shell scripts or batch files) ... | Command-line interface | Wikipedia | 421 | 28338635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
There are a number of text mode games, like Adventure or King's Quest 1-3, which relied on the user typing commands at the bottom of the screen. One controls the character by typing commands like 'get ring' or 'look'. The program returns a text which describes how the character sees it, or makes the action happen. The ... | Command-line interface | Wikipedia | 472 | 28338635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
Many PC video games feature a command line interface often referred to as a console. It is typically used by the game developers during development and by mod developers for debugging purposes as well as for cheating or skipping parts of the game. | Command-line interface | Wikipedia | 47 | 28338635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
The reticulated giraffe (Giraffa reticulata or Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) is a species/subspecies of giraffe native to the Horn of Africa. It is differentiated from other types of giraffe by its coat, which consists of large, polygonal (or squared), block-like spots, which extend onto the lower legs, tail and f... | Reticulated giraffe | Wikipedia | 408 | 41969475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticulated%20giraffe | Biology and health sciences | Giraffidae | Animals |
Classed within the infraorder Pecora, the closest extant relative of giraffes is the elusive okapi (Okapia johnstoni) of Central Africa, with both species possessing a long, black, prehensile tongue for browsing foliage as well as ossicones, the bony, horn-like skull growths on the animal’s forehead (often tipped with... | Reticulated giraffe | Wikipedia | 466 | 41969475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticulated%20giraffe | Biology and health sciences | Giraffidae | Animals |
Giraffe odour
Giraffes have long been noted as having a distinctive odour that many find unpleasant. The reason for the compounds found in giraffe pelage has long been speculated as protecting the giraffe. Two highly rank smelling chemicals in reticulated giraffe hair, indole and 3-methylindole (skatole) have intense f... | Reticulated giraffe | Wikipedia | 382 | 41969475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticulated%20giraffe | Biology and health sciences | Giraffidae | Animals |
Reproduction
Females display reproductive receptivity by emitting odor from their vaginal area and hindparts. The estrous cycle of a female is about 15 days. A male can enhance this scent by curling its lip which assists in bringing the odor to the vomeronasal organ of the giraffe. Dominant males will guard estrus fema... | Reticulated giraffe | Wikipedia | 481 | 41969475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticulated%20giraffe | Biology and health sciences | Giraffidae | Animals |
Few zoos or parks keep distinct, separate herds of Masai, Rothschild's and reticulated giraffes; all three can be seen at the San Diego Zoo (California) and its second facility, the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, while the Bronx Zoo (New York), Wildlife Safari (Oregon) and the UK’s Chester Zoo have solely Rothschild's gira... | Reticulated giraffe | Wikipedia | 140 | 41969475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticulated%20giraffe | Biology and health sciences | Giraffidae | Animals |
The Dassault Rafale (, literally meaning "gust of wind", or "burst of fire" in a more military sense) is a French twin-engine, canard delta wing, multirole fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault Aviation. Equipped with a wide range of weapons, the Rafale is intended to perform air supremacy, interdiction, aeri... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 416 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
Introduced in 2001, the Rafale is being produced for both the French Air Force and for carrier-based operations in the French Navy. It has been marketed for export to several countries, and was selected for purchase by the Egyptian Air Force, the Indian Air Force, the Indian Navy, the Qatar Air Force, the Hellenic Air ... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 471 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
There was little common ground between France and the other members of this project, but by 1983, the five countries had agreed on a European Staff Target for a future fighter. Nevertheless, differences persisted, and so France withdrew from the multilateral talks in July 1985 to preserve the technological independence... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 307 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
Demonstration
At the same time as the multinational talks were occurring, Dassault-Breguet had been busy designing its Avion de Combat Experimental (ACX). During late 1978, prior to France's joining of the ECA, Dassault received contracts for the development of project ACT 92 (Avion de Combat Tactique, meaning "Tactica... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 324 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
Construction of the Rafale A (ACX) technology demonstrator started in 1984. It had a length of , a wingspan of , and a empty weight. The austere aircraft lacked in major subsystems, and had the minimal cockpit systems and a fly-by-wire flight control system for the validation of the design's basic airframe-engine layo... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 387 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
The early successful demonstration programme increased French industry and government confidence in the viability of a full-scale development programme for the Rafale. In June 1987, French prime minister Jacques Chirac declared that the government would proceed with the project. A contract for four pre-production aircr... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 448 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
