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Biological effects
The main public concern regarding the ozone hole has been the effects of increased surface UV radiation on human health. So far, ozone depletion in most locations has been typically a few percent and, as noted above, no direct evidence of health damage is available in most latitudes. If the high lev... | Ozone depletion | Wikipedia | 477 | 44183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20depletion | Physical sciences | Atmosphere | null |
Melanoma
Another form of skin cancer, Melanoma, is much less common but far more dangerous, being lethal in about 15–20 percent of the cases diagnosed. The relationship between melanoma and ultraviolet exposure is not yet fully understood, but it appears that both UV-B and UV-A are involved. Because of this uncertaint... | Ozone depletion | Wikipedia | 406 | 44183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20depletion | Physical sciences | Atmosphere | null |
Increased production of vitamin D
Vitamin D is produced in the skin by ultraviolet light. Thus, higher UVB exposure raises human vitamin D in those deficient in it. Recent research (primarily since the Montreal Protocol) shows that many humans have less than optimal vitamin D levels. In particular, in the U.S. populat... | Ozone depletion | Wikipedia | 438 | 44183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20depletion | Physical sciences | Atmosphere | null |
Over the years, the Arctic ozone layer has depleted severely. As a consequence species that live above the snow cover or in areas where snow has melted abundantly, due to hot temperatures, are negatively impacted due to UV radiation that reaches the ground. Depletion of the ozone layer and allowing excess UVB radiation... | Ozone depletion | Wikipedia | 443 | 44183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20depletion | Physical sciences | Atmosphere | null |
The full extent of the damage that CFCs have caused to the ozone layer is not known and will not be known for decades; however, marked decreases in column ozone have already been observed. The Montreal and Vienna conventions were installed long before a scientific consensus was established or important uncertainties in... | Ozone depletion | Wikipedia | 511 | 44183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20depletion | Physical sciences | Atmosphere | null |
In 1987, representatives from 43 nations signed the Montreal Protocol. Meanwhile, the halocarbon industry shifted its position and started supporting a protocol to limit CFC production. However, this shift was uneven with DuPont acting more quickly than its European counterparts. DuPont may have feared court action rel... | Ozone depletion | Wikipedia | 430 | 44183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20depletion | Physical sciences | Atmosphere | null |
Civil society, including especially non-governmental organizations (NGOs), played critical roles at all stages of policy development leading to the Vienna Conference, the Montreal Protocol, and in assessing compliance afterwards. The major companies claimed that no alternatives to HFC existed. An ozone-safe hydrocarbon... | Ozone depletion | Wikipedia | 507 | 44183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20depletion | Physical sciences | Atmosphere | null |
The EU recast its Ozone Regulation in 2009. The law bans ozone-depleting substances with the goal of protecting the ozone layer. The list of ODS that are subject to the regulation is the same as those under the Montreal Protocol, with some additions.
More recently, policy experts have advocated for efforts to link ozo... | Ozone depletion | Wikipedia | 464 | 44183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20depletion | Physical sciences | Atmosphere | null |
According to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, global stratospheric ozone levels experienced rapid decline in the 1970s and 1980s and have since been increasing, but have not reached preindustrial levels. Although considerable variability is expected from year to year, including in polar regions where depletion is larg... | Ozone depletion | Wikipedia | 482 | 44183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20depletion | Physical sciences | Atmosphere | null |
In 1970 Paul Crutzen pointed out that emissions of nitrous oxide (), a stable, long-lived gas produced by soil bacteria, from the Earth's surface could affect the amount of nitric oxide (NO) in the stratosphere. Crutzen showed that nitrous oxide lives long enough to reach the stratosphere, where it is converted into NO... | Ozone depletion | Wikipedia | 493 | 44183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20depletion | Physical sciences | Atmosphere | null |
The Rowland–Molina hypothesis was strongly disputed by representatives of the aerosol and halocarbon industries. The Chair of the Board of DuPont was quoted as saying that ozone depletion theory is "a science fiction tale ... a load of rubbish ... utter nonsense". Robert Abplanalp, the President of Precision Valve Corp... | Ozone depletion | Wikipedia | 482 | 44183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20depletion | Physical sciences | Atmosphere | null |
