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The duration of copulation varies significantly between mammal species, and may be correlated with body mass, lasting longer in large mammals than in small mammals. The duration of copulation may also be correlated with the length of the baculum in mammals.
Male mammals ejaculate semen through the penis into the femal... | Copulation (zoology) | Wikipedia | 121 | 53409225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copulation%20%28zoology%29 | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
Tunnels are dug in types of materials varying from soft clay to hard rock. The method of tunnel construction depends on such factors as the ground conditions, the ground water conditions, the length and diameter of the tunnel drive, the depth of the tunnel, the logistics of supporting the tunnel excavation, the final u... | Tunnel construction | Wikipedia | 509 | 54691944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel%20construction | Technology | Transport infrastructure | null |
Shallow tunnels are often of the cut-and-cover type (if under water, of the immersed-tube type), while deep tunnels are excavated, often using a tunnelling shield. For intermediate levels, both methods are possible.
Large cut-and-cover boxes are often used for underground metro stations, such as Canary Wharf tube stat... | Tunnel construction | Wikipedia | 380 | 54691944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel%20construction | Technology | Transport infrastructure | null |
There are a variety of TBM designs that can operate in a variety of conditions, from hard rock to soft water-bearing ground. Some types of TBMs, the bentonite slurry and earth-pressure balance machines, have pressurised compartments at the front end, allowing them to be used in difficult conditions below the water tabl... | Tunnel construction | Wikipedia | 420 | 54691944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel%20construction | Technology | Transport infrastructure | null |
Clay-kicking is a specialised method developed in the United Kingdom of digging tunnels in strong clay-based soil structures. Unlike previous manual methods of using mattocks which relied on the soil structure to be hard, clay-kicking was relatively silent and hence did not harm soft clay-based structures. The clay-kic... | Tunnel construction | Wikipedia | 342 | 54691944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel%20construction | Technology | Transport infrastructure | null |
The New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) was developed in the 1960s and is the best known of a number of engineering practices that use calculated and empirical measurements to provide safe support to the tunnel lining. The main idea of this method is to use the geological stress of the surrounding rock mass to stabili... | Tunnel construction | Wikipedia | 489 | 54691944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel%20construction | Technology | Transport infrastructure | null |
A new kind of tunnels is used to reduce the environmental impact of motorways or railways: land tunnels. These are not underground tunnels, but built at ground level. The urban area next to the tunnel can be raised with ground or buildings (for instance parking facilities) to improve the integration of the tunnel in th... | Tunnel construction | Wikipedia | 395 | 54691944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel%20construction | Technology | Transport infrastructure | null |
The nucleon magnetic moments are the intrinsic magnetic dipole moments of the proton and neutron, symbols μp and μn. The nucleus of an atom comprises protons and neutrons, both nucleons that behave as small magnets. Their magnetic strengths are measured by their magnetic moments. The nucleons interact with normal matt... | Nucleon magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 507 | 71886336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon%20magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Physical constants | Physics |
where is the elementary charge, and is the reduced Planck constant. The magnetic moment of such a particle is parallel to its spin. Since the neutron has no charge, it should have no magnetic moment by the analogous expression. The non-zero magnetic moment of the neutron thus indicates that it is not an elementary pa... | Nucleon magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 499 | 71886336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon%20magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Physical constants | Physics |
By 1934 groups led by Stern, now at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, and I. I. Rabi at Columbia University in New York had independently measured the magnetic moments of the proton and deuteron. The measured values for these particles were only in rough agreement between the groups, but the Rabi grou... | Nucleon magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 489 | 71886336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon%20magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Physical constants | Physics |
where is the intrinsic magnetic moment, is the spin angular momentum, and is the effective -factor. While the -factor is dimensionless, for composite particles it is defined relative to the nuclear magneton. For the neutron, is , so the neutron's -factor is while the proton's g-factor is
The gyromagnetic ratio, ... | Nucleon magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 456 | 71886336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon%20magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Physical constants | Physics |
Determination of neutron spin
The interaction of the neutron's magnetic moment with an external magnetic field was exploited to determine the spin of the neutron. In 1949, D. Hughes and M. Burgy measured neutrons reflected from a ferromagnetic mirror and found that the angular distribution of the reflections was consis... | Nucleon magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 396 | 71886336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon%20magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Physical constants | Physics |
Since an atomic nucleus consists of a bound state of protons and neutrons, the magnetic moments of the nucleons contribute to the nuclear magnetic moment, or the magnetic moment for the nucleus as a whole. The nuclear magnetic moment also includes contributions from the orbital motion of the charged protons. The deuter... | Nucleon magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 494 | 71886336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon%20magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Physical constants | Physics |
The problem of the origins of the magnetic moments of nucleons was recognized as early as 1935. G. C. Wick suggested that the magnetic moments could be caused by the quantum-mechanical fluctuations of these particles in accordance with Fermi's 1934 theory of beta decay. By this theory, a neutron is partly, regularly an... | Nucleon magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 416 | 71886336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon%20magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Physical constants | Physics |
The one-loop contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron, corresponding to the first-order and largest correction in QED, is found by calculating the vertex function shown in the diagram on the right. The calculation was discovered by J. Schwinger in 1948. Computed to fourth order, the QED prediction ... | Nucleon magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 475 | 71886336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon%20magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Physical constants | Physics |
In the quark model for hadrons, the neutron is composed of one up quark (charge ) and two down quarks (charge ) while the proton is composed of one down quark (charge ) and two up quarks (charge ).
