text stringlengths 26 3.6k | page_title stringlengths 1 71 | source stringclasses 1
value | token_count int64 10 512 | id stringlengths 2 8 | url stringlengths 31 117 | topic stringclasses 4
values | section stringlengths 4 49 ⌀ | sublist stringclasses 9
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1968 – Douglas Engelbart demonstrated NLS, a system which uses a mouse, pointers, hypertext, and multiple windows.
1970 – Researchers at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (many from SRI) develop WIMP paradigm (Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointers)
1973 – Xerox Alto: commercial failure due to expense, poor user interface, an... | User interface | Wikipedia | 498 | 45249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
In broad terms, interfaces generally regarded as user friendly, efficient, intuitive, etc. are typified by one or more particular qualities. For the purpose of example, a non-exhaustive list of such characteristics follows:
Clarity: The interface avoids ambiguity by making everything clear through language, flow, hi... | User interface | Wikipedia | 481 | 45249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
Peter Morville of Google designed the User Experience Honeycomb framework in 2004 when leading operations in user interface design. The framework was created to guide user interface design. It would act as a guideline for many web development students for a decade.
Usable: Is the design of the system easy and simple ... | User interface | Wikipedia | 246 | 45249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
Attentive user interfaces manage the user attention deciding when to interrupt the user, the kind of warnings, and the level of detail of the messages presented to the user.
Batch interfaces are non-interactive user interfaces, where the user specifies all the details of the batch job in advance to batch processing, a... | User interface | Wikipedia | 474 | 45249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
Intelligent user interfaces are human–machine interfaces that aim to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and naturalness of human–machine interaction by representing, reasoning, and acting on models of the user, domain, task, discourse, and media (e.g., graphics, natural language, gesture).
Motion tracking interfac... | User interface | Wikipedia | 510 | 45249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
Voice user interfaces, which accept input and provide output by generating voice prompts. The user input is made by pressing keys or buttons, or responding verbally to the interface.
Web-based user interfaces or web user interfaces (WUI) that accept input and provide output by generating web pages viewed by the user u... | User interface | Wikipedia | 132 | 45249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%20interface | Technology | User interface | null |
The bonobo (; Pan paniscus), also historically called the pygmy chimpanzee (less often the dwarf chimpanzee or gracile chimpanzee), is an endangered great ape and one of the two species making up the genus Pan (the other being the common chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes). While bonobos are, today, recognized as a distinct s... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 375 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
Along with the common chimpanzee, the bonobo is the closest extant relative to humans. As the two species are not proficient swimmers, the natural formation of the Congo River (around 1.5–2 million years ago) possibly led to the isolation and speciation of the bonobo. Bonobos live south of the river, and thereby were s... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 366 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
Taxonomy
The bonobo was first recognised as a distinct taxon in 1928 by German anatomist Ernst Schwarz, based on a skull in the Tervuren Museum in Belgium which had previously been classified as a juvenile chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Schwarz published his findings in 1929, classifying the bonobo as a subspecies of c... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 500 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
The first official publication of the sequencing and assembly of the bonobo genome was released in June 2012. The genome of a female bonobo from Leipzig Zoo was deposited with the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank) under the EMBL accession number AJFE01000000 after a previous a... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 500 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
A bonobo and chimpanzee hybrid called Tiby was also featured in the 2017 Swedish film The Square.