Antarctic ozone hole
The discovery of the Antarctic "ozone hole" by British Antarctic Survey scientists Farman, Gardiner and Shanklin (first reported in a paper in Nature in May 1985) came as a shock to the scientific community, because the observed decline in polar ozone was far larger than had been anticipated. Sate... | Ozone depletion | Wikipedia | 433 | 44183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20depletion | Physical sciences | Atmosphere | null |
Meanwhile, analysis of ozone measurements from the worldwide network of ground-based Dobson spectrophotometers led an international panel to conclude that the ozone layer was in fact being depleted, at all latitudes outside of the tropics. These trends were confirmed by satellite measurements. As a consequence, the maj... | Ozone depletion | Wikipedia | 412 | 44183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20depletion | Physical sciences | Atmosphere | null |
On March 15, 2011, a record ozone layer loss was observed, with about half of the ozone present over the Arctic having been destroyed. The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately , a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is sti... | Ozone depletion | Wikipedia | 438 | 44183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20depletion | Physical sciences | Atmosphere | null |
Following the ozone depletion in 1997 and 2011, a 90% drop in ozone was measured by weather balloons over the Arctic in March 2020, as they normally recorded 3.5 parts per million of ozone, compared to only around 0.3 parts per million lastly, due to the coldest temperatures ever recorded since 1979, and a strong polar... | Ozone depletion | Wikipedia | 501 | 44183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20depletion | Physical sciences | Atmosphere | null |
Analyzing the atmospheric impacts of the 2019–2020 Australian bushfire season, scientists led by MIT researcher Susan Solomon found the smoke destroyed 3–5% of ozone in affected areas of the Southern Hemisphere. Smoke particles absorb hydrogen chloride and act as a catalyst to create chlorine radicals that destroy ozon... | Ozone depletion | Wikipedia | 183 | 44183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20depletion | Physical sciences | Atmosphere | null |
The same radiative forcing that produces global warming is expected to cool the stratosphere. This cooling, in turn, is expected to produce a relative increase in ozone () depletion in polar areas and the frequency of ozone holes.
Conversely, ozone depletion represents a radiative forcing of the climate system. There... | Ozone depletion | Wikipedia | 495 | 44183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20depletion | Physical sciences | Atmosphere | null |
In 2019, NASA reported that there was no significant relation between size of the ozone hole and climate change.
Misconceptions
CFC weight
Since CFC molecules are heavier than air (nitrogen or oxygen), it is commonly believed that the CFC molecules cannot reach the stratosphere in significant amounts. However, atmos... | Ozone depletion | Wikipedia | 511 | 44183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20depletion | Physical sciences | Atmosphere | null |
First observation
G.M.B. Dobson mentioned that when springtime ozone levels in the Antarctic over Halley Bay were first measured in 1956, he was surprised to find that they were ~320 DU, or about 150 DU below spring Arctic levels of ~450 DU. These were at that time the only known Antarctic ozone values available. What... | Ozone depletion | Wikipedia | 414 | 44183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20depletion | Physical sciences | Atmosphere | null |
The metaphors used in the CFC discussion (ozone shield, ozone hole) are not "exact" in the scientific sense. The "ozone hole" is more of a depression, less "a hole in the windshield". The ozone does not disappear through the layer, nor is there a uniform "thinning" of the ozone layer. However, they resonated better wit... | Ozone depletion | Wikipedia | 487 | 44183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20depletion | Physical sciences | Atmosphere | null |
Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock formed from mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g., kaolin, Al2Si2O5(OH)4) and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite. Shale is characterized by its tendency to split into th... | Shale | Wikipedia | 435 | 44211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale | Physical sciences | Sedimentary rocks | Earth science |
Clays are the major constituent of shales and other mudrocks. The clay minerals represented are largely kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite. Clay minerals of Late Tertiary mudstones are expandable smectites, whereas in older rocks (especially in mid-to early Paleozoic shales) illites predominate. The transformation o... | Shale | Wikipedia | 404 | 44211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale | Physical sciences | Sedimentary rocks | Earth science |
Formation