The magnetic moment of the nucleons can be modeled as a sum of the magnetic moments of the constituent quarks, althoug... | Nucleon magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 414 | 71886336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon%20magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Physical constants | Physics |
The results of this calculation are encouraging, but the masses of the up or down quarks were assumed to be the mass of a nucleon. The masses of the quarks are actually only about 1% that of a nucleon. The discrepancy stems from the complexity of the Standard Model for nucleons, where most of their mass originates in ... | Nucleon magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 143 | 71886336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon%20magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Physical constants | Physics |
Parakaryon myojinensis, also known as the Myojin parakaryote, is a highly unusual species of single-celled organism known only from a single specimen, described in 2012. It has features of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but is apparently distinct from either group, making it unique among organisms discovered thus far.... | Parakaryon | Wikipedia | 349 | 47734015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parakaryon | Biology and health sciences | Other organisms: General | Plants |
"It is difficult to imagine that multiple bacteria of different species attacked a host at the same time." They referred to Figure 2d, showing the isolated forms of the inclusions, one large helix with three turns (volume 2.3 μm³) and two much smaller pieces (volumes 0.2 & 0.1 μm³).
"Secondly, because the cytoplasms o... | Parakaryon | Wikipedia | 459 | 47734015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parakaryon | Biology and health sciences | Other organisms: General | Plants |
British evolutionary biochemist Nick Lane hypothesized in a 2015 book that the existence of P. myojinensis could be the first known example of symbiogenesis outside eukaryotes, which could offer clues to the requirements for the development of complex life in general. | Parakaryon | Wikipedia | 58 | 47734015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parakaryon | Biology and health sciences | Other organisms: General | Plants |
Scotoplanes globosa, commonly known as the sea pig, is a species of sea cucumber that lives in the deep sea. It was first described by Hjalmar Théel, a Swedish scientist. Scotoplanes globosa, along with numerous other sea cucumbers were discovered by Théel during an expedition on between the years of 1873-1876. Scotop... | Scotoplanes globosa | Wikipedia | 417 | 53426369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotoplanes%20globosa | Biology and health sciences | Echinoderms | Animals |
Anatomy
Scotoplanes globosa is typically 2 to 15 cm in length and appear to be a translucent white color. S. globosa is covered in tube-like feet which are used in locomotion. S. globosa are bilaterally symmetrical, covered in tube-like feet which are used in locomotion and possibly respiration. The tube-like structure... | Scotoplanes globosa | Wikipedia | 458 | 53426369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotoplanes%20globosa | Biology and health sciences | Echinoderms | Animals |
Diet
Scotoplanes globosa is a deposit feeder, eating detritus which has sunk to the ocean floor. S. globosa has been observed to strongly prefer consuming fresh, recently fallen (approximately within the last 100 days) sediments on the surface of the ocean floor as opposed to older sediments. These freshly-fallen sedim... | Scotoplanes globosa | Wikipedia | 185 | 53426369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotoplanes%20globosa | Biology and health sciences | Echinoderms | Animals |
The lower mantle, historically also known as the mesosphere, represents approximately 56% of Earth's total volume, and is the region from 660 to 2900 km below Earth's surface; between the transition zone and the outer core. The preliminary reference Earth model (PREM) separates the lower mantle into three sections, the... | Lower mantle | Wikipedia | 497 | 59623952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20mantle | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science |
The temperature of the lower mantle ranges from at the topmost layer to at a depth of . Models of the temperature of the lower mantle approximate convection as the primary heat transport contribution, while conduction and radiative heat transfer are considered negligible. As a result, the lower mantle's temperature g... | Lower mantle | Wikipedia | 292 | 59623952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20mantle | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science |
Laboratory multi-anvil compression experiments of pyrolite simulated conditions of the adiabatic geotherm and measured the density using in situ X-ray diffraction. It was shown that the density profile along the geotherm is in agreement with the PREM model. The first principle calculation of the density and velocity pr... | Lower mantle | Wikipedia | 228 | 59623952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20mantle | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science |
Spin transition zone
The electronic environment of two iron-bearing minerals in the lower mantle (bridgmanite, ferropericlase) transitions from a high-spin (HS) to a low-spin (LS) state. Fe2+ in ferropericlase undergoes the transition between 50–90 GPa. Bridgmanite contains both Fe3+ and Fe2+ in the structure, the Fe2... | Lower mantle | Wikipedia | 480 | 59623952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20mantle | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science |
