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The Low R, high C circuit is shown feeding a short vertical antenna, such as would be the case for a compact, mobile antenna or otherwise on frequencies below an antenna's lowest natural resonant frequency. Here the inherent capacitance of a short, random wire antenna is so high that the L-network is best realized with... | Antenna tuner | Wikipedia | 430 | 582127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna%20tuner | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
The L-network using only capacitors will have the lowest loss, but this network only works where the load impedance is very inductive, making it a good choice for a small loop antenna. Inductive impedance also occurs with straight-wire antennas used at frequencies slightly above a resonant frequency, where the antenna ... | Antenna tuner | Wikipedia | 424 | 582127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna%20tuner | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
ATU location
An ATU will be inserted somewhere along the line connecting the radio transmitter or receiver to the antenna. The antenna feedpoint is usually high in the air (for example, a dipole antenna) or far away (for example, an end-fed random wire antenna). A transmission line, or feedline, must carry the signal b... | Antenna tuner | Wikipedia | 466 | 582127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna%20tuner | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
It is a common misconception that a high standing wave ratio (SWR) per se causes loss. A well-adjusted ATU feeding an antenna through a low-loss line may have only a small percentage of additional loss compared with an intrinsically matched antenna, even with a high SWR (4:1, for example). An ATU sitting beside the tra... | Antenna tuner | Wikipedia | 443 | 582127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna%20tuner | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
Tube transmitters and amplifiers usually have an adjustable output network that can feed mismatched loads up to perhaps 3:1 SWR without trouble. In effect the built-in π-network of the transmitter output stage acts as an ATU. Further, since tubes are electrically robust (even though mechanically fragile), tube-based ci... | Antenna tuner | Wikipedia | 418 | 582127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna%20tuner | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
The most commonly used shortwave antennas for international broadcasting are the
HRS antenna (curtain array), which cover a 2 to 1 frequency range and the log-periodic antenna which cover up to 8 to 1 frequency range. Within that range, the SWR will vary, but is usually kept below 1.7 to 1 – within the range of SWR th... | Antenna tuner | Wikipedia | 484 | 582127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna%20tuner | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
{| style="text-align:center;" class="wikitable"
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! Control scheme !! Configuration !! Extremum-seeking?
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| Type 0 || n/a || n/a
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| Type 1 || (a) || No
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| Type 2 || (a) || Yes
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| Type 3 || (b) || No
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| Type 4 || (b) || Yes
|}
Broydé & Clavelier (2020) distinguish five ... | Antenna tuner | Wikipedia | 284 | 582127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna%20tuner | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
Wakefulness is a daily recurring brain state and state of consciousness in which an individual is conscious and engages in coherent cognitive and behavioral responses to the external world.
Being awake is the opposite of being asleep, in which most external inputs to the brain are excluded from neural processing.
Eff... | Wakefulness | Wikipedia | 445 | 582180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefulness | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
Oogenesis () or ovogenesis is the differentiation of the ovum (egg cell) into a cell competent to further develop when fertilized. It is developed from the primary oocyte by maturation. Oogenesis is initiated in the embryonic stage.
Oogenesis in non-human mammals
In mammals, the first part of oogenesis starts in the ... | Oogenesis | Wikipedia | 508 | 582473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oogenesis | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
Maintenance of meiotic arrest also depends on the presence of a multilayered complex of cells, known as a follicle, that surrounds the oocyte. Removal of the oocyte from the follicle causes meiosis to progress in the oocyte. The cells that comprise the follicle, known as granulosa cells, are connected to each other by ... | Oogenesis | Wikipedia | 422 | 582473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oogenesis | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
Number of primary oocytes
It is commonly believed that, when oocytogenesis is complete, no additional primary oocytes are created, in contrast to the male process of spermatogenesis, where gametocytes are continuously created. In other words, primary oocytes reach their maximum development at ~20 weeks of gestational ... | Oogenesis | Wikipedia | 410 | 582473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oogenesis | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
Meiosis I
Meiosis I of ootidogenesis begins during embryonic development, but halts in the diplotene stage of prophase I until puberty. The mouse oocyte in the dictyate (prolonged diplotene) stage actively repairs DNA damage, whereas DNA repair is not detectable in the pre-dictyate (leptotene, zygotene and pachytene) s... | Oogenesis | Wikipedia | 293 | 582473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oogenesis | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
