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Light metro Line 3 Scarborough was equipped with automatic train control from the outset, using the same SelTrac IS system as Vancouver's SkyTrain, meaning it could be operated autonomously. However, the TTC opted to equip each S-series train with an operator on board for door monitoring. The future Ontario Line will ...	Toronto subway	Wikipedia	457	584946	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway	Technology	Canada	null	vital_articles
In the second quarter of 2018, the City of Toronto moved to expropriate Canadian Pacific Railway's disused Obico Yard at 30 Newbridge Road / 36 North Queen Street in Etobicoke for use as a potential future yard at the western end of Line 2 Bloor–Danforth. The yard is situated immediately to the southwest of Kipling sta...	Toronto subway	Wikipedia	449	584946	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway	Technology	Canada	null	vital_articles
Stations with high platforms have a crawl space under the platform edge which the TTC recommends that a person who has fallen onto the track use to avoid an oncoming train. Lying flat between the two rails is not recommended due to shallow clearances. The platform edge has a yellow strip behind which passengers should ...	Toronto subway	Wikipedia	461	584946	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway	Technology	Canada	null	vital_articles
By September 2023, the TTC was making naloxone available at each subway station so that designated trained TTC staff could attempt to rescue anyone having a drug overdose. Kits containing naloxone nasal spray would be stored at station collector booths. TTC special constables would carry naloxone. Training Subway oper...	Toronto subway	Wikipedia	469	584946	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway	Technology	Canada	null	vital_articles
The Scarborough Subway Extension (SSE) is a proposal to replace Line 3 Scarborough with an eastward extension of Line 2 Bloor–Danforth. On October 8, 2013, Toronto City Council conducted a debate on whether to replace Line 3 with a light rail line or a subway extension. In 2014, the city council voted to extend Line 2 ...	Toronto subway	Wikipedia	447	584946	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway	Technology	Canada	null	vital_articles
The Line 6 East Extension to Finch station is a proposal that would extend Line 6 Finch West east along Finch Avenue West to Finch station, where it would link up with Line 1 Yonge–University. In March 2010, the Ontario government eliminated the proposed section of line between Finch West station and Finch station beca...	Toronto subway	Wikipedia	476	584946	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway	Technology	Canada	null	vital_articles
The Eglinton West line was a proposed subway line in the late 1980s on which construction began in the early 1990s. It was cancelled after the election of Mike Harris as premier of Ontario. Much of its planned route is included in Line 5 Eglinton. One proposed expansion of Line 2 Bloor–Danforth into Mississauga includ...	Toronto subway	Wikipedia	473	584946	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway	Technology	Canada	null	vital_articles
Argentinosaurus (meaning "lizard from Argentina") is a genus of giant sauropod dinosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous period in what is now Argentina. Although it is only known from fragmentary remains, Argentinosaurus is one of the largest known land animals of all time, perhaps the largest, measuring long an...	Argentinosaurus	Wikipedia	425	584992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Sauropods	Animals	vital_articles
The first Argentinosaurus bone, which is now thought to be a fibula (calf bone), was discovered in 1987 by Guillermo Heredia on his farm "Las Overas" about east of Plaza Huincul, in Neuquén Province, Argentina. Heredia, initially believing he had discovered petrified logs, informed the local museum, the Museo Carmen F...	Argentinosaurus	Wikipedia	271	584992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Sauropods	Animals	vital_articles
Bonaparte presented the new find in 1989 at a scientific conference in San Juan. The formal description was published in 1993 by Bonaparte and the Argentine palaeontologist Rodolfo Coria, with the naming of a new genus and species, Argentinosaurus huinculensis. The generic name means "Argentine lizard", while the speci...	Argentinosaurus	Wikipedia	380	584992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Sauropods	Animals	vital_articles
A reconstruction of Argentinosaurus created by Gregory Paul in 1994 yielded a length estimate of . Later that year, estimates by Bonaparte and Coria suggesting a hind limb length of , a trunk length (hip to shoulder) of , and an overall body length of were published. In 2006, Kenneth Carpenter reconstructed Argentinos...	Argentinosaurus	Wikipedia	238	584992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Sauropods	Animals	vital_articles
Paul estimated a body mass of for Argentinosaurus in 1994. In 2004, Mazzetta and colleagues provided a range of and considered to be the most likely mass, making it the heaviest sauropod known from good material. In 2013, Sellers and colleagues estimated a mass of by calculating the volume of the aforementioned Mus...	Argentinosaurus	Wikipedia	294	584992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Sauropods	Animals	vital_articles
While Argentinosaurus was definitely a massive animal, there is disagreement over whether it was the largest known titanosaur. Puertasaurus, Futalognkosaurus, Dreadnoughtus, Paralititan, "Antarctosaurus" giganteus, and Alamosaurus have all been considered to be comparable in size with Argentinosaurus by some studies, a...	Argentinosaurus	Wikipedia	258	584992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Sauropods	Animals	vital_articles
