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When penguins moult, they are unable to forage in the sea as their new feathers are not yet waterproof; therefore, they fast over the entire moulting period. African penguins typically take around three weeks to moult and lose about half of their body weight by burning up their fat reserves in the process.
African pen... | African penguin | Wikipedia | 488 | 318215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20penguin | Biology and health sciences | Sphenisciformes | Animals |
Historical exploitation
African penguin eggs were considered a delicacy and were still being eaten and collected for sale as recently as the 1970s. In the 1950s, they were being collected from Dassen Island and sold in nearby towns. In 1953, 12,000 eggs were collected. In the late 1950s, some French chefs expressed int... | African penguin | Wikipedia | 472 | 318215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20penguin | Biology and health sciences | Sphenisciformes | Animals |
In 1979, an oil spill prompted the collection and treatment of 150 African penguins from St. Croix Island near Port Elizabeth. The animals were later released at Robben Island and four of them promptly swam back to St. Croix Island, surprising scientists.
In 1983, the exposure of penguins of Dassen Island to the oil s... | African penguin | Wikipedia | 480 | 318215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20penguin | Biology and health sciences | Sphenisciformes | Animals |
Bringing the birds inland led to the exposure of penguins to parasites and disease vectors such as mosquitoes carrying avian malaria, which has caused 27% of the rehabilitated penguin deaths annually.
2016 & 2019 Port of Ngqura
Small-scale oil spills (of less than ) have occurred at the Port of Ngqura since bunkering... | African penguin | Wikipedia | 437 | 318215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20penguin | Biology and health sciences | Sphenisciformes | Animals |
Established in 1968, SANCCOB is currently the only organisation mandated by the South African government to respond to crises involving seabirds along South Africa's coastline and is internationally recognised for the role it played during the MV Treasure oil spill. A modelling exercise conducted in 2003 by the Univers... | African penguin | Wikipedia | 335 | 318215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20penguin | Biology and health sciences | Sphenisciformes | Animals |
The Pont Neuf (, "New Bridge") is the oldest standing bridge across the river Seine in Paris, France. It stands by the western (downstream) point of the Île de la Cité, the island in the middle of the river that was, between 250 and 225 BCE, the birthplace of Paris, then known as Lutetia and, during the medieval period... | Pont Neuf | Wikipedia | 454 | 318262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont%20Neuf | Technology | Bridges | null |
In February 1578, the decision to build the bridge was made by Henry III who laid its first stone in on 31 May 1578, the same year when the foundations of four piers and one abutment were completed. Pierre des Isles, one of the builders, convinced the supervisory commission that the bridge, which was originally planned... | Pont Neuf | Wikipedia | 427 | 318262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont%20Neuf | Technology | Bridges | null |
Pont Neuf was for a long time the widest bridge in Paris. It has undergone much repair and renovation work, including rebuilding of seven spans in the long arm and lowering of the roadway by changing the arches from an almost semi-circular to elliptical form (1848–1855), lowering of sidewalks and faces of the piers, sp... | Pont Neuf | Wikipedia | 419 | 318262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont%20Neuf | Technology | Bridges | null |
At the point where the bridge crosses the Île de la Cité, there stands a bronze equestrian statue of king Henry IV, originally commissioned from Giambologna under the orders of Marie de Médicis, Henri's widow and Regent of France. After his death, Giambologna's assistant Pietro Tacca completed the statue, which was ere... | Pont Neuf | Wikipedia | 503 | 318262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont%20Neuf | Technology | Bridges | null |
In 1862, Édouard Fournier traced its history in his lively two-volume Histoire du Pont-Neuf. He describes how, even before it was completed (in 1607), gangs hid out in and around it, robbing and murdering people. It remained a dangerous place even as it became busier. For a long time, the bridge even had its own gallow... | Pont Neuf | Wikipedia | 411 | 318262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont%20Neuf | Technology | Bridges | null |
In the seventeenth century, that bridge of memories, the old Pont Neuf of Paris, was the rendezvous of quacksalvers and mountebanks. Booths for the sale of various articles lined the sides of the bridge. People flocked there to see the sights, laugh, chat, make love and enjoy life as only Parisians can. Students and gr... | Pont Neuf | Wikipedia | 445 | 318262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont%20Neuf | Technology | Bridges | null |
Along with all the rich silverwork and tapestries placed on it, some local silversmiths ordered paintings for these. This led to art dealers being asked to participate and, ultimately, to the newest talents being shown at the Petite Fête-Dieu (the Small Corpus Christi), a reduced version of the Corpus Christi holiday w... | Pont Neuf | Wikipedia | 467 | 318262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont%20Neuf | Technology | Bridges | null |
In 1838, Louis Daguerre produced his famous daguerreotype portrait of the View of the Boulevard du Temple, widely considered the first photograph where a human can be seen. However, between 1836 and 1837, Daguerre made several tests, in order to experiment with and perfect the new technique in an outdoor environment.
