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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 31 227	text stringlengths 6 334k	source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 71.8k	subcategories listlengths 0 30
996,630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senpai%20and%20k%C5%8Dhai	Senpai and kōhai are Japanese terms used to describe an informal hierarchical interpersonal relationship found in organizations, associations, clubs, businesses, and schools in Japan and expressions of Japanese culture worldwide. The senpai (, "senior") and kōhai (, "junior") relationship has its roots in Confucian...	Senpai and kōhai	[ "Biology" ]	2,467	[ "Etiquette", "Behavior", "Human behavior" ]
996,678	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPU-401	The MPU-401, where MPU stands for MIDI Processing Unit, is an important but now obsolete interface for connecting MIDI-equipped electronic music hardware to personal computers. It was designed by Roland Corporation, which also co-authored the MIDI standard. Design Released around 1984, the original MPU-401 was an ext...	MPU-401	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,061	[ "Computer standards", "Computer hardware standards", "Music sequencers", "Automation" ]
16,042,253	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.%20Graham%20Cooks	Robert Graham Cooks is the Henry Bohn Hass Distinguished Professor of Chemistry in the Aston Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry at Purdue University. He is an ISI Highly Cited Chemist, with over 1,000 publications and an H-index of 150. Education Cooks received a bachelor of science and master of science degrees from ...	R. Graham Cooks	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	622	[ "Biochemists", "Mass spectrometry", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Mass spectrometrists" ]
16,042,518	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20T.%20Bowers	Michael T. Bowers (born 1939) is an American mass spectrometrist, a professor in the department of chemistry and biochemistry at the University of California, Santa Barbara faculty. Career He studied at Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington, earning his 1962 B.S. in 1962 and then earning a Ph.D. from the University ...	Michael T. Bowers	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	305	[ "Biochemists", "Mass spectrometry", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Mass spectrometrists" ]
16,042,722	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20McLafferty	Fred Warren McLafferty (May 11, 1923 − December 26, 2021) was an American chemist known for his work in mass spectrometry. He is best known for the McLafferty rearrangement reaction that was observed with mass spectrometry. With Roland Gohlke, he pioneered the technique of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. He is a...	Fred McLafferty	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	891	[ "Biochemists", "Mass spectrometry", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Mass spectrometrists" ]
16,043,047	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20L.%20Beauchamp	Jesse L. Beauchamp (born 1942) is the Charles and Mary Ferkel Professor of Chemistry at the California Institute of Technology. Early life and education 1964 B.S. California Institute of Technology 1967 Ph.D. Harvard University Research interests Development of novel mass spectrometric techniques in biochemistry...	Jesse L. Beauchamp	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	303	[ "Biochemists", "Mass spectrometry", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Mass spectrometrists" ]
16,044,423	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limp%20binding	Limp binding is a bookbinding method in which the book has flexible cloth, leather, vellum, or (rarely) paper sides. When the sides of the book are made of vellum, the bookbinding method is also known as limp vellum. The cover is made with a single piece of vellum or alternative material, folded around the textblock, ...	Limp binding	[ "Engineering" ]	365	[ "Book design", "Design" ]
16,045,000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesaffre	Lesaffre is a French yeast manufacturer, and the world's largest producer. History The company was founded by Louis Lesaffre, the co-founder of Bonduelle, in the mid-19th century. One of its subsidiaries, Bio Springer, was founded by Baron Max de Springer in 1872 in Maisons-Alfort. In 2004, it formed a North America...	Lesaffre	[ "Biology" ]	444	[ "Yeasts", "Fungi" ]
16,045,004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma%20%28satellite%29	Gamma was a Soviet gamma ray telescope. It was launched on 11 July 1990 into an orbit around Earth with a height of 375 km and an inclination of 51.6 degrees. It lasted for around 2 years. On board the mission were three telescopes, all of which could be pointed at the same source. The project was a joint Soviet-French...	Gamma (satellite)	[ "Astronomy" ]	663	[ "Space telescopes", "Soviet space observatories" ]
16,045,065	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20Astronomy%20Satellite%202	The Small Astronomy Satellite 2, also known also as SAS-2, SAS B or Explorer 48, was a NASA gamma ray telescope. It was launched on 15 November 1972 into the low Earth orbit with a periapsis of 443 km and an apoapsis of 632 km. It completed its observations on 8 June 1973. Mission SAS 2 was the second in the series o...	Small Astronomy Satellite 2	[ "Astronomy" ]	851	[ "Space telescopes" ]
16,045,068	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy%20meromyosin	Heavy meromyosin (HMM) is the larger of the two fragments obtained from the muscle protein myosin II following limited proteolysis by trypsin or chymotrypsin. HMM contains two domains S-1 and S-2, S-1 contains is the globular head that can bind to actin while the S-2 domain projects at and angle from light meromyosin (...	Heavy meromyosin	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	132	[ "Biotechnology stubs", "Motor proteins", "Biochemistry stubs", "Molecular machines", "Biochemistry" ]
16,046,286	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microvoid%20coalescence	Microvoid coalescence (MVC) is a high energy microscopic fracture mechanism observed in the majority of metallic alloys and in some engineering plastics. Fracture process MVC proceeds in three stages: nucleation, growth, and coalescence of microvoids. The nucleation of microvoids can be caused by particle cracking o...	Microvoid coalescence	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	365	[ "Structural engineering", "Materials degradation", "Materials science", "Fracture mechanics" ]
