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History
There probably existed quite a few other types of projectors than the examples described below, but evidence is scarce and reports are often unclear about their nature. Spectators did not always provide the details needed to differentiate between for instance a shadow play and a lantern projection. Many did not... | Projector | Wikipedia | 398 | 28412183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projector | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
Chinese magic mirrors
The oldest known objects that can project images are Chinese magic mirrors. The origins of these mirrors have been traced back to the Chinese Han dynasty (206 BC – 24 AD) and are also found in Japan. The mirrors were cast in bronze with a pattern embossed at the back and a mercury amalgam laid ove... | Projector | Wikipedia | 334 | 28412183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projector | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
In France, similar lanterns were known as "lanterne vive" (bright or living lantern) in Medieval times. and as "lanterne tournante" since the 18th century. An early variation was described in 1584 by Jean Prevost in his small octavo book La Premiere partie des subtiles et plaisantes inventions. In his "lanterne", cut-o... | Projector | Wikipedia | 449 | 28412183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projector | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
Concave mirrors
The inverted real image of an object reflected by a concave mirror can appear at the focal point in front of the mirror. In a construction with an object at the bottom of two opposing concave mirrors (parabolic reflectors) on top of each other, the top one with an opening in its center, the reflected im... | Projector | Wikipedia | 451 | 28412183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projector | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
In his Three Books of Occult Philosophy (1531–1533) Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa claimed that it was possible to project "images artificially painted, or written letters" onto the surface of the Moon with the means of moonbeams and their "resemblances being multiplied in the air". Pythagoras would have often performed th... | Projector | Wikipedia | 348 | 28412183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projector | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
The 1645 first edition of German Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher's book Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae included a description of his invention, the steganographic mirror: a primitive projection system with a focusing lens and text or pictures painted on a concave mirror reflecting sunlight, mostly intended for long distan... | Projector | Wikipedia | 508 | 28412183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projector | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
A few years before his death in 1736 Polish-German-Dutch physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit reportedly constructed a solar microscope, which was a combination of the compound microscope with camera obscura projection. It needed bright sunlight as a light source to project a clear magnified image of transparent objects... | Projector | Wikipedia | 400 | 28412183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projector | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
Known equally, though later, as a solar enlarger, the solar camera is a photographic application of the solar microscope and an ancestor of the darkroom enlarger, and was used, mostly by portrait photographers and as an aid to portrait artists, in the mid-to-late 19th century to make photographic enlargements from nega... | Projector | Wikipedia | 442 | 28412183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projector | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
Digital cameras had become commercialised by 1990, and in 1997 Microsoft PowerPoint was updated to include image files, accelerating the transition from 35 mm slides to digital images, and thus digital projectors, in pedagogy and training. Production of all Kodak Carousel slide projectors ceased in 2004, and in 2009 m... | Projector | Wikipedia | 115 | 28412183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projector | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
Westerhout 40 or W40 (also designated Sharpless 64, Sh2-64, or RCW 174) is a star-forming region in the Milky Way located in the constellation Serpens. In this region, interstellar gas forming a diffuse nebula surrounds a cluster of several hundred new-born stars. The distance to W40 is 436 ± 9 pc (1420 ± 30 light year... | Westerhout 40 | Wikipedia | 493 | 45338795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerhout%2040 | Physical sciences | Notable nebulae | Astronomy |
In W40, feedback from the star cluster has ionized some of the gas and blown a bipolar bubble in the cloud around the cluster. Such feedback effects may trigger further star-formation but can also lead to the eventual destruction of the molecular cloud and an end of star-formation activity.
Star cluster
A cluster of ... | Westerhout 40 | Wikipedia | 511 | 45338795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerhout%2040 | Physical sciences | Notable nebulae | Astronomy |
It was in this region where the striking prevalence of filamentary cloud structures seen by ESA's Herschel Space Observatory was first noted. These filaments of cloud have dense "cores" of gas embedded within them—many of which are likely to gravitationally collapse and form stars. The Herschel results for this region,... | Westerhout 40 | Wikipedia | 273 | 45338795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerhout%2040 | Physical sciences | Notable nebulae | Astronomy |
Hunger is a sensation that motivates the consumption of food. The sensation of hunger typically manifests after only a few hours without eating and is generally considered to be unpleasant. Satiety occurs between 5 and 20 minutes after eating. There are several theories about how the feeling of hunger arises. The desir... | Hunger (physiology) | Wikipedia | 479 | 25190904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger%20%28physiology%29 | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
Short-term regulation of hunger and food intake
Short-term regulation of hunger and food intake involves neural signals from the GI tract, blood levels of nutrients, GI tract hormones, and psychological factors.