Description
The bonobo is commonly considered to be more gracile than the common chimpanzee. Although large male chimpanzees can exceed any bonobo in bulk and weight, the two species broadly overlap in body size. Adult ... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 464 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
Primatologist Frans de Waal states bonobos are capable of altruism, compassion, empathy, kindness, patience, and sensitivity, and described "bonobo society" as a "gynecocracy". Primatologists who have studied bonobos in the wild have documented a wide range of behaviors, including aggressive behavior and more cyclic se... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 502 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
At the top of the hierarchy is a coalition of high-ranking females and males typically headed by an old, experienced matriarch who acts as the decision-maker and leader of the group. Female bonobos typically earn their rank through experience, age, and ability to forge alliances with other females in their group, rathe... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 481 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
Alliances between males are poorly developed in most bonobo communities, while females will form alliances with each other and alliances between males and females occur, including multisex hunting parties. There is a confirmed case of a grown male bonobo adopting his orphaned infant brother. A mother bonobo will also s... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 488 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
Bonobo party size tends to vary because the groups exhibit a fission–fusion pattern. A community of approximately 100 will split into small groups during the day while looking for food, and then will come back together to sleep. They sleep in nests that they construct in trees. Female bonobos more often than not secure... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 478 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
Sexual activity generally plays a major role in bonobo society, being used as what some scientists perceive as a greeting, a means of forming social bonds, a means of conflict resolution, and postconflict reconciliation. Bonobos are the only non-human animal to have been observed engaging in tongue kissing. Bonobos and... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 269 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
Bonobo clitorises are larger and more externalized than in most mammals; while the weight of a young adolescent female bonobo "is maybe half" that of a human teenager, she has a clitoris that is "three times bigger than the human equivalent, and visible enough to waggle unmistakably as she walks". In scientific literat... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 280 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
Bonobo males engage in various forms of male–male genital behavior. The most common form of male–male mounting is similar to that of a heterosexual mounting: one of the males sits "passively on his back [with] the other male thrusting on him", with the penises rubbing together because of both males' erections. In anoth... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 460 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
Adult male bonobos have sex with infants, although without penetration. Adult females also have sex with infants, but less frequently. Infants are not passive participants. They quite often initiate contacts with both adult males and females, as well as with peers. They have also been shown to be sexually active even i... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 481 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
While bonobos are more peaceful than chimpanzees, it is not true that they are unaggressive. In the wild, among males, bonobos are more aggressive than chimpanzees, having higher rates of aggressive acts, about three times as much. Although, male chimpanzees are more likely to be aggressive to a lethal degree than male... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 417 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
Bonobo society is dominated by females, and severing the lifelong alliance between mothers and their male offspring may make them vulnerable to female aggression. De Waal has warned of the danger of romanticizing bonobos: "All animals are competitive by nature and cooperative only under specific circumstances" and that... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 369 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
In 2020, the first whole-genome comparison between chimpanzees and bonobos was published and showed genomic aspects that may underlie or have resulted from their divergence and behavioral differences, including selection for genes related to diet and hormones. A 2010 study found that "female bonobos displayed a larger ... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 485 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
In the 1990s, Kanzi was taught to make and use simple stone tools. This resulted from a study undertaken by researchers Kathy Schick and Nicholas Toth, and later Gary Garufi. The researchers wanted to know if Kanzi possessed the cognitive and biomechanical abilities required to make and use stone tools. Though Kanzi wa... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 479 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
Bonobos are found only south of the Congo River and north of the Kasai River (a tributary of the Congo), in the humid forests of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Ernst Schwarz's 1927 paper "Le Chimpanzé de la Rive Gauche du Congo", announcing his discovery, has been read as an association between the Parisian Left Ban... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 304 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
Certain plants such as Dialium may even be dependent on bonobos to activate the germination of their seeds, characterized by tegumentary dormancy. The first parameters of the effectiveness of seed dispersal by bonobos are present. Behavior of the bonobo could affect the population structure of plants whose seeds they d... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 496 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
During the wars in the 1990s, researchers and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were driven out of the bonobo habitat. In 2002, the Bonobo Conservation Initiative initiated the Bonobo Peace Forest Project (supported by the Global Conservation Fund of Conservation International), in cooperation with na... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 365 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
Acting on Action Plan recommendations, the ZSM developed the Bonobo and Congo Biodiversity Initiative. This program includes habitat and rain-forest preservation, training for Congolese nationals and conservation institutions, wildlife population assessment and monitoring, and education. The ZSM has conducted regional ... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 456 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
In addition, concerned parties have addressed the crisis on several science and ecological websites. Organizations such as the World Wide Fund for Nature, the African Wildlife Foundation, and others, are trying to focus attention on the extreme risk to the species. Some have suggested that a reserve be established in a... | Bonobo | Wikipedia | 134 | 45286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
In computer science, a thread of execution is the smallest sequence of programmed instructions that can be managed independently by a scheduler, which is typically a part of the operating system. In many cases, a thread is a component of a process.
