text stringlengths 7 145k | page_title stringlengths 1 105 | source stringclasses 1
value | token_count int64 3 30.2k | id stringlengths 2 8 | url stringlengths 31 168 | topic stringclasses 198
values | section stringlengths 4 49 ⌀ | sublist stringlengths 0 628 ⌀ | method stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus Hemicentetes
Highland streaked tenrec (Hemicentetes nigriceps)
Lowland streaked tenrec (Hemicentetes semispinosus)
Genus Tenrec
Common tenrec (Tenrec ecaudatus) | Tenrec | Wikipedia | 51 | 312933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenrec | Biology and health sciences | Other afrotheres | Animals | vital_articles |
The Pinaceae (), or pine family, are conifer trees or shrubs, including many of the well-known conifers of commercial importance such as cedars, firs, hemlocks, piñons,
larches, pines and spruces. The family is included in the order Pinales, formerly known as Coniferales. Pinaceae have distinctive cones with woody sc... | Pinaceae | Wikipedia | 489 | 312940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaceae | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants | vital_articles |
Boreal conifers have many adaptions for winter. The narrow conical shape of northern conifers, and their downward-drooping limbs help them shed snow, and many of them seasonally alter their biochemistry to make them more resistant to freezing, called "hardening".
Classification
Classification of the subfamilies and g... | Pinaceae | Wikipedia | 250 | 312940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaceae | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants | vital_articles |
Subfamily Pinoideae (Pinus): cones are biennial, rarely triennial, with each year's scale-growth distinct, forming an umbo on each scale, the cone scale base is broad, concealing the seeds fully from abaxial (below the phloem vessels) view, the seed is without resin vesicles, the seed wing holds the seed in a pair of c... | Pinaceae | Wikipedia | 459 | 312940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaceae | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants | vital_articles |
Evolutionary history
Pinaceae is estimated to have diverged from other conifer groups during the late Carboniferous ~313 million years ago. Various possible stem-group relatives have been reported from as early as the Late Permian (Lopingian) The extinct conifer cone genus Schizolepidopsis likely represent stem-group ... | Pinaceae | Wikipedia | 475 | 312940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaceae | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants | vital_articles |
Constitutive defenses
Constitutive defenses are typically the first line of defenses used against antagonists and can include sclerified cells, lignified periderm cells, and secondary compounds such as phenolics and resins. Constitutive defenses are always expressed and offer immediate protection from invaders but cou... | Pinaceae | Wikipedia | 504 | 312940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaceae | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants | vital_articles |
A blacklight, also called a UV-A light, Wood's lamp, or ultraviolet light, is a lamp that emits long-wave (UV-A) ultraviolet light and very little visible light. One type of lamp has a violet filter material, either on the bulb or in a separate glass filter in the lamp housing, which blocks most visible light and all... | Blacklight | Wikipedia | 482 | 312943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklight | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics | vital_articles |
Fluorescent blacklight tubes are typically made in the same fashion as normal fluorescent tubes except that a phosphor that emits UVA light instead of visible white light is used on the inside of the tube. The type most commonly used for blacklights, designated blacklight blue or "BLB" by the industry, has a dark blue... | Blacklight | Wikipedia | 379 | 312943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklight | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics | vital_articles |
Another class of UV fluorescent bulb is designed for use in bug zappers. Insects are attracted to the UV light, which they are able to see, and are then electrocuted by the device. These bulbs use the same UV-A emitting phosphor blend as the filtered blacklight, but since they do not need to suppress visible light outp... | Blacklight | Wikipedia | 358 | 312943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklight | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics | vital_articles |
High-power mercury vapor blacklight lamps are made in power ratings of 100 to 1,000 watts. These do not use phosphors, but rely on the intensified and slightly broadened 350–375 nm spectral line of mercury from high pressure discharge at between , depending upon the specific type. These lamps use envelopes of Wood's gl... | Blacklight | Wikipedia | 358 | 312943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklight | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics | vital_articles |
UVA light has been shown to cause DNA damage, but not directly, like UVB and UVC. Due to its longer wavelength, it is absorbed less and reaches deeper into skin layers, where it produces reactive chemical intermediates such as hydroxyl and oxygen radicals, which in turn can damage DNA and result in a risk of melanoma. ... | Blacklight | Wikipedia | 497 | 312943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklight | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics | vital_articles |
A Wood's lamp may be used to rapidly assess whether an individual is suffering from ethylene glycol poisoning as a consequence of antifreeze ingestion. Manufacturers of ethylene glycol-containing antifreezes commonly add fluorescein, which causes the patient's urine to fluoresce under Wood's lamp.
