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Equally important advances have occurred in non-invasive techniques for examining the body's interior structures. X-rays can be passed through the body and used in medical radiography and fluoroscopy to differentiate interior structures that have varying degrees of opaqueness. Magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomo... | Anatomy | Wikipedia | 84 | 674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Aardvarks ( ; Orycteropus afer) are medium-sized, burrowing, nocturnal mammals native to Africa. Aardvarks are the only living species of the family Orycteropodidae and the order Tubulidentata. They have a long snout, similar to that of a pig, which is used to sniff out food.
They are afrotheres, a clade that also in... | Aardvark | Wikipedia | 483 | 680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark | Biology and health sciences | Mammals | null |
Evolutionary history
Based on his study of fossils, Bryan Patterson has concluded that early relatives of the aardvark appeared in Africa around the end of the Paleocene. The ptolemaiidans, a mysterious clade of mammals with uncertain affinities, may actually be stem-aardvarks, either as a sister clade to Tubulidentat... | Aardvark | Wikipedia | 489 | 680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark | Biology and health sciences | Mammals | null |
The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica also mentions O. a. capensis or Cape ant-bear from South Africa.
Description
The aardvark is vaguely pig-like in appearance. Its body is stout with a prominently arched back and is sparsely covered with coarse hairs. The limbs are of moderate length, with the rear legs being longer t... | Aardvark | Wikipedia | 453 | 680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark | Biology and health sciences | Mammals | null |
Head
The greatly elongated head is set on a short, thick neck, and the end of the snout bears a disc, which houses the nostrils. It contains a thin but complete zygomatic arch. The head of the aardvark contains many unique and different features. One of the most distinctive characteristics of the Tubulidentata is their... | Aardvark | Wikipedia | 270 | 680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark | Biology and health sciences | Mammals | null |
The sides of the nostrils are thick with hair. The tip of the snout is highly mobile and is moved by modified mimetic muscles. The fleshy dividing tissue between its nostrils probably has sensory functions, but it is uncertain whether they are olfactory or vibratory in nature. Its nose is made up of more turbinate bone... | Aardvark | Wikipedia | 400 | 680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark | Biology and health sciences | Mammals | null |
Habitat and range
Aardvarks are found in sub-Saharan Africa, where suitable habitat (savannas, grasslands, woodlands and bushland) and food (i.e., ants and termites) is available. They spend the daylight hours in dark burrows to avoid the heat of the day. The only major habitat that they are not present in is swamp for... | Aardvark | Wikipedia | 452 | 680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark | Biology and health sciences | Mammals | null |
The only fruit eaten by aardvarks is the aardvark cucumber. In fact, the cucumber and the aardvark have a symbiotic relationship as they eat the subterranean fruit, then defecate the seeds near their burrows, which then grow rapidly due to the loose soil and fertile nature of the area. The time spent in the intestine o... | Aardvark | Wikipedia | 214 | 680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark | Biology and health sciences | Mammals | null |
During a foraging period, they will stop to dig a V-shaped trench with their forefeet and then sniff it profusely as a means to explore their location. When a concentration of ants or termites is detected, the aardvark digs into it with its powerful front legs, keeping its long ears upright to listen for predators, and... | Aardvark | Wikipedia | 433 | 680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark | Biology and health sciences | Mammals | null |
Vocalisation
The aardvark is a rather quiet animal. However, it does make soft grunting sounds as it forages and loud grunts as it makes for its tunnel entrance. It makes a bleating sound if frightened. When it is threatened it will make for one of its burrows. If one is not close it will dig a new one rapidly. This ne... | Aardvark | Wikipedia | 202 | 680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark | Biology and health sciences | Mammals | null |
Aside from digging out ants and termites, the aardvark also excavates burrows in which to live, which generally fall into one of three categories: burrows made while foraging, refuge and resting location, and permanent homes. Temporary sites are scattered around the home range and are used as refuges, while the main bu... | Aardvark | Wikipedia | 360 | 680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark | Biology and health sciences | Mammals | null |
Aardvarks pair only during the breeding season; after a gestation period of seven months, one cub weighing around is born during May–July. When born, the young has flaccid ears and many wrinkles. When nursing, it will nurse off each teat in succession. After two weeks, the folds of skin disappear and after three, the ... | Aardvark | Wikipedia | 499 | 680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark | Biology and health sciences | Mammals | null |