Neural signals from the GI tract
One method that the brain uses to evaluate the contents of the gut is thro... | Hunger (physiology) | Wikipedia | 506 | 25190904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger%20%28physiology%29 | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
Effector
The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, a part of the brain, is the main regulatory organ for the human appetite. Many brain neurotransmitters affect appetite, especially dopamine and serotonin. Dopamine acts primarily through the reward centers of the brain, whereas serotonin primarily acts through effects ... | Hunger (physiology) | Wikipedia | 510 | 25190904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger%20%28physiology%29 | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
Leptin, a hormone secreted exclusively by adipose cells in response to an increase in body fat mass, is an important component in the regulation of long term hunger and food intake. Leptin serves as the brain's indicator of the body's total energy stores. When leptin levels rise in the bloodstream they bind to receptor... | Hunger (physiology) | Wikipedia | 446 | 25190904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger%20%28physiology%29 | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
The current epidemic of obesity and eating disorders undermines these theories.
The set point theories of hunger and eating are inconsistent with basic evolutionary pressures related to hunger and eating as they are currently understood.
Major predictions of the set point theories of hunger and eating have not been con... | Hunger (physiology) | Wikipedia | 375 | 25190904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger%20%28physiology%29 | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
A concept of food noise or food chatter has gotten more attention in the early 2020s since the advent of antiobesity indications for a class of medications called GLP1 agonists (such as semaglutide). Food noise is a mental preoccupation with food in general (as opposed to one specific food) that is largely independent ... | Hunger (physiology) | Wikipedia | 197 | 25190904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger%20%28physiology%29 | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
Climate change has resulted in an increase in temperature of 2.3 °C (4.14 °F) (2022) in Europe compared to pre-industrial levels. Europe is the fastest warming continent in the world. Europe's climate is getting warmer due to anthropogenic activity. According to international climate experts, global temperature rise sh... | Climate change in Europe | Wikipedia | 401 | 33834771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Europe | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
In 2021, the European Parliament approved a landmark law setting GHG targets for 2050. The law aims to achieve carbon neutrality and, after 2050, negative emissions and paves the way for a policy overhaul in the European Union. Under the law, the European Union must act to lower net GHG emissions by at least 55% by 203... | Climate change in Europe | Wikipedia | 480 | 33834771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Europe | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
The EU classifies fossil gas as a "green" energy for investment purposes under the taxonomy, although it is a fossil fuel. According to Global Energy Monitor plans to expand infrastructure contradict EU climate goals.
The EU used 3,966 TWh in 2021 and Europe as a whole used 10,074 TWh in 2021.
The decline in methane ... | Climate change in Europe | Wikipedia | 436 | 33834771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Europe | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Europe is attempting to take action. The Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) was created, focusing on lowering the amount of greenhouse gas emissions through land use in Europe. Some success was seen, between 1990 and 2016, greenhouse gases emitted through agriculture in Europe decreased by 20%. However, the European... | Climate change in Europe | Wikipedia | 498 | 33834771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Europe | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
The World Meteorological Organization's State of the Climate 2021 stated that temperatures in Europe increased at more than twice the global average over the preceding 30 years–the highest increase of any continent in the world. The European Environment Agency stated that from pre-industrial times, European land temper... | Climate change in Europe | Wikipedia | 508 | 33834771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Europe | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
The summer of 2023 was the warmest on record globally, the average European temperature that summer was 0.0.83 °C above average.
Impact on flora
In the aftermath of the 2003 heat wave, researchers noted how the alpine ecosystems of Italy were affected. Namely, the heat wave "triggered a rapid expansion of vascular pl... | Climate change in Europe | Wikipedia | 484 | 33834771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Europe | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
The heat wave in summer of 2019 as of June 28, claimed human lives, caused closing or taking special measures in 4,000 schools in France only, and big wildfires. Many areas declared state of emergency and advised the public to avoid "risky behaviour" like leaving children in cars or jogging outside in the middle of the... | Climate change in Europe | Wikipedia | 472 | 33834771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Europe | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
In these talks the countries agreed that they all had a long-term goal of keeping global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius. They agreed that global emissions need to peak as soon as possible, and recognize that this will take longer for developing countries. On the subject of transparency the countries agreed tha... | Climate change in Europe | Wikipedia | 510 | 33834771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Europe | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Each member state must report land use and subsequently report compensatory measures for the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Targets for improved energy efficiency and an increased amount of renewable energy have been established. Until the year 2030, energy consumption will be improved by 32.5%.