Diagnosis
Wood's lam... | Blacklight | Wikipedia | 474 | 312943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklight | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics | vital_articles |
Thousands of moth and insect collectors all over the world use various types of blacklights to attract moth and insect specimens for photography and collecting. It is one of the preferred light sources for attracting insects and moths at night. They can illuminate animal excreta, such as urine and vomit, that is not al... | Blacklight | Wikipedia | 321 | 312943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklight | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics | vital_articles |
Blacklights are a common tool for rock-hunting and identification of minerals by their fluorescence. The most common minerals and rocks that glow under UV light are fluorite, calcite, aragonite, opal, apatite, chalcedony, corundum (ruby and sapphire), scheelite, selenite, smithsonite, sphalerite, sodalite. The first pe... | Blacklight | Wikipedia | 284 | 312943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklight | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics | vital_articles |
UV light can be used to harden particular glues, resins and inks by causing a photochemical reaction inside those substances. This process of hardening is called ‘curing’. UV curing is adaptable to printing, coating, decorating, stereolithography, and in the assembly of a variety of products and materials. In compariso... | Blacklight | Wikipedia | 473 | 312943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklight | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics | vital_articles |
A drug overdose (overdose or OD) is the ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities much greater than are recommended. Typically the term is applied for cases when a risk to health is a potential result. An overdose may result in a toxic state or death.
Classification
The word "overdose" implie... | Drug overdose | Wikipedia | 480 | 313009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20overdose | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health | vital_articles |
Acute alcohol intoxication (F10)
Ethyl alcohol (alcohol)
Methanol poisoning
Ethylene glycol poisoning
Opioid overdose (F11)
Among sedative-hypnotics (F13)
Barbiturate overdose (T42.3)
Benzodiazepine overdose (T42.4)
Uncategorized sedative-hypnotics (T42.6)
Ethchlorvynol (Placidyl)
GHB
Glutethimide (Doriden)
... | Drug overdose | Wikipedia | 492 | 313009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20overdose | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health | vital_articles |
Prevention
The distribution of naloxone to injection drug users and other opioid drug users decreases the risk of death from overdose. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that U.S. programs for drug users and their caregivers prescribing take-home doses of naloxone and training on its utiliza... | Drug overdose | Wikipedia | 509 | 313009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20overdose | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health | vital_articles |
1,015,060 US residents died from drug overdoses from 1968 to 2019. 22 people out of every 100,000 died from drug overdoses in 2019 in the US. From 1999 to Feb 2019 in the United States, more than 770,000 people have died from drug overdoses.
In the US around 107,500 people died in the 12-month period ending August 31,... | Drug overdose | Wikipedia | 496 | 313009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20overdose | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health | vital_articles |
New CDC data in 2024 demonstrates U.S. drug overdose deaths have significantly declined, marking the potential for the first year with fewer than 100,000 fatalities since 2020. The CDC data shows a nearly 17% drop in reported overdose deaths during the 12 months ending in June, totaling 93,087. This is a notable decrea... | Drug overdose | Wikipedia | 114 | 313009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20overdose | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health | vital_articles |
Acanthuridae are a family of ray-finned fish which includes surgeonfishes, tangs, and unicornfishes. The family includes about 86 extant species of marine fish living in tropical seas, usually around coral reefs. Many of the species are brightly colored and popular in aquaria.
Etymology and taxonomic history
The name ... | Acanthuridae | Wikipedia | 429 | 313073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthuridae | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals | vital_articles |
Surgeonfishes sometimes feed as solitary individuals, but they often travel and feed in schools. Feeding in schools may be a mechanism for overwhelming the highly aggressive defense responses of small territorial damselfishes that vigorously guard small patches of algae on coral reefs.