In African folklore, the aardvark is much admired because of its diligent quest for food and its fearless response to soldier ants. Hausa magicians make a charm from the heart, skin, forehead, and nails of the aardvark, which they then proceed to pound together with the root of a certain tree. Wrapped in a piece of ski... | Aardvark | Wikipedia | 497 | 680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark | Biology and health sciences | Mammals | null |
Cerebus the Aardvark is a 300-issue comic book series by Dave Sim. | Aardvark | Wikipedia | 20 | 680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark | Biology and health sciences | Mammals | null |
The aardwolf (Proteles cristatus) is an insectivorous hyaenid species, native to East and Southern Africa. Its name means "earth-wolf" in Afrikaans and Dutch. It is also called the maanhaar-jackal (Afrikaans for "mane-jackal"), termite-eating hyena and civet hyena, based on its habit of secreting substances from its an... | Aardwolf | Wikipedia | 497 | 681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardwolf | Biology and health sciences | Other carnivora | Animals |
The aardwolf resembles a much smaller and thinner striped hyena, with a more slender muzzle, black vertical stripes on a coat of yellowish fur, and a long, distinct mane down the midline of the neck and back. It also has one or two diagonal stripes down the fore and hindquarters and several stripes on its legs. The man... | Aardwolf | Wikipedia | 496 | 681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardwolf | Biology and health sciences | Other carnivora | Animals |
Aardwolves are shy and nocturnal, sleeping in burrows by day. They will, on occasion during the winter, become diurnal feeders. This happens during the coldest periods as they then stay in at night to conserve heat.
They are primarily solitary animals, though during mating season they form monogamous pairs which occup... | Aardwolf | Wikipedia | 500 | 681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardwolf | Biology and health sciences | Other carnivora | Animals |
Feeding
The aardwolf feeds primarily on termites and more specifically on Trinervitermes. This genus of termites has different species throughout the aardwolf's range. In East Africa, they eat Trinervitermes bettonianus, in central Africa, they eat Trinervitermes rhodesiensis, and in southern Africa, they eat T. triner... | Aardwolf | Wikipedia | 393 | 681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardwolf | Biology and health sciences | Other carnivora | Animals |
Unlike other hyenas, aardwolves do not scavenge or kill larger animals. Contrary to popular myths, aardwolves do not eat carrion, and if they are seen eating while hunched over a dead carcass, they are actually eating larvae and beetles. Also, contrary to some sources, they do not like meat, unless it is finely ground ... | Aardwolf | Wikipedia | 360 | 681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardwolf | Biology and health sciences | Other carnivora | Animals |
Gestation lasts between 89 and 92 days, producing two to five cubs (most often two or three) during the rainy season (October–December), when termites are more active. They are born with their eyes open, but initially are helpless, and weigh around . The first six to eight weeks are spent in the den with their parents.... | Aardwolf | Wikipedia | 325 | 681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardwolf | Biology and health sciences | Other carnivora | Animals |
Adobe ( ; ) is a building material made from earth and organic materials. is Spanish for mudbrick. In some English-speaking regions of Spanish heritage, such as the Southwestern United States, the term is used to refer to any kind of earthen construction, or various architectural styles like Pueblo Revival or Territor... | Adobe | Wikipedia | 435 | 682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe | Technology | Building materials | null |
The word adobe has existed for around 4,000 years with relatively little change in either pronunciation or meaning. The word can be traced from the Middle Egyptian () word ḏbt "mud brick" (with vowels unwritten). Middle Egyptian evolved into Late Egyptian and finally to Coptic (), where it appeared as ⲧⲱⲃⲉ tōbə. This ... | Adobe | Wikipedia | 401 | 682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe | Technology | Building materials | null |
Adobe walls are load bearing, i.e. they carry their own weight into the foundation rather than by another structure, hence the adobe must have sufficient compressive strength. In the United States, most building codes call for a minimum compressive strength of for the adobe block. Adobe construction should be designed... | Adobe | Wikipedia | 318 | 682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe | Technology | Building materials | null |
Thermodynamic material properties have significant variation in the literature. Some experiments suggest that the standard consideration of conductivity is not adequate for this material, as its main thermodynamic property is inertia, and conclude that experimental tests should be performed over a longer period of time... | Adobe | Wikipedia | 503 | 682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe | Technology | Building materials | null |
The same mixture, without straw, is used to make mortar and often plaster on interior and exterior walls. Some cultures used lime-based cement for the plaster to protect against rain damage.