The C... | Climate change in Europe | Wikipedia | 485 | 33834771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Europe | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
The climate commitments of the European Union are divided into 3 main categories: targets for the year 2020, 2030 and 2050. The European Union claim that its policies are in line with the goal of the Paris Agreement. The programm of response to climate change in Europe is called European Green Deal. In April 2020, the ... | Climate change in Europe | Wikipedia | 494 | 33834771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Europe | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
In July 2021 the European Union published several drafts describing concrete measures to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Those include tax on jet fuel, a ban on selling cars on petrol and diesel by 2035, border tax, measures for increase energy efficiency in buildings and renewable energy.
Climate initiatives, acc... | Climate change in Europe | Wikipedia | 468 | 33834771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Europe | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
The Netherlands has the largest share of companies that have already invested in addressing climate change in the European Union, while Lithuania has the highest share of firms planned to invest in the next three years (following 2023). Cyprus and Greece have the lowest percentage of enterprises in terms of both invest... | Climate change in Europe | Wikipedia | 352 | 33834771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Europe | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Stern report 2006
British government and economist Nicholas Stern published the Stern report in 2006. The Review states that climate change is the greatest and widest-ranging market failure ever seen, presenting a unique challenge for economics. The Review provides prescriptions including environmental taxes to minimiz... | Climate change in Europe | Wikipedia | 463 | 33834771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Europe | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
27% of companies in less developed areas report that climate change is having a big impact on their business, while 40% have a slight impact. Only 19% and 43%, respectively, of businesses in transition zones claim that climate change is significantly affecting their business. Less developed regions also have the lowes... | Climate change in Europe | Wikipedia | 466 | 33834771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Europe | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
According to the page, approximately half of the global GDP depends on nature. In Europe many parts of the economy that generate trillions of Euros per year, depend on nature. Only the benefits of Natura 2000 in Europe are €200 - €300 billion per year.
In the official page of the program From Farm to Fork is cited Fra... | Climate change in Europe | Wikipedia | 503 | 33834771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Europe | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
The forestry industry tries to mitigate climate change by boosting carbon storage in growing trees and soils and improving the sustainable supply of renewable raw materials via sustainable forest management.
Transport
In 2022, the leaders of the union agreed to ban sales of cars emitting from the year 2035.
In Dec... | Climate change in Europe | Wikipedia | 454 | 33834771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Europe | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
The majority of individuals in the eastern EU countries are relatively less positive about the influence of climate measures on the employment market. 55% of Eastern Europeans believe that measures against climate change will result in less jobs. In Western Europe, 60% of respondents believe that policies would generat... | Climate change in Europe | Wikipedia | 507 | 33834771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Europe | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
As a form of climate action, 42% of Europeans, specifically 48% of women and 34% of men, invest in second-hand clothing rather than buying new. Younger populations, aged 15 to 29, were found more likely to do so than older generations.
33% of car buyers in Europe will also opt for a petrol / diesel car when purchasing... | Climate change in Europe | Wikipedia | 493 | 33834771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Europe | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
At the beginning of the year 2020, major parties in Austria reach a deal, including achieving carbon - neutrality of the country by 2040, produce all electricity from renewable sources by 2030, making a nationwide carbon tax and making a tax on flying, what should making trains more attractive.