The first of two Rafale M (maritime, "naval") prototypes, M01, made its maiden flight on 12 December 1991, followed by the second on 8 November 1993. These aircraft differed from the air force variants in having reinforced structure to allow the aircraft to operate aboard ships, and provision for a tail hook and an in-... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 501 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
Production of the first aircraft series formally started in December 1992, but was suspended in November 1995 due to political and economic uncertainty, and resumed in January 1997 after the Ministry of Defence and Dassault agreed on a 48-aircraft (28 firm and 20 options) production run with delivery between 2002 and 2... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 510 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
Upgrades and replacement
The Rafale has been designed with an open software architecture that facilitates straightforward upgrades. Dassault and its industry partners have therefore undertaken continuous tests and development primarily aimed at progressively improving the aircraft's sensors and avionics, and to allow a... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 467 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
Overview
The Rafale was developed as a modern jet fighter with a very high level of agility; Dassault chose to combine a delta wing with active close-coupled canard to maximize manoeuvrability. The aircraft is capable of withstanding from −3.6 g to 9 g (10.5 g on Rafale solo display and a maximum of 11g can be reached ... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 512 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
Cockpit
The Rafale's glass cockpit was designed around the principle of data fusion—a central computer selects and prioritises information to display to pilots for simpler command and control. For displaying information gathered from a range of sensors across the aircraft, the cockpit features a wide-angle holographic ... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 374 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
In the area of life support, the Rafale is fitted with a Martin-Baker Mark 16F "zero-zero" ejection seat, capable of operation at zero speed and zero altitude. An on-board oxygen generating system, developed by Air Liquide, eliminates the need to carry bulky oxygen canisters. The Rafale's flight computer has been progr... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 428 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
The Rafale's ground attack capability is heavily reliant upon sensory targeting pods, such as Thales Optronics's Reco New Generation/Areos reconnaissance pod and Damocles electro-optical/laser designation pod. Together, these systems provide targeting information, enable tactical reconnaissance missions, and are integr... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 465 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
The RBE2 AA active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar now replaces the previous passively scanned RBE2. The RBE2 AA is reported to deliver a greater detection range of 200 km, improved reliability and reduced maintenance demands over the preceding radar. A Rafale demonstrator began test flights in 2002 and has t... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 483 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
F3 standard Rafales are capable of undertaking many different mission roles with a range of equipment, namely air defence/superiority missions with Mica IR and EM air-to-air missiles, and precision ground attacks typically using SCALP EG cruise missiles and AASM Hammer air-to-surface missiles. In addition, anti-shippin... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 469 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
Qualification of the M88-2 engine ended in 1996 and the first production engine was delivered by the end of the year. Due to delays in engine production, the Rafale A demonstrator was initially powered by the General Electric F404 engine. In May 2010, a Rafale flew for the first time with the M88-4E engine, an upgraded... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 423 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
In 2002, the Rafales were first deployed to a combat zone; seven Rafale Ms embarked aboard Charles de Gaulle of the French Navy during "Mission Héraclès", the French participation in "Operation Enduring Freedom". They flew from the aircraft carrier over Afghanistan, but the F1 standard precluded air-to-ground missions ... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 478 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
In April 2005, the Air Force received its first three F2 standard Rafale Bs at the Centre d'expertise aérienne militaire (CEAM, i.e. the Military Air Expertise Centre) at Mont-de-Marsan, where they were tasked to undertake operational evaluation and pilot conversion training. By this time, it was expected that Escadron... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 453 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
Rafales typically conducted six-hour sorties over Libyan airspace, armed with four MICA air-to-air missiles, four or six AASM "Hammer" bombs, a Thales Damoclès targeting pod and two drop tanks. Each sortie needed multiple aerial refuelling operations from coalition tanker aircraft. The AASM precision-guidance weapon sy... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 429 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
In September 2014, Rafales started reconnaissance missions over Iraq for Opération Chammal, France's contribution to the international effort to combat IS militants. Six Rafales were initially tasked with identifying IS positions in support of US airstrikes, flying from Al Dhafra Air Base, UAE. On 18 September, Rafales... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 312 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
