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Asian box turtles are in serious danger of extinction in their habitat because they are part of the food base of many Asian countries such as China, where they are captured for local food markets despite captive breeding farms. North American box turtles, on the other hand, are endangered by habitat destruction. The fo... | Box turtle | Wikipedia | 430 | 72092111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
Finding box turtles in the wild and taking them as pets, even for a short period, can have detrimental effects. Box turtles want to stay within the area where they were hatched. If one is moved more than half a mile from its territory, it may not find its way back, but may spend years searching for it. This exposes the... | Box turtle | Wikipedia | 503 | 72092111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
Keeled box turtle, Pyxidea mouhotii (Gray, 1862)
Pyxidea mouhotii mouhotii
Pyxidea mouhotii obsti | Box turtle | Wikipedia | 40 | 72092111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
Climate change vulnerability is a concept that describes how strongly people or ecosystems are likely to be affected by climate change. Its formal definition is the "propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected" by climate change. It can apply to humans and also to natural systems (or ecosystems). Issues aroun... | Climate change vulnerability | Wikipedia | 501 | 66204363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20vulnerability | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Climate vulnerability can include a wide variety of different meanings, situations, and contexts in climate change research. It has been a central concept in academic research and IPCC assessments since 2001.
The concept was defined in the Third IPCC report (2001) as "the degree to which a system is susceptible to, ... | Climate change vulnerability | Wikipedia | 457 | 66204363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20vulnerability | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
In earlier definitions of vulnerability to climate change (in the Third IPCC report and Fourth IPCC report) vulnerability was defined as a function of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. This changed during the Fifth IPCC cycle. In this report, exposure was defined as one of the three interacting elements of c... | Climate change vulnerability | Wikipedia | 480 | 66204363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20vulnerability | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Social (socioeconomic) vulnerability
Social vulnerability is a more people-centred, holistic perspective on how and why people are affected by climate change. Vulnerability of ecosystems and people to climate change is driven by certain unsustainable development patterns such as "unsustainable ocean and land use, ineq... | Climate change vulnerability | Wikipedia | 467 | 66204363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20vulnerability | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Around the world, climate change affects rural communities that heavily depend on their agriculture and natural resources for their livelihood. Increased frequency and severity of climate events disproportionately affects women, rural, dryland, and island communities. This leads to more drastic changes in their lifesty... | Climate change vulnerability | Wikipedia | 461 | 66204363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20vulnerability | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
It is understood that increased exposure to high temperatures as a result of global warming can lead to acute heat-related illnesses such as heat stroke or can aggravate pre-existing conditions. In a study done in Los Angeles, California during a heat wave, it was found that African American populations were at greater... | Climate change vulnerability | Wikipedia | 395 | 66204363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20vulnerability | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
It is also important to discuss occupational hazards when elaborating upon the impact of climate change on the health outcomes of varying racial and ethnic groups. Extreme heat can be detrimental to outdoor workers. Several studies have revealed that the agricultural workforce has been negatively affected by the growin... | Climate change vulnerability | Wikipedia | 407 | 66204363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20vulnerability | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Equity is another essential component of vulnerability and is closely tied to issues of environmental justice and climate justice. As the most vulnerable communities are likely to be the most heavily impacted, a climate justice movement is coalescing in response. There are many aspects of climate justice that relate to... | Climate change vulnerability | Wikipedia | 378 | 66204363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20vulnerability | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Assessments are also done at sub-national and sectoral level, and also increasingly for cities on an urban district or neighbourhood scale. Vulnerability assessment is also done for local communities to evaluate where and how communities and livelihoods are vulnerable to climate change. Studies can vary widely in scop... | Climate change vulnerability | Wikipedia | 400 | 66204363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20vulnerability | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Tools for vulnerability assessment
Similarly as for climate risk assessment, tools for vulnerability assessment vary depending on the sector, the scale at which the study is being carried out, and the entity or system which is thought to vulnerable. Modelling and other participatory tools include WEAP for understandin... | Climate change vulnerability | Wikipedia | 463 | 66204363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20vulnerability | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Injury is physiological damage to the living tissue of any organism, whether in humans, in other animals, or in plants.