Most species are fairly small, wi... | Acanthuridae | Wikipedia | 436 | 313073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthuridae | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals | vital_articles |
Tangs primarily graze on macroalgae from genera such as Caulerpa and Gracilaria, although they have been observed in an aquarium setting to eat meat-based fish foods. A popular technique for aquarists, is to grow macroalgae in a sump or refugium. This technique not only is economically beneficial, but serves to promote... | Acanthuridae | Wikipedia | 101 | 313073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthuridae | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals | vital_articles |
Phytolacca is a genus of perennial plants native to North America, South America and East Asia. Some members of the genus are known as pokeweeds or similar names such as pokebush, pokeberry, pokeroot or poke sallet. Other names for species of Phytolacca include inkberry and ombú. The generic name is derived from the Gr... | Phytolacca | Wikipedia | 276 | 313236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytolacca | Biology and health sciences | Caryophyllales | Plants | vital_articles |
The following species are accepted by one or more regional floras:
Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. – Indian poke. Southern and eastern Asia (syn. P. esculenta Van Houtte, P. latbenia (Moq.) Walter). Black and Judziewicz report it in Dane County, Wisconsin in their 2008 and 2009 books (Wildflowers of Wisconsin and the Great L... | Phytolacca | Wikipedia | 508 | 313236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytolacca | Biology and health sciences | Caryophyllales | Plants | vital_articles |
The ombú (Phytolacca dioica) grows as a tree on the pampas of South America and is one of the few providers of shade on the open grassland. It is a symbol of Uruguay, Argentina and gaucho culture. P. weberbaueri from Peru also grows to tree size. Both species have massively buttressed bases to their trunks, and very so... | Phytolacca | Wikipedia | 393 | 313236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytolacca | Biology and health sciences | Caryophyllales | Plants | vital_articles |
Cauterization (or cauterisation, or cautery) is a medical practice or technique of burning a part of a body to remove or close off a part of it. It destroys some tissue in an attempt to mitigate bleeding and damage, remove an undesired growth, or minimize other potential medical harm, such as infections when antibiotic... | Cauterization | Wikipedia | 470 | 313295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauterization | Biology and health sciences | Treatments | Health | vital_articles |
Cauterization continued to be used as a common treatment in medieval times. The Babylonian Talmud (redacted in 500 AD), alluding to the practice, states: "... and the effect of the hot iron comes and removes the traces of the stroke." While mainly employed to stop blood loss, it was also used in cases of tooth extracti... | Cauterization | Wikipedia | 501 | 313295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauterization | Biology and health sciences | Treatments | Health | vital_articles |
Bipolar
Bipolar electrocautery passes the current between two tips of a forceps-like tool. It has the advantage of not disturbing other electrical body rhythms (such as the heart) and also coagulates tissue by pressure. Lateral thermal injury is greater in unipolar than bipolar devices.
Electrocauterization is prefera... | Cauterization | Wikipedia | 494 | 313295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauterization | Biology and health sciences | Treatments | Health | vital_articles |
Infant circumcision
Cauterization has been used for the circumcision of infants in the United States and Canada. The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Manitoba advises against its use in neonatal circumcision. This method of circumcision resulted in several infants having their penises severely burned. | Cauterization | Wikipedia | 64 | 313295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauterization | Biology and health sciences | Treatments | Health | vital_articles |
A rip current (or just rip) is a specific type of water current that can occur near beaches where waves break. A rip is a strong, localized, and narrow current of water that moves directly away from the shore by cutting through the lines of breaking waves, like a river flowing out to sea. The force of the current in a ... | Rip current | Wikipedia | 460 | 313371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip%20current | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science | vital_articles |
Rip currents can form by the coasts of oceans, seas, and large lakes, whenever there are waves of sufficient energy. Rip currents often occur on a gradually shelving shore, where breaking waves approach the shore parallel to it, or where underwater topography encourages outflow at one specific area. Baïnes are one of t... | Rip current | Wikipedia | 477 | 313371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip%20current | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science | vital_articles |
Technical description
A more detailed and technical description of rip currents requires understanding the concept of radiation stress. Radiation stress is the force (or momentum flux) that is exerted on the water column by the presence of the wave. When a wave reaches shallow water and shoals, it increases in height p... | Rip current | Wikipedia | 486 | 313371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip%20current | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science | vital_articles |
Rip currents often look somewhat like a road or river running straight out to sea. They are easiest to notice and identify when the zone of breaking waves is viewed from a high vantage point. The following are some visual characteristics that can be used to identify a rip:
A noticeable break in the pattern of the wav... | Rip current | Wikipedia | 442 | 313371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip%20current | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science | vital_articles |
Rip currents typically flow at about . They can be as fast as , which is faster than any human can swim. Most rip currents are fairly narrow, and even the widest rip currents are not very wide. Swimmers can usually exit the rip easily by swimming at a right angle to the flow, parallel to the beach. Swimmers who are una... | Rip current | Wikipedia | 483 | 313371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip%20current | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science | vital_articles |
It is necessary for coastal swimmers to understand the danger of rip currents, to learn how to recognize them, and how to deal with them. And when possible, it is necessary that people enter the water only in areas where lifeguards are on duty.