Depending on the form into which the mixture is pressed, adobe can encompass nearly any shape or size, provided drying is even a... | Adobe | Wikipedia | 383 | 682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe | Technology | Building materials | null |
The ground supporting an adobe structure should be compressed, as the weight of adobe wall is significant and foundation settling may cause cracking of the wall. Footing depth is to be below the ground frost level. The footing and stem wall are commonly thick, respectively. Modern construction codes call for the use ... | Adobe | Wikipedia | 472 | 682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe | Technology | Building materials | null |
To construct a flat adobe roof, beams of wood were laid to span the building, the ends of which were attached to the tops of the walls. Once the vigas, latillas and brush are laid, adobe bricks are placed. An adobe roof is often laid with bricks slightly larger in width to ensure a greater expanse is covered when placi... | Adobe | Wikipedia | 452 | 682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe | Technology | Building materials | null |
An android is a humanoid robot or other artificial being, often made from a flesh-like material. Historically, androids existed only in the domain of science fiction and were frequently seen in film and television, but advances in robot technology have allowed the design of functional and realistic humanoid robots.
Te... | Android (robot) | Wikipedia | 485 | 713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android%20%28robot%29 | Technology | Machinery and tools: General | null |
While the term "android" is used in reference to human-looking robots in general (not necessarily male-looking humanoid robots), a robot with a female appearance can also be referred to as a gynoid. Besides one can refer to robots without alluding to their sexual appearance by calling them anthrobots (a portmanteau of ... | Android (robot) | Wikipedia | 416 | 713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android%20%28robot%29 | Technology | Machinery and tools: General | null |
Japanese robotics have been leading the field since the 1970s. Waseda University initiated the WABOT project in 1967, and in 1972 completed the WABOT-1, the first android, a full-scale humanoid intelligent robot. Its limb control system allowed it to walk with the lower limbs, and to grip and transport objects with han... | Android (robot) | Wikipedia | 498 | 713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android%20%28robot%29 | Technology | Machinery and tools: General | null |
The Waseda University (Japan) and NTT docomo's manufacturers have succeeded in creating a shape-shifting robot WD-2. It is capable of changing its face. At first, the creators decided the positions of the necessary points to express the outline, eyes, nose, and so on of a certain person. The robot expresses its face by... | Android (robot) | Wikipedia | 512 | 713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android%20%28robot%29 | Technology | Machinery and tools: General | null |
South Korea
KITECH researched and developed EveR-1, an android interpersonal communications model capable of emulating human emotional expression via facial "musculature" and capable of rudimentary conversation, having a vocabulary of around 400 words. She is tall and weighs , matching the average figure of a Korean ... | Android (robot) | Wikipedia | 467 | 713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android%20%28robot%29 | Technology | Machinery and tools: General | null |
Resembling a human from the shoulders up, Maria Bot is a virtual being android that has complex facial expressions and head movement and engages in conversation about a variety of subjects. She uses AI to process and synthesize information to make her own decisions on how to talk and engage. She collects data through c... | Android (robot) | Wikipedia | 430 | 713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android%20%28robot%29 | Technology | Machinery and tools: General | null |
The tension between the nonhuman substance and the human appearance—or even human ambitions—of androids is the dramatic impetus behind most of their fictional depictions. Some android heroes seek, like Pinocchio, to become human, as in the film Bicentennial Man, or Data in Star Trek: The Next Generation. Others, as in ... | Android (robot) | Wikipedia | 491 | 713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android%20%28robot%29 | Technology | Machinery and tools: General | null |
Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fish or actinopterygians, is a class of bony fish that comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. They are so called because of their lightly built fins made of webbings of skin supported by radially extended thin bony spines called lepidotrichia, as op... | Actinopterygii | Wikipedia | 501 | 734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
The teleosts have urinary and reproductive tracts that are fully separated, while the Chondrostei have common urogenital ducts, and partially connected ducts are found in Cladistia and Holostei.
