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Albeit of unclear geographic faithfulness, the name Persian cat was eventually given to cats imported from Afghanistan, Iran, and likely some adjacent regions for marketing purposes in Europe. Persian-speakers themselves are not documented to refer to any breed of cat as "Persian cat", or . Instead, variations of , , a... | Persian cat | Wikipedia | 441 | 33876998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Cats | Animals |
This can be seen in the phylogenetic tree of cat breeds and populations. The Persian cat is depicted in red, which indicates it falls genetically in the European cat population. The modern-day Persian cat breed is genetically closest related to the British Shorthair, Chartreux, and American Shorthair. The Exotic Shorth... | Persian cat | Wikipedia | 501 | 33876998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Cats | Animals |
Champion lamented the lack of distinction among various long-haired types by English fanciers, who in 1887, decided to group them under the umbrella term "Long-haired Cats".
Traditional Persian
The traditional Persian, doll-face Persian, or moon-face Persian are somewhat recent names for a variety of the Persian bree... | Persian cat | Wikipedia | 508 | 33876998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Cats | Animals |
While the looks of the Persians changed, the Persian Breed Council's standard for the Persians remained the same. The Persian breed standard is, by its nature, somewhat open-ended and focused on a rounded head, large, wide-spaced round eyes with the top of the nose in alignment with the bottom of the eyes. The standard... | Persian cat | Wikipedia | 384 | 33876998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Cats | Animals |
The CFA set up the registration for Himalayans in a way that breeders would be able to discern a Persian with Himalayan ancestry just by looking at the pedigree registration number. This was to make it easy for breeders who do not want Himalayan blood in their breeding lines to avoid individuals who, while not necessar... | Persian cat | Wikipedia | 465 | 33876998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Cats | Animals |
In the US, there was an attempt to establish the silver Persian as a separate breed called the Sterling, but it was not accepted. Silver and golden Persians are recognized, as such, by CFA. In South Africa, the attempt to separate the breed was more successful; the Southern Africa Cat Council (SACC) registers cats with... | Persian cat | Wikipedia | 489 | 33876998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Cats | Animals |
In 2008, the Persian was the most popular breed of pedigree cats in the United States. In the UK (GCCF), registration numbers have decreased since the early 1990s and the Persian lost its top spot to the British Shorthair in 2001. As of 2012, it was the 6th most popular breed, behind the British Shorthair, Ragdoll, Sia... | Persian cat | Wikipedia | 430 | 33876998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Cats | Animals |
CFA base colours are white, black, blue, red, cream, chocolate, and lilac. There are around 140 named CFA coat patterns for which the Himalayan qualifies, and 20 for the Himalayan sub-breed. These coat patterns encompass virtually all of those recognised by CFA for cats generally. Any Persian permissible in TICA's more... | Persian cat | Wikipedia | 348 | 33876998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Cats | Animals |
TICA-recognised tabby patterns include classic, mackerel, marbled, spotted, and ticked (in two genetic forms), while other patterns include shaded, chinchilla, and two tabby-tortie variations, golden, and grizzled. Basic colours include white, black, brown, ruddy, bronze, blue ("grey"), chocolate, cinnamon, lilac, fawn... | Persian cat | Wikipedia | 432 | 33876998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Cats | Animals |
Malformed tear ducts cause epiphora, an overflow of tears onto the face, which is common but primarily cosmetic. Entropion, the inward folding of the eyelids, causes the eyelashes to rub against the cornea and can lead to tearing, pain, infection and cornea damage. This condition is not uncommon in Persians and usually... | Persian cat | Wikipedia | 412 | 33876998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Cats | Animals |
Pet insurance data from Sweden puts the median lifespan of cats from the Persian group (Persians, Chinchilla, Himalayan and Exotic) at just above 12.5 years, while most cats live until they are about 15 years old. 76% of this group lived for 10 years or more and 52% lived for 12.5 years or more. A 2015 study looking at... | Persian cat | Wikipedia | 474 | 33876998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Cats | Animals |
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common heart disease in all cats. It is likely hereditary in the Persians. The disease causes thickening of the left heart chamber, which can, in some instances, lead to sudden death. It tends to affect males and mid- to old-aged individuals. The reported incidence rate in Persian... | Persian cat | Wikipedia | 328 | 33876998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Cats | Animals |
Dermatological – primary seborrhoea, idiopathic periocular crusting, dermatophytosis (ringworm), facial fold pyoderma, idiopathic facial dermatitis, multiple epitrichial cysts (eyelids)
