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For children with asthma which is well-controlled on combination therapy of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA), the benefits and harms of stopping LABA and stepping down to ICS-only therapy are uncertain. In adults who have stable asthma while they are taking a combination of LABA and i... | Asthma | Wikipedia | 445 | 44905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
Others
Inflammation in the lungs can be estimated by the level of exhaled nitric oxide. The use of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FeNO) to guide asthma medication dosing may have small benefits for preventing asthma attacks but the potential benefits are not strong enough for this approach to be universally recommended a... | Asthma | Wikipedia | 70 | 44905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
When asthma is unresponsive to usual medications, other options are available for both emergency management and prevention of flareups. Additional options include:
Humidified oxygen to alleviate hypoxia if saturations fall below 92%.
Corticosteroids by mouth, with five days of prednisone being the same two days of de... | Asthma | Wikipedia | 417 | 44905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
Monoclonal antibody injections such as mepolizumab, dupilumab, or omalizumab may be useful in those with poorly controlled atopic asthma. However, these medications are expensive and their use is therefore reserved for those with severe symptoms to achieve cost-effectiveness. Monoclonal antibodies targeting interleuki... | Asthma | Wikipedia | 189 | 44905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
Adherence to asthma treatments
Staying with a treatment approach for preventing asthma exacerbations can be challenging, especially if the person is required to take medicine or treatments daily. Reasons for low adherence range from a conscious decision to not follow the suggested medical treatment regime for various ... | Asthma | Wikipedia | 512 | 44905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
Prognosis
The prognosis for asthma is generally good, especially for children with mild disease. Mortality has decreased over the last few decades due to better recognition and improvement in care. In 2010 the death rate was 170 per million for males and 90 per million for females. Rates vary between countries by 100-f... | Asthma | Wikipedia | 494 | 44905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
The average death rate from 2011 to 2015 from asthma in the UK was about 50% higher than the average for the European Union and had increased by about 5% in that time. Children are more likely see a physician due to asthma symptoms after school starts in September.
Population-based epidemiological studies describe tem... | Asthma | Wikipedia | 498 | 44905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
In 1886, F. H. Bosworth theorized a connection between asthma and hay fever.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the focus was the avoidance of allergens as well as selective beta-2 adrenoceptor agonists were used as treatment strategies.
Epinephrine was first referred to in the treatment of asthma in 1905. Oral co... | Asthma | Wikipedia | 375 | 44905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
Mahogany is a straight-grained, reddish-brown timber of three tropical hardwood species of the genus Swietenia, indigenous to the Americas and part of the pantropical chinaberry family, Meliaceae. Mahogany is used commercially for a wide variety of goods, due to its coloring and durable nature. It is naturally found wi... | Mahogany | Wikipedia | 509 | 44928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany | Biology and health sciences | Sapindales | null |
Etymology
The etymology of mahogany is uncertain and a subject of debate. The term first appeared in John Ogilby's "America" (1671), referring to a "curious and rich wood" from Jamaica. Initial mentions of the mahogany tree (as opposed to wood) date to 1731, with its first detailed description in 1743, attributed to Sw... | Mahogany | Wikipedia | 412 | 44928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany | Biology and health sciences | Sapindales | null |
Mahogany is a commercially important lumber prized for its beauty, durability, and color, and used for paneling and to make furniture, boats, musical instruments and other items. The leading importer of mahogany is the United States, followed by Britain; while the largest exporter today is Peru, which surpassed Brazil ... | Mahogany | Wikipedia | 445 | 44928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany | Biology and health sciences | Sapindales | null |
Other species
While only the three Swietenia species are classified officially as "genuine mahogany", the Federal Trade Commission allows certain species of trees other than Swietenia to be sold as "mahoganies" in the U.S. timber trade. This is due to the long-standing usage of the terms. But it must be prefixed with a... | Mahogany | Wikipedia | 340 | 44928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany | Biology and health sciences | Sapindales | null |
Within the mahogany family, other closely-related members of other genera which also resemble mahoganies in terms of appearance and properties are also sometimes known as "mahoganies", though they can not be sold as such in the US timber trade. This includes some members of the genus Toona, namely: "Philippine mahogany... | Mahogany | Wikipedia | 383 | 44928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany | Biology and health sciences | Sapindales | null |
Distribution
The natural distribution of these species within the Americas is geographically distinct. S. mahagoni grows on the West Indian islands as far north as the Bahamas, the Florida Keys and parts of Florida; S. humilis grows in the dry regions of the Pacific coast of Central America from south-western Mexico to... | Mahogany | Wikipedia | 223 | 44928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany | Biology and health sciences | Sapindales | null |
India had both S. macrophylla and S. mahagoni introduced in 1865 using seeds from West Indies. Both eventually became naturalized forests. Bangladesh had Honduran S. macrophylla introduced in 1872 and as with India it became naturalized in some areas. S. mahagoni and S. macrophylla were introduced in Indonesia in 1870 ... | Mahogany | Wikipedia | 291 | 44928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany | Biology and health sciences | Sapindales | null |
