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Types
There are several categories of aircraft which qualify as ultralights in some countries:
Fixed-wing aircraft: traditional airplane-style designs.
Weight-shift control trike: use a hang glider-style wing, below which is suspended a three-wheeled carriage which carries the engine and aviators. These aircraft are ... | Ultralight aviation | Wikipedia | 510 | 159298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight%20aviation | Technology | Types of aircraft | null |
Urination is the release of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. Urine is released through the urethra and exits the penis or vulva through the urinary meatus in placental mammals, but is released through the cloaca in other vertebrates. It is the urinary system's form of excretion. It is also known medic... | Urination | Wikipedia | 414 | 159421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
Smooth muscle bundles pass on either side of the urethra, and these fibers are sometimes called the internal urethral sphincter, although they do not encircle the urethra. Further along the urethra is a sphincter of skeletal muscle, the sphincter of the membranous urethra (external urethral sphincter). The bladder's ep... | Urination | Wikipedia | 240 | 159421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
In healthy individuals, the lower urinary tract has two discrete phases of activity: the storage (or guarding) phase, when urine is stored in the bladder; and the voiding phase, when urine is released through the urethra. The state of the reflex system is dependent on both a conscious signal from the brain and the firi... | Urination | Wikipedia | 362 | 159421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
Storage phase
During storage, bladder pressure stays low, because of the bladder's highly compliant nature. A plot of bladder (intravesical) pressure against the depressant of fluid in the bladder (called a cystometrogram), will show a very slight rise as the bladder is filled. This phenomenon is a manifestation of the... | Urination | Wikipedia | 394 | 159421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
Bladder afferent signals ascend the spinal cord to the periaqueductal gray, where they project both to the pontine micturition center and to the cerebrum. At a certain level of afferent activity, the conscious urge to void or urination urgency, becomes difficult to ignore. Once the voluntary signal to begin voiding ha... | Urination | Wikipedia | 492 | 159421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
The mechanism by which voluntary urination is initiated remains unsettled. One possibility is that the voluntary relaxation of the muscles of the pelvic floor causes a sufficient downward tug on the detrusor muscle to initiate its contraction. Another possibility is the excitation or disinhibition of neurons in the pon... | Urination | Wikipedia | 491 | 159421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
Urinary incontinence, the inability to hold urine
Stress incontinence, incontinence as a result of external mechanical disturbances
Urge incontinence, incontinence that occurs as a result of the uncontrollable urge to urinate
Mixed incontinence, a combination of the two types of incontinence
Urinary retention, the ... | Urination | Wikipedia | 367 | 159421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
There are three major types of bladder dysfunction due to neural lesions: (1) the type due to interruption of the afferent nerves from the bladder; (2) the type due to interruption of both afferent and efferent nerves; and (3) the type due to interruption of facilitatory and inhibitory pathways descending from the brai... | Urination | Wikipedia | 448 | 159421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
Spinal cord injury
During spinal shock, the bladder is flaccid and unresponsive. It becomes overfilled, and urine dribbles through the sphincters (overflow incontinence). After spinal shock has passed, a spinally mediated voiding reflex ensues, although there is no voluntary control and no inhibition or facilitation fr... | Urination | Wikipedia | 475 | 159421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
It is possible for both sexes to urinate into bottles in case of emergencies. The technique can help children to urinate discreetly inside cars and in other places without being seen by others. A female urination device can assist women and girls in urinating while standing or into a bottle.
In microgravity, excrement... | Urination | Wikipedia | 494 | 159421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
The more developed and crowded a place is, the more public urination tends to be objectionable. In the countryside, it is more acceptable than in a street in a town, where it may be a common transgression. Often this is done after the consumption of alcoholic beverages, which causes production of additional urine as we... | Urination | Wikipedia | 482 | 159421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
Sitting, standing, or squatting
Techniques and body postures while urinating vary across cultures. Different anatomical conditions in men and women may presume different postures, yet these are largely shaped by cultural norms, types of clothing, and the sanitary facilities available. While sitting toilets are the most... | Urination | Wikipedia | 495 | 159421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
Many expressions exist, some euphemistic and some vulgar. For example, centuries ago the standard English word (both noun and verb, for the product and the activity) was "piss", but subsequently "pee", formerly associated with children, has become more common in general public speech. Since elimination of bodily wastes... | Urination | Wikipedia | 348 | 159421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
Flight or flying is the motion of an object through an atmosphere, or through the vacuum of outer space, without contacting any planetary surface. This can be achieved by generating aerodynamic lift associated with gliding or propulsive thrust, aerostatically using buoyancy, or by ballistic movement.