Ocular – coloboma, lacrimal punctal aplasia, corneal sequestrum, congenital cataract, excessive tearing, eye condition such as cherry... | Persian cat | Wikipedia | 471 | 33876998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Cats | Animals |
Such health issues affect the quality of life of many Persian cats, especially those that fall into the severe category, and raise questions about the ethics and legality of these deformity breeding programmes.As a consequence of the BBC programme Pedigree Dogs Exposed, cat breeders have also come under pressure from v... | Persian cat | Wikipedia | 397 | 33876998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Cats | Animals |
An accretion disk is a structure (often a circumstellar disk) formed by diffuse material in orbital motion around a massive central body. The central body is most frequently a star. Friction, uneven irradiance, magnetohydrodynamic effects, and other forces induce instabilities causing orbiting material in the disk to s... | Accretion disk | Wikipedia | 243 | 48400112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion%20disk | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
The most prominent accretion disks are those of active galactic nuclei and of quasars, which are thought to be massive black holes at the center of galaxies. As matter enters the accretion disc, it follows a trajectory called a tendex line, which describes an inward spiral. This is because particles rub and bounce agai... | Accretion disk | Wikipedia | 474 | 48400112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion%20disk | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
In the 1940s, models were first derived from basic physical principles. In order to agree with observations, those models had to invoke a yet unknown mechanism for angular momentum redistribution. If matter is to fall inward it must lose not only gravitational energy but also lose angular momentum. Since the total angu... | Accretion disk | Wikipedia | 354 | 48400112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion%20disk | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
α-Disk model
Shakura and Sunyaev (1973) proposed turbulence in the gas as the source of an increased viscosity. Assuming subsonic turbulence and the disk height as an upper limit for the size of the eddies, the disk viscosity can be estimated as where is the sound speed, is the scale height of the disk, and is a fr... | Accretion disk | Wikipedia | 362 | 48400112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion%20disk | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
The Shakura–Sunyaev model assumes that the disk is in local thermal equilibrium, and can radiate its heat efficiently. In this case, the disk radiates away the viscous heat, cools, and becomes geometrically thin. However, this assumption may break down. In the radiatively inefficient case, the disk may "puff up" into a... | Accretion disk | Wikipedia | 421 | 48400112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion%20disk | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
Magnetic fields and jets
Accretion disks are usually assumed to be threaded by the external magnetic fields present in the interstellar medium. These fields are typically weak (about few micro-Gauss), but they can get anchored to the matter in the disk, because of its high electrical conductivity, and carried inward to... | Accretion disk | Wikipedia | 462 | 48400112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion%20disk | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
When the accretion rate is sub-Eddington and the opacity very high, the standard thin accretion disk is formed. It is geometrically thin in the vertical direction (has a disk-like shape), and is made of a relatively cold gas, with a negligible radiation pressure. The gas goes down on very tight spirals, resembling almo... | Accretion disk | Wikipedia | 369 | 48400112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion%20disk | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
When the accretion rate is sub-Eddington and the opacity very low, an ADAF (advection dominated accretion flow) is formed. This type of accretion disk was predicted in 1977 by Ichimaru. Although Ichimaru's paper was largely ignored, some elements of the ADAF model were present in the influential 1982 ion-tori paper by ... | Accretion disk | Wikipedia | 471 | 48400112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion%20disk | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
Slim disks (name coined by Kolakowska) have only moderately super-Eddington accretion rates, M≥MEdd, rather disk-like shapes, and almost thermal spectra. They are cooled by advection, and are radiatively ineffective. They were introduced by Abramowicz, Lasota, Czerny, and Szuszkiewicz in 1988.
Excretion disk
The oppos... | Accretion disk | Wikipedia | 135 | 48400112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion%20disk | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
Emphysema is any air-filled enlargement in the body's tissues. Most commonly emphysema refers to the permanent enlargement of air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs, and is also known as pulmonary emphysema.
