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A mould can produce several copies of the same parts in a single "shot". The number of "impressions" in the mould of that part is often incorrectly referred to as cavitation. A tool with one impression is often called a single impression (cavity) mould. A mould with two or more cavities of the same parts is usually cal... | Injection moulding | Wikipedia | 511 | 325831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection%20moulding | Technology | Materials | null |
Tool materials
Tool steel is often used. Mild steel, aluminium, nickel or epoxy are suitable only for prototype or very short production runs. Modern hard aluminium (7075 and 2024 alloys) with proper mould design, can easily make moulds capable of 100,000 or more part life with proper mould maintenance.
Machining
Mou... | Injection moulding | Wikipedia | 496 | 325831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection%20moulding | Technology | Materials | null |
Usually, the plastic materials are formed in the shape of pellets or granules and sent from the raw material manufacturers in paper bags. With injection moulding, pre-dried granular plastic is fed by a forced ram from a hopper into a heated barrel. As the granules are slowly moved forward by a screw-type plunger, the p... | Injection moulding | Wikipedia | 479 | 325831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection%20moulding | Technology | Materials | null |
Although most injection moulding processes are covered by the conventional process description above, there are several important moulding variations including, but not limited to:
Die casting
Metal injection moulding
Thin-wall injection moulding
Injection moulding of liquid silicone rubber
Reaction injection moulding
... | Injection moulding | Wikipedia | 479 | 325831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection%20moulding | Technology | Materials | null |
Power requirements
The power required for this process of injection moulding depends on many things and varies between materials used. Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide states that the power requirements depend on "a material's specific gravity, melting point, thermal conductivity, part size, and molding rate.... | Injection moulding | Wikipedia | 266 | 325831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection%20moulding | Technology | Materials | null |
Elephant birds are extinct flightless birds belonging to the order Aepyornithiformes that were native to the island of Madagascar. They are thought to have gone extinct around AD 1000, likely as a result of human activity. Elephant birds comprised three species, one in the genus Mullerornis, and two in Aepyornis. Aepyo... | Elephant bird | Wikipedia | 434 | 325880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant%20bird | Biology and health sciences | Palaeognathae | Animals |
Two whole eggs have been found in dune deposits in southern Western Australia, one in the 1930s (the Scott River egg) and one in 1992 (the Cervantes egg); both have been identified as Aepyornis maximus rather than Genyornis newtoni, an extinct giant bird known from the Pleistocene of Australia. It is hypothesized that ... | Elephant bird | Wikipedia | 486 | 325880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant%20bird | Biology and health sciences | Palaeognathae | Animals |
Species
Up to 10 or 11 species in the genus Aepyornis have been described, but the validity of many have been disputed, with numerous authors treating them all in just one species, A. maximus. Up to three species have been described in Mullerornis. Recent work has restricted the number of elephant bird species to thre... | Elephant bird | Wikipedia | 436 | 325880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant%20bird | Biology and health sciences | Palaeognathae | Animals |
Examination of brain endocasts has shown that both A. maximus and A. hildebrandti had greatly reduced optic lobes, similar to those of their closest living relatives, the kiwis, and consistent with a similar nocturnal lifestyle. The optic lobes of Mullerornis were also reduced, but to a lesser degree, suggestive of a n... | Elephant bird | Wikipedia | 421 | 325880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant%20bird | Biology and health sciences | Palaeognathae | Animals |
The eggs of Aepyornis are the largest known for any amniote, and have a volume of around , a length of approximately and a width of . The largest Aepyornis eggs are on average thick, with an estimated weight of approximately . Eggs of Mullerornis were much smaller, estimated to be only thick, with a weight of about ... | Elephant bird | Wikipedia | 343 | 325880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant%20bird | Biology and health sciences | Palaeognathae | Animals |
A 2021 study suggested that elephant birds, along with the Malagasy hippopotamus species, became extinct in the interval 800–1050 AD (1150–900 years Before Present), based on the timing of the latest radiocarbon dates. The timing of the youngest radiocarbon dates co-incided with major environmental alteration across Ma... | Elephant bird | Wikipedia | 178 | 325880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant%20bird | Biology and health sciences | Palaeognathae | Animals |