Ray-finned fishes have many different types of scales; but all teleosts have leptoid scales. The outer part of these scales ... | Actinopterygii | Wikipedia | 491 | 734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Most families use external rather than internal fertilization. Of the oviparous teleosts, most (79%) do not provide parental care. Viviparity, ovoviviparity, or some form of parental care for eggs, whether by the male, the female, or both parents is seen in a significant fraction (21%) of the 422 teleost families; no c... | Actinopterygii | Wikipedia | 429 | 734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Cladistia, which include bichirs and reedfish
Actinopteri, which include:
Chondrostei, which include Acipenseriformes (paddlefishes and sturgeons)
Neopterygii, which include:
Teleostei (most living fishes)
Holostei, which include:
Lepisosteiformes (gars)
Amiiformes (bowfin)
The cladogram below shows the main clades... | Actinopterygii | Wikipedia | 477 | 734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Order †?Asarotiformes Schaeffer 1968
Order †?Discordichthyiformes Minikh 1998
Order †?Paphosisciformes Grogan & Lund 2015
Order †?Scanilepiformes Selezneya 1985
Order †Cheirolepidiformes Kazantseva-Selezneva 1977
Order †Paramblypteriformes Heyler 1969
Order †Rhadinichthyiformes
Order †Palaeonisciformes Hay 1902
... | Actinopterygii | Wikipedia | 510 | 734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Order †Dapediiformes Thies & Waschkewitz 2015
Order †Semionotiformes Arambourg & Bertin 1958
Order Lepisosteiformes Hay 1929 (gars)
Clade Teleosteomorpha Arratia 2000 sensu Arratia 2013
Order †Prohaleciteiformes Arratia 2017
Division Aspidorhynchei Nelson, Grand & Wilson 2016
Order †Aspidorhynchiformes Bleeker 18... | Actinopterygii | Wikipedia | 503 | 734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Order †Ellimmichthyiformes Grande 1982
Order Clupeiformes Bleeker 1859 (herrings and anchovies)
Subcohort Alepocephali
Order Alepocephaliformes Marshall 1962
Subcohort Ostariophysi Sagemehl 1885
Section Anotophysa (Rosen & Greenwood 1970) Sagemehl 1885
Order †Sorbininardiformes Taverne 1999
Order Gonorynchiforme... | Actinopterygii | Wikipedia | 508 | 734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Subsection Acanthomorpha Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013
Division Lampridacea Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 [Lampridomorpha; Lampripterygii]
Order Lampriformes Regan 1909 (oarfish, opah and ribbonfishes)
Division Paracanthomorphacea sensu Grande et al. 2013 (Paracanthopterygii Greenwood 1937)
Order Percopsiformes Be... | Actinopterygii | Wikipedia | 489 | 734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Order Syngnathiformes (seahorses, pipefishes, sea moths, cornetfishes and flying gurnards)
Order Scombriformes (Tunas and (mackerels)
Series Carangimopharia Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013
Subseries Anabantaria Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2014
Order Synbranchiformes (swamp eels)
Order Anabantiformes (Labyrinthici) (g... | Actinopterygii | Wikipedia | 495 | 734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Amateur astronomy is a hobby where participants enjoy observing or imaging celestial objects in the sky using the unaided eye, binoculars, or telescopes. Even though scientific research may not be their primary goal, some amateur astronomers make contributions in doing citizen science, such as by monitoring variable st... | Amateur astronomy | Wikipedia | 438 | 748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20astronomy | Physical sciences | Astronomy basics | Astronomy |
Most amateur astronomers work at visible wavelengths, but a small minority experiment with wavelengths outside the visible spectrum. An early pioneer of radio astronomy was Grote Reber, an amateur astronomer who constructed the first purpose-built radio telescope in the late 1930s to follow up on the discovery of rad... | Amateur astronomy | Wikipedia | 502 | 748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20astronomy | Physical sciences | Astronomy basics | Astronomy |
Amateur astronomers often like to keep records of their observations, which usually takes the form of an observing log. Observing logs typically record details about which objects were observed and when, as well as describing the details that were seen. Sketching is sometimes used within logs, and photographic record... | Amateur astronomy | Wikipedia | 397 | 748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20astronomy | Physical sciences | Astronomy basics | Astronomy |
Mobile apps
