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The Rec. 2020 (UHDTV/UHD-1/UHD-2) color space can reproduce colors that cannot be shown with the Rec. 709 (HDTV) color space. The RGB primaries used by Rec. 2020 are equivalent to monochromatic light sources on the CIE 1931 spectral locus. The wavelength of the Rec. 2020 primary colors is 630 nm for the red primary col... | Rec. 2020 | Wikipedia | 469 | 36820307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec.%202020 | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics |
The standard says that for practical purposes, the following values of α and β can be used:
α = 1.099 and β = 0.018 for 10 bits per sample system (the values given in Rec. 709)
α = 1.0993 and β = 0.0181 for 12 bits per sample system
While the Rec. 2020 transfer function can be used for encoding, it is expected that ... | Rec. 2020 | Wikipedia | 460 | 36820307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec.%202020 | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics |
The YcCbcCrc scheme is a "constant luminance" luma-chroma representation. YcCbcCrc may be used when the top priority is the most accurate retention of luminance information. The luma component in YcCbcCrc is calculated using the same coefficient values as for YCbCr, but it is calculated from linear RGB and then gamma c... | Rec. 2020 | Wikipedia | 489 | 36820307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec.%202020 | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics |
2014
On May 22, 2014, Nanosys announced that using a quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF) a current LCD TV was modified so that it could cover 91% of the Rec. 2020 color space. Nanosys engineers believe that with improved LCD color filters it is possible to make a LCD that covers 97% of the Rec. 2020 color space.
On Se... | Rec. 2020 | Wikipedia | 493 | 36820307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec.%202020 | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics |
On March 18, 2015, Arri announced the SXT line of Arri Alexa cameras which will support Apple ProRes recording at 4K resolution and the Rec. 2020 color space.
On April 8, 2015, Canon Inc. announced the DP-V2410 4K display and EOS C300 Mark II camera with support for the Rec. 2020 color space.
On May 26, 2015, the NHK... | Rec. 2020 | Wikipedia | 511 | 36820307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec.%202020 | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics |
Rec. 2100
Rec. 2100 is an ITU-R Recommendation released in July 2016 that defines high dynamic range (HDR) formats for both HDTV 1080p and 4K/8K UHDTV resolutions. These formats use the same color primaries as Rec. 2020, but with different transfer functions for HDR use.
Rec. 2100 does not support the YcCbcCrc scheme... | Rec. 2020 | Wikipedia | 88 | 36820307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec.%202020 | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics |
Strigolactones are a group of chemical compounds produced by roots of plants. Due to their mechanism of action, these molecules have been classified as plant hormones or phytohormones. So far, strigolactones have been identified to be responsible for three different physiological processes: First, they promote the germ... | Strigolactone | Wikipedia | 423 | 55507358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigolactone | Biology and health sciences | Plant hormone | Biology |
Strigolactones were first isolated in 1966 from cotton plants, specifically from the roots. However its role in germination of other organisms was not determined until later. Previous studies with Striga lutea had already shown that root extracts from the host plants were necessary for the parasitic seed to start germi... | Strigolactone | Wikipedia | 512 | 55507358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigolactone | Biology and health sciences | Plant hormone | Biology |
Carotenoid pathway via carlactone
The biosynthetic pathway of the strigolactones has not been fully elucidated, but different steps have been identified, including the required enzymes to carry out the chemical transformation. The first step is the isomerization of the 9th chemical bond of the -carotene, changing from... | Strigolactone | Wikipedia | 441 | 55507358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigolactone | Biology and health sciences | Plant hormone | Biology |
It is still not clear how exactly carlactone is transformed into the different strigolactones identified so far, but several studies have proved that carlactone is definitely the precursor of strigolactones. This last step of the biosynthesis should involve the addition of at least two oxygen molecules to convert the c... | Strigolactone | Wikipedia | 482 | 55507358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigolactone | Biology and health sciences | Plant hormone | Biology |
Hydrolysis of strigolactone, resulting in the D-ring being covalently attached to the active site serine.
Hydrolysis of strigolactone, resulting in a free D-ring that serves as a molecular glue at the entrance of the receptor, mediating interaction with another protein.