A derivative term, mesoplates, was introduced as a heuristic, based on a combination of "mesosphere" and "plate", for postulated reference frames in which mantle hotspots exist. | Lower mantle | Wikipedia | 45 | 59623952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20mantle | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science |
Ferric citrate or iron(III) citrate describes any of several complexes formed upon binding any of the several conjugate bases derived from citric acid with ferric ions. Most of these complexes are orange or red-brown. They contain two or more Fe(III) centers.
Ferric citrates contribute to the metabolism of iron by s... | Iron(III) citrate | Wikipedia | 502 | 53437703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%28III%29%20citrate | Physical sciences | Citrates | Chemistry |
A borane is a compound with the formula although examples include multi-boron derivatives. A large family of boron hydride clusters is also known. In addition to some applications in organic chemistry, the boranes have attracted much attention as they exhibit structures and bonding that differs strongly from the patte... | Boranes | Wikipedia | 509 | 77669791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boranes | Physical sciences | Hydrogen compounds | Chemistry |
With bulky substituents, primary and secondary boranes are more readily isolable and even useful. Examples include thexylborane and 9-BBN. Almost all primary and secondary boranes are dimeric with bridging hydrides.
Tertiary boranes
Most work focuses on trialkyl and triaryl boranes. These are all monomers (in contr... | Boranes | Wikipedia | 198 | 77669791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boranes | Physical sciences | Hydrogen compounds | Chemistry |
Calcarisporiellaceae is a family of fungi within the subkingdom Mucoromycota. It is the only family in the order Calcarisporiellales, class Calcarisporiellomycetes, subphylum Calcarisporiellomycotina and phylum Calcarisporiellomycota. It contains two known genera, Calcarisporiella and Echinochlamydosporium. The two gen... | Calcarisporiellales | Wikipedia | 470 | 71930047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcarisporiellales | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
The newly described Calcarisporiellomycota (comprising Calcarisporiella thermophila and Echinochlamydosporium variabile) represented a deep lineage with strongest affinities to Mucoromycota or Mortierellomycota.
Evolution and systematics
The Calcarisporiellaceae are a monophyletic group containing two species. Accordi... | Calcarisporiellales | Wikipedia | 221 | 71930047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcarisporiellales | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
A carbon budget is a concept used in climate policy to help set emissions reduction targets in a fair and effective way. It examines the "maximum amount of cumulative net global anthropogenic carbon dioxide () emissions that would result in limiting global warming to a given level". It can be expressed relative to the ... | Carbon budget | Wikipedia | 376 | 56272178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20budget | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
"An assessment of carbon cycle sources and sinks on a global level, through the synthesis of evidence for fossil fuel and cement emissions, emissions and removals associated with land use and land-use change, ocean and natural land sources and sinks of carbon dioxide (CO2), and the resulting change in atmospheric CO2 c... | Carbon budget | Wikipedia | 415 | 56272178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20budget | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
It identifies three major issues for improving reliable accuracy of monitoring, shows that China and India surpassed 2019 levels (by 5.7% and 3.2%) while the EU and the US stayed beneath 2019 levels (by 5.3% and 4.5%), quantifies various changes and trends, for the first time provides models' estimates that are linked ... | Carbon budget | Wikipedia | 492 | 56272178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20budget | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Scientific estimations of the remaining global emissions budgets/quotas differ due to varied methodological approaches, and considerations of thresholds. Estimations might not include all amplifying climate change feedbacks, although the most authoritative carbon budget assessments as summarised by the IPCC do account ... | Carbon budget | Wikipedia | 479 | 56272178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20budget | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
One guiding principle that is used to allocate global emissions budgets to nations is the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities" that is included in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This principle is not defined in further detail in the U... | Carbon budget | Wikipedia | 359 | 56272178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20budget | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