Follicologenesis: Synchronously with ootidogenesis, the ovarian follicle surrounding the ootid has developed from a primordial follicle to a preovulatory one. The primary follicle takes four months to become a preantral, two months to become antral, and then passes to a mature (Graaf) follicle. The primary follicle has... | Oogenesis | Wikipedia | 432 | 582473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oogenesis | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
Graaf follicle: Estrogen at other concentrations induces LH release, with the peak of LH called LH surge, which induces stages that will lead to follicle burst. LH receptors also appear on follicular cells, which stimulate the oocyte to become a secondary oocyte, blocked in metaphase, waiting for fertilization. LH also... | Oogenesis | Wikipedia | 367 | 582473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oogenesis | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
Uterine cycle
The uterine cycle occurs parallel to the ovarian cycle and is induced by estrogen and progesterone. The endometrium, formed by a monostratified cylindrical epithelium, with uterine glands (simple tubular), connective with a functional superficial layer (divided into a spongy layer, a compact layer, and a... | Oogenesis | Wikipedia | 484 | 582473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oogenesis | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
In vitro oogenesis
By definition it means, to recapitulate mammalian oogenesis and producing fertilizable oocytes in vitro.it is a complex process involving several different cell types, precise follicular cell-oocyte reciprocal interactions, a variety of nutrients and combinations of cytokines, and precise growth fact... | Oogenesis | Wikipedia | 338 | 582473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oogenesis | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
Ovarian aging
BRCA1 and ATM proteins are employed in repair of DNA double-strand break during meiosis. These proteins appear to have a critical role in resisting ovarian aging. However, homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks mediated by BRCA1 and ATM weakens with age in oocytes of humans and oth... | Oogenesis | Wikipedia | 468 | 582473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oogenesis | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
In female Drosophila flies, genetic recombination occurs during meiosis. This recombination is associated with formation of DNA double-strand breaks and the repair of these breaks.
The repair process leads to crossover recombinants as well as at least three times as many noncrossover recombinants (e.g. arising by ge... | Oogenesis | Wikipedia | 78 | 582473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oogenesis | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
In thermodynamics, a quasi-static process, also known as a quasi-equilibrium process (from Latin quasi, meaning ‘as if’), is a thermodynamic process that happens slowly enough for the system to remain in internal physical (but not necessarily chemical) thermodynamic equilibrium. An example of this is quasi-static expan... | Quasistatic process | Wikipedia | 489 | 582702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasistatic%20process | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
Constant pressure: Isobaric processes,
Constant volume: Isochoric processes,
Constant temperature: Isothermal processes, where (pressure) varies with (volume) via , so
Polytropic processes, | Quasistatic process | Wikipedia | 40 | 582702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasistatic%20process | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
In thermodynamics, the particle number (symbol ) of a thermodynamic system is the number of constituent particles in that system. The particle number is a fundamental thermodynamic property which is conjugate to the chemical potential. Unlike most physical quantities, the particle number is a dimensionless quantity, sp... | Particle number | Wikipedia | 414 | 582770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20number | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
In air quality
One measure of air pollution used in air quality standards is the atmospheric concentration of particulate matter. This measure is usually expressed in μg/m3 (micrograms per cubic metre). In the current EU emission norms for cars, vans, and trucks and in the upcoming EU emission norm for non-road mobile ... | Particle number | Wikipedia | 117 | 582770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20number | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as Pa. It is sometimes used as a reference pressure or standard pressure. It is approximately equal to Earth's average atmospheric pressure at sea level.
History
The standard atmosphere was originally defined as the pressure exerted by a 760 mm colum... | Standard atmosphere (unit) | Wikipedia | 368 | 582780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20atmosphere%20%28unit%29 | Physical sciences | Energy, power, force and pressure | null |
The Video Graphics Array (VGA) connector is a standard connector used for computer video output. Originating with the 1987 IBM PS/2 and its VGA graphics system, the 15-pin connector went on to become ubiquitous on PCs, as well as many monitors, projectors and HD television sets.
Other connectors have been used to carr... | VGA connector | Wikipedia | 471 | 582844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA%20connector | Technology | User interface | null |
Electrical design
All VGA connectors carry analog RGBHV (red, green, blue, horizontal sync, vertical sync) video signals. Modern connectors also include VESA DDC pins, for identifying attached display devices.
In both its modern and original variants, VGA utilizes multiple scan rates, so attached devices such as moni... | VGA connector | Wikipedia | 486 | 582844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA%20connector | Technology | User interface | null |
While shorter VGA cables are less likely to introduce significant signal degradation, good-quality cable should not suffer from signal crosstalk (whereby signals in one wire induce unwanted currents in adjacent wires) even at greater lengths.