Binding of non-hydrolyzed, intact strigolactone... | Strigolactone | Wikipedia | 424 | 55507358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigolactone | Biology and health sciences | Plant hormone | Biology |
Auxin-mediated secondary growth
It has been established that secondary growth in plant is mainly regulated by the phytohormone auxin. However, the mechanism of auxin secretion is at the same time regulated by strigolactones, thus the latter can control secondary growth through auxin. When applied in terminal buds of s... | Strigolactone | Wikipedia | 442 | 55507358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigolactone | Biology and health sciences | Plant hormone | Biology |
Because arbuscula mychorriza can form symbiotic associations with the majority of the angiosperms, and many gymnosperms, it is expected to found different strigolactones compounds distributed in a whole variety of plants. Unfortunately, while strigolactones are supposedly found in most plants, the studies done with str... | Strigolactone | Wikipedia | 389 | 55507358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigolactone | Biology and health sciences | Plant hormone | Biology |
One of the main roles of arbuscular fungi contained in symbiotic association with plants is to provide soil nutrients to the plants, especially phosphate. Thus when the phosphate in the depletion zone gets really low, the plant depend mainly in the AM fungi to fulfill its phosphate demands. Studies with tomato plants h... | Strigolactone | Wikipedia | 197 | 55507358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigolactone | Biology and health sciences | Plant hormone | Biology |
A word processor (WP) is a device or computer program that provides for input, editing, formatting, and output of text, often with some additional features.
Early word processors were stand-alone devices dedicated to the function, but current word processors are word processor programs running on general purpose compu... | Word processor | Wikipedia | 444 | 57307464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word%20processor | Technology | Computer software | null |
The only "word processing" these mechanical systems could perform was to change where letters appeared on the page, to fill in spaces that were previously left on the page, or to skip over lines. It was not until decades later that the introduction of electricity and electronics into typewriters began to help the write... | Word processor | Wikipedia | 448 | 57307464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word%20processor | Technology | Computer software | null |
Throughout the 1960s and 70s, word processing began to slowly shift from glorified typewriters augmented with electronic features to become fully computer-based (although only with single-purpose hardware) with the development of several innovations. Just before the arrival of the personal computer (PC), IBM developed... | Word processor | Wikipedia | 447 | 57307464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word%20processor | Technology | Computer software | null |
A CRT-based system by Wang Laboratories became one of the most popular systems of the 1970s and early 1980s. The Wang system displayed text on a CRT screen, and incorporated virtually every fundamental characteristic of word processors as they are known today. While early computerized word processor system were often e... | Word processor | Wikipedia | 326 | 57307464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word%20processor | Technology | Computer software | null |
The Japanese writing system uses a large number of kanji (logographic Chinese characters) which require 2 bytes to store, so having one key per each symbol is infeasible. Japanese word processing became possible with the development of the Japanese input method (a sequence of keypresses, with visual feedback, which sel... | Word processor | Wikipedia | 483 | 57307464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word%20processor | Technology | Computer software | null |
Early word processing software was not as intuitive as word processor devices. Most early word processing software required users to memorize semi-mnemonic key combinations rather than pressing keys such as "copy" or "bold". Moreover, CP/M lacked cursor keys; for example WordStar used the E-S-D-X-centered "diamond" for... | Word processor | Wikipedia | 480 | 57307464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word%20processor | Technology | Computer software | null |
Early in the 21st century, Google Docs popularized the transition to online or offline web browser based word processing. This was enabled by the widespread adoption of suitable internet connectivity in businesses and domestic households and later the popularity of smartphones. Google Docs enabled word processing from ... | Word processor | Wikipedia | 144 | 57307464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word%20processor | Technology | Computer software | null |
The law of reciprocal proportions, also called law of equivalent proportions or law of permanent ratios, is one of the basic laws of stoichiometry.
It relates the proportions in which elements combine across a number of different elements. It was first formulated by Jeremias Richter in 1791. A simple statement of the ... | Law of reciprocal proportions | Wikipedia | 434 | 42472109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20reciprocal%20proportions | Physical sciences | Reaction | Chemistry |
History
The law of reciprocal proportions was proposed in essence by Richter, following his determination of neutralisation ratios of metals with acids. In the early 19th century it was investigated by Berzelius, who formulated it as follows:
When two substances, A and B have an affinity for two others, C and D, the ra... | Law of reciprocal proportions | Wikipedia | 119 | 42472109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20reciprocal%20proportions | Physical sciences | Reaction | Chemistry |
Acid strength is the tendency of an acid, symbolised by the chemical formula HA, to dissociate into a proton, H+, and an anion, A-. The dissociation or ionization of a strong acid in solution is effectively complete, except in its most concentrated solutions.