16,046,999	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCK%20algebra	In mathematics, BCI and BCK algebras are algebraic structures in universal algebra, which were introduced by Y. Imai, K. Iséki and S. Tanaka in 1966, that describe fragments of the propositional calculus involving implication known as BCI and BCK logics. Definition BCI algebra An algebra (in the sense of universal a...	BCK algebra	[ "Mathematics" ]	442	[ "Mathematical structures", "Mathematical objects", "Universal algebra", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic structures" ]
2,185,671	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media%20richness%20theory	Media richness theory (MRT), sometimes referred to as information richness theory, is a framework used to describe a communication medium's ability to reproduce the information sent over it. It was introduced by Richard L. Daft and Robert H. Lengel in 1986 as an extension of information processing theory. MRT is used t...	Media richness theory	[ "Technology" ]	8,041	[ "Information and communications technology", "Mass media technology" ]
2,185,680	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-configuration%20time-dependent%20Hartree	Multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree (MCTDH) is a general algorithm to solve the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for multidimensional dynamical systems consisting of distinguishable particles. MCTDH can thus determine the quantal motion of the nuclei of a molecular system evolving on one or several coupled e...	Multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	241	[ "Quantum chemistry stubs", "Quantum chemistry", "Theoretical chemistry stubs", "Scattering stubs", "Quantum mechanics", "Theoretical chemistry", "Scattering", "Particle physics", " molecular", "Nuclear physics", "Atomic", "Condensed matter physics", "Physical chemistry stubs", " and optica...
2,185,977	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotomography	Nanotomography, much like its related modalities tomography and microtomography, uses x-rays to create cross-sections from a 3D-object that later can be used to recreate a virtual model without destroying the original model, applying Nondestructive testing. The term nano is used to indicate that the pixel sizes of the ...	Nanotomography	[ "Chemistry", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	309	[ "Microscopes", "Measuring instruments", "Microscopy" ]
2,186,043	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary%20stalk	The pituitary stalk, also known as the infundibular stalk, infundibulum, or Fenderson's funnel, is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary, the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The floor of the third ventricle is prolonged downward as a funnel-shaped recess—the infundibular recess—into...	Pituitary stalk	[ "Biology" ]	277	[ "Organ systems", "Endocrine system" ]
2,186,113	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okadaic%20acid	Okadaic acid, C44H68O13, is a toxin produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. One of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, okadaic acid is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative...	Okadaic acid	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,270	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Natural products", "Toxins by chemical classification", "Polyether toxins", "Carboxylic acids", "Functional groups", "Organic compounds", "Polyketides", "Spiro compounds" ]
2,186,122	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminazene	Diminazene (INN; also known as diminazen) is an anti-infective medication for animals that is sold under a variety of brand names. It is effective against certain protozoa such as Babesia, Trypanosoma, and Cytauxzoon. The drug may also be effective against certain bacteria including Brucella and Streptococcus. Chemica...	Diminazene	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	242	[ "Antiprotozoal agents", "Amidines", "Functional groups", "Biocides", "Bases (chemistry)" ]
2,186,198	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc%20de%20la%20Villette	The Parc de la Villette () is the third-largest park in Paris, in area, located at the northeastern edge of the city in the 19th arrondissement. The park houses one of the largest concentrations of cultural venues in Paris, including the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie (City of Science and Industry, Europe's larg...	Parc de la Villette	[ "Engineering" ]	2,344	[ "Landscape architecture", "Architecture" ]
2,186,296	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welin%20breech%20block	The Welin breech block was a revolutionary stepped, interrupted thread design for locking artillery breeches, invented by Axel Welin in 1889 or 1890. Shortly after, Vickers acquired the British patents. Welin breech blocks provide obturation for artillery pieces which use separate loading bagged charges and projectile...	Welin breech block	[ "Technology" ]	592	[ "Artillery components", "Components" ]
2,186,444	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser-hybrid%20welding	Laser-hybrid welding is a type of welding process that combines the principles of laser beam welding and arc welding. The combination of laser light and an electrical arc into an amalgamated welding process has existed since the 1970s, but has only recently been used in industrial applications. There are three main ty...	Laser-hybrid welding	[ "Engineering" ]	835	[ "Welding", "Mechanical engineering" ]
2,186,500	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimilide	Azimilide is a class ΙΙΙ antiarrhythmic drug (used to control abnormal heart rhythms). The agents from this heterogeneous group have an effect on the repolarization, they prolong the duration of the action potential and the refractory period. Also they slow down the spontaneous discharge frequency of automatic pacemake...	Azimilide	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,026	[ "Organic compounds", "Hydrazones", "Functional groups", "Ureas" ]
2,186,554	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinaric%20calcareous%20block%20fir%20forest	The dinaric calcareous silver fir forests are an endemic vegetation type of the littoral Dinaric Alps, located in the Dinaric Mountains mixed forests ecoregion in Southeastern Europe. Pure stands of dinaric calcareous silver fir (Abies alba) forests appear on limestone escarpments in the montane zones of Orjen, Velebit...	Dinaric calcareous block fir forest	[ "Biology" ]	691	[ "Lists of biota", "Lists of plants", "Plants" ]