... | Pont Neuf | Wikipedia | 161 | 318262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont%20Neuf | Technology | Bridges | null |
Moschidae is a family of pecoran even-toed ungulates, containing the musk deer (Moschus) and its extinct relatives. They are characterized by long "saber teeth" instead of horns, antlers or ossicones, modest size (Moschus only reaches ; other taxa were even smaller) and a lack of facial glands. While various Oligocene ... | Moschidae | Wikipedia | 364 | 318265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moschidae | Biology and health sciences | Other artiodactyla | Animals |
Musk deer can refer to any one, or all eight, of the species that make up Moschus, the only extant genus of the family Moschidae. Despite being commonly called deer, they are not true deer belonging to the family Cervidae, but rather their family is closely related to Bovidae, the group that contains antelopes, bovines... | Musk deer | Wikipedia | 446 | 318270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Other artiodactyla | Animals |
Males leave their territories during the rutting season and compete for mates, using their tusks as weapons. In order to indicate their area, musk deer build latrines. These locations can be used to identify the musk deer's existence, number, and preferred habitat in the wild. Female musk deer give birth to a single fa... | Musk deer | Wikipedia | 346 | 318270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Other artiodactyla | Animals |
Habitat
The musk deer species is generally solitary and lives in the higher regions of mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas. The varying species' habitats include different atmospheres and necessary resources for their survival, while including similar universal resources. Musk deer population has been declining rec... | Musk deer | Wikipedia | 428 | 318270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Other artiodactyla | Animals |
Chevrotains, or mouse-deer, are diminutive, even-toed ungulates that make up the family Tragulidae, and are the only living members of the infraorder Tragulina. The 10 extant species are placed in three genera, but several species also are known only from fossils. The extant species are found in forests in South and So... | Chevrotain | Wikipedia | 412 | 318319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrotain | Biology and health sciences | Other artiodactyla | Animals |
The Telugu name for the Indian spotted chevrotain is jarini pandi, which literally means "a deer and a pig". In Kannada, it is called barka (ಬರ್ಕ), in Malayalam, it is called kūramān, and the Konkani name for it is barinka. The Tamil term is sarukumāṉ "leaf-pile deer". The Sinhala name roughly translates to "mouse-l... | Chevrotain | Wikipedia | 429 | 318319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrotain | Biology and health sciences | Other artiodactyla | Animals |
They are solitary or live in pairs. The young are weaned at three months of age, and reach sexual maturity between 5 and 10 months, depending on species. Parental care is relatively limited. Although they lack the types of scent glands found in most other ruminants, they do possess a chin gland for marking each other a... | Chevrotain | Wikipedia | 459 | 318319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrotain | Biology and health sciences | Other artiodactyla | Animals |
Genus Dorcatherium
Dorcatherium minus from Pakistan
Dorcatherium majus from Pakistan
Dorcatherium naui, from Central Europe
Genus Dorcabune
Dorcabune anthracotherioides from Pakistan
Dorcabune nagrii from Pakistan
Genus Afrotragulus Sánchez, Quiralte, Morales and Pickford, 2010
Afrotragulus moruorotensis (previously ... | Chevrotain | Wikipedia | 436 | 318319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrotain | Biology and health sciences | Other artiodactyla | Animals |
A crane is a machine used to move materials both vertically and horizontally, utilizing a system of a boom, hoist, wire ropes or chains, and sheaves for lifting and relocating heavy objects within the swing of its boom. The device uses one or more simple machines, such as the lever and pulley, to create mechanical adva... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 501 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
Ancient Near East
The first type of crane machine was the shadouf, which had a lever mechanism and was used to lift water for irrigation. It was invented in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) circa 3000 BC. The shadouf subsequently appeared in ancient Egyptian technology circa 2000 BC.