History
The name mahogany was initially associated only with those islands in the West Indies under British control (French colonists used the term acajou, while in the Spanish territories it was called caoba). The origin of the name is uncertain, but it could be a corruption of 'm'oganwo', the name used by the Yoruba ... | Mahogany | Wikipedia | 348 | 44928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany | Biology and health sciences | Sapindales | null |
Today, all species of Swietenia grown in their native locations are listed by CITES, and are therefore protected. After S. mahogani and S. macrophylla were added to CITES appendixes in 1992 and 1995 respectively international conservation programs began in earnest aided by a 1993 World Bank report entitled "Tropical Ha... | Mahogany | Wikipedia | 478 | 44928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany | Biology and health sciences | Sapindales | null |
After the French established a colony in Saint Domingue (now Haiti), some mahogany from that island probably found its way to France, where joiners in the port cities of Saint-Malo, Nantes, La Rochelle and Bordeaux used the wood to a limited extent from about 1700. On the English-controlled islands, especially Jamaica ... | Mahogany | Wikipedia | 488 | 44928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany | Biology and health sciences | Sapindales | null |
At the end of the Seven Years' War (1756–63), the mahogany trade began to change significantly. During the occupation of Havana by British forces between August 1762 and July 1763, quantities of Cuban or Havanna mahogany were sent to Britain, and after the city was restored to Spain in 1763, Cuba continued to export sm... | Mahogany | Wikipedia | 498 | 44928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany | Biology and health sciences | Sapindales | null |
Data are lacking, but it is likely that the newly independent United States now received a good proportion of its mahogany from Cuba. In the last quarter of the 18th century France began to use mahogany more widely; they had ample supplies of high quality wood from Saint Domingue. The rest of Europe, where the wood was... | Mahogany | Wikipedia | 381 | 44928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany | Biology and health sciences | Sapindales | null |
In 1907 the total of mahogany from all sources imported into Europe was 159,830 tons, of which 121,743 tons were from West Africa. By this time mahogany from Cuba, Haiti and other West Indian sources had become increasingly difficult to obtain in commercial sizes, and by the late 20th century Central American and even ... | Mahogany | Wikipedia | 496 | 44928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany | Biology and health sciences | Sapindales | null |
The common quail (Coturnix coturnix), or European quail, is a small ground-nesting game bird in the pheasant family Phasianidae. It is mainly migratory, breeding in the western Palearctic and wintering in Africa and southern India.
With its characteristic call of three repeated chirps (repeated three times in quick su... | Common quail | Wikipedia | 438 | 317350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20quail | Biology and health sciences | Galliformes | null |
Description
The common quail is a small compact gallinaceous bird in length with a wingspan of . The weight is . It is greatest before migration at the end of the breeding season. The female is generally slightly heavier than the male. It is streaked brown with a white eyestripe, and, in the male, a white chin. As bef... | Common quail | Wikipedia | 363 | 317350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20quail | Biology and health sciences | Galliformes | null |
Males generally arrive in the breeding area before the females. In northern Europe laying begins from the middle of May, and with repeat laying can continue to the end of August. The female forms a shallow scrape in the ground in diameter which is sparsely lined with vegetation. The eggs are laid at 24-hour intervals ... | Common quail | Wikipedia | 466 | 317350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20quail | Biology and health sciences | Galliformes | null |
Menthol is an organic compound, specifically a monoterpenoid, that occurs naturally in the oils of several plants in the mint family, such as corn mint and peppermint. It is a white or clear waxy crystalline substance that is solid at room temperature and melts slightly above. The main form of menthol occurring in natu... | Menthol | Wikipedia | 497 | 317380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menthol | Physical sciences | Terpenes and terpenoids | Chemistry |
Some studies show that menthol acts as a GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator and increases GABAergic transmission in PAG neurons. Menthol has anesthetic properties similar to, though less potent than, propofol because it interacts with the same sites on the GABAA receptor. Menthol may also enhance the activity... | Menthol | Wikipedia | 370 | 317380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menthol | Physical sciences | Terpenes and terpenoids | Chemistry |
Geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS) first catalyzes the reaction of IPP and DMAPP into geranyl diphosphate.
(−)-limonene synthase (LS) catalyzes the cyclization of geranyl diphosphate to (−)-limonene.
(−)-Limonene-3-hydroxylase (L3OH), using O2 and then nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) catalyzes th... | Menthol | Wikipedia | 460 | 317380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menthol | Physical sciences | Terpenes and terpenoids | Chemistry |
Menthol is manufactured as a single enantiomer (94% e.e.) on the scale of 3,000 tonnes per year by Takasago International Corporation. The process involves an asymmetric synthesis developed by a team led by Ryōji Noyori, who won the 2001 Nobel Prize for Chemistry in recognition of his work on this process:
The process... | Menthol | Wikipedia | 442 | 317380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menthol | Physical sciences | Terpenes and terpenoids | Chemistry |
Medical
As an antipruritic to reduce itching.