In a planned trial in a large rip current at Muriwai Beach in New Zealand,... | Rip current | Wikipedia | 217 | 313371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip%20current | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science | vital_articles |
In arithmetic, long division is a standard division algorithm suitable for dividing multi-digit Hindu-Arabic numerals (positional notation) that is simple enough to perform by hand. It breaks down a division problem into a series of easier steps.
As in all division problems, one number, called the dividend, is divided... | Long division | Wikipedia | 478 | 313384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20division | Mathematics | Basics | null | vital_articles |
The process is begun by dividing the left-most digit of the dividend by the divisor. The quotient (rounded down to an integer) becomes the first digit of the result, and the remainder is calculated (this step is notated as a subtraction). This remainder carries forward when the process is repeated on the following di... | Long division | Wikipedia | 195 | 313384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20division | Mathematics | Basics | null | vital_articles |
Find the shortest sequence of digits starting from the left end of the dividend, 500, that the divisor 4 goes into at least once. In this case, this is simply the first digit, 5. The largest number that the divisor 4 can be multiplied by without exceeding 5 is 1, so the digit 1 is put above the 5 to start constructing ... | Long division | Wikipedia | 467 | 313384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20division | Mathematics | Basics | null | vital_articles |
We could just stop there and say that the dividend divided by the divisor is the quotient written at the top with the remainder written at the bottom, and write the answer as the quotient followed by a fraction that is the remainder divided by the divisor.
We could extend the dividend by writing it as, say, 500.000...... | Long division | Wikipedia | 483 | 313384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20division | Mathematics | Basics | null | vital_articles |
Invariant property and correctness
The basic presentation of the steps of the process (above)
focus on the what steps are to be performed,
rather than the properties of those steps that ensure the result will be correct
(specifically, that q × m + r = n, where q is the final quotient and r the final remainder).
A sligh... | Long division | Wikipedia | 484 | 313384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20division | Mathematics | Basics | null | vital_articles |
Digits of the number 1260257 are taken until a number greater than or equal to 37 occurs. So 1 and 12 are less than 37, but 126 is greater. Next, the greatest multiple of 37 less than or equal to 126 is computed. So 3 × 37 = 111 < 126, but 4 × 37 > 126. The multiple 111 is written underneath the 126 and the 3 is writte... | Long division | Wikipedia | 490 | 313384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20division | Mathematics | Basics | null | vital_articles |
Each of the four columns is worked in turn. Starting with the miles: 50/37 = 1 remainder 13. No further division is
possible, so perform a long multiplication by 1,760 to convert miles to yards, the result is 22,880 yards. Carry this to the top of the yards column and add it to the 600 yards in the dividend giving 2... | Long division | Wikipedia | 463 | 313384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20division | Mathematics | Basics | null | vital_articles |
127 ÷ 4 = 31.75
124
30 (bring down 0; decimal to quotient)
28 (7 × 4 = 28)
20 (an additional zero is added)
20 (5 × 4 = 20)
0
In Mexico, the English-speaking world notation is used, except that only the result of the subtr... | Long division | Wikipedia | 469 | 313384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20division | Mathematics | Basics | null | vital_articles |
In Austria, Germany and Switzerland, the notational form of a normal equation is used. <dividend> : <divisor> = <quotient>, with the colon ":" denoting a binary infix symbol for the division operator (analogous to "/" or "÷"). In these regions the decimal separator is written as a comma. (cf. first section of Latin Ame... | Long division | Wikipedia | 505 | 313384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20division | Mathematics | Basics | null | vital_articles |
with . The initial values are and .
Thus, and .
This algorithm can be done using the same kind of pencil-and-paper notations as shown in above sections.
