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A shrimp (: shrimp (US) or shrimps (UK)) is a crustacean (a form of shellfish) with an elongated body and a primarily swimming mode of locomotion – typically belonging to the Caridea or Dendrobranchiata of the order Decapoda, although some crustaceans outside of this order are also referred to as "shrimp".
More narro... | Shrimp | Wikipedia | 496 | 36762240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
Shrimp are swimming crustaceans with long narrow muscular abdomens and long antennae. Unlike crabs and lobsters, shrimp have well-developed pleopods (swimmerets) and slender walking legs; they are more adapted for swimming than walking. Historically, it was the distinction between walking and swimming that formed the p... | Shrimp | Wikipedia | 483 | 36762240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
Eight pairs of appendages issue from the cephalothorax. The first three pairs, the maxillipeds, Latin for "jaw feet", are used as mouthparts. In Crangon crangon, the first pair, the maxillula, pumps water into the gill cavity. After the maxilliped come five more pairs of appendages, the pereiopods. These form the ten d... | Shrimp | Wikipedia | 490 | 36762240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
Behaviour
There are many variations in the ways different types of shrimp look and behave. Even within the core group of caridean shrimp, the small delicate Pederson's shrimp (above) looks and behaves quite unlike the large commercial pink shrimp or the snapping pistol shrimp. The caridean family of pistol shrimp are ... | Shrimp | Wikipedia | 499 | 36762240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
Traditionally, decapods were divided into two suborders: the Natantia (or swimmers) and the Reptantia (or walkers). The Natantia or swimmers included the shrimp. They were defined by their abdomen which, together with its appendages was well adapted for swimming. The Reptantia or walkers included the crabs and lobsters... | Shrimp | Wikipedia | 464 | 36762240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
Other decapod crustaceans also called shrimp, are the ghost or mud shrimp belonging to the infra-order Thalassinidea. In Australia they are called yabbies. The monophyly of the group is not certain; recent studies have suggested dividing the group into two infraorders, Gebiidea and Axiidea.
Non-decapods
A wide varie... | Shrimp | Wikipedia | 466 | 36762240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
In North America, indigenous peoples of the Americas captured shrimp and other crustaceans in fishing weirs and traps made from branches and Spanish moss, or used nets woven with fibre beaten from plants. At the same time early European settlers, oblivious to the "protein-rich coasts" all about them, starved from lack ... | Shrimp | Wikipedia | 379 | 36762240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
In the 1920s, diesel engines were adapted for use in shrimp boats. Power winches were connected to the engines, and only small crews were needed to rapidly lift heavy nets on board and empty them. Shrimp boats became larger, faster, and more capable. New fishing grounds could be explored, trawls could be deployed in de... | Shrimp | Wikipedia | 379 | 36762240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
Shrimp trawling can result in very high incidental catch rates of non-target species. In 1997, the FAO found discard rates up to 20 pounds for every pound of shrimp. The world average was 5.7 pounds for every pound of shrimp. Trawl nets in general, and shrimp trawls in particular, have been identified as sources of mor... | Shrimp | Wikipedia | 456 | 36762240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
In the earlier years of marine shrimp farming the preferred species was the large giant tiger prawn. This species is reared in circular holding tanks where they think they are in the open ocean, and swim in "never ending migration" around the circumference of the tank. In 2000, global production was 630,984 tonnes, com... | Shrimp | Wikipedia | 504 | 36762240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
Shrimp are marketed and commercialized with several issues in mind. Most shrimp are sold frozen and marketed based on their categorization of presentation, grading, colour, and uniformity. Shrimp have high levels of omega-3 fatty acids and low levels of mercury. Usually shrimp is sold whole, though sometimes only the m... | Shrimp | Wikipedia | 497 | 36762240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
According to the crustacean taxonomist Tin-Yam Chan, "The terms shrimp and prawn have no definite reference to any known taxonomic groups. Although the term shrimp is sometimes applied to smaller species, while prawn is more often used for larger forms, there is no clear distinction between both terms and their usage i... | Shrimp | Wikipedia | 365 | 36762240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
Taxonomic studies in Europe on shrimp and prawns were shaped by the common shrimp and the common prawn, both found in huge numbers along the European coastlines. The common shrimp, Crangon crangon, was categorised in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus, and the common prawn, Palaemon serratus, was categorised in 1777 by Thomas Penna... | Shrimp | Wikipedia | 256 | 36762240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
Google Cloud Platform (GCP) is a suite of cloud computing services offered by Google that provides a series of modular cloud services including computing, data storage, data analytics, and machine learning, alongside a set of management tools. It runs on the same infrastructure that Google uses internally for its end-u... | Google Cloud Platform | Wikipedia | 482 | 42411494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20Cloud%20Platform | Technology | Cloud server | null |
Cloud Storage – Object storage with integrated edge caching to store unstructured data.