Many things can f... | Flight | Wikipedia | 458 | 159472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
The only groups of living things that use powered flight are birds, insects, and bats, while many groups have evolved gliding. The extinct pterosaurs, an order of reptiles contemporaneous with the dinosaurs, were also very successful flying animals, and there were apparently some flying dinosaurs (see Flying and glidin... | Flight | Wikipedia | 467 | 159472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
Most species of insects can fly as adults. Insect flight makes use of either of two basic aerodynamic models: creating a leading edge vortex, found in most insects, and using clap and fling, found in very small insects such as thrips.
Many species of spiders, spider mites and lepidoptera use a technique called balloon... | Flight | Wikipedia | 505 | 159472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
A spaceflight typically begins with a rocket launch, which provides the initial thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propels the spacecraft from the surface of the Earth. Once in space, the motion of a spacecraft—both when unpropelled and when under propulsion—is covered by the area of study called astrodynamics... | Flight | Wikipedia | 504 | 159472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
A fixed-wing aircraft generates forward thrust when air is pushed in the direction opposite to flight. This can be done in several ways including by the spinning blades of a propeller, or a rotating fan pushing air out from the back of a jet engine, or by ejecting hot gases from a rocket engine. The forward thrust is p... | Flight | Wikipedia | 424 | 159472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
Aerodynamic lift is created by the motion of an aerodynamic object (wing) through the air, which due to its shape and angle deflects the air. For sustained straight and level flight, lift must be equal and opposite to weight. In general, long narrow wings are able deflect a large amount of air at a slow speed, whereas ... | Flight | Wikipedia | 458 | 159472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
Lift/drag ratio also determines the glide ratio and gliding range. Since the glide ratio is based only on the relationship of the aerodynamics forces acting on the aircraft, aircraft weight will not affect it. The only effect weight has is to vary the time that the aircraft will glide for – a heavier aircraft gliding a... | Flight | Wikipedia | 481 | 159472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
The control of these dimensions can involve a horizontal stabilizer (i.e. "a tail"), ailerons and other movable aerodynamic devices which control angular stability i.e. flight attitude (which in turn affects altitude, heading). Wings are often angled slightly upwards- they have "positive dihedral angle" which gives inh... | Flight | Wikipedia | 421 | 159472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
The techniques used for navigation in the air will depend on whether the aircraft is flying under the visual flight rules (VFR) or the instrument flight rules (IFR). In the latter case, the pilot will navigate exclusively using instruments and radio navigation aids such as beacons, or as directed under radar control by... | Flight | Wikipedia | 305 | 159472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
RGB color spaces is a category of additive colorimetric color spaces specifying part of its absolute color space definition using the RGB color model.
RGB color spaces are commonly found describing the mapping of the RGB color model to human perceivable color, but some RGB color spaces use imaginary (non-real-world) p... | RGB color spaces | Wikipedia | 459 | 159506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB%20color%20spaces | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics |
RGB color spaces are well-suited to describing the electronic display of color, such as computer monitors and color television. These devices often reproduce colours using an array of red, green, and blue phosphors agitated by a cathode-ray tube (CRT), or an array of red, green, and blue LCDs lit by a backlight, and ar... | RGB color spaces | Wikipedia | 500 | 159506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB%20color%20spaces | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics |
The CIE 1931 color space standard defines both the CIE RGB space, which is a color space with monochromatic primaries, and the CIE XYZ color space, which is functionally similar to a linear RGB color space, however the primaries are not physically realizable, thus are not described as red, green, and blue.
M.A.C. is n... | RGB color spaces | Wikipedia | 102 | 159506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB%20color%20spaces | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics |
Barnacles are arthropods of the subclass Cirripedia in the subphylum Crustacea. They are related to crabs and lobsters, with similar nauplius larvae. Barnacles are exclusively marine invertebrates; many species live in shallow and tidal waters. Some 2,100 species have been described.