Ancient Greece
A crane for lifting heav... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 484 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
The heyday of the crane in ancient times came during the Roman Empire, when construction activity soared and buildings reached enormous dimensions. The Romans adopted the Greek crane and developed it further. There is much available information about their lifting techniques, thanks to rather lengthy accounts by the en... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 391 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
However, numerous extant Roman buildings which feature much heavier stone blocks than those handled by the polyspastos indicate that the overall lifting capability of the Romans went far beyond that of any single crane. At the temple of Jupiter at Baalbek, for instance, the architrave blocks weigh up to 60 tons each, a... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 399 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
Middle Ages
During the High Middle Ages, the treadwheel crane was reintroduced on a large scale after the technology had fallen into disuse in western Europe with the demise of the Western Roman Empire. The earliest reference to a treadwheel (magna rota) reappears in archival literature in France about 1225, followed b... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 464 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
Structure and placement
The medieval treadwheel was a large wooden wheel turning around a central shaft with a treadway wide enough for two workers walking side by side. While the earlier 'compass-arm' wheel had spokes directly driven into the central shaft, the more advanced "clasp-arm" type featured arms arranged as ... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 502 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
It is noteworthy that medieval cranes rarely featured ratchets or brakes to forestall the load from running backward. This curious absence is explained by the high friction force exercised by medieval tread-wheels which normally prevented the wheel from accelerating beyond control.
Harbour usage
According to the "pre... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 392 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
A sheer hulk (or shear hulk) was used in shipbuilding and repair as a floating crane in the days of sailing ships, primarily to place the lower masts of a ship under construction or repair. Booms known as sheers were attached to the base of a hulk's lower masts or beam, supported from the top of those masts. Blocks an... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 451 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
In 1845 a scheme was set in motion to provide piped water from distant reservoirs to the households of Newcastle. Armstrong was involved in this scheme and he proposed to Newcastle Corporation that the excess water pressure in the lower part of town could be used to power one of his hydraulic cranes for the loading of ... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 456 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
Stability
For stability, the sum of all moments about the base of the crane must be close to zero so that the crane does not overturn. In practice, the magnitude of load that is permitted to be lifted (called the "rated load" in the US) is some value less than the load that will cause the crane to tip, thus providing a... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 501 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
In offshore lifting, where the crane and/or lifted object are on a floating vessel, the DLF is higher compared to onshore lifts because of the additional movement caused by wave action. This motion introduces additional acceleration forces and necessitates increased hoisting and lowering speeds to minimize the risk of ... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 499 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
Construction
Truck-mounted
Loader
Telescopic
Rough terrain
All terrain
Crawler
Pick and carry
Carry deck
Telescopic handler
Block setting
Tower
Climbing crane
Cargo Handling
Reach stacker
Sidelifter
Straddle carrier
Industrial
Ring
Hammerhead
Level luffing
Overhead
Gantry
Jib
Bulk handling
St... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 378 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
Generally, these cranes are able to travel on highways, eliminating the need for special equipment to transport the crane unless weight or other size constrictions are in place such as local laws. If this is the case, most larger cranes are equipped with either special trailers to help spread the load over more axles o... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 503 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
In the United Kingdom and Canada, this type of crane is often known colloquially as a "Hiab", partly because this manufacturer invented the loader crane and was first into the UK market, and partly because the distinctive name was displayed prominently on the boom arm.
A rolloader crane is a loader crane mounted on a ... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 471 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
Crawler
Main article: Lattice boom crawler crane
A crawler crane has its boom mounted on an undercarriage fitted with a set of crawler tracks that provide both stability and mobility. Crawler cranes range in lifting capacity from about as seen from the XGC88000 crawler crane.
The main advantage of a crawler crane is... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 455 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
Carry deck
A carry deck crane is a small 4 wheel crane with a 360-degree rotating boom placed right in the centre and an operators cab located at one end under this boom. The rear section houses the engine and the area above the wheels is a flat deck. Very much an American invention the Carry deck can hoist a load in ... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 382 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
Tower
Tower cranes are a modern form of balance crane that consist of the same basic parts. Fixed to the ground on a concrete slab (and sometimes attached to the sides of structures), tower cranes often give the best combination of height and lifting capacity and are used in the construction of tall buildings. The bas... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 471 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
Components
Tower cranes are used extensively in construction and other industry to hoist and move materials. There are many types of tower cranes. Although they are different in type, the main parts are the same, as follows:
Mast: the main supporting tower of the crane. It is made of steel trussed sections that are c... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 469 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
Operation
Each model and distinctive style of tower crane has a predetermined lifting chart that can be applied to any radii available, depending on its configuration. Similar to a mobile crane, a tower crane may lift an object of far greater mass closer to its center of rotation than at its maximum radius. An operato... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 512 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
Cargo Handling
Rubber tyred gantry crane
Reach stacker
A reach stacker is a vehicle used for handling intermodal cargo containers in small terminals or medium-sized ports. Reach stackers are able to transport a container short distances very quickly and pile them in various rows depending on its access.