HA -> H+ + A-
Examples of strong acids are hydrochloric ac... | Acid strength | Wikipedia | 403 | 34251640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20strength | Physical sciences | Concepts | Chemistry |
While the value measures the tendency of an acidic solute to transfer a proton to a standard solvent (most commonly water or DMSO), the tendency of an acidic solvent to transfer a proton to a reference solute (most commonly a weak aniline base) is measured by its Hammett acidity function, the value. Although these t... | Acid strength | Wikipedia | 504 | 34251640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20strength | Physical sciences | Concepts | Chemistry |
Any acid with a value which is less than about -2 behaves as a strong acid. This results from the very high buffer capacity of solutions with a pH value of 1 or less and is known as the leveling effect.
The following are strong acids in aqueous and dimethyl sulfoxide solution. As mentioned above, because the dissoci... | Acid strength | Wikipedia | 506 | 34251640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20strength | Physical sciences | Concepts | Chemistry |
The solvent (e.g. water) is omitted from this expression when its concentration is effectively unchanged by the process of acid dissociation. The strength of a weak acid can be quantified in terms of a dissociation constant, , defined as follows, where [X] signifies the concentration of a chemical moiety, X.
When a nu... | Acid strength | Wikipedia | 441 | 34251640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20strength | Physical sciences | Concepts | Chemistry |
Conjugate acid/base pair
It is sometimes stated that "the conjugate of a weak acid is a strong base". Such a statement is incorrect. For example, acetic acid is a weak acid which has a = 1.75 x 10−5. Its conjugate base is the acetate ion with Kb = 10−14/Ka = 5.7 x 10−10 (from the relationship Ka × Kb = 10−14), which c... | Acid strength | Wikipedia | 453 | 34251640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20strength | Physical sciences | Concepts | Chemistry |
Lewis acids reacting with Lewis bases in gas phase and non-aqueous solvents have been classified in the ECW model, and it has been shown that there is no one order of acid strengths. The relative acceptor strength of Lewis acids toward a series of bases, versus other Lewis acids, can be illustrated by C-B plots. It h... | Acid strength | Wikipedia | 245 | 34251640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20strength | Physical sciences | Concepts | Chemistry |
Tautavel Man refers to the archaic humans which—from approximately 550,000 to 400,000 years ago—inhabited the Caune de l’Arago, a limestone cave in Tautavel, France. They are generally grouped as part of a long and highly variable lineage of transitional morphs which inhabited the Middle Pleistocene of Europe, and woul... | Tautavel Man | Wikipedia | 418 | 34255537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautavel%20Man | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
Animal fossils were first reported from the Caune de l’Arago in 1828 by French geologist Marcel de Serres, who considered them antediluvian remains (before the Great Flood in the biblical chronology). In 1963, French archaeologist recovered stone tools, which inspired French archaeologist Henry de Lumley to continue e... | Tautavel Man | Wikipedia | 318 | 34255537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautavel%20Man | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
The skull of the Tautavel inhabitants can only be reconstructed using the crushed (and thus distorted) partial face Arago 21 and the partial parietal bone Arago 47. The actual shape of the skull before crushing was speculated using the skulls of contemporaneous European humans (that is, H. heidelbergensis). It is possi... | Tautavel Man | Wikipedia | 434 | 34255537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautavel%20Man | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
By 2014, a total of 148 human bones had been recovered from the Caune de l'Arago, including 123 teeth, 5 jawbones, 9 upper limb elements, and 19 lower limb elements. These represent 18 adults and 12 juveniles, 30 individuals in total. Based on dental development, about 30% of the specimens died between the ages of 7 an... | Tautavel Man | Wikipedia | 245 | 34255537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautavel%20Man | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
The reconstructed skull of Tautavel Man (based on Arago 21 and 47) shares many similarities with that of H. erectus s. s. These include: strongly defined brows, a receding forehead, a relatively low face, a depression between the eyebrows, post-orbital constriction, strongly defined ridges below the eye sockets, a weak... | Tautavel Man | Wikipedia | 299 | 34255537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautavel%20Man | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
The reconstructed Tautavel skull measures along its long axis. This maximum measurement is similar to that of H. erectus from Sangiran and longer than the Sima de los Huesos (SH) hominins (which are typically assigned to H. heidelbergensis), but shorter than that of Neanderthals, whose braincase was further developed.... | Tautavel Man | Wikipedia | 482 | 34255537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautavel%20Man | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
In 1983, American anthropologist Ralph Holloway estimated the brain volume as using the Arago 21 face, Arago 47 parietal, and Swanscombe occipital bone. This volume is comparable to that of Peking Man from Zhoukoudian, China, and is on the lower end of the range of variation for modern humans. Originally, Holloway the... | Tautavel Man | Wikipedia | 467 | 34255537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautavel%20Man | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
The Caune de l’Arago is currently long and varies in width, but the walls and roof have likely caved in significantly over the last hundreds of thousands of years. Excavation of the site is overseen by the IPH (Institut de Paléontologie Humaine) and the CERPT (Centre Européen de Recherche Préhistorique de Tautavel). ... | Tautavel Man | Wikipedia | 336 | 34255537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautavel%20Man | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