In 2020 the latest coal... | Climate change in Europe | Wikipedia | 450 | 33834771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Europe | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Portugal
Portugal is beginning to promote climate action and support UN Sustainable Development Goals through various projects. Portugal Blue is a collaboration formed in October 2020 by the EIB Group, Banco Português de Fomento, and the Portuguese government (via Fundo Azul) to boost investment in the blue economy. T... | Climate change in Europe | Wikipedia | 120 | 33834771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Europe | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
In agriculture, a raised field is a large, cultivated elevation, typically bounded by water-filled ditches, that is used to allow cultivators to control environmental factors such as moisture levels, frost damage, and flooding. Examples of raised field agriculture can be found among some Pre-Hispanic cultures of Latin ... | Raised field | Wikipedia | 206 | 36425227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raised%20field | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
A virtual reality headset (or VR headset) is a head-mounted device that uses 3D near-eye displays and positional tracking to provide a virtual reality environment for the user. VR headsets are widely used with VR video games, but they are also used in other applications, including simulators and trainers. VR headsets t... | Virtual reality headset | Wikipedia | 512 | 49608407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20reality%20headset | Technology | User interface | null |
Sony released the Glasstron in 1997, which has an optional positional sensor, allowing the wearer to view the surroundings, with the perspective moving as the user's head moves, giving a deep sense of immersion. These VR headsets gave MechWarrior 2 players a new visual perspective of seeing the battlefield from inside ... | Virtual reality headset | Wikipedia | 434 | 49608407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20reality%20headset | Technology | User interface | null |
In 2018, Oculus released the Oculus Go, a standalone headset running capable of running VR apps on embedded mobile computing hardware, thus not needing a PC or an inserted smartphone to operate. In June 2019, Valve released their own in-house SteamVR headset, the Valve Index. In an October 2019 report, Sony, Facebook (... | Virtual reality headset | Wikipedia | 475 | 49608407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20reality%20headset | Technology | User interface | null |
Latency requirements
Virtual reality headsets have significantly higher requirements for latency—the time it takes from a change in input to have a visual effect—than ordinary video games. If the system is too sluggish to react to head movement, then it can cause the user to experience virtual reality sickness, a kind... | Virtual reality headset | Wikipedia | 449 | 49608407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20reality%20headset | Technology | User interface | null |
The virtual reality headset allows military personnel to interact with virtual reality people to make it feel real. They can talk to one another and do varying actions to make the virtual reality world feel like they are actually in the real world. There are also disadvantages and advantages when military personnel use... | Virtual reality headset | Wikipedia | 136 | 49608407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20reality%20headset | Technology | User interface | null |
Telluric iron, also called native iron, is iron that originated on Earth, and is found in a metallic form rather than as an ore. Telluric iron is extremely rare, with only one known major deposit in the world, located in Greenland.
Introduction
With the exception of its molten core, nearly all elemental iron on Earth ... | Telluric iron | Wikipedia | 326 | 32253448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluric%20iron | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
Material properties
Telluric iron is metallic iron that formed within the Earth's mantle and crust. Although minor deposits of telluric iron have been found around the world, the west shores of Greenland hold the only known major deposits. However, these deposits may vary drastically in shape and composition, even in t... | Telluric iron | Wikipedia | 428 | 32253448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluric%20iron | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
Telluric iron is largely divided into two groups, depending on the carbon content. Type 1 is a cast-iron typically containing over 2.0% carbon, while type 2 ranges somewhere between wrought iron and a eutectoid steel. Both types tend to handle weathering in the elements very well, but tend to decompose and crumble very... | Telluric iron | Wikipedia | 489 | 32253448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluric%20iron | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
Type 2 is found as small grains mixed within basalt rock. The grains are usually 1–5 millimeters in diameter. The grains are usually found individually, separated by the basalt, although they are sometimes sintered together to form larger aggregates. The larger pieces also contain small amounts of cohenite, ilmenite, p... | Telluric iron | Wikipedia | 505 | 32253448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluric%20iron | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
Gustav Nauckhoff made an expedition to Greenland in 1871. Armed with dynamite and lifting equipment, his expedition collected three large samples of telluric iron, also believing them to be meteoric, per Nordenskiöld's examination, and brought them back to Europe for further study. These samples can be found currently ... | Telluric iron | Wikipedia | 445 | 32253448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluric%20iron | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
After the discovery in the grave at Ekaluit, Steenstrup found many large outcrops of basalt containing the type 2 iron. Since the type 2 grains are embedded within volcanic basalt that matches the underlying bedrock, Steenstrup was able to show that the iron was from terrestrial, or telluric, sources. In his report, St... | Telluric iron | Wikipedia | 487 | 32253448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluric%20iron | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
Native nickel-iron alloys with Ni3Fe to Ni2Fe occur as placer deposits derived from ultramafic rocks. Awaruite was described in 1885 from New Zealand. | Telluric iron | Wikipedia | 37 | 32253448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluric%20iron | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
In geology, the slab is a significant constituent of subduction zones.