The advent of mobile applications for use in smartphones has led to the creation of many dedicated apps. These apps allow any user to easily locate celestial objects of interest by simply pointing the smartphone device in that direction in the sky. These apps make use of the inbuilt hardware in the phone, s... | Amateur astronomy | Wikipedia | 468 | 748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20astronomy | Physical sciences | Astronomy basics | Astronomy |
Computerized systems provide the further advantage of computing coordinate precession. Traditional printed sources are subtitled by the epoch year, which refers to the positions of celestial objects at a given time to the nearest year (e.g., J2005, J2007). Most such printed sources have been updated for intervals of o... | Amateur astronomy | Wikipedia | 460 | 748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20astronomy | Physical sciences | Astronomy basics | Astronomy |
Amateur astronomers engage in many imaging techniques including film, DSLR, LRGB, and CCD astrophotography. Because CCD imagers are linear, image processing may be used to subtract away the effects of light pollution, which has increased the popularity of astrophotography in urban areas. Narrowband filters may also be ... | Amateur astronomy | Wikipedia | 449 | 748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20astronomy | Physical sciences | Astronomy basics | Astronomy |
There are a large number of amateur astronomical societies around the world, that serve as a meeting point for those interested in amateur astronomy. Members range from active observers with their own equipment to "armchair astronomers" who are simply interested in the topic. Societies range widely in their goals and a... | Amateur astronomy | Wikipedia | 199 | 748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20astronomy | Physical sciences | Astronomy basics | Astronomy |
George Alcock, one of the most successful visual discoverers comets and novae.
John E. Bortle, authored '"Comet Digest" in Sky and Telescope magazine and the monthly AAVSO circular for the American Association of Variable Star Observers. Created the Bortle scale to quantify the darkness of the night sky.
Robert Bur... | Amateur astronomy | Wikipedia | 491 | 748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20astronomy | Physical sciences | Astronomy basics | Astronomy |
Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus. An abortion that occurs without intervention is known as a miscarriage or "spontaneous abortion"; these occur in approximately 30% to 40% of all pregnancies. When deliberate steps are taken to end a pregnancy, it is called an indu... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 489 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
Around 73 million abortions are performed each year in the world, with about 45% done unsafely. Abortion rates changed little between 2003 and 2008, before which they decreased for at least two decades as access to family planning and birth control increased. , 37% of the world's women had access to legal abortions wit... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 382 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
Abortions can be characterized as either therapeutic or elective. When an abortion is performed for medical reasons, the procedure is referred to as a therapeutic abortion. Medical reasons for therapeutic abortion include saving the life of the pregnant woman, preventing harm to the woman's physical or mental health, p... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 416 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
The most common cause of spontaneous abortion during the first trimester is chromosomal abnormalities of the embryo or fetus, accounting for at least 50% of sampled early pregnancy losses. Other causes include vascular disease (such as lupus), diabetes, other hormonal problems, infection, and abnormalities of the uteru... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 503 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
Early medical abortions account for the majority of abortions before 9 weeks gestation in Britain, France, Switzerland, United States, and the Nordic countries.
Medical abortion regimens using mifepristone in combination with a prostaglandin analog are the most common methods used for second trimester abortions in Can... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 454 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
Dilation and evacuation (D&E), used after 12 to 16 weeks, consists of opening the cervix and emptying the uterus using surgical instruments and suction. D&E is performed vaginally and does not require an incision. Intact dilation and extraction (D&X) refers to a variant of D&E sometimes used after 18 to 20 weeks when r... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 459 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
In 1978, one woman in Colorado died and another developed organ damage when they attempted to terminate their pregnancies by taking pennyroyal oil.