As a topical analgesic, it is used to relieve minor aches and pains, such as muscle cramps, sprains, headaches and similar conditions, alone or combined with chemicals such as camphor, eucalyptus oil or capsaicin. In Europe, it tends to appear as a gel or a cream, while i... | Menthol | Wikipedia | 327 | 317380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menthol | Physical sciences | Terpenes and terpenoids | Chemistry |
Others
In aftershave products to relieve razor burn.
As a smoking tobacco additive in some cigarette brands, for flavor, and to reduce throat and sinus irritation caused by smoking. Menthol also increases nicotine receptor density, increasing the addictive potential of tobacco products.
As a pesticide against trach... | Menthol | Wikipedia | 457 | 317380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menthol | Physical sciences | Terpenes and terpenoids | Chemistry |
History
In the West, menthol was first isolated in 1771, by the German, Hieronymus David Gaubius. Early characterizations were done by Oppenheim, Beckett, Moriya, and Atkinson. It was named by F. L. Alphons Oppenheim (1833–1877) in 1861.
Compendial status
United States Pharmacopeia 23
Japanese Pharmacopoeia 15
Foo... | Menthol | Wikipedia | 202 | 317380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menthol | Physical sciences | Terpenes and terpenoids | Chemistry |
An image scanner (often abbreviated to just scanner) is a device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting, or an object and converts it to a digital image. The most common type of scanner used in the home and the office is the flatbed scanner, where the document is placed on a glass bed. A sheetfed scanne... | Image scanner | Wikipedia | 445 | 317625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner | Technology | Media and communication | null |
In 1847, the English physicist Frederick Bakewell developed the first working fax machine. Bakewell's machine was similar to Bain's but used a revolving drum coated in tinfoil, with non-conductive ink painted on the foil and a stylus that scans across the drum and sends a pulse down a pair of wires when it contacts a c... | Image scanner | Wikipedia | 406 | 317625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner | Technology | Media and communication | null |
Analog era
Alexander Murray and Richard Morse invented and patented the first analog color scanner at Eastman Kodak in 1937. Intended for color separation at printing presses, their machine was an analog drum scanner that imaged a color transparency mounted in the drum, with a light source placed underneath the film, a... | Image scanner | Wikipedia | 234 | 317625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner | Technology | Media and communication | null |
In 1948, Arthur Hardy of the Interchemical Corporation and F. L. Wurzburg of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology invented the first analog, color flatbed image scanner, intended for producing color-corrected lithographic plates from a color negative. In this system, three color-separated plates (of CMY values) ar... | Image scanner | Wikipedia | 357 | 317625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner | Technology | Media and communication | null |
The first digital imaging system was the Bartlane system in 1920. Named after the pair who invented it, Harry G. Bartholomew and Maynard D. McFarlane, the Bartlane system used zinc plates etched with an image from a film negative projected at five different exposure levels to correspond to five quantization levels. All... | Image scanner | Wikipedia | 393 | 317625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner | Technology | Media and communication | null |
The first flatbed scanner used for digital image processing was the Autokon 8400, introduced by ECRM Inc., a subsidiary of AM International, in 1975. The Autokon 8400 used a laser beam to scan pages up to 11 by 14 inches at a maximum resolution of 1000 lines per inch. Although it was only capable of scanning in 1-bit m... | Image scanner | Wikipedia | 446 | 317625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner | Technology | Media and communication | null |
In 1977, Raymond Kurzweil, of his start-up company Kurzweil Computer Products, released the Kurzweil Reading Machine, which was the first flatbed scanner with a charge-coupled device (CCD) imaging element. The Kurzweil Reading Machine was invented to assist blind people in reading books that had not been translated to ... | Image scanner | Wikipedia | 318 | 317625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner | Technology | Media and communication | null |
In early 1985, the first flatbed scanner for the IBM PC, the Datacopy Model 700, was released. Based on a CCD imaging element, the Model 700 was capable of scanning letter-sized documents at a maximum resolution of 200 dpi at 1-bit monochrome. The Model 700 came with a special interface card for connecting to the PC, a... | Image scanner | Wikipedia | 435 | 317625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner | Technology | Media and communication | null |
A flatbed scanner is a type of scanner that provides a glass bed (platen) on which the object to be scanned lies motionless. The scanning element moves vertically from under the glass, scanning either the entirety of the platen or a predetermined portion. The driver software for most flatbed scanners allows users to pr... | Image scanner | Wikipedia | 390 | 317625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner | Technology | Media and communication | null |