Windows 7 is a major release of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft. It was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and became generally available on October 22, 2009. It is the successor to Windows Vista, released nearly three years earlier. Windows 7's server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2... | Windows 7 | Wikipedia | 316 | 326123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%207 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Unlike Windows Vista, Windows 7 received warm reception among reviewers and consumers with critics considering the operating system to be a major improvement over its predecessor because of its improved performance, its more intuitive interface, fewer User Account Control popups, and other improvements made across the ... | Windows 7 | Wikipedia | 312 | 326123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%207 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Development history
Originally, a version of Windows codenamed "Blackcomb" was planned as the successor to Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 in 2000. Major features were planned for Blackcomb, including an emphasis on searching and querying data and an advanced storage system named WinFS to enable such scenarios. How... | Windows 7 | Wikipedia | 229 | 326123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%207 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
When released, Windows Vista was criticized for its long development time, performance issues, spotty compatibility with existing hardware and software at launch, changes affecting the compatibility of certain PC games, and unclear assurances by Microsoft that certain computers shipping with XP before launch would be "... | Windows 7 | Wikipedia | 441 | 326123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%207 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
At PDC 2008, Microsoft demonstrated Windows 7 with its reworked taskbar. On December 27, 2008, the Windows 7 Beta was leaked onto the Internet via BitTorrent. According to a performance test by ZDNet, Windows 7 Beta beat both Windows XP and Windows Vista in several key areas, including boot and shutdown time and workin... | Windows 7 | Wikipedia | 411 | 326123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%207 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Among Windows 7's new features are advances in touch and handwriting recognition, support for virtual hard disks, improved performance on multi-core processors, improved boot performance, DirectAccess, and kernel improvements. Windows 7 adds support for systems using multiple heterogeneous graphics cards from different... | Windows 7 | Wikipedia | 501 | 326123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%207 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Window management in Windows 7 has several new features: Aero Snap maximizes a window when it is dragged to the top, left, or right of the screen. Dragging windows to the left or right edges of the screen allows users to snap software windows to either side of the screen, such that the windows take up half the screen. ... | Windows 7 | Wikipedia | 121 | 326123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%207 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Windows 7 includes 13 additional sound schemes, titled Afternoon, Calligraphy, Characters, Cityscape, Delta, Festival, Garden, Heritage, Landscape, Quirky, Raga, Savanna, and Sonata. Internet Spades, Internet Backgammon and Internet Checkers, which were removed in Windows Vista, were restored in Windows 7. Users are ab... | Windows 7 | Wikipedia | 427 | 326123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%207 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
A new system known as "Libraries" was added for file management; users can aggregate files from multiple folders into a "Library." By default, libraries for categories such as Documents, Pictures, Music, and Video are created, consisting of the user's personal folder and the Public folder for each. The system is also u... | Windows 7 | Wikipedia | 431 | 326123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%207 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Certain capabilities and programs that were a part of Windows Vista are no longer present or have been changed, resulting in the removal of certain functionalities; these include the classic Start Menu user interface, some taskbar features, Windows Explorer features, Windows Media Player features, Windows Ultimate Extr... | Windows 7 | Wikipedia | 471 | 326123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%207 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
All editions aside from Starter support both IA-32 and x86-64 architectures, Starter only supports 32-bit systems. Retail copies of Windows 7 are distributed on two DVDs: one for the IA-32 version and the other for x86-64. OEM copies include one DVD, depending on the processor architecture licensed. The installation me... | Windows 7 | Wikipedia | 422 | 326123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%207 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
In August 2019, researchers reported that "all modern versions of Microsoft Windows" may be at risk for "critical" system compromise because of design flaws of hardware device drivers from multiple providers. In the same month, computer experts reported that the BlueKeep security vulnerability, , that potentially affec... | Windows 7 | Wikipedia | 479 | 326123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%207 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Mozilla maintains Firefox 115 Extended Support Release (ESR) to support Windows 7, 8 and 8.1. Mozilla has committed to support it until at least March 2025.
Steam ended support for Windows 7, 8, and 8.1 on January 1, 2024.