The fine particles that compose shale can remain suspended in water long after the larger particles of sand have been deposited. As a result, shales are typically deposited in very slow moving water and are often found in lakes and lagoonal deposits, in river deltas, on floodplains and offshore below the wav... | Shale | Wikipedia | 455 | 44211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale | Physical sciences | Sedimentary rocks | Earth science |
Deeper burial is accompanied by mesogenesis, during which most of the compaction and lithification takes place. As the sediments come under increasing pressure from overlying sediments, sediment grains move into more compact arrangements, ductile grains (such as clay mineral grains) are deformed, and pore space is redu... | Shale | Wikipedia | 496 | 44211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale | Physical sciences | Sedimentary rocks | Earth science |
Black shales are dark, as a result of being especially rich in unoxidized carbon. Common in some Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata, black shales were deposited in anoxic, reducing environments, such as in stagnant water columns. Some black shales contain abundant heavy metals such as molybdenum, uranium, vanadium, and zinc... | Shale | Wikipedia | 467 | 44211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale | Physical sciences | Sedimentary rocks | Earth science |
Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous, metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through low-grade, regional metamorphism. It is the finest-grained foliated metamorphic rock. Foliation may not correspond to the original sedimentary layering, but inst... | Slate | Wikipedia | 490 | 44214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate | Physical sciences | Petrology | null |
Slaty cleavage is continuous, meaning that the individual cleavage planes are too closely spaced to be discernible in hand samples. The texture of the slate is totally dominated by these pervasive cleavage planes. Under a microscope, the slate is found to consist of very thin lenses of quartz and feldspar (QF-domains) ... | Slate | Wikipedia | 431 | 44214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate | Physical sciences | Petrology | null |
Terminology
Before the mid-19th century, the terms "slate", "shale", and "schist" were not sharply distinguished. In the context of underground coal mining in the United States, the term slate was commonly used to refer to shale well into the 20th century. For example, roof slate referred to shale above a coal seam, a... | Slate | Wikipedia | 481 | 44214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate | Physical sciences | Petrology | null |
Some mainland European slate suppliers suggest that using hook fixing means that:
Areas of weakness on the tile are fewer since no holes have to be drilled
Roofing features such as valleys and domes are easier to create since narrow tiles can be used
Hook fixing is particularly suitable in regions subject to severe ... | Slate | Wikipedia | 512 | 44214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate | Physical sciences | Petrology | null |
Pennsylvania slate is widely used in the manufacture of turkey calls used for hunting turkeys. The tones produced from the slate, when scratched with various species of wood striker, imitates almost exactly the calls of all four species of wild turkey in North America: eastern, Rio Grande, Osceola and Merriam's.
Extr... | Slate | Wikipedia | 472 | 44214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate | Physical sciences | Petrology | null |
In North America, slate is produced in Newfoundland, eastern Pennsylvania, Buckingham County, Virginia, and the Slate Valley region in Vermont and New York, where colored slate is mined in the Granville, New York, area. A major slating operation existed in Monson, Maine, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, w... | Slate | Wikipedia | 122 | 44214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate | Physical sciences | Petrology | null |
Menhaden, also known as mossbunker, bunker, and "the most important fish in the sea", are forage fish of the genera Brevoortia and Ethmidium, two genera of marine fish in the order Clupeiformes. Menhaden is a blend of poghaden (pogy for short) and an Algonquian word akin to Narragansett munnawhatteaûg, derived from mun... | Menhaden | Wikipedia | 479 | 44217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhaden | Biology and health sciences | Clupeiformes | Animals |
Distribution
Finescale menhaden range from the Yucatán to Louisiana.
Yellowfin menhaden range from Louisiana to Virginia.
Gulf menhaden range from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, to Tampa Bay, Florida.
Atlantic menhaden range from Jupiter Inlet, Florida, to Nova Scotia; Atlantic menhaden seasonally migrate along the... | Menhaden | Wikipedia | 484 | 44217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhaden | Biology and health sciences | Clupeiformes | Animals |
In 2012, the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission declared that the Atlantic menhaden was depleted due to overfishing. The decision was driven by issues with water quality in the Chesapeake Bay and failing efforts to re-introduce predator species, due to lack of menhaden on which they could feed.