Subduction slabs drive plate tectonics by pulling along the lithosphere to which they attach in a process known as slab pull and by inducing currents in the mantle via slab suction. The slab affects the convection and evolution of the Earth's mantl... | Slab (geology) | Wikipedia | 324 | 31248290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slab%20%28geology%29 | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science |
The fig is the edible fruit of Ficus carica, a species of small shrub in the flowering plant family Moraceae, native to the Mediterranean region, together with western and southern Asia. It has been cultivated since ancient times and is now widely grown throughout the world. Ficus carica is the type species of the genu... | Fig | Wikipedia | 492 | 26626775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | null |
The fig fruit develops as a hollow, fleshy structure called the syconium that is lined internally with numerous unisexual flowers. The tiny flowers bloom inside this cup-like structure. Although commonly called a fruit, the syconium is botanically an infructescence, a type of multiple fruit. The small fig flowers and l... | Fig | Wikipedia | 389 | 26626775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | null |
The plant tolerates seasonal drought, and the Middle Eastern and Mediterranean climates are especially suitable to it. Situated in a favorable habitat, mature specimens can grow to considerable size as large, dense, shade trees. Its aggressive root system precludes its cultivation in many urban locations, yet in nature... | Fig | Wikipedia | 443 | 26626775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | null |
Figs were widespread in ancient Greece, and their cultivation was described by both Aristotle and Theophrastus. Aristotle noted that as in animal sexes, figs have individuals of two kinds, one (the cultivated fig) that bears fruit, and one (the wild caprifig) that assists the other to bear fruit. Further, Aristotle rec... | Fig | Wikipedia | 500 | 26626775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | null |
The name Kadota name did not exist in the era of Pliny the Elder nor is it mentioned in Pliny's works. Also only 29 figs were recorded in his work; Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, English translation by John Bostock and H.T. Riley, Book XV, CHAP. 19. (18.)—TWENTY-NINE VARIETIES OF THE FIG.
The Kadota name was c... | Fig | Wikipedia | 499 | 26626775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | null |
Figs can be found in continental climates with hot summers as far north as Hungary and Moravia. Thousands of cultivars, most named, have been developed as human migration brought the fig to many places outside its natural range. Fig plants can be propagated by seed or by vegetative methods. Vegetative propagation is qu... | Fig | Wikipedia | 469 | 26626775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | null |
People of the Italian diaspora who live in cold-winter climates have the practice of burying imported fig trees to overwinter them and protect the fruiting hard wood from cold. Italian immigrants to America in the 19th century introduced this common practice in cities such as New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Toronto... | Fig | Wikipedia | 505 | 26626775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | null |
In the Northern Hemisphere, fresh figs are in season from August through to early October. Fresh figs used in cooking should be plump and soft, and without bruising or splits. If they smell sour, the figs have become over-ripe. Slightly under-ripe figs can be kept at room temperature for 1–2 days to ripen before servin... | Fig | Wikipedia | 495 | 26626775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | null |
Folk medicine
In some old Mediterranean folk practices, the milky sap of the fig plant was used to soften calluses, remove warts, and deter parasites.
Since the late 1800s, syrup of figs combined with senna has been available as a laxative.
Toxicity
Like other plant species in the family Moraceae, contact with the mi... | Fig | Wikipedia | 464 | 26626775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | null |
In the Biblical Book of Genesis, Adam and Eve clad themselves with fig leaves (Genesis 3:7) after eating the forbidden fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Likewise, fig leaves, or depictions of fig leaves, have long been used to cover the genitals of nude figures in painting and sculpture, for exampl... | Fig | Wikipedia | 502 | 26626775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | null |
Silesauridae is an extinct family of Triassic dinosauriforms. It is most commonly considered to be a clade of non-dinosaur dinosauriforms, and the sister group of dinosaurs. Some studies have instead suggested that most or all silesaurids comprised an early diverging clade or a paraphyletic grade within ornithischian d... | Silesauridae | Wikipedia | 462 | 26631468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesauridae | Biology and health sciences | Other prehistoric archosaurs | Animals |
A large phylogenetic analysis of early dinosaurs and dinosauromorphs carried out by Matthew Baron, David Norman and Paul Barrett (2017) and published in the journal Nature recovered Silesauridae as a monophyletic sister group to Dinosauria. The study also recovered the taxon Agnosphitys within the clade Silesauridae, c... | Silesauridae | Wikipedia | 354 | 26631468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesauridae | Biology and health sciences | Other prehistoric archosaurs | Animals |