A handheld scanner is a type of scanner that must be manually dragged or gilded by hand across the surface of the object to be scanned. Scanning documents in this manner requires a steady hand, as an uneven scanning rate produces distorted images. Some handheld scanners have an indicator light on the scanner for this p... | Image scanner | Wikipedia | 457 | 317625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner | Technology | Media and communication | null |
The photomultiplier tubes of drum scanners offer superior dynamic range to that of CCD sensors. For this reason, drum scanners can extract more detail from very dark shadow areas of a transparency than flatbed scanners using CCD sensors. The smaller dynamic range of the CCD sensors (versus photomultiplier tubes) can le... | Image scanner | Wikipedia | 412 | 317625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner | Technology | Media and communication | null |
A film scanner, also known as a slide scanner or a transparency scanner, is a type of specialized flatbed scanner specifically for scanning film negatives and slides. A typical film scanner works by passing a narrowly focused beam of light through the film and reading the intensity and color of the light that emerges. ... | Image scanner | Wikipedia | 500 | 317625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner | Technology | Media and communication | null |
Scanners equipped with contact image sensor (CIS) scanning elements are designed to be in near-direct contact with the document to be scanned and thus do not require the complex optics of CCDs scanners. However, their depth of field is much worse, resulting in blurry scans if the scanned document is not perfectly flush... | Image scanner | Wikipedia | 440 | 317625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner | Technology | Media and communication | null |
The size of the file created increases with the square of the resolution; doubling the resolution quadruples the file size. A resolution must be chosen that is within the capabilities of the equipment, preserves sufficient detail, and does not produce a file of excessive size. The file size can be reduced for a given r... | Image scanner | Wikipedia | 429 | 317625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner | Technology | Media and communication | null |
Consumer-level flatbed photo scanners have a dynamic range in the 2.0–3.0 range, which can be inadequate for scanning all types of photographic film, as Dmax can be and often is between 3.0d and 4.0d with traditional black-and-white film. Color film compresses its 12 stops of a possible 16 stops (film latitude) into ju... | Image scanner | Wikipedia | 509 | 317625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner | Technology | Media and communication | null |
For scanner apps, the scan quality is highly dependent on the quality of the phone camera and on the framing chosen by the user of the app.
Connectivity
Scans must virtually always be transferred from the scanner to a computer or information storage system for further processing or storage. There are two basic issue... | Image scanner | Wikipedia | 154 | 317625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner | Technology | Media and communication | null |
Scanners communicate to their host computer using one of the following physical interfaces, listing roughly from slow to fast:
Parallel port – Connecting through a parallel port is the slowest common transfer method. Early scanners had parallel port connections that could not transfer data faster than 70 kilobytes/sec... | Image scanner | Wikipedia | 493 | 317625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner | Technology | Media and communication | null |
Battery-powered portable scanners store scans on internal memory; they can later be transferred to a computer either by direct connection, typically USB, or in some cases a memory card may be removed from the scanner and plugged into the computer.
Applications programming interface
A raster image editor must be able... | Image scanner | Wikipedia | 469 | 317625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner | Technology | Media and communication | null |
Bundled applications
Although no software beyond a scanning utility is a feature of any scanner, many scanners come bundled with software. Typically, in addition to the scanning utility, some type of raster image editor (such as Photoshop or GIMP) and optical character recognition (OCR) software are supplied. OCR soft... | Image scanner | Wikipedia | 458 | 317625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner | Technology | Media and communication | null |
Document scanners have document feeders, usually larger than those sometimes found on copiers or all-purpose scanners. Scans are made at high speed, from 20 up to 420 pages per minute, often in grayscale, although many scanners support color. Many scanners can scan both sides of double-sided originals (duplex operation... | Image scanner | Wikipedia | 496 | 317625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner | Technology | Media and communication | null |
A specialized form of document scanning is book scanning. Technical difficulties arise from the books usually being bound and sometimes fragile and irreplaceable, but some manufacturers have developed specialized machinery to deal with this. Often special robotic mechanisms are used to automate the page-turning and sca... | Image scanner | Wikipedia | 355 | 317625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner | Technology | Media and communication | null |
In biology, moulting (British English), or molting (American English), also known as sloughing, shedding, or in many invertebrates, ecdysis, is a process by which an animal casts off parts of its body to serve some beneficial purpose, either at specific times of the year, or at specific points in its life cycle.