Argentinosaurus likely possessed 10 dorsal vertebrae, like other titanosaurs. The vertebrae were enormous even for sauropods; one dorsal vertebra has a reconstructed height of and a width of , and the are up to in width. In 2019, Paul estimated the total length of the dorsal vertebral column at and the width of th...	Argentinosaurus	Wikipedia	358	584992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Sauropods	Animals	vital_articles
Because of their incomplete preservation, the original position of the known dorsal vertebrae within the vertebral column is disputed. Dissenting configurations were suggested by Bonaparte and Coria in 1993; Fernando Novas and Martín Ezcurra in 2006; and Leonardo Salgado and Jaime Powell in 2010. One vertebra was inter...	Argentinosaurus	Wikipedia	229	584992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Sauropods	Animals	vital_articles
Another contentious issue is the presence of hyposphene-hypantrum articulations, accessory joints between vertebrae that were located below the main articular processes. Difficulties in interpretation arise from the fragmentary preservation of the vertebral column; these joints are hidden from view in the two connected...	Argentinosaurus	Wikipedia	313	584992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Sauropods	Animals	vital_articles
The complete femur that was assigned to Argentinosaurus is long. The femoral shaft has a circumference of about at its narrowest part. Mazzetta and colleagues used regression equations to estimate its original length at , which is similar to the length of the other femur, and later in 2019 Paul gave a similar estimat...	Argentinosaurus	Wikipedia	355	584992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Sauropods	Animals	vital_articles
In 1997, Salgado and colleagues found Argentinosaurus to belong to Titanosauridae in an unnamed clade with Opisthocoelicaudia and an indeterminate titanosaur. In 2002, Davide Pisani and colleagues recovered Argentinosaurus as a member of Titanosauria, and again found it to be in a clade with Opisthocoelicaudia and an u...	Argentinosaurus	Wikipedia	372	584992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Sauropods	Animals	vital_articles
Another 2018 study by Hesham Sallam and colleagues found two different phylogenetic positions for Argentinosaurus based on two data sets. They did not recover it as a lognkosaurian but as either a basal titanosaur or a sister taxon of the more derived Epachthosaurus. In 2019, Julian Silva Junior and colleagues found Ar...	Argentinosaurus	Wikipedia	441	584992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Sauropods	Animals	vital_articles
In 2013, Sellers and colleagues used a computer model of the skeleton and muscles of Argentinosaurus to study its speed and gait. Before computer simulations, the only way of estimating speeds of dinosaurs was through studying anatomy and trackways. The computer model was based on a laser scan of a mounted skeletal rec...	Argentinosaurus	Wikipedia	446	584992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Sauropods	Animals	vital_articles
Fossilised pollen indicates a wide variety of plants were present in the Huincul Formation. A study of the El Zampal section of the formation found hornworts, liverworts, ferns, Selaginellales, possible Noeggerathiales, gymnosperms (including gnetophytes and conifers), and angiosperms (flowering plants), in addition to...	Argentinosaurus	Wikipedia	319	584992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Sauropods	Animals	vital_articles
Ornithischia () is an extinct clade of mainly herbivorous dinosaurs characterized by a pelvic structure superficially similar to that of birds. The name Ornithischia, or "bird-hipped", reflects this similarity and is derived from the Greek stem (), meaning "bird", and (), meaning "hip". However, birds are only distan...	Ornithischia	Wikipedia	423	585373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithischia	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals	vital_articles
Much of the knowledge of early ornithischian anatomy comes from Lesothosaurus, which is a taxon known from multiple skulls and skeletons from the Early Jurassic of Lesotho. The rear of its skull is box-like, while the snout tapers to a point. The is small, the that opens from the side of the skull into the palate is ...	Ornithischia	Wikipedia	448	585373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithischia	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals	vital_articles
The skulls are known from many early ornithopods and some heterodontosaurids, showing similar general features. Skulls are relatively tall with shorter snouts, but the snout is elongated in some later taxa like Thescelosaurus. The orbit and antorbital fossa are large, but the nasal opening is small, and while teeth are...	Ornithischia	Wikipedia	449	585373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithischia	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals	vital_articles
Ceratopsians, the sister group to pachycephalosaurs, also display many cranial adaptations, most importantly the evolution of a bone called the that forms the top beak opposite the predentary. The bones flare to the sides to create a pentagonal skull seen from above, the nasal opening is closer to the top of the snou...	Ornithischia	Wikipedia	448	585373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithischia	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals	vital_articles