In geology, particularly in mineralogy and petrology, an aggregate is a mass of mineral crystals, mineraloid particles or rock particles. Examples are dolomite, which is an aggregate of crystals of the mineral dolomite, and rock gypsum, an aggregate of crystals of the mineral gypsum. Lapis lazuli is a type of rock comp... | Aggregate (geology) | Wikipedia | 115 | 53575775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate%20%28geology%29 | Physical sciences | Terrestrial geology: General | Earth science |
Sea ice in the Arctic region has declined in recent decades in area and volume due to climate change. It has been melting more in summer than it refreezes in winter. Global warming, caused by greenhouse gas forcing is responsible for the decline in Arctic sea ice. The decline of sea ice in the Arctic has been accelerat... | Arctic sea ice decline | Wikipedia | 429 | 40659364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic%20sea%20ice%20decline | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
The Arctic Ocean is the mass of water positioned approximately above latitude 65° N. Arctic Sea Ice refers to the area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice. The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally du... | Arctic sea ice decline | Wikipedia | 454 | 40659364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic%20sea%20ice%20decline | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
January 2016's remarkable phase transition of Arctic oscillation was driven by a rapid tropospheric warming in the Arctic, a pattern that appears to have increased surpassing the so-called stratospheric sudden warming. The previous record of the lowest extent of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.31... | Arctic sea ice decline | Wikipedia | 360 | 40659364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic%20sea%20ice%20decline | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Estimating the exact year when the Arctic Ocean will become "ice-free" is very difficult, due to the large role of interannual variability in sea ice trends. In Overland and Wang (2013), the authors investigated three different ways of predicting future sea ice levels. They noted that the average of all models used in ... | Arctic sea ice decline | Wikipedia | 414 | 40659364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic%20sea%20ice%20decline | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
In 2009, a study using 18 CMIP3 climate models found that they project ice-free Arctic a little before 2100 under a scenario of medium future greenhouse gas emissions. In 2012, a different team used CMIP5 models and their moderate emission scenario, RCP 4.5 (which represents somewhat lower emissions than the scenario i... | Arctic sea ice decline | Wikipedia | 447 | 40659364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic%20sea%20ice%20decline | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Arctic sea ice maintains the cool temperature of the polar regions and it has an important albedo effect on the climate. Its bright shiny surface reflects sunlight during the Arctic summer; dark ocean surface exposed by the melting ice absorbs more sunlight and becomes warmer, which increases the total ocean heat conte... | Arctic sea ice decline | Wikipedia | 496 | 40659364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic%20sea%20ice%20decline | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Very high levels of global warming could eventually prevent Arctic sea ice from reforming during the Arctic winter. This is known as an ice-free winter, and it ultimately amounts to a total of loss of Arctic ice throughout the year. A 2022 assessment found that unlike an ice-free summer, it may represent an irreversibl... | Arctic sea ice decline | Wikipedia | 295 | 40659364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic%20sea%20ice%20decline | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Barents Sea is the fastest-warming part of the Arctic, and some assessments now treat Barents sea ice as a separate tipping point from the rest of the Arctic sea ice, suggesting that it could permanently disappear once the global warming exceeds 1.5 degrees. This rapid warming also makes it easier to detect any potenti... | Arctic sea ice decline | Wikipedia | 482 | 40659364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic%20sea%20ice%20decline | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
A 2015 study concluded that Arctic sea ice decline accelerates methane emissions from the Arctic tundra, with the emissions for 2005-2010 being around 1.7 million tonnes higher than they would have been with the sea ice at 1981–1990 levels. One of the researchers noted, "The expectation is that with further sea ice de... | Arctic sea ice decline | Wikipedia | 475 | 40659364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic%20sea%20ice%20decline | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Sea ice decline has been linked to boreal forest decline in North America and is assumed to culminate with an intensifying wildfire regime in this region. The annual net primary production of the Eastern Bering Sea was enhanced by 40–50% through phytoplankton blooms during warm years of early sea ice retreat.
Polar be... | Arctic sea ice decline | Wikipedia | 303 | 40659364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic%20sea%20ice%20decline | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Size in general is the magnitude or dimensions of a thing. More specifically, geometrical size (or spatial size) can refer to three geometrical measures: length, area, or volume. Length can be generalized to other linear dimensions (width, height, diameter, perimeter).