Emphysema is a lower respiratory tract disease, characterised by enlarged air-filled spaces in the lungs, that can v... | Emphysema | Wikipedia | 341 | 50762105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
There are four types of emphysema, three of which are related to the anatomy of the lobules of the lung – centrilobular or centriacinar, panlobular or panacinar, and paraseptal or distal acinar emphysema – and are not associated with fibrosis (scarring). The fourth type is known as paracicatricial emphysema or irregula... | Emphysema | Wikipedia | 457 | 50762105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
A sign of emphysema in smokers is a higher number of alveolar macrophages sampled from the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in the lungs. The number can be four to six times greater in those who smoke than in non-smokers.
Emphysema is also associated with barrel chest.
Types
There are four main types of emphysema, three ... | Emphysema | Wikipedia | 448 | 50762105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Panlobular
Panlobular emphysema, also called panacinar emphysema, affects all of the alveoli in a lobule, and can involve the whole lung or mainly the lower lobes. This type of emphysema is associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD or AATD), and Ritalin lung, and is not related to smoking.
Complications
Lik... | Emphysema | Wikipedia | 472 | 50762105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
HIV associated
Classic lung diseases are a complication of HIV/AIDS with emphysema being a source of disease. HIV is cited as a risk factor for the development of emphysema and COPD regardless of smoking status. Around 20 percent of those with HIV have increased emphysematous changes. This has suggested that an underly... | Emphysema | Wikipedia | 508 | 50762105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Congenital lobar
Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE), also known as congenital lobar overinflation and infantile lobar emphysema, is a neonatal condition associated with enlarged air spaces in the lungs of newborn infants. It is diagnosed around the time of birth or in the first 6 months of life, occurring more often in b... | Emphysema | Wikipedia | 450 | 50762105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
The inhalation of coal mine dust that can result in coalworker's pneumoconiosis is an independent risk factor for the development of emphysema. Focal emphysema is associated with the coal macule, and this extends into progressive centrilobular emphysema. Less commonly a variant of panlobular emphysema develops.
Silico... | Emphysema | Wikipedia | 412 | 50762105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Surgical
Where there is severe emphysema with significant hyperinflation that has proved unresponsive to other therapies, lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) may be an option. LVRS involves the removal of tissue from the lobe most damaged by emphysema, which allows the other lobes to expand and give improved function.... | Emphysema | Wikipedia | 370 | 50762105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Other surgeries
Lung transplantation – the replacement of either a single lung or both (bilateral) – may be considered in end-stage disease. A bilateral transplant is the preferred choice as complications can arise in a remaining single native lung; complications can include hyperinflation, pneumonia, and the developme... | Emphysema | Wikipedia | 402 | 50762105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
René Laennec, the physician who invented the stethoscope, used the term emphysema in his book A Treatise on the Diseases of the Chest and of Mediate Auscultation (1837) to describe lungs that did not collapse when he opened the chest during an autopsy. He noted that they did not collapse as usual because they were full... | Emphysema | Wikipedia | 170 | 50762105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Mac OS (originally System Software; retronym: Classic Mac OS) is the series of operating systems developed for the Macintosh family of personal computers by Apple Computer, Inc. from 1984 to 2001, starting with System 1 and ending with Mac OS 9. The Macintosh operating system is credited with having popularized the gra... | Classic Mac OS | Wikipedia | 386 | 46728817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic%20Mac%20OS | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
With the introduction of System 5, a cooperative multitasking extension called MultiFinder was added, which allowed content in windows of each program to remain in a layered view over the desktop, and was later integrated into System 7 as part of the operating system along with support for virtual memory. By the mid-19... | Classic Mac OS | Wikipedia | 481 | 46728817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic%20Mac%20OS | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
In January 1981, Steve Jobs completely took over the Macintosh project. Jobs and a number of Apple engineers visited Xerox PARC in December 1979, three months after the Lisa and Macintosh projects had begun. After hearing about the pioneering GUI technology being developed at Xerox PARC from former Xerox employees like... | Classic Mac OS | Wikipedia | 488 | 46728817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic%20Mac%20OS | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
In systems prior to PowerPC G3-based systems, significant parts of the system are stored in physical ROM on the motherboard. The initial purpose of this is to avoid having the OS use up most of the 128KiB RAM of the initial Macintosh—the initial ROMs were 64KiB. This architecture also allows for a completely graphical ... | Classic Mac OS | Wikipedia | 471 | 46728817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic%20Mac%20OS | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Files in most file systems used with DOS, Windows, Unix, or other operating systems have only one "fork". By contrast, MFS and HFS give files two different "forks". The data fork contains the same sort of information as a file in other file systems, such as the text of a document or the bitmaps of an image file. The re... | Classic Mac OS | Wikipedia | 464 | 46728817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic%20Mac%20OS | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
System 1.0, 1.1, and 2.0 use a flat file system named Macintosh File System (MFS). The Finder provides virtual folders that could be used to organize files, but these folders are not visible from any other application and do not exist on the disk.