Menhaden are c... | Menhaden | Wikipedia | 508 | 44217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhaden | Biology and health sciences | Clupeiformes | Animals |
Fisheries
According to the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), there are two established commercial fisheries for menhaden. The first is known as a reduction fishery. The second is known as a bait fishery, which harvests menhaden for the use of both commercial and recreational fishermen. Commercial fishermen, ... | Menhaden | Wikipedia | 492 | 44217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhaden | Biology and health sciences | Clupeiformes | Animals |
One way that menhaden oil benefits animals is seen in chickens. When menhaden oil was given to chickens in their feed, they had a lower chance of fatty liver disease. This was because of menhaden oil's high omega-3 fatty acid content, which took the place of omega-6 fatty acid, which is not as beneficial to animals. An... | Menhaden | Wikipedia | 428 | 44217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhaden | Biology and health sciences | Clupeiformes | Animals |
Cultural significance
After menhaden had been identified as a valuable alternative to whale oil in the 1870s, the menhaden fishery on the Chesapeake was worked by predominantly African-American crews on open boats hauling purse seines. The men employed sea chanties to help synchronize the hauling of the nets. These cha... | Menhaden | Wikipedia | 114 | 44217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhaden | Biology and health sciences | Clupeiformes | Animals |
Non-coding DNA (ncDNA) sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences. Some non-coding DNA is transcribed into functional non-coding RNA molecules (e.g. transfer RNA, microRNA, piRNA, ribosomal RNA, and regulatory RNAs). Other functional regions of the non-coding DNA fraction include... | Non-coding DNA | Wikipedia | 447 | 44284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding%20DNA | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
This led to the observation that the number of genes does not seem to correlate with perceived notions of complexity because the number of genes seems to be relatively constant, an issue termed the G-value Paradox. For example, the genome of the unicellular Polychaos dubium (formerly known as Amoeba dubia) has been re... | Non-coding DNA | Wikipedia | 463 | 44284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding%20DNA | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
According to a New York Times article, during the evolution of this species, "... genetic junk that didn't serve a purpose was expunged, and the necessary stuff was kept." According to Victor Albert of the University of Buffalo, the plant is able to expunge its so-called junk DNA and "have a perfectly good multicellul... | Non-coding DNA | Wikipedia | 499 | 44284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding%20DNA | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Regulatory elements are sites that control the transcription of a nearby gene. They are almost always sequences where transcription factors bind to DNA and these transcription factors can either activate transcription (activators) or repress transcription (repressors). Regulatory elements were discovered in the 1960s a... | Non-coding DNA | Wikipedia | 495 | 44284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding%20DNA | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
The standard biochemistry and molecular biology textbooks describe non-coding nucleotides in mRNA located between the 5' end of the gene and the translation initiation codon. These regions are called 5'-untranslated regions or 5'-UTRs. Similar regions called 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) are found at the end of the... | Non-coding DNA | Wikipedia | 489 | 44284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding%20DNA | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Telomeres are regions of repetitive DNA at the end of a chromosome, which provide protection from chromosomal deterioration during DNA replication. Recent studies have shown that telomeres function to aid in its own stability. Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) are transcripts derived from telomeres. TERRA has bee... | Non-coding DNA | Wikipedia | 422 | 44284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding%20DNA | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Transposons and retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements. Retrotransposon repeated sequences, which include long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), account for a large proportion of the genomic sequences in many species. Alu sequences, classified as a short inters... | Non-coding DNA | Wikipedia | 506 | 44284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding%20DNA | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Junk DNA is DNA that has no biologically relevant function such as pseudogenes and fragments of once active transposons. Bacteria and viral genomes have very little junk DNA but some eukaryotic genomes may have a substantial amount of junk DNA. The exact amount of nonfunctional DNA in humans and other species with larg... | Non-coding DNA | Wikipedia | 347 | 44284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding%20DNA | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting and genetic fingerprinting) is the process of determining an individual's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) characteristics. DNA analysis intended to identify a species, rather than an individual, is called DNA barcoding.
DNA profiling is a forensic technique in criminal investi... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 290 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
The process, developed by Jeffreys in conjunction with Peter Gill and Dave Werrett of the Forensic Science Service (FSS), was first used forensically in the solving of the murder of two teenagers who had been raped and murdered in Narborough, Leicestershire in 1983 and 1986. In the murder inquiry, led by Detective Davi... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 481 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
The admissibility of DNA evidence in courts was disputed in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s, but has since become more universally accepted due to improved techniques.