The multiple threads of a given process may be executed concurrently ... | Thread (computing) | Wikipedia | 498 | 45303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread%20%28computing%29 | Technology | Operating systems | null |
A process is a "heavyweight" unit of kernel scheduling, as creating, destroying, and switching processes is relatively expensive. Processes own resources allocated by the operating system. Resources include memory (for both code and data), file handles, sockets, device handles, windows, and a process control block. Pro... | Thread (computing) | Wikipedia | 477 | 45303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread%20%28computing%29 | Technology | Operating systems | null |
As user thread implementations are typically entirely in userspace, context switching between user threads within the same process is extremely efficient because it does not require any interaction with the kernel at all: a context switch can be performed by locally saving the CPU registers used by the currently execut... | Thread (computing) | Wikipedia | 376 | 45303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread%20%28computing%29 | Technology | Operating systems | null |
Fibers are an even lighter unit of scheduling which are cooperatively scheduled: a running fiber must explicitly "yield" to allow another fiber to run, which makes their implementation much easier than kernel or user threads. A fiber can be scheduled to run in any thread in the same process. This permits applications t... | Thread (computing) | Wikipedia | 427 | 45303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread%20%28computing%29 | Technology | Operating systems | null |
Preemptive vs cooperative scheduling
Operating systems schedule threads either preemptively or cooperatively. Multi-user operating systems generally favor preemptive multithreading for its finer-grained control over execution time via context switching. However, preemptive scheduling may context-switch threads at mome... | Thread (computing) | Wikipedia | 484 | 45303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread%20%28computing%29 | Technology | Operating systems | null |
M:1 (user-level threading)
An M:1 model implies that all application-level threads map to one kernel-level scheduled entity; the kernel has no knowledge of the application threads. With this approach, context switching can be done very quickly and, in addition, it can be implemented even on simple kernels which do not ... | Thread (computing) | Wikipedia | 441 | 45303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread%20%28computing%29 | Technology | Operating systems | null |
History of threading models in Unix systems
SunOS 4.x implemented light-weight processes or LWPs. NetBSD 2.x+, and DragonFly BSD implement LWPs as kernel threads (1:1 model). SunOS 5.2 through SunOS 5.8 as well as NetBSD 2 to NetBSD 4 implemented a two level model, multiplexing one or more user level threads on each ke... | Thread (computing) | Wikipedia | 425 | 45303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread%20%28computing%29 | Technology | Operating systems | null |
Threads in the same process share the same address space. This allows concurrently running code to couple tightly and conveniently exchange data without the overhead or complexity of an IPC. When shared between threads, however, even simple data structures become prone to race conditions if they require more than one C... | Thread (computing) | Wikipedia | 350 | 45303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread%20%28computing%29 | Technology | Operating systems | null |
Multithreaded applications have the following advantages vs single-threaded ones:
Responsiveness: multithreading can allow an application to remain responsive to input. In a one-thread program, if the main execution thread blocks on a long-running task, the entire application can appear to freeze. By moving such long-... | Thread (computing) | Wikipedia | 263 | 45303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread%20%28computing%29 | Technology | Operating systems | null |
Multithreaded applications have the following drawbacks:
Synchronization complexity and related bugs: when using shared resources typical for threaded programs, the programmer must be careful to avoid race conditions and other non-intuitive behaviors. In order for data to be correctly manipulated, threads will often n... | Thread (computing) | Wikipedia | 370 | 45303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread%20%28computing%29 | Technology | Operating systems | null |
IBM PL/I(F) included support for multithreading (called multitasking) as early as in the late 1960s, and this was continued in the Optimizing Compiler and later versions. The IBM Enterprise PL/I compiler introduced a new model "thread" API. Neither version was part of the PL/I standard.