On 16 February 2015, Egypt became the Rafale's first international customer when it officially ordered 24 Rafales, as part of a larger deal, including a FREMM multipurpose frigate and missiles, worth US$5.9 billion (€5.2 billion). The order comprised 8 single-seat models and 16 two-seaters. In July 2015, a ceremony mar... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 386 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
The Qatar Emiri Air Force evaluated the Rafale alongside the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, the Boeing F-15E, the Eurofighter Typhoon and the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II to replace its Dassault Mirage 2000-5 fleet. In June 2014, Dassault claimed it was close to signing a contract with Qatar for 72 Rafales. On 30 ... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 436 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
The deal stalled due to disagreements over local production; Dassault refused responsibility for the 108 HAL-manufactured Rafales, holding reservations over HAL's ability to accommodate the complex manufacturing and technology transfers; instead, Dassault said it would have to negotiate two separate production contract... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 387 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
The Indian National Congress raised an issue over Dassault partnering with Anil Ambani's Reliance Defence, now known as Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited (R-Naval), a private company with no aviation experience, instead of the state owned HAL. Allegedly, Dassault lacked any choice and was compelled to select Relia... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 370 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
In June 2024, IAF sent a contingent to the second edition Red Flag – Alaska 2024 exercise which was conducted from 4 June to 14 June in Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska. The Indian contingent consisted of Rafales, one Il-78MKI mid-air refueller and a C-17 heavy transport aircraft. The exercise focused on Beyond Visual Ra... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 459 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
In January 2017, Indian Navy released an Request for Information for its Multi-Role Carrier Borne Fighter (MRCBF) programme to form a fighter wing for . Dassault CEO Eric Trappier stated that the Indian Navy may order up to 57 Rafales under MRCBF. The numbers were later reduced to 26 jets and was announced to be an int... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 511 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
As of 29 September 2024, Dassault has submitted its final price offer for the 26 aircraft to the Navy which is significantly less than the previous estimates. The naval jets will be equipped with Meteor missiles, anti-ship systems and long-range fuel tanks in addition to the advanced weapon systems and sensor suites in... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 363 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
In January 2021, the Hellenic Parliament ratified the agreement with Dassault for the purchase of six new built and 12 used F3-R aircraft formerly used by the Armée de l'Air at a total cost of €2.4 billion, including armaments and ground support. The inter-governmental agreement was signed on 25 January 2021 by the Def... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 428 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
Indonesia
In January 2020, the Indonesian government expressed interest in buying up to 48 Rafales to modernise the Indonesian Air Force. In February 2021, Indonesia's Minister of Defense Prabowo Subianto announced that the purchase of 36 units, as part of a large procurement programme including A330 tankers and comple... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 444 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
United Arab Emirates
In 2009, the United Arab Emirates Air Force was interested in an upgraded Rafale with more powerful engines and radar, and advanced air-to-air missiles. In October 2011, Dassault was confident that a US$10 billion deal for up to 60 Rafales would be signed. However, Deputy Supreme Commander of the U... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 451 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
Brazil
On 30 October 2024, the Brazilian media reported that France's President Emmanuel Macron during his trip to Rio de Janeiro to participate the 2024 G20 summit will offer to the Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva an package of armaments, including 24 Rafales to replace the older AMX as the Brazilian Ai... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 502 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
Saudi Arabia
In February 2022, La Tribune reported that Saudi Arabia is interested in the Rafale, then reported in December 2022 that Saudi Arabia would need between 100 and 200 fighters. In October 2023, Saudi Arabian authorities officially asked the French company Dassault Aviation to send a quote and a proposed deli... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 274 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
In 2009, Belgium suggested that they may buy F-35s in the 2020s to replace Belgium's 34 F-16A/B MLU fleet. An article published in Belgian newspaper L'Avenir on 19 April 2015 speculated that, if the nuclear strike role via Belgium's Nuclear sharing policy were retained in the request for proposals, Belgium would be alm... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 467 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
The Rafale was amongst various fighters proposed to replace the Royal Canadian Air Force's McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet. In 2005, a report compiled by Canada's Department of Defence reviewing aircraft noted concerns over the Rafale's interoperability with US forces; Dassault had also been unable to confirm engine per... | Dassault Rafale | Wikipedia | 465 | 33731380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault%20Rafale | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
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