Because the indiscriminant use of herbs as abortifacients can cause serious—even lethal—side effects, such as multiple organ failure, such use is not recommended by physici... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 503 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
In the US from 2000 to 2009, abortion had a mortality rate lower than plastic surgery, lower or similar to running a marathon, and about equivalent to traveling in a passenger car. Five years after seeking abortion services, women who gave birth after being denied an abortion reported worse health than women who had e... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 412 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
Complications after second trimester abortion are similar to those after first trimester abortion, and depend somewhat on the method chosen. The risk of death from abortion approaches roughly half the risk of death from childbirth the farther along a woman is in pregnancy; from one in a million before 9 weeks gestation... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 507 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
Safety in the abortion debate
Some purported risks of abortion are promoted primarily by anti-abortion groups,
but lack scientific support. For example, the question of a link between induced abortion and breast cancer has been investigated extensively. Major medical and scientific bodies (including the WHO, National ... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 460 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
A major factor in whether abortions are performed safely or not is the legal standing of abortion. Countries with restrictive abortion laws have higher rates of unsafe abortion and similar overall abortion rates compared to countries where abortion is legal and available. For example, the 1996 legalization of abortion ... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 496 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
In many places, where abortion is illegal or carries a heavy social stigma, medical reporting of abortion is not reliable. For this reason, estimates of the incidence of abortion must be made without determining certainty related to standard error. The number of abortions performed worldwide was characterized as stable... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 364 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
An American study in 2002 concluded that about half of women having abortions were using a form of contraception at the time of becoming pregnant. Inconsistent use was reported by half of those using condoms and three-quarters of those using the birth control pill; 42% of those using condoms reported failure through sl... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 298 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
Abortion rates vary depending on the stage of pregnancy and the method practiced. In 2003, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that 26% of reported legal induced abortions in the United States were known to have been obtained at the end of 6 weeks of gestation or less, 18% at 7 weeks, 15% at 8... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 511 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
Medical reasons for seeking an abortion later in pregnancy include fetal anomalies and health risk to the pregnant person. There are prenatal tests that can diagnose Down Syndrome or cystic fibrosis as early as 10 weeks into gestation, but structural fetal anomalies are often detected much later in pregnancy. A proport... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 441 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
In the U.S., the Supreme Court decisions in Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton: "ruled that the state's interest in the life of the fetus became compelling only at the point of viability, defined as the point at which the fetus can survive independently of its mother. Even after the point of viability, the state cannot favo... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 422 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
Exposure to a single chemotherapy drug is estimated to cause a 7.5–17% risk of teratogenic effects on the fetus, with higher risks for multiple drug treatments. Treatment with more than 40 Gy of radiation usually causes spontaneous abortion. Exposure to much lower doses during the first trimester, especially 8 to 15 we... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 437 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
Since ancient times, abortions have been done using a number of methods, including herbal medicines acting as abortifacients, sharp tools through the use of force, or through other traditional medicine methods. Induced abortion has a long history and can be traced back to civilizations as varied as ancient China (abort... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 352 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
Some medical scholars and abortion opponents have suggested that the Hippocratic Oath forbade physicians in Ancient Greece from performing abortions; other scholars disagree with this interpretation, and state that the medical texts of Hippocratic Corpus contain descriptions of abortive techniques right alongside the O... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 498 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
Denominations that support abortion rights with some limits include the United Methodist Church, Episcopal Church, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and Presbyterian Church USA. A 2014 Guttmacher survey of abortion patients in the United States found that many reported a religious affiliation: 24% were Catholic wh... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 508 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
In 1920, Soviet Russia became the first country to legalize abortion after Lenin insisted that no woman be forced to give birth. Iceland (1935) and Sweden (1938) would follow suit to legalize certain or all forms of abortion. In Nazi Germany (1935), a law permitted abortions for those deemed "hereditarily ill", while w... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 440 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
In jurisdictions where abortion is legal, certain requirements must often be met before a woman may obtain a legal abortion (an abortion performed without the woman's consent is considered feticide and is generally illegal). These requirements usually depend on the age of the fetus, often using a trimester-based system... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 455 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
The organization Women on Waves has been providing education about medical abortions since 1999. The NGO created a mobile medical clinic inside a shipping container, which then travels on rented ships to countries with restrictive abortion laws. Because the ships are registered in the Netherlands, Dutch law prevails wh... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 424 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
Abortion providers and facilities have been subjected to violence, including murder, assault, arson, and bombing. Some scholars consider anti-abortion violence to be within the definition of terrorism, a view shared by some governments. In the U.S. and Canada, over 8,000 incidents of violence, trespassing, and death th... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 432 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
Spontaneous abortion occurs in various animals. For example, in sheep it may be caused by stress or physical exertion, such as crowding through doors or being chased by dogs. In cows, abortion may be caused by contagious disease, such as brucellosis or Campylobacter, but can often be controlled by vaccination. Eating p... | Abortion | Wikipedia | 385 | 765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
The ampere ( , ; symbol: A), often shortened to amp, is the unit of electric current in the International System of Units (SI). One ampere is equal to 1 coulomb (C) moving past a point per second. It is named after French mathematician and physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836), considered the father of electromagn... | Ampere | Wikipedia | 459 | 772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere | Physical sciences | Electromagnetism | null |
Since power is defined as the product of current and voltage, the ampere can alternatively be expressed in terms of the other units using the relationship , and thus 1 A = 1 W/V. Current can be measured by a multimeter, a device that can measure electrical voltage, current, and resistance.