A third equity principle that has been employed in national budget calculations considers national sovereignty. The "sovereignty" principle highlights the equal right of nations to pollute. The grandfathering method for calculating national emissions budgets uses this principle. Grandfathering allocates these budgets p... | Carbon budget | Wikipedia | 205 | 56272178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20budget | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Homo naledi is an extinct species of archaic human discovered in 2013 in the Rising Star Cave system, Gauteng province, South Africa (See Cradle of Humankind), dating to the Middle Pleistocene 335,000–236,000 years ago. The initial discovery comprises 1,550 specimens of bone, representing 737 different skeletal element... | Homo naledi | Wikipedia | 474 | 47774240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo%20naledi | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
On 13 September 2013 while exploring the Rising Star Cave system in the Cradle of Humankind, South Africa, cavers Rick Hunter and Steven Tucker found hominin fossils at the bottom of the Dinaledi Chamber. On 24 September, they returned to the chamber and took photographs that they showed to South African palaeoanthropo... | Homo naledi | Wikipedia | 489 | 47774240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo%20naledi | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
Classification
In 2017, the Dinaledi remains were dated to 335,000–236,000 years ago in the Middle Pleistocene, using electron spin resonance (ESR) and uranium–thorium (U-Th) dating on three teeth, and U-Th and paleomagnetic dating of the sediments they were deposited in. Previously, the fossils were thought to have d... | Homo naledi | Wikipedia | 482 | 47774240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo%20naledi | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
Two male H. naledi skulls from the Dinaledi chamber had cranial volumes of approximately , and two female skulls . A male H. naledi skull from the Lesedi chamber had a cranial volume of . The Dinaledi specimens are more similar to the cranial capacity of australopithecines. For comparison, H. erectus averaged approxima... | Homo naledi | Wikipedia | 479 | 47774240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo%20naledi | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
Unlike modern humans and contemporary Homo, H. naledi lacks several accessory dental features, and has a high frequency of individuals who present main cusps, namely the metacone (midline on the tongue-side) and hypocone (to the right on the lip-side) on the second and third molars, and a Y-shaped hypoconulid (a ridge ... | Homo naledi | Wikipedia | 446 | 47774240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo%20naledi | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
Concerning the spine, only the tenth and eleventh thoracic vertebrae (in the chest region) are preserved from presumably a single individual, which are proportionally similar to those of contemporary Homo, although being the smallest recorded of any hominin. The two transverse processes of the vertebra, which jut out d... | Homo naledi | Wikipedia | 380 | 47774240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo%20naledi | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
The metacarpal bone of the thumb, which is used in holding and manipulating large objects, was well-developed and had strong crests to support its opponens pollicis muscle used in precision-pinch gripping, and its thenar muscles. This is more similar to other Homo than Australopithecus. H. naledi appears to have had st... | Homo naledi | Wikipedia | 510 | 47774240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo%20naledi | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
Pathology
The adult right mandible U.W. 101-1142 has a bony lesion, suggestive of a benign tumour. The individual would have experienced some swelling and localised discomfort, but the tumour's position near the medial pterygoid muscle (likely causing discomfort on the jaw hinge) may have impeded function of the muscl... | Homo naledi | Wikipedia | 456 | 47774240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo%20naledi | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
H. naledi occupied a seemingly unique ecological niche from previous South African hominins, including Australopithecus and Paranthropus. The teeth of all three species indicate that they needed to exert high shearing force to chew through perhaps plant or muscle fibres. The teeth of other Homo cannot produce such high... | Homo naledi | Wikipedia | 344 | 47774240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo%20naledi | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
In 2015, excavating archaeologists Paul Dirks, Lee Berger, and their colleagues concluded that the bodies had to have been deliberately carried and placed into the chamber by people because they appear to have been intact when they were first deposited in the chamber. They found no evidence of trauma from being dropped... | Homo naledi | Wikipedia | 390 | 47774240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo%20naledi | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
In 2017, Dirks, Berger, and colleagues reaffirmed that there is no evidence of water flow into the cave and that it is more likely that the bodies were deliberately deposited into the chamber. They theorized that as it is possible that the H. naledi bones were deposited by contemporary Homo, such as the ancestors of mo... | Homo naledi | Wikipedia | 432 | 47774240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo%20naledi | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