Injuries can be caused in many ways, including mechanically with penetration by sharp objects such as teeth or with blunt objects, by heat or cold, or by venoms and biotoxins. Injury prompts an infla... | Injury | Wikipedia | 443 | 74872973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injury | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
In plants, injuries result from the eating of plant parts by herbivorous animals including insects and mammals, from damage to tissues by plant pathogens such as bacteria and fungi, which may gain entry after herbivore damage or in other ways, and from abiotic factors such as heat, freezing, flooding, lightning, and po... | Injury | Wikipedia | 240 | 74872973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injury | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
Synthetic biopolymers are human-made copies of biopolymers obtained by abiotic chemical routes. Synthetic biopolymer of different chemical nature have been obtained, including polysaccharides, glycoproteins, peptides and proteins, polyhydroxoalkanoates, polyisoprenes.
Synthesis of biopolymer
The high molecular weight... | Synthetic biopolymer | Wikipedia | 439 | 61243379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic%20biopolymer | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Polyhydroxoalkanoates and polyesters obtained by enzyme-assisted esterification using lipases.
Heparin, heparan sulfate and other glycosaminoglycans and plant glycans.
Polysaccharides such as cellulose, amylose, chitin and derivatives
Natural and non-natural polynucleotides can be successfully obtained by enzyme-assi... | Synthetic biopolymer | Wikipedia | 202 | 61243379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic%20biopolymer | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
The electric eels are a genus, Electrophorus, of neotropical freshwater fish from South America in the family Gymnotidae. They are known for their ability to stun their prey by generating electricity, delivering shocks at up to 860 volts. Their electrical capabilities were first studied in 1775, contributing to the inv... | Electric eel | Wikipedia | 501 | 61262925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20eel | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Electric eels form a clade of strongly electric fishes within the order Gymnotiformes, the South American knifefishes. Electric eels are thus not closely related to the true eels (Anguilliformes). The lineage of the Electrophorus genus is estimated to have split from its sister taxon Gymnotus sometime in the Cretaceous... | Electric eel | Wikipedia | 455 | 61262925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20eel | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Electric eels are mostly nocturnal. E. voltai mainly eats fish, in particular the armoured catfish Megalechis thoracata. A specimen of E. voltai had a caecilian (a legless amphibian), Typhlonectes compressicauda, in its stomach; it is possible that this means that the species is resistant to the caecilian's toxic skin ... | Electric eel | Wikipedia | 347 | 61262925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20eel | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Electric eels get most of their oxygen by breathing air using buccal pumping. This enables them to live in habitats with widely varying oxygen levels including streams, swamps, and pools. Uniquely among the gymnotids, the buccal cavity is lined with a frilled mucosa which has a rich blood supply, enabling gas exchange ... | Electric eel | Wikipedia | 466 | 61262925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20eel | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Potassium channel proteins involved in electric organ discharge, including KCNA1, KCNH6, and KCNJ12, are distributed differently among the three electric organs: most such proteins are most abundant in the main organ and least abundant in Sachs's organ, but KCNH6 is most abundant in Sachs's organ. The main organ and Hu... | Electric eel | Wikipedia | 472 | 61262925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20eel | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
When an electric eel identifies prey, its brain sends a nerve signal to the electric organ; the nerve cells involved release the neurotransmitter chemical acetylcholine to trigger an electric organ discharge. This opens ion channels, allowing sodium to flow into the electrocytes, reversing the polarity momentarily. The... | Electric eel | Wikipedia | 508 | 61262925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20eel | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
As the fish grow, they continually add more vertebrae to their spinal column. The main organ is the first electric organ to develop, followed by Sachs' organ and then Hunter's organ. All the electric organs are differentiated by the time the body reaches a length of . Electric eels are able to produce electrical discha... | Electric eel | Wikipedia | 354 | 61262925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20eel | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Also in 1775, the American physician and politician Hugh Williamson, who had studied with Hunter, presented a paper "Experiments and observations on the Gymnotus Electricus, or electric eel" at the Royal Society. He reported a series of experiments, such as "7. In order to discover whether the eel killed those fish by ... | Electric eel | Wikipedia | 451 | 61262925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20eel | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
In 1839, the chemist Michael Faraday extensively tested the electrical properties of an electric eel imported from Surinam. For a span of four months, he measured the electrical impulses produced by the animal by pressing shaped copper paddles and saddles against the specimen. Through this method, he determined and qua... | Electric eel | Wikipedia | 489 | 61262925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20eel | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
In 2016, Hao Sun and colleagues described a family of electric eel-mimicking devices that serve as high output voltage electrochemical capacitors. These are fabricated as flexible fibres that can be woven into textiles. Sun and colleagues suggest that the storage devices could serve as power sources for products such a... | Electric eel | Wikipedia | 71 | 61262925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20eel | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Bird wings are a paired forelimb in birds. The wings give the birds the ability to fly, creating lift.