d8f45 r. 5
12 ) f412df
ea
a1
90
112
10e
4d
48
5f
... | Long division | Wikipedia | 453 | 313384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20division | Mathematics | Basics | null | vital_articles |
Wingtip devices are intended to improve the efficiency of fixed-wing aircraft by reducing drag. Although there are several types of wing tip devices which function in different manners, their intended effect is always to reduce an aircraft's drag. Wingtip devices can also improve aircraft handling characteristics and e... | Wingtip device | Wikipedia | 501 | 313398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingtip%20device | Technology | Aircraft components | null | vital_articles |
The earliest-known implementation of a Hoerner-style downward-angled "wingtip device" on a jet aircraft was during World War II. This was the so-called "Lippisch-Ohren" (Lippisch-ears), allegedly attributed to the Messerschmitt Me 163's designer Alexander Lippisch, and first added to the M3 and M4 third and fourth pro... | Wingtip device | Wikipedia | 466 | 313398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingtip%20device | Technology | Aircraft components | null | vital_articles |
Winglets and wingtip fences also increase efficiency by reducing vortex interference with laminar airflow near the tips of the wing, by 'moving' the confluence of low-pressure (over wing) and high-pressure (under wing) air away from the surface of the wing. Wingtip vortices create turbulence, originating at the leading... | Wingtip device | Wikipedia | 468 | 313398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingtip%20device | Technology | Aircraft components | null | vital_articles |
Learjet exhibited the prototype Learjet 28 at the 1977 National Business Aviation Association convention. It employed the first winglets ever used on a production aircraft, either civilian or military. Learjet developed the winglet design without NASA assistance. Although the Model 28 was intended to be a prototype exp... | Wingtip device | Wikipedia | 411 | 313398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingtip%20device | Technology | Aircraft components | null | vital_articles |
Wingtip fence
A wingtip fence refers to the winglets including surfaces extending both above and below the wingtip, as described in Whitcomb's early research. Both surfaces are shorter than or equivalent to a winglet possessing similar aerodynamic benefits. The Airbus A310-300 was the first airliner with wingtip fence... | Wingtip device | Wikipedia | 511 | 313398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingtip%20device | Technology | Aircraft components | null | vital_articles |
On February 18, 2000, blended winglets were announced as an option for the Boeing 737-800; the first shipset was installed on 14 February 2001 and entered revenue service with Hapag-Lloyd Flug on 8 May 2001. The Aviation Partners/Boeing extensions decrease fuel consumption by 4% for long-range flights and increase ran... | Wingtip device | Wikipedia | 394 | 313398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingtip%20device | Technology | Aircraft components | null | vital_articles |
Raked wingtips offer several weight-reduction advantages relative to simply extending the conventional main wingspan. At high load-factor structural design conditions, the smaller chords of the wingtip are subjected to less load, and they result in less induced loading on the outboard main wing. Additionally, the leadi... | Wingtip device | Wikipedia | 417 | 313398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingtip%20device | Technology | Aircraft components | null | vital_articles |
In 1987, mechanical engineer Peter Masak called on aerodynamicist Mark D. Maughmer, an associate professor of aerospace engineering at the Pennsylvania State University, about designing winglets to improve performance on his wingspan racing sailplane. Others had attempted to apply Whitcomb's winglets to gliders before... | Wingtip device | Wikipedia | 460 | 313398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingtip%20device | Technology | Aircraft components | null | vital_articles |
Non-planar wingtips are normally angled upwards in a polyhedral wing configuration, increasing the local dihedral near the wing tip, with polyhedral wing designs themselves having been popular on free-flight model aircraft designs for decades. Non-planar wingtips provide the wake control benefit of winglets, with less ... | Wingtip device | Wikipedia | 344 | 313398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingtip%20device | Technology | Aircraft components | null | vital_articles |
Tamarack Aerospace Group, a company founded in 2010 by aerospace structural engineer Nicholas Guida, has patented an Active Technology Load Alleviation System (ATLAS), a modified version of a wingtip device. The system uses Tamarack Active Camber Surfaces (TACS) to aerodynamically "switch off" the effects of the wingti... | Wingtip device | Wikipedia | 509 | 313398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingtip%20device | Technology | Aircraft components | null | vital_articles |
Other applications
Some ceiling fans have wingtip devices. Fan manufacturer Big Ass Fans has claimed that their Isis fan, equipped with wingtip devices, has superior efficiency. However, for certain high-volume, low-speed designs, wingtip devices may not improve efficiency.
Another application of the same principle wa... | Wingtip device | Wikipedia | 87 | 313398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingtip%20device | Technology | Aircraft components | null | vital_articles |
In photometry, luminous intensity is a measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle, based on the luminosity function, a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye. The SI unit of luminous intensity is the candela (cd), an SI base unit.