2,186,581	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm%20Universal%20Connector	The Universal Connector was a standard port fitted to the bottom of many Palm PDAs from 2001 to 2004 and on units from other manufacturers that licensed Palm technology, including Garmin. Out of the box, it is used to connect to the sync and charge cradle, allowing the Palm to connect to a desktop PC and receive batte...	Palm Universal Connector	[ "Technology" ]	258	[ "Mobile computer stubs", "Computing stubs", "Mobile technology stubs", "Computer hardware stubs" ]
2,186,783	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams%27%20catalyst	Adams' catalyst, also known as platinum dioxide, is usually represented as platinum(IV) oxide hydrate, PtO2•H2O. It is a catalyst for hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis in organic synthesis. This dark brown powder is commercially available. The oxide itself is not an active catalyst, but it becomes active after exposure...	Adams' catalyst	[ "Chemistry" ]	768	[ "Hydrogenation catalysts", "Hydrogenation" ]
2,186,907	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigipirate	Vigipirate () is France's national security alert system. Created in 1978 through interministerial sessions and falling within the responsibilities of the prime minister, it has since been updated three times: in 1995 (following a terror bombing campaign), 2000 and 2004. Details Until 2014 the system defined four leve...	Vigipirate	[ "Technology" ]	281	[ "Warning systems", "Alert measurement systems" ]
2,186,936	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimp%20%28joining%29	Crimping is a method of joining two or more pieces of metal or other ductile material by deforming one or both of them to hold the other. The bend or deformity is called the crimp. Crimping tools are used to create crimps. Crimping is used extensively in metalworking, including to contain bullets in cartridge cases, f...	Crimp (joining)	[ "Technology" ]	2,438	[ "Jewellery components", "Components" ]
2,186,993	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioprocessor	A bioprocessor is a miniaturized bioreactor capable of culturing mammalian, insect and microbial cells. Bioprocessors are capable of mimicking performance of large-scale bioreactors, hence making them ideal for laboratory scale experimentation of cell culture processes. Bioprocessors are also used for concentrating bi...	Bioprocessor	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	118	[ "Biological engineering", "Chemical engineering", "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemical engineering", "Biotechnology", "nan", "Biochemistry" ]
2,187,120	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TK82C	TK82C was a Sinclair ZX81 clone made by Microdigital Eletrônica Ltda., a computer company located in Brazil. General information The TK82C had the Zilog Z80A processor running at 3.25 MHz, 2 KB SRAM and 8 KB of EPROM with the BASIC interpreter. The C letter stands for "Científico", or "Scientific" in English. The ke...	TK82C	[ "Technology" ]	822	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer hardware stubs" ]
2,187,251	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decade%20%28log%20scale%29	One decade (symbol dec) is a unit for measuring ratios on a logarithmic scale, with one decade corresponding to a ratio of 10 between two numbers. Example: Scientific notation When a real number like .007 is denoted alternatively by 7.0 × 10—3 then it is said that the number is represented in scientific notation. Mor...	Decade (log scale)	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	724	[ "Physical quantities", "Units of level", "Quantity", "Logarithmic scales of measurement", "Units of measurement" ]
2,187,308	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBFS	Decibels relative to full scale (dBFS or dB FS) is a unit of measurement for amplitude levels in digital systems, such as pulse-code modulation (PCM), which have a defined maximum peak level. The unit is similar to the units dBov and decibels relative to overload (dBO). The level of 0dBFS is assigned to the maximum p...	DBFS	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,223	[ "Quantity", "Logarithmic scales of measurement", "Physical quantities" ]
2,187,814	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20Satellites%20Automatic%20Location%20System	Universal Satellites Automatic Location System (USALS), also known (unofficially) as DiSEqC 1.3, Go X or Go to XX is a satellite dish motor protocol that automatically creates a list of available satellite positions in a motorised satellite dish setup. It is used in conjunction with the DiSEqC 1.2 protocol. It was de...	Universal Satellites Automatic Location System	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	455	[ "Information and communications technology", "Telecommunications engineering", "Television technology", "Satellite broadcasting" ]
2,187,847	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20Lie%20group	In geometry, a complex Lie group is a Lie group over the complex numbers; i.e., it is a complex-analytic manifold that is also a group in such a way is holomorphic. Basic examples are , the general linear groups over the complex numbers. A connected compact complex Lie group is precisely a complex torus (not to be c...	Complex Lie group	[ "Mathematics" ]	510	[ "Lie groups", "Mathematical structures", "Space (mathematics)", "Topological spaces", "Topology", "Algebraic structures", "Geometry", "Geometry stubs", "Manifolds" ]
2,187,853	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutta	A gutta (Latin pl. guttae, "drops") is a small water-repelling, cone-shaped projection used near the top of the architrave of the Doric order in classical architecture. At the top of the architrave blocks, a row of six guttae below the narrow projection of the taenia (fillet) formed an element called a regula. A regu...	Gutta	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	455	[ "Building engineering", "Structural system", "Architectural elements", "Columns and entablature", "Components", "Architecture" ]
2,187,854	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochron	Geochron, Inc. is an American company founded in 1965 by James Kilburg, an inventor from Luxembourg. It is also the name of their flagship product, the Geochron Global Time Indicator. The Geochron was the first world clock to display day and night on a world map, showing the sinh "bell curve" of light and darkness. The...	Geochron	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	776	[ "Physical systems", "Machines", "Clocks", "Measuring instruments" ]