System 2.0 added support for AppleTalk and the newly introduced LaserWr... | Classic Mac OS | Wikipedia | 379 | 46728817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic%20Mac%20OS | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
System Software 5
Towards the end of 1987, Apple introduced a package titled "Apple Macintosh System Software Update 5.0". For the first time, the Macintosh operating system was offered as a distinct retail product that included four 800K disks and three manuals, at a cost of US$49. The software itself was still freel... | Classic Mac OS | Wikipedia | 483 | 46728817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic%20Mac%20OS | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
On May 13, 1991, System 7 was released. It was a major upgrade over System 6, adding a significant user interface overhaul, new applications, stability improvements and many new features. Its introduction coincides with the release of and provided support for the 68040 Macintosh line. The System 7 era saw numerous chan... | Classic Mac OS | Wikipedia | 415 | 46728817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic%20Mac%20OS | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
The Apple menu, home only to desk accessories in System 6, was made more general-purpose: the user could now make often-used folders and applications—or anything else they desired—appear in the menu by placing aliases to them in an "Apple Menu Items" subfolder of the System Folder. System 7 also introduced the followin... | Classic Mac OS | Wikipedia | 499 | 46728817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic%20Mac%20OS | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Mac OS 7.6
Stability improved in PowerPC-based Macs with Mac OS 7.6, which dropped the "System" moniker as a more trademarkable name was needed in order to license the OS to the growing market of third-party Macintosh clone manufacturers. Mac OS 7.6 required 32-bit-clean ROMs, and so it dropped support for every Mac wi... | Classic Mac OS | Wikipedia | 474 | 46728817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic%20Mac%20OS | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Mac OS 8.5
Mac OS 8.5 focuses on speed and stability, with most 68k code replaced by modern code native to the PowerPC. It also improved the appearance of the user interface, although the theming feature was cut late in development.
Mac OS 9
Mac OS 9, the last major revision of the Classic Mac OS, was released on Oct... | Classic Mac OS | Wikipedia | 453 | 46728817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic%20Mac%20OS | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
The macOS architectural legacy is the successor to Mac OS 9 and the Classic Mac OS legacy. However, unlike the Classic Mac OS, it is a Unix-based operating system built on NeXTSTEP and technology developed at NeXT from the late 1980s until early 1997, when Apple purchased the company, and its CEO Steve Jobs returned to... | Classic Mac OS | Wikipedia | 399 | 46728817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic%20Mac%20OS | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
PowerPC versions of Mac OS X up to and including Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger include a compatibility layer for running older Mac applications, the Classic Environment. Originally codenamed the "blue box", the environment runs a nearly complete Mac OS 9 operating system, version 9.1 or later, as a Mac OS X application. This all... | Classic Mac OS | Wikipedia | 382 | 46728817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic%20Mac%20OS | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
A notable exception was the Executor commercial software product from Abacus Research & Development, the only product that used 100% reverse-engineered code without the use of Apple technology. It ran extremely quickly but never achieved more than a minor subset of functionality. Few programs were completely compatible... | Classic Mac OS | Wikipedia | 456 | 46728817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic%20Mac%20OS | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Other examples include ShapeShifter (by the same developer that created SheepShaver), Fusion, PearPC and . The latter ran Classic Mac OS with a PowerPC "coprocessor" accelerator card. Using this method has been said to equal or better the speed of a Macintosh with the same processor, especially with respect to the 68k ... | Classic Mac OS | Wikipedia | 159 | 46728817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic%20Mac%20OS | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
The Denisovans or Denisova hominins ( ) are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic human that ranged across Asia during the Lower and Middle Paleolithic, and lived, based on current evidence, from 285 to 25 thousand years ago. Denisovans are known from few physical remains; consequently, most of what is known abou... | Denisovan | Wikipedia | 406 | 26685803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Taxonomy
Denisovans may represent a new species of Homo or an archaic subspecies of Homo sapiens (modern humans), but there are too few fossils to erect a proper taxon. Proactively proposed species names for Denisovans are H. denisova or H. altaiensis. Chinese researchers suggest the Denisovans were members of Homo lo... | Denisovan | Wikipedia | 477 | 26685803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