Cloud SQL – Database as a Service based on MySQL, PostgreSQL and Microsoft SQL Server.
Cloud Bigtable – Managed NoSQL database service.
Cloud Spanner – Horizontally scalable, strongly consistent, relational database service.
Cloud ... | Google Cloud Platform | Wikipedia | 458 | 42411494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20Cloud%20Platform | Technology | Cloud server | null |
Cloud AutoML – Service to train and deploy custom machine learning models. As of September 2018, the service is in Beta.
Cloud TPU – Accelerators used by Google to train machine learning models.
Cloud Machine Learning Engine – Managed service for training and building machine learning models based on mainstream frame... | Google Cloud Platform | Wikipedia | 311 | 42411494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20Cloud%20Platform | Technology | Cloud server | null |
Cloud Identity – Single sign-on (SSO) service based on SAML 2.0 and OpenID.
Cloud IAM – Identity & Access Management (IAM) service for defining policies based on role-based access control.
Cloud Identity-Aware Proxy – Service to control access to cloud applications running on Google Cloud Platform without using a V... | Google Cloud Platform | Wikipedia | 498 | 42411494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20Cloud%20Platform | Technology | Cloud server | null |
, Google Cloud Platform is available in 40 regions and 121 zones. This is a list of those regions and zones:
Similarity to services by other cloud service providers
For those familiar with other notable cloud service providers, a comparison of similar services may be helpful in understanding Google Cloud Platform's ... | Google Cloud Platform | Wikipedia | 59 | 42411494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20Cloud%20Platform | Technology | Cloud server | null |
April 2008 – Google App Engine announced in preview
May 2010 – Google Cloud Storage launched
May 2010 – Google BigQuery and Prediction API announced in preview
October 2011 – Google Cloud SQL is announced in preview
June 2012 – Google Compute Engine is launched in preview
May 2013 – Google Compute Engine is releas... | Google Cloud Platform | Wikipedia | 506 | 42411494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20Cloud%20Platform | Technology | Cloud server | null |
April 2019 – Google Anthos announced
November 2019 – Google Cloud Run (fully managed) General availability release
March 2020 – Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Google Cloud postponed the online streaming version of its Google Cloud Next mega-conference, two weeks after it canceled the in-person version.
October 2020 –... | Google Cloud Platform | Wikipedia | 182 | 42411494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20Cloud%20Platform | Technology | Cloud server | null |
Public Customers
Customers announced in 2023 include: Kingfisher plc, the Government of Kuwait, Deutsche Börse Group, Unity Technologies, Uber, FanCode, HackerNoon, and Daimler. | Google Cloud Platform | Wikipedia | 40 | 42411494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20Cloud%20Platform | Technology | Cloud server | null |
A cliffed coast, also called an abrasion coast, is a form of coast where the action of marine waves has formed steep cliffs that may or may not be precipitous. It contrasts with a flat or alluvial coast.
Formation
In coastal areas in which the land surface dips at a relatively steep angle below the water table, the ... | Cliffed coast | Wikipedia | 405 | 34215399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliffed%20coast | Physical sciences | Oceanic and coastal landforms | Earth science |
Rocky cliffed coast
On a rocky cliffed coast made up of material which is relatively resistant to erosion such as sandstone, limestone or granite, a flat rocky wave-cut platform or abrasion platform is formed in front of the cliff. It represents the foot of the cliff preserved at and below the level of water table. If... | Cliffed coast | Wikipedia | 507 | 34215399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliffed%20coast | Physical sciences | Oceanic and coastal landforms | Earth science |
Ictonychinae is a subfamily of the mammal family Mustelidae found mainly in the Neotropics (three species) and Africa (three species), with one Eurasian member. It includes the grisons, Patagonian weasel, striped polecats, African striped weasel, and marbled polecat. These genera were formerly included within a paraphy... | Ictonychinae | Wikipedia | 190 | 60261153 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ictonychinae | Biology and health sciences | Mustelidae | Animals |
A large quasar group (LQG) is a collection of quasars (a form of supermassive black hole active galactic nuclei) that form what are thought to constitute the largest astronomical structures in the observable universe. LQGs are thought to be precursors to the sheets, walls and filaments of galaxies found in the relativ... | Large quasar group | Wikipedia | 264 | 38199788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large%20quasar%20group | Physical sciences | Large-scale structures | Astronomy |
At a flat coast or flat shoreline, the land descends gradually into the sea. Flat coasts can be formed either as a result of the sea advancing into gently sloping terrain or through the abrasion of loose rock. They may be basically divided into two parallel strips: the shoreface and the beach.