2,188,372	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wobble%20frequency	Optical discs, with the exception of DVD-RAM, have their data encoded on a single spiral, or a groove, which covers the surface of the disc. In the case of recordable media, this spiral contains a slight sinusoidal deviation from a perfect spiral. The period of this sine curve corresponds to the wobble frequency. The w...	Wobble frequency	[ "Technology" ]	384	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer hardware stubs" ]
2,188,477	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEA%20list%20of%20chemicals	The United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) maintains lists regarding the classification of illicit drugs (see DEA Schedules). It also maintains List I of chemicals and List II of chemicals, which contain chemicals that are used to manufacture the controlled substances/illicit drugs. The list is designated ...	DEA list of chemicals	[ "Chemistry" ]	355	[ "nan" ]
2,188,689	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather%20front	A weather front is a boundary separating air masses for which several characteristics differ, such as air density, wind, temperature, and humidity. Disturbed and unstable weather due to these differences often arises along the boundary. For instance, cold fronts can bring bands of thunderstorms and cumulonimbus precipi...	Weather front	[ "Physics" ]	2,824	[ "Meteorological phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Earth phenomena" ]
2,188,925	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian%20hydration%20dating	Obsidian hydration dating (OHD) is a geochemical method of determining age in either absolute or relative terms of an artifact made of obsidian. Obsidian is a volcanic glass that was used by prehistoric people as a raw material in the manufacture of stone tools such as projectile points, knives, or other cutting tools...	Obsidian hydration dating	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,732	[ "nan" ]
2,188,998	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycomyces%20blakesleeanus	Phycomyces blakesleeanus is a filamentous fungus in the Order Mucorales of the phylum Zygomycota or subphylum Mucoromycotina. The spore-bearing sporangiophores of Phycomyces are very sensitive to different environmental signals including light, gravity, wind, chemicals, and adjacent objects. They exhibit phototropic ...	Phycomyces blakesleeanus	[ "Biology" ]	571	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
2,189,362	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus%20tribromide%20%28data%20page%29	This page provides supplementary chemical data on phosphorus tribromide. Material Safety Data Sheet External MSDS sheets: Fisher MSDS Aldrich MSDS Structure and properties Thermodynamic properties Spectral data References Chemical data pages Chemical data pages cleanup	Phosphorus tribromide (data page)	[ "Chemistry" ]	49	[ "Chemical data pages", "nan" ]
2,189,384	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking%20bird	Drinking birds, also known as dunking birds, drinky birds, water birds, or dipping birds are toy heat engines that mimic the motions of a bird drinking from a water source. They are sometimes incorrectly considered examples of a perpetual motion device. Construction and materials A drinking bird consists of two glass ...	Drinking bird	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	2,278	[ "Thermodynamics", "Dynamical systems" ]
2,189,529	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Latin%20character%20sets%20%28computing%29	Several 8-bit character sets (encodings) were designed for binary representation of common Western European languages (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, Dutch, English, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Icelandic), which use the Latin alphabet, a few additional letters and ones with precomposed diacritics, so...	Western Latin character sets (computing)	[ "Technology" ]	1,553	[ "Computers", "History of computing" ]
2,189,647	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20nuclear%20weapons%20tests	Nuclear weapons testing is the act of experimentally and deliberately firing one or more nuclear devices in a controlled manner pursuant to a military, scientific or technological goal. This has been done on test sites on land or waters owned, controlled or leased from the owners by one of the eight nuclear nations: th...	List of nuclear weapons tests	[ "Technology" ]	6,460	[ "Environmental impact of nuclear power", "Nuclear weapons testing" ]
2,189,901	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstructure	Microstructure is the very small scale structure of a material, defined as the structure of a prepared surface of material as revealed by an optical microscope above 25× magnification. The microstructure of a material (such as metals, polymers, ceramics or composites) can strongly influence physical properties such as ...	Microstructure	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,447	[ "Metallurgy", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Materials science", "nan" ]
2,189,949	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner%20solution	In mathematics and economics, a corner solution is a special solution to an agent's maximization problem in which the quantity of one of the arguments in the maximized function is zero. In non-technical terms, a corner solution is when the chooser is either unwilling or unable to make a trade-off between goods. In eco...	Corner solution	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,029	[ "Mathematical optimization", "Mathematical analysis" ]
2,189,975	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort%20noise	Comfort noise (or comfort tone) is synthetic background noise used in radio and wireless communications to fill the artificial silence in a transmission resulting from voice activity detection or from the audio clarity of modern digital lines. Some modern telephone systems (such as wireless and VoIP) use voice activit...	Comfort noise	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	597	[ "Information and communications technology", "Mobile telecommunications", "Telecommunications engineering", "Radio technology" ]
2,189,987	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete%20market	In economics, a complete market (aka Arrow-Debreu market or complete system of markets) is a market with two conditions: Negligible transaction costs and therefore also perfect information, Every asset in every possible state of the world has a price. In such a market, the complete set of possible bets on future st...	Complete market	[ "Mathematics" ]	558	[ "Applied mathematics", "Mathematical finance" ]