Profiling processes
DNA extraction
When a sample such as blood or saliva is obtained, the DNA is only a small part of what is present in the... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 275 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
RFLP stands for restriction fragment length polymorphism and, in terms of DNA analysis, describes a DNA testing method which utilizes restriction enzymes to "cut" the DNA at short and specific sequences throughout the sample. To start off processing in the laboratory, the sample has to first go through an extraction pr... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 511 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
From country to country, different STR-based DNA-profiling systems are in use. In North America, systems that amplify the CODIS 20 core loci are almost universal, whereas in the United Kingdom the DNA-17 loci system is in use, and Australia uses 18 core markers.
The true power of STR analysis is in its statistical pow... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 491 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
Degraded DNA
Before modern PCR methods existed, it was almost impossible to analyze degraded DNA samples. Methods like restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), which was the first technique used for DNA analysis in forensic science, required high molecular weight DNA in the sample in order to get reliable data.... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 197 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
Low-template DNA can happen when there is less than 0.1 ng() of DNA in a sample. This can lead to more stochastic effects (random events) such as allelic dropout or allelic drop-in which can alter the interpretation of a DNA profile. These stochastic effects can lead to the unequal amplification of the 2 alleles that c... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 465 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
During PCR, if DNA Polymerase happens to bind to a locus in stutter and starts to amplify it to make lots of copies, then this stutter product will appear randomly in the electropherogram, leading to allelic drop-in | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 53 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
MiniSTR analysis
In instances in which DNA samples are degraded, like if there are intense fires or all that remains are bone fragments, standard STR testing on those samples can be inadequate. When standard STR testing is done on highly degraded samples, the larger STR loci often drop out, and only partial DNA profile... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 469 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
Mixtures can generally be sorted into three categories: Type A, Type B, and Type C. Type A mixtures have alleles with similar peak-heights all around, so the contributors cannot be distinguished from each other. Type B mixtures can be deconvoluted by comparing peak-height ratios to determine which alleles were donated ... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 465 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
Plant DNA profiling (fingerprinting) is a method for identifying cultivars that uses molecular marker techniques. This method is gaining attention due to Trade Related Intellectual property rights (TRIPs) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
Advantages of Plant DNA profiling:
Identification, authenticati... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 505 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
When a match is made from a national DNA databank to link a crime scene to an offender having provided a DNA sample to a database, that link is often referred to as a cold hit. A cold hit is of value in referring the police agency to a specific suspect but is of less evidential value than a DNA match made from outside ... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 439 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
Considerations in evaluating DNA evidence
When using RFLP, the theoretical risk of a coincidental match is 1 in 100 billion (100,000,000,000) although the practical risk is actually 1 in 1,000 because monozygotic twins are 0.2% of the human population. Moreover, the rate of laboratory error is almost certainly higher t... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 459 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
Familial DNA searching
Familial DNA searching (sometimes referred to as "familial DNA" or "familial DNA database searching") is the practice of creating new investigative leads in cases where DNA evidence found at the scene of a crime (forensic profile) strongly resembles that of an existing DNA profile (offender profi... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 146 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
Familial DNA database searching was first used in an investigation leading to the conviction of Jeffrey Gafoor of the murder of Lynette White in the United Kingdom on 4 July 2003. DNA evidence was matched to Gafoor's nephew, who at 14 years old had not been born at the time of the murder in 1988. It was used again in 2... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 499 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
More recently, familial DNA led to the arrest of 21-year-old Elvis Garcia on charges of sexual assault and false imprisonment of a woman in Santa Cruz in 2008. In March 2011 Virginia Governor Bob McDonnell announced that Virginia would begin using familial DNA searches | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 56 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
At a press conference in Virginia on 7 March 2011, regarding the East Coast Rapist, Prince William County prosecutor Paul Ebert and Fairfax County Police Detective John Kelly said the case would have been solved years ago if Virginia had used familial DNA searching. Aaron Thomas, the suspected East Coast Rapist, was ar... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 429 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
Partial matches
Partial DNA matches are the result of moderate stringency CODIS searches that produce a potential match that shares at least one allele at every locus. Partial matching does not involve the use of familial search software, such as those used in the United Kingdom and the United States, or additional Y-S... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 473 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
Juries should weigh up conflicting and corroborative evidence, using their own common sense and not by using mathematical formulae, such as Bayes' theorem, so as to avoid "confusion, misunderstanding and misjudgment".