Flat coasts consist of l... | Flat coast | Wikipedia | 313 | 34227079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat%20coast | Physical sciences | Oceanic and coastal landforms | Earth science |
The shoreface (or underwater platform) on flat coasts encompasses in its narrow sense that area which is subject to the constant action of moving water. This means that the landward boundary between shoreface and beach is the line of the average low-water mark. However this definition is not universal and frequently va... | Flat coast | Wikipedia | 449 | 34227079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat%20coast | Physical sciences | Oceanic and coastal landforms | Earth science |
Beaches are usually heavily eroded during storm surges and the beach profile steepened, whereas normal wave action on flat coasts tends to raise the beach. Not infrequently a whole series of parallel berms is formed, one behind the other. There is a consequent gradual increase in height with the result that, over time,... | Flat coast | Wikipedia | 171 | 34227079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat%20coast | Physical sciences | Oceanic and coastal landforms | Earth science |
Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a medication and hormone. As a medication, it is used to treat several conditions, including anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, asthma, and superficial bleeding. Inhaled epinephrine may be used to improve the symptoms of croup. It may also be used for asthma when other treatments are... | Epinephrine (medication) | Wikipedia | 477 | 52568792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine%20%28medication%29 | Biology and health sciences | Specific drugs | Health |
Heart problems
While epinephrine is often used to treat cardiac arrest, it has not been shown to improve long-term survival or mental function after recovery. It does, however, improve return of spontaneous circulation.
Anaphylaxis
Epinephrine is the only life-saving treatment for anaphylaxis. The commonly used epinep... | Epinephrine (medication) | Wikipedia | 462 | 52568792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine%20%28medication%29 | Biology and health sciences | Specific drugs | Health |
The most common side effects of epinephrine nasal spray include throat irritation, tingling nose (intranasal paresthesia), headache, nasal discomfort, feeling jittery, tingling sensation (paresthesia), fatigue, tremor, runny nose (rhinorrhea), itchiness inside the nose (nasal pruritus), sneezing, abdominal pain, gum (g... | Epinephrine (medication) | Wikipedia | 491 | 52568792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine%20%28medication%29 | Biology and health sciences | Specific drugs | Health |
Adverse reactions to adrenaline include palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmia, anxiety, panic attack, headache, anorexia, tremor, hypertension, and acute pulmonary edema. The use of epinephrine based eye-drops, commonly used to treat glaucoma, may also lead to a buildup of adrenochrome pigments in the conjunctiva, iris... | Epinephrine (medication) | Wikipedia | 282 | 52568792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine%20%28medication%29 | Biology and health sciences | Specific drugs | Health |
Epinephrine acts by binding to a variety of adrenergic receptors. Epinephrine is a nonselective agonist of all adrenergic receptors, including the major subtypes α1, α2, β1, β2, and β3. Epinephrine's binding to these receptors triggers several metabolic changes. Binding to α-adrenergic receptors inhibits insulin secret... | Epinephrine (medication) | Wikipedia | 479 | 52568792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine%20%28medication%29 | Biology and health sciences | Specific drugs | Health |
Extracts of the adrenal gland were first obtained by Polish physiologist Napoleon Cybulski in 1895. These extracts, which he called nadnerczyna, contained adrenaline and other catecholamines. American ophthalmologist William H. Bates discovered adrenaline's usage for eye surgeries prior to 20 April 1896. Japanese chemi... | Epinephrine (medication) | Wikipedia | 429 | 52568792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine%20%28medication%29 | Biology and health sciences | Specific drugs | Health |
Reverse genetics is a method in molecular genetics that is used to help understand the function(s) of a gene by analysing the phenotypic effects caused by genetically engineering specific nucleic acid sequences within the gene. The process proceeds in the opposite direction to forward genetic screens of classical genet... | Reverse genetics | Wikipedia | 444 | 38203359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse%20genetics | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
In some cases conditional alleles can be used so that the gene has normal function until the conditional allele is activated. This might entail 'knocking in' recombinase sites (such as lox or frt sites) that will cause a deletion at the gene of interest when a specific recombinase (such as CRE, FLP) is induced. Cre o... | Reverse genetics | Wikipedia | 429 | 38203359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse%20genetics | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
RNAi interference, specifically gene silencing, has become a useful tool to silence the expression of genes and identify and analyze their loss-of-function phenotype. When mutations occur in alleles, the function which it represents and encodes also is mutated and lost; this is generally called a loss-of-function mutat... | Reverse genetics | Wikipedia | 408 | 38203359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse%20genetics | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Vaccine synthesis
Reverse genetics plays a large role in vaccine synthesis. Vaccines can be created by engineering novel genotypes of infectious viral strains which diminish their pathogenic potency enough to facilitate immunity in a host. The reverse genetics approach to vaccine synthesis utilizes known viral genetic... | Reverse genetics | Wikipedia | 453 | 38203359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse%20genetics | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
The plasmid used in this eight-plasmid system contains three major components that allow for vaccine development. Firstly, the plasmid contains restriction sites that will enable the incorporation of influenza genes into the plasmid. Secondly, the plasmid contains an antibiotic resistance gene, allowing the selection o... | Reverse genetics | Wikipedia | 511 | 38203359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse%20genetics | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
The grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), also known as the Congo grey parrot, African grey parrot or Congo African grey parrot, is an African parrot in the family Psittacidae. The Timneh parrot (Psittacus timneh) was previously treated as a subspecies of the grey parrot, but has since been elevated to a full species.