The fossils of multiple distinct Denisovan individuals from Denisova Cave have been identified through their ancient DNA (aDNA): Denisova 2, 3, 4, 8, 11, and 25. An mtDNA-based phylogenetic analysis of these individuals suggested that Denisova 2 is the oldest, followed by Denisova 8, while Denisova 3 and Denisova 4 wer... | Denisovan | Wikipedia | 403 | 26685803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
In 2018, a team of Laotian, French, and American anthropologists, who had been excavating caves in the Laotian jungle of the Annamite Mountains since 2008, was directed by local children to the site Tam Ngu Hao 2 ("Cobra Cave") where they recovered a human tooth. The tooth (catalogue number TNH2-1) developmentally matc... | Denisovan | Wikipedia | 380 | 26685803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Sequenced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), preserved by the cool climate of the cave (average temperature is at freezing point), was extracted from Denisova 3 by a team of scientists led by Johannes Krause and Svante Pääbo from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. Denisova 3's mtDNA dif... | Denisovan | Wikipedia | 485 | 26685803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
The more divergent Denisovan mtDNA has been interpreted as evidence of admixture between Denisovans and an unknown archaic human population, possibly a relict H. erectus or H. erectus-like population about 53,000 years ago. Alternatively, divergent mtDNA could have also resulted from the persistence of an ancient mtDNA... | Denisovan | Wikipedia | 444 | 26685803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Based on the high percentages of Denisovan DNA in modern Papuans and Australians, Denisovans may have crossed the Wallace Line into these regions (with little back-migration west), the second known human species to do so, along with earlier Homo floresiensis. By this logic, they may have also entered the Philippines, ... | Denisovan | Wikipedia | 427 | 26685803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Denisova Cave, over time of habitation, continually swung from a fairly warm and moderately humid pine and birch forest to tundra or forest-tundra landscape. Conversely, Baishiya Karst Cave is situated at a high elevation, an area characterized by low temperature, low oxygen, and poor resource availability. Colonizatio... | Denisovan | Wikipedia | 438 | 26685803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Middle-to-Late Pleistocene East Asian archaic human skullcaps typically share features with Neanderthals. The skullcaps from Xuchang feature prominent brow ridges like Neanderthals, though the nuchal and angular tori near the base of the skull are either reduced or absent, and the back of the skull is rounded off like ... | Denisovan | Wikipedia | 454 | 26685803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Early Upper Paleolithic artefacts date to 44±5 thousand years ago in the Main Chamber, 63±6 thousand years ago in the East Chamber, and 47±8 thousand years ago in the South Chamber, though some layers of the East Chamber seem to have been disturbed. There was blade production and Levallois production, but scrapers were... | Denisovan | Wikipedia | 509 | 26685803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
The footprints comprise four right impressions and one left superimposed on one of the rights. They were probably left by two individuals. The tracks of the individual who superimposed their left onto their right may have scrunched up their toes and wiggled them in the mud, or dug their finger into the toe prints. The ... | Denisovan | Wikipedia | 486 | 26685803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
About 4% of the Denisovan genome derives from an unidentified archaic hominin, perhaps the source of the anomalous ancient mtDNA, indicating this species diverged from Neanderthals and humans over a million years ago. The only identified Homo species of Late Pleistocene Asia are H. erectus and H. heidelbergensis, thoug... | Denisovan | Wikipedia | 483 | 26685803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
In contrast, 0.2% derives from Denisovan ancestry in mainland Asians and Native Americans. South Asians were found to have levels of Denisovan admixture similar to that seen in East Asians. The discovery of the 40,000-year-old Chinese modern human Tianyuan Man lacking Denisovan DNA significantly different from the leve... | Denisovan | Wikipedia | 412 | 26685803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
In other regions of the world, archaic introgression into humans stems from a group of Neanderthals related to those which inhabited Vindija Cave, Croatia, as opposed to archaics related to Siberian Neanderthals and Denisovans. However, about 3.3% of the archaic DNA in the modern Icelandic genome descends from the Deni... | Denisovan | Wikipedia | 420 | 26685803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Proteoarchaeota is a proposed archaeal kingdom thought to be closely related and possibly ancestral to the Eukaryotes.