Throughout human occupation, the Caune de l'Arago provided access to a mountainous and riverine habitat, a plateau above, and a plain below. The plain and plateau repeatedly swung between a temperate and humid forested region dominated by pine, deciduous, and cypress trees and mediterranean plants, to a cold and dry gr... | Tautavel Man | Wikipedia | 437 | 34255537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautavel%20Man | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
Looking at the dental development of animals under two years old, it is possible to tell what time of year the animal was hunted, and thus, when the inhabitants occupied the cave. Based on this, long-term occupation was featured in bed G; intermittent occupation of a few months in beds P, J, I, F, E, and D; and short o... | Tautavel Man | Wikipedia | 230 | 34255537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautavel%20Man | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
About 63% of the tools are large stone shards, 32% retouched tools, 3% lithic cores, and 2% macro-tools. Excluding debris and simple chipping, smaller retouched tools make up 90% of the tool assemblage, and macro-tools are 10%. Among these retouched tools, 36% are simple scrapers, 16% retouched notches, 11% Clactonian ... | Tautavel Man | Wikipedia | 461 | 34255537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautavel%20Man | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
Evidence of fire is present in only the upper part of bed C, dating to roughly 400,000 years ago. Similarly, the archaeological record reports sparse and infrequent fire usage until around 400,000 years ago, which may correlate with the true domestication of fire and the invention of fire-starting technology, or simply... | Tautavel Man | Wikipedia | 228 | 34255537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautavel%20Man | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
A geological contact is a boundary which separates one rock body from another. A contact can be formed during deposition, by the intrusion of magma, or through faulting or other deformation of rock beds that brings distinct rock bodies into contact.
The geologic subdiscipline of stratigraphy is primarily concerned wit... | Contact (geology) | Wikipedia | 436 | 48753242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact%20%28geology%29 | Physical sciences | Stratigraphy | Earth science |
Intrusive contacts are the surfaces between host (or country) rock and an intrusive magmatic body. The older country rock is crosscut by a younger magmatic body. The nature of the intruding body depends on its composition and depth. Common examples are igneous dikes, sills, plutons, and batholiths. Depending on the com... | Contact (geology) | Wikipedia | 445 | 48753242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact%20%28geology%29 | Physical sciences | Stratigraphy | Earth science |
The GSSP for the Danian Stage marks the end of the Cretaceous and the beginning of the Paleocene Series. Located in Tunisia, the contact is described as a reddish layer at the base of a dark clay layer. This reddish layer is the Iridium Anomaly, representative of the fallout of the major impact that resulted in the mas... | Contact (geology) | Wikipedia | 73 | 48753242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact%20%28geology%29 | Physical sciences | Stratigraphy | Earth science |
The Terra Australis Orogen (TAO) was a late Neoproterozoic- to Paleozoic-age accretionary orogen that ringed the ancient, active southern margin of the supercontinents Rodinia and later Pannotia (also called Greater Gondwana). This vast orogenic belt stretched for along-strike and involved, from west to east (in the ... | Terra Australis Orogen | Wikipedia | 360 | 48754621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra%20Australis%20Orogen | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
As Gondwana was amalgamated in the Early Palaeozoic during the so-called Pan-African orogenies the TAO propagated along the southern (modern coordinates) Proto-Pacific/Iapetus margin of the supercontinent. The TAO ended with the Gondwanide orogeny. This and younger orogens covers most of the outboard margin of the ... | Terra Australis Orogen | Wikipedia | 226 | 48754621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra%20Australis%20Orogen | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
In statistics, linear regression is a model that estimates the linear relationship between a scalar response (dependent variable) and one or more explanatory variables (regressor or independent variable). A model with exactly one explanatory variable is a simple linear regression; a model with two or more explanatory v... | Linear regression | Wikipedia | 338 | 48758386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20regression | Mathematics | Statistics | null |
Linear regression has many practical uses. Most applications fall into one of the following two broad categories:
If the goal is error i.e. variance reduction in prediction or forecasting, linear regression can be used to fit a predictive model to an observed data set of values of the response and explanatory variable... | Linear regression | Wikipedia | 501 | 48758386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20regression | Mathematics | Statistics | null |
Often these n equations are stacked together and written in matrix notation as
where | Linear regression | Wikipedia | 14 | 48758386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20regression | Mathematics | Statistics | null |
Notation and terminology
is a vector of observed values of the variable called the regressand, endogenous variable, response variable, target variable, measured variable, criterion variable, or dependent variable. This variable is also sometimes known as the predicted variable, but this should not be confused with p... | Linear regression | Wikipedia | 502 | 48758386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20regression | Mathematics | Statistics | null |
is a vector of values . This part of the model is called the error term, disturbance term, or sometimes noise (in contrast with the "signal" provided by the rest of the model). This variable captures all other factors which influence the dependent variable y other than the regressors x. The relationship between the err... | Linear regression | Wikipedia | 98 | 48758386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20regression | Mathematics | Statistics | null |
Fitting a linear model to a given data set usually requires estimating the regression coefficients such that the error term is minimized. For example, it is common to use the sum of squared errors as a measure of for minimization.