Terrestrial flightless birds have reduced wings or none at all (for example, moa). In aquatic flightless birds (penguins), wings can serve as flippers.
Anatomy
Like most other tetrapods, the forelimb of birds consi... | Bird wing | Wikipedia | 468 | 64767216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%20wing | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
Elliptical wings
Elliptical wings are rounded and short. This type of wing allows for tight maneuvering in confined spaces such as dense vegetation. Elliptical wings are common in forest raptors (such as Accipiter hawks), and many passerines, particularly non-migratory ones (migratory species have longer wings). They a... | Bird wing | Wikipedia | 435 | 64767216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%20wing | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
Asteriornis ("Asteria's bird") is an extinct genus of bird from the Late Cretaceous of Belgium which is known from a single species, Asteriornis maastrichtensis. It was closely related to birds of the extant superorder Galloanserae such as chickens and ducks. Members of the genus were small, long-legged birds (~) that ... | Asteriornis | Wikipedia | 400 | 63413093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteriornis | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric birds | Animals |
Discovery and naming
Asteriornis is based on specimen NHMM 2013 008, held in the Maastricht Natural History Museum (Dutch: Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht), which consists of an almost complete skull and fragments of leg bones and a radius. It was retrieved from four blocks of sediment found at the CBR-Romontbos qu... | Asteriornis | Wikipedia | 364 | 63413093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteriornis | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric birds | Animals |
The beak was slightly downcurved and lightweight. Unlike galloanserans, the beak did not have any specialized connections to the rest of the skull, nor a hooked tip. Instead its front tip was slightly rounded. The skull was narrowest over the orbits (eye sockets), where the frontal bones were incised by a V-shaped part... | Asteriornis | Wikipedia | 410 | 63413093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteriornis | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric birds | Animals |
Classification
A phylogenetic analysis placed Asteriornis near the base of Galloanserae, an expansive superorder containing birds such as chickens, ducks, pheasants, and other types of fowl and gamebirds. The precise placement varied based on whether the analysis used parsimony or Bayesian protocol. Parsimony placed i... | Asteriornis | Wikipedia | 425 | 63413093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteriornis | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric birds | Animals |
At least one study in 2021 has recovered Asteriornis as a paleognath, albeit "with limited support". Subsequent studies still support Asterornis as a neornithean closely related to or within Galloanserae based on morphometric and phylogenetic analyses. A 2024 cladistic analysis placed Asteriornis within the crown-group... | Asteriornis | Wikipedia | 107 | 63413093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteriornis | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric birds | Animals |
Shringasaurus (meaning "horned lizard", from Sanskrit शृङ्ग (śṛṅga), "horn", and Ancient Greek (sauros), "lizard") is an extinct genus of archosauromorph reptile from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of India. It is known from the type and only known species, S. indicus. Shringasaurus is known from the Denwa Formation in... | Shringasaurus | Wikipedia | 460 | 54977531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shringasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Other prehistoric reptiles | Animals |
The horns of Shringasaurus closely resemble those seen in ceratopsid dinosaurs, despite azendohsaurids and ceratopsids being totally unrelated to each other. The horns are attached to the frontal bones on the roof of the skull over the eyes, and sit across almost the entire breadth of the skull. They are pointed up and... | Shringasaurus | Wikipedia | 475 | 54977531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shringasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Other prehistoric reptiles | Animals |
The vertebral column is well known in Shringasaurus, including the whole cervical series, various dorsal vertebrae, both sacral vertebrae and some caudal vertebrae. Like other azendohsaurids, the first-through-middle cervical vertebrae are characteristically elongated, giving Shringasaurus a long, raised neck, although... | Shringasaurus | Wikipedia | 411 | 54977531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shringasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Other prehistoric reptiles | Animals |
The hips and hind limbs are very similar to those of Azendohsaurus. The ilium has a prominent, semi-circular process at the front while the rear process is longer and thinner, and the acetabulum (hip socket) is also solid, unlike the perforated hip socket of dinosaurs. The femur is robust and slightly s-shaped, held ou... | Shringasaurus | Wikipedia | 481 | 54977531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shringasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Other prehistoric reptiles | Animals |
However, the retention of bones rapidly lost in transport (such as ribs and limb bones), as well as minimal abrasion to many of the bones, indicates they were not transported a great distance after death. Although the bones were later disarticulated after transportation (apart from a single series of six dorsal vertebr... | Shringasaurus | Wikipedia | 415 | 54977531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shringasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Other prehistoric reptiles | Animals |