M... | Luminous intensity | Wikipedia | 485 | 313418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous%20intensity | Physical sciences | Optics | Physics | vital_articles |
The frequency of light used in the definition corresponds to a wavelength in a vacuum of , which is near the peak of the eye's response to light. If the source emitted uniformly in all directions, the total radiant flux would be about , since there are 4 steradians in a sphere. A typical modern candle produces very r... | Luminous intensity | Wikipedia | 351 | 313418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous%20intensity | Physical sciences | Optics | Physics | vital_articles |
The sperm whale or cachalot (Physeter macrocephalus) is the largest of the toothed whales and the largest toothed predator. It is the only living member of the genus Physeter and one of three extant species in the sperm whale family, along with the pygmy sperm whale and dwarf sperm whale of the genus Kogia.
The sperm ... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 450 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
Etymology
The name "sperm whale" is a clipping of "spermaceti whale". Spermaceti, originally mistakenly identified as the whales' semen, is the semi-liquid, waxy substance found within the whale's head.
(See "Spermaceti organ and melon" below.)
The sperm whale is also known as the "cachalot", which is thought to deri... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 344 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
Taxonomy
The sperm whale belongs to the order Cetartiodactyla, the order containing all cetaceans and even-toed ungulates. It is a member of the unranked clade Cetacea, with all the whales, dolphins, and porpoises, and further classified into Odontoceti, containing all the toothed whales and dolphins. It is the sole e... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 419 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
This proposition was based on the grounds that the names were synonyms published simultaneously, and, therefore, the ICZN Principle of the First Reviser should apply. In this instance, it led to the choice of P. macrocephalus over P. catodon, a view re-stated in Holthuis, 1987. This has been adopted by most subsequent ... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 466 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
An individual measuring was reported from a Soviet whaling fleet near the Kuril Islands in 1950 and is cited by some authors as the largest accurately measured. It has been estimated to weigh . In a review of size variation in marine megafauna, McClain and colleagues noted that the International Whaling Commission's d... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 472 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
The ribs are bound to the spine by flexible cartilage, which allows the ribcage to collapse rather than snap under high pressure. While sperm whales are well adapted to diving, repeated dives to great depths have long-term effects. Bones show the same avascular necrosis that signals decompression sickness in humans. Ol... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 478 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
The sperm whale brain is the largest known of any modern or extinct animal, weighing on average about (with the smallest known weighing and the largest known weighing ), more than five times heavier than a human brain, and has a volume of about 8,000 cm3. Although larger brains generally correlate with higher intelli... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 417 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
The sperm whale has the longest intestinal system in the world, exceeding 300 m in larger specimens. The sperm whale has a four-chambered stomach that is similar to ruminants. The first secretes no gastric juices and has very thick muscular walls to crush the food (since whales cannot chew) and resist the claw and suc... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 458 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
Atop the whale's skull is positioned a large complex of organs filled with a liquid mixture of fats and waxes called spermaceti. The purpose of this complex is to generate powerful and focused clicking sounds, the existence of which was proven by Valentine Worthington and William Schevill when a recording was produced... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 505 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
At the posterior end of this spermaceti complex is the frontal sac, which covers the concave surface of the cranium. The posterior wall of the frontal sac is covered with fluid-filled knobs, which are about 4–13 mm in diameter and separated by narrow grooves. The anterior wall is smooth. The knobbly surface reflects ... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 372 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
The sperm whale's eye does not differ greatly from those of other toothed whales except in size. It is the largest among the toothed whales, weighing about 170 g. It is overall ellipsoid in shape, compressed along the visual axis, measuring about 7×7×3 cm. The cornea is elliptical and the lens is spherical. The scle... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 434 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
Mechanism
When echolocating, the sperm whale emits a directionally focused beam of broadband clicks. Clicks are generated by forcing air through a pair of phonic lips (also known as "monkey lips" or "") at the front end of the nose, just below the blowhole. The sound then travels backwards along the length of the nose ... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 508 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
Slow clicks are heard only in the presence of males (it is not certain whether females occasionally make them). Males make a lot of slow clicks in breeding grounds (74% of the time), both near the surface and at depth, which suggests they are primarily mating signals. Outside breeding grounds, slow clicks are rarely ... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 473 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
Sperm whales are among the most cosmopolitan species. They prefer ice-free waters over deep. Although both sexes range through temperate and tropical oceans and seas, only adult males populate higher latitudes. Among several regions, such as along coastal waters of southern Australia, sperm whales have been considered... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 504 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
Genetic analysis indicates that the world population of sperm whales originated in the Pacific Ocean from a population of about 10,000 animals around 100,000 years ago, when expanding ice caps blocked off their access to other seas. In particular, colonization of the Atlantic was revealed to have occurred multiple time... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 502 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
Sperm whales have also been noted to feed on bioluminescent pyrosomes such as Pyrosoma atlanticum. It is thought that the foraging strategy of sperm whales for bioluminescent squids may also explain the presence of these light-emitting pyrosomes in the diet of the sperm whale.