Many implementations of C and C... | Thread (computing) | Wikipedia | 479 | 45303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread%20%28computing%29 | Technology | Operating systems | null |
In programming models such as CUDA designed for data parallel computation, an array of threads run the same code in parallel using only its ID to find its data in memory. In essence, the application must be designed so that each thread performs the same operation on different segments of memory so that they can operate... | Thread (computing) | Wikipedia | 96 | 45303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread%20%28computing%29 | Technology | Operating systems | null |
In game theory, the Nash equilibrium is the most commonly-used solution concept for non-cooperative games. A Nash equilibrium is a situation where no player could gain by changing their own strategy (holding all other players' strategies fixed). The idea of Nash equilibrium dates back to the time of Cournot, who in 183... | Nash equilibrium | Wikipedia | 408 | 45337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%20equilibrium | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
The concept has been used to analyze hostile situations such as wars and arms races (see prisoner's dilemma), and also how conflict may be mitigated by repeated interaction (see tit-for-tat). It has also been used to study to what extent people with different preferences can cooperate (see battle of the sexes), and whe... | Nash equilibrium | Wikipedia | 358 | 45337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%20equilibrium | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
The modern concept of Nash equilibrium is instead defined in terms of mixed strategies, where players choose a probability distribution over possible pure strategies (which might put 100% of the probability on one pure strategy; such pure strategies are a subset of mixed strategies). The concept of a mixed-strategy equ... | Nash equilibrium | Wikipedia | 485 | 45337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%20equilibrium | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
Nash equilibrium
A strategy profile is a set of strategies, one for each player. Informally, a strategy profile is a Nash equilibrium if no player can do better by unilaterally changing their strategy. To see what this means, imagine that each player is told the strategies of the others. Suppose then that each player a... | Nash equilibrium | Wikipedia | 493 | 45337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%20equilibrium | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
If every player's answer is "Yes", then the equilibrium is classified as a strict Nash equilibrium.
If instead, for some player, there is exact equality between the strategy in Nash equilibrium and some other strategy that gives exactly the same payout (i.e. the player is indifferent between switching and not), then t... | Nash equilibrium | Wikipedia | 452 | 45337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%20equilibrium | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
A game where two players simultaneously name a number and the player naming the larger number wins does not have a NE, as the set of choices is not compact because it is unbounded.
Each of two players chooses a real number strictly less than 5 and the winner is whoever has the biggest number; no biggest number strictl... | Nash equilibrium | Wikipedia | 511 | 45337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%20equilibrium | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
Coordination game
The coordination game is a classic two-player, two-strategy game, as shown in the example payoff matrix to the right. There are two pure-strategy equilibria, (A,A) with payoff 4 for each player and (B,B) with payoff 2 for each. The combination (B,B) is a Nash equilibrium because if either player uni... | Nash equilibrium | Wikipedia | 404 | 45337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%20equilibrium | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
In this case there are two pure-strategy Nash equilibria, when both choose to either drive on the left or on the right. If we admit mixed strategies (where a pure strategy is chosen at random, subject to some fixed probability), then there are three Nash equilibria for the same case: two we have seen from the pure-stra... | Nash equilibrium | Wikipedia | 430 | 45337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%20equilibrium | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
Notice that this distribution is not, actually, socially optimal. If the 100 cars agreed that 50 travel via and the other 50 through , then travel time for any single car would actually be 3.5, which is less than 3.75. This is also the Nash equilibrium if the path between and is removed, which means that adding anot... | Nash equilibrium | Wikipedia | 454 | 45337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%20equilibrium | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
Using the rule, we can very quickly (much faster than with formal analysis) see that the Nash equilibria cells are (B,A), (A,B), and (C,C). Indeed, for cell (B,A), 40 is the maximum of the first column and 25 is the maximum of the second row. For (A,B), 25 is the maximum of the second column and 40 is the maximum of th... | Nash equilibrium | Wikipedia | 382 | 45337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%20equilibrium | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
In the "driving game" example above there are both stable and unstable equilibria. The equilibria involving mixed strategies with 100% probabilities are stable. If either player changes their probabilities slightly, they will be both at a disadvantage, and their opponent will have no reason to change their strategy in ... | Nash equilibrium | Wikipedia | 470 | 45337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%20equilibrium | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
Where the conditions are not met
Examples of game theory problems in which these conditions are not met:
The first condition is not met if the game does not correctly describe the quantities a player wishes to maximize. In this case there is no particular reason for that player to adopt an equilibrium strategy. For i... | Nash equilibrium | Wikipedia | 500 | 45337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%20equilibrium | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
For a formal result along these lines, see Kuhn, H. and et al., 1996, "The Work of John Nash in Game Theory", Journal of Economic Theory, 69, 153–185.