Former definition in the SI ... | Ampere | Wikipedia | 492 | 772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere | Physical sciences | Electromagnetism | null |
Constant, instantaneous and average current are expressed in amperes (as in "the charging current is 1.2 A") and the charge accumulated (or passed through a circuit) over a period of time is expressed in coulombs (as in "the battery charge is "). The relation of the ampere (C/s) to the coulomb is the same as that of th... | Ampere | Wikipedia | 305 | 772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere | Physical sciences | Electromagnetism | null |
In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm () is a finite sequence of mathematically rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation. Algorithms are used as specifications for performing calculations and data processing. More advanced algorithms can use con... | Algorithm | Wikipedia | 252 | 775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm | Mathematics | Mathematics: General | null |
Etymology
Around 825 AD, Persian scientist and polymath Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī wrote kitāb al-ḥisāb al-hindī ("Book of Indian computation") and kitab al-jam' wa'l-tafriq al-ḥisāb al-hindī ("Addition and subtraction in Indian arithmetic"). In the early 12th century, Latin translations of said al-Khwarizmi texts... | Algorithm | Wikipedia | 438 | 775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm | Mathematics | Mathematics: General | null |
Ancient algorithms
Step-by-step procedures for solving mathematical problems have been recorded since antiquity. This includes in Babylonian mathematics (around 2500 BC), Egyptian mathematics (around 1550 BC), Indian mathematics (around 800 BC and later), the Ifa Oracle (around 500 BC), Greek mathematics (around 240 B... | Algorithm | Wikipedia | 492 | 775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm | Mathematics | Mathematics: General | null |
Electromechanical relay
Bell and Newell (1971) write that the Jacquard loom, a precursor to Hollerith cards (punch cards), and "telephone switching technologies" led to the development of the first computers. By the mid-19th century, the telegraph, the precursor of the telephone, was in use throughout the world. By th... | Algorithm | Wikipedia | 451 | 775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm | Mathematics | Mathematics: General | null |
Turing machines
There are many possible representations and Turing machine programs can be expressed as a sequence of machine tables (see finite-state machine, state-transition table, and control table for more), as flowcharts and drakon-charts (see state diagram for more), as a form of rudimentary machine code or ass... | Algorithm | Wikipedia | 459 | 775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm | Mathematics | Mathematics: General | null |
The analysis, and study of algorithms is a discipline of computer science. Algorithms are often studied abstractly, without referencing any specific programming language or implementation. Algorithm analysis resembles other mathematical disciplines as it focuses on the algorithm's properties, not implementation. Pseudo... | Algorithm | Wikipedia | 412 | 775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm | Mathematics | Mathematics: General | null |
Structured programming
Per the Church–Turing thesis, any algorithm can be computed by any Turing complete model. Turing completeness only requires four instruction types—conditional GOTO, unconditional GOTO, assignment, HALT. However, Kemeny and Kurtz observe that, while "undisciplined" use of unconditional GOTOs and ... | Algorithm | Wikipedia | 340 | 775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm | Mathematics | Mathematics: General | null |
By implementation
Recursion
A recursive algorithm invokes itself repeatedly until meeting a termination condition, and is a common functional programming method. Iterative algorithms use repetitions such as loops or data structures like stacks to solve problems. Problems may be suited for one implementation or the o... | Algorithm | Wikipedia | 475 | 775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm | Mathematics | Mathematics: General | null |
Brute-force or exhaustive search
Brute force is a problem-solving method of systematically trying every possible option until the optimal solution is found. This approach can be very time-consuming, testing every possible combination of variables. It is often used when other methods are unavailable or too complex. Bru... | Algorithm | Wikipedia | 436 | 775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm | Mathematics | Mathematics: General | null |