Ghosting occurs when impedance mismatches cause signals to be reflected. A ... | VGA connector | Wikipedia | 487 | 582844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA%20connector | Technology | User interface | null |
VGA can also be adapted to SCART in some cases, because the signals are electrically compatible if the correct sync rates are set by the host PC. Many modern graphics adapters can modify their signal in software, including refresh rate, sync length, polarity and number of blank lines. Particular issues include interla... | VGA connector | Wikipedia | 208 | 582844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA%20connector | Technology | User interface | null |
Oxygen cycle refers to the movement of oxygen through the atmosphere (air), biosphere (plants and animals) and the lithosphere (the Earth’s crust). The oxygen cycle demonstrates how free oxygen is made available in each of these regions, as well as how it is used. The oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle of oxygen ... | Oxygen cycle | Wikipedia | 492 | 583598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen%20cycle | Physical sciences | Earth science basics: General | Earth science |
Lithosphere
The lithosphere is 46.6% oxygen by volume, present mainly as silica minerals (SiO2) and other oxide minerals.
Sources and sinks
While there are many abiotic sources and sinks for O2, the presence of the profuse concentration of free oxygen in modern Earth's atmosphere and ocean is attributed to O2 produc... | Oxygen cycle | Wikipedia | 478 | 583598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen%20cycle | Physical sciences | Earth science basics: General | Earth science |
Amitriptyline, sold under the brand name Elavil among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant primarily used to treat major depressive disorder, and a variety of pain syndromes such as neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, migraine and tension headaches. Due to the frequency and prominence of side effects, amitriptyline is gen... | Amitriptyline | Wikipedia | 418 | 583678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline | Biology and health sciences | Psychiatric drugs | Health |
Pain
Amitriptyline alleviates painful diabetic neuropathy. It is recommended by a variety of guidelines as a first or second-line treatment. It is as effective for this indication as gabapentin or pregabalin but less well tolerated. Amitriptyline is as effective at relieving pain as duloxetine. Combination treatment of... | Amitriptyline | Wikipedia | 505 | 583678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline | Biology and health sciences | Psychiatric drugs | Health |
Amitriptyline may reduce the frequency and duration of chronic tension headache, but it is associated with worse adverse effects than mirtazapine. Overall, amitriptyline is recommended for tension headache prophylaxis, along with lifestyle advice, which should include avoidance of analgesia and caffeine.
Other indicat... | Amitriptyline | Wikipedia | 461 | 583678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline | Biology and health sciences | Psychiatric drugs | Health |
History of myocardial infarction
History of arrhythmias, particularly any degree of heart block
Coronary artery disease
Porphyria
Severe liver disease (such as cirrhosis)
Being under six years of age
Patients who are taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or have taken them within the last 14 days
Amitripty... | Amitriptyline | Wikipedia | 469 | 583678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline | Biology and health sciences | Psychiatric drugs | Health |
Liver test abnormalities occur in 10–12% of patients on amitriptyline, but are usually mild, asymptomatic, and transient, with consistently elevated alanine transaminase in 3% of all patients. The increases of the enzymes above the 3-fold threshold of liver toxicity are uncommon, and cases of clinically apparent liver ... | Amitriptyline | Wikipedia | 348 | 583678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline | Biology and health sciences | Psychiatric drugs | Health |
Since amitriptyline and its active metabolite nortriptyline are primarily metabolized by cytochromes CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 (see its pharmacology), the inhibitors of these enzymes are expected to exhibit pharmacokinetic interactions with amitriptyline. According to the prescribing information, the interaction with CYP2D6 ... | Amitriptyline | Wikipedia | 421 | 583678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline | Biology and health sciences | Psychiatric drugs | Health |
The prescribing information warns that the combination of amitriptyline with monoamine oxidase inhibitors may cause potentially lethal serotonin syndrome; however, this has been disputed. The prescribing information cautions that some patients may experience a large increase in amitriptyline concentration in the presen... | Amitriptyline | Wikipedia | 475 | 583678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline | Biology and health sciences | Psychiatric drugs | Health |
Mechanism of action
Inhibition of serotonin and norepinephrine transporters by amitriptyline results in interference with neuronal reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. Since the reuptake process is important physiologically in terminating transmitting activity, this action may potentiate or prolong the activity of... | Amitriptyline | Wikipedia | 433 | 583678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline | Biology and health sciences | Psychiatric drugs | Health |
Another active metabolite is (E)-10-hydroxynortriptyline, which is a norepinephrine uptake inhibitor four times weaker than nortriptyline. (E)-10-hydroxynortiptyline blood level is comparable to that of nortriptyline, but its cerebrospinal fluid level, which is a close proxy of the brain concentration of a drug, is twi... | Amitriptyline | Wikipedia | 479 | 583678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline | Biology and health sciences | Psychiatric drugs | Health |
Individuals can be categorized into different types of CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 metabolizers depending on which genetic variations they carry. These metabolizer types include poor, intermediate, extensive, and ultrarapid metabolizers. Most individuals (about 77–92%) are extensive metabolizers, and have "normal" metabolism of ... | Amitriptyline | Wikipedia | 482 | 583678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline | Biology and health sciences | Psychiatric drugs | Health |
History
Amitriptyline was first developed by the American pharmaceutical company Merck in the late 1950s. In 1958, Merck approached several clinical investigators proposing to conduct clinical trials of amitriptyline for schizophrenia. One of these researchers, Frank Ayd, instead, suggested using amitriptyline for depr... | Amitriptyline | Wikipedia | 465 | 583678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline | Biology and health sciences | Psychiatric drugs | Health |
A safety razor is a shaving implement with a protective device positioned between the edge of the blade and the skin. The initial purpose of these protective devices was to reduce the level of skill needed for injury-free shaving, thereby reducing the reliance on professional barbers.