Upgradability
Several Windows 7 components are upgradable to the latest versions, which includ... | Windows 7 | Wikipedia | 354 | 326123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%207 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
In January 2016, Microsoft announced that it would no longer support Windows platforms older than Windows 10 on any future Intel-compatible processor lines, citing difficulties in reliably allowing the operating system to operate on newer hardware. Microsoft stated that effective July 17, 2017, devices with Intel Skyla... | Windows 7 | Wikipedia | 465 | 326123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%207 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Service Pack 1
Windows 7 Service Pack 1 (SP1) was announced on March 18, 2010. A beta was released on July 12, 2010. The final version was released to the public on February 22, 2011. At the time of release, it was not made mandatory. It was available via Windows Update, direct download, or by ordering the Windows 7 S... | Windows 7 | Wikipedia | 495 | 326123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%207 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Windows Management Framework 5.0
Windows Management Framework 5.0 includes updates to Windows PowerShell 5.0, Windows PowerShell Desired State Configuration (DSC), Windows Remote Management (WinRM), Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI). It was released on February 24, 2016 and was eventually superseded by Windows ... | Windows 7 | Wikipedia | 482 | 326123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%207 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
In February 2020, Microsoft released an update via Windows Update to fix a black wallpaper issue caused by the January 2020 update for Windows 7.
In June 2020, Microsoft released an update via Windows Update to roll out the new Chromium-based Microsoft Edge to Windows 7 and 8.1 machines that are not connected to Activ... | Windows 7 | Wikipedia | 190 | 326123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%207 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Critical reception
Windows 7 received critical acclaim, with critics noting the increased usability and functionality when compared with its predecessor, Windows Vista. CNET gave Windows 7 Home Premium a rating of 4.5 out of 5 stars, stating that it "is more than what Vista should have been, [and] it's where Microsoft... | Windows 7 | Wikipedia | 467 | 326123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%207 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Some Windows Vista Ultimate users have expressed concerns over Windows 7 pricing and upgrade options. Windows Vista Ultimate users wanting to upgrade from Windows Vista to Windows 7 had to either pay $219.99 to upgrade to Windows 7 Ultimate or perform a clean install, which requires them to reinstall all of their progr... | Windows 7 | Wikipedia | 378 | 326123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%207 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
On March 4, 2010, Microsoft announced that it had sold more than 90 million licenses.
By April 23, 2010, more than 100 million copies were sold in six months, which made it Microsoft's fastest-selling operating system. As of June 23, 2010, Windows 7 has sold 150 million copies which made it the fastest selling operatin... | Windows 7 | Wikipedia | 505 | 326123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%207 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
The African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) is one of the two living species of African elephant, along with the African bush elephant. It is native to humid tropical forests in West Africa and the Congo Basin. It is the smallest of the three living elephant species, reaching a shoulder height of . As with other A... | African forest elephant | Wikipedia | 460 | 326177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20forest%20elephant | Biology and health sciences | Proboscidea | Animals |
Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear DNA of African bush and forest elephants, Asian elephants, woolly mammoths and American mastodons revealed that the African forest elephant and African bush elephant are two distinct species that genetically diverged at least 1.9 million years ago. They are therefore considered distinct... | African forest elephant | Wikipedia | 454 | 326177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20forest%20elephant | Biology and health sciences | Proboscidea | Animals |
The African forest elephant's tusks are straight and point downwards, and are present in both males and females. The African forest elephant has pink tusks, which are thinner and harder than the tusks of the African bush elephant. The length and diameter vary between individuals. Tusks of bulls grow throughout life, tu... | African forest elephant | Wikipedia | 449 | 326177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20forest%20elephant | Biology and health sciences | Proboscidea | Animals |
The African forest elephant lives in family groups. Groups observed in the rain forest of Gabon's Lopé National Park between 1984 and 1991 comprised between three and eight individuals. Groups of up to 20 individuals were observed in the Dzanga-Sangha Complex of Protected Areas, comprising adult cows, their daughters a... | African forest elephant | Wikipedia | 503 | 326177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20forest%20elephant | Biology and health sciences | Proboscidea | Animals |