Barnacle adults are sessile; most ... | Barnacle | Wikipedia | 452 | 159512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | Animals |
Barnacles have a carapace made of six hard calcareous plates, with a lid or operculum made of four more plates. Inside the carapace, the animal lies on its stomach, projecting its limbs downwards. Segmentation is usually indistinct; the body is more or less evenly divided between the head and thorax, with little or no ... | Barnacle | Wikipedia | 493 | 159512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | Animals |
A fertilised egg hatches into a nauplius: a one-eyed larva comprising a head and a telson with three pairs of limbs, lacking a thorax or abdomen. This undergoes six moults, passing through five instars, before transforming into the cyprid stage. Nauplii are typically initially brooded by the parent, and released after ... | Barnacle | Wikipedia | 453 | 159512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | Animals |
Most barnacles are hermaphroditic, producing both eggs and sperms. A few species have separate sexes, or have both males and hermaphrodites. The ovaries are located in the base or stalk, and may extend into the mantle, while the testes are towards the back of the head, often extending into the thorax. Typically, recent... | Barnacle | Wikipedia | 486 | 159512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | Animals |
Since the intertidal zone periodically desiccates, barnacles are well adapted against water loss. Their calcite shells are impermeable, and they can close their apertures with movable plates when not feeding. Their hard shells are assumed by zoologists to have evolved as an anti-predator adaptation.
One group of stalk... | Barnacle | Wikipedia | 461 | 159512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | Animals |
Competitors may include other barnacles. Balanoids gained their advantage over the chthalamoids in the Oligocene, when they evolved tubular skeletons, which provide better anchorage to the substrate, and allow them to grow faster, undercutting, crushing, and smothering chthalamoids.
Predators and parasites
Among the... | Barnacle | Wikipedia | 387 | 159512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | Animals |
Charles Darwin took up this challenge in 1846, and developed his initial interest into a major study published as a series of monographs in 1851 and 1854. He undertook this study at the suggestion of his friend the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker, namely to thoroughly understand at least one species before making the gen... | Barnacle | Wikipedia | 457 | 159512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | Animals |
In 2021, Chan et al. elevated Cirripedia to a subclass of the Thecostraca, and the superorders Acrothoracica, Rhizocephala, and Thoracica to infraclass. The updated classification with 11 orders has been accepted in the World Register of Marine Species.
Subclass Cirripedia Burmeister, 1834
Infraclass Acrothoracica G... | Barnacle | Wikipedia | 503 | 159512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | Animals |
The stable isotope signals in the layers of barnacle shells can potentially be used as a forensic tracking method for whales, loggerhead turtles and for marine debris, such as shipwrecks or aircraft wreckage.
In culture
One version of the barnacle goose myth is that the birds emerge fully formed from goose barnacles... | Barnacle | Wikipedia | 232 | 159512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | Animals |
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. The muscular systems in vertebrates are controlled through the nervous system although some muscles (such as the cardiac muscle) can be... | Muscular system | Wikipedia | 412 | 159748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular%20system | Biology and health sciences | Muscular system | null |
This process consumes large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy source of the cell. ATP binds to the cross-bridges between myosin heads and actin filaments. The release of energy powers the swiveling of the myosin head. When ATP is used, it becomes adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and since muscles store li... | Muscular system | Wikipedia | 348 | 159748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular%20system | Biology and health sciences | Muscular system | null |
Contraction
Neuromuscular junctions are the focal point where a motor neuron attaches to a muscle. Acetylcholine, (a neurotransmitter used in skeletal muscle contraction) is released from the axon terminal of the nerve cell when an action potential reaches the microscopic junction called a synapse. A group of chemical... | Muscular system | Wikipedia | 501 | 159748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular%20system | Biology and health sciences | Muscular system | null |
During activity that is higher in intensity, with possible duration decreasing as intensity increases, ATP production can switch to anaerobic pathways, such as the use of the creatine phosphate and the phosphagen system or anaerobic glycolysis. Aerobic ATP production is biochemically much slower and can only be used fo... | Muscular system | Wikipedia | 468 | 159748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular%20system | Biology and health sciences | Muscular system | null |
Pectin ( : "congealed" and "curdled") is a heteropolysaccharide, a structural polymer contained in the primary lamella, in the middle lamella, and in the cell walls of terrestrial plants. The principal chemical component of pectin is galacturonic acid (a sugar acid derived from galactose) which was isolated and describ... | Pectin | Wikipedia | 498 | 159750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin | Biology and health sciences | Carbohydrates | Biology |
A study found that after consumption of fruit the concentration of methanol in the human body increased by as much as an order of magnitude due to the degradation of natural pectin (which is esterified with methanol) in the colon.