This technique transforms difficult problems into better-known problems solvable with (hopefully) asymptotically optimal algorithms. The goal is to find a reducing algorithm whose complexity is not dominated by the resulting reduced algorithms. For example, one selection algorithm finds the median of an unsorted list b... | Algorithm | Wikipedia | 125 | 775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm | Mathematics | Mathematics: General | null |
Optimization problems
For optimization problems there is a more specific classification of algorithms; an algorithm for such problems may fall into one or more of the general categories described above as well as into one of the following: | Algorithm | Wikipedia | 40 | 775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm | Mathematics | Mathematics: General | null |
Linear programming
When searching for optimal solutions to a linear function bound by linear equality and inequality constraints, the constraints can be used directly to produce optimal solutions. There are algorithms that can solve any problem in this category, such as the popular simplex algorithm. Problems that can... | Algorithm | Wikipedia | 455 | 775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm | Mathematics | Mathematics: General | null |
In optimization problems, heuristic algorithms find solutions close to the optimal solution when finding the optimal solution is impractical. These algorithms get closer and closer to the optimal solution as they progress. In principle, if run for an infinite amount of time, they will find the optimal solution. They ca... | Algorithm | Wikipedia | 146 | 775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm | Mathematics | Mathematics: General | null |
Examples
One of the simplest algorithms finds the largest number in a list of numbers of random order. Finding the solution requires looking at every number in the list. From this follows a simple algorithm, which can be described in plain English as:
High-level description:
If a set of numbers is empty, then there... | Algorithm | Wikipedia | 221 | 775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm | Mathematics | Mathematics: General | null |
Mouthwash, mouth rinse, oral rinse, or mouth bath is a liquid which is held in the mouth passively or swirled around the mouth by contraction of the perioral muscles and/or movement of the head, and may be gargled, where the head is tilted back and the liquid bubbled at the back of the mouth.
Usually mouthwashes are a... | Mouthwash | Wikipedia | 478 | 782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Gargling is where the head is tilted back, allowing the mouthwash to sit in the back of the mouth while exhaling, causing the liquid to bubble. Gargling is practiced in Japan for perceived prevention of viral infection. One commonly used way is with infusions or tea. In some cultures, gargling is usually done in privat... | Mouthwash | Wikipedia | 497 | 782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Minor and transient side effects of mouthwashes are very common, such as taste disturbance, tooth staining, sensation of a dry mouth, etc. Alcohol-containing mouthwashes may make dry mouth and halitosis worse, as they dry out the mouth. Soreness, ulceration and redness may sometimes occur (e.g., aphthous stomatitis or ... | Mouthwash | Wikipedia | 493 | 782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Before Europeans came to the Americas, Native North American and Mesoamerican cultures used mouthwashes, often made from plants such as Coptis trifolia. Peoples of the Americas used salt water mouthwashes for sore throats, and other mouthwashes for problems such as teething and mouth ulcers.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek, the... | Mouthwash | Wikipedia | 442 | 782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Research
Research in the field of microbiotas shows that only a limited set of microbes cause tooth decay, with most of the bacteria in the human mouth being harmless. Focused attention on cavity-causing bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans has led research into new mouthwash treatments that prevent these bacteria fro... | Mouthwash | Wikipedia | 472 | 782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Betamethasone
Betamethasone is sometimes used as an anti-inflammatory, corticosteroid mouthwash. It may be used for severe inflammatory conditions of the oral mucosa such as the severe forms of aphthous stomatitis.
Cetylpyridinium chloride (antiseptic, antimalodor)
Cetylpyridinium chloride containing mouthwash (e.g. 0... | Mouthwash | Wikipedia | 274 | 782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Chlorhexidine has good substantivity (the ability of a mouthwash to bind to hard and soft tissues in the mouth). It has anti-plaque action, and also some anti-fungal action. It is especially effective against Gram-negative rods. The proportion of Gram-negative rods increase as gingivitis develops, so it is also used to... | Mouthwash | Wikipedia | 329 | 782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
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