Size can also be measured in terms of mass, espec... | Size | Wikipedia | 435 | 43537463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Size | Mathematics | Three-dimensional space | null |
Some measures of size may also be determined by sound. Visually impaired humans often use echolocation to determine features of their surroundings, such as the size of spaces and objects. However, even humans who lack this ability can tell if a space that they are unable to see is large or small from hearing sounds ech... | Size | Wikipedia | 410 | 43537463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Size | Mathematics | Three-dimensional space | null |
Although the size of an object may be reflected in its mass or its weight, each of these is a different concept. In scientific contexts, mass refers loosely to the amount of "matter" in an object (though "matter" may be difficult to define), whereas weight refers to the force experienced by an object due to gravity. An... | Size | Wikipedia | 295 | 43537463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Size | Mathematics | Three-dimensional space | null |
Conceptualization and generalization
The concept of size is often applied to ideas that have no physical reality. In mathematics, magnitude is the size of a mathematical object, which is an abstract object with no concrete existence. Magnitude is a property by which the object can be compared as larger or smaller than ... | Size | Wikipedia | 452 | 43537463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Size | Mathematics | Three-dimensional space | null |
In poetry, fiction, and other literature, size is occasionally assigned to characteristics that do not have measurable dimensions, such as the metaphorical reference to the size of a person's heart as a shorthand for describing their typical degree of kindness or generosity. With respect to physical size, the concept o... | Size | Wikipedia | 203 | 43537463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Size | Mathematics | Three-dimensional space | null |
Puberty is the process of physical changes through which a child's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction. It is initiated by hormonal signals from the brain to the gonads: the ovaries in a female, the testicles in a male. In response to the signals, the gonads produce hormones that stimulate li... | Puberty | Wikipedia | 476 | 25211041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty | Biology and health sciences | Animal ontogeny | null |
Notable among the morphologic changes in size, shape, composition, and functioning of the pubertal body, is the development of secondary sex characteristics, the "filling in" of the child's body; from girl to woman, from boy to man. Derived from the Latin (age of maturity), the word puberty describes the physical chan... | Puberty | Wikipedia | 432 | 25211041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty | Biology and health sciences | Animal ontogeny | null |
The hormonal maturation of females is considerably more complicated than in males. The main steroid hormones, testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone as well as prolactin play important physiological functions in puberty. The production of gonadal steroids in females starts with production of testosterone, which is t... | Puberty | Wikipedia | 367 | 25211041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty | Biology and health sciences | Animal ontogeny | null |
The cause of the GnRH rise is unknown. Leptin might be the cause of the GnRH rise. Leptin has receptors in the hypothalamus which synthesizes GnRH. Individuals who are deficient in leptin fail to initiate puberty. The levels of leptin increase with the onset of puberty, and then decline to adult levels when puberty is ... | Puberty | Wikipedia | 436 | 25211041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty | Biology and health sciences | Animal ontogeny | null |
Furthermore, as physical and emotional differences set them apart from people in their same age group, early-maturing females develop relationships with older people. For instance, some early-maturing females have older malefriends, "attracted to the females' womanly physique and femaleish innocence." While having an o... | Puberty | Wikipedia | 458 | 25211041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty | Biology and health sciences | Animal ontogeny | null |
In males, testicular enlargement is the first physical manifestation of puberty (and is termed gonadarche). Testes in prepubertal males change little in size from about 1 year of age to the onset of puberty, averaging about 2–3 cm in length and about 1.5–2 cm in width. The size of the testicles is among the parameters ... | Puberty | Wikipedia | 486 | 25211041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty | Biology and health sciences | Animal ontogeny | null |
Research by Øster (1968) found that with the onset and continuation of puberty, the proportion of males able to pull back their foreskins increased. At ages 12–13, Øster found that only 60% of males were able to retract their foreskins; this increased to 85% by ages 14–15, and 95% by 16–17. He also found that 1% of tho... | Puberty | Wikipedia | 354 | 25211041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty | Biology and health sciences | Animal ontogeny | null |
In the months and years following the appearance of pubic hair, other areas of skin that respond to androgens may develop androgenic hair. The usual sequence is: underarm (axillary) hair, perianal hair, upper lip hair, sideburn (preauricular) hair, periareolar hair, and the beard area. As with most human biological pro... | Puberty | Wikipedia | 482 | 25211041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty | Biology and health sciences | Animal ontogeny | null |
Pubic hair
Pubic hair is often the second noticeable change in puberty, usually within a few months of thelarche. It is referred to as pubarche. The pubic hairs are usually visible first along the labia. The first few hairs are described as Tanner stage 2. Stage 3 is usually reached within another 6–12 months, when the... | Puberty | Wikipedia | 342 | 25211041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty | Biology and health sciences | Animal ontogeny | null |
Menstruation and fertility
The first menstrual bleeding is referred to as menarche, and typically occurs about two years after thelarche. The average age of menarche is 12½ in the United States. Most American females experience their first period at 11, 12 or 13, but some experience it earlier than their 11th birthday ... | Puberty | Wikipedia | 481 | 25211041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty | Biology and health sciences | Animal ontogeny | null |
Visual and other effects of hormonal changes
Testosterone will cause an enlargement of the clitoris and possibly has important effects on the growth and maturation of the vestibular bulbs, corpora cavernosa of the clitoris and urethral sponge.