Classification
The phylogenetic relationship of this group is still under discussion. The relationship of the members is approximately as follows: | Proteoarchaeota | Wikipedia | 50 | 48413465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteoarchaeota | Biology and health sciences | Archaea | Plants |
In fluid dynamics Jeffery–Hamel flow is a flow created by a converging or diverging channel with a source or sink of fluid volume at the point of intersection of the two plane walls. It is named after George Barker Jeffery(1915) and Georg Hamel(1917), but it has subsequently been studied by many major scientists such a... | Jeffery–Hamel flow | Wikipedia | 486 | 53606876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffery%E2%80%93Hamel%20flow | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | Physics |
The equation takes the same form as an undamped nonlinear oscillator(with cubic potential) one can pretend that is time, is displacement and is velocity of a particle with unit mass, then the equation represents the energy equation(, where and ) with zero total energy, then it is easy to see that the potential e... | Jeffery–Hamel flow | Wikipedia | 499 | 53606876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffery%E2%80%93Hamel%20flow | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | Physics |
It is clear that everywhere except in the boundary layer of thickness . The volume flux is so that and the boundary layers have classical thickness . | Jeffery–Hamel flow | Wikipedia | 27 | 53606876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffery%E2%80%93Hamel%20flow | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | Physics |
Crab traps are used to bait, lure, and catch crabs for commercial or recreational use. Crabbing or crab fishing is the recreational hobby and commercial occupation of fishing for crabs. Different types of traps are used depending on the type of crab being fished for, geographic location, and personal preference.
Histo... | Crab trap | Wikipedia | 489 | 33895468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab%20trap | Technology | Hunting and fishing | null |
After World War II, Japanese crab vessels were competition for Alaskan king crab fishermen in the Bering Sea. Japanese crab vessels would crowd around cod boats, where king crabs devoured the fish waste. Ed Shields, a king crab fisherman was aboard a schooner at this time and recalls the Japanese encroaching on the Bri... | Crab trap | Wikipedia | 399 | 33895468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab%20trap | Technology | Hunting and fishing | null |
The Maryland crab pot is a cube, generally two cubic feet and when baited and weighted, might weigh fifteen pounds or more. Sometimes it is left on the bottom for twelve to twenty-four hours or more. The end of the nylon rope is attached to a marked floating buoy so the location can be found and the pot retrieved. The ... | Crab trap | Wikipedia | 445 | 33895468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab%20trap | Technology | Hunting and fishing | null |
Pyramids
Pyramid crab traps are flat when lying on the bottom of the seafloor, but when raised to the surface, they form the shape of a pyramid. This trap is similar to the ring crab trap because there are no walls or cage that prevents the crabs from escaping before pulling it to the surface. The benefits of the pyram... | Crab trap | Wikipedia | 491 | 33895468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab%20trap | Technology | Hunting and fishing | null |
Capacities of brewery casks were formerly measured and standardised according to a specific system of English units. The system was originally based on the ale gallon of . In United Kingdom and its colonies, with the adoption of the imperial system in 1824, the units were redefined in terms of the slightly smaller impe... | English brewery cask units | Wikipedia | 501 | 31302683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English%20brewery%20cask%20units | Physical sciences | Measurement systems | Basics and measurement |
barrel (Beer)
The beer barrel was defined as 36 ale or beer gallons until the adoption of the imperial system.
barrel (Ale) (Imperial), barrel (Beer) (Imperial)
The adoption of the imperial system saw the beer or ale barrel redefined to be 36 imperial gallons, which is exactly
or approximately .