Example
Consider a situation where a small ball is being tossed up in the air and t... | Linear regression | Wikipedia | 285 | 48758386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20regression | Mathematics | Statistics | null |
The following are the major assumptions made by standard linear regression models with standard estimation techniques (e.g. ordinary least squares):
Weak exogeneity. This essentially means that the predictor variables x can be treated as fixed values, rather than random variables. This means, for example, that the pre... | Linear regression | Wikipedia | 373 | 48758386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20regression | Mathematics | Statistics | null |
Constant variance (a.k.a. homoscedasticity). This means that the variance of the errors does not depend on the values of the predictor variables. Thus the variability of the responses for given fixed values of the predictors is the same regardless of how large or small the responses are. This is often not the case, as ... | Linear regression | Wikipedia | 501 | 48758386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20regression | Mathematics | Statistics | null |
, fitting the logarithm of the response variable using a linear regression model, which implies that the response variable itself has a log-normal distribution rather than a normal distribution) | Linear regression | Wikipedia | 36 | 48758386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20regression | Mathematics | Statistics | null |
Independence of errors. This assumes that the errors of the response variables are uncorrelated with each other. (Actual statistical independence is a stronger condition than mere lack of correlation and is often not needed, although it can be exploited if it is known to hold.) Some methods such as generalized least sq... | Linear regression | Wikipedia | 439 | 48758386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20regression | Mathematics | Statistics | null |
Violations of these assumptions can result in biased estimations of β, biased standard errors, untrustworthy confidence intervals and significance tests. Beyond these assumptions, several other statistical properties of the data strongly influence the performance of different estimation methods:
The statistical relati... | Linear regression | Wikipedia | 507 | 48758386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20regression | Mathematics | Statistics | null |
The meaning of the expression "held fixed" may depend on how the values of the predictor variables arise. If the experimenter directly sets the values of the predictor variables according to a study design, the comparisons of interest may literally correspond to comparisons among units whose predictor variables have be... | Linear regression | Wikipedia | 478 | 48758386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20regression | Mathematics | Statistics | null |
In the more general multivariate linear regression, there is one equation of the above form for each of m > 1 dependent variables that share the same set of explanatory variables and hence are estimated simultaneously with each other:
for all observations indexed as i = 1, ... , n and for all dependent variables index... | Linear regression | Wikipedia | 337 | 48758386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20regression | Mathematics | Statistics | null |
In cosmology, the missing baryon problem is an observed discrepancy between the amount of baryonic matter detected from shortly after the Big Bang and from more recent epochs. Observations of the cosmic microwave background and Big Bang nucleosynthesis studies have set constraints on the abundance of baryons in the ear... | Missing baryon problem | Wikipedia | 357 | 55518323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing%20baryon%20problem | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
Late universe observations
The density of baryonic matter can be obtained directly by summing up all the known baryonic matter. This is highly nontrivial, since although luminous matter such as stars and galaxies are easily summed, baryonic matter can also exist in highly non-luminous form, such as black holes, planet... | Missing baryon problem | Wikipedia | 343 | 55518323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing%20baryon%20problem | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
The Lambda-CDM model of the big bang predicts that matter between galaxies in the universe is distributed in web-like formations with a low density (1–10 particles per cubic meter) known as the Warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM). Cosmological hydrodynamical simulations from theory predict that a fraction of the miss... | Missing baryon problem | Wikipedia | 277 | 55518323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing%20baryon%20problem | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
The census of known baryons in the universe tallied to around 60% of total baryons until the resolution of the missing baryon problem. This is in distinction from composition of the entire universe which includes dark energy and dark matter of which baryonic matter composes only 5%. Around 7% of baryons exists in stars... | Missing baryon problem | Wikipedia | 292 | 55518323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing%20baryon%20problem | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect
The thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) effect occurs when photons from the CMB inverse Compton scatter off ionized gas. For detecting baryons, the ionized gas from the WHIM is scattered by the CMB photons. The y-parameter quantifies the strength of the tSZ effect and is defined as:
,
where is... | Missing baryon problem | Wikipedia | 398 | 55518323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing%20baryon%20problem | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
One claim of a solution was published in 2017 when two groups of scientists said they found evidence for the location of missing baryons in intergalactic matter. The missing baryons had been postulated to exist as hot strands between galaxy pairs in the Warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM). Since the strands are diffus... | Missing baryon problem | Wikipedia | 489 | 55518323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing%20baryon%20problem | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
A parasequence is a fundamental concept of sequence stratigraphy. Parasequences are not directly related to sequences.