Pectin has been observed to have some function in repairing the DNA of some types of pla... | Pectin | Wikipedia | 487 | 159750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin | Biology and health sciences | Carbohydrates | Biology |
Another structural type of pectin is rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II), which is a less frequent, complex, highly branched polysaccharide. Rhamnogalacturonan II is classified by some authors within the group of substituted galacturonans since the rhamnogalacturonan II backbone is made exclusively of D-galacturonic acid uni... | Pectin | Wikipedia | 503 | 159750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin | Biology and health sciences | Carbohydrates | Biology |
The non-esterified galacturonic acid units can be either free acids (carboxyl groups) or salts with sodium, potassium, or calcium. The salts of partially esterified pectins are called pectinates, if the degree of esterification is below 5 percent the salts are called pectates, the insoluble acid form, pectic acid.
Som... | Pectin | Wikipedia | 512 | 159750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin | Biology and health sciences | Carbohydrates | Biology |
Typical levels of pectin in fresh fruits and vegetables are:
Apples, 1–1.5%
Apricots, 1%
Cherries, 0.4%
Oranges, 0.5–3.5%
Carrots 1.4%
Citrus peels, 30%
Rose hips, 15%
The main raw materials for pectin production are dried citrus peels or apple pomace, both by-products of juice production. Pomace from sugar beet... | Pectin | Wikipedia | 478 | 159750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin | Biology and health sciences | Carbohydrates | Biology |
For various food applications, different kinds of pectins can be distinguished by their properties, such as acidity, degree of esterification, relative number of methoxyl groups in the molecules, etc. For instance, the term "high methoxyl" refers to pectins that have a large proportion of the carboxyl groups in the pec... | Pectin | Wikipedia | 470 | 159750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin | Biology and health sciences | Carbohydrates | Biology |
Pectin is used in confectionery jellies to give a good gel structure, a clean bite and to confer a good flavour release. Pectin can also be used to stabilise acidic protein drinks, such as drinking yogurt, to improve the mouth-feel and the pulp stability in juice based drinks and as a fat substitute in baked goods.
Ty... | Pectin | Wikipedia | 466 | 159750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin | Biology and health sciences | Carbohydrates | Biology |
Yablokov et al., writing in Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment, quote research conducted by the Ukrainian Center of Radiation Medicine and the Belarusian Institute of Radiation Medicine and Endocrinology, concluded, regarding pectin's radioprotective effects, that "adding pectin p... | Pectin | Wikipedia | 474 | 159750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin | Biology and health sciences | Carbohydrates | Biology |
In the International Numbering System (INS), pectin has the number 440. In Europe, pectins are differentiated into the E numbers E440(i) for non-amidated pectins and E440(ii) for amidated pectins. There are specifications in all national and international legislation defining its quality and regulating its use.
Histor... | Pectin | Wikipedia | 252 | 159750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin | Biology and health sciences | Carbohydrates | Biology |
In mathematical optimization, the method of Lagrange multipliers is a strategy for finding the local maxima and minima of a function subject to equation constraints (i.e., subject to the condition that one or more equations have to be satisfied exactly by the chosen values of the variables). It is named after the mathe... | Lagrange multiplier | Wikipedia | 458 | 159974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%20multiplier | Mathematics | Multivariable and vector calculus | null |
Then there exists a unique Lagrange multiplier such that (Note that this is a somewhat conventional thing where is clearly treated as a column vector to ensure that the dimensions match. But, we might as well make it just a row vector without taking the transpose.)
The Lagrange multiplier theorem states that at any... | Lagrange multiplier | Wikipedia | 465 | 159974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%20multiplier | Mathematics | Multivariable and vector calculus | null |
The method of Lagrange multipliers relies on the intuition that at a maximum, cannot be increasing in the direction of any such neighboring point that also has . If it were, we could walk along to get higher, meaning that the starting point wasn't actually the maximum. Viewed in this way, it is an exact analogue to t... | Lagrange multiplier | Wikipedia | 483 | 159974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%20multiplier | Mathematics | Multivariable and vector calculus | null |
One may reformulate the Lagrangian as a Hamiltonian, in which case the solutions are local minima for the Hamiltonian. This is done in optimal control theory, in the form of Pontryagin's minimum principle.