In June 2024, Paleoanthropologists Kimberly K. Foecke and colleagues published a paper that found "deep structural issues with data analysis, visualization, and interpretation in addition to mischaracterization and mis-application of statistical methods in assessing data. We believe that the preprint represents an exam... | Homo naledi | Wikipedia | 167 | 47774240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo%20naledi | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
Home energy storage devices store electricity locally, for later consumption. Usually, energy is stored in lithium-ion batteries, controlled by intelligent software to handle charging and discharging cycles. Companies are also developing smaller flow battery technology for home use. As a local energy storage technologi... | Home energy storage | Wikipedia | 473 | 53475230 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20energy%20storage | Technology | Energy storage | null |
Energy grid support
Home energy storage devices, when connected to a server via the internet, can theoretically be ordered to provide very short-term services to the energy grid:-
Reduced peak hour demand stress - provision of short-term demand response during periods of peak demand reducing the need to inefficiently ... | Home energy storage | Wikipedia | 425 | 53475230 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20energy%20storage | Technology | Energy storage | null |
Grid defection
With an increasing amount of consumers choosing to implement solar panels that feed energy solely to their home and home batteries, grid defection has continued to grow. As the number of people of grid increases, the cost of the grid will be spread across fewer consumers making, "the incentive to go off... | Home energy storage | Wikipedia | 285 | 53475230 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20energy%20storage | Technology | Energy storage | null |
Vigna angularis, also known as the , azuki bean, aduki bean, red bean, or red mung bean, is an annual vine widely cultivated throughout East Asia for its small (approximately long) bean. The cultivars most familiar in East Asia have a uniform red color, but there are white, black, gray, and variously mottled varieties... | Adzuki bean | Wikipedia | 510 | 47785595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adzuki%20bean | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
Weed forms
Weed forms of adzuki bean frequently occur in Japan. The wide spread of weed forms is due to adaptation to human-disturbed habitats, escapes of old cultivars, and natural establishment from derivatives of hybrids between cultivars and wild forms. In contrast to wild forms, the weed forms of adzuki bean are u... | Adzuki bean | Wikipedia | 460 | 47785595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adzuki%20bean | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
In Japan, the adzuki bean is the second most important legume after the soy bean. In 1998, the annual crop yield was around . In 2006, Japan consumed about /year. Japan is the largest importer of adzuki beans. The imports come from China, Korea, Colombia, Taiwan, US, Thailand, and Canada.
Ecological requirements
Opti... | Adzuki bean | Wikipedia | 491 | 47785595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adzuki%20bean | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
Leaves
The leaves of the adzuki bean are trifoliate, pinnate and arranged alternately along the stem on a long petiole. Leaflets are ovate and about long and wide.
Flowers
Adzuki flowers are papilionaceous and bright yellow. The inflorescence is an axillary false raceme consisting of six to ten (two to twenty) flowe... | Adzuki bean | Wikipedia | 511 | 47785595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adzuki%20bean | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
Nutritional information
Cooked adzuki beans are 66% water, 25% carbohydrates, including 7% dietary fiber, 8% protein, and contain negligible fat (table). In a 100-gram reference amount, cooked beans provide of food energy, a moderate to high content (10% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of the B vitamin folate (30% DV)... | Adzuki bean | Wikipedia | 102 | 47785595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adzuki%20bean | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
Wētā (also spelled weta in English) is the common name for a group of about 100 insect species in the families Anostostomatidae and Rhaphidophoridae endemic to New Zealand. They are giant flightless crickets, and some are among the heaviest insects in the world. Generally nocturnal, most small species are carnivores an... | Wētā | Wikipedia | 393 | 64603416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%93t%C4%81 | Biology and health sciences | Orthoptera | Animals |
Male giant wētā (Deinacrida spp.) are smaller than females and they show scramble competition for mates. Tree wētā (Hemideina spp.) males have larger heads than females and a polygynandrous mating system with harem formation and male-male competition for mates. Ground wētā (Hemiandrus spp.) males provide nuptial food g... | Wētā | Wikipedia | 510 | 64603416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%93t%C4%81 | Biology and health sciences | Orthoptera | Animals |
Giant, tree, ground, and tusked wētā are all members of the family Anostostomatidae (formerly in the Stenopelmatidae, but recently separated). Cave wētā are better referred to as tokoriro, since they are members of the family Rhaphidophoridae, called cave crickets or camel crickets elsewhere, in a different ensiferan s... | Wētā | Wikipedia | 375 | 64603416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%93t%C4%81 | Biology and health sciences | Orthoptera | Animals |