Due to the limited conditions in which NE can actually be observed, they are rarely treated as a guide to day-to-day behaviour, or observed in practice in human negotia... | Nash equilibrium | Wikipedia | 457 | 45337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%20equilibrium | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
Proof using the Kakutani fixed-point theorem
Nash's original proof (in his thesis) used Brouwer's fixed-point theorem (e.g., see below for a variant). This section presents a simpler proof via the Kakutani fixed-point theorem, following Nash's 1950 paper (he credits David Gale with the observation that such a simplifi... | Nash equilibrium | Wikipedia | 501 | 45337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%20equilibrium | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
It is easy to see that each is a valid mixed strategy in . It is also easy to check that each is a continuous function of , and hence is a continuous function. As the cross product of a finite number of compact convex sets, is also compact and convex. Applying the Brouwer fixed point theorem to and we conclude th... | Nash equilibrium | Wikipedia | 480 | 45337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%20equilibrium | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
In the matching pennies game, player A loses a point to B if A and B play the same strategy and wins a point from B if they play different strategies. To compute the mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium, assign A the probability of playing H and of playing T, and assign B the probability of playing H and of playing T.
... | Nash equilibrium | Wikipedia | 433 | 45337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%20equilibrium | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
In computer science, control flow (or flow of control) is the order in which individual statements, instructions or function calls of an imperative program are executed or evaluated. The emphasis on explicit control flow distinguishes an imperative programming language from a declarative programming language.
Within a... | Control flow | Wikipedia | 510 | 45459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20flow | Technology | Software development: General | null |
In other languages such as C and Ada, a label is an identifier, usually appearing at the start of a line and immediately followed by a colon. For example, in C:
Success: printf("The operation was successful.\n");
The language ALGOL 60 allowed both whole numbers and identifiers as labels (both linked by colons to the ... | Control flow | Wikipedia | 422 | 45459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20flow | Technology | Software development: General | null |
In May 1966, Böhm and Jacopini published an article in Communications of the ACM which showed that any program with gotos could be transformed into a goto-free form involving only choice (IF THEN ELSE) and loops (WHILE condition DO xxx), possibly with duplicated code and/or the addition of Boolean variables (true/false... | Control flow | Wikipedia | 473 | 45459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20flow | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Control structures in practice
Most programming languages with control structures have an initial keyword which indicates the type of control structure involved. Languages then divide as to whether or not control structures have a final keyword.
No final keyword: ALGOL 60, C, C++, Go, Haskell, Java, Pascal, Perl, PH... | Control flow | Wikipedia | 432 | 45459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20flow | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Conditional expressions and conditional constructs are features of a programming language that perform different computations or actions depending on whether a programmer-specified Boolean condition evaluates to true or false.
IF..GOTO. A form found in unstructured languages, mimicking a typical machine code instruct... | Control flow | Wikipedia | 504 | 45459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20flow | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Loops
A loop is a sequence of statements which is specified once but which may be carried out several times in succession. The code "inside" the loop (the body of the loop, shown below as xxx) is obeyed a specified number of times, or once for each of a collection of items, or until some condition is met, or indefinit... | Control flow | Wikipedia | 512 | 45459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20flow | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Several programming languages (e.g., Ada, D, C++11, Smalltalk, PHP, Perl, Object Pascal, Java, C#, MATLAB, Visual Basic, Ruby, Python, JavaScript, Fortran 95 and later) have special constructs which allow implicit looping through all elements of an array, or all members of a set or collection.