In me... | Moulting | Wikipedia | 470 | 317695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulting | Biology and health sciences | Animal ontogeny | null |
The process of moulting in birds is as follows: First, the bird begins to shed some old feathers, then pin feathers grow in to replace the old feathers. As the pin feathers become full feathers, other feathers are shed. This is a cyclical process that occurs in many phases. It is usually symmetrical, with feather loss ... | Moulting | Wikipedia | 411 | 317695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulting | Biology and health sciences | Animal ontogeny | null |
Some flocks may be force-moulted several times. In 2003, more than 75% of all flocks were force-moulted in the US. Other methods of inducing a moult include low-density diets (e.g. grape pomace, cotton seed meal, alfalfa meal) or dietary manipulation to create an imbalance of a particular nutrient(s). The most importan... | Moulting | Wikipedia | 466 | 317695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulting | Biology and health sciences | Animal ontogeny | null |
A new skin can replace structures, such as by providing new external lenses for eyes. The new exoskeleton is initially soft but hardens after the moulting of the old exoskeleton. The old exoskeleton is called an exuviae. While moulting, insects cannot breathe. In the crustacean Ovalipes catharus molting must occur befo... | Moulting | Wikipedia | 133 | 317695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulting | Biology and health sciences | Animal ontogeny | null |
A clothes dryer (tumble dryer, drying machine, or simply dryer) is a powered household appliance that is used to remove moisture from a load of clothing, bedding and other textiles, usually after they are washed in the washing machine.
Many dryers consist of a rotating drum called a "tumbler" through which heated air ... | Clothes dryer | Wikipedia | 471 | 317900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes%20dryer | Technology | Household appliances | null |
Condenser dryers
Just as in a tumble dryer, condenser or condensation dryers pass heated air through the load. However, instead of exhausting this air, the dryer uses a heat exchanger to cool the air and condense the water vapor into either a drain pipe or a collection tank. The drier air is run through the loop again.... | Clothes dryer | Wikipedia | 316 | 317900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes%20dryer | Technology | Household appliances | null |
Whereas condensation dryers use a passive heat exchanger cooled by ambient air, these dryers use a heat pump. The hot, humid air from the tumbler is passed through a heat pump where the cold side condenses the water vapor into either a drain pipe or a collection tank and the hot side reheats the air afterward for re-us... | Clothes dryer | Wikipedia | 482 | 317900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes%20dryer | Technology | Household appliances | null |
Like heat pump dryers, mechanical steam compression dryers recycle much of the heat used to dry the clothes, and they operate in a very similar range of efficiency as heat pump dryers. Both types can be over twice as efficient as conventional tumble dryers. The considerably higher temperatures used in mechanical steam ... | Clothes dryer | Wikipedia | 489 | 317900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes%20dryer | Technology | Household appliances | null |
Microwave dryers
Japanese manufacturers have developed highly efficient clothes dryers that use microwave radiation to dry the clothes (though a vast majority of Japanese air dry their laundry). Most of the drying is done using microwaves to evaporate the water, but the final drying is done by convection heating, to av... | Clothes dryer | Wikipedia | 494 | 317900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes%20dryer | Technology | Household appliances | null |
Moisture and lint are byproducts of the tumble drying process and are pulled from the drum by a fan motor and then pushed through the remaining exhaust conduit to the exterior termination fitting. Typical exhaust conduit comprises flex transition hose found immediately behind the dryer, the rigid galvanized pipe and e... | Clothes dryer | Wikipedia | 487 | 317900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes%20dryer | Technology | Household appliances | null |
Safety
Dryers expose flammable materials to heat. Underwriters Laboratories recommends cleaning the lint filter after every cycle for safety and energy efficiency, provision of adequate ventilation, and cleaning of the duct at regular intervals. UL also recommends that dryers not be used for glass fiber, rubber, foam o... | Clothes dryer | Wikipedia | 480 | 317900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes%20dryer | Technology | Household appliances | null |
History
A hand-cranked clothes dryer was created in 1800 by M. Pochon from France. Henry W. Altorfer invented and patented an electric clothes dryer in 1937. J. Ross Moore, an inventor from North Dakota, developed designs for automatic clothes dryers and published his design for an electrically operated dryer in 1938. ... | Clothes dryer | Wikipedia | 87 | 317900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes%20dryer | Technology | Household appliances | null |