The fact that solutions of the method of Lagrange multipliers are not necessarily extrema of the Lagrangian, also... | Lagrange multiplier | Wikipedia | 510 | 159974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%20multiplier | Mathematics | Multivariable and vector calculus | null |
Modern formulation via differentiable manifolds
The problem of finding the local maxima and minima subject to constraints can be generalized to finding local maxima and minima on a differentiable manifold In what follows, it is not necessary that be a Euclidean space, or even a Riemannian manifold. All appearances o... | Lagrange multiplier | Wikipedia | 476 | 159974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%20multiplier | Mathematics | Multivariable and vector calculus | null |
Often the Lagrange multipliers have an interpretation as some quantity of interest. For example, by parametrising the constraint's contour line, that is, if the Lagrangian expression is
then
So, is the rate of change of the quantity being optimized as a function of the constraint parameter.
As examples, in Lagrangia... | Lagrange multiplier | Wikipedia | 511 | 159974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%20multiplier | Mathematics | Multivariable and vector calculus | null |
Example 2
Now we modify the objective function of Example 1 so that we minimize instead of again along the circle Now the level sets of are still lines of slope −1, and the points on the circle tangent to these level sets are again and These tangency points are maxima of
On the other hand, the minima occur on... | Lagrange multiplier | Wikipedia | 500 | 159974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%20multiplier | Mathematics | Multivariable and vector calculus | null |
For this to be a probability distribution the sum of the probabilities at each point must equal 1, so our constraint is:
We use Lagrange multipliers to find the point of maximum entropy, across all discrete probability distributions on We require that:
which gives a system of equations, such that:
Carrying ou... | Lagrange multiplier | Wikipedia | 477 | 159974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%20multiplier | Mathematics | Multivariable and vector calculus | null |
(Since magnitude is always non-negative, optimizing over the squared-magnitude is equivalent to optimizing over the magnitude. Thus, the "square root" may be omitted from these equations with no expected difference in the results of optimization.)
The critical points of occur at and , just as in Unlike the critical... | Lagrange multiplier | Wikipedia | 376 | 159974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%20multiplier | Mathematics | Multivariable and vector calculus | null |
Tsetse ( , or ) (sometimes spelled tzetze; also known as tik-tik flies) are large, biting flies that inhabit much of tropical Africa. Tsetse flies include all the species in the genus Glossina, which are placed in their own family, Glossinidae. The tsetse is an obligate parasite, which lives by feeding on the blood ... | Tsetse fly | Wikipedia | 465 | 160067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse%20fly | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | null |
Tsetse next develops a hard external case, the puparium, and become pupae - small, hard-shelled oblongs with two distinctively small, dark lobes at the tail (breathing) end. Tsetse pupae are under long. Within the puparial shell, tsetse complete the last two larval instars and the pupal stage.
At the end of the pupal... | Tsetse fly | Wikipedia | 470 | 160067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse%20fly | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | null |
Tsetse has an unusual life cycle, which may be due to the richness of their blood food source. A female fertilizes only one egg at a time; she will retain each egg within her uterus, the offspring developing internally (during the first three larval stages), in an adaptation called adenotrophic viviparity. During this ... | Tsetse fly | Wikipedia | 509 | 160067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse%20fly | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | null |
Diseases
The salivary gland hypertrophy virus causes abnormal bleeding in the lobes of the crop of G. m. centralis and G. m. morsitans.
Systematics
Tsetse flies are members of the order Diptera, the true flies. They belong to the superfamily Hippoboscoidea, in which the tsetse's family, the Glossinidae, is one of four... | Tsetse fly | Wikipedia | 342 | 160067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse%20fly | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | null |
Glossina brevipalpis (Newstead, 1910)
Glossina fusca (Walker, 1849)
Glossina fusca fusca (Walker, 1849)
Glossina fusca congolensis (Newstead and Evans, 1921)
Glossina fuscipleuris (Austen, 1911)
Glossina frezili (Gouteux, 1987)
Glossina haningtoni (Newstead and Evans, 1922)
Glossina longipennis (Corti, 1895)
Gl... | Tsetse fly | Wikipedia | 468 | 160067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse%20fly | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | null |
Range
Glossina is almost entirely restricted to wooded grasslands and forested areas of the Afrotropics. As of 1990, tsetse flies were reported from a maximum latitude of approximately 15° north in Senegal (Niayes Region), to a minimum of 28.5° south in South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal Province).
Only two subspecies - G. f... | Tsetse fly | Wikipedia | 457 | 160067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse%20fly | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | null |
Tsetse transmit trypanosomes in two ways, mechanical and biological transmission.