someCollection do: [... | Control flow | Wikipedia | 395 | 45459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20flow | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Infinite loops can be implemented using other control flow constructs. Most commonly, in unstructured programming this is jump back up (goto), while in structured programming this is an indefinite loop (while loop) set to never end, either by omitting the condition or explicitly setting it to true, as while (true) ....... | Control flow | Wikipedia | 502 | 45459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20flow | Technology | Software development: General | null |
procedure Print_Squares is
X : Integer;
begin
Read_Data : loop
Ada.Integer Text IO.Get(X);
exit Read_Data when X = 0;
Ada.Text IO.Put (X * X);
Ada.Text IO.New_Line;
end loop Read_Data;
end Print_Squares;
Python supports conditional execution of code depending on whether a loop ... | Control flow | Wikipedia | 405 | 45459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20flow | Technology | Software development: General | null |
The notion of multi-level breaks is of some interest in theoretical computer science, because it gives rise to what is today called the Kosaraju hierarchy. In 1973 S. Rao Kosaraju refined the structured program theorem by proving that it is possible to avoid adding additional variables in structured programming, as lon... | Control flow | Wikipedia | 471 | 45459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20flow | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Loop sublanguage
Some Lisp dialects provide an extensive sublanguage for describing Loops. An early example can be found in Conversional Lisp of Interlisp. Common Lisp provides a Loop macro which implements such a sublanguage.
Loop system cross-reference table
while (true) does not count as an infinite loop for t... | Control flow | Wikipedia | 498 | 45459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20flow | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Conditions
The earliest Fortran compilers had statements for testing exceptional conditions. These included the IF ACCUMULATOR OVERFLOW, IF QUOTIENT OVERFLOW, and IF DIVIDE CHECK statements. In the interest of machine independence, they were not included in FORTRAN IV and the Fortran 66 Standard. However since Fort... | Control flow | Wikipedia | 411 | 45459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20flow | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Via C++'s influence, catch is the keyword reserved for declaring a pattern-matching exception handler in other languages popular today, like Java or C#. Some other languages like Ada use the keyword exception to introduce an exception handler and then may even employ a different keyword (when in Ada) for the pattern ma... | Control flow | Wikipedia | 467 | 45459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20flow | Technology | Software development: General | null |
In Object Pascal, D, Java, C#, and Python a finally clause can be added to the try construct. No matter how control leaves the try the code inside the finally clause is guaranteed to execute. This is useful when writing code that must relinquish an expensive resource (such as an opened file or a database connection) wh... | Control flow | Wikipedia | 477 | 45459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20flow | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Proposed control structures
In a spoof Datamation article in 1973, R. Lawrence Clark suggested that the GOTO statement could be replaced by the COMEFROM statement, and provides some entertaining examples. COMEFROM was implemented in one esoteric programming language named INTERCAL.
Donald Knuth's 1974 article "Struct... | Control flow | Wikipedia | 495 | 45459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20flow | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Multiple early exit/exit from nested loops
This construct was proposed by Zahn in 1974. A modified version is presented here.
exitwhen EventA or EventB or EventC;
xxx
exits
EventA: actionA
EventB: actionB
EventC: actionC
endexit;
exitwhen is used to specify the events which... | Control flow | Wikipedia | 302 | 45459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20flow | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Coelacanths ( ) (order Coelacanthiformes) are an ancient group of lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii) in the class Actinistia. As sarcopterygians, they are more closely related to lungfish and tetrapods (which includes amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) than to ray-finned fish.