The megamouth shark (Megachasma pelagios) is a species of deepwater shark. Rarely seen by humans, it measures around long and is the smallest of the three extant filter-feeding sharks alongside the relatively larger whale shark and basking shark. According to Sharkman's World Organization a total of 286 specimens have... | Megamouth shark | Wikipedia | 409 | 318020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamouth%20shark | Biology and health sciences | Sharks | Animals |
Researchers have predicted the feeding patterns of megamouth sharks in relation to the other two planktivorous sharks; the three planktivorous sharks have ram feeding in common, as it evolved from ram feeding swimming-type ancestors that developed their filtering mechanism to capture small prey like plankton. In additi... | Megamouth shark | Wikipedia | 503 | 318020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamouth%20shark | Biology and health sciences | Sharks | Animals |
As their name implies, megamouths have a large mouth with small teeth, and a broad, rounded snout, causing observers to occasionally mistake the megamouth for a young orca. The protruding inside of the upper lip is a brilliant silvery-white, which is very visible when the mouth is open. This lip was initially thought t... | Megamouth shark | Wikipedia | 494 | 318020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamouth%20shark | Biology and health sciences | Sharks | Animals |
The Lamniformes (, from Greek lamna "fish of prey") are an order of sharks commonly known as mackerel sharks (which may also refer specifically to the family Lamnidae). It includes some of the most familiar species of sharks, such as the great white as well as less familiar ones, such as the goblin shark and megamouth... | Lamniformes | Wikipedia | 508 | 318037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamniformes | Biology and health sciences | Sharks | Animals |
Genus †Scindocorax
Genus †Nanocorax
Genus †Ptychocorax
Family †Aquilolamnidae Vullo et al., 2021? (eagle sharks) (extinct, Late Cretaceous period)
Genus †Aquilolamna Vullo et al., 2021
†Aquilolamna milarcae Vullo et al., 2021
Family Cetorhinidae Gill, 1862
Genus Cetorhinus Blainville, 1816
Cetorhinus maximus (Gunn... | Lamniformes | Wikipedia | 505 | 318037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamniformes | Biology and health sciences | Sharks | Animals |
†Otodus angustidens (Agassiz, 1843)
†Otodus chubutensis (Agassiz, 1843)
†Otodus megalodon (Agassiz, 1843) (megalodon)
†Otodus auriculatus (Jordan, 1923)
†Otodus sokolovi (Zhelezko and Kozlov, 1999)
†Otodus poseidoni (Zhelezko and Kozlov, 1999)
†Otodus minor (Giebel, 1943)
†Otodus hastalis (Lawley, 876)
†Otodus ... | Lamniformes | Wikipedia | 511 | 318037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamniformes | Biology and health sciences | Sharks | Animals |
Genus †Dwardius Siverson, 1999
Genus †Parotodus? Cappetta, 1980
Family †Cretoxyrhinidae (extinct, Late Cretaceous period)
Genus †Cretoxyrhina Agassiz, 1843
†Cretoxyrhina vraconensis Zhelezko, 2000
†Cretoxyrhina denticulata Glückman, 1957
†Cretoxyrhina agassizensis Underwood and Cumbaa, 2010
†Cretoxyrhina mant... | Lamniformes | Wikipedia | 149 | 318037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamniformes | Biology and health sciences | Sharks | Animals |
Phylogeny
Below is a cladogram showing relationships within Lamniformes. The topology of extant families is based on Vella & Vella (2020) and the placements of Cretoxyrhinidae and Otodontidae are based on Ferrón (2017), Cooper (2020), and Greenfield (2022).
Sustainable consumption
In 2010, Greenpeace International ad... | Lamniformes | Wikipedia | 101 | 318037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamniformes | Biology and health sciences | Sharks | Animals |
In chemistry, the law of mass action is the proposition that the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the activities or concentrations of the reactants. It explains and predicts behaviors of solutions in dynamic equilibrium. Specifically, it implies that for a chemical reaction mixture... | Law of mass action | Wikipedia | 445 | 318051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20mass%20action | Physical sciences | Kinetics | Chemistry |
The equilibrium state (composition)
In their first paper, Guldberg and Waage suggested that in a reaction such as
A + B <=> A' + B'
the "chemical affinity" or "reaction force" between A and B did not just depend on the chemical nature of the reactants, as had previously been supposed, but also depended on the amount... | Law of mass action | Wikipedia | 427 | 318051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20mass%20action | Physical sciences | Kinetics | Chemistry |
1867
The rate expressions given in Guldberg and Waage's 1864 paper could not be differentiated, so they were simplified as follows. The chemical force was assumed to be directly proportional to the product of the active masses of the reactants.