Sidelifter... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 440 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
The design of Hammerkran evolved first in Germany around the turn of the 19th century and was adopted and developed for use in British shipyards to support the battleship construction program from 1904 to 1914. The ability of the hammerhead crane to lift heavy weights was useful for installing large pieces of battleshi... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 493 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
The most common overhead crane use is in the steel industry. At every step of the manufacturing process, until it leaves a factory as a finished product, steel is handled by an overhead crane. Raw materials are poured into a furnace by crane, hot steel is stored for cooling by an overhead crane, the finished coils are ... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 418 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
A jib crane is a type of crane - not to be confused with a crane rigged with a jib to extend its main boom - where a horizontal member (jib or boom), supporting a moveable hoist, is fixed to a wall or to a floor-mounted pillar. Jib cranes are used in industrial premises and on military vehicles. The jib may swing throu... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 456 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
Deck cranes, also known as shipboard or cargo cranes, are located on ships and boats, used for cargo operations where no shore unloading facilities are available, raising and lowering loads (such as shellfish dredges and fish nets) into the water, and small boat unloading and retrieval. Most are diesel-hydraulic or ele... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 460 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
Special examples
Finnieston Crane, a.k.a. the Stobcross Crane
Category A-listed example of a "hammerhead" (cantilever) crane in Glasgow's former docks, built by the William Arrol company.
tall, capacity, built 1926
Taisun
double bridge crane at Yantai, China.
capacity, World Record Holder
tall, span, lift-h... | Crane (machine) | Wikipedia | 319 | 318378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29 | Technology | Basics_8 | null |
A foxhound is a type of large hunting hound bred for strong hunting instincts, a keen sense of smell, and their barking, energy, drive, and speed. In fox hunting, the foxhound's namesake, packs of foxhounds track quarry, followed—usually on horseback—by the hunters, sometimes for several miles at a stretch; moreover, f... | Foxhound | Wikipedia | 459 | 318563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxhound | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
Respiratory disease in foxhounds
A kennel of working, hunting English Foxhounds in the south of England, had an outbreak of tuberculosis (TB) that impacted 180 dogs in late 2016 and early 2017. The kennel housed Foxhound puppies to adults, up to 8 years old. The Foxhounds work among six counties and some of the six c... | Foxhound | Wikipedia | 455 | 318563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxhound | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
The Cavendish experiment, performed in 1797–1798 by English scientist Henry Cavendish, was the first experiment to measure the force of gravity between masses in the laboratory and the first to yield accurate values for the gravitational constant. Because of the unit conventions then in use, the gravitational constant ... | Cavendish experiment | Wikipedia | 503 | 318577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish%20experiment | Physical sciences | Classical mechanics | Physics |
To find the wire's torsion coefficient, the torque exerted by the wire for a given angle of twist, Cavendish timed the natural oscillation period of the balance rod as it rotated slowly clockwise and counterclockwise against the twisting of the wire. For the first 3 experiments the period was about 15 minutes and for t... | Cavendish experiment | Wikipedia | 491 | 318577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish%20experiment | Physical sciences | Classical mechanics | Physics |
Reformulation of Cavendish's result to G
The formulation of Newtonian gravity in terms of a gravitational constant did not become standard until long after Cavendish's time. Indeed, one of the first references to G is in 1873, 75 years after Cavendish's work.