Well-represented in both freshwater a... | Coelacanth | Wikipedia | 411 | 45503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanth | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
The earliest fossils of coelacanths were discovered in the 19th century. Coelacanths, which are related to lungfishes and tetrapods, were believed to have become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period. More closely related to tetrapods than to the ray-finned fish, coelacanths were considered transitional species b... | Coelacanth | Wikipedia | 452 | 45503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanth | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Latimeria chalumnae and L. menadoensis are the only two known living coelacanth species. Coelacanths are large, plump, lobe-finned fish that can grow to more than and weigh around . They are estimated to live up to 100 years, based on analysis of annual growth marks on scales, and reach maturity around the age of 55; ... | Coelacanth | Wikipedia | 436 | 45503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanth | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Coelacanths are a part of the clade Sarcopterygii, or the lobe-finned fishes. They share membership in this clade with lungfish and tetrapods. Externally, several characteristics distinguish coelacanths from other lobe-finned fish. They possess a three-lobed caudal fin, also called a trilobate fin or a diphycercal tail... | Coelacanth | Wikipedia | 509 | 45503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanth | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Due to their lobed fins and other features, it was once hypothesized that the coelacanth might be the youngest diverging non-tetrapod sarcopterygian. But after sequencing the full genome of the coelacanth, it was discovered that the lungfish instead is more closely related to tetrapods. Coelacanths and rhipidistians (t... | Coelacanth | Wikipedia | 481 | 45503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanth | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Paleozoic coelacanths are generally small (~ in length), while Mesozoic forms were larger. Several specimens belonging to the Jurassic and Cretaceous mawsoniid coelacanth genera Trachymetopon and Mawsonia likely reached or exceeded in length, making them amongst the largest known fishes of the Mesozoic, and amongst th... | Coelacanth | Wikipedia | 320 | 45503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanth | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
The current coelacanth range is primarily along the eastern African coast, although Latimeria menadoensis was discovered off Indonesia. Coelacanths have been found in the waters of Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, South Africa, Madagascar, Comoros and Indonesia. Most Latimeria chalumnae specimens that have been caught have... | Coelacanth | Wikipedia | 469 | 45503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanth | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Anjouan Island and the Grande Comore provide ideal underwater cave habitats for coelacanths. The islands' underwater volcanic slopes, steeply eroded and covered in sand, house a system of caves and crevices which allow coelacanths resting places during the daylight hours. These islands support a large benthic fish popu... | Coelacanth | Wikipedia | 459 | 45503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanth | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Feeding
Coelacanths are nocturnal piscivores that feed mainly on benthic smaller fish and various cephalopods. They are "passive drift feeders", slowly drifting along currents with only minimal self-propulsion, eating whatever prey they encounter. Coelacanths also use their rostral organ for its electroreception to be ... | Coelacanth | Wikipedia | 476 | 45503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanth | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Conservation
Because little is known about the coelacanth, the conservation status is difficult to characterize. According to Fricke et al. (1995), it is important to conserve the species. From 1988 to 1994, Fricke counted some 60 individuals of L. chalumnae on each dive. In 1995 that number dropped to 40. Even though... | Coelacanth | Wikipedia | 458 | 45503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanth | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
A "deep release kit" was developed in 2014 and distributed by private initiative, consisting of a weighted hook assembly that allows a fisherman to return an accidentally caught coelacanth to deep waters where the hook can be detached once it hits the seafloor. Conclusive reports about the effectiveness of this method ... | Coelacanth | Wikipedia | 458 | 45503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanth | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
The treeshrews (also called tree shrews or banxrings) are small mammals native to the tropical forests of South and Southeast Asia. They make up the entire order Scandentia (from Latin scandere, "to climb"), which split into two families: the Tupaiidae (19 species, "ordinary" treeshrews), and the Ptilocercidae (one spe... | Treeshrew | Wikipedia | 510 | 45511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treeshrew | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
The pen-tailed treeshrew in Malaysia is able to consume large amounts of naturally fermented nectar from flower buds of the bertam palm Eugeissona tristis (with up to 3.8% alcohol content) the entire year without it having any effects on behaviour.