T... | Grey parrot | Wikipedia | 506 | 42430399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%20parrot | Biology and health sciences | Psittaciformes | Animals |
Grey parrots may live for 40–60 years in captivity, although their mean lifespan in the wild appears to be shorter — approximately 23 years. They start breeding at an age of 3–5 years and lay 3–5 eggs per brood.
Distribution and habitat
The grey parrot is native to equatorial Africa, including Angola, Cameroon, the Co... | Grey parrot | Wikipedia | 500 | 42430399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%20parrot | Biology and health sciences | Psittaciformes | Animals |
Breeding
Grey parrots are monogamous breeders who nest in tree cavities. Each mated pair of parrots needs their own tree for their nest. The hen lays three to five eggs, which she incubates for 30 days while being fed by her mate. The adults defend their nesting sites.
Grey parrot chicks require feeding and care from ... | Grey parrot | Wikipedia | 449 | 42430399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%20parrot | Biology and health sciences | Psittaciformes | Animals |
Grey parrots are notorious for mimicking noises heard in their environment and using them tirelessly. They are highly intelligent birds, needing extensive behavioural and social enrichment as well as extensive attention in captivity or else they may become distressed. Feather plucking is a common symptom seen among suc... | Grey parrot | Wikipedia | 474 | 42430399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%20parrot | Biology and health sciences | Psittaciformes | Animals |
Grey parrots are more likely to have rhinitis, an inflammatory and infectious disease of the nasal cavity. Birds may exhibit signs such as wheezing, sneezing, nasal snuffling, and swelling or occlusion of the nares. Treatment options include gentle debridement and nasal irrigation.
Intelligence and cognition
Grey parr... | Grey parrot | Wikipedia | 445 | 42430399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%20parrot | Biology and health sciences | Psittaciformes | Animals |
A 2012 study demonstrated that captive grey parrots have individual musical preferences. When presented with the opportunity to choose between two different pieces of music via a touch screen monitor located in their cage, the two birds in the test consistently chose different songs, to which they then danced and sang ... | Grey parrot | Wikipedia | 385 | 42430399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%20parrot | Biology and health sciences | Psittaciformes | Animals |
Due to selection by breeders, some captive grey parrots are partly or completely red. Breeders from South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Scandinavia have bred grey parrots intensively since the 1800s. These bred varieties include the Red Pied, F2 Pied, Grizzles, Ino, Incomplete, Parino, Lutino, Cinnamon, and Red F... | Grey parrot | Wikipedia | 204 | 42430399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%20parrot | Biology and health sciences | Psittaciformes | Animals |
Cervalces is an extinct deer genus that lived during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs. Cervalces gallicus is either classified as a species of the related Libralces, or an ancestral species to other members of Cervalces. It lived in Europe from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene. Cervalces scotti, the stag-moose, lived... | Cervalces | Wikipedia | 153 | 38214506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervalces | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
The Huge Large Quasar Group, (Huge-LQG, also called U1.27) is a possible structure or pseudo-structure of 73 quasars, referred to as a large quasar group, that measures about 4 billion light-years across. At its discovery, it was identified as the largest and the most massive known structure in the observable universe,... | Huge-LQG | Wikipedia | 482 | 38220608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huge-LQG | Physical sciences | Notable patches of universe | Astronomy |
In Clowes' initial announcement of the structure, he has reported that the structure has contradicted the cosmological principle. The cosmological principle implies that at sufficiently large scales, the universe is approximately homogeneous, meaning that the statistical fluctuations in quantities such as the matter de... | Huge-LQG | Wikipedia | 446 | 38220608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huge-LQG | Physical sciences | Notable patches of universe | Astronomy |
After performing a number of statistical analyses on the quasar data, and finding extreme changes in the Huge-LQG membership and shape with small changes in the cluster finding parameters, he determined the probability that apparent clusters the size of the Huge-LQG would appear in a random assortment of quasars, by ut... | Huge-LQG | Wikipedia | 424 | 38220608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huge-LQG | Physical sciences | Notable patches of universe | Astronomy |
Carborane acids (X, Y, Z = H, Alk, F, Cl, Br, CF3) are a class of superacids, some of which are estimated to be at least one million times stronger than 100% pure sulfuric acid in terms of their Hammett acidity function values (H0 ≤ –18) and possess computed pKa values well below –20, establishing them as some of the ... | Carborane acid | Wikipedia | 398 | 39667666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carborane%20acid | Physical sciences | Specific acids | Chemistry |