Classification
Shringasaurus is recognised as a member of the family Azendohsauridae, and as the closest relative of Azendohsaurus itself. The family is typically grouped within the recently recognised clade Allokotosauria, along with the trilophosaurids, as was recovered by Sengupta and colleagues when they described ... | Shringasaurus | Wikipedia | 510 | 54977531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shringasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Other prehistoric reptiles | Animals |
Function of the horns
The horns of Shringasaurus are its most prominent feature, and so some focus was placed on their role and function in its initial description. Its describers considered its horns to be likely products of sexual selection, not primarily for defence or species recognition (as has been proposed for ... | Shringasaurus | Wikipedia | 280 | 54977531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shringasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Other prehistoric reptiles | Animals |
In the upper Denwa Formation, Shringasaurus coexisted with the lungfish Ceratodus sp. and a variety of temnospondyl amphibians, including the capitosaurid Paracyclotosaurus crookshanki, the mastodonsaurid Cherninia denwai, a lonchorhynchine trematosaurid, and a brachyopid. Other terrestrial vertebrates include a large ... | Shringasaurus | Wikipedia | 244 | 54977531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shringasaurus | Biology and health sciences | Other prehistoric reptiles | Animals |
Acanthosoma is a genus of shield bugs in the family Acanthosomatidae, found in Europe, Asia, and Oceania. There are over 30 described species in the genus Acanthosoma.
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Acanthosoma:
Acanthosoma alaticorne
Acanthosoma asahinai
Acanthosoma atayal
Acanthosoma a... | Acanthosoma | Wikipedia | 366 | 63429503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthosoma | Biology and health sciences | Hemiptera (true bugs) | Animals |
Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. The term excludes seawater and brackish water, but it does include non-salty mineral-rich waters, such as chalybeate springs. Fresh water may encompass frozen an... | Fresh water | Wikipedia | 499 | 62557527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh%20water | Physical sciences | Water: General | Earth science |
A non-sustainable alternative is using so-called "fossil water" from underground aquifers. As some of those aquifers formed hundreds of thousands or even millions of years ago when local climates were wetter (e.g. from one of the Green Sahara periods) and are not appreciably replenished under current climatic condition... | Fresh water | Wikipedia | 428 | 62557527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh%20water | Physical sciences | Water: General | Earth science |
In desert areas, or areas with impoverished or dusty soils, rain-bearing winds can pick up sand and dust and this can be deposited elsewhere in precipitation and causing the freshwater flow to be measurably contaminated both by insoluble solids but also by the soluble components of those soils. Significant quantities o... | Fresh water | Wikipedia | 451 | 62557527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh%20water | Physical sciences | Water: General | Earth science |
Below the water table, the entire region is known as the saturated zone, and the water in this zone is called groundwater. Groundwater plays a crucial role as the primary source of water for various purposes including drinking, washing, farming, and manufacturing, and even when not directly used as a drinking water sup... | Fresh water | Wikipedia | 511 | 62557527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh%20water | Physical sciences | Water: General | Earth science |
Global goals for conservation
The Sustainable Development Goals are a collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to be a "blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all". Targets on fresh water conservation are included in SDG 6 (Clean water and sanitation) and SDG 15 (Life on land). For exa... | Fresh water | Wikipedia | 168 | 62557527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh%20water | Physical sciences | Water: General | Earth science |
GW170817 was a gravitational wave (GW) signal observed by the LIGO and Virgo detectors on 17 August 2017, originating from the shell elliptical galaxy NGC 4993, about 140 million light years away. The signal was produced by the last moments of the inspiral process of a binary pair of neutron stars, ending with their me... | GW170817 | Wikipedia | 464 | 55053716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817 | Physical sciences | Notable transient events | Astronomy |
In October 2018, astronomers reported that, in retrospect, an sGRB event detected in 2015 () may represent an earlier case of the same astrophysics reported for GW170817. The similarities between the two events in terms of gamma ray, optical, and x-ray emissions, as well as to the nature of the associated host galaxies... | GW170817 | Wikipedia | 480 | 55053716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817 | Physical sciences | Notable transient events | Astronomy |
An automatic computer search of the LIGO-Hanford datastream triggered an alert to the LIGO team about 6 minutes after the event. The gamma-ray alert had already been issued at this point (16 seconds post-event), so the timing near-coincidence was automatically flagged. The LIGO/Virgo team issued a preliminary alert (wi... | GW170817 | Wikipedia | 422 | 55053716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817 | Physical sciences | Notable transient events | Astronomy |