The sharp beak of a consumed squid lodged... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 490 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
Females become fertile at around 9 years of age. The oldest pregnant female ever recorded was 41 years old. Gestation requires 14 to 16 months, producing a single calf. Sexually mature females give birth once every 4 to 20 years (pregnancy rates were higher during the whaling era). Birth is a social event, as the mothe... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 473 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
When sperm whales socialize, they emit complex patterns of clicks called codas. They will spend much of the time rubbing against each other. Tracking of diving whales suggests that groups engage in herding of prey, similar to bait balls created by other species, though the research needs to be confirmed by tracking th... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 436 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
However, male sperm whales have been observed to attack and intimidate killer whale pods in competitive feeding instances. An incident was filmed from a long-line trawler: a killer whale pod was systematically taking fish caught on the trawler's long lines (as the lines were being pulled into the ship) when a male sper... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 375 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
Fossil record
Although the fossil record is poor, several extinct genera have been assigned to the clade Physeteroidea, which includes the last common ancestor of the modern sperm whale, pygmy sperm whales, dwarf sperm whales, and extinct physeteroids. These fossils include Ferecetotherium, Idiorophus, Diaphorocetus, A... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 310 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
Fossil sperm whales differ from modern sperm whales in tooth count and the shape of the face and jaws. For example, Scaldicetus had a tapered rostrum. Genera from the Oligocene and early and middle Miocene, with the possible exception of Aulophyseter, had teeth in their upper jaws. Acrophyseter, from the late Miocene, ... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 296 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
Phylogeny
The traditional view has been that Mysticeti (baleen whales) and Odontoceti (toothed whales) arose from more primitive whales early in the Oligocene period, and that the super-family Physeteroidea, which contains the sperm whale, dwarf sperm whale, and pygmy sperm whale, diverged from other toothed whales soo... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 412 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
Prior to the early eighteenth century, hunting was mostly by indigenous Indonesians. Legend has it that sometime in the early 18th century, around 1712, Captain Christopher Hussey, while cruising for right whales near shore, was blown offshore by a northerly wind, where he encountered a sperm whale pod and killed one. ... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 298 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
American sperm whaling soon spread from the east coast of the American colonies to the Gulf Stream, the Grand Banks, West Africa (1763), the Azores (1765), and the South Atlantic (1770s). From 1770 to 1775 Massachusetts, New York, Connecticut, and Rhode Island ports produced 45,000 barrels of sperm oil annually, compar... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 392 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
The sperm whale's ivory-like teeth were often sought by 18th- and 19th-century whalers, who used them to produce inked carvings known as scrimshaw. 30 teeth of the sperm whale can be used for ivory. Each of these teeth, up to and across, are hollow for the first half of their length. Like walrus ivory, sperm whale iv... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 416 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
Sperm whales increase levels of primary production and carbon export by depositing iron-rich faeces into surface waters of the Southern Ocean. The iron-rich faeces cause phytoplankton to grow and take up more carbon from the atmosphere. When the phytoplankton dies, it sinks to the deep ocean and takes the atmospheric c... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 335 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
Sperm whales are listed on Appendix I and Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). It is listed on Appendix I as this species has been categorized as being in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant proportion of their range and CMS Parties strive toward... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 443 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick is based on a true story about a sperm whale that attacked and sank the whaleship Essex. Melville associated the sperm whale with the Bible's Leviathan. The fearsome reputation perpetuated by Melville was based on bull whales' ability to fiercely defend themselves from attacks by early... | Sperm whale | Wikipedia | 372 | 313530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20whale | Biology and health sciences | Cetaceans | null | vital_articles |
The haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) is a saltwater ray-finned fish from the family Gadidae, the true cods. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Melanogrammus. It is found in the North Atlantic Ocean and associated seas, where it is an important species for fisheries, especially in northern Europe, where it ... | Haddock | Wikipedia | 315 | 313822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddock | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null | vital_articles |
