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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 31 227	text stringlengths 6 334k	source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 71.8k	subcategories listlengths 0 30
3,027,162	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle%20poison	A spindle poison, also known as a spindle toxin, is a poison that disrupts cell division by affecting the protein threads that connect the centromere regions of chromosomes, known as spindles. Spindle poisons effectively cease