Presentation and evaluation of evidence of partial or incomplete DNA profiles
In R v Bates, Moore-Bic... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 505 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
Overall, this study's artificial genomic DNA, which kept copying itself using self-encoded proteins and made its sequence better on its own, is a good starting point for making more complex artificial cells. By adding the genes needed for transcription and translation to artificial genomic DNA, it may be possible in th... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 354 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
Cases
In 1986, Richard Buckland was exonerated, despite having admitted to the rape and murder of a teenager near Leicester, the city where DNA profiling was first developed. This was the first use of DNA fingerprinting in a criminal investigation, and the first to prove a suspect's innocence. The following year Colin... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 451 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
In 2000 Frank Lee Smith was proved innocent by DNA profiling of the murder of an eight-year-old girl after spending 14 years on death row in Florida, USA. However he had died of cancer just before his innocence was proven. In view of this the Florida state governor ordered that in future any death row inmate claiming i... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 507 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
In June 2003, because of new DNA evidence, Dennis Halstead, John Kogut and John Restivo won a re-trial on their murder conviction, their convictions were struck down and they were released.
In 2004, DNA testing shed new light into the mysterious 1912 disappearance of Bobby Dunbar, a four-year-old boy who vanished duri... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 440 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
In 2012, a case of babies being switched, many decades earlier, was discovered by accident. After undertaking DNA testing for other purposes, Alice Collins Plebuch was advised that her ancestry appeared to include a significant Ashkenazi Jewish component, despite a belief in her family that they were of predominantly I... | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 411 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
DNA evidence as evidence to prove rights of succession to British titles
DNA testing has been used to establish the right of succession to British titles.
Cases:
Baron Moynihan
Pringle baronets | DNA profiling | Wikipedia | 39 | 44290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling | Technology | Diagnostic technologies | null |
A moraine is any accumulation of unconsolidated debris (regolith and rock), sometimes referred to as glacial till, that occurs in both currently and formerly glaciated regions, and that has been previously carried along by a glacier or ice sheet. It may consist of partly rounded particles ranging in size from boulders ... | Moraine | Wikipedia | 474 | 44299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine | Physical sciences | Glacial landforms | null |
Moraine may also form by the accumulation of sand and gravel deposits from glacial streams emanating from the ice margin. These fan deposits may coalesce to form a long moraine bank marking the ice margin. Several processes may combine to form and rework a single moraine, and most moraines record a continuum of process... | Moraine | Wikipedia | 511 | 44299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine | Physical sciences | Glacial landforms | null |
End or terminal moraines
End moraines, or terminal moraines, are ridges of unconsolidated debris deposited at the snout or end of the glacier. They usually reflect the shape of the glacier's terminus. Glaciers act much like a conveyor belt, carrying debris from the top of the glacier to the bottom where it deposits ... | Moraine | Wikipedia | 445 | 44299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine | Physical sciences | Glacial landforms | null |
Washboard moraines
Washboard moraines, also known as minor or corrugated moraines, are low-amplitude geomorphic features caused by glaciers. They consist of low-relief ridges, in height and around apart, accumulated at the base of the ice as lodgment till. The name "washboard moraine" refers to the fact that, from th... | Moraine | Wikipedia | 144 | 44299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine | Physical sciences | Glacial landforms | null |
The leopard (Panthera pardus) is one of the five extant cat species in the genus Panthera. It has a pale yellowish to dark golden fur with dark spots grouped in rosettes. Its body is slender and muscular reaching a length of with a long tail and a shoulder height of . Males typically weigh , and females .
The leopar... | Leopard | Wikipedia | 505 | 44303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
The leopard was designated as the type species of Panthera by Joel Asaph Allen in 1902.
In 1917, Reginald Innes Pocock also subordinated the tiger (P. tigris), lion (P. leo), and jaguar (P. onca) to Panthera.