Protective devices for razors hav... | Safety razor | Wikipedia | 501 | 583832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety%20razor | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
The first attested use of the term "safety razor" is in a patent application for "new and useful improvements in Safety-Razors", filed in May 1880 by Frederic and Otto Kampfe of Brooklyn, New York, and issued the following month. This differed from the Henson design in distancing the blade from the handle by interposin... | Safety razor | Wikipedia | 418 | 583832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety%20razor | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
The first safety razors used a single-edge blade that was essentially a long segment of a straight razor. A flat blade that could be used alternately with this "wedge" was first illustrated in a patent issued in 1878, serving as a close prototype for the single-edge blade in its present form. New single-edge razors we... | Safety razor | Wikipedia | 386 | 583832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety%20razor | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Until the 1960s, razor blades were made of carbon steel. These were extremely prone to rusting and forced users to change blades frequently. In 1962, the British company Wilkinson Sword began to sell blades made of stainless steel, whose edge did not corrode nearly so quickly and could be used far longer. Wilkinson qui... | Safety razor | Wikipedia | 403 | 583832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety%20razor | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
In direct response to Wilkinson's Bonded cartridge, during the following year Gillette introduced the twin-blade Trac II. They claimed that research showed the tandem action of the two blades to give a closer shave than a single blade, because of a "hysteresis" effect. In addition to the cutting action of the first bla... | Safety razor | Wikipedia | 278 | 583832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety%20razor | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
The marketing of increasing numbers of blades in a cartridge has been parodied since the 1970s. The debut episode of Saturday Night Live in 1975 included a parody advertisement for the Triple Trac Razor, shortly after the first two-blade cartridge for men's razors was advertised. Mad magazine announced the "Trac 76", ... | Safety razor | Wikipedia | 503 | 583832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety%20razor | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Disposable safety razor blades can be sharpened using various methods. There are commercial devices intended for this duty (Razormate, RazorPit, Blade Buddy, etc.).
Variants
Double-edged razors
Double-edge (DE) safety razors remain a popular alternative to proprietary cartridge razors, and usually offer significant... | Safety razor | Wikipedia | 360 | 583832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety%20razor | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
A combined cycle power plant is an assembly of heat engines that work in tandem from the same source of heat, converting it into mechanical energy. On land, when used to make electricity the most common type is called a combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant, which is a kind of gas-fired power plant. The same principl... | Combined cycle power plant | Wikipedia | 482 | 583901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20cycle%20power%20plant | Technology | Power generation | null |
Multiple stage turbine or steam cycles can also be used, but CCGT plants have advantages for both electricity generation and marine power. The gas turbine cycle can often start very quickly, which gives immediate power. This avoids the need for separate expensive peaker plants, or lets a ship maneuver. Over time the se... | Combined cycle power plant | Wikipedia | 430 | 583901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20cycle%20power%20plant | Technology | Power generation | null |
The Cheng cycle is a simplified form of combined cycle where the steam turbine is eliminated by injecting steam directly into the combustion turbine. This has been used since the mid 1970s and allows recovery of waste heat with less total complexity, but at the loss of the additional power and redundancy of a true comb... | Combined cycle power plant | Wikipedia | 466 | 583901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20cycle%20power%20plant | Technology | Power generation | null |
For large-scale power generation, a typical set would be a 270 MW primary gas turbine coupled to a 130 MW secondary steam turbine, giving a total output of 400 MW. A typical power station might consist of between 1 and 6 such sets.