Cavendish expressed his result in terms of the density of ... | Cavendish experiment | Wikipedia | 498 | 318577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish%20experiment | Physical sciences | Classical mechanics | Physics |
To find the torsion coefficient () of the wire, Cavendish measured the natural resonant oscillation period T of the torsion balance:
Assuming the mass of the torsion beam itself is negligible, the moment of inertia of the balance is just due to the small balls. Treating them as point masses, each at L/2 from the axis,... | Cavendish experiment | Wikipedia | 142 | 318577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish%20experiment | Physical sciences | Classical mechanics | Physics |
Schizosaccharomyces pombe, also called "fission yeast", is a species of yeast used in traditional brewing and as a model organism in molecular and cell biology. It is a unicellular eukaryote, whose cells are rod-shaped. Cells typically measure 3 to 4 micrometres in diameter and 7 to 14 micrometres in length. Its genome... | Schizosaccharomyces pombe | Wikipedia | 418 | 318669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces%20pombe | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
Approximately 160 natural strains of S. pombe have been isolated. These have been collected from a variety of locations including Europe, North and South America, and Asia. The majority of these strains have been collected from cultivated fruits such as apples and grapes, or from the various alcoholic beverages, such a... | Schizosaccharomyces pombe | Wikipedia | 444 | 318669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces%20pombe | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
Ecology
The fission yeast S. pombe belongs to the division Ascomycota, which represents the largest and most diverse group of fungi. Free-living ascomycetes are commonly found in tree exudates, on plant roots and in surrounding soil, on ripe and rotting fruits, and in association with insect vectors that transport the... | Schizosaccharomyces pombe | Wikipedia | 348 | 318669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces%20pombe | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
S. cerevisiae has approximately 5,600 open reading frames; S. pombe has approximately 5,070 open reading frames.
Despite similar gene numbers, S. cerevisiae has only about 250 introns, while S. pombe has nearly 5,000.
S. cerevisiae has 16 chromosomes, S. pombe has 3.
S. cerevisiae is often diploid while S. pombe is ... | Schizosaccharomyces pombe | Wikipedia | 504 | 318669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces%20pombe | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
The central events of cell reproduction are chromosome duplication, which takes place in S (Synthetic) phase, followed by chromosome segregation and nuclear division (mitosis) and cell division (cytokinesis), which are collectively called M (Mitotic) phase. G1 is the gap between M and S phases, and G2 is the gap betwee... | Schizosaccharomyces pombe | Wikipedia | 472 | 318669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces%20pombe | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
A spatial gradient is thought to coordinate cell size and mitotic entry in fission yeast.
The Pom1 protein kinase (green) is localized to the cell cortex, with the highest concentration at the cell tips. The cell-cycle regulators Cdr2, Cdr1 and Wee1 are present in cortical nodes in the middle of the cell (blue and red ... | Schizosaccharomyces pombe | Wikipedia | 410 | 318669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces%20pombe | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
Responses to DNA damage
Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a facultative sexual microorganism that can undergo mating when nutrients are limiting. Exposure of S. pombe to hydrogen peroxide, an agent that causes oxidative stress leading to oxidative DNA damage, strongly induces mating and formation of meiotic spores. This f... | Schizosaccharomyces pombe | Wikipedia | 268 | 318669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces%20pombe | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
Fission yeast has become a notable model system to study basic principles of a cell that can be used to understand more complex organisms like mammals and in particular humans. This single cell eukaryote is nonpathogenic and easily grown and manipulated in the lab. Fission yeast contains one of the smallest numbers of ... | Schizosaccharomyces pombe | Wikipedia | 473 | 318669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces%20pombe | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
Forty-three percent of the genes in the Genome Project were found to contain introns in 4,739 genes. Fission yeast does not have as many duplicated genes compared to budding yeast, only containing 5%, making fission yeast a great model genome to observe and gives researchers the ability to create more functional resear... | Schizosaccharomyces pombe | Wikipedia | 505 | 318669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces%20pombe | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
DNA replication in yeast has been increasingly studied by many researchers. Further understanding of DNA replication, gene expression, and conserved mechanisms in yeast can provide researchers with information on how these systems operate in mammalian cells in general and human cells in particular. Other stages, such a... | Schizosaccharomyces pombe | Wikipedia | 456 | 318669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces%20pombe | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