Mechanical transmission involves the direct transmission of the same individual trypanosomes taken from an infected host into an uninfected host. The name 'mechanical' reflects the similarity of this mode of transmission to mechanical inj... | Tsetse fly | Wikipedia | 459 | 160067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse%20fly | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | null |
The cycle of biological transmission of trypanosomiasis involves two phases, one inside the tsetse host and the other inside the vertebrate host. Trypanosomes are not passed between a pregnant tsetse and her offspring, so all newly emerged tsetse adults are free of infection. An uninfected fly that feeds on an infected... | Tsetse fly | Wikipedia | 512 | 160067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse%20fly | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | null |
Disease hosts and vectors
The tsetse-vectored trypanosomiases affect various vertebrate species including humans, antelopes, bovine cattle, camels, horses, sheep, goats, and pigs. These diseases are caused by several different trypanosome species that may also survive in wild animals such as crocodiles and monitor liz... | Tsetse fly | Wikipedia | 470 | 160067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse%20fly | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | null |
Other forms of human trypanosomiasis also exist but are not transmitted by tsetse. The most notable is American trypanosomiasis, known as Chagas disease, which occurs in South America, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, and transmitted by certain insects of the Reduviidae, members of the Hemiptera.
In domestic animals
Anim... | Tsetse fly | Wikipedia | 490 | 160067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse%20fly | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | null |
Economic analysis indicates that the cost of managing trypanosomosis through the elimination of important populations of major tsetse vectors will be covered several times by the benefits of tsetse-free status. Area-wide interventions against the tsetse and trypanosomosis problem appear more efficient and profitable if... | Tsetse fly | Wikipedia | 487 | 160067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse%20fly | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | null |
Pesticide campaigns
Pesticides have been used to control tsetse starting initially during the early part of the twentieth century in localized efforts using the inorganic metal-based pesticides, expanding after the Second World War into massive aerial- and ground-based campaigns with organochlorine pesticides such as D... | Tsetse fly | Wikipedia | 452 | 160067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse%20fly | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | null |
Sterile insect technique
The sterile insect technique (SIT) is a form of pest control that uses ionizing radiation (gamma ray or X-ray) to sterilize male flies that are mass-produced in special rearing facilities. The sterile males are released systematically from the ground or by air in tsetse-infested areas, where th... | Tsetse fly | Wikipedia | 474 | 160067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse%20fly | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | null |
In the Niayes region of Senegal, a coastal area close to Dakar, livestock keeping was difficult due to the presence of a population of Glossina palpalis gambiensis. Feasibility studies indicated that the fly population was confined to very fragmented habitats and a population genetics study indicated that the populatio... | Tsetse fly | Wikipedia | 421 | 160067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse%20fly | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | null |
In the literature of environmental determinism, the tsetse has been linked to difficulties during early state formation for areas where the fly is prevalent. A 2012 study used population growth models, physiological data, and ethnographic data to examine pre-colonial agricultural practices and isolate the effects of th... | Tsetse fly | Wikipedia | 432 | 160067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse%20fly | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | null |
History
According to an article in the New Scientist, the depopulated and apparently primevally wild Africa seen in wildlife documentary films was formed in the 19th century by disease, a combination of rinderpest and the tsetse fly. Rinderpest is believed to have originated in Asia, later spreading through the transpo... | Tsetse fly | Wikipedia | 382 | 160067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse%20fly | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | null |
The areas occupied by the tsetse fly were largely barred to animal husbandry. Sleeping sickness was dubbed "the best game warden in Africa" by conservationists, who assumed that the land, empty of people and full of game animals, had always been like that. Julian Huxley of the World Wildlife Fund called the plains of e... | Tsetse fly | Wikipedia | 363 | 160067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse%20fly | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | null |
The disease nagana or African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) causes gradual health decline in infected livestock, reduces milk and meat production, and increases abortion rates. Animals eventually succumb to the disease - annual cattle deaths caused by trypanosomiasis are estimated at 3 million, reducing annual cattle pr... | Tsetse fly | Wikipedia | 511 | 160067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse%20fly | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | null |
Tsetse flies transmit a similar disease to humans, called African trypanosomiasis, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness. An estimated 60-70 million people in 20 countries are at different levels of risk and only 3-4 million people are covered by active surveillance. The DALY index (disability-adjust... | Tsetse fly | Wikipedia | 296 | 160067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse%20fly | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | null |