"Bird-hip" The ornithischian pelvis was "opisthopubic", meaning that the pubis pointed down and backwards (posterior), parallel with the ischium (Figure 1a). Additionally, the ilium had a forward-pointing process (the preacetabular process) to support the abdomen. This resulted in a four-pronged pelvic structure. In c...	Ornithischia	Wikipedia	263	585373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithischia	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals	vital_articles
The first recognition of an herbivorous group of dinosaurs was named Orthopoda in 1866 by Edward Drinker Cope, a name that is now recognized as a synonym of Ornithischia. Discussions on the taxonomy of dinosaurs by Othniel Charles Marsh identified two major groups of herbivorous dinosaurs, Ornithopoda and Stegosauria, ...	Ornithischia	Wikipedia	321	585373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithischia	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals	vital_articles
The first cladistic studies on Ornithischia were published simultaneously in 1984 by David B. Norman, Andrew R. Milner, and Paul C. Sereno. These studies differed somewhat in their results, but found that Iguanodon was closer to hadrosaurs than other ornithopods, followed by Dryosaurus, Hypsilophodon and then Lesothosa...	Ornithischia	Wikipedia	397	585373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithischia	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals	vital_articles
The first large-scale numerical analysis of the phylogenetics of Ornithischia was published in 2008 by Richard J. Butler and colleagues, including many primitive ornithischians and members from all of the major subgroups, to test some of the hypotheses given previously about ornithischian evolution and the relationship...	Ornithischia	Wikipedia	374	585373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithischia	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals	vital_articles
When Ornithischia was first named, Seeley united the orders Ornithopoda and Stegosauria of Marsh's taxonomy within the new group. Ceratopsia was then recognized as a unique group related to ornithopods and stegosaurs by Marsh by 1894, with each of the three suborders still being recognized as distinct groups today. Cer...	Ornithischia	Wikipedia	455	585373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithischia	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals	vital_articles
Some taxa, particularly those at one point groupt together in the ornithopod family Hypsilophodontidae, are now recognized to not fall within any of the major ornithischian groups, and either be outside Genasauria, or on the basal stem of Neornithischia outside Cerapoda	Ornithischia	Wikipedia	69	585373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithischia	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals	vital_articles
Following the publication of the PhyloCode to provide rules and regulations on the use of taxonomic names for groups, the internal classification of Ornithischia was revised by Daniel Madzia and colleagues in 2021 to provide a framework of definitions and taxa for other studies to follow and modify from. They names the...	Ornithischia	Wikipedia	465	585373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithischia	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals	vital_articles
For a long time, the only understanding of the origins of Ornithischia came from Lesothosaurus and Pisanosaurus, which together represented the best-known Early Jurassic and Triassic ornithischians respectively. Many suggestions of taxa and specimens that could be referred to Ornithischia from the Triassic were based o...	Ornithischia	Wikipedia	454	585373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithischia	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals	vital_articles
First noted in the 2003 naming of the early taxon Silesaurus, some taxa generally considered non-dinosaurs show similarities to ornithischians in the teeth and jaw anatomy. These basal taxa, which were then grouped within Silesauridae and commonly as the sister group to Dinosauria, may instead be the earliest ornithisc...	Ornithischia	Wikipedia	410	585373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithischia	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals	vital_articles
Along with Pisanosaurus, which was supported as the earliest ornithischian for a time before being considered just as likely to be a silesaur rather than an ornithischian, an additional problematic taxon is Chilesaurus from the Late Jurassic of Chile. While it was originally named as a derived theropod with unique anat...	Ornithischia	Wikipedia	483	585373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithischia	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals	vital_articles
Palaeoecology Ornithischians shifted from bipedal to quadrupedal posture at least three times in their evolutionary history and it has been shown primitive members may have been capable of both forms of movement. Most ornithischians were herbivorous. In fact, most of the unifying characters of Ornithischia are though...	Ornithischia	Wikipedia	389	585373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithischia	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals	vital_articles
Pulmonology (, , from Latin pulmō, -ōnis "lung" and the Greek suffix "study of"), pneumology (, built on Greek πνεύμων "lung") or pneumonology () is a medical specialty that deals with diseases involving the respiratory tract. It is also known as respirology, respiratory medicine, or chest medicine in some countries...	Pulmonology	Wikipedia	509	585383	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonology	Biology and health sciences	Fields of medicine	null	vital_articles