Seeds passed by elephant gut germinate faster. The African forest elephant is one of the most effective seed dispersers in the tropics and has been referred to as the "megagardener of the forest" due to its significant role in maintaining plant diversity. In the Cuvette Centrale, 14 of 18 megafaunal tree species depend... | African forest elephant | Wikipedia | 476 | 326177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20forest%20elephant | Biology and health sciences | Proboscidea | Animals |
Reproduction
Females reach sexual maturity between the age of 8 and 12 years, depending on the population density and nutrition available. On average, they begin breeding at the age of 23 and give birth every 5–6 years. As a result, the birth rate is lower than the bush species, which starts breeding at age 12 and has ... | African forest elephant | Wikipedia | 436 | 326177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20forest%20elephant | Biology and health sciences | Proboscidea | Animals |
Females are polyestrous, meaning they are capable of conceiving multiple times a year, which is a reason why they do not appear to have a breeding season. However, there does appear to be a peak in conceptions during the two rainy seasons of the year. Generally, the female conceives after two or three matings. Though t... | African forest elephant | Wikipedia | 446 | 326177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20forest%20elephant | Biology and health sciences | Proboscidea | Animals |
Many hunts failed due to elephants detecting the hunters before being stabbed and fleeing, with field research by Ichikawa finding that only one out of six Mbuti elephant hunts were successful in a six-month period, corresponding to around 60–70 days of total hunting time, meaning that despite the large quantity of mea... | African forest elephant | Wikipedia | 337 | 326177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20forest%20elephant | Biology and health sciences | Proboscidea | Animals |
Genetic analysis of confiscated ivory showed that 328 tusks of African forest elephants seized in the Philippines between 1996 and 2005 originated in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo; 2,871 tusks seized in Hong Kong between 2006 and 2013 originated in Tridom, the tri-national Dja-Odzala-Minkébé protected ar... | African forest elephant | Wikipedia | 460 | 326177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20forest%20elephant | Biology and health sciences | Proboscidea | Animals |
On 19 August 2020, Guyvanho, a poacher who killed over 500 African forest elephants in the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park, was convicted to 30 years in prison for charges of poaching and others. Guyvanho was the first poacher to be tried criminally in the Republic of the Congo, and has the longest prison sentence for a p... | African forest elephant | Wikipedia | 418 | 326177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20forest%20elephant | Biology and health sciences | Proboscidea | Animals |
African forest elephants are estimated to constitute up to one-third of the continent's elephant population but have been poorly studied because of the difficulty in observing them through the dense vegetation that makes up their habitat. Thermal imaging has facilitated observation of the species, leading to more infor... | African forest elephant | Wikipedia | 120 | 326177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20forest%20elephant | Biology and health sciences | Proboscidea | Animals |
Solenodons (from , 'channel' or 'pipe' and , 'tooth') are venomous, nocturnal, burrowing, insectivorous mammals belonging to the family Solenodontidae . The two living solenodon species are the Cuban solenodon (Atopogale cubana) and the Hispaniolan solenodon (Solenodon paradoxus). Threats to both species include hab... | Solenodon | Wikipedia | 418 | 326193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenodon | Biology and health sciences | Eulipotyphla | Animals |
Traditionally, solenodons' closest relatives were considered to be the giant water shrew of Africa and Tenrecidae of Madagascar, though they are now known to be more closely related to true shrews (Eulipotyphla). Solenodons resemble very large shrews, and are often compared to them; with extremely elongated cartilagino... | Solenodon | Wikipedia | 477 | 326193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenodon | Biology and health sciences | Eulipotyphla | Animals |
West Indian natives have long known about the venomous character of the solenodon bite. Early studies on the nature of the tiny mammal's saliva suggested that it was very similar to the neurotoxic venom of certain snakes. More recently, the venom has been found to be related to that of the northern short-tailed shrew ... | Solenodon | Wikipedia | 503 | 326193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenodon | Biology and health sciences | Eulipotyphla | Animals |
Reproduction
Solenodons give birth in a nesting burrow to one or two young. The young remain with the mother for several months and initially follow the mother by hanging on to her elongated teats. Once they reach adulthood solenodons are solitary animals and rarely interact except to breed.
The reproductive rate of s... | Solenodon | Wikipedia | 493 | 326193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenodon | Biology and health sciences | Eulipotyphla | Animals |
Cuba
The Cuban solenodon is considered Endangered due to predation by the small Indian mongoose (Urva auropunctata), which was introduced in colonial times to hunt snakes and rats, as well as by feral cats and dogs. The Cuban solenodon was thought to have been extinct until a live specimen was found in 2003.