2,189,989	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20pareth%20sulfate	Sodium alketh sulfate, known prior to being renamed in 2021 as sodium pareth sulfate, and also as sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfate, is a surfactant found in some detergent products such as hand or body washes, but not as commonly as other chemicals such as sodium laureth sulfate (SLES). It is the sodium salt...	Sodium pareth sulfate	[ "Chemistry" ]	172	[ "Functional groups", "Salts", "Organic compounds", "Organic sodium salts", "Ethers" ]
2,190,069	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium%20vivax	Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite and a human pathogen. This parasite is the most frequent and widely distributed cause of recurring malaria. Although it is less virulent than Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest of the five human malaria parasites, P. vivax malaria infections can lead to severe disease and de...	Plasmodium vivax	[ "Biology" ]	4,654	[ "Parasites of humans", "Humans and other species" ]
2,190,139	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearer-Independent%20Call%20Control	The Bearer-Independent Call Control (BICC) is a signaling protocol based on N-ISUP that is used for supporting narrowband Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) service over a broadband backbone network. BICC is designed to interwork with existing transport technologies. BICC is specified in ITU-T recommendation Q...	Bearer-Independent Call Control	[ "Technology" ]	398	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer network stubs" ]
2,190,194	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture%20of%20Hong%20Kong	The architecture of Hong Kong features great emphasis on contemporary architecture, especially Modernism, Postmodernism, Functionalism, etc. Due to the lack of available land, few historical buildings remain in the urban areas of Hong Kong. Therefore, Hong Kong has become a centre for modern architecture as older build...	Architecture of Hong Kong	[ "Engineering" ]	1,992	[ "Architecture by city", "Architecture" ]
2,190,535	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix-assisted%20laser%20desorption/ionization	In mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is an ionization technique that uses a laser energy-absorbing matrix to create ions from large molecules with minimal fragmentation. It has been applied to the analysis of biomolecules (biopolymers such as DNA, proteins, peptides and carbohydrate...	Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	5,354	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Ion source", "Mass spectrometry", "Biochemistry" ]
9,362,854	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare%20Cremonini%20%28philosopher%29	Cesare Cremonini (; 22 December 1550 – 19 July 1631), sometimes Cesare Cremonino, was an Italian professor of natural philosophy, working rationalism (against revelation) and Aristotelian materialism (against the dualist immortality of the soul) inside scholasticism. His Latinized name was Cæsar Cremoninus or Cæsar Cre...	Cesare Cremonini (philosopher)	[ "Astronomy" ]	4,108	[ "Astronomical controversies", "Galileo affair" ]
9,363,081	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre%20for%20Energy%2C%20Petroleum%20and%20Mineral%20Law%20and%20Policy	The Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy (CEPMLP) is a graduate school at the University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom, focused on the fields of international business transactions, energy law and policy, mining and the use of natural resources. It is affiliated with, but not part of, the Univ...	Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy	[ "Engineering" ]	622	[ "Petroleum engineering", "Petroleum engineering schools", "Engineering universities and colleges" ]
9,363,315	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Aboriginal%20astronomy	Australian Aboriginal astronomy has been passed down orally, through ceremonies, and in their artwork of many kinds. The astronomical systems passed down thus show a depth of understanding of the movement of celestial objects which allowed them to use them as a practical means for creating calendars and for navigating ...	Australian Aboriginal astronomy	[ "Astronomy" ]	3,800	[ "Archaeoastronomy", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
9,363,374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20communications%20over%20IP	MoIP, or mobile communications over Internet Protocol, is the mobilization of peer-to-peer communications including chat and talk using Internet Protocol via standard mobile communications applications including 3G, GPRS, Wi-Fi as well as WiMax. Unlike mobile VoIP, MoIP is not a VoIP program made accessible from mobile...	Mobile communications over IP	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	215	[ "Wireless networking", "Computer networks engineering" ]
9,363,637	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent%20dumping%20coefficient	An equivalent dumping coefficient is a mathematical coefficient used in the calculation of the energy dispersed when a structure moves. As a civil engineering term, it defines the percent of a cycle of oscillation that is absorbed (converted to heat by friction) for the structure or sub-structure under analysis. Usuall...	Equivalent dumping coefficient	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	170	[ "Energy (physics)", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Quantity", "Physical quantities" ]
9,363,980	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Union%20splice	The Western Union splice or lineman splice is a method of joining electrical cable, developed in the nineteenth century during the introduction of the telegraph and named for the Western Union telegraph company. This method can be used where the cable may be subject to loading stress. The wrapping pattern design causes...	Western Union splice	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	714	[ "Electrical systems", "Building engineering", "Physical systems", "Electrical engineering", "Electrical wiring" ]
9,364,565	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technora	Technora is an aramid that is useful for a variety of applications that require high strength or chemical resistance. It is a brand name of the company Teijin Aramid. Technora was used on January 25, 2004 to suspend the NASA Mars rover Opportunity from its parachute during descent. It was also later used by NASA as o...	Technora	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	376	[ "Organic polymers", "Synthetic fibers", "Synthetic materials", "Organic compounds", "Materials", "Matter" ]