Tree wētā (Hemideina) are commonly encountered in suburban settings in New Zealand's North Island. They are up to 40 mm long and most commonly live in holes in trees formed by beetle and moth larvae or where rot has set in after a twig has broken off. The hole, called a gallery, is maintained by the wētā and any growth... | Wētā | Wikipedia | 402 | 64603416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%93t%C4%81 | Biology and health sciences | Orthoptera | Animals |
Tusked wētā are characterised by long, curved tusks projecting forward from the male's mandibles. The tusks are used in male-to-male combat, not for biting. Female tusked wētā look similar to ground wētā. Tusked wētā are mainly carnivorous, eating worms and insects. There are three known species in two different subfam... | Wētā | Wikipedia | 313 | 64603416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%93t%C4%81 | Biology and health sciences | Orthoptera | Animals |
Ground wētā are classified in to the two genera Hemiandrus and Anderus. The species in these two genera are each more closely related to winged Australian species than they are two each other. About 30 species of ground wētā occur in New Zealand, and several similar (undescribed) species are found in Australia. They ar... | Wētā | Wikipedia | 473 | 64603416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%93t%C4%81 | Biology and health sciences | Orthoptera | Animals |
Conservation
Although wētā had native predators in the form of birds (especially the weka and kiwi), reptiles, and bats before the arrival of humans, introduced species such as cats, hedgehogs, rats (including kiore) and mustelids have caused a sharp increase in the rate of predation. They are also vulnerable to habita... | Wētā | Wikipedia | 208 | 64603416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%93t%C4%81 | Biology and health sciences | Orthoptera | Animals |
K2-18b, also known as EPIC 201912552 b, is an exoplanet orbiting the red dwarf K2-18, located away from Earth. The planet is a sub-Neptune about 2.6 times the radius of Earth, with a 33-day orbit within the star's habitable zone. This means it receives about a similar amount of starlight as the Earth receives from the... | K2-18b | Wikipedia | 503 | 73391672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2-18b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
Physical properties
K2-18b has a radius of , a mass of , and orbits its star in 33 days. From Earth, it can be seen passing in front of the star. The planet is most likely tidally locked to the star, although considering its orbital eccentricity, a spin-orbit resonance like Mercury is also possible.
The density of K2... | K2-18b | Wikipedia | 370 | 73391672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2-18b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
The existence of a liquid water ocean is uncertain. Before the James Webb Space Telescope observations, a supercritical state of the water was believed to be more likely. JWST observations were initially considered to be more consistent with a fluid-gas interface and thus a liquid ocean - trace gases such as hydrocarbo... | K2-18b | Wikipedia | 444 | 73391672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2-18b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
Evolution
High-energy radiation from the star, such as hard UV radiation and X-rays, is expected to heat the upper atmosphere and fill it with hydrogen formed through the photodissociation of water, thus forming an extended hydrogen-rich exosphere that can escape from the planet. The X-ray and UV fluxes that K2-18b re... | K2-18b | Wikipedia | 337 | 73391672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2-18b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
Charnay et al. 2021, assuming that the planet is tidally locked, found an atmosphere with weak temperature gradients and a wind system with descending air on the night side and ascending air on the day side. In the upper atmosphere, radiation absorption by methane produced an inversion layer. Clouds could only form if ... | K2-18b | Wikipedia | 402 | 73391672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2-18b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
Incoming stellar radiation amounts to , similar to the average insolation Earth receives. K2-18b is located within or just slightly inside the habitable zone of its star, – it may be close to but fall short of the runaway greenhouse threshold – and its temperature in the absence of a greenhouse is about to . Whether t... | K2-18b | Wikipedia | 363 | 73391672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2-18b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
K2-18b has been used as a test case for exoplanet studies. The properties of K2-18b have led to the definition of a "hycean planet", a type of planet that has both abundant liquid water and a hydrogen envelope. Planets with such compositions were previously thought to be too hot to be habitable; findings at K2-18b inst... | K2-18b | Wikipedia | 504 | 73391672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2-18b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
A volcanic crater lake is a lake in a crater that was formed by explosive activity or a collapse during a volcanic eruption.
Formation
Lakes in calderas fill large craters formed by the collapse of a volcano during an eruption. Lakes in maars fill medium-sized craters where an eruption deposited debris around a vent.