Definition
A parasequence is defined as a genetically related succession of bedsets that is bounded by marine flooding surfaces (or their correlative surfaces) on top and at the bottom. The successio... | Parasequence | Wikipedia | 182 | 57313102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasequence | Physical sciences | Stratigraphy | Earth science |
Cainotheriidae is an extinct family of artiodactyls known from the Late Eocene to Middle Miocene of Europe. They are mostly found preserved in karstic deposits.
These animals were small in size, and generally did not exceed in height at the shoulders, ranging in size from those of rabbits to tragulids. For a long tim... | Cainotheriidae | Wikipedia | 406 | 42478508 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cainotheriidae | Biology and health sciences | Other artiodactyla | Animals |
Subsequently, in the course of the Oligocene, the subfamily Cainotheriinae underwent a discrete evolutionary radiation, with the rabbit-sized genera Plesiomeryx and Caenomeryx. The most specialized genus, Cainotherium, was also the last to disappear, during the middle Miocene. Even at the beginning of the Miocene, thes... | Cainotheriidae | Wikipedia | 257 | 42478508 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cainotheriidae | Biology and health sciences | Other artiodactyla | Animals |
The Sturtian glaciation was a worldwide glaciation during the Cryogenian Period when the Earth experienced repeated large-scale glaciations. , the Sturtian glaciation is thought to have lasted from c. 717 Ma to c. 660 Ma, a time span of approximately 57 million years. It is hypothesised to have been a Snowball Earth ev... | Sturtian glaciation | Wikipedia | 505 | 38265686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturtian%20glaciation | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
In 2024 researchers at the University of Adelaide and University of Sydney, using a combination of known geological formations from the Cryogenian Period and plate tectonic modelling, using EarthByte computer models, proposed the low temperature was the result of low levels of degassing along mid-ocean ridges, the res... | Sturtian glaciation | Wikipedia | 131 | 38265686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturtian%20glaciation | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
DCI-P3 is an RGB color space defined in 2005 as part of the Digital Cinema Initiative, for use in theatrical digital motion picture distribution (DCDM). Display P3 is a variant developed by Apple Inc. for wide-gamut displays.
History
Development of the standard
In 2005, Digital Cinema Initiatives, LLC in Hollywood, C... | DCI-P3 | Wikipedia | 397 | 48768598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCI-P3 | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics |
While DCI-P3 was developed by the Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI) organization, many of the relevant technical standards are published by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) such as SMPTE EG 432-1 and SMPTE RP 431-2. On November 10, 2010, SMPTE published SMPTE EG 432-1:2010, which includes a... | DCI-P3 | Wikipedia | 438 | 48768598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCI-P3 | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics |
DCI P3
Created by the Digital Cinema Initiative, DCI-P3 is designed for viewing in a fully darkened theater environment. The projection system uses a simple 2.6 gamma curve, the nominal white luminance is 48 cd/m2 (14ftL), and the white point is based on a projector with a xenon bulb, for a correlated color temperatur... | DCI-P3 | Wikipedia | 482 | 48768598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCI-P3 | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics |
Criticism
Because the P3 gamut is larger than sRGB, designs created for P3 but presented on an sRGB display without proper color management would appear less saturated. Apple suggests creating a separate set of image or color elements for each color space, sRGB and Display-P3, adding to complexity.
Accessibility issu... | DCI-P3 | Wikipedia | 133 | 48768598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCI-P3 | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics |
Prism lighting is the use of prisms to improve the distribution of light in a space. It is usually used to distribute daylight, and is a form of anidolic lighting.