Pulmonology and its relevance in other medical fields Surgery of the respiratory tract is generally performed by specialists in cardiothoracic surgery (or thoracic surgery), though minor procedures may be performed by pulmonologists. Pulmonology is closely related to critical care medicine when dealing with patients w...	Pulmonology	Wikipedia	390	585383	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonology	Biology and health sciences	Fields of medicine	null	vital_articles
Clinical procedures Pulmonary clinical procedures include the following pulmonary tests and procedures: Medical laboratory investigation of blood (blood tests). Sometimes arterial blood gas tests are also required. Spirometry the determination of maximum airflow at a given lung volume as measured by breathing into a...	Pulmonology	Wikipedia	361	585383	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonology	Biology and health sciences	Fields of medicine	null	vital_articles
Pulmonary rehabilitation has been defined as a multidimensional continuum of services directed to persons with pulmonary disease and their families, usually by an interdisciplinary team of specialists, with the goal of achieving and maintaining the individual's maximum level of independence and functioning in the commu...	Pulmonology	Wikipedia	466	585383	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonology	Biology and health sciences	Fields of medicine	null	vital_articles
Scientific research Pulmonologists are involved in both clinical and basic research of the respiratory system, ranging from the anatomy of the respiratory epithelium to the most effective treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Scientific research also takes place to look for causes and possible treatment in diseases suc...	Pulmonology	Wikipedia	62	585383	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonology	Biology and health sciences	Fields of medicine	null	vital_articles
The cherimoya (Annona cherimola), also spelled chirimoya and called chirimuya by the Quechua people, is a species of edible fruit-bearing plant in the genus Annona, from the family Annonaceae, which includes the closely related sweetsop and soursop. The plant has long been believed to be native to Ecuador and Peru, wit...	Cherimoya	Wikipedia	449	585460	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherimoya	Biology and health sciences	Other culinary fruits	Plants	vital_articles
Cherimoya trees bear very pale green, fleshy flowers. They are long with a very strong, fruity odor. Each flower has three outer, greenish, fleshy, oblong, downy petals and three smaller, pinkish inner petals with yellow or brown, finely matted hairs outside, whitish with purple spots and many stamens on the inside. F...	Cherimoya	Wikipedia	414	585460	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherimoya	Biology and health sciences	Other culinary fruits	Plants	vital_articles
Widely cultivated now, A. cherimola is believed to have originated in the Andes of South America at altitudes of , although an alternative hypothesis postulates Central America as the origin, instead, because many of the plant's wild relatives occur in this area. From there it was taken by Europeans to various parts of...	Cherimoya	Wikipedia	405	585460	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherimoya	Biology and health sciences	Other culinary fruits	Plants	vital_articles
Quite often, the female flower is receptive in the early part of the first day, but pollen is not produced in the male stage until the late afternoon of the second day. Honey bees are not good pollinators of this plant, for example, because their bodies are too large to fit between the fleshy petals of the female flowe...	Cherimoya	Wikipedia	362	585460	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherimoya	Biology and health sciences	Other culinary fruits	Plants	vital_articles
The cherimoya of the Granada-Málaga tropical coast in Spain is a fruit of the cultivar 'Fino de Jete' with the EU's protected designation of origin appellation. 'Fino de Jete' fruits have skin type Impressa and are smooth or slightly concave at the edges. The fruit is round, oval, heart-shaped, or kidney-shaped. The se...	Cherimoya	Wikipedia	509	585460	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherimoya	Biology and health sciences	Other culinary fruits	Plants	vital_articles
Raw cherimoya fruit is 79% water, 18% carbohydrate, 2% protein, and 1% fat (table). In a 100-gram reference amount providing 75 calories, cherimoya is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin B6 and a moderate source (10–19% DV) of vitamin C, dietary fiber, and riboflavin (table). "The pineapple, ...	Cherimoya	Wikipedia	512	585460	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherimoya	Biology and health sciences	Other culinary fruits	Plants	vital_articles
Cumbe is a valley in the Huarochiri province of Peru where the climatic conditions are favourable for growing chirimoya. The fruit produced in the Cumbe valley is considered of superior quality, with a large fruit size, soft skin, low seed index (number of seeds per 100 grams of fruit), and high nutrient value. In 199...	Cherimoya	Wikipedia	477	585460	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherimoya	Biology and health sciences	Other culinary fruits	Plants	vital_articles
Thyreophora ("shield bearers", often known simply as "armored dinosaurs") is a group of armored ornithischian dinosaurs that lived from the Early Jurassic until the end of the Cretaceous. Thyreophorans are characterized by the presence of body armor lined up in longitudinal rows along the body. Primitive forms had sim...	Thyreophora	Wikipedia	490	585468	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyreophora	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals	vital_articles