Researchers using fission yeast as a model system also look at organelle dynamics and responses and the possible correlations between yeast cells and mammalian cells. Mitochondria diseases, and various organelle systems such as the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum, can be further understood, by observing fissi... | Schizosaccharomyces pombe | Wikipedia | 480 | 318669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces%20pombe | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
Virtually any genetics experiment or technique can, therefore, be applied to this model system such as: tetrad dissection, mutagens analysis, transformations, and microscopy techniques such as FRAP and FRET. New models, such as Tug-Of-War (gTOW), are also being used to analyze yeast robustness and observe gene expressi... | Schizosaccharomyces pombe | Wikipedia | 105 | 318669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces%20pombe | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
The embryophytes () are a clade of plants, also known as Embryophyta () or land plants. They are the most familiar group of photoautotrophs that make up the vegetation on Earth's dry lands and wetlands. Embryophytes have a common ancestor with green algae, having emerged within the Phragmoplastophyta clade of freshwate... | Embryophyte | Wikipedia | 480 | 318779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryophyte | Biology and health sciences | Embryophytes (Land plants) except vascular plants | Plants |
On a microscopic level, the cells of charophytes are broadly similar to those of chlorophyte green algae, but differ in that in cell division the daughter nuclei are separated by a phragmoplast. They are eukaryotic, with a cell wall composed of cellulose and plastids surrounded by two membranes. The latter include chlo... | Embryophyte | Wikipedia | 454 | 318779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryophyte | Biology and health sciences | Embryophytes (Land plants) except vascular plants | Plants |
Embryophytes also differ from algae by having metamers. Metamers are repeated units of development, in which each unit derives from a single cell, but the resulting product tissue or part is largely the same for each cell. The whole organism is thus constructed from similar, repeating parts or metamers. Accordingly, th... | Embryophyte | Wikipedia | 468 | 318779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryophyte | Biology and health sciences | Embryophytes (Land plants) except vascular plants | Plants |
An updated phylogeny of Embryophytes based on the work by Novíkov & Barabaš-Krasni 2015 and Hao and Xue 2013 with plant taxon authors from Anderson, Anderson & Cleal 2007 and some additional clade names. Puttick et al./Nishiyama et al. are used for the basal clades.
Diversity
Non-vascular land plants
The non-vascul... | Embryophyte | Wikipedia | 433 | 318779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryophyte | Biology and health sciences | Embryophytes (Land plants) except vascular plants | Plants |
Like the vascular plants, they have differentiated stems, and although these are most often no more than a few centimeters tall, they provide mechanical support. Most have leaves, although these typically are one cell thick and lack veins. They lack true roots or any deep anchoring structures. Some species grow a filam... | Embryophyte | Wikipedia | 409 | 318779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryophyte | Biology and health sciences | Embryophytes (Land plants) except vascular plants | Plants |
All the vascular plants which disperse through spores were once thought to be related (and were often grouped as 'ferns and allies'). However, recent research suggests that leaves evolved quite separately in two different lineages. The lycophytes or lycopodiophytes – modern clubmosses, spikemosses and quillworts – make... | Embryophyte | Wikipedia | 479 | 318779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryophyte | Biology and health sciences | Embryophytes (Land plants) except vascular plants | Plants |
Seed plants, which first appeared in the fossil record towards the end of the Paleozoic era, reproduce using desiccation-resistant capsules called seeds. Starting from a plant which disperses by spores, highly complex changes are needed to produce seeds. The sporophyte has two kinds of spore-forming organs or sporangia... | Embryophyte | Wikipedia | 460 | 318779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryophyte | Biology and health sciences | Embryophytes (Land plants) except vascular plants | Plants |
Iceland spar, formerly called Iceland crystal ( , ) and also called optical calcite, is a transparent variety of calcite, or crystallized calcium carbonate, originally brought from Iceland, and used in demonstrating the polarization of light.
Formation and composition
Iceland spar is a colourless, transparent variet... | Iceland spar | Wikipedia | 490 | 318869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland%20spar | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
Historical significance
Iceland spar holds historical importance in optics and the study of light. One of its most notable properties is its ability to exhibit double refraction. This phenomenon was first described by the Danish scientist Erasmus Bartholin in 1669, who observed it in a specimen of Iceland spar.