9,365,039	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crabtree%20effect	The Crabtree effect, named after the English biochemist Herbert Grace Crabtree, describes the phenomenon whereby the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, produces ethanol (alcohol) in aerobic conditions at high external glucose concentrations rather than producing biomass via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the usual p...	Crabtree effect	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	490	[ "Biochemistry", "Biochemical reactions" ]
9,365,585	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NONMEM	NONMEM is a non-linear mixed-effects modeling software package developed by Stuart L. Beal and Lewis B. Sheiner in the late 1970s at University of California, San Francisco, and expanded by Robert Bauer at Icon PLC. Its name is an acronym for nonlinear mixed effects modeling but it is especially powerful in the context...	NONMEM	[ "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	319	[ "Pharmacology", "Pharmacokinetics", "Pharmacodynamics", "Medicinal chemistry stubs", "Numerical software", "Pharmacology stubs", "Mathematical software" ]
9,366,097	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncation%20error	In numerical analysis and scientific computing, truncation error is an error caused by approximating a mathematical process. Examples Infinite series A summation series for is given by an infinite series such as In reality, we can only use a finite number of these terms as it would take an infinite amount of comp...	Truncation error	[ "Mathematics" ]	565	[ "Computational mathematics", "Mathematical relations", "Approximations", "Numerical analysis" ]
9,366,660	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callose	Callose is a plant polysaccharide. Its production is due to the glucan synthase-like gene (GLS) in various places within a plant. It is produced to act as a temporary cell wall in response to stimuli such as stress or damage. Callose is composed of glucose residues linked together through β-1,3-linkages, and is termed ...	Callose	[ "Chemistry" ]	534	[ "Carbohydrates", "Polysaccharides" ]
9,366,901	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Chen%20Wu	I-Chen Wu () is a professor at Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University. He received his B.S. in Electronic Engineering from National Taiwan University (NTU), M.S. in computer science from NTU, and Ph.D. in computer science from Carnegie-Mellon University, in 1982, 1984 and 1993, respectively. W...	I-Chen Wu	[ "Technology" ]	401	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer specialist stubs" ]
9,367,435	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-range%20hopping	Variable-range hopping is a model used to describe carrier transport in a disordered semiconductor or in amorphous solid by hopping in an extended temperature range. It has a characteristic temperature dependence of where is the conductivity and is a parameter dependent on the model under consideration. Mott variab...	Variable-range hopping	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	760	[ "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Electrical phenomena", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Electrical resistance and conductance" ]
9,367,526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoProfit	ECOPROFIT (in full Ecological Project for Integrated Environmental Protection, in German Ökoprofit) was developed in 1991 in Graz, Austria by the Environmental Office of the City of Graz and Graz University of Technology. ECOPROFIT is a cooperative approach between the regional authority and local companies with the g...	EcoProfit	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	524	[ "Environmental economics", "Environmental mitigation", "Environmental social science", "Environmental engineering" ]
9,367,832	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfamide	Sulfamide (IUPAC name: sulfuric diamide) is a compound with the chemical formula and structure . Sulfamide is produced by the reaction of sulfuryl chloride with ammonia. Sulfamide was first prepared in 1838 by the French chemist Henri Victor Regnault. Sulfamide functional group In organic chemistry, the term sulfamid...	Sulfamide	[ "Chemistry" ]	200	[ "Sulfuryl compounds", "Functional groups", "Inorganic compounds", "Inorganic nitrogen compounds" ]
9,368,062	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20tweezers	Magnetic tweezers (MT) are scientific instruments for the manipulation and characterization of biomolecules or polymers. These apparatus exert forces and torques to individual molecules or groups of molecules. It can be used to measure the tensile strength or the force generated by molecules. Most commonly magnetic tw...	Magnetic tweezers	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Technology", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	4,427	[ "Molecular physics", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Measuring instruments", "Particle traps", "Biophysics" ]
9,368,078	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood%20mould	In architecture, a hood mould, hood, label mould (from Latin , lip), drip mould or dripstone is an external moulded projection from a wall over an opening to throw off rainwater, historically often in form of a pediment. This moulding can be terminated at the side by ornamentation called a label stop. The hood mould w...	Hood mould	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	124	[ "Building engineering", "Architectural elements", "Architecture stubs", "Components", "Architecture" ]
9,368,110	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmically%20concave%20measure	In mathematics, a Borel measure μ on n-dimensional Euclidean space is called logarithmically concave (or log-concave for short) if, for any compact subsets A and B of and 0 < λ < 1, one has where λ A + (1 − λ) B denotes the Minkowski sum of λ A and (1 − λ) B. Examples The Brunn–Minkowski inequality asserts that...	Logarithmically concave measure	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	243	[ "Measures (measure theory)", "Quantity", "Physical quantities", "Size" ]
9,368,121	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20Northcott	Douglas Geoffrey Northcott, FRS (31 December 1916 – 8 April 2005) was a British mathematician who worked on ideal theory. Early life and career Northcott was born Douglas Geoffrey Robertson in Kensington on 31 December 1916 to Clara Freda (née Behl) (1894–1958) and her first husband Geoffrey Douglas Spence Robertson (...	Douglas Northcott	[ "Mathematics" ]	712	[ "Algebra", "Algebraists" ]