Phylogeny Thyreophora was first named by Nopcsa in 1915. Thyreophora was defined as a clade by Paul Sereno in 1998, as "all genasaurs more closely related to Ankylosaurus than to Triceratops". Thyreophoroidea was first named by Nopcsa in 1928 and defined by Sereno in 1986, as "Scelidosaurus, Ankylosaurus, their most re...	Thyreophora	Wikipedia	437	585468	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyreophora	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals	vital_articles
In 2020, as part of his monograph on Scelidosaurus, David Norman revised the relationships of early thyreophorans, finding that Stegosauria was the most basal branch, with Scutellosaurus, Emausaurus and Scelidosaurus being progressive stem groups to Ankylosauria, rather than to Stegosauria+Ankylosauria. A cladogram is ...	Thyreophora	Wikipedia	86	585468	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyreophora	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals	vital_articles
Teleostei (; Greek teleios "complete" + osteon "bone"), members of which are known as teleosts (), is, by far, the largest group of ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii), and contains 96% of all extant species of fish. The Teleostei, which is variously considered a division or an infraclass in different taxonomic sy...	Teleost	Wikipedia	501	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
Teleosts are economically important to humans, as is shown by their depiction in art over the centuries. The fishing industry harvests them for food, and anglers attempt to capture them for sport. Some species are farmed commercially, and this method of production is likely to be increasingly important in the future. O...	Teleost	Wikipedia	304	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
The pharyngeal jaws of teleosts, a second set of jaws contained within the throat, are composed of five branchial arches, loops of bone which support the gills. The first three arches include a single basibranchial surrounded by two hypobranchials, ceratobranchials, epibranchials and pharyngobranchials. The median basi...	Teleost	Wikipedia	424	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
Teleosts tend to be quicker and more flexible than more basal bony fishes. Their skeletal structure has evolved towards greater lightness. While teleost bones are well calcified, they are constructed from a scaffolding of struts, rather than the dense cancellous bones of holostean fish. In addition, the lower jaw of th...	Teleost	Wikipedia	395	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
The phylogeny of the teleosts has been subject to long debate, without consensus on either their phylogeny or the timing of the emergence of the major groups before the application of modern DNA-based cladistic analysis. Near et al. (2012) explored the phylogeny and divergence times of every major lineage, analysing th...	Teleost	Wikipedia	383	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
The most basal of the living teleosts are the Elopomorpha (eels and allies) and the Osteoglossomorpha (elephantfishes and allies). There are 800 species of elopomorphs. They have thin leaf-shaped larvae known as leptocephali, specialised for a marine environment. Among the elopomorphs, eels have elongated bodies with l...	Teleost	Wikipedia	351	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
The majority of teleost species belong to the clade Euteleostei, which consists of 17,419 species classified in 2,935 genera and 346 families. Shared traits of the euteleosts include similarities in the embryonic development of the bony or cartilaginous structures located between the head and dorsal fin (supraneural bo...	Teleost	Wikipedia	362	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
There are over 26,000 species of teleosts, in about 40 orders and 448 families, making up 96% of all extant species of fish. Approximately 12,000 of the total 26,000 species are found in freshwater habitats. Teleosts are found in almost every aquatic environment and have developed specializations to feed in a variety o...	Teleost	Wikipedia	425	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
Flatfish are demersal fish (bottom-feeding fish) that show a greater degree of asymmetry than any other vertebrates. The larvae are at first bilaterally symmetrical but they undergo metamorphosis during the course of their development, with one eye migrating to the other side of the head, and they simultaneously start ...	Teleost	Wikipedia	423	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
Of the major groups of teleosts, the Elopomorpha, Clupeomorpha and Percomorpha (perches, tunas and many others) all have a worldwide distribution and are mainly marine; the Ostariophysi and Osteoglossomorpha are worldwide but mainly freshwater, the latter mainly in the tropics; the Atherinomorpha (guppies, etc.) have a...	Teleost	Wikipedia	397	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
The major means of respiration in teleosts, as in most other fish, is the transfer of gases over the surface of the gills as water is drawn in through the mouth and pumped out through the gills. Apart from the swim bladder, which contains a small amount of air, the body does not have oxygen reserves, and respiration ne...	Teleost	Wikipedia	441	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