Haiti
The... | Solenodon | Wikipedia | 401 | 326193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenodon | Biology and health sciences | Eulipotyphla | Animals |
A solenodon was captured in 2008 during a month-long expedition in the Dominican Republic, thereby allowing researchers the rare opportunity to examine it in daylight. The Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust and the Ornithological Society of Hispaniola were able to take measurements and DNA from the creature before it ... | Solenodon | Wikipedia | 358 | 326193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenodon | Biology and health sciences | Eulipotyphla | Animals |
Psilocybin mushrooms, commonly known as magic mushrooms, shrooms, or broadly as hallucinogenic mushrooms, are a polyphyletic informal group of fungi that contain psilocybin, which turns into psilocin upon ingestion. The most potent species are members of genus Psilocybe, such as P. azurescens, P. semilanceata, and P. c... | Psilocybin mushroom | Wikipedia | 496 | 326201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin%20mushroom | Biology and health sciences | Edible fungi | Plants |
After the Spanish conquest, Catholic missionaries campaigned against the cultural tradition of the Aztecs, dismissing the Aztecs as idolaters, and the use of hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms, together with other pre-Christian traditions, was quickly suppressed. The Spanish believed the mushroom allowed the Aztecs an... | Psilocybin mushroom | Wikipedia | 454 | 326201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin%20mushroom | Biology and health sciences | Edible fungi | Plants |
The popularization of entheogens by the Wassons, Leary, Terence McKenna, Robert Anton Wilson, and many others led to an explosion in the use of psilocybin mushrooms throughout the world. By the early 1970s, many psilocybin mushroom species were described from temperate North America, Europe, and Asia and were widely co... | Psilocybin mushroom | Wikipedia | 485 | 326201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin%20mushroom | Biology and health sciences | Edible fungi | Plants |
Composition
Magic mushroom composition varies from genus to genus and species to species. Its principal component is psilocybin, which is converted into psilocin to produce psychoactive effects. Besides psilocin, norpsilocin, baeocystin, norbaeocystin, and aeruginascin may also be present, which can modify the effects ... | Psilocybin mushroom | Wikipedia | 487 | 326201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin%20mushroom | Biology and health sciences | Edible fungi | Plants |
Sensory
Sensory effects include visual and auditory hallucinations followed by emotional changes and altered perception of time and space. Noticeable changes to the auditory, visual, and tactile senses may become apparent around 30 minutes to an hour after ingestion, although effects may take up to two hours to take pl... | Psilocybin mushroom | Wikipedia | 497 | 326201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin%20mushroom | Biology and health sciences | Edible fungi | Plants |
However, microdosing has become a popular technique for many users, which involves taking <1.0g for an experience that is not as intense or powerful, but recreationally enjoyable and even alleviating for symptoms of depression.
The concentration of active psilocybin mushroom compounds varies from species to species bu... | Psilocybin mushroom | Wikipedia | 496 | 326201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin%20mushroom | Biology and health sciences | Edible fungi | Plants |
The legality of the cultivation, possession, and sale of psilocybin mushrooms and psilocybin and psilocin varies from country to country.
After Oregon Measure 109, in 2020, Oregon became the first US state to decriminalize psilocybin and legalize it for therapeutic use. However, selling psilocybin without being licens... | Psilocybin mushroom | Wikipedia | 295 | 326201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin%20mushroom | Biology and health sciences | Edible fungi | Plants |
The dromedary (Camelus dromedarius or ;), also known as the dromedary camel, Arabian camel, or one-humped camel, is a large camel, of the genus Camelus, with one hump on its back.