This is equivalent to setting the exponents a and b of the earlier theor... | Law of mass action | Wikipedia | 403 | 318051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20mass%20action | Physical sciences | Kinetics | Chemistry |
Modern statement of the law
The affinity constants, k+ and k−, of the 1879 paper can now be recognised as rate constants. The equilibrium constant, K, was derived by setting the rates of forward and backward reactions to be equal. This also meant that the chemical affinities for the forward and backward reactions are e... | Law of mass action | Wikipedia | 413 | 318051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20mass%20action | Physical sciences | Kinetics | Chemistry |
In biochemistry, there has been significant interest in the appropriate mathematical model for chemical reactions occurring in the intracellular medium. This is in contrast to the initial work done on chemical kinetics, which was in simplified systems where reactants were in a relatively dilute, pH-buffered, aqueous s... | Law of mass action | Wikipedia | 486 | 318051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20mass%20action | Physical sciences | Kinetics | Chemistry |
The Lotka–Volterra equations describe dynamics of the predator-prey systems. The rate of predation upon the prey is assumed to be proportional to the rate at which the predators and the prey meet; this rate is evaluated as xy, where x is the number of prey, y is the number of predator. This is a typical example of the ... | Law of mass action | Wikipedia | 370 | 318051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20mass%20action | Physical sciences | Kinetics | Chemistry |
The goblin shark (Mitsukurina owstoni) is a rare species of deep-sea shark. Sometimes called a "living fossil", it is the only extant representative of the family Mitsukurinidae, a lineage some 125 million years old. This pink-skinned animal has a distinctive profile with an elongated, flat snout, and highly protrusibl... | Goblin shark | Wikipedia | 479 | 318069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin%20shark | Biology and health sciences | Sharks | Animals |
Soon after Jordan's description was published, several scientists noted the similarity between Mitsukurina and the extinct Mesozoic shark Scapanorhynchus. For a time, the prevailing opinion was to treat Mitsukurina as a junior synonym of Scapanorhynchus. Eventually, more complete fossils revealed many anatomical differ... | Goblin shark | Wikipedia | 356 | 318069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin%20shark | Biology and health sciences | Sharks | Animals |
The goblin shark has a distinctively long and flat snout, resembling a blade. The proportional length of the snout decreases with age. The eyes are small and lack protective nictitating membranes; behind the eyes are spiracles. The large mouth is parabolic in shape. The jaws are very protrusible and can be extended alm... | Goblin shark | Wikipedia | 243 | 318069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin%20shark | Biology and health sciences | Sharks | Animals |
The body is fairly slender and flabby. The two dorsal fins are similar in size and shape, both being small and rounded. The pectoral fins are also rather small and rounded. The pelvic and anal fins have long bases and are larger than the dorsal fins. The caudal peduncle is flattened from side-to-side and lacks keels or... | Goblin shark | Wikipedia | 320 | 318069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin%20shark | Biology and health sciences | Sharks | Animals |
Distribution and habitat
The goblin shark has been caught in all three major oceans, indicating a wide global distribution. In the Atlantic Ocean, it has been recorded from the northern Gulf of Mexico, Suriname, French Guiana, and southern Brazil in the west, and France, Portugal, Madeira, and Senegal in the east. It h... | Goblin shark | Wikipedia | 447 | 318069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin%20shark | Biology and health sciences | Sharks | Animals |
Biology and ecology
Although observations of living goblin sharks are scant, its anatomy suggests its lifestyle is inactive and sluggish. Its skeleton is reduced and poorly calcified, the muscle blocks along its sides (myomeres) are weakly developed, and its fins are soft and small. Its long caudal fin, held at a low a... | Goblin shark | Wikipedia | 389 | 318069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin%20shark | Biology and health sciences | Sharks | Animals |
Since it is not a fast swimmer, the goblin shark may be an ambush predator. Its low-density flesh and large oily liver make it neutrally buoyant, allowing it to drift towards its prey with minimal motions so as to avoid detection. Once prey comes into range, the shark's specialized jaws can snap forward to capture it. ... | Goblin shark | Wikipedia | 401 | 318069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin%20shark | Biology and health sciences | Sharks | Animals |
Growth and reproduction
The reproductive behaviors of the goblin shark are poorly understood. Mating has never been observed between two goblin sharks, and a pregnant female has yet to be captured. It likely shares the reproductive characteristics of other mackerel sharks, which are viviparous with small litter sizes a... | Goblin shark | Wikipedia | 148 | 318069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin%20shark | Biology and health sciences | Sharks | Animals |
Human interactions
Given the depths at which it lives, the goblin shark poses little danger to humans. The first known findings pertaining to the goblin shark were published in 1910. "The new shark is certainly grotesque, [...] the most remarkable feature is the curiously elongated nose." A few specimens have been coll... | Goblin shark | Wikipedia | 400 | 318069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin%20shark | Biology and health sciences | Sharks | Animals |