Living subspecies
Following Linnaeus' first description, 27 leopard subspecies were proposed by naturalists be... | Leopard | Wikipedia | 399 | 44303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
Leopard-like fossil bones and teeth possibly dating to the Pliocene were excavated in Perrier in France, northeast of London, and in Valdarno, Italy. Until 1940, similar fossils dating back to the Pleistocene were excavated mostly in loess and caves at 40 sites in Europe, including Furninha Cave near Lisbon, Genista Ca... | Leopard | Wikipedia | 388 | 44303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
The leopard's fur is generally soft and thick, notably softer on the belly than on the back. Its skin colour varies between individuals from pale yellowish to dark golden with dark spots grouped in rosettes. Its underbelly is white and its ringed tail is shorter than its body. Its pupils are round. Leopards living in a... | Leopard | Wikipedia | 411 | 44303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
Size
The leopard is a slender and muscular cat, with relatively short limbs and a broad head. It is sexually dimorphic with males larger and heavier than females. Males stand at the shoulder, while females are tall. The head-and-body length ranges between with a long tail. Sizes vary geographically. Males typically... | Leopard | Wikipedia | 363 | 44303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
In the Indian subcontinent, the leopard is still relatively abundant, with greater numbers than those of other Panthera species. Some leopard populations in India live quite close to human settlements and even in semi-developed areas. Although adaptable to human disturbances, leopards require healthy prey populations a... | Leopard | Wikipedia | 492 | 44303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
Behaviour and ecology
The leopard is a solitary and territorial animal. It is typically shy and alert when crossing roadways and encountering oncoming vehicles, but may be emboldened to attack people or other animals when threatened. Adults associate only in the mating season. Females continue to interact with their o... | Leopard | Wikipedia | 419 | 44303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
Males occupy home ranges that often overlap with a few smaller female home ranges, probably as a strategy to enhance access to females. In the Ivory Coast, the home range of a female was completely enclosed within a male's. Females live with their cubs in home ranges that overlap extensively, probably due to the associ... | Leopard | Wikipedia | 487 | 44303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
The leopard depends mainly on its acute senses of hearing and vision for hunting. It primarily hunts at night in most areas. In western African forests and Tsavo National Park, they have also been observed hunting by day. They usually hunt on the ground. In the Serengeti, they have been seen to ambush prey by descendin... | Leopard | Wikipedia | 351 | 44303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
Enemies and competitors
Across its range, the leopard coexists with a number of other large predators. In Africa, it is part of a large predator guild with lions, cheetahs, spotted and brown hyenas, and African wild dogs. The leopard is dominant only over the cheetah while the others have the advantage of size, pack ... | Leopard | Wikipedia | 416 | 44303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
In some areas, leopards mate all year round. In Manchuria and Siberia, they mate during January and February. On average, females begin to breed between the ages of 2½ and three, and males between the ages of two and three. The female's estrous cycle lasts about 46 days, and she is usually in heat for 6–7 days. Gestati... | Leopard | Wikipedia | 463 | 44303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
Threats
The leopard is primarily threatened by habitat fragmentation and conversion of forest to agriculturally used land, which lead to a declining natural prey base, human–wildlife conflict with livestock herders and high leopard mortality rates. It is also threatened by trophy hunting and poaching. Contemporary reco... | Leopard | Wikipedia | 465 | 44303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
In Rudyard Kipling's "How the Leopard Got His Spots", one of his Just So Stories, a leopard with no spots in the Highveld lives with his hunting partner, the Ethiopian. When they set off to the forest, the Ethiopian changed his brown skin, and the leopard painted spots on his skin. A leopard played an important role in... | Leopard | Wikipedia | 346 | 44303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
The Papanicolaou test (abbreviated as Pap test, also known as Pap smear (AE), cervical smear (BE), cervical screening (BE), or smear test (BE)) is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially precancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix (opening of the uterus or womb) or, more rarely, anus (in both m... | Pap test | Wikipedia | 364 | 44305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%20test | Biology and health sciences | Medical procedures | null |
Guidelines on when to begin Pap smear screening are varied, but usually begin in adulthood. Guidelines on frequency vary from every three to five years. If results are abnormal, and depending on the nature of the abnormality, the test may need to be repeated in six to twelve months. If the abnormality requires closer s... | Pap test | Wikipedia | 498 | 44305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%20test | Biology and health sciences | Medical procedures | null |
Guidelines on frequency of screening vary—typically every three to five years for those who have not had previous abnormal smears. Some older recommendations suggested screening as frequently as every one to two years, however there is little evidence to support such frequent screening; annual screening has little bene... | Pap test | Wikipedia | 405 | 44305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%20test | Biology and health sciences | Medical procedures | null |
Failure of prevention of cancer by the Pap test can occur for many reasons, including not getting regular screening, lack of appropriate follow-up of abnormal results, and sampling and interpretation errors. In the US, over half of all invasive cancers occur in females who have never had a Pap smear; an additional 10 t... | Pap test | Wikipedia | 482 | 44305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%20test | Biology and health sciences | Medical procedures | null |
In a typical scenario, about 0.5% of Pap results are high-grade SIL (HSIL), and less than 0.5% of results indicate cancer; 0.2 to 0.8% of results indicate Atypical Glandular Cells of Undetermined Significance (AGC-NOS).