Media player software is a type of application software for playing multimedia computer files like audio and video files. Media players commonly display standard media control icons known from physical devices such as tape recorders and CD players, such as play ( ), pause ( ), fastforward (⏩️), rewind (⏪), and stop (... | Media player software | Wikipedia | 505 | 160223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media%20player%20software | Technology | Computer software | null |
By default, videos are played with fully visible field of view while filling at least either width or height of the viewport to appear as large as possible. Options to change the video's scaling and aspect ratio may include filling the viewport through either stretching or cropping, and "100% view" where each pixel of... | Media player software | Wikipedia | 348 | 160223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media%20player%20software | Technology | Computer software | null |
3D video players
3D video players are used to play 2D video in 3D format. A high-quality three-dimensional video presentation requires that each frame of a motion picture be embedded with information on the depth of objects present in the scene. This process involves shooting the video with special equipment from two d... | Media player software | Wikipedia | 444 | 160223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media%20player%20software | Technology | Computer software | null |
A home theater PC or media center computer is a convergence device that combines some or all the capabilities of a personal computer with a software application that supports video, photo, audio playback, and sometimes video recording functionality. Although computers with some of these capabilities were available from... | Media player software | Wikipedia | 117 | 160223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media%20player%20software | Technology | Computer software | null |
Carbon fibers or carbon fibres (alternatively CF, graphite fiber or graphite fibre) are fibers about in diameter and composed mostly of carbon atoms. Carbon fibers have several advantages: high stiffness, high tensile strength, high strength to weight ratio, high chemical resistance, high-temperature tolerance, and lo... | Carbon fibers | Wikipedia | 427 | 160277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20fibers | Technology | Fabrics and fibers | null |
In 1958, Roger Bacon created high-performance carbon fibers at the Union Carbide Parma Technical Center located outside of Cleveland, Ohio. Those fibers were manufactured by heating strands of rayon until they carbonized. This process proved to be inefficient, as the resulting fibers contained only about 20% carbon. In... | Carbon fibers | Wikipedia | 416 | 160277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20fibers | Technology | Fabrics and fibers | null |
In the late 1960s, the Japanese took the lead in manufacturing PAN-based carbon fibers. A 1970 joint technology agreement allowed Union Carbide to manufacture Japan's Toray Industries product. Morganite decided that carbon-fiber production was peripheral to its core business, leaving Courtaulds as the only big UK manuf... | Carbon fibers | Wikipedia | 392 | 160277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20fibers | Technology | Fabrics and fibers | null |
Carbon fiber is frequently supplied in the form of a continuous tow wound onto a reel. The tow is a bundle of thousands of continuous individual carbon filaments held together and protected by an organic coating, or size, such as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The tow can be conveniently unwound ... | Carbon fibers | Wikipedia | 482 | 160277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20fibers | Technology | Fabrics and fibers | null |
Composite materials
Carbon fiber is most notably used to reinforce composite materials, particularly the class of materials known as carbon fiber or graphite reinforced polymers. Non-polymer materials can also be used as the matrix for carbon fibers. Due to the formation of metal carbides and corrosion considerations, ... | Carbon fibers | Wikipedia | 350 | 160277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20fibers | Technology | Fabrics and fibers | null |
Precursors for carbon fibers are polyacrylonitrile (PAN), rayon and pitch. Carbon fiber filament yarns are used in several processing techniques: the direct uses are for prepregging, filament winding, pultrusion, weaving, braiding, etc. Carbon fiber yarn is rated by the linear density (weight per unit length; i.e., 1 g... | Carbon fibers | Wikipedia | 459 | 160277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20fibers | Technology | Fabrics and fibers | null |
Each carbon filament is produced from a polymer such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN), rayon, or petroleum pitch. All these polymers are known as a precursor. For synthetic polymers such as PAN or rayon, the precursor is first spun into filament yarns, using chemical and mechanical processes to initially align the polymer mo... | Carbon fibers | Wikipedia | 446 | 160277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20fibers | Technology | Fabrics and fibers | null |
In astronomy and celestial navigation, an ephemeris (; ; , ) is a book with tables that gives the trajectory of naturally occurring astronomical objects and artificial satellites in the sky, i.e., the position (and possibly velocity) over time. Historically, positions were given as printed tables of values, given at r... | Ephemeris | Wikipedia | 255 | 160332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeris | Technology | Astronomical technology | null |
1st millennium BC – Ephemerides in Babylonian astronomy.