A series of alerts to other astronomers were issued, beginning with a report of the gamma-ray detection and single-detector LIGO trigger at 13:21 UTC, and a three-detector sky location at 17:54 UTC. These prompted a massive search by many survey and robotic telescopes. In addition to the expected large size of the sear... | GW170817 | Wikipedia | 422 | 55053716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817 | Physical sciences | Notable transient events | Astronomy |
Numerous optical and infrared spectra were observed; early spectra were nearly featureless, but after a few days, broad features emerged indicative of material ejected at roughly 10 percent of light speed. There are multiple strong lines of evidence that AT 2017gfo is indeed the aftermath of GW170817. The color evoluti... | GW170817 | Wikipedia | 492 | 55053716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817 | Physical sciences | Notable transient events | Astronomy |
The masses of the progenitor stars have greater uncertainty. The chirp mass, a directly observable parameter which may be roughly equated to the geometric mean of the prior masses, was measured at . The larger progenitor () has a 90% chance of being between , and the smaller () has a 90% chance of being between . Under... | GW170817 | Wikipedia | 506 | 55053716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817 | Physical sciences | Notable transient events | Astronomy |
The event also provided a limit on the difference between the speed of light and that of gravity. Assuming the first photons were emitted between zero and ten seconds after peak gravitational wave emission, the difference between the speeds of gravitational and electromagnetic waves, vGW − vEM, is constrained to betwee... | GW170817 | Wikipedia | 497 | 55053716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817 | Physical sciences | Notable transient events | Astronomy |
In October 2017, Stephen Hawking, in his last broadcast interview, discussed the overall scientific importance of GW170817. In September 2018, astronomers reported related studies about possible mergers of neutron stars (NS) and white dwarfs (WD): including NS-NS, NS-WD, and WD-WD mergers. | GW170817 | Wikipedia | 70 | 55053716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817 | Physical sciences | Notable transient events | Astronomy |
Extensive investigation into vaccines and autism spectrum disorder has shown that there is no relationship between the two, causal or otherwise, and that vaccine ingredients do not cause autism. The American scientist Peter Hotez researched the growth of the false claim and concluded that its spread originated with And... | Vaccines and autism | Wikipedia | 351 | 59882582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccines%20and%20autism | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
In the early 2000s, evidence-based tools were being used for children as early as 36 months to help with the diagnosis of autism, and parents of children were able to identify signs of autism by the time the child turned 2.
In 2001, the Modified Autism Checklist for Toddlers (M-CHAT) was used and could diagnose childr... | Vaccines and autism | Wikipedia | 492 | 59882582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccines%20and%20autism | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the IOM of the United States National Academy of Sciences, and the National Health Service have all concluded that there is no link between the MMR vaccine and autism. A systematic review by the Cochrane Library concluded that there is no credible link between the M... | Vaccines and autism | Wikipedia | 310 | 59882582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccines%20and%20autism | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
Thiomersal is an antifungal preservative used in small amounts in some multi-dose vaccines (where the same vial is opened and used for multiple patients) to prevent contamination of the vaccine. Thiomersal contains ethylmercury, a mercury compound which is related to, but significantly less toxic than, the neurotoxic p... | Vaccines and autism | Wikipedia | 507 | 59882582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccines%20and%20autism | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
Following the belief that individual vaccines caused autism was the idea of vaccine overload, which claims that too many vaccines at once may overwhelm or weaken a child's immune system and lead to adverse effects. The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Vaccine Education Center compiled a list of vaccines recommended ... | Vaccines and autism | Wikipedia | 425 | 59882582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccines%20and%20autism | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
Aluminium adjuvants
As mercury compounds in vaccines have been definitively ruled out as a cause of autism, some anti-vaccine activists propose aluminium adjuvants as the cause of autism. Aluminium adjuvants, simulates immune receptors and causes a strengthened response to the antigen in a way that is natural to the bo... | Vaccines and autism | Wikipedia | 487 | 59882582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccines%20and%20autism | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
McCarthy, one of the most outspoken celebrities on the topic, has said her son Evan's autism diagnosis was a result of the MMR vaccine. She authored Louder than Words: A Mother's Journey in Healing Autism and co-authored Healing and Preventing Autism. She also founded Generation Rescue, an organisation which provides r... | Vaccines and autism | Wikipedia | 471 | 59882582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccines%20and%20autism | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
Goby is a common name for many species of small to medium sized ray-finned fish, normally with large heads and tapered bodies, which are found in marine, brackish and freshwater environments.