It is the tallest of the three species of camel; adult males stand at the shoulder, while females are tall. Males typically weigh betwee... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 406 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
Etymology
The common name "dromedary" comes from the Old French or the Late Latin . These originated from the Greek word , (GEN (γενική) , ), meaning "running" or "runner", used in Greek in the combination (), literally "running camel", to refer to the dromedary. The first recorded use in English of the name "dromed... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 397 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
In 2007, Peng Cui of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and colleagues carried out a phylogenetic study of the evolutionary relationships between the two tribes of Camelidae; Camelini – consisting of the three Camelus species (the study considered the wild Bactrian camel as a subspecies of the Bactrian camel) – and Lamini... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 469 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
Evolution
The extinct Protylopus, which occurred in North America during the upper Eocene, is the oldest and the smallest-known camel. During the transition from Pliocene to Pleistocene, several mammals faced extinction. This period marked the successful radiation of the Camelus species, which migrated over the Bering ... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 435 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
The coat is generally brown but can range from black to nearly white. Leese reported piebald dromedaries in Kordofan and Darfur in Sudan. Piebald coloration in some camels is thought to be caused by the KITW1 allele of the KIT gene, though there is likely at least one other mutation that also causes white spotting. The... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 426 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
The dromedary has 22 milk teeth, which are eventually replaced by 34 permanent teeth. The dental formula for permanent dentition is , and for milk dentition. In the juvenile, the lower first molars develop by 12 to 15 months and the permanent lower incisors appear at 4.5 to 6.5 years of age. All teeth are in use by 8 ... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 443 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
Reproductive system
The ovaries are reddish, circular and flattened. They are enclosed in a conical bursa and have the dimensions during anestrus. The oviducts are long. The uterus is bicornuate. The vagina is long and has well-developed Bartholin's glands. The vulva is deep and has a small clitoris. The placenta i... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 327 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
The dromedary is prone to trypanosomiasis, a disease caused by a parasite transmitted by the tsetse fly. The main symptoms are recurring fever, anaemia and weakness; the disease is typically fatal for the camel. Brucellosis is another prominent malady. In an observational study, the seroprevalence of this disease was g... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 434 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
Fleas and ticks are common causes of physical irritation. Hyalomma dromedarii is especially adapted to arid conditions, changing its moulting process to complete more or all of its life cycle on a single host if stressed, and having an unusually wide host range. The larvae are not well understood but their questing pha... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 457 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
Special behavioral features of the dromedary include snapping at others without biting them and showing displeasure by stamping their feet. They are generally non-aggressive, with the exception of rutting males. They appear to remember their homes; females, in particular, remember the places they first gave birth or su... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 311 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
In the Sahara, 332 plant species have been recorded as food plants of the dromedary. These include Aristida pungens, Acacia tortilis, Panicum turgidum, Launaea arborescens and Balanites aegyptiaca. The dromedary eats Acacia, Atriplex and Salsola when they are available. Feral dromedaries in Australia prefer Trichodesma... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 256 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
The dromedary is specially adapted to its desert habitat; these adaptations are aimed at conserving water and regulating body temperature. The bushy eyebrows and the double row of eyelashes prevent sand and dust from entering the eyes during strong windstorms, and shield them from the sun's glare. The dromedary is able... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 470 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
Camels have a slow growth rate and reach sexual maturity slower than sheep or goat. The age of sexual maturity varies geographically and depends on the individual, as does the reproductive period. Both sexes might mature by three to five years of age, though successful breeding could take longer. Camels are described a... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 409 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
A single calf is born after a gestation period of 15 months. Calves move freely by the end of their first day. Nursing and maternal care continue for one to two years. In a study to find whether young could exist on milk substitutes, two male, month-old camels were separated from their mothers and were fed on milk subs... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 377 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
The dromedary was first domesticated in the southern Arabian Peninsula around 4000–3000 BC. In the ninth or tenth century BC, the dromedary became popular in the Near East. The Persian invasion of Egypt under Cambyses in 525 BC introduced domesticated camels to the area. The Persian camels were not well-suited to tradi... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 495 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
Africa
Africa has more than 80% of the world's total dromedary population; it occurs in almost every desert zone in the northern part of the continent. The Sahel marks the southern extreme of its range, where the annual rainfall is around . The Horn of Africa has nearly 35% of the world's dromedaries; most of the regio... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 486 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
Feral dromedary populations notwithstanding, the wild dromedary camel as opposed to the now domesticated species has been functionally extinct from the wild for the past 2,000 years.