... | Volcanic crater lake | Wikipedia | 505 | 62390939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic%20crater%20lake | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Dangers
While many crater lakes are picturesque, they can also be deadly. Gas discharges from Lake Nyos in Cameroon suffocated 1,800 people in 1986, and crater lakes such as Mount Ruapehu's in New Zealand often contribute to destructive lahars.
Distinction from other volcanic lakes
Certain bodies of water, although t... | Volcanic crater lake | Wikipedia | 201 | 62390939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic%20crater%20lake | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
In quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation describes how a system changes with time. It does this by relating changes in the state of the system to the energy in the system (given by an operator called the Hamiltonian). Therefore, once the Hamiltonian is known, the time dynamics are in principle known. All that rem... | Unitary transformation (quantum mechanics) | Wikipedia | 509 | 58071309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary%20transformation%20%28quantum%20mechanics%29 | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
which takes care of the first term in the transformation in , i.e. . Next use the chain rule to calculate
which cancels with the other . Evidently we are left with , yielding as shown above.
When applying a general unitary transformation, however, it is not necessary that be broken into parts, or even that be a fu... | Unitary transformation (quantum mechanics) | Wikipedia | 463 | 58071309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary%20transformation%20%28quantum%20mechanics%29 | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
Displaced frame
The example above could also have been analyzed in the interaction picture. The following example, however, is more difficult to analyze without the general formulation of unitary transformations. Consider two harmonic oscillators, between which we would like to engineer a beam splitter interaction,
.... | Unitary transformation (quantum mechanics) | Wikipedia | 337 | 58071309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary%20transformation%20%28quantum%20mechanics%29 | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
A COVID19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19).
Knowledge about the structure and function of previous coronaviruses causing diseases like severe acute respiratory syndro... | COVID-19 vaccine | Wikipedia | 437 | 63319438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20vaccine | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
Prior to COVID19, a vaccine for an infectious disease had never been produced in less than several yearsand no vaccine existed for preventing a coronavirus infection in humans. However, vaccines have been produced against several animal diseases caused by coronaviruses, including (as of 2003) infectious bronchitis viru... | COVID-19 vaccine | Wikipedia | 476 | 63319438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20vaccine | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
The initial focus of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was on preventing symptomatic, often severe, illness. Most of the first COVID19 vaccines were two-dose vaccines, with the exception single-dose vaccines Convidecia and the Janssen COVID‑19 vaccine, and vaccines with three-dose schedules, Razi Cov Pars and Soberana.
As of July ... | COVID-19 vaccine | Wikipedia | 423 | 63319438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20vaccine | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
Several COVID19 vaccines, such as the Pfizer–BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, use RNA to stimulate an immune response. When introduced into human tissue, the vaccine contains either self-replicating RNA or messenger RNA (mRNA), which both cause cells to express the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. This teaches the body how to i... | COVID-19 vaccine | Wikipedia | 494 | 63319438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20vaccine | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
In August 2021, the developers of Sputnik V proposed, in view of the Delta case surge, that Pfizer test the Ad26 component (termed its 'Light' version) as a booster shot.
Inactivated virus vaccines
Inactivated vaccines consist of virus particles that are grown in culture and then killed using a method such as heat o... | COVID-19 vaccine | Wikipedia | 468 | 63319438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20vaccine | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
Intranasal
Intranasal vaccines target mucosal immunity in the nasal mucosa, which is a portal for viral entry into the body. These vaccines are designed to stimulate nasal immune factors, such as IgA. In addition to inhibiting the virus, nasal vaccines provide ease of administration because no needles (or needle phobi... | COVID-19 vaccine | Wikipedia | 499 | 63319438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20vaccine | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
Formulation
, eleven of the vaccine candidates in clinical development use adjuvants to enhance immunogenicity. An immunological adjuvant is a substance formulated with a vaccine to elevate the immune response to an antigen, such as the COVID19 virus or influenza virus. Specifically, an adjuvant may be used in formula... | COVID-19 vaccine | Wikipedia | 502 | 63319438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20vaccine | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
The rapid development and urgency of producing a vaccine for the COVID19 pandemic were expected to increase the risks and failure rate of delivering a safe, effective vaccine. Additionally, research at universities is obstructed by physical distancing and the closing of laboratories.