Traditionally most of the species called gobies have been classified in the order Perciformes as the suborder Gobioidei but in ... | Goby | Wikipedia | 248 | 58261265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goby | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null |
The jacanas (sometimes referred to as Jesus birds or lily trotters) are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found in the tropical regions around the world. They are noted for their elongated toes and toenails that allow them to spread out their weight while foraging on floating or semi-emergent... | Jacanidae | Wikipedia | 362 | 58290264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacanidae | Biology and health sciences | Charadriiformes | Animals |
Jacanas are identifiable by their elongated toes and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat. They have sharp bills and rounded wings, some with carpal spurs, and many species also have wattles and frontal lappets on their foreheads. Jacanas were once... | Jacanidae | Wikipedia | 452 | 58290264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacanidae | Biology and health sciences | Charadriiformes | Animals |
Their diet consists mainly of insects and other invertebrates picked from floating vegetation or the water's surface but plant seeds may also be eaten. Wattled jacanas are known to pick ticks off capybaras. The stomach contents of jacanas have been found to include algae, as well as plant roots and stems, but it is tho... | Jacanidae | Wikipedia | 137 | 58290264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacanidae | Biology and health sciences | Charadriiformes | Animals |
Climate change in Brazil is mainly the climate of Brazil getting hotter and drier. The greenhouse effect of excess carbon dioxide and methane emissions makes the Amazon rainforest hotter and drier, resulting in more wildfires in Brazil. Parts of the rainforest risk becoming savanna.
Brazil's greenhouse gas emissions p... | Climate change in Brazil | Wikipedia | 482 | 66412282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Brazil | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
In 2012, Brazil had the second largest number of cattle in the world, with 205 million head. Cows are ruminants that emit greenhouse gases such as methane and nitrous oxide.
Deforestation
Trees are cut down to create fields for cattle and soya. Deforestation peaked in 2004, then decreased until the early 2010s. Sinc... | Climate change in Brazil | Wikipedia | 243 | 66412282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Brazil | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
The Amazon has a prominent role in regulating the climate throughout Brazil and other regions in South America. Its forest is a major carbon sink and is essential for the formation of the rains that irrigate much of the country. According to Marengo et al., 30% to 50% of the rainfall in the Amazon Basin originates in ... | Climate change in Brazil | Wikipedia | 475 | 66412282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Brazil | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
In the executive summary of the 1st PBMC Report, the limitations of the study are highlighted. Because some projections were made based on incomplete data, there is some uncertainty about the conclusions. Despite this,
"In general, the results of the models managed to capture the behavior of the present climate very ... | Climate change in Brazil | Wikipedia | 494 | 66412282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Brazil | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Sea level rise
Measurements on the coast of São Paulo indicate that sea level has risen 30 cm in the last century, surpassing the world average, and there are already many signs of coastal erosion, groundwater is gradually salted, the hangovers become higher, causing damage to the infrastructure of coastal cities. Twe... | Climate change in Brazil | Wikipedia | 449 | 66412282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Brazil | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
In the agricultural sector, the impacts of climate change in Brazil would be multiple and significant. About 11 million hectares of arable land could be lost by 2030 due to warming. As global warming also produces several chemical and physical changes in the ocean, interfering with aquatic life, problems are foreseen ... | Climate change in Brazil | Wikipedia | 508 | 66412282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Brazil | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
In 2022, a study found that 28% of the agricultural land in Brazil is no longer climatically optimal for agriculture due to climate change and to change in local climate as a result of deforestation. The number will go up to 51% by 2030 and 74% by 2060 if the change in climate will continue in the same way.