Prism lighting was popular from its introduction in the 1890s through to the 1930s, when cheap electric lights became commonplace and prism lighting became... | Prism lighting | Wikipedia | 443 | 55528050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism%20lighting | Technology | Lighting | null |
Daylight redirecting window film (DRF) is a thin, flexible peel-and-stick sheet, with the optical layer generally made of acrylic. There are two types of film. Some film is moulded with tiny prisms, making a flexible peel-and-stick miniature prismatic panel. Other film is moulded with thin near-horizontal voids protrud... | Prism lighting | Wikipedia | 495 | 55528050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism%20lighting | Technology | Lighting | null |
Daylight redirecting window film was initially made of one redirecting film and one glare-reducing diffusing film, often located on different interior surfaces of a double-glazed window, but integrated single films are now available. Some daylight redirecting films reflect incoming light upwards off tiny near-horizonta... | Prism lighting | Wikipedia | 134 | 55528050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism%20lighting | Technology | Lighting | null |
A sling, also known as arm sling, is a device to limit movement of the shoulder or elbow while it heals. A sling can be created from a triangular bandage. | Sling (medicine) | Wikipedia | 35 | 55528362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sling%20%28medicine%29 | Technology | Devices | null |
In calculus and related areas of mathematics, a linear function from the real numbers to the real numbers is a function whose graph (in Cartesian coordinates) is a non-vertical line in the plane.
The characteristic property of linear functions is that when the input variable is changed, the change in the output is pr... | Linear function (calculus) | Wikipedia | 495 | 39712387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20function%20%28calculus%29 | Mathematics | Specific functions | null |
In calculus, the derivative of a general function measures its rate of change. A linear function has a constant rate of change equal to its slope , so its derivative is the constant function .
The fundamental idea of differential calculus is that any smooth function (not necessarily linear) can be closely approximat... | Linear function (calculus) | Wikipedia | 507 | 39712387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20function%20%28calculus%29 | Mathematics | Specific functions | null |
Example
Suppose salami and sausage cost €6 and €3 per kilogram, and we wish to buy €12 worth. How much of each can we purchase? If x kilograms of salami and y kilograms of sausage costs a total of €12 then, €6×x + €3×y = €12. Solving for y gives the point-slope form , as above. That is, if we first choose the amount of... | Linear function (calculus) | Wikipedia | 475 | 39712387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20function%20%28calculus%29 | Mathematics | Specific functions | null |
A mathematical constant is a number whose value is fixed by an unambiguous definition, often referred to by a special symbol (e.g., an alphabet letter), or by mathematicians' names to facilitate using it across multiple mathematical problems. Constants arise in many areas of mathematics, with constants such as and oc... | Mathematical constant | Wikipedia | 428 | 48779551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20constant | Mathematics | Basics | null |
The constant (pi) has a natural definition in Euclidean geometry as the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle. It may be found in many other places in mathematics: for example, the Gaussian integral, the complex roots of unity, and Cauchy distributions in probability. However, its ubiquity is not li... | Mathematical constant | Wikipedia | 505 | 48779551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20constant | Mathematics | Basics | null |
The numeric value of is approximately:
.
The imaginary unit
The imaginary unit or unit imaginary number, denoted as , is a mathematical concept which extends the real number system to the complex number system The imaginary unit's core property is that . The term "imaginary" was coined because there is no (real... | Mathematical constant | Wikipedia | 483 | 48779551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20constant | Mathematics | Basics | null |
Despite the ubiquity of the Euler-Mascheroni constant, many of its properties remain unknown. That includes the major open questions of whether it is a rational or irrational number and whether it is algebraic or transcendental. In fact, has been described as a mathematical constant "shadowed only and in importance.... | Mathematical constant | Wikipedia | 430 | 48779551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20constant | Mathematics | Basics | null |
Iterations of continuous maps serve as the simplest examples of models for dynamical systems. Named after mathematical physicist Mitchell Feigenbaum, the two Feigenbaum constants appear in such iterative processes: they are mathematical invariants of logistic maps with quadratic maximum points and their bifurcation dia... | Mathematical constant | Wikipedia | 430 | 48779551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20constant | Mathematics | Basics | null |
In the computer science subfield of algorithmic information theory, Chaitin's constant is the real number representing the probability that a randomly chosen Turing machine will halt, formed from a construction due to Argentine-American mathematician and computer scientist Gregory Chaitin. Chaitin's constant, though no... | Mathematical constant | Wikipedia | 469 | 48779551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20constant | Mathematics | Basics | null |
Symbolizing constants with letters is a frequent means of making the notation more concise. A common convention, instigated by René Descartes in the 17th century and Leonhard Euler in the 18th century, is to use lower case letters from the beginning of the Latin alphabet or the Greek alphabet when dealing with consta... | Mathematical constant | Wikipedia | 281 | 48779551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20constant | Mathematics | Basics | null |
"Missing link" is a recently-discovered transitional fossil. It is often used in popular science and in the media for any new transitional form. The term originated to describe the intermediate form in the evolutionary series of anthropoid ancestors to anatomically modern humans (hominization). The term was influenced ... | Missing link (human evolution) | Wikipedia | 448 | 56926421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing%20link%20%28human%20evolution%29 | Biology and health sciences | Human evolution: General | Biology |
The earliest publication that explicitly uses the term “missing link” was in 1844 in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation by Robert Chambers, which uses the term in an evolutionary context relating to gaps in the fossil record. Charles Lyell employed the term a few years later in 1851 in his third edition of Ele... | Missing link (human evolution) | Wikipedia | 400 | 56926421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing%20link%20%28human%20evolution%29 | Biology and health sciences | Human evolution: General | Biology |
The search for a fossil that connected man and ape was unproductive until the Dutch paleontologist Eugene Dubois went to Indonesia. Between 1886 and 1895 Dubois discovered remains that he later described as "an intermediate species between humans and monkeys". He named the hominin Pithecanthropus erectus (erect ape-man... | Missing link (human evolution) | Wikipedia | 411 | 56926421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing%20link%20%28human%20evolution%29 | Biology and health sciences | Human evolution: General | Biology |
Goat farming involves the raising and breeding of domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) as a branch of animal husbandry. People farm goats principally for their meat, milk, fibre and skins.