Gas turbines for large-scale power generation are manufactured by at least four separat... | Combined cycle power plant | Wikipedia | 487 | 583901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20cycle%20power%20plant | Technology | Power generation | null |
Supplementary firing
The HRSG can be designed to burn supplementary fuel after the gas turbine. Supplementary burners are also called duct burners. Duct burning is possible because the turbine exhaust gas (flue gas) still contains some oxygen. Temperature limits at the gas turbine inlet force the turbine to use exces... | Combined cycle power plant | Wikipedia | 401 | 583901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20cycle%20power%20plant | Technology | Power generation | null |
Combined cycle plants are usually powered by natural gas, although fuel oil, synthesis gas or other fuels can be used. The supplementary fuel may be natural gas, fuel oil, or coal. Biofuels can also be used. Integrated solar combined cycle power stations combine the energy harvested from solar radiation with another fu... | Combined cycle power plant | Wikipedia | 480 | 583901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20cycle%20power%20plant | Technology | Power generation | null |
The most fuel-efficient power generation cycles use an unfired heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) with modular pre-engineered components. These unfired steam cycles are also the lowest in initial cost, and they are often part of a single shaft system that is installed as a unit.
Supplementary-fired and multishaft co... | Combined cycle power plant | Wikipedia | 504 | 583901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20cycle%20power%20plant | Technology | Power generation | null |
Multiple-pressure reheat steam cycles are applied to combined-cycle systems with gas turbines with exhaust gas temperatures near 600 °C. Single- and multiple-pressure non-reheat steam cycles are applied to combined-cycle systems with gas turbines that have exhaust gas temperatures of 540 °C or less. Selection of the st... | Combined cycle power plant | Wikipedia | 442 | 583901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20cycle%20power%20plant | Technology | Power generation | null |
Heat engine efficiency can be based on the fuel Higher Heating Value (HHV), including latent heat of vaporisation that would be recuperated in condensing boilers, or the Lower Heating Value (LHV), excluding it.
The HHV of methane is , compared to a LHV: a 11% increase.
Boosting efficiency
Efficiency of the turbine ... | Combined cycle power plant | Wikipedia | 435 | 583901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20cycle%20power%20plant | Technology | Power generation | null |
Another active area of research is the steam generator for the Rankine cycle. Typical plants already use a two-stage steam turbine, reheating the steam between the two stages. When the heat-exchangers' thermal conductivity can be improved, efficiency improves. As in nuclear reactors, tubes might be made thinner (e.g. f... | Combined cycle power plant | Wikipedia | 506 | 583901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20cycle%20power%20plant | Technology | Power generation | null |
In December 2017, GE claimed 64% in its latest 826 MW HA plant, up from 63.7%. They said this was due to advances in additive manufacturing and combustion. Their press release said that they planned to achieve 65% by the early 2020s.
Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)
An integrated gasification combined cy... | Combined cycle power plant | Wikipedia | 498 | 583901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20cycle%20power%20plant | Technology | Power generation | null |
Bottoming cycles
In most successful combined cycles, the bottoming cycle for power is a conventional steam Rankine cycle.
It is already common in cold climates (such as Finland) to drive community heating systems from a steam power plant's condenser heat. Such cogeneration systems can yield theoretical efficiencies a... | Combined cycle power plant | Wikipedia | 445 | 583901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20cycle%20power%20plant | Technology | Power generation | null |
Nitrous oxide
When hydrogen is burned as a fuel no carbon dioxide is produced, but more nitrous oxide is produced because of the higher flame temperature from hydrogen, a selective catalytic reduction process could be implemented to break NO₂ down into just nitrogen and water. The exhaust from a burning hydrogen react... | Combined cycle power plant | Wikipedia | 219 | 583901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20cycle%20power%20plant | Technology | Power generation | null |
Myriapods () are the members of subphylum Myriapoda, containing arthropods such as millipedes and centipedes. The group contains about 13,000 species, all of them terrestrial.