The s... | Iceland spar | Wikipedia | 475 | 318869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland%20spar | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
Environmental issues
Some potential environmental issues associated with Iceland spar mining include habitat destruction, water pollution, air pollution, soil degradation, and visual impact. Mining activities can destroy natural habitats, mainly if the mining site is located in ecologically sensitive areas, leading to... | Iceland spar | Wikipedia | 474 | 318869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland%20spar | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
While uncommon, Iceland spar has historically been used in navigation as a polarizing filter to determine the sun's direction on overcast days. It has been speculated that the sunstone (, a different mineral from the gem-quality sunstone) mentioned in medieval Icelandic texts, such as Rauðúlfs þáttr, was Iceland spar, ... | Iceland spar | Wikipedia | 469 | 318869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland%20spar | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
Geological significance
Due to Iceland spar typically forming in sedimentary environments, particularly limestone and dolomite rocks, its formation is closely tied to these carbonate rocks' deposition and diagenesis (compaction and cementation). Studying Iceland spar can provide valuable information about past environ... | Iceland spar | Wikipedia | 210 | 318869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland%20spar | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
A deodorant is a substance applied to the body to prevent or mask body odor caused by bacterial breakdown of perspiration, for example in the armpits, groin, or feet. A subclass of deodorants, called antiperspirants, prevents sweating itself, typically by blocking sweat glands. Antiperspirants are used on a wider range... | Deodorant | Wikipedia | 439 | 318895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodorant | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Human perspiration of all types is largely odorless until its organic components are fermented by bacteria that thrive in hot, humid environments. The human underarm is among the most consistently warm areas on the surface of the human body, and sweat glands readily provide moisture containing a fraction of organic mat... | Deodorant | Wikipedia | 483 | 318895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodorant | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
In 1903, the first commercial antiperspirant was Everdry. The modern formulation of the antiperspirant was patented by Jules Montenier on January 28, 1941. This patent addressed the problem of the excessive acidity of aluminum chloride and its excessive irritation of the skin, by combining it with a soluble nitrile or ... | Deodorant | Wikipedia | 449 | 318895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodorant | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Deodorant
In the United States, deodorants are classified and regulated as cosmetics by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are designed to eliminate odor. Deodorants are often alcohol-based. Alcohol initially stimulates sweating but may also temporarily kill bacteria. Other active ingredients in deodorant... | Deodorant | Wikipedia | 342 | 318895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodorant | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
In the United States, deodorants combined with antiperspirant agents are classified as drugs by the FDA. Antiperspirants attempt to stop or significantly reduce perspiration and thus reduce the moist climate in which bacteria thrive. Aluminium chloride, aluminium chlorohydrate, and aluminium-zirconium compounds, most n... | Deodorant | Wikipedia | 355 | 318895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodorant | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Aluminum salts (aluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly, and others) – used as the basis for almost all non-prescription (everyday) antiperspirants. The aluminum reacts within the sweat gland to form a colloid which physically prevents sweating.
Alum (typically potassium alum or ammonium alum,... | Deodorant | Wikipedia | 436 | 318895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodorant | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Less commonly used, products such as milk of magnesia (a thick liquid suspension of magnesium hydroxide) are sometimes used as deodorants. Many milk of magnesia products contain small amounts of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) at very low levels that are safe for ingestion and skin application. Sodium hypochlorite is a po... | Deodorant | Wikipedia | 132 | 318895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodorant | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Formats
Deodorants and antiperspirants come in many forms. What is commonly used varies in different countries. In Europe, aerosol sprays are popular, as are cream and roll-on forms. In North America, solid or gel forms are dominant.
Health effects
After using a deodorant containing zirconium, the skin may develop an... | Deodorant | Wikipedia | 440 | 318895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodorant | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
That aluminium in deodorants applied to the skin is a risk factor for some cancers (notably breast cancer) and some forms of dementia
That aluminium in antiperspirants can enter the body (possibly through shaving cuts)
That aluminium in alum "natural deodorant" products is "safer" because it is "too large" to enter t... | Deodorant | Wikipedia | 461 | 318895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodorant | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
It is possible that there has been confusion between sweat glands, and the lymph nodes deep within the armpits which form part of the immune system and help filter toxins, but if so, there is no evidence at all of such "blocking" of lymph nodes, nor any scientifically plausible route by which this could result from deo... | Deodorant | Wikipedia | 493 | 318895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodorant | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Clothing
Aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly, a common antiperspirant, can react with sweat to create yellow stains on clothing. Underarm liners are an antiperspirant alternative that does not leave stains. | Deodorant | Wikipedia | 52 | 318895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodorant | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
An endorheic basin ( ; also endoreic basin and endorreic basin) is a drainage basin that normally retains water and allows no outflow to other external bodies of water (e.g. rivers and oceans); instead, the water drainage flows into permanent and seasonal lakes and swamps that equilibrate through evaporation. Endorheic... | Endorheic basin | Wikipedia | 357 | 318980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic%20basin | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Endorheic lakes are typically located in the interior of a landmass, far from an ocean, and in areas of relatively low rainfall. Their watersheds are often confined by natural geologic land formations such as a mountain range, cutting off water egress to the ocean. The inland water flows into dry watersheds where the w... | Endorheic basin | Wikipedia | 487 | 318980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic%20basin | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Endorheic regions tend to be far inland with their boundaries defined by mountains or other geological features that block their access to oceans. Since the inflowing water can evacuate only through seepage or evaporation, dried minerals or other products collect in the basin, eventually making the water saline and als... | Endorheic basin | Wikipedia | 454 | 318980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic%20basin | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Even within exorheic basins, there can be "non-contributing", low-lying areas that trap runoff and prevent it from contributing to flows downstream during years of average or below-average runoff. In flat river basins, non-contributing areas can be a large fraction of the river basin, e.g. Lake Winnipeg's basin. A lake... | Endorheic basin | Wikipedia | 350 | 318980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic%20basin | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Chad Basin, in the northern centre of Africa. It covers an area of approximately 2.434 million km2.