Kilderkin
The kilde... | English brewery cask units | Wikipedia | 430 | 31302683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English%20brewery%20cask%20units | Physical sciences | Measurement systems | Basics and measurement |
firkin (Ale)
From the mid 15th century until 1688 the ale firkin was defined as 8 ale or beer gallons (36.97 litres). In 1688 the ale firkin was redefined to be ale or beer gallons (39.28 L). In 1803 ale firkin was again redefined to be 9 ale or beer gallons (41.59 L), equivalent to the beer firkin.
firkin (Beer)
Fr... | English brewery cask units | Wikipedia | 428 | 31302683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English%20brewery%20cask%20units | Physical sciences | Measurement systems | Basics and measurement |
De-extinction (also known as resurrection biology, or species revivalism) is the process of generating an organism that either resembles or is an extinct species. There are several ways to carry out the process of de-extinction. Cloning is the most widely proposed method, although genome editing and selective breeding ... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 440 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
By using cells from a closely related species to the extinct species, genome editing can play a role in the de-extinction process. Germ cells may be edited directly, so that the egg and sperm produced by the extant parent species will produce offspring of the extinct species, or somatic cells may be edited and transfer... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 471 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Not all extinct plants have herbarium specimens that contain seeds. Of those that do, there is ongoing discussion on how to coax barely alive embryos back to life. See Judean date palm and tsori.
In-vitro fertilisation and artificial insemination
In-vitro fertilisation and artificial insemination are assisted reprod... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 363 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Disadvantages of de-extinction
The reintroduction of extinct species could have a negative impact on extant species and their ecosystem. The extinct species' ecological niche may have been filled in its former habitat, making it an invasive species. This could lead to the extinction of other species due to competition... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 427 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
The first would be to use the cloning process; however, even the most intact mammoth samples have had little usable DNA because of their conditions of preservation. There is not enough DNA intact to guide the production of an embryo. The second method would involve artificially inseminating an elephant egg cell with pr... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 409 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
George Church has hypothesized the positive effects of bringing back the extinct woolly mammoth would have on the environment, such as the potential for reversing some of the damage caused by global warming. He and his fellow researchers predict that mammoths would eat the dead grass allowing the sun to reach the sprin... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 476 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
The aurochs (Bos primigenius) was widespread across Eurasia, North Africa, and the Indian subcontinent during the Pleistocene, but only the European aurochs (B. p. primigenius) survived into historical times. This species is heavily featured in European cave paintings, such as Lascaux and Chauvet cave in France, and wa... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 463 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Sometime in 2025, Tauros Programme and Rewilding Europe plan to release their aurochs into the wild in select areas of Europe and to have the species recognised as a protected wildlife species again. In 2026, these animals will be reintroduced to parts of the Scottish Highlands.
Quagga
The quagga (Equus quagga quagg... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 438 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
In December 2017, it was announced in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution that the full nuclear genome of the thylacine had been successfully sequenced, marking the completion of the critical first step toward de-extinction that began in 2008, with the extraction of the DNA samples from the preserved pouch specime... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 288 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
The passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) numbered in the billions before being wiped out due to unsustainable commercial hunting and habitat loss during the early 20th century. The non-profit Revive & Restore obtained DNA from the passenger pigeon from museum specimens and skins; however, this DNA is degraded beca... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 451 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
The Maclear's rat (Rattus macleari), also known as the Christmas Island rat, was a large rat endemic to Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean. It is believed Maclear's rat might have been responsible for keeping the population of Christmas Island red crab in check. It is thought that the accidental introduction of black... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 393 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
The Steller's sea cow was a sirenian endemic to Bering Sea between Russia and the United States but had a much larger range during the Pleistocene. First described by Georg Wilhelm Steller in 1741, it was hunted to extinction 27 years later due to its buoyancy making it an easy target for humans hunting it for its meat... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 413 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
The ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) is the largest woodpecker endemic to the United States with a subspecies in Cuba. The species numbers have declined since the late 1800s due to logging and hunting. Similar to the northern white rhinoceros, the ivory-billed woodpecker is not completely extinct, but ... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 386 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
The Yangtze giant softshell turtle (Rafetus swinhoei) is a softshell turtle endemic to China and Vietnam and is possibly the largest living freshwater turtle. Due to various factors such as habitat loss, wildlife trafficking, trophy hunting, and the Vietnam War, the species population has been reduced to only three mal... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 463 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Carolina parakeet - One of the only indigenous parrots to North America, it was driven to extinction by destruction of its habitat, overhunting, competition from introduced honeybees, and persecution for crop damages and declared extinct following the death of its final known member, Incas in 1918. Hundreds of specimen... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 98 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Great auk - A flightless bird native to the North Atlantic similar to the penguin. The great auk went extinct in the 1800s due to overhunting by humans for food. The last two known great auks lived on an island near Iceland and were clubbed to death by sailors. There have been no known sightings since. The great auk ha... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 370 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Huia – A species of Callaeidae that was native to New Zealand. It became extinct in 1907 due to overhunting from both the Māori and European settlers, habitat loss, and predation from introduced invasive species. In 1999, students of Hastings Boys' High School proposed the idea of de-extinction of the huia, the school... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 244 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Mammals
Caribbean monk seal – A species of monk seal that was native to the Caribbean. It became extinct in 1952 due to poaching and starvation caused by overfishing of its natural prey.