Relationship with humans
The strength and docility of the dromedary make it popular as a domesticated animal. According to Richard Bulli... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 477 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
According to Leese, the dromedary walks with four speeds or gaits: walk, jog, fast run and canter. The first is the typical speed of walking, around . Jog is the most common speed, nearly on level ground. He estimated a speed of during a fast run, by observing northern African and Arabian dromedaries. He gave no spee... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 439 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
Draught camels are used for several purposes including ploughing, processing in oil mills and pulling carts. There is no clear description for the ideal draught camel, though its strength, its ability to survive without water and the flatness of its feet could be indicators. It may be used for ploughing in pairs or in ... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 471 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
The acidity of dromedary milk stored at increases at a slower rate than that of cow milk. Though the preparation of butter from dromedary milk is difficult, it is produced in small amounts by nomads, optimized at 22.5% fat in the cream. In 2001, the ability of dromedary milk to form curd was studied; coagulation did n... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 216 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
The meat of a five-year-old dromedary has a typical composition of 76% water, 22% protein, 1% fat, and 1% ash. The carcass, weighing for a five-year-old dromedary, is composed of nearly 57% muscle, 26% bone and 17% fat. A seven-to-eight-year-old camel can produce a carcass of . The meat is bright red to a dark brown o... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 316 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
Dromedary slaughter is more difficult than the slaughter of other domestic livestock such as cattle because of the size of the animal and the significant manual work involved. More males than females are slaughtered. Though less affected by mishandling than other livestock, the pre-slaughter handling of the dromedary p... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 369 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
Camel hair, wool and hides
Camels in hot climates generally do not develop long coats. Camel hair is light, and has low thermal conductivity and durability, and is thus suitable for manufacturing warm clothes, blankets, tents, and rugs. Hair of highest quality is typically obtained from juvenile or feral camels. In Ind... | Dromedary | Wikipedia | 171 | 326340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
A space rendezvous () is a set of orbital maneuvers during which two spacecraft, one of which is often a space station, arrive at the same orbit and approach to a very close distance (e.g. within visual contact). Rendezvous requires a precise match of the orbital velocities and position vectors of the two spacecraft, a... | Space rendezvous | Wikipedia | 387 | 984081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20rendezvous | Physical sciences | Orbital mechanics | Astronomy |
NASA's first attempt at rendezvous was made on June 3, 1965, when US astronaut Jim McDivitt tried to maneuver his Gemini 4 craft to meet its spent Titan II launch vehicle's upper stage. McDivitt was unable to get close enough to achieve station-keeping, due to depth-perception problems, and stage propellant venting whi... | Space rendezvous | Wikipedia | 496 | 984081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20rendezvous | Physical sciences | Orbital mechanics | Astronomy |
The first successful crewed docking occurred on January 16, 1969 when Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 docked, collecting the two crew members of Soyuz 5, which had to perform an extravehicular activity to reach Soyuz 4.
In March 1969 Apollo 9 achieved the first internal transfer of crew members between two docked spacecraft.
The... | Space rendezvous | Wikipedia | 403 | 984081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20rendezvous | Physical sciences | Orbital mechanics | Astronomy |
Robotic spacecraft are also used to rendezvous with and resupply space stations. Soyuz and Progress spacecraft have automatically docked with both Mir and the ISS using the Kurs docking system, Europe's Automated Transfer Vehicle also used this system to dock with the Russian segment of the ISS. Several uncrewed spacec... | Space rendezvous | Wikipedia | 403 | 984081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20rendezvous | Physical sciences | Orbital mechanics | Astronomy |
Alternatively the two spacecraft are already together, and just undock and dock in a different way:
Soyuz spacecraft from one docking point to another on the ISS or Salyut
In the Apollo spacecraft, a maneuver known as transposition, docking, and extraction was performed an hour or so after Trans Lunar Injection of the... | Space rendezvous | Wikipedia | 506 | 984081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20rendezvous | Physical sciences | Orbital mechanics | Astronomy |
Once the two spacecraft are sufficiently close, the chaser's orbit is synchronized with the target's orbit. That is, the chaser will be accelerated. This increase in velocity carries the chaser to a higher orbit. The increase in velocity is chosen such that the chaser approximately assumes the orbit of the target. Step... | Space rendezvous | Wikipedia | 508 | 984081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20rendezvous | Physical sciences | Orbital mechanics | Astronomy |
STS-104 was the third Space Shuttle mission to conduct a V-bar arrival at the International Space Station. The V-bar, or velocity vector, extends along a line directly ahead of the station. Shuttles approach the ISS along the V-bar when docking at the PMA-2 docking port.