Qattara Depression, in Egypt.
Chott Melrhir, in Algeria.
Chott el Djerid, in Tunisia.
The Okavango River, in the Kalahari Desert, is part of an endorheic basin region, the Okavango Basin, that also includes the Okava... | Endorheic basin | Wikipedia | 481 | 318980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic%20basin | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Much of Western and Central Asia is a giant endorheic region made up of a number of contiguous closed basins. The region contains several basins and terminal lakes, including:
The Caspian Sea, the largest lake on Earth. A large part of western Russia, drained by the Volga River, is part of the Caspian basin.
Lake Urm... | Endorheic basin | Wikipedia | 459 | 318980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic%20basin | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Lake Eyre basin, which drains into the highly variable Lake Eyre and includes Lake Frome.
Lake Torrens, usually an endorheic lake to the west of the Flinders Ranges in South Australia, that flows to the sea after extreme rainfall events.
Lake Corangamite, a highly saline crater lake in western Victoria.
Lake George,... | Endorheic basin | Wikipedia | 320 | 318980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic%20basin | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
The Great Basin is North America's largest and the world's ninth largest endorheic basin, covering nearly all of Nevada, much of Oregon and Utah, and portions of California, Idaho, and Wyoming. Notable enclosed basins include Death Valley, the hottest location on Earth; the Black Rock Desert and Bonneville Salt Flats, ... | Endorheic basin | Wikipedia | 506 | 318980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic%20basin | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Several lakes on the western Chilcotin Plateau sit on the divide between the Fraser River drainage to the east and the Homathko drainage to the west. Such examples include Choelquoit Lake, Eagle Lake, and Martin lake.
Frame Lake in Yellowknife, capital of Canada's Northwest Territories.
New Mexico has several desert... | Endorheic basin | Wikipedia | 138 | 318980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic%20basin | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Many small lakes and ponds in North Dakota and the Northern Great Plains are endorheic, and some have salt encrustations along their shores.
South America
Laguna del Carbón, in Gran Bajo de San Julián, Argentina – the lowest point in the Western and Southern hemispheres
Lake Mar Chiquita in Argentina.
The Altiplano... | Endorheic basin | Wikipedia | 385 | 318980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic%20basin | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
The Pinwheel Galaxy (also known as Messier 101, M101 or NGC 5457) is a face-on, unbarred, and counterclockwise spiral galaxy located from Earth in the constellation Ursa Major. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1781 and was communicated that year to Charles Messier, who verified its position for inclusion in the ... | Pinwheel Galaxy | Wikipedia | 465 | 319122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinwheel%20Galaxy | Physical sciences | Notable galaxies | null |
M101 has a high population of H II regions, many of which are very large and bright. H II regions usually accompany the enormous clouds of high density molecular hydrogen gas contracting under their own gravitational force where stars form. H II regions are ionized by large numbers of extremely bright and hot young sta... | Pinwheel Galaxy | Wikipedia | 422 | 319122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinwheel%20Galaxy | Physical sciences | Notable galaxies | null |
Supernovae and luminous red nova
Six internal supernovae have been recorded:
SN 1909A was discovered by Max Wolf in January 1909 and reached magnitude 12.1.
SN 1951H was discovered by Milton Humason on 1 September 1951 and reached magnitude 17.5.
SN 1970G (typeII, mag. 11.5) was discovered by Miklós Lovas on 30 July... | Pinwheel Galaxy | Wikipedia | 190 | 319122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinwheel%20Galaxy | Physical sciences | Notable galaxies | null |
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