Vaccines must progress through sev... | COVID-19 vaccine | Wikipedia | 507 | 63319438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20vaccine | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
The United Kingdom government formed a COVID19 vaccine task force in April 2020 to stimulate local efforts for accelerated development of a vaccine through collaborations between industries, universities, and government agencies. The UK's Vaccine Taskforce contributed to every phase of development, from research to man... | COVID-19 vaccine | Wikipedia | 453 | 63319438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20vaccine | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
As of March 2022, elderly residents' protection against severe illness, hospitalization, and death in English care homes was high immediately after vaccination, but protection declined significantly in the months following vaccination. Protection among care home staff, who were younger, declined much more slowly. Regul... | COVID-19 vaccine | Wikipedia | 500 | 63319438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20vaccine | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
All vaccines that are administered via intramuscular injection, including COVID19 vaccines, have side effects related to the mild trauma associated with the procedure and the introduction of a foreign substance into the body. These include soreness, redness, rash, and inflammation at the injection site. Other common si... | COVID-19 vaccine | Wikipedia | 485 | 63319438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20vaccine | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
Serious adverse events associated COVID19 vaccines are generally rare but of high interest to the public. The official databases of reported adverse events include
the World Health Organization's VigiBase;
the United States Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS);
the United Kingdom's Yellow Card Scheme;
th... | COVID-19 vaccine | Wikipedia | 275 | 63319438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20vaccine | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
blood clots (thrombosis). These vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis are associated with vaccines using an adenovirus system (Janssen and Oxford-AstraZeneca). These affect about one person per 100,000.
myocarditis and pericarditis, or inflammation of the heart. There is a rare risk of myocarditis (in... | COVID-19 vaccine | Wikipedia | 510 | 63319438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20vaccine | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
There are rare reports of subjective hearing changes, including tinnitus, after vaccination.
Society and culture
Distribution
Note about the table in this section: number and percentage of people who have received at least one dose of a COVID19 vaccine (unless noted otherwise). May include vaccination of non-citize... | COVID-19 vaccine | Wikipedia | 481 | 63319438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20vaccine | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
According to immunologist Anthony Fauci, mutant strains of the virus and limited vaccine distribution pose continuing risks, and he said, "we have to get the entire world vaccinated, not just our own country." Edward Bergmark and Arick Wierson are calling for a global vaccination effort and wrote that the wealthier nat... | COVID-19 vaccine | Wikipedia | 323 | 63319438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20vaccine | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
In May 2021, UNICEF made an urgent appeal to industrialized nations to pool their excess COVID19 vaccine capacity to make up for a 125-million-dose gap in the COVAX program. The program mostly relied on the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID‑19 vaccine produced by the Serum Institute of India, which faced serious supply problems... | COVID-19 vaccine | Wikipedia | 510 | 63319438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20vaccine | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
Amnesty International and Oxfam International have criticized the support of vaccine monopolies by the governments of producing countries, noting that this is dramatically increasing the dose price by five times and often much more, creating an economic barrier to access for poor countries. Médecins Sans Frontières (Do... | COVID-19 vaccine | Wikipedia | 481 | 63319438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20vaccine | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
During his first international trip, the President of Peru, Pedro Castillo, spoke at the seventy-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly on 21 September 2021, proposing the creation of an international treaty signed by world leaders and pharmaceutical companies to guarantee universal vaccine access, arguin... | COVID-19 vaccine | Wikipedia | 460 | 63319438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20vaccine | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
Vaccine inequity damages the global economy, disrupting the global supply chain. Most vaccines were reserved for wealthy countries; , some countries have more vaccines than are needed to fully vaccinate their populations. When people are under-vaccinated, needlessly die, experience disability, and live under lockdown r... | COVID-19 vaccine | Wikipedia | 509 | 63319438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20vaccine | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
In the European Union, the COVID19 vaccines were granted a conditional marketing authorization, which does not exempt manufacturers from civil and administrative liability claims. The EU conditional marketing authorizations were changed to standard authorizations in September 2022. While the purchasing contracts with v... | COVID-19 vaccine | Wikipedia | 354 | 63319438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20vaccine | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
Controversy
In June 2021, a report revealed that the UB-612 vaccine, developed by the US-based Covaxx, was a for-profit venture initiated by Blackwater founder Erik Prince. In a series of text messages to Paul Behrends, the close associate recruited for the Covaxx project, Prince described the profit-making possibilit... | COVID-19 vaccine | Wikipedia | 268 | 63319438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20vaccine | Biology and health sciences | Vaccines | Health |
Box turtle is the common name for several species of turtle. It may refer to those of the genus Cuora or Pyxidea, which are the Asian box turtles, or more commonly to species of the genus Terrapene, the North American box turtles. They are largely characterized by having a shell shaped like a dome, which is hinged at t... | Box turtle | Wikipedia | 491 | 72092111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
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