The upper side of the haddock's body varies in colour from dark grey brown to nearly black while the lower part of the body is dull silvery white. It has a distinctive black lateral line contrasting with the whitish background colour and which curves slightly over the pectoral fins. It also has a distinctive oval black... | Haddock | Wikipedia | 419 | 313822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddock | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null | vital_articles |
The haddock is a demersal species which occurs at depths from , although it is most frequently recorded at . It is found over substrates made up of rock, sand, gravel or shells and it prefers temperatures of between . Off Iceland and in the Barents Sea, haddock undergo extensive migrations, but in the north western Atl... | Haddock | Wikipedia | 446 | 313822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddock | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null | vital_articles |
In their larval stages, haddock mainly feed on the immature stages of copepods, ostracods and limacina with their diet changing as they grow, moving on to larger pelagic prey such as amphipods, euphausiids, eggs of invertebrates, zoea larvae of decapods and increasing numbers of copepods. Once they have reached the set... | Haddock | Wikipedia | 412 | 313822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddock | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null | vital_articles |
Parasites
Cod and related species are plagued by parasites. For example, the cod worm, Lernaeocera branchialis, starts life as a copepod, a small, free-swimming crustacean larva. The first host used by cod worm is a flatfish or lumpsucker, which they capture with grasping hooks at the front of their bodies. They penetr... | Haddock | Wikipedia | 451 | 313822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddock | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null | vital_articles |
Haddock is fished year-round using gear such as Danish seine nets, trawlers, long lines and gill nets and is often caught in mixed species fishery with other groundfish species such as cod and whiting. The main fishing grounds in the eastern Atlantic are in the Barents Sea, around Iceland, around the Faeroe Islands, in... | Haddock | Wikipedia | 382 | 313822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddock | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null | vital_articles |
Haddock is very popular as a food fish. It is sold fresh or preserved by smoking, freezing, drying, or to a small extent canning. Haddock, along with Atlantic cod and plaice, is one of the most popular fish used in British fish and chips. When fresh, the flesh of haddock is clean and white and its cooking is often simi... | Haddock | Wikipedia | 459 | 313822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddock | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null | vital_articles |
The Swiss Army knife (SAK; ) is a pocketknife, generally multi-tooled, now manufactured by Victorinox. The term "Swiss Army knife" was coined by American soldiers after World War II because they had trouble pronouncing the German word "", meaning "officer’s knife".
The Swiss Army knife generally has a drop-point main ... | Swiss Army knife | Wikipedia | 497 | 313833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss%20Army%20knife | Technology | Knives | null | vital_articles |
In January 1891, the knife received the official designation Modell 1890. The knife had a blade, reamer, can opener, screwdriver, and grips made out of dark oak wood that some say was later partly replaced with ebony wood. At that time no Swiss company had the necessary production capacity, so the initial order for 15,... | Swiss Army knife | Wikipedia | 465 | 313833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss%20Army%20knife | Technology | Knives | null | vital_articles |
In 1908 the Swiss government split the contract between Victorinox and Wenger, placing half the orders with each.
By mutual agreement, Wenger advertised "the Genuine Swiss Army Knife" and Victorinox used the slogan, "the Original Swiss Army Knife".
On 26 April 2005, Victorinox acquired Wenger, once again becoming the ... | Swiss Army knife | Wikipedia | 441 | 313833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss%20Army%20knife | Technology | Knives | null | vital_articles |
Common main layer tools:
Large blade - With 'VICTORINOX SWISS MADE' tang stamp on Victorinox blades since 2005
Small blade
Nail file
Scissors (sharpened to a 65° angle)
Wood saw
Metal file or metal saw with nail file
Magnifying glass
Phillips screwdriver
Fish scaler / hook disgorger / ruler in cm and inches
P... | Swiss Army knife | Wikipedia | 360 | 313833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss%20Army%20knife | Technology | Knives | null | vital_articles |
In January 2010, Victorinox announced the Presentation Master models, released in April 2010. The technological tools included a laser pointer, and detachable flash drive with fingerprint reader. Victorinox now sells an updated version called the Slim Jetsetter, with "a premium software package that provides ultra secu... | Swiss Army knife | Wikipedia | 503 | 313833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss%20Army%20knife | Technology | Knives | null | vital_articles |
The martensitic stainless steel alloy used for the cutting blades is optimized for high toughness and corrosion resistance and has a composition of 15% chromium, 0.60% silicon, 0.52% carbon, 0.50% molybdenum, and 0.45% manganese and is designated X55CrMo14 or DIN 1.4110 according to Victorinox. After a hardening proces... | Swiss Army knife | Wikipedia | 303 | 313833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss%20Army%20knife | Technology | Knives | null | vital_articles |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.