Goat farming can be very suited to production alongside other livestock (such as sheep and cattle) on low-quality grazing lan... | Goat farming | Wikipedia | 313 | 51137781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat%20farming | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
The geological history of Mars follows the physical evolution of Mars as substantiated by observations, indirect and direct measurements, and various inference techniques. Methods dating back to 17th-century techniques developed by Nicholas Steno, including the so-called law of superposition and stratigraphy, used to ... | Geological history of Mars | Wikipedia | 435 | 34298991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological%20history%20of%20Mars | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Absolute ages
On Earth, the primary method for calibrating geological ages to a calendar is radiometric dating. Combining the constraints from multiple different radioisotope systems can improve the precision in an age estimate. Using stratigraphic principles, the ages of geological units can usually only be determine... | Geological history of Mars | Wikipedia | 486 | 34298991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological%20history%20of%20Mars | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Pre-Noachian: the interval from the accretion and differentiation of the planet about 4.5 billion years ago (Gya) to the formation of the Hellas impact basin, between 4.1 and 3.8 Gya. Most of the geologic record of this interval has been erased by subsequent erosion and high impact rates. The crustal dichotomy is thoug... | Geological history of Mars | Wikipedia | 464 | 34298991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological%20history%20of%20Mars | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The Phyllocian (named after phyllosilicate or clay minerals that characterize the era) lasted from the formation of the planet until around the Early Noachian (about 4.0 Gya). OMEGA identified outcroppings of phyllosilicates at numerous locations on Mars, all in rocks that were exclusively Pre-Noachian or Noachian in a... | Geological history of Mars | Wikipedia | 359 | 34298991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological%20history%20of%20Mars | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Phase separation is the creation of two distinct phases from a single homogeneous mixture. The most common type of phase separation is between two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water. This type of phase separation is known as liquid-liquid equilibrium. Colloids are formed by phase separation, though not all phas... | Phase separation | Wikipedia | 359 | 60373549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20separation | Physical sciences | Phase separations | Chemistry |
Physical basis
Mixing is governed by the Gibbs free energy, with phase separation or mixing occurring for whichever case lowers the Gibbs free energy. The free energy can be decomposed into two parts: , with the enthalpy, the temperature, and the entropy. Thus, the change of the free energy in mixing is the sum of... | Phase separation | Wikipedia | 412 | 60373549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20separation | Physical sciences | Phase separations | Chemistry |
Earth's internal heat budget is fundamental to the thermal history of the Earth. The flow of heat from Earth's interior to the surface is estimated at 47±2 terawatts (TW) and comes from two main sources in roughly equal amounts: the radiogenic heat produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust, ... | Earth's internal heat budget | Wikipedia | 503 | 41077022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20internal%20heat%20budget | Physical sciences | Geophysics | Earth science |
Estimates of the total heat flow from Earth's interior to surface span a range of 43 to 49 terawatts (TW) (a terawatt is 1012 watts). One recent estimate is 47 TW, equivalent to an average heat flux of 91.6 mW/m2, and is based on more than 38,000 measurements. The respective mean heat flows of continental and oceanic c... | Earth's internal heat budget | Wikipedia | 348 | 41077022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20internal%20heat%20budget | Physical sciences | Geophysics | Earth science |
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