9,368,946	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral%20axis	The neutral axis is an axis in the cross section of a beam (a member resisting bending) or shaft along which there are no longitudinal stresses or strains. Theory If the section is symmetric, isotropic and is not curved before a bend occurs, then the neutral axis is at the geometric centroid of a beam or shaft. All fi...	Neutral axis	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	802	[ "Metallurgical processes", "Solid mechanics", "Boilermaking", "Mechanics" ]
9,369,090	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department%20of%20Physics%20and%20Astronomy%2C%20University%20of%20Manchester	The Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester is one of the largest and most active physics departments in the UK, taking around 330 new undergraduates and 50 postgraduates each year, and employing more than 80 members of academic staff and over 100 research fellows and associates. The departm...	Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester	[ "Astronomy" ]	966	[ "Astronomy education" ]
9,369,098	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory%20oven	Laboratory ovens are a common piece of equipment that can be found in electronics, materials processing, forensic, and research laboratories. These ovens generally provide pinpoint temperature control and uniform temperatures throughout the heating process. The following applications are some of the common uses for lab...	Laboratory oven	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	673	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Convection", "Thermodynamics" ]
9,369,367	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggybacking%20%28Internet%20access%29	Piggybacking on Internet access is the practice of establishing a wireless Internet connection by using another subscriber's wireless Internet access service without the subscriber's explicit permission or knowledge. It is a legally and ethically controversial practice, with laws that vary by jurisdiction around the wo...	Piggybacking (Internet access)	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	4,045	[ "Wireless networking", "Computer networks engineering" ]
9,371,968	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskamp%20Institute	The Roskamp Institute, was co-founded by Robert and Diane Roskamp, and Fiona Crawford and Michael Mullan in Sarasota, Florida in 2003. It is a nonprofit biomedical research facility specializing neurological research including Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, Gulf War syndrome, and posttraumatic stress diso...	Roskamp Institute	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	501	[ "Biotechnology organizations", "Biomedical research foundations" ]
9,372,609	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20testing	Environmental testing is the measurement of the performance of equipment under specified environmental conditions. This can include the following: High and low extreme temperatures Temperature cycling Sand and dust exposure Salt spray High and low humidity Wet environments Deep water submersion Corrosive mater...	Environmental testing	[ "Engineering" ]	160	[ "Environmental testing", "Systems engineering", "Reliability engineering" ]
9,372,872	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafovanny	Nafovanny in Vietnam is the largest captive-breeding primate facility in the world. It supplies crab-eating Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) to animal testing laboratories. Background Nafovanny was set up in 1994 by Vanny Chian Technology, a Hong Kong company, according to Reuters. Criticism of the project was expresse...	Nafovanny	[ "Chemistry" ]	524	[ "Animal testing" ]
9,373,147	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utahdactylus	Utahdactylus was a genus of extinct reptile from the Kimmeridgian-Tithonian-age Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Utah, United States. Based on DM 002/CEUM 32588 (an incomplete skeleton described as including a fragment of the skull, a cervical vertebra, three back vertebrae, and a caudal vertebra, ribs, a scapula, ...	Utahdactylus	[ "Biology" ]	865	[ "Biological hypotheses", "Nomina dubia", "Controversial taxa" ]
9,373,204	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20set%20theory	General set theory (GST) is George Boolos's (1998) name for a fragment of the axiomatic set theory Z. GST is sufficient for all mathematics not requiring infinite sets, and is the weakest known set theory whose theorems include the Peano axioms. Ontology The ontology of GST is identical to that of ZFC, and hence is th...	General set theory	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,497	[ "Z notation" ]
9,373,360	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personnel%20Reliability%20Program	The Personnel Reliability Program (PRP) is a United States Department of Defense security, medical and psychological evaluation program, designed to permit only the most trustworthy individuals to have access to nuclear weapons (NPRP), chemical weapons (CPRP), and biological weapons (BPRP). The program was first insti...	Personnel Reliability Program	[ "Chemistry" ]	447	[ "Radioactivity", "Nuclear warfare" ]
9,374,505	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schild%20equation	In pharmacology, Schild regression analysis, based upon the Schild equation, both named for Heinz Otto Schild, are tools for studying the effects of agonists and antagonists on the response caused by the receptor or on ligand-receptor binding. Concept Dose-response curves can be constructed to describe response or lig...	Schild equation	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,273	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Pharmacology", "Pharmacodynamics", "Biochemistry" ]
9,375,496	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepenthes%20%C3%97%20mirabilata	Nepenthes × mirabilata (; a blend of mirabilis and alata) is a natural hybrid involving N. alata and N. mirabilis. Nepenthes × mirabilata was mentioned as a natural hybrid in Guide to Nepenthes Hybrids (1995). The hybrid is restricted to Mindanao, the Philippines, the only location where the parent species overlap. ...	Nepenthes × mirabilata	[ "Biology" ]	142	[ "Biological hypotheses", "Nomina nuda", "Controversial taxa" ]
9,375,579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepenthes%20%C3%97%20tsangoya	Nepenthes × tsangoya (; after Peter Tsang) is a tropical pitcher plant. It reportedly represents the complex natural hybrid (N. alata × N. merrilliana) × N. mirabilis. Nepenthes × tsangoya was mentioned as a natural hybrid in Guide to Nepenthes Hybrids (1995). The known ranges of the parent species only overlap in Mi...	Nepenthes × tsangoya	[ "Biology" ]	111	[ "Biological hypotheses", "Nomina nuda", "Controversial taxa" ]