As a class, the carborane acids form the most acidic group of well-defined, isolable substances known, far more acidic than previously known single-component strong acids like triflic acid or perchloric acid. In certain cases, like the nearly perhalogenated derivatives mentioned above, their acidities rival (and possi... | Carborane acid | Wikipedia | 438 | 39667666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carborane%20acid | Physical sciences | Specific acids | Chemistry |
In the gas phase, has a computed acidity of 216 kcal/mol, compared to an experimentally determined acidity of 241 kcal/mol (in reasonable agreement with the computed value of 230 kcal/mol) for . In contrast, HSbF6 (a simplified model for the proton donating species in fluoroantimonic acid) has a computed gas phase ac... | Carborane acid | Wikipedia | 410 | 39667666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carborane%20acid | Physical sciences | Specific acids | Chemistry |
Carborane acid was first discovered and synthesized by Professor Christopher Reed and his colleagues in 2004 at the University of California, Riverside. The parent molecule from which carborane acid is derived, an icosahedral carboranate anion, , was first synthesized at DuPont in 1967 by Walter Knoth. Research into th... | Carborane acid | Wikipedia | 414 | 39667666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carborane%20acid | Physical sciences | Specific acids | Chemistry |
The product was isolated by evaporation of the byproducts and was characterized by its infrared (νCH = 3023 cm−1) and nuclear magnetic resonance (δ 4.55 (s, 1H, CH), 20.4 (s, 1H, H+) in liquid SO2) spectra (note the extremely downfield chemical shift of the acidic proton). Although the reactions used in the synthesis a... | Carborane acid | Wikipedia | 323 | 39667666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carborane%20acid | Physical sciences | Specific acids | Chemistry |
The chlorinated carba-closo-dodecaborate anion is an outstandingly stable anion with what has previously been described as "substitutionally inert" B–Cl vertices. The descriptor closo indicates that the molecule is formally derived (by B-to-C+ replacement) from a borane of stoichiometry and charge [BnHn]2− (n = 12 fo... | Carborane acid | Wikipedia | 389 | 39667666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carborane%20acid | Physical sciences | Specific acids | Chemistry |
Chemical safety includes all safety policies, procedures and practices designed to minimize the risk of exposure to potentially hazardous chemicals. This includes the risks of exposure to persons handling the chemicals, to the surrounding environment, and to the communities and ecosystems within that environment. Manuf... | Chemical safety | Wikipedia | 426 | 51080574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20safety | Physical sciences | Basics: General | Chemistry |
Toxic materials may be solids in powdered or finely divided form, liquids and gases. Any of these materials may all be absorbed by inhalation, directly through the skin of by contact with mucous membranes in the nose or eyes. Some chemicals may persist in the body for substantial periods and can continue to exhibit tox... | Chemical safety | Wikipedia | 489 | 51080574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20safety | Physical sciences | Basics: General | Chemistry |
Enforcement of chemical safety is the responsibility of the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), which implements relevant sections of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, formulates regulations, provides safety advice and guidance and investigates major chemical incidents.
United States
In the US, the U.S. Chem... | Chemical safety | Wikipedia | 452 | 51080574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20safety | Physical sciences | Basics: General | Chemistry |
Waste disposal
Surplus hazardous materials often reach the waste stream , whether by being placed in the solid waste stream or being flushed away down sinks, basins or toilets. Although dilution may reduce the immediate risk, the long term environmental risk remains and can be made more serious as more hazardous materi... | Chemical safety | Wikipedia | 456 | 51080574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20safety | Physical sciences | Basics: General | Chemistry |
Material safety data sheets (MSDS)
Manufacturers provide a material safety data sheet (MSDS; also 'safety data sheet', SDS) for each hazardous chemical they produce. MSDSs are typically used and affixed by regulation at worksites handling those chemicals. An MSDS includes workplace health aspects, restrictions, emerge... | Chemical safety | Wikipedia | 135 | 51080574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20safety | Physical sciences | Basics: General | Chemistry |
Prawn is a common name for small aquatic crustaceans with an exoskeleton and ten legs (members of the order of decapods), some of which are edible.
The term prawn is used particularly in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Commonwealth nations, for large swimming crustaceans or shrimp, especially those with commercial si... | Prawn | Wikipedia | 316 | 36813475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawn | Biology and health sciences | Shrimps and prawns | Animals |
Commonwealth countries, and Ireland, tend to follow British usage. Some exceptions occur in Australia, where some authors refer to small species of the Palaemonidae as prawns and call the Alpheidae pistol shrimp. Other Australian authors have given the name banded coral shrimp to the prawn-like Stenopus hispidus and li... | Prawn | Wikipedia | 264 | 36813475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawn | Biology and health sciences | Shrimps and prawns | Animals |
In geometry, an icosahedron ( or ) is a polyhedron with 20 faces. The name comes . The plural can be either "icosahedra" () or "icosahedrons".