Cattle Ind... | Climate change in Brazil | Wikipedia | 201 | 66412282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Brazil | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
"The result is dramatic for those who think that the Southeast of Brazil has suffered enough from lack of water and the threat of energy rationing in the last three years: in the best scenario, several rivers in Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Goiás, Tocantins, Bahia and Pará will have flow reductions of 10% to 30%. Transpose... | Climate change in Brazil | Wikipedia | 383 | 66412282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Brazil | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
"The researchers' analysis shows that, in all the scenarios analyzed, there is a drop in the flow of the main Brazilian hydrographic basins, which pushes the electrical system into a situation of structural imbalance: the system is unable to meet demand, causing load shedding – that is blackouts. Without measures to cu... | Climate change in Brazil | Wikipedia | 511 | 66412282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Brazil | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
A report from 2013 found that the coastal region, where the vast majority of the country's population lives, should receive special attention, in view of a likely increase in floods, landslides, severe weather, coastal erosion, rising sea levels and other natural disasters caused by warming: "It is no longer possible, ... | Climate change in Brazil | Wikipedia | 402 | 66412282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Brazil | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Suzana Bustamante, one of the coordinators of Working Group 3 of the 5th IPCC Report, considers that the greatest threats hanging over Brazil stem from the expected reduction in rainfall in most of the area of food production and capture for hydroelectric and consumption, the country's strategy, both adaptive and mitig... | Climate change in Brazil | Wikipedia | 347 | 66412282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Brazil | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Brazil 2040 emphasized the country's lack of preparedness to face the expected climatic disasters that are expected to worsen with the progress of climate change, such as major droughts and floods, storms, rising levels sea and landslides caused by torrential rains. It was also identified that despite the numerous miti... | Climate change in Brazil | Wikipedia | 462 | 66412282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Brazil | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Suzana Kahn Ribeiro, president of the Scientific Committee of the Brazilian Panel on Climate Change, has a very similar opinion: "Brazil needs to find a direction, define what it wants to be when it grows up. ... Brazil is showing mixed signals all the time. We reduce IPI tax on car so that everyone gets bottled up in ... | Climate change in Brazil | Wikipedia | 512 | 66412282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Brazil | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Activism
Calculations in 2021 showed that, for giving the world a 50% chance of avoiding a temperature rise of 2 degrees or more, Brazil should increase its climate commitments by 90%. For a 95% chance, it should increase the commitments by 165%. For giving a 50% chance of staying below 1.5 degrees Brazil, should inc... | Climate change in Brazil | Wikipedia | 123 | 66412282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Brazil | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
The calcium cycle is a transfer of calcium between dissolved and solid phases. There is a continuous supply of calcium ions into waterways from rocks, organisms, and soils. Calcium ions are consumed and removed from aqueous environments as they react to form insoluble structures such as calcium carbonate and calcium si... | Calcium cycle | Wikipedia | 496 | 58446217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20cycle | Physical sciences | Earth science basics: General | Earth science |
Ca2+ + 2HCO3− → CO2+ H2O + CaCO3
The relationship between dissolved calcium and calcium carbonate is affected greatly by the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere.
Increased carbon dioxide leads to more bicarbonate in the ocean according to the following equation:
CO2 + CO32− + H2O → 2HCO3−
With ocean a... | Calcium cycle | Wikipedia | 424 | 58446217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20cycle | Physical sciences | Earth science basics: General | Earth science |
Human/animal use of calcium
Being an essential element, calcium is obtained through dietary sources, the majority of which comes from dairy products. The most significant mechanisms controlling calcium use within the body are intestinal absorption, renal filtration, renal reabsorption and bone turnover, which are cont... | Calcium cycle | Wikipedia | 326 | 58446217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20cycle | Physical sciences | Earth science basics: General | Earth science |
Negative feedback mechanisms are implemented in order to control calcium levels. When low calcium levels are detected in the body, the parathyroid releases parathyroid hormone (PTH) which travels through the bloodstream to the bones and kidneys. In the bones, the presence of PTH stimulates osteoclasts. These cells brea... | Calcium cycle | Wikipedia | 279 | 58446217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20cycle | Physical sciences | Earth science basics: General | Earth science |
Calcium is an essential component of soil. When deposited in the form of lime, it cannot be used by plants. To combat this, carbon dioxide produced by plants reacts with water in the environment to produce carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is then able to dissolve limestone, enabling the release of calcium ions. This reacti... | Calcium cycle | Wikipedia | 456 | 58446217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20cycle | Physical sciences | Earth science basics: General | Earth science |
With its widespread uses, a large volume of calcium must be obtained from mines and quarries to supply the high demand. As more limestone and water is removed from mines, underground stores of rock are often weakened making the ground more susceptible to sink holes. Sinkholes and mining both affect the presence of grou... | Calcium cycle | Wikipedia | 469 | 58446217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20cycle | Physical sciences | Earth science basics: General | Earth science |