Although molecular evidence and similar fossils suggests a diversification in the Cambrian Period, the oldest known fossil record of myriapods ... | Myriapoda | Wikipedia | 390 | 584096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriapoda | Biology and health sciences | Myriapoda | null |
During mating, male myriapods produce a packet of sperm, or spermatophore, which they must transfer to the female externally; this process is often complex and highly developed. The female lays eggs which hatch as much-shortened versions of the adults, with only a few segments and as few as three pairs of legs. With th... | Myriapoda | Wikipedia | 502 | 584096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriapoda | Biology and health sciences | Myriapoda | null |
Classification
There has been much debate as to which arthropod group is most closely related to the Myriapoda. Under the Mandibulata hypothesis, Myriapoda is the sister taxon to Pancrustacea, a group comprising the Crustacea and Hexapoda (insects and their close relatives). Under the Atelocerata hypothesis, Hexapoda i... | Myriapoda | Wikipedia | 301 | 584096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriapoda | Biology and health sciences | Myriapoda | null |
Millipedes form the class Diplopoda. Most millipedes are slower than centipedes, and feed on leaf litter and detritus. Except for the first segment called collum, which don't have any appendages, and the next three segments with a single pair of legs each, they are distinguished by the fusion of each pair of body segme... | Myriapoda | Wikipedia | 462 | 584096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriapoda | Biology and health sciences | Myriapoda | null |
Arthropleurideans were ancient myriapods that are now extinct, known from the late Silurian to the Permian. The most famous members are from the genus Arthropleura, which was a giant, probably herbivorous, animal that could be up to long, but the group also includes species less than . Arthropleuridea was historically... | Myriapoda | Wikipedia | 424 | 584096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriapoda | Biology and health sciences | Myriapoda | null |
Acidobacteriota is a phylum of Gram-negative bacteria. Its members are physiologically diverse and ubiquitous, especially in soils, but are under-represented in culture.
Description
Members of this phylum are physiologically diverse, and can be found in a variety of environments including soil, decomposing wood, hot s... | Acidobacteriota | Wikipedia | 460 | 584598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidobacteriota | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Members of subdivision 1 have been found to dominate in low pH conditions. Additionally, Acidobacteriota from acid mine drainage have been found to be more adapted to acidic pH conditions (pH 2-3) compared to Acidobacteriota from soils, potentially due to cell specialization and enzyme stability.
The G+C content of Ac... | Acidobacteriota | Wikipedia | 482 | 584598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidobacteriota | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Carbon
Some members of subdivision 1 are able to use D-glucose, D-xylose, and lactose as carbon sources, but are unable to use fucose or sorbose. Members of subdivision 1 also contain enzymes such as galactosidases used in the breakdown of sugars. Members of subdivision 4 have been found to use chitin as a carbon sour... | Acidobacteriota | Wikipedia | 483 | 584598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidobacteriota | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature and National Center for Biotechnology Information. | Acidobacteriota | Wikipedia | 30 | 584598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidobacteriota | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
The Chlamydiota (synonym Chlamydiae) are a bacterial phylum and class whose members are remarkably diverse, including pathogens of humans and animals, symbionts of ubiquitous protozoa, and marine sediment forms not yet well understood. All of the Chlamydiota that humans have known about for many decades are obligate in... | Chlamydiota | Wikipedia | 469 | 584732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiota | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Chlamydial isolates cultured in the yolk sacs of embryonating eggs were obtained from a human pneumonitis outbreak in the late 1920s and early 1930s, and by the mid-20th century, isolates had been obtained from dozens of vertebrate species. The term chlamydia (a cloak) appeared in the literature in 1945, although othe... | Chlamydiota | Wikipedia | 413 | 584732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiota | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
The Chlamydiales order as recently described contains the families Chlamydiaceae, and the Clavichlamydiaceae, while the new Parachlamydiales order harbors the remaining seven families. This proposal is supported by the observation of two distinct phylogenetic clades that warrant taxonomic ranks above the family level. ... | Chlamydiota | Wikipedia | 408 | 584732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiota | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Reports have varied as to whether the Chlamydiota are related to the Planctomycetota or Spirochaetota. Genome sequencing, however, indicates that 11% of the genes in Protochlamydia amoebophila UWE25 and 4% in the Chlamydiaceae are most similar to chloroplast, plant, and cyanobacterial genes. Cavalier-Smith has postula... | Chlamydiota | Wikipedia | 403 | 584732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiota | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
"Similichlamydiales" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 [Hat2]
Family "Piscichlamydiaceae" Horn 2010
Family "Parilichlamydiaceae" Stride et al. 2013 ["Similichlamydiaceae" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022]
Order Chlamydiales Storz & Page 1971
Family "Actinochlamydiaceae" Steigen et al. 2013