14,513,019	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20programming%20languages%20%28basic%20instructions%29	This article compares a large number of programming languages by tabulating their data types, their expression, statement, and declaration syntax, and some common operating-system interfaces. Conventions of this article Generally, var, , or is how variable names or other non-literal values to be interpreted by the ...	Comparison of programming languages (basic instructions)	[ "Technology" ]	2,774	[ "Programming language comparisons", "Computing comparisons" ]
14,513,043	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve%20of%20Destruction%20%28film%29	Eve of Destruction is a 1991 American science fiction action thriller film. The film is about a nuclear armed prototype android named EVE gone amok while being field tested by the military in a big city. The film stars Gregory Hines as Col. Jim McQuade and Dutch actress Renée Soutendijk (in her first U.S. film) with th...	Eve of Destruction (film)	[ "Technology" ]	473	[ "Works about computing", "Films about computing" ]
14,513,559	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20Research	Environmental Research is a peer-reviewed environmental science and environmental health journal published by Elsevier. The editor in chief is Jose L. Domingo. The journal's 2020 impact factor of 6.498 placed it 16th out of 203 journals in the category Public, Environmental, and Occupational Health; the 2021 impact fac...	Environmental Research	[ "Environmental_science" ]	89	[ "Environmental science journals", "Environmental health journals", "Environmental science journal stubs" ]
14,515,477	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR161	G-protein coupled receptor 161 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR161 gene. References Further reading G protein-coupled receptors	GPR161	[ "Chemistry" ]	32	[ "G protein-coupled receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,515,747	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppis%20A	Puppis A (Pup A) is a supernova remnant (SNR) about 100 light-years in diameter and roughly 6500–7000 light-years distant. Its apparent angular diameter is about 1 degree. The light of the supernova explosion reached Earth approximately 3700 years ago. Although it overlaps the Vela Supernova Remnant, it is four times...	Puppis A	[ "Astronomy" ]	282	[ "Puppis", "Astronomy stubs", "Constellations", "Nebula stubs", "Astronomical X-ray sources", "Astronomical objects" ]
14,517,273	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR56	G protein-coupled receptor 56 also known as TM7XN1 is a protein encoded by the ADGRG1 gene. GPR56 is a member of the adhesion GPCR family. Adhesion GPCRs are characterized by an extended extracellular region often possessing N-terminal protein modules that is linked to a TM7 region via a domain known as the GPCR-Autopr...	GPR56	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,705	[ "G protein-coupled receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,517,309	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR83	Probable G-protein coupled receptor 83 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR83 gene. References Further reading G protein-coupled receptors	GPR83	[ "Chemistry" ]	33	[ "G protein-coupled receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,517,351	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR162	Probable G-protein coupled receptor 162 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR162 gene. This gene was identified upon genomic analysis of a gene-dense region at human chromosome 12p13. It appears to be mainly expressed in the brain; however, its function is not known. Alternatively spliced transcript varian...	GPR162	[ "Chemistry" ]	86	[ "G protein-coupled receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,517,378	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR85	Probable G-protein coupled receptor 85 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR85 gene. See also SREB References Further reading G protein-coupled receptors	GPR85	[ "Chemistry" ]	36	[ "G protein-coupled receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,517,415	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR139	G-protein coupled receptor 139 (GPC139) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR139 gene. Research has shown that mice with loss of GCP139 experience schizophrenia-like symptomatology that is rescued with the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol and the μ-opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone. Ligands Ago...	GPR139	[ "Chemistry" ]	165	[ "G protein-coupled receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,517,434	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR151	Probable G-protein coupled receptor 151 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR151 gene. References Further reading G protein-coupled receptors	GPR151	[ "Chemistry" ]	33	[ "G protein-coupled receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,517,466	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20fatty%20acid%20receptor%204	Free Fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4), also termed G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR120), is a protein that in humans is encoded (i.e., its formation is directed) by the FFAR4 gene. This gene is located on the long (i.e. "q") arm of chromosome 10 at position 23.33 (position notated as 10q23.33). G protein-coupled recept...	Free fatty acid receptor 4	[ "Chemistry" ]	6,688	[ "G protein-coupled receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,517,481	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR142	Probable G-protein coupled receptor 142 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR142 gene. GPR142 is a member of the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs) (Fredriksson et al., 2003).[supplied by OMIM] References Further reading G protein-coupled receptors	GPR142	[ "Chemistry" ]	74	[ "G protein-coupled receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,517,495	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR148	G protein-coupled receptor 148, also known as GPR148, is a human orphan receptor from GPCR superfamily. It is expressed primarily in nervous system and testis. Is may be implicated in prostate cancer. References Further reading G protein-coupled receptors	GPR148	[ "Chemistry" ]	54	[ "G protein-coupled receptors", "Signal transduction" ]

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