Treeshrews have also been observed intentionally eating foods high in ... | Treeshrew | Wikipedia | 396 | 45511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treeshrew | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
Several other arrangements of these orders have been proposed in the past, and the above tree is only a well-favored proposal. Although it is known that Scandentia is one of the most basal euarchontoglire clades, the exact phylogenetic position is not yet considered resolved: It may be a sister of Glires, Primatomorpha... | Treeshrew | Wikipedia | 509 | 45511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treeshrew | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
Fossil record
The fossil record of treeshrews is poor. The oldest putative treeshrew, Eodendrogale parva, is from the Middle Eocene of Henan, China, but the identity of this animal is uncertain. Other fossils have come from the Miocene of Thailand, Pakistan, India, and Yunnan, China, as well as the Pliocene of India. ... | Treeshrew | Wikipedia | 173 | 45511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treeshrew | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
The Strepsiptera () are an order of insects with eleven extant families that include about 600 described species. They are endoparasites of other insects, such as bees, wasps, leafhoppers, silverfish, and cockroaches. Females of most species never emerge from the host after entering its body, finally dying inside it. T... | Strepsiptera | Wikipedia | 498 | 45598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsiptera | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
Females
The females of Stylopidia, which includes 97% of all described strepsipteran species and all modern strepsipteran families except Mengenillidae and Bahiaxenidae, are not known to leave their hosts and are neotenic in form, lacking wings, legs, and eyes, but have a well sclerotised cephalothorax (fused head and... | Strepsiptera | Wikipedia | 420 | 45598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsiptera | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
Strepsiptera eggs hatch inside the female, and the planidium larvae can move around freely within the female's haemocoel; this behavior is unique to these insects. The offspring consume their mother from the inside in a process known as haemocoelous viviparity. Each female produces many thousands of planidium larvae. T... | Strepsiptera | Wikipedia | 468 | 45598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsiptera | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
Parasitism
Strepsiptera of various species have been documented to attack hosts in many orders, including members of the orders Zygentoma (silverfish and allies), Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets), Blattodea (cockroaches), Mantodea (praying mantis), Heteroptera (bugs), Hymenoptera (wasps, ants and bees), and Diptera... | Strepsiptera | Wikipedia | 358 | 45598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsiptera | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
Strepsiptera were once believed to be the sister group to the beetle families Meloidae and Ripiphoridae, which have similar parasitic development and forewing reduction. Early molecular research suggested their inclusion as a sister group to the flies, in a clade called Halteria, which have one pair of the wings modifi... | Strepsiptera | Wikipedia | 411 | 45598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsiptera | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
The vast majority of living strepispterans are placed within the grouping Stylopidia, which includes the families Corioxenidae, Halictophagidae, Callipharixenidae, Bohartillidae, Elenchidae, Myrmecolacidae, Stylopidae, Protelencholacidae (extinct) and Xenidae. All Stylopidia have endoparasitic females having multiple g... | Strepsiptera | Wikipedia | 472 | 45598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsiptera | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
Surgery is a medical specialty that uses manual and instrumental techniques to diagnose or treat pathological conditions (e.g., trauma, disease, injury, malignancy), to alter bodily functions (e.g., malabsorption created by bariatric surgery such as gastric bypass), to reconstruct or alter aesthetics and appearance (co... | Surgery | Wikipedia | 409 | 45599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
As a general rule, a procedure is considered surgical when it involves cutting of a person's tissues or closure of a previously sustained wound. Other procedures that do not necessarily fall under this rubric, such as angioplasty or endoscopy, may be considered surgery if they involve "common" surgical procedure or set... | Surgery | Wikipedia | 244 | 45599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
Types of surgery
Surgical procedures are commonly categorized by urgency, type of procedure, body system involved, the degree of invasiveness, and special instrumentation.
Based on timing:
Elective surgery is done to correct a non-life-threatening condition, and is carried out at the person's convenience, or to the s... | Surgery | Wikipedia | 304 | 45599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
By type of procedure:
Amputation involves removing an entire body part, usually a limb or digit; castration is the amputation of testes; circumcision is the removal of prepuce from the penis or clitoral hood from the clitoris (see female circumcision). Replantation involves reattaching a severed body part.
Resection ... | Surgery | Wikipedia | 494 | 45599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
By organ system: Surgical specialties are traditionally and academically categorized by the organ, organ system or body region involved. Examples include:
Cardiac surgery — the heart and mediastinal great vessels;
Thoracic surgery — the thoracic cavity including the lungs;
Gastrointestinal surgery — the digestive tr... | Surgery | Wikipedia | 497 | 45599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
Resection and excisional procedures start with a prefix for the target organ to be excised (cut out) and end in the suffix -ectomy. For example, removal of part of the stomach would be called a subtotal gastrectomy.
Procedures involving cutting into an organ or tissue end in -otomy. A surgical procedure cutting thro... | Surgery | Wikipedia | 361 | 45599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
Reoperation, revision, or "redo" procedures refer to a planned or unplanned return to the operating theater after a surgery is performed to re-address an aspect of patient care. Unplanned reasons for reoperation include postoperative complications such as bleeding or hematoma formation, development of a seroma or absce... | Surgery | Wikipedia | 177 | 45599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.