Bluebuck – A species of antelope that was native to South Africa. The species was hunted to extinction by 1799 or 1800 by Europeans... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 509 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Pleistocene megafauna
Irish elk – The largest deer to have ever lived, formerly inhabiting Eurasia from present day Ireland to present day Sibera during the Pleistocene. It became extinct 5-10 thousand years ago due to suspected overhunting.
Cave lion – A species of Panthera endemic to Eurasia and Northwest North A... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 399 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Steppe bison – The ancestor of all modern bison in North America, formerly endemic to Western Europe to eastern Beringia in North America during the Late Pleistocene. The discovery of the mummified steppe bison of 9,000 years ago could help people clone the ancient bison species back, even though the steppe bison would... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 179 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Woolly rhinoceros – A species of rhinoceros that was endemic to Northern Eurasia during the Pleistocene. It is believed to have become extinct as a result of both climate change and overhunting by early humans. In November 2023, scientists managed to sequence the woolly rhinoceros's genome from faeces of cave hyenas in... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 484 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Xerces blue – A species of butterfly that was native to the Sunset District of San Francisco in the American state of California. It is estimated that the species became extinct in the early 1940s due to urbanization of their former habitat. Similar species to the Xerces blue, such as Glaucopsyche lygdamus and the Palo... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 279 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Judean date palm
The Judean date palm is a species of date palm native to Judea that is estimated to have originally become extinct around the 15th century due to climate change and human activity in the region. In 2005, preserved seeds found in the 1960s excavations of Herod the Great's palace were given to Sarah Sal... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 503 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Floreana giant tortoise
The Floreana giant tortoise (Chelonoidis niger niger) is a subspecies of the Galápagos tortoise endemic to Floreana Island, Ecuador that is believed to have become extinct by 1850 due to overexploitation, predation, and habitat degradation by sailors and invasive species such as feral livestock... | De-extinction | Wikipedia | 501 | 39379960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-extinction | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Octasulfur is an inorganic substance with the chemical formula . It is an odourless and tasteless yellow solid, and is a major industrial chemical. It is the most common allotrope of sulfur and occurs widely in nature.
Nomenclature
The name octasulfur is the most commonly used for this chemical. It is systematically ... | Octasulfur | Wikipedia | 442 | 32303520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octasulfur | Physical sciences | Group 16 | Chemistry |
In the field of artificial intelligence (AI), AI alignment aims to steer AI systems toward a person's or group's intended goals, preferences, or ethical principles. An AI system is considered aligned if it advances the intended objectives. A misaligned AI system pursues unintended objectives.
It is often challenging f... | AI alignment | Wikipedia | 510 | 50785023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI%20alignment | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
Objectives in AI
Programmers provide an AI system such as AlphaZero with an "objective function", in which they intend to encapsulate the goal(s) the AI is configured to accomplish. Such a system later populates a (possibly implicit) internal "model" of its environment. This model encapsulates all the agent's beliefs... | AI alignment | Wikipedia | 395 | 50785023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI%20alignment | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
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