R-bar approach
The R-bar approach consists of... | Space rendezvous | Wikipedia | 507 | 984081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20rendezvous | Physical sciences | Orbital mechanics | Astronomy |
A cenote ( or ; ) is a natural pit, or sinkhole, resulting when a collapse of limestone bedrock exposes groundwater. The term originated on the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico, where the ancient Maya commonly used cenotes for water supplies, and occasionally for sacrificial offerings. The name derives from a word used by ... | Cenote | Wikipedia | 469 | 985483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenote | Physical sciences | Caves | Earth science |
Cenotes are formed by the dissolution of rock and the resulting subsurface void, which may or may not be linked to an active cave system, and the subsequent structural collapse. Rock that falls into the water below is slowly removed by further dissolution, creating space for more collapse blocks. Likely, the rate of co... | Cenote | Wikipedia | 484 | 985483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenote | Physical sciences | Caves | Earth science |
The depth of the halocline is a function of several factors: climate and specifically how much meteoric water recharges the aquifer, hydraulic conductivity of the host rock, distribution and connectivity of existing cave systems, and how effective these are at draining water to the coast, and the distance from the coas... | Cenote | Wikipedia | 397 | 985483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenote | Physical sciences | Caves | Earth science |
Although cenotes are found widely throughout much of the Yucatán Peninsula, a higher-density circular alignment of cenotes overlies the measured rim of the Chicxulub crater. This crater structure, identified from the alignment of cenotes, but also subsequently mapped using geophysical methods (including gravity mapping... | Cenote | Wikipedia | 425 | 985483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenote | Physical sciences | Caves | Earth science |
The discovery of golden sacrificial artifacts in some cenotes led to the archaeological exploration of most cenotes in the first part of the 20th century. Edward Herbert Thompson (1857–1935), an American diplomat who had bought the Chichen Itza site, began dredging the Sacred Cenote there in 1904. He discovered human s... | Cenote | Wikipedia | 470 | 985483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenote | Physical sciences | Caves | Earth science |
Canada
Devil's Bath is the largest cenote in Canada at a size of 1178 ft (359m) in diameter and 144 ft (44m) in depth. It is located near the village of Port Alice, British Columbia on the northwest coastline of Vancouver Island. Devil's Bath is continuously fed by an underground spring and is connected by underwater ... | Cenote | Wikipedia | 275 | 985483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenote | Physical sciences | Caves | Earth science |
The Lambda-CDM, Lambda cold dark matter, or ΛCDM model is a mathematical model of the Big Bang theory with three major components:
a cosmological constant, denoted by lambda (Λ), associated with dark energy;
the postulated cold dark matter, denoted by CDM;
ordinary matter.
It is the current standard model of Big Ba... | Lambda-CDM model | Wikipedia | 458 | 985963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM%20model | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
The most accurate observations which are sensitive to the component densities are consequences of statistical inhomogeneity called "perturbations" in the early universe. Since the Friedmann equations assume homogeneity, additional theory must be added before comparison to experiments. Inflation is a simple model produc... | Lambda-CDM model | Wikipedia | 482 | 985963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM%20model | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
Dark matter is postulated in order to account for gravitational effects observed in very large-scale structures (the "non-keplerian" rotation curves of galaxies; the gravitational lensing of... | Lambda-CDM model | Wikipedia | 498 | 985963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM%20model | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
The model uses the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric, the Friedmann equations, and the cosmological equations of state to describe the observable universe from approximately 0.1 s to the present.
Cosmic expansion history
The expansion of the universe is parameterized by a dimensionless scale factor (with ti... | Lambda-CDM model | Wikipedia | 398 | 985963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM%20model | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
Since the densities of various species scale as different powers of , e.g. for matter etc.,
the Friedmann equation can be conveniently rewritten in terms of the various density parameters as
where is the equation of state parameter of dark energy, and assuming negligible neutrino mass (significant neutrino mass req... | Lambda-CDM model | Wikipedia | 451 | 985963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM%20model | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
Historical development
The discovery of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) in 1964 confirmed a key prediction of the Big Bang cosmology. From that point on, it was generally accepted that the universe started in a hot, dense state and has been expanding over time. The rate of expansion depends on the types of matte... | Lambda-CDM model | Wikipedia | 434 | 985963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM%20model | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
Successes
Among all cosmological models, the ΛCDM model has been the most successful; it describes a wide range of astronomical observations with remarkable accuracy. The notable successes include:
Accurate modeling the high-precision CMB angular distribution measure by the Planck mission and Atacama Cosmology Telesc... | Lambda-CDM model | Wikipedia | 453 | 985963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM%20model | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
The ΛCDM model, like all models built on the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric, assume that the universe looks the same in all directions (isotropy) and from every location (homogeneity) if you look at a large enough scale: "the universe looks the same whoever and wherever you are." This cosmological principle... | Lambda-CDM model | Wikipedia | 382 | 985963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM%20model | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
The CMB dipole is hinted at through a number of other observations. First, even within the cosmic microwave background, there are curious directional alignments and an anomalous parity asymmetry that may have an origin in the CMB dipole. Separately, the CMB dipole direction has emerged as a preferred direction in studi... | Lambda-CDM model | Wikipedia | 479 | 985963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM%20model | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
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