There are infinitely many non-similar shapes of icosahedra, some of them being more symmetrical than others. The best known is the (convex, non-stellated) regular icosahedron—o... | Icosahedron | Wikipedia | 502 | 43856084 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosahedron | Mathematics | Three-dimensional space | null |
Other stellations have more than one face in each plane or form compounds of simpler polyhedra. These are not strictly icosahedra, although they are often referred to as such.
Pyritohedral symmetry
A regular icosahedron can be distorted or marked up as a lower pyritohedral symmetry, and is called a snub octahedron, s... | Icosahedron | Wikipedia | 458 | 43856084 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosahedron | Mathematics | Three-dimensional space | null |
A regular icosahedron is topologically identical to a cuboctahedron with its 6 square faces bisected on diagonals with pyritohedral symmetry. The icosahedra with pyritohedral symmetry constitute an infinite family of polyhedra which include the cuboctahedron, regular icosahedron, Jessen's icosahedron, and double cover ... | Icosahedron | Wikipedia | 281 | 43856084 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosahedron | Mathematics | Three-dimensional space | null |
In fluid dynamics, Stokes problem also known as Stokes second problem or sometimes referred to as Stokes boundary layer or Oscillating boundary layer is a problem of determining the flow created by an oscillating solid surface, named after Sir George Stokes. This is considered one of the simplest unsteady problems that... | Stokes problem | Wikipedia | 447 | 53946357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes%20problem | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | Physics |
An important observation from Stokes' solution for the oscillating Stokes flow is that vorticity oscillations are confined to a thin boundary layer and damp exponentially when moving away from the wall. This observation is also valid for the case of a turbulent boundary layer. Outside the Stokes boundary layer – which ... | Stokes problem | Wikipedia | 486 | 53946357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes%20problem | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | Physics |
and are Kelvin functions and is to the dimensionless oscillatory Reynolds number defined as , being the kinematic viscosity.
Axial oscillation
If the cylinder oscillates in the axial direction with velocity , then the velocity field is
where is the modified Bessel function of the second kind.
Stokes–Couette flo... | Stokes problem | Wikipedia | 150 | 53946357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes%20problem | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | Physics |
A peatland is a type of wetland whose soils consist of organic matter from decaying plants, forming layers of peat. Peatlands arise because of incomplete decomposition of organic matter, usually litter from vegetation, due to water-logging and subsequent anoxia. Peatlands are unusual landforms that derive mostly from b... | Peatland | Wikipedia | 476 | 38233680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland | Physical sciences | Wetlands | Earth science |
There are two types of mire: bog and fen. A bog is a mire that, due to its raised location relative to the surrounding landscape, obtains all its water solely from precipitation (ombrotrophic). A fen is located on a slope, flat, or in a depression and gets most of its water from the surrounding mineral soil or from gro... | Peatland | Wikipedia | 471 | 38233680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland | Physical sciences | Wetlands | Earth science |
The largest accumulation of mires constitutes around 64% of global peatlands and is found in the temperate, boreal and subarctic zones of the Northern Hemisphere. Mires are usually shallow in polar regions because of the slow rate of accumulation of dead organic matter, and often contain permafrost and palsas. Very lar... | Peatland | Wikipedia | 498 | 38233680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland | Physical sciences | Wetlands | Earth science |
Peatlands have unusual chemistry that influences, among other things, their biota and water outflow. Peat has very high cation-exchange capacity due to its high organic matter content: cations such as Ca2+ are preferentially adsorbed onto the peat in exchange for H+ ions. Water passing through peat declines in nutrient... | Peatland | Wikipedia | 302 | 38233680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland | Physical sciences | Wetlands | Earth science |
Carbon storage and methanogenesis
Despite accounting for just 3% of Earth's land surfaces, peatlands are collectively a major carbon store containing between 500 and 700 billion tonnes of carbon. Carbon stored within peatlands equates to over half the amount of carbon found in the atmosphere. Peatlands interact with t... | Peatland | Wikipedia | 464 | 38233680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland | Physical sciences | Wetlands | Earth science |
Peatlands are important for studying past climate because they are sensitive to changes in the environment and can reveal levels of isotopes, pollutants, macrofossils, metals from the atmosphere and pollen. For example, carbon-14 dating can reveal the age of the peat. The dredging and destruction of a peatland will rel... | Peatland | Wikipedia | 481 | 38233680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland | Physical sciences | Wetlands | Earth science |
Tropical peatlands comprise 0.25% of Earth's terrestrial land surface but store 3% of all soil and forest carbon stocks. The use of this land by humans, including draining and harvesting of tropical peat forests, results in the emission of large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In addition, fires occurrin... | Peatland | Wikipedia | 491 | 38233680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland | Physical sciences | Wetlands | Earth science |
Biology and peat characteristics
Tropical peatland vegetation varies with climate and location. Three different characterizations are mangrove woodlands present in the littoral zones and deltas of salty water, followed inland by swamp forests. These forests occur on the margin of peatlands with a palm rich flora with ... | Peatland | Wikipedia | 379 | 38233680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland | Physical sciences | Wetlands | Earth science |
Indonesia is one of the countries suffering from peatland fires, especially during years with ENSO-related drought, an increasing problem since 1982 as a result of developing land use and agriculture. During the El Niño-event in 1997–1998 more than 24,400 km2 of peatland was lost to fires in Indonesia alone from which ... | Peatland | Wikipedia | 476 | 38233680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland | Physical sciences | Wetlands | Earth science |
Northern peatlands are associated with boreal and subarctic climates. Northern peatlands were mostly built up during the Holocene after the retreat of Pleistocene glaciers, but in contrast tropical peatlands are much older. Total northern peat carbon stocks are estimated to be 1055 Gt of carbon.