The skin of a teleost is largely impermeable to water, and the main interface between the fish's body and its surroundings is the gills. In freshwater, teleost fish gain water across their gills by osmosis, while in seawater they lose it. Similarly, salts diffuse outwards across the gills in freshwater and inwards in s...	Teleost	Wikipedia	413	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
Tuna and other fast-swimming ocean-going fish maintain their muscles at higher temperatures than their environment for efficient locomotion. Tuna achieve muscle temperatures or even higher above the surroundings by having a counterflow system in which the metabolic heat produced by the muscles and present in the venou...	Teleost	Wikipedia	430	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
A typical teleost fish has a streamlined body for rapid swimming, and locomotion is generally provided by a lateral undulation of the hindmost part of the trunk and the tail, propelling the fish through the water. There are many exceptions to this method of locomotion, especially where speed is not the main objective; ...	Teleost	Wikipedia	387	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
Most teleost species are oviparous, having external fertilisation with both eggs and sperm being released into the water for fertilisation. Internal fertilisation occurs in 500 to 600 species of teleosts but is more typical for Chondrichthyes and many tetrapods. This involves the male inseminating the female with an in...	Teleost	Wikipedia	464	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
88 percent of teleost species are gonochoristic, having individuals that remain either male or female throughout their adult lives. The sex of an individual can be determined genetically as in birds and mammals, or environmentally as in reptiles. In some teleosts, both genetics and the environment play a role in determ...	Teleost	Wikipedia	362	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
Some teleost species are hermaphroditic, which can come in two forms: simultaneous and sequential. In the former, both spermatozoa and eggs are present in the gonads. Simultaneous hermaphroditism typically occurs in species that live in the ocean depths, where potential mates are sparsely dispersed. Self-fertilisation ...	Teleost	Wikipedia	407	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
There are several different mating systems among teleosts. Some species are promiscuous, where both males and females breed with multiple partners and there are no obvious mate choices. This has been recorded in Baltic herring, Guppies, Nassau groupers, humbug damselfish, cichlids and creole wrasses. Polygamy, where on...	Teleost	Wikipedia	423	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
Sexual dimorphism exists in some species. Individuals of one sex, usually males develop secondary sexual characteristics that increase their chances of reproductive success. In dolphinfish, males have larger and blunter heads than females. In several minnow species, males develop swollen heads and small bumps known as ...	Teleost	Wikipedia	465	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
Of the oviparous teleosts, most (79 percent) do not provide parental care. Male care is far more common than female care. Male territoriality "preadapts" a species to evolve male parental care. One unusual example of female parental care is in discuses, which provide nutrients for their developing young in the form of ...	Teleost	Wikipedia	466	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
Teleosts have four major life stages: the egg, the larva, the juvenile and the adult. Species may begin life in a pelagic environment or a demersal environment (near the seabed). Most marine teleosts have pelagic eggs, which are light, transparent and buoyant with thin envelopes. Pelagic eggs rely on the ocean currents...	Teleost	Wikipedia	408	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
Many teleosts form shoals, which serve multiple purposes in different species. Schooling is sometimes an antipredator adaptation, offering improved vigilance against predators. It is often more efficient to gather food by working as a group, and individual fish optimise their strategies by choosing to join or leave a s...	Teleost	Wikipedia	451	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
Human activities have affected stocks of many species of teleost, through overfishing, pollution and global warming. Among many recorded instances, overfishing caused the complete collapse of the Atlantic cod population off Newfoundland in 1992, leading to Canada's indefinite closure of the fishery. Pollution, especial...	Teleost	Wikipedia	509	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
Teleost fishes have been frequent subjects in art, reflecting their economic importance, for at least 14,000 years. They were commonly worked into patterns in Ancient Egypt, acquiring mythological significance in Ancient Greece and Rome, and from there into Christianity as a religious symbol; artists in China and Japan...	Teleost	Wikipedia	214	326787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost	Biology and health sciences	Actinopterygii	Animals	vital_articles
The toothed whales (also called odontocetes, systematic name Odontoceti) are a clade of cetaceans that includes dolphins, porpoises, and all other whales with teeth, such as beaked whales and the sperm whales. 73 species of toothed whales are described. They are one of two living groups of cetaceans, the other being th...	Toothed whale	Wikipedia	407	326837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed%20whale	Biology and health sciences	Toothed whale	Animals	vital_articles