Due to the complex interactions of calcium with many facets of life, the effects of altered environmental conditions are unlikely to be known until they occur. Predictions can however be tentatively made, based upon evidence-based research. Increasing carbon dioxide levels and decreasing ocean pH will alter calcium sol... | Calcium cycle | Wikipedia | 86 | 58446217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20cycle | Physical sciences | Earth science basics: General | Earth science |
An ecosystem, short for ecological system, is defined as a collection of interacting organisms within a biophysical environment. Ecosystems are never static, and are continually subject to both stabilizing and destabilizing processes. Stabilizing processes allow ecosystems to adequately respond to destabilizing changes... | Ecosystem collapse | Wikipedia | 465 | 58458383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem%20collapse | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Biological conservation can help to preserve threatened species and threatened ecosystems alike. However, time is of the essence. Just as interventions to preserve a species have to occur before it falls below viable population limits, at which point an extinction debt occurs regardless of what comes after, efforts to ... | Ecosystem collapse | Wikipedia | 499 | 58458383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem%20collapse | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Some behaviors that induce transformation are: human intervention in the balance of local diversity (through introduction of new species or overexploitation), alterations in the chemical balance of environments through pollution, modifications of local climate or weather with anthropogenic climate change, and habitat d... | Ecosystem collapse | Wikipedia | 491 | 58458383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem%20collapse | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
The Rapa Nui subtropical broadleaf forests in Easter Island, formerly dominated by an endemic Palm, are considered collapsed due to the combined effects of overexplotaition, climate change and introduced exotic rats.
The Aral Sea was an endorheic lake between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. It was once considered one of th... | Ecosystem collapse | Wikipedia | 362 | 58458383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem%20collapse | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
The IUCN RLE is a global standard that was developed to assess threats to various ecosystems on local, regional, national, and global scales, as well as to prompt conservation efforts in the face of the unparalleled decline of natural systems in the last decade. And though this effort is still in the earlier stages of ... | Ecosystem collapse | Wikipedia | 505 | 58458383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem%20collapse | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Rainforest collapse refers to the actual past and theoretical future ecological collapse of rainforests. It may involve habitat fragmentation to the point where little rainforest biome is left, and rainforest species only survive in isolated refugia. Habitat fragmentation can be caused by roads. When humans start to cu... | Ecosystem collapse | Wikipedia | 413 | 58458383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem%20collapse | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
As of now there is still not much information on effective conservation or reversal methods for ecosystem collapse. Rather, there has been increased focus on the predictability of ecosystem collapse, whether it is possible, and whether it is productive to explore. This is likely because thorough studies of at-risk ecos... | Ecosystem collapse | Wikipedia | 110 | 58458383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem%20collapse | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Windows 11 is the latest major release of Microsoft's Windows NT operating system, released on October 5, 2021. It succeeded Windows 10 (2015), and is available for free for any Windows 10 devices that meet the new Windows 11 system requirements.
Windows 11 features major changes to the Windows shell influenced by the... | Windows 11 | Wikipedia | 395 | 67953981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%2011 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Windows 11 received a mixed reception at launch. Pre-release coverage of the operating system focused on its stricter hardware requirements, with discussions over whether they were legitimately intended to improve the security of Windows, or as a ploy to upsell customers to newer devices, and over the e-waste associate... | Windows 11 | Wikipedia | 456 | 67953981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%2011 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
In October 2019, Microsoft announced "Windows 10X", a future edition of Windows 10 designed exclusively for dual-touchscreen devices such as the then-upcoming Surface Neo. It featured a modified user interface designed around context-sensitive "postures" for different screen configurations and usage scenarios, and chan... | Windows 11 | Wikipedia | 494 | 67953981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%2011 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Announcement
At the Microsoft Build 2021 developer conference, CEO and chairman Satya Nadella teased about the existence of the next generation of Windows during his keynote speech. According to Nadella, he had been self-hosting it for several months. He also teased that an official announcement would come very soon. ... | Windows 11 | Wikipedia | 429 | 67953981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%2011 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
On August 31, 2021, Microsoft announced that Windows 11 was to be released on October 5, 2021. The release would be phased, with newer eligible devices to be offered the upgrade first. Since its predecessor Windows 10 was released on July 29, 2015, more than six years earlier, this is the longest time span between succ... | Windows 11 | Wikipedia | 489 | 67953981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%2011 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
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