Of all northern circum... | Peatland | Wikipedia | 281 | 38233680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland | Physical sciences | Wetlands | Earth science |
Wetlands make up about 5-8% of Earth's terrestrial land surface but contain about 20-30% of the planet's 2500 Gt soil carbon stores. Peatlands contain the highest amounts of soil organic carbon of all wetland types. Wetlands can become sources of carbon, rather than sinks, as the decomposition occurring within the ecos... | Peatland | Wikipedia | 501 | 38233680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland | Physical sciences | Wetlands | Earth science |
Drainage for agriculture and forestry
The exchange of carbon between the peatlands and the atmosphere has been of current concern globally in the field of ecology and biogeochemical studies. The drainage of peatlands for agriculture and forestry has resulted in the emission of extensive greenhouse gases into the atmos... | Peatland | Wikipedia | 491 | 38233680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland | Physical sciences | Wetlands | Earth science |
The peatland forests harvested for palm oil production serve as above- and below-ground carbon stores, containing at least 42,069 million metric tonnes (Mt) of soil carbon. Exploitation of this land raises many environmental concerns, namely increased greenhouse gas emissions, risk of fires and a decrease in biodiversi... | Peatland | Wikipedia | 502 | 38233680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland | Physical sciences | Wetlands | Earth science |
Often, restoration is done by blocking drainage channels in the peatland, and allowing natural vegetation to recover. Rehabilitation projects undertaken in North America and Europe usually focus on the rewetting of peatlands and revegetation of native species. This acts to mitigate carbon release in the short term befo... | Peatland | Wikipedia | 106 | 38233680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland | Physical sciences | Wetlands | Earth science |
Computational astrophysics refers to the methods and computing tools developed and used in astrophysics research. Like computational chemistry or computational physics, it is both a specific branch of theoretical astrophysics and an interdisciplinary field relying on computer science, mathematics, and wider physics. C... | Computational astrophysics | Wikipedia | 508 | 34240222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20astrophysics | Physical sciences | Astronomy basics | Astronomy |
Hardware
Like other similar fields, computational astrophysics makes extensive use of supercomputers and computer clusters . Even on the scale of a normal desktop it is possible to accelerate the hardware. Perhaps the most notable such computer architecture built specially for astrophysics is the GRAPE (gravity pipe) i... | Computational astrophysics | Wikipedia | 264 | 34240222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20astrophysics | Physical sciences | Astronomy basics | Astronomy |
eciRGB is one of the standard RGB color spaces. It is recommended by the ECI (European Color Initiative) as a working color space for professional image editing and covers virtually all printing processes as well as all common display techniques. This fulfilled the requirements for a particular color-correct production... | EciRGB | Wikipedia | 95 | 42453747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EciRGB | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics |
The discovery of the neutron and its properties was central to the extraordinary developments in atomic physics in the first half of the 20th century. Early in the century, Ernest Rutherford developed a crude model of the atom, based on the gold foil experiment of Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden. In this model, atoms ha... | Discovery of the neutron | Wikipedia | 373 | 46190717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery%20of%20the%20neutron | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by the French scientist Henri Becquerel, while working with phosphorescent materials. In 1898, Ernest Rutherford at Cavendish Laboratory distinguished two types of radioactivity, alpha rays and beta rays, which differed in their ability to penetrate, or travel into, ordinary object... | Discovery of the neutron | Wikipedia | 436 | 46190717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery%20of%20the%20neutron | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
Discovery of isotopes
Concurrent with the work of Rutherford, Geiger, and Marsden, the radiochemist Frederick Soddy at the University of Glasgow was studying chemistry related problems on radioactive materials. Soddy had worked with Rutherford on radioactivity at McGill University. By 1910, about 40 different radioact... | Discovery of the neutron | Wikipedia | 351 | 46190717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery%20of%20the%20neutron | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