Changes of the vulva initiated by estradiol as well as its direct effects a... | Puberty | Wikipedia | 407 | 25211041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty | Biology and health sciences | Animal ontogeny | null |
The average age at which puberty begins may be affected by ethnicity as well. For example, the average age of menarche in various populations surveyed has ranged from 12 to 18 years. The earliest average onset of puberty is for African-American females and the latest average onset for high altitude subsistence populati... | Puberty | Wikipedia | 460 | 25211041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty | Biology and health sciences | Animal ontogeny | null |
Genetic influence and environmental factors
Various studies have found direct genetic effects to account for at least 46% of the variation of timing of puberty in well-nourished populations. The genetic association of timing is strongest between mothers and daughters. The specific genes affecting timing are not yet kno... | Puberty | Wikipedia | 508 | 25211041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty | Biology and health sciences | Animal ontogeny | null |
The endocrine reproductive system consists of the hypothalamus, the pituitary, the gonads, and the adrenal glands, with input and regulation from many other body systems. True puberty is often termed "central puberty" because it begins as a process of the central nervous system. A simple description of hormonal puberty... | Puberty | Wikipedia | 392 | 25211041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty | Biology and health sciences | Animal ontogeny | null |
Major hormones
Neurokinin B (a tachykinin peptide) and kisspeptin (a neuropeptide), both present in KNDy neurons of the hypothalamus, are critical parts of the control system that switches on the release of GnRH at the start of puberty.
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) is a peptide hormone released from the hypo... | Puberty | Wikipedia | 419 | 25211041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty | Biology and health sciences | Animal ontogeny | null |
Adrenal androgens are steroids produced by the zona reticulosa of the adrenal cortex in both sexes. The major adrenal androgens are dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione (which are precursors of testosterone), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate which is present in large amounts in the blood. Adrenal androgens contrib... | Puberty | Wikipedia | 219 | 25211041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty | Biology and health sciences | Animal ontogeny | null |
Endocrine perspective
The endocrine reproductive system becomes functional by the end of the first trimester of fetal life. The testes and ovaries become briefly inactive around the time of birth but resume hormonal activity until several months after birth, when incompletely understood mechanisms in the brain begin to... | Puberty | Wikipedia | 504 | 25211041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty | Biology and health sciences | Animal ontogeny | null |
Soft-sediment deformation structures develop at deposition or shortly after, during the first stages of the sediment's consolidation. This is because the sediments need to be "liquid-like" or unsolidified for the deformation to occur. These formations have also been put into a category called water-escape structures by... | Soft-sediment deformation structures | Wikipedia | 132 | 30002195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft-sediment%20deformation%20structures | Physical sciences | Sedimentology | Earth science |
Convolute bedding forms when complex folding and crumpling of beds or laminations occur. This type of deformation is found in fine or silty sands, and is usually confined to one rock layer. Convolute laminations are found in flood plain, delta, point-bar, and intertidal-flat deposits. They generally range in size from ... | Soft-sediment deformation structures | Wikipedia | 465 | 30002195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft-sediment%20deformation%20structures | Physical sciences | Sedimentology | Earth science |
The Persian cat, also known as the Persian Longhair, is a long-haired breed of cat characterised by a round face and short muzzle. The first documented ancestors of Persian cats might have been imported into Italy from Khorasan as early as around 1620, but this has not been proven. Instead, there is stronger evidence f... | Persian cat | Wikipedia | 486 | 33876998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Cats | Animals |
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