Family "Criblamydiace... | Chlamydiota | Wikipedia | 181 | 584732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiota | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
An optical coating is one or more thin layers of material deposited on an optical component such as a lens, prism or mirror, which alters the way in which the optic reflects and transmits light. These coatings have become a key technology in the field of optics. One type of optical coating is an anti-reflective coating... | Optical coating | Wikipedia | 353 | 584887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20coating | Technology | Optical components | null |
The other major type of optical coating is the dielectric coating (i.e. using materials with a different refractive index to the substrate). These are constructed from thin layers of materials such as magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, and various metal oxides, which are deposited onto the optical substrate. By care... | Optical coating | Wikipedia | 461 | 584887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20coating | Technology | Optical components | null |
A number of different effects are used to reduce reflection. The simplest is to use a thin layer of material at the interface, with an index of refraction between those of the two media. The reflection is minimized when
,
where is the index of the thin layer, and and are the indices of the two media. The optimum re... | Optical coating | Wikipedia | 399 | 584887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20coating | Technology | Optical components | null |
Further reduction is possible by using multiple coating layers, designed such that reflections from the surfaces undergo maximum destructive interference. By using two or more layers, broadband antireflection coatings which cover the visible range (400-700 nm) with maximum reflectivities of less than 0.5% are commonly ... | Optical coating | Wikipedia | 466 | 584887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20coating | Technology | Optical components | null |
By manipulating the exact thickness and composition of the layers in the reflective stack, the reflection characteristics can be tuned to a particular application, and may incorporate both high-reflective and anti-reflective wavelength regions. The coating can be designed as a long- or short-pass filter, a bandpass or ... | Optical coating | Wikipedia | 329 | 584887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20coating | Technology | Optical components | null |
Transparent conductive coatings
Transparent conductive coatings are used in applications where it is important that the coating conduct electricity or dissipate static charge. Conductive coatings are used to protect the aperture from electromagnetic interference, while dissipative coatings are used to prevent the build... | Optical coating | Wikipedia | 395 | 584887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20coating | Technology | Optical components | null |
In a roof prism without a phase-correcting coating, s-polarized and p-polarized light each acquire a different geometric phase as they pass through the upper prism. When the two polarized components are recombined, interference between the s-polarized and p-polarized light results in a different intensity distribution ... | Optical coating | Wikipedia | 485 | 584887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20coating | Technology | Optical components | null |
Fano-resonant optical coatings (FROCs) represent a new category of optical coatings. FROCs exhibit the photonic Fano resonance by coupling a broadband nanocavity, which serves as the continuum, with a narrowband Fabry–Perot nanocavity, representing the discrete state. The interference between these two resonances manif... | Optical coating | Wikipedia | 456 | 584887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20coating | Technology | Optical components | null |
The Toronto subway is a rapid transit system serving Toronto and the neighbouring city of Vaughan in Ontario, Canada, operated by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). The subway system is a rail network consisting of three heavy-capacity rail lines operating predominantly underground. three new lines are under constr... | Toronto subway | Wikipedia | 415 | 584946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway | Technology | Canada | null |
three new lines are under construction, two light rail lines and one subway line.
Line 5 Eglinton (also known as the Eglinton Crosstown LRT) is an under-construction light rail line along Eglinton Avenue, planned to run from Kennedy station in the east to Mount Dennis station in the west. The line will have 25 statio... | Toronto subway | Wikipedia | 378 | 584946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway | Technology | Canada | null |
Until July 2023, the TTC operated an elevated light metro service:
Line 3 Scarborough, originally known as the Scarborough RT, was an elevated medium-capacity (light metro) rail line serving the city's eponymous suburban district. It opened in 1985, running from Kennedy station to McCowan station via . It was the only... | Toronto subway | Wikipedia | 439 | 584946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway | Technology | Canada | null |
Opened in 1966, the Bloor–Danforth subway runs east–west under or near Bloor Street and Danforth Avenue. It replaced the Bloor streetcar line (which also served Danforth Avenue). Initially, the subway line ran between Keele station and Woodbine station. In 1968, the line was extended west to Islington station and east ... | Toronto subway | Wikipedia | 453 | 584946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway | Technology | Canada | null |
Metrolinx is funding the Line 5 Eglinton, a light rail line along Eglinton Avenue. From Mount Dennis in the west to Brentcliffe Road (east of Laird Drive), the line will run almost entirely underground where Eglinton Avenue is generally four to five lanes wide. From east of Brentcliffe Road to Kennedy station, the lin... | Toronto subway | Wikipedia | 397 | 584946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway | Technology | Canada | null |