As liquid-based preparations (LBPs) become a common medium for testing, atypical result rates have ... | Pap test | Wikipedia | 478 | 44305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%20test | Biology and health sciences | Medical procedures | null |
In transgender individuals
Transgender men are also typically at risk for HPV due to retention of the uterine cervix in the majority of individuals in this subgroup. As such, professional guidelines recommend that transgender men be screened routinely for cervical cancer using methods such as Pap smear, identical to t... | Pap test | Wikipedia | 342 | 44305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%20test | Biology and health sciences | Medical procedures | null |
Procedure
According to the CDC, intercourse, douching, and the use of vaginal medicines or spermicidal foam should be avoided for 2 days before the test. A number of studies have shown that using a small amount of water-based gel lubricant does not interfere with, obscure, or distort the Pap smear. Further, cytology is... | Pap test | Wikipedia | 483 | 44305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%20test | Biology and health sciences | Medical procedures | null |
A single smear has an area of 25 x 50 mm and contains a few hundred thousand cells on average. Screening with light microscopy is first done on low (10x) power and then switched to higher (40x) power upon viewing suspicious findings. Cells are analyzed under high power for morphologic changes indicative of malignancy (... | Pap test | Wikipedia | 446 | 44305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%20test | Biology and health sciences | Medical procedures | null |
Pap tests commonly examine epithelial abnormalities, such as metaplasia, dysplasia, or borderline changes, all of which may be indicative of CIN. Nuclei will stain dark blue, squamous cells will stain green and keratinised cells will stain pink/ orange. Koilocytes may be observed where there is some dyskaryosis (of epi... | Pap test | Wikipedia | 415 | 44305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%20test | Biology and health sciences | Medical procedures | null |
The Pap test was finally recognized only after a leading article in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology in 1941 by Papanikolaou and Herbert F. Traut, an American gynecologist. A monograph titled Diagnosis of Uterine Cancer by the Vaginal Smear that they published contained drawings of the various cells se... | Pap test | Wikipedia | 496 | 44305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%20test | Biology and health sciences | Medical procedures | null |
Taiwan
Free Pap tests were offered from 1974–1984 before being replaced by a system in which all women over the age of 30 could have the cost of their Pap test reimbursed by the National Health Insurance in 1995. This policy was still ongoing in 2018 and encouraged women to screen at least every three years.
Despite ... | Pap test | Wikipedia | 335 | 44305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%20test | Biology and health sciences | Medical procedures | null |
An invention is a unique or novel device, method, composition, idea or process. An invention may be an improvement upon a machine, product, or process for increasing efficiency or lowering cost. It may also be an entirely new concept. If an idea is unique enough either as a stand-alone invention or as a significant im... | Invention | Wikipedia | 500 | 44312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention | Technology | Technology: General | null |
Humanistic inventions encompass culture in its entirety and are as transformative and important as any in the sciences, although people tend to take them for granted. In the domain of linguistics, for example, many alphabets have been inventions, as are all neologisms (Shakespeare invented about 1,700 words). Literary ... | Invention | Wikipedia | 511 | 44312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention | Technology | Technology: General | null |
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