Since Einstein's mass-energy equivalence had been known since 1905, Aston and others quickly realized that the mass discrepancy is due to the binding energy of atoms. When the contents of a number of hydrogen atoms are bound into a single atom, the single atom's energy must be less than the sum of the energies of the s... | Discovery of the neutron | Wikipedia | 347 | 46190717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery%20of%20the%20neutron | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
At the University of Manchester in 1913 Henry Moseley discussed the new Bohr model of the atom with the visiting Bohr. The model accounted for the electromagnetic emission spectrum from the hydrogen atom, and Moseley and Bohr wondered if the electromagnetic emission spectra of heavier elements such as cobalt and nickel... | Discovery of the neutron | Wikipedia | 475 | 46190717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery%20of%20the%20neutron | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
In 1920 Rutherford gave a Bakerian lecture at the Royal Society entitled the "Nuclear Constitution of Atoms", a summary of recent experiments on atomic nuclei and conclusions as to the structure of atomic nuclei. By 1920, the existence of electrons within the atomic nucleus was widely assumed. It was assumed the nucle... | Discovery of the neutron | Wikipedia | 474 | 46190717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery%20of%20the%20neutron | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
About the time of Rutherford's lecture, other publications appeared with similar suggestions of a proton–electron composite in the nucleus, and in 1921 William Harkins, an American chemist, named the uncharged particle the neutron. About that same time the word proton was adopted for the hydrogen nucleus. Neutron was ... | Discovery of the neutron | Wikipedia | 84 | 46190717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery%20of%20the%20neutron | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
The spinels are any of a class of minerals of general formulation which crystallise in the cubic (isometric) crystal system, with the X anions (typically chalcogens, like oxygen and sulfur) arranged in a cubic close-packed lattice and the cations A and B occupying some or all of the octahedral and tetrahedral sites in... | Spinel group | Wikipedia | 472 | 36819989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinel%20group | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
There are many more compounds with a spinel structure, e.g. the thiospinels and selenospinels, that can be synthesized in the lab or in some cases occur as minerals.
The heterogeneity of spinel group members varies based on composition with ferrous and magnesium based members varying greatly as in solid solution, whic... | Spinel group | Wikipedia | 302 | 36819989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinel%20group | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
X:
(1/4-δ, δ, δ ) + ((i+j)/2, (j+k)/2, (i+k)/2)
( δ, 1/4-δ, δ ) + ((i+j)/2, (j+k)/2, (i+k)/2)
( δ, δ, 1/4-δ) + ((i+j)/2, (j+k)/2, (i+k)/2)
(1/4-δ, 1/4-δ, 1/4-δ) + ((i+j)/2, (j+k)/2, (i+k)/2)
(3/4+ε, 1/2-ε, 1/2-ε) + ((i+j)/2, (j+k)/2, (i+k)/2)
(1-ε, 1/4+ε, 1/2-ε) + ((i+j)/2, (j+k)/2, (i+k)/2)... | Spinel group | Wikipedia | 498 | 36819989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinel%20group | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
(3/4-ζ, 1/4-ζ, ζ ) + ((i+j)/2, (j+k)/2, (i+k)/2)
(3/4-ζ, ζ, 1/4-ζ) + ((i+j)/2, (j+k)/2, (i+k)/2) | Spinel group | Wikipedia | 82 | 36819989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinel%20group | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
The first four X positions form a tetrahedron around the first A position, and the last four form one around the second A position. When the space group is Fdm then δ=ε and ζ=0. In this case, a three-fold rotoinversion with axis in the 111 direction is centred on the point (0, 0, 0) (where there is no ion) and can also... | Spinel group | Wikipedia | 443 | 36819989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinel%20group | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
The cation distribution in spinel structures are related to the crystal field stabilization energies (CFSE) of the constituent transition metals. Some ions may have a distinct preference for the octahedral site depending on the d-electron count. If the A2+ ions have a strong preference for the octahedral site, they wil... | Spinel group | Wikipedia | 433 | 36819989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinel%20group | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
ITU-R Recommendation BT.2020, more commonly known by the abbreviations Rec. 2020 or BT.2020, defines various aspects of ultra-high-definition television (UHDTV) with standard dynamic range (SDR) and wide color gamut (WCG), including picture resolutions, frame rates with progressive scan, bit depths, color primaries, RG... | Rec. 2020 | Wikipedia | 466 | 36820307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec.%202020 | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics |
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