Once hunted for their products, cetaceans are now protected by international law. Some species are very intelligent. At the 2012 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, support was reiterated for a cetacean bill of rights, listing cetaceans as nonhuman persons. Besides whaling and drive hunt...	Toothed whale	Wikipedia	392	326837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed%20whale	Biology and health sciences	Toothed whale	Animals	vital_articles
Toothed whales, as well as baleen whales, are descendants of land-dwelling mammals of the artiodactyl order (even-toed ungulates). They are closely related to the hippopotamus, sharing a common ancestor that lived around 54 million years ago (mya). The primitive cetaceans, or archaeocetes, first took to the sea approxi...	Toothed whale	Wikipedia	475	326837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed%20whale	Biology and health sciences	Toothed whale	Animals	vital_articles
Toothed whales have torpedo-shaped bodies with usually inflexible necks, limbs modified into flippers, no outer ears, a large tail fin, and bulbous heads (with the exception of the sperm whale family). Their skulls have small eye orbits, long beaks (with the exception sperm whales), and eyes placed on the sides of thei...	Toothed whale	Wikipedia	439	326837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed%20whale	Biology and health sciences	Toothed whale	Animals	vital_articles
Almost all cetaceans have a thick layer of blubber, except for river dolphins. In species that live near the poles, the blubber can be as thick as . This blubber can help with buoyancy, protection to some extent as predators would have a hard time getting through a thick layer of fat, energy for fasting during leaner t...	Toothed whale	Wikipedia	506	326837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed%20whale	Biology and health sciences	Toothed whale	Animals	vital_articles
Most toothed whales are adapted for diving to great depths, porpoises are one exception. In addition to their streamlined bodies, they can slow their heart rate to conserve oxygen; blood is rerouted from tissue tolerant of water pressure to the heart and brain among other organs; haemoglobin and myoglobin store oxygen ...	Toothed whale	Wikipedia	455	326837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed%20whale	Biology and health sciences	Toothed whale	Animals	vital_articles
Toothed whales are capable of making a broad range of sounds using nasal airsacs located just below the blowhole. Clicks are directional and are used for echolocation, often occurring in a short series called a click train. The click rate increases when approaching an object of interest. Toothed whale biosonar clicks a...	Toothed whale	Wikipedia	463	326837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed%20whale	Biology and health sciences	Toothed whale	Animals	vital_articles
Bottlenose dolphins have been found to have signature whistles unique to each individual. Dolphins use these whistles to communicate with one another by identifying an individual. It can be seen as the dolphin equivalent of a name for humans. Because dolphins generally live in groups, communication is necessary. Signal...	Toothed whale	Wikipedia	391	326837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed%20whale	Biology and health sciences	Toothed whale	Animals	vital_articles
Dolphins are known to engage in complex play behaviour, which includes such things as producing stable underwater toroidal air-core vortex rings or "bubble rings". Two main methods of bubble ring production are: rapid puffing of a burst of air into the water and allowing it to rise to the surface, forming a ring, or s...	Toothed whale	Wikipedia	396	326837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed%20whale	Biology and health sciences	Toothed whale	Animals	vital_articles
Dolphins make a broad range of sounds using nasal airsacs located just below the blowhole. Roughly three categories of sounds can be identified: frequency modulated whistles, burst-pulsed sounds and clicks. Dolphins communicate with whistle-like sounds produced by vibrating connective tissue, similar to the way human v...	Toothed whale	Wikipedia	350	326837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed%20whale	Biology and health sciences	Toothed whale	Animals	vital_articles
Sperm whales can produce three specific vocalisations: creaks, codas, and slow clicks. A creak is a rapid series of high-frequency clicks that sounds somewhat like a creaky door hinge. It is typically used when homing in on prey. A coda is a short pattern of 3 to 20 clicks that is used in social situations to identify ...	Toothed whale	Wikipedia	397	326837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed%20whale	Biology and health sciences	Toothed whale	Animals	vital_articles
Sperm whales usually dive between , and sometimes , in search of food. Such dives can last more than an hour. They feed on several species, notably the giant squid, but also the colossal squid, octopuses, and fish like demersal rays, but their diet is mainly medium-sized squid. Some prey may be taken accidentally while...	Toothed whale	Wikipedia	451	326837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed%20whale	Biology and health sciences	Toothed whale	Animals	vital_articles
For most of the smaller species of dolphins, only a few of the larger sharks, such as the bull shark, dusky shark, tiger shark, and great white shark, are a potential risk, especially for calves. Dolphins can tolerate and recover from extreme injuries (including shark bites) although the exact methods used to achieve t...	Toothed whale	Wikipedia	455	326837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed%20whale	Biology and health sciences	Toothed whale	Animals	vital_articles