Ontario Line is an under-construction subway line from Exhibition station to Science Centre station, providing a second rapid transit line through the Financial District and downtown core. Although a subway line along Queen Street was first proposed in the early 1900s, the Downtown Relief Line was first proposed in th... | Toronto subway | Wikipedia | 508 | 584946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway | Technology | Canada | null |
The heavy-rail subway lines were built in multiple segments with multiple crossovers. These are typically used for reversals at terminal stations, and allow arriving and departing trains to cross to and from the station's farside platform. They are also used for short turning trains at some through stations in order to... | Toronto subway | Wikipedia | 491 | 584946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway | Technology | Canada | null |
According to a 2020 survey conducted by the Amalgamated Transit Union Local 113, two-thirds of Torontonians surveyed opposed the TTC's plan to eliminate the train guard on Line 1, and three-quarters of Torontonians disapproved of the fact that the public was not consulted when train guards were removed from Line 4's da... | Toronto subway | Wikipedia | 465 | 584946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway | Technology | Canada | null |
When the guard determines that boarding is complete, the doors are closed. Electronic chimes and flashing lights are turned on, then the automated announcement "please stand clear of the doors" is played over the train's public address system, and finally the doors are closed. The chimes provide a clear notification an... | Toronto subway | Wikipedia | 272 | 584946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway | Technology | Canada | null |
The current platform markers used for Lines 1, 2, and 4 are as follows:
Circular red disk (Lines 1, 2, and 4)—This marker is typically mounted on the station platform wall to assist the train operator in positioning the train in the station. When the operator's window is aligned with the red disk, the train is properl... | Toronto subway | Wikipedia | 506 | 584946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway | Technology | Canada | null |
On January 8, 1995, train operators began to announce each stop over the train's speaker system as a result of pressure from advocacy groups for the visually impaired, but announcements were sporadic until the TTC began to enforce the policy circa 2005. Later, automated announcements were implemented under further pres... | Toronto subway | Wikipedia | 455 | 584946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway | Technology | Canada | null |
The Toronto subway has 70 stations across three lines. Most stations are named for the nearest major arterial road crossed by the line in question. A few are named for major landmarks, such as shopping centres or transportation hubs, served by the station. The stations along the University Avenue section of Line 1 Yong... | Toronto subway | Wikipedia | 458 | 584946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway | Technology | Canada | null |
Cleanliness
The May 2010 TTC cleanliness audit of subway stations found that none of them meets the transit agency's highest standard for cleanliness and general state of repair. Only 21 stations scored in the 70- to 80-percent range in the TTC's cleanliness scale, a range described as "Ordinary Tidiness", while 45 fel... | Toronto subway | Wikipedia | 424 | 584946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway | Technology | Canada | null |
On December 13, 2013, Wi-Fi Internet access was launched at and St. George stations. The ad-supported service (branded as "TConnect") was provided by BAI Canada. The TTC and BAI Canada planned to offer TConnect at all underground stations. Commuters had to view a video advertisement to gain access to the Internet. It ... | Toronto subway | Wikipedia | 491 | 584946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway | Technology | Canada | null |
Rogers and the TTC decided to end TConnect, the free public Wi-Fi service, on December 27, 2024, due to low usage and the cost of upgrading it.
Current wireless services
, Rogers 5G wireless service is available in all subway stations for customers of Rogers, Freedom Mobile, Telus and Bell, but service access between ... | Toronto subway | Wikipedia | 406 | 584946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway | Technology | Canada | null |
The TTC's original G-series cars were manufactured by the Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company. All subsequent heavy-rail subway cars were manufactured by Bombardier Transportation or one of its predecessors (Montreal Locomotive Works, Hawker Siddeley, and UTDC). All cars starting with the Hawker Siddeley H se... | Toronto subway | Wikipedia | 457 | 584946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway | Technology | Canada | null |
Line 3 Scarborough used 28 S-series trains built by the Urban Transportation Development Corporation (UTDC) in Millhaven, Ontario. These Intermediate Capacity Transit System (ICTS) trains were Mark I models, similar in design to the original trains found on the Vancouver SkyTrain and the Detroit People Mover. These wer... | Toronto subway | Wikipedia | 490 | 584946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway | Technology | Canada | null |
Line 3 Scarborough, a light metro, used a more complex technology than heavy rail, which a TTC document describes as follows:
Track is the 5 rail system on direct fixation and car is powered by an induction or "reaction rail" situated between the running rails at the same top of rail elevation. There are two side conta... | Toronto subway | Wikipedia | 463 | 584946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway | Technology | Canada | null |
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