The Giraffidae are a family of ruminant artiodactyl mammals that share a recent common ancestor with deer and bovids. This family, once a diverse group spread throughout Eurasia and Africa, presently comprises only two extant genera, the giraffe (between one and eight, usually four, species of Giraffa, depending on tax... | Giraffidae | Wikipedia | 352 | 318200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffidae | Biology and health sciences | Giraffidae | Animals |
The fossil record of giraffids and their stem-relatives is quite intensive, with fossil of these taxa include Gelocidae, Palaeomerycidae, Prolibytheridae, and Climacoceratidae. It is thought that the palaeomerycids, prolibytherids, climacoceratids and the giraffids all form a clade of pecorans known as Giraffomorpha. T... | Giraffidae | Wikipedia | 346 | 318200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffidae | Biology and health sciences | Giraffidae | Animals |
Family Giraffidae J.E.Gray, 1821
Basal extinct giraffids
†Csakvarotherium Kretzoi, 1930
†Csakvarotherium hungaricum Kretzoi, 1930
†Injanatherium Heintz, Brunet & Sen, 1981
†Injanatherium arabicum Morales, Soria & Thomas, 1987
†Injanatherium hazimi Heintz, Brunet & Sen, 1981
†Propalaeomeryx Lydekker, 1883 [Progir... | Giraffidae | Wikipedia | 497 | 318200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffidae | Biology and health sciences | Giraffidae | Animals |
Giraffa tippelskirchii Matschie, 1898 – Masai giraffe
Giraffa reticulata de Winton, 1899 – Reticulated giraffe
Giraffa camelopardalis complex (Linnaeus, 1758)
Giraffa peralta Thomas, 1898 – West African giraffe
Giraffa antiquorum Jardine & Swainson, 1835 – Kordofan giraffe
Giraffa camelopardalis (Linnaeus, 1758) –... | Giraffidae | Wikipedia | 481 | 318200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffidae | Biology and health sciences | Giraffidae | Animals |
†Giraffokeryx primaevus (Churcher, 1970) [Palaeotragus primaevus Churcher, 1970; Samotherium africanum Churcher, 1970 and Amotherium africanum [sic]]
†Giraffokeryx punjabiensis Pilgrim, 1910
†Mitilanotherium
†Mitilanotherium inexpectatum
†Palaeogiraffa Bonis & Bouvrain, 2003
†Palaeogiraffa macedoniae (Geraads, 198... | Giraffidae | Wikipedia | 493 | 318200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffidae | Biology and health sciences | Giraffidae | Animals |
†Praepalaeotragus actaensis Godina, Vislobokova & Abdrachmanova, 1993
†Samotherium Forsyth Major, 1888 [Alcicephalus Rodler & Weithofer, 1890; Chersenotherium Alexajew, 1916 and Amotherium [sic]]
†Samotherium boissieri Forsyth Major, 1888
†Samotherium eminens (Alexajew, 1916) [Chersenotherium eminens Alexajew, 1916]... | Giraffidae | Wikipedia | 511 | 318200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffidae | Biology and health sciences | Giraffidae | Animals |
†Helladotherium Gaudry, 1860
†Helladotherium duvernoyi (Gaudry & Lartet, 1856) [Camelopardalis duvernoyi Gaudry & Lartet, 1856]
†Sivatherium Falconer & Cautley, 1836 [Griquatherium Haughton, 1922; Indratherium Pilgrim, 1910; Libytherium Pomel, 1892 and Orangiatherium van Hoepen, 1932]
†Sivatherium giganteum Falconer... | Giraffidae | Wikipedia | 253 | 318200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffidae | Biology and health sciences | Giraffidae | Animals |
Characteristics
The giraffe stands tall, with males taller than females. The giraffe and the okapi have characteristic long necks and long legs. Ossicones are present on males and females in the giraffe, but only on males in the okapi.
Giraffids share many common features with other ruminants. They have cloven hoove... | Giraffidae | Wikipedia | 402 | 318200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffidae | Biology and health sciences | Giraffidae | Animals |
Behavior
The social structure and behavior is markedly different in okapis and giraffes, but although little is known of the okapi's behavior in the wild, a few things are known to be present in both species:
They have an ambling gait similar to camels, with their weight supported alternately by their left and right l... | Giraffidae | Wikipedia | 348 | 318200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffidae | Biology and health sciences | Giraffidae | Animals |
The African penguin (Spheniscus demersus), also known as Cape penguin or South African penguin, is a species of penguin confined to southern African waters. It is the only penguin found in the Old World. Like all penguins, it is flightless, with a streamlined body and wings stiffened and flattened into flippers for a m... | African penguin | Wikipedia | 482 | 318215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20penguin | Biology and health sciences | Sphenisciformes | Animals |
Banded penguins are found mainly in the Southern Hemisphere with the Humboldt penguin and Magellanic penguins found in southern South America and the Galápagos penguin found in the Pacific Ocean near the equator. All are similar in shape, colour and behaviour.
Description
African penguins grow to tall and weigh betw... | African penguin | Wikipedia | 437 | 318215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20penguin | Biology and health sciences | Sphenisciformes | Animals |
Two colonies were established by penguins in the 1980s on the mainland near Cape Town, namely Boulders Beach near Simon's Town and Stony Point in Betty's Bay. Mainland colonies likely became possible only in recent times due to the reduction of predator numbers, although the Betty's Bay colony has been attacked by leop... | African penguin | Wikipedia | 426 | 318215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20penguin | Biology and health sciences | Sphenisciformes | Animals |
Diet
African penguins forage in the open sea, where they feed on pelagic fish such as sardines (including the blue pilchard), Cape horse mackerels, red-eye round herrings and anchovies (specifically the European anchovy and the Southern African anchovy) and marine invertebrates such as squids and small crustaceans, pri... | African penguin | Wikipedia | 498 | 318215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20penguin | Biology and health sciences | Sphenisciformes | Animals |
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