The head of the sperm whale is filled with a waxy liquid called spermaceti. This liquid can be refined into spermaceti wax and sperm oil. These were much sought after by 18th-, 19th-, and 20th-century whalers. These substances found a variety of commercial applications, such as candles, soap, cosmetics, machine oil, ...	Toothed whale	Wikipedia	408	326837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed%20whale	Biology and health sciences	Toothed whale	Animals	vital_articles
The estimated historic worldwide sperm whale population numbered 1,100,000 before commercial sperm whaling began in the early 18th century. By 1880, it had declined an estimated 29%. From that date until 1946, the population appears to have recovered somewhat as whaling pressure lessened, but after the Second World War...	Toothed whale	Wikipedia	329	326837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed%20whale	Biology and health sciences	Toothed whale	Animals	vital_articles
In Japan, the hunting is done by a select group of fishermen. When a pod of dolphins has been spotted, they are driven into a bay by the fishermen while banging on metal rods in the water to scare and confuse the dolphins. When the dolphins are in the bay, it is quickly closed off with nets so the dolphins cannot escap...	Toothed whale	Wikipedia	384	326837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed%20whale	Biology and health sciences	Toothed whale	Animals	vital_articles
Other threats Toothed whales can also be threatened by humans more indirectly. They are unintentionally caught in fishing nets by commercial fisheries as bycatch and accidentally swallow fishhooks. Gillnetting and Seine netting are significant causes of mortality in cetaceans and other marine mammals. Porpoises are com...	Toothed whale	Wikipedia	405	326837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed%20whale	Biology and health sciences	Toothed whale	Animals	vital_articles
Various species of toothed whales, mainly dolphins, are kept in captivity, as well as several other species of porpoise such as harbour porpoises and finless porpoises. These small cetaceans are more often than not kept in theme parks, such as SeaWorld, commonly known as a dolphinarium. Bottlenose dolphins are the most...	Toothed whale	Wikipedia	355	326837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed%20whale	Biology and health sciences	Toothed whale	Animals	vital_articles
Aggression among captive orca is common. In August 1989, a dominant female orca, Kandu V, tried to rake a newcomer whale, Corky II, with her mouth during a live show, and smashed her head into a wall. Kandu V broke her jaw, which severed an artery, and then bled to death. In November 2006, a dominant female killer whal...	Toothed whale	Wikipedia	371	326837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed%20whale	Biology and health sciences	Toothed whale	Animals	vital_articles
Draco is a genus of agamid lizards that are also known as flying lizards, flying dragons or gliding lizards. These lizards are capable of gliding flight via membranes that may be extended to create wings (patagia), formed by an enlarged set of ribs. They are arboreal insectivores. While not capable of powered flight ...	Draco (lizard)	Wikipedia	354	326872	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco%20%28lizard%29	Biology and health sciences	Iguania	Animals	vital_articles
The lizards are well known for their "display structures" and ability to glide long distances using their wing-like, patagial membranes supported by elongated thoracic ribs to generate lift forces. The hindlimbs in cross section form a streamlined and contoured airfoil, and are also probably involved in generating lift...	Draco (lizard)	Wikipedia	308	326872	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco%20%28lizard%29	Biology and health sciences	Iguania	Animals	vital_articles
Life history Draco lizards are highly territorial, with the home range consisting of one or a few trees. The trees are actively guarded by males, with territory-less males searching the forest landscape in search of vacant areas. Experimental studies have determined that suitable unoccupied territories were claimed wit...	Draco (lizard)	Wikipedia	288	326872	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco%20%28lizard%29	Biology and health sciences	Iguania	Animals	vital_articles
Draco abbreviatus – Singapore flying dragon Draco beccarii Draco biaro – Lazell's flying dragon Draco bimaculatus – two-spotted flying lizard Draco blanfordii – Blanford's flying dragon, Blanford’s flying lizard, Blanford's gliding lizard Draco boschmai Draco caerulhians Draco cornutus Draco cristatellu...	Draco (lizard)	Wikipedia	476	326872	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco%20%28lizard%29	Biology and health sciences	Iguania	Animals	vital_articles
Similar prehistoric reptiles Several other lineages of reptile known from the fossil record have convergently evolved similar gliding mechanisms consisting of a patagium or plate flanking the torso; the weigeltisaurids are the oldest of these, living in the Late Permian from around 258 to 252 million years ago. Other l...	Draco (lizard)	Wikipedia	88	326872	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco%20%28lizard%29	Biology and health sciences	Iguania	Animals	vital_articles
Hydrosaurus, commonly known as the sailfin dragons or sailfin lizards, is a genus in the family Agamidae. These relatively large lizards are named after the sail-like structure on their tails. They are native to Indonesia (4 species) and the Philippines (1 species) where they are generally found near water, such as riv...	Hydrosaurus	Wikipedia	234	326877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Iguania	Animals	vital_articles

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