2nd century AD – the Almagest and the Handy Tables of Ptolemy
8th century AD – the of Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
9th century AD – the of Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī
11th century AD – the of Ibn Yunus
12th century AD – the Tables of Toledo – based largely on Arabic ... | Ephemeris | Wikipedia | 388 | 160332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeris | Technology | Astronomical technology | null |
1554 – Johannes Stadius published Ephemerides novae et auctae, the first major ephemeris computed according to Copernicus' heliocentric model, using parameters derived from the Prutenic Tables. Although the Copernican model provided an elegant solution to the problem of computing apparent planetary positions (it avoid... | Ephemeris | Wikipedia | 339 | 160332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeris | Technology | Astronomical technology | null |
Modern ephemeris
For scientific uses, a modern planetary ephemeris comprises software that generates positions of planets and often of their satellites, asteroids, or comets, at virtually any time desired by the user.
After introduction of electronic computers in the 1950s it became feasible to use numerical integrat... | Ephemeris | Wikipedia | 510 | 160332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeris | Technology | Astronomical technology | null |
Celestial navigation serves as a backup to satellite navigation. Software is widely available to assist with this form of navigation; some of this software has a self-contained ephemeris. When software is used that does not contain an ephemeris, or if no software is used, position data for celestial objects may be obta... | Ephemeris | Wikipedia | 171 | 160332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeris | Technology | Astronomical technology | null |
In statistics, quality assurance, and survey methodology, sampling is the selection of a subset or a statistical sample (termed sample for short) of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. The subset is meant to reflect the whole population and statisticians... | Sampling (statistics) | Wikipedia | 400 | 160361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling%20%28statistics%29 | Mathematics | Statistics and probability | null |
Elections in Singapore have adopted this practice since the 2015 election, also known as the sample counts, whereas according to the Elections Department (ELD), their country's election commission, sample counts help reduce speculation and misinformation, while helping election officials to check against the election r... | Sampling (statistics) | Wikipedia | 454 | 160361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling%20%28statistics%29 | Mathematics | Statistics and probability | null |
This situation often arises when seeking knowledge about the cause system of which the observed population is an outcome. In such cases, sampling theory may treat the observed population as a sample from a larger 'superpopulation'. For example, a researcher might study the success rate of a new 'quit smoking' program o... | Sampling (statistics) | Wikipedia | 462 | 160361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling%20%28statistics%29 | Mathematics | Statistics and probability | null |
A probability sample is a sample in which every unit in the population has a chance (greater than zero) of being selected in the sample, and this probability can be accurately determined. The combination of these traits makes it possible to produce unbiased estimates of population totals, by weighting sampled units acc... | Sampling (statistics) | Wikipedia | 407 | 160361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling%20%28statistics%29 | Mathematics | Statistics and probability | null |
Nonprobability sampling is any sampling method where some elements of the population have no chance of selection (these are sometimes referred to as 'out of coverage'/'undercovered'), or where the probability of selection cannot be accurately determined. It involves the selection of elements based on assumptions regard... | Sampling (statistics) | Wikipedia | 391 | 160361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling%20%28statistics%29 | Mathematics | Statistics and probability | null |
In a simple random sample (SRS) of a given size, all subsets of a sampling frame have an equal probability of being selected. Each element of the frame thus has an equal probability of selection: the frame is not subdivided or partitioned. Furthermore, any given pair of elements has the same chance of selection as any ... | Sampling (statistics) | Wikipedia | 475 | 160361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling%20%28statistics%29 | Mathematics | Statistics and probability | null |
As long as the starting point is randomized, systematic sampling is a type of probability sampling. It is easy to implement and the stratification induced can make it efficient, if the variable by which the list is ordered is correlated with the variable of interest. 'Every 10th' sampling is especially useful for effic... | Sampling (statistics) | Wikipedia | 485 | 160361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling%20%28statistics%29 | Mathematics | Statistics and probability | null |
As described above, systematic sampling is an EPS method, because all elements have the same probability of selection (in the example given, one in ten). It is not 'simple random sampling' because different subsets of the same size have different selection probabilities – e.g. the set {4,14,24,...,994} has a one-in-ten... | Sampling (statistics) | Wikipedia | 461 | 160361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling%20%28statistics%29 | Mathematics | Statistics and probability | null |
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