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Pogona is a genus of reptiles containing eight lizard species, which are often known by the common name bearded dragons or informally (especially in Australia) beardies. The name "bearded dragon" refers to the underside of the throat (or "beard") of the lizard, which can turn black and become inflated for a number of r... | Pogona | Wikipedia | 509 | 326896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogona | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Bearded dragons go through a type of hibernation called brumation, in which like hibernation, reptiles go months without eating, but sporadically drink water. Reptiles go dormant in the hottest temperatures, but it differs from brumation during cooler temperatures. When temperatures are extreme, a very small range of t... | Pogona | Wikipedia | 482 | 326896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogona | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Head bobbing is another behavior seen in both females and males; they quickly move their heads up and down, often darkening and flaring their beards. Changes in the pace of head bobbing are thought to be a form of communication. Males head bob to impress females, and a male often has to demonstrate his dominance when a... | Pogona | Wikipedia | 365 | 326896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogona | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Bearded dragons exhibit temperature sex determination; while the embryo is developing, higher temperatures cause dragons with a male genotype to experience sex reversal and express a female phenotype. This produces a bearded dragon that is a female, but still has a male genotype. Incubation temperatures above can caus... | Pogona | Wikipedia | 441 | 326896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogona | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
The central bearded dragon is the most common species in captivity, as well as one of the most popular pet reptiles, with some smaller species such as Pogona henrylawsoni being used as substitutes where less housing space is available. Introduced into the U.S. as pets during the 1990s, bearded dragons have gained much ... | Pogona | Wikipedia | 409 | 326896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogona | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Metabolic bone disease
Metabolic bone disease (MBD) is a collective term for several common diseases/illnesses that can be fatal and is probably the most common health problem of bearded dragons. A main attribute of MBD is the weakening of the skeletal structure and possible deformation. It occurs in bearded dragons d... | Pogona | Wikipedia | 468 | 326896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogona | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Upper respiratory infection (URI)
In bearded dragons, respiratory infection (RI) is caused by a bacterial infection in the lungs. Bearded dragons develop a respiratory infection due to a number of reasons such as incorrect lighting and temperature, high humidity, prolonged psychological stress, and poor captive condit... | Pogona | Wikipedia | 399 | 326896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogona | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Uromastyx is a genus of lizards in the family Agamidae. The genus is native to Africa and the Middle East (West Asia). Member species are commonly called spiny-tailed lizards, uromastyces, mastigures, or dabb lizards.
Lizards in the genus Uromastyx are primarily herbivorous, but occasionally eat insects and other sma... | Uromastyx | Wikipedia | 479 | 326914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uromastyx | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Diet
Uromastyx lizards acquire most of the water they need from the vegetation they ingest. In the wild they generally eat any surrounding vegetation. When hatching, baby Uromastyx eat their own mother's feces as their first meal before heading off to find a more sustainable food source. They do this to establish a pro... | Uromastyx | Wikipedia | 439 | 326914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uromastyx | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Consumption by humans
U. dispar maliensis, known as "ḍabb" () by peninsular Arabs, is historically consumed as food by some of the Bedouin population of the Arabian peninsula, mainly those residing in the interior and eastern regions of Arabia. This lizard used to be considered an "Arabian delicacy". It is recorded tha... | Uromastyx | Wikipedia | 231 | 326914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uromastyx | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
A fluid ounce (abbreviated fl oz, fl. oz. or oz. fl., old forms ℥, fl ℥, f℥, ƒ ℥) is a unit of volume (also called capacity) typically used for measuring liquids. The British Imperial, the United States customary, and the United States food labeling fluid ounce are the three that are still in common use, although vario... | Fluid ounce | Wikipedia | 435 | 326971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20ounce | Physical sciences | Volume | Basics and measurement |
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|align=righ... | Fluid ounce | Wikipedia | 471 | 326971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20ounce | Physical sciences | Volume | Basics and measurement |
In 1824, the British Parliament defined the imperial gallon as the volume of ten pounds of water at standard temperature. The gallon was divided into four quarts, the quart into two pints, the pint into four gills, and the gill into five ounces; thus, there were 160 imperial fluid ounces to the gallon.
This made the m... | Fluid ounce | Wikipedia | 293 | 326971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20ounce | Physical sciences | Volume | Basics and measurement |
In population genetics, gene flow (also known as migration and allele flow) is the transfer of genetic material from one population to another. If the rate of gene flow is high enough, then two populations will have equivalent allele frequencies and therefore can be considered a single effective population. It has bee... | Gene flow | Wikipedia | 447 | 327061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20flow | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
Measuring gene flow
The level of gene flow among populations can be estimated by observing the dispersal of individuals and recording their reproductive success. This direct method is only suitable for some types of organisms, more often indirect methods are used that infer gene flow by comparing allele frequencies am... | Gene flow | Wikipedia | 304 | 327061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20flow | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
Allopatric speciation
When gene flow is blocked by physical barriers, this results in Allopatric speciation or a geographical isolation that does not allow populations of the same species to exchange genetic material. Physical barriers to gene flow are usually, but not always, natural. They may include impassable moun... | Gene flow | Wikipedia | 445 | 327061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20flow | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
Genetic rescue
Gene flow can also be used to assist species which are threatened with extinction. When a species exist in small populations there is an increased risk of inbreeding and greater susceptibility to loss of diversity due to drift. These populations can benefit greatly from the introduction of unrelated in... | Gene flow | Wikipedia | 509 | 327061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20flow | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
Urban facilitation can occur in many different ways, but most of the mechanisms include bringing previously separated species into contact, either directly or indirectly. Altering a habitat through urbanization will cause habitat fragmentation, but could also potentially disrupt barriers and create a pathway, or corrid... | Gene flow | Wikipedia | 371 | 327061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20flow | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
Another example of urban facilitation is that of migrating bobcats (Lynx rufus) in the northern US and southern Canada. A study by Marrote et al. sequenced fourteen different microsatellite loci in bobcats across the Great Lakes region, and found that longitude affected the interaction between anthropogenic landscape a... | Gene flow | Wikipedia | 431 | 327061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20flow | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) refers to the transfer of genes between organisms in a manner other than traditional reproduction, either through transformation (direct uptake of genetic material by a cell from its surroundings), conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact), t... | Gene flow | Wikipedia | 349 | 327061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20flow | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
Hybridization
In some instances, when a species has a sister species and breeding capabilities are possible due to the removal of previous barriers or through introduction due to human intervention, species can hybridize and exchange genes and corresponding traits. This exchange is not always clear-cut, for sometimes ... | Gene flow | Wikipedia | 271 | 327061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20flow | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
Fragmented Population: fragmented landscapes such as the Galapagos Islands are an ideal place for adaptive radiation to occur as a result of differing geography. Darwin's finches likely experienced allopatric speciation in some part due to differing geography, but that does not explain why we see so many different kind... | Gene flow | Wikipedia | 407 | 327061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20flow | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
Human-mediated gene flow: The captive genetic management of threatened species is the only way in which humans attempt to induce gene flow in ex situ situation. One example is the giant panda which is part of an international breeding program in which genetic materials are shared between zoological organizations in ord... | Gene flow | Wikipedia | 289 | 327061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20flow | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
Topiary is the horticultural practice of training perennial plants by clipping the foliage and twigs of trees, shrubs and subshrubs to develop and maintain clearly defined shapes, whether geometric or fanciful. The term also refers to plants which have been shaped in this way. As an art form it is a type of living scul... | Topiary | Wikipedia | 467 | 327068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiary | Technology | Horticulture | null |
The clipping and shaping of shrubs and trees in China and Japan have been practised with equal rigor, but for different reasons. The goal is to achieve an artful expression of the "natural" form of venerably aged pines, given character by the forces of wind and weather. Their most concentrated expressions are in the re... | Topiary | Wikipedia | 450 | 327068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiary | Technology | Horticulture | null |
Topiary at Versailles and its imitators was never complicated: low hedges punctuated by potted trees trimmed as balls on standards, interrupted by obelisks at corners, provided the vertical features of flat-patterned parterre gardens. Sculptural forms were provided by stone and lead sculptures. In Holland, however, the... | Topiary | Wikipedia | 488 | 327068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiary | Technology | Horticulture | null |
The revival of topiary in English gardening parallels the revived "Jacobethan" taste in architecture; John Loudon in the 1840s was the first garden writer to express a sense of loss due to the topiary that had been removed from English gardens. The art of topiary, with enclosed garden "rooms", burst upon the English ga... | Topiary | Wikipedia | 367 | 327068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiary | Technology | Horticulture | null |
Americans in England were sensitive to the renewed charms of topiary. When William Waldorf Astor bought Hever Castle, Kent, around 1906, the moat surrounding the house precluded the addition of wings for servants, guests and the servants of guests that the Astor manner required. He accordingly built an authentically st... | Topiary | Wikipedia | 490 | 327068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiary | Technology | Horticulture | null |
Asia
Mosaiculture 2006 (Shanghai, China)
The Samban-Lei Sekpil in Manipur, India, begun in 1983 and recently measuring in height, is the world's tallest topiary, according to Guinness Book of World Records. It is clipped of Duranta erecta, a shrub widely used in Manipuri gardens, into a tiered shape called a sekpil ... | Topiary | Wikipedia | 162 | 327068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiary | Technology | Horticulture | null |
Europe
Cliveden (Buckinghamshire, England)
Levens Hall (Cumbria, England)
A premier topiary garden started in the late 17th century by M. Beaumont, a French gardener who laid out the gardens of Hampton Court (which were recreated in the 1980s). Levens Hall is recognised by the Guinness Book of Records as having the ... | Topiary | Wikipedia | 446 | 327068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiary | Technology | Horticulture | null |
Hunnewell Arboretum (Wellesley, Massachusetts)
140-year-old topiary garden of native white pine and arborvitae.
Ladew Topiary Gardens (Monkton, Maryland)
A topiary garden in Maryland established by award-winning topiary artist Harvey Ladew in the late 1930s. Located approximately halfway between the north Baltimore s... | Topiary | Wikipedia | 403 | 327068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiary | Technology | Horticulture | null |
In geometry, a decagon (from the Greek δέκα déka and γωνία gonía, "ten angles") is a ten-sided polygon or 10-gon. The total sum of the interior angles of a simple decagon is 1440°.
Regular decagon
A regular decagon has all sides of equal length and each internal angle will always be equal to 144°. Its Schläfli symbol ... | Decagon | Wikipedia | 470 | 327393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decagon | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
An alternative (but similar) method is as follows:
Construct a pentagon in a circle by one of the methods shown in constructing a pentagon.
Extend a line from each vertex of the pentagon through the center of the circle to the opposite side of that same circle. Where each line cuts the circle is a vertex of the decagon... | Decagon | Wikipedia | 455 | 327393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decagon | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
The highest symmetry irregular decagons are d10, an isogonal decagon constructed by five mirrors which can alternate long and short edges, and p10, an isotoxal decagon, constructed with equal edge lengths, but vertices alternating two different internal angles. These two forms are duals of each other and have half the ... | Decagon | Wikipedia | 503 | 327393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decagon | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
Isoflurane, sold under the brand name Forane among others, is a general anesthetic. It can be used to start or maintain anesthesia; however, other medications are often used to start anesthesia, due to airway irritation with isoflurane. Isoflurane is given via inhalation.
Side effects of isoflurane include a decreased... | Isoflurane | Wikipedia | 307 | 327893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflurane | Biology and health sciences | Anesthetics | Health |
Mechanism of action
Similar to many general anesthetics, the exact mechanism of the action has not been clearly delineated. Isoflurane reduces pain sensitivity (analgesia) and relaxes muscles. Isoflurane likely binds to GABA, glutamate and glycine receptors, but has different effects on each receptor. Isoflurane acts a... | Isoflurane | Wikipedia | 502 | 327893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflurane | Biology and health sciences | Anesthetics | Health |
History
Together with enflurane and halothane, Isoflurane began to replace the flammable ethers used in the pioneer days of surgery; this shift began in the 1940s to the 1950s. Its name comes from being a structural isomer of enflurane, hence they have the same empirical formula.
Environment
The average lifetime of is... | Isoflurane | Wikipedia | 114 | 327893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflurane | Biology and health sciences | Anesthetics | Health |
The cherry blossom, or sakura, is the flower of trees in Prunus subgenus Cerasus. Sakura usually refers to flowers of ornamental cherry trees, such as cultivars of Prunus serrulata, not trees grown for their fruit (although these also have blossoms). Cherry blossoms have been described as having a vanilla-like smell, w... | Cherry blossom | Wikipedia | 476 | 328501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20blossom | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | Plants |
In Europe and North America, ornamental cherry trees are classified under the subgenus Cerasus ("true cherries"), within the genus Prunus. Cerasus consists of about 100 species of cherry tree, but does not include bush cherries, bird cherries, or cherry laurels (other non-Cerasus species in Prunus are plums, peaches, a... | Cherry blossom | Wikipedia | 415 | 328501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20blossom | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | Plants |
Because cherry trees have mutable traits, many cultivars have been created for cherry blossom viewing, especially in Japan. Since the Heian period, the Japanese have produced cultivars by selecting superior or mutant trees from among the natural crossings of wild cherry trees. They were also produced by crossing trees ... | Cherry blossom | Wikipedia | 408 | 328501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20blossom | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | Plants |
Since a book written in the Heian period mentions , one of the cultivars with pendulous branches, Prunus itosakura 'Pendula' (Sidare-zakura) is considered the oldest cultivar in Japan. In the Kamakura period, when the population increased in the southern Kantō region, the Oshima cherry, which originated in Izu Oshima I... | Cherry blossom | Wikipedia | 362 | 328501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20blossom | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | Plants |
Since Japan was modernized in the Meiji period, the Yoshino cherry has spread throughout Japan, and it has become the main object of hanami. Various other cultivars were cut down one after another during changes related to the rapid modernization of cities, such as the reclamation of waterways and the demolition of dai... | Cherry blossom | Wikipedia | 449 | 328501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20blossom | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | Plants |
Many cherry species and cultivars bloom between March and April in the Northern Hemisphere. Wild cherry trees, even if they are the same species, differ genetically from one individual to another. Even if they are planted in the same area, there is some variation in the time when they reach full bloom. In contrast, cul... | Cherry blossom | Wikipedia | 463 | 328501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20blossom | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | Plants |
There's an escalating concern of climate change as it poses a threat to sakura cultivars, given that they are highly susceptible to shifts in temperature and weather fluctuations. The changes, driven by climate change including warmer temperatures and earlier starts to springtime, may disrupt the timing of their blooms... | Cherry blossom | Wikipedia | 504 | 328501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20blossom | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | Plants |
During World War II, cherry blossoms were used as a symbol to motivate the Japanese people and stoke nationalism and militarism. The Japanese proverb hana wa sakuragi, hito wa bushi ("the best blossom is the cherry blossom, the best man is a warrior") was evoked in the Imperial Japanese Army as a motivation during the ... | Cherry blossom | Wikipedia | 498 | 328501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20blossom | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | Plants |
Cherry blossoms are a prevalent symbol in irezumi, the traditional art of Japanese tattoos. In this art form, cherry blossoms are often combined with other classic Japanese symbols like koi fish, dragons, or tigers.
The cherry blossom remains symbolic today. It was used for the Tokyo 2020 Paralympics mascot, Someity. ... | Cherry blossom | Wikipedia | 259 | 328501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20blossom | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | Plants |
Prunus apetala (Clove Cherry)
Prunus campanulata
Prunus × furuseana (P. incisa × P. jamasakura)
Prunus × incam (P. incisa × P. campanulata)
Prunus incisa var. incisa
Prunus incisa var. kinkiensis
Prunus × introrsa
Prunus itosakura (Prunus subhirtella, Prunus pendula)
Prunus × kanzakura (P. campanulata × P. ja... | Cherry blossom | Wikipedia | 509 | 328501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20blossom | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | Plants |
is a representative cultivar that blooms before the arrival of spring. It is a natural hybrid between the Oshima cherry and Prunus campanulata and is characterized by deep pink petals. Wild cherry trees usually do not bloom in cold seasons because they cannot produce offspring if they bloom before spring, when pollinat... | Cherry blossom | Wikipedia | 375 | 328501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20blossom | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | Plants |
In 2007, Riken produced a new cultivar named 'Nishina zao' by irradiating cherry trees with a heavy-ion beam. This cultivar is a mutation of the green-petaled ; it is characterized by its pale yellow-green-white flowers when it blooms and pale yellow-pink flowers when they fall. Riken produced the cultivars 'Nishina ot... | Cherry blossom | Wikipedia | 502 | 328501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20blossom | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | Plants |
According to Masataka Somego, a professor at Tokyo University of Agriculture, cherry trees originated 10 million years ago in what is now Nepal and later differentiated in the Japanese archipelago, giving rise to species unique to Japan.
According to the Kazusa DNA Research Institute, detailed DNA research has shown t... | Cherry blossom | Wikipedia | 402 | 328501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20blossom | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | Plants |
Toxicity
Cherry leaves and blossoms contain coumarin, which is potentially hepatotoxic and is banned in high doses by the Food and Drug Administration. However, coumarin has a desirable vanilla-like scent, and the salt curing process used prior to most culinary applications, which involves washing, drying, and salting... | Cherry blossom | Wikipedia | 151 | 328501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20blossom | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | Plants |
A steroid hormone is a steroid that acts as a hormone. Steroid hormones can be grouped into two classes: corticosteroids (typically made in the adrenal cortex, hence cortico-) and sex steroids (typically made in the gonads or placenta). Within those two classes are five types according to the receptors to which they bi... | Steroid hormone | Wikipedia | 424 | 328579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid%20hormone | Biology and health sciences | Steroids | Biology |
Glucocorticoids: alclometasone, prednisone, dexamethasone, triamcinolone, cortisone
Mineralocorticoid: fludrocortisone
Vitamin D: dihydrotachysterol
Androgens: oxandrolone, oxabolone, nandrolone (also known as anabolic-androgenic steroids or simply anabolic steroids)
Oestrogens: diethylstilbestrol (DES) and ethinyl... | Steroid hormone | Wikipedia | 441 | 328579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid%20hormone | Biology and health sciences | Steroids | Biology |
In order for steroid hormones to cross the lipid bilayer of cells, they must overcome energetic barriers that would prevent their entering or exiting the membrane. Gibbs free energy is an important concept here. These hormones, which are all derived from cholesterol, have hydrophilic functional groups at either end and... | Steroid hormone | Wikipedia | 371 | 328579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid%20hormone | Biology and health sciences | Steroids | Biology |
The first identified mechanisms of steroid hormone action were the genomic effects. In this pathway, the free hormones first pass through the cell membrane because they are fat soluble. In the cytoplasm, the steroid may or may not undergo an enzyme-mediated alteration such as reduction, hydroxylation, or aromatization.... | Steroid hormone | Wikipedia | 271 | 328579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid%20hormone | Biology and health sciences | Steroids | Biology |
Glyphis is a genus in the family Carcharhinidae, commonly known as the river sharks. They live in rivers or coastal regions in and around south-east Asia, Africa and parts of Australia.
Taxonomy
This genus contains only three extant species. Further species could easily remain undiscovered,because, due to their secret... | River shark | Wikipedia | 498 | 328581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20shark | Biology and health sciences | Sharks | Animals |
Glyphis gangeticus uses the Ganges River as nursery grounds and the birthplace of many Ganges shark offspring, however the population has been severely diminished owing to a long history of fishing and other pollution-related issues in the Northern Arabian Sea. Additionally, India, where the Ganges river flows, is repo... | River shark | Wikipedia | 154 | 328581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20shark | Biology and health sciences | Sharks | Animals |
Darwin's finches (also known as the Galápagos finches) are a group of about 18 species of passerine birds. They are well known for being a classic example of adaptive radiation and for their remarkable diversity in beak form and function. They are often classified as the subfamily Geospizinae or tribe Geospizini. They... | Darwin's finches | Wikipedia | 472 | 328709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s%20finches | Biology and health sciences | Passerida | Animals |
On the Galápagos Islands and afterward, Darwin thought in terms of "centres of creation" and rejected ideas concerning the transmutation of species. From Henslow's teaching, he was interested in the geographical distribution of species, particularly links between species on oceanic islands and on nearby continents. On ... | Darwin's finches | Wikipedia | 332 | 328709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s%20finches | Biology and health sciences | Passerida | Animals |
Darwin had been in Cambridge at that time. In early March, he met Gould again and for the first time to get a full report on the findings, including the point that his Galápagos "wren" was another closely allied species of finch. The mockingbirds that Darwin had labelled by island were separate species rather than just... | Darwin's finches | Wikipedia | 479 | 328709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s%20finches | Biology and health sciences | Passerida | Animals |
Text from On the Origin of Species
Darwin discussed the divergence of various species of birds in the Galápagos more explicitly in his chapter on geographical distribution in On the Origin of Species; however, he does not single out the finches:
Polymorphism in Darwin's finches
Whereas Darwin spent just five weeks i... | Darwin's finches | Wikipedia | 390 | 328709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s%20finches | Biology and health sciences | Passerida | Animals |
Family
For some decades, taxonomists have placed these birds in the family Emberizidae along with the New World sparrows and Old World buntings. However, the Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy puts Darwin's finches with the tanagers (Monroe and Sibley 1993), and at least one recent work follows that example (Burns and Skutch 20... | Darwin's finches | Wikipedia | 163 | 328709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s%20finches | Biology and health sciences | Passerida | Animals |
Genus Geospiza
Genovesa ground finch (Geospiza acutirostris)
Española cactus finch (Geospiza conirostris)
Sharp-beaked ground finch (Geospiza difficilis)
Vampire finch (Geospiza septentrionalis)
Medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis)
Genovesa cactus finch (Geospiza propinqua)
Small ground finch (Geospiza fuligino... | Darwin's finches | Wikipedia | 460 | 328709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s%20finches | Biology and health sciences | Passerida | Animals |
Molecular basis of beak evolution
Developmental research in 2004 found that bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), and its differential expression during development, resulted in variation of beak size and shape among finches. BMP4 acts in the developing embryo to lay down skeletal features, including making the beak st... | Darwin's finches | Wikipedia | 447 | 328709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s%20finches | Biology and health sciences | Passerida | Animals |
The vitreous body (vitreous meaning "glass-like"; , ) is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball (the vitreous chamber) in humans and other vertebrates. It is often referred to as the vitreous humor (also spelled humour), from Latin meaning liquid, or simply "the vitreous". Vit... | Vitreous body | Wikipedia | 418 | 328850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous%20body | Biology and health sciences | Visual system | Biology |
Surface features:
Patella fossa: Shallow saucer-like concavity anteriorly, in which the lens rests, separated by Berger's space
(Wieger's ligament): Circular thickening of vitreous 8–9mm in diameter, delineates the patella fossa
Anterior hyaloid: Vitreous surface anterior to ora serrata. Continuous with and invests... | Vitreous body | Wikipedia | 412 | 328850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous%20body | Biology and health sciences | Visual system | Biology |
Named tracts
Retrolental tract: Extends posteriorly from the hyaloideocapsular ligament into central vitreous
Coronary tract: External to the retrolental tract, and excluding posteriorly from a circular zone overlying the posterior 1/3rd of the ciliary processes
Median tract: Extends back from a circular zone extern... | Vitreous body | Wikipedia | 493 | 328850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous%20body | Biology and health sciences | Visual system | Biology |
Coarse strands develop with ageing. The gel volume decreases with age, and the liquid volume increases. The cortex may disappear at sites, allowing liquid vitreous to extrude adjacently into the potential space between vitreous cortex and retina (vitreous detachment).
Clinical significance
Injury
If the vitreous pull... | Vitreous body | Wikipedia | 511 | 328850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous%20body | Biology and health sciences | Visual system | Biology |
The far side of the Moon is the lunar hemisphere that always faces away from Earth, opposite to the near side, because of synchronous rotation in the Moon's orbit. Compared to the near side, the far side's terrain is rugged, with a multitude of impact craters and relatively few flat and dark lunar maria ("seas"), givin... | Far side of the Moon | Wikipedia | 504 | 988372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%20side%20of%20the%20Moon | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
A common misconception is that the Moon does not rotate on its axis. If that were so, the whole of the Moon would be visible to Earth over the course of its orbit. Instead, its rotation period matches its orbital period, meaning it turns around once for every orbit it makes: in Earth terms, it could be said that its da... | Far side of the Moon | Wikipedia | 360 | 988372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%20side%20of%20the%20Moon | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The two hemispheres of the Moon have dramatically different appearances, with the near side covered in multiple, large maria (Latin for 'seas', since the earliest astronomers incorrectly thought that these plains were seas of lunar water).
The far side has a battered, densely cratered appearance with few maria. Only 1%... | Far side of the Moon | Wikipedia | 427 | 988372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%20side%20of%20the%20Moon | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Newer research suggests that heat from Earth at the time when the Moon was formed is the reason the near side has fewer impact craters. The lunar crust consists primarily of plagioclases formed when aluminium and calcium condensed and combined with silicates in the mantle. The cooler far side experienced condensation o... | Far side of the Moon | Wikipedia | 472 | 988372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%20side%20of%20the%20Moon | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
On 20 July 1965, another Soviet probe, Zond 3, transmitted 25 pictures of very good quality of the lunar far side, with much better resolution than those from Luna 3. In particular, they revealed chains of craters, hundreds of kilometers in length, but, unexpectedly, no mare plains like those visible from Earth with th... | Far side of the Moon | Wikipedia | 430 | 988372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%20side%20of%20the%20Moon | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Geologist-astronaut Harrison Schmitt, who became the last to step onto the Moon, had aggressively lobbied for Apollo 17's landing site to be on the far side of the Moon, targeting the lava-filled crater Tsiolkovskiy. Schmitt's ambitious proposal included a special communications satellite based on the existing TIROS sa... | Far side of the Moon | Wikipedia | 382 | 988372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%20side%20of%20the%20Moon | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
CNSA launched Chang'e 6 on 3 May 2024, which conducted the first lunar sample return from Apollo Basin on the far side of the Moon. It was CNSA's second lunar sample return mission, the first achieved by Chang'e 5 from the lunar near side four years earlier. It also carried a mini "Jinchan" rover to conduct infrared sp... | Far side of the Moon | Wikipedia | 494 | 988372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%20side%20of%20the%20Moon | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
One of the NASA missions to the Moon under study would send a sample-return lander to the South Pole–Aitken basin, the location of a major impact event that created a formation nearly across. The force of this impact has created a deep penetration into the lunar surface, and a sample returned from this site could be a... | Far side of the Moon | Wikipedia | 157 | 988372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%20side%20of%20the%20Moon | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Aitken (crater)
Amici (crater)
Anuchin (crater)
Apollo (crater)
Avogadro (crater)
Bel'kovich (crater)
Belopol'skiy (crater)
Bergstrand (crater)
Berkner (crater)
Birkhoff (crater)
Bjerknes (lunar crater)
Bok (lunar crater)
Campbell (lunar crater)
Cantor (crater)
Carnot (crater)
Cassegrain (crater)
Chandl... | Far side of the Moon | Wikipedia | 511 | 988372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%20side%20of%20the%20Moon | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Pirquet (crater)
Pogson (crater)
Priestley (lunar crater)
Quetelet (crater)
Rowland (crater)
Sarton (crater)
Schlesinger (crater)
Shaler (crater)
Shternberg (crater)
Shuleykin (crater)
Sniadecki (crater)
Sommerfeld (crater)
South Pole–Aitken basin
Statio Tianhe (Chang'e 4 landing site)
Stebbins (crater)
... | Far side of the Moon | Wikipedia | 244 | 988372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%20side%20of%20the%20Moon | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The demoiselle crane (Grus virgo) is a species of crane found in central Eurosiberia, ranging from the Black Sea to Mongolia and Northeast China. There is also a small breeding population in Turkey. These cranes are migratory birds. Birds from western Eurasia will spend the winter in Africa while the birds from Asia, M... | Demoiselle crane | Wikipedia | 512 | 988523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demoiselle%20crane | Biology and health sciences | Gruiformes | Animals |
Distribution and habitat
The demoiselle crane breeds in central Eurasia from the Black Sea east to Mongolia and northeast China. It breeds in open habitats with sparse vegetation, usually near water. In winter it migrates either to the Sahel region of Africa, from Lake Chad eastwards to southern Ethiopia, or to western... | Demoiselle crane | Wikipedia | 511 | 988523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demoiselle%20crane | Biology and health sciences | Gruiformes | Animals |
The grey crowned crane (Balearica regulorum), also known as the African crowned crane, golden crested crane, golden crowned crane, East African crane, East African crowned crane, African crane, Eastern crowned crane, Kavirondo crane, South African crane, and crested crane, is a bird in the crane family, Gruidae. It is ... | Grey crowned crane | Wikipedia | 472 | 988912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%20crowned%20crane | Biology and health sciences | Gruiformes | Animals |
The grey crowned crane occurs in dry savannah in Sub-Saharan Africa, although it nests in somewhat wetter habitats. They can also be found in marshes, cultivated lands and grassy flatlands near rivers and lakes in Uganda and Kenya and as far south as South Africa. This animal does not have set migration patterns, and b... | Grey crowned crane | Wikipedia | 496 | 988912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%20crowned%20crane | Biology and health sciences | Gruiformes | Animals |
Status and conservation
Although the grey crowned crane remains common over some of its range, it faces threats to its habitat due to drainage, overgrazing, and pesticide pollution. Their global population is estimated to be between 58,000 and 77,000 individuals. In 2012 it was uplisted from vulnerable to endangered by... | Grey crowned crane | Wikipedia | 114 | 988912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%20crowned%20crane | Biology and health sciences | Gruiformes | Animals |
Streaming television is the digital distribution of television content, such as and films and television series, streamed over the Internet. Standing in contrast to dedicated terrestrial television delivered by over-the-air aerial systems, cable television, and/or satellite television systems, streaming television is p... | Streaming television | Wikipedia | 500 | 989858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
The mid-2000s were the beginning of television programs becoming available via the Internet. In 2003, TVonline Station was founded in Greece, making it the world's first television station to produce and broadcast content exclusively over the internet. The online video platform site YouTube was launched in early 2005, ... | Streaming television | Wikipedia | 443 | 989858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
In 2008, the International Academy of Web Television, headquartered in Los Angeles, formed in order to organize and support television actors, authors, executives, and producers in web series and streaming television. The organization also administers the selection of winners for the Streamy Awards. In 2009, the Los An... | Streaming television | Wikipedia | 475 | 989858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
Technology
The Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV (HbbTV) consortium of industry companies (such as SES, Humax, Philips, and ANT Software) is currently promoting and establishing an open European standard for hybrid set-top boxes for the reception of broadcast and broadband digital television and multimedia applications wit... | Streaming television | Wikipedia | 512 | 989858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
The Internet protocol is a cheap, standardized way to enable two-way communication and simultaneously provide different data (e.g., TV-show files, email, Web browsing) to different customers. This supports DVR-like features for time shifting television: for example, to catch up on a TV show that was broadcast hours or ... | Streaming television | Wikipedia | 425 | 989858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
Usage
Internet television is common in most US households as of the mid-2010s. In a 2013 study by eMarketer, about one in four new televisions being sold is a smart TV. Within the same decade, rapid deployment of LTE cellular network and general availability of smartphones have increased popularity of the streaming ser... | Streaming television | Wikipedia | 433 | 989858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
Market competitors
Many providers of Internet television services exist—including conventional television stations that have taken advantage of the Internet as a way to continue showing television shows after they have been broadcast, often advertised as "on-demand" and "catch-up" services. Today, almost every major br... | Streaming television | Wikipedia | 418 | 989858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
Disney+ is an American subscription streaming service owned and operated by the Disney Entertainment division of The Walt Disney Company. Released on November 12, 2019, the service primarily distributes films and television series produced by The Walt Disney Studios and Walt Disney Television, with dedicated content hu... | Streaming television | Wikipedia | 383 | 989858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
Netflix, founded by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph, is a media streaming and video rental in 1997. Two years later, Netflix was offering the audience the possibility of an online subscription service. Subscribers could select movies and TV shows on Netflix's website and receive the chosen titles via DVDs in prepaid re... | Streaming television | Wikipedia | 395 | 989858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
The domain name of YouTube was bought and activated by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim in the beginning of 2005. YouTube launched later that year as an online video sharing and social media platform. The video platform became popular among the audience thanks to a short video, called Lazy Sunday, uploaded by S... | Streaming television | Wikipedia | 319 | 989858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
Broadcasting rights
Broadcasting rights (also called Streaming rights in this case) vary from country to country and even within provinces of countries. These rights govern the distribution of copyrighted content and media and allow the sole distribution of that content at any one time. An example of content only being... | Streaming television | Wikipedia | 339 | 989858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
Profits and costs
With the advent of broadband Internet connections, multiple streaming providers have come onto the market in the last couple of years. The main providers are Netflix, Hulu and Amazon. Some of these providers such as Hulu advertise and charge a monthly fee. Other such as Netflix and Amazon charge users... | Streaming television | Wikipedia | 193 | 989858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
A fish hook or fishhook, formerly also called an angle (from Old English angol and Proto-Germanic *angulaz), is a hook used to catch fish either by piercing and embedding onto the inside of the fish mouth (angling) or, more rarely, by impaling and snagging the external fish body. Fish hooks are normally attached to a l... | Fish hook | Wikipedia | 462 | 989954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20hook | Technology | Hunting and fishing | null |
The world's oldest fish hooks (made from sea snail shells) were discovered in Sakitari Cave in Okinawa Island dated between 22,380 and 22,770 years old. They are older than the fish hooks from the Jerimalai cave in East Timor dated between 23,000 and 16,000 years old, and New Ireland in Papua New Guinea dated 20,000 to... | Fish hook | Wikipedia | 303 | 989954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20hook | Technology | Hunting and fishing | null |
The hook can be divided into different portions from the back ends to the front:
The eye is the circular ring/loop at the back end to which fishing lines can be attached via knots, and (typically) receives the pulling force from the line.
The shank is the (usually) straight shaft section of the hook, which relays pul... | Fish hook | Wikipedia | 486 | 989954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20hook | Technology | Hunting and fishing | null |
Hook shapes and names are as varied as fish themselves. In some cases, hooks are identified by a traditional or historic name, e.g. Aberdeen, Limerick or O'Shaughnessy. In other cases, hooks are merely identified by their general purpose or have included in their name, one or more of their physical characteristics. Som... | Fish hook | Wikipedia | 501 | 989954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20hook | Technology | Hunting and fishing | null |
Bait hook shapes and names
Bait hook shapes and names include the Salmon Egg, Beak, O'Shaughnessy, Baitholder, Shark Hook, Aberdeen, Carlisle, Carp Hook, Tuna Circle, Offset Worm, Circle Hook, suicide hook, Long Shank, Short Shank, J Hook, Octopus Hook and Big Game Jobu hooks.
Fly hook shapes and names
Fly hook shap... | Fish hook | Wikipedia | 479 | 989954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20hook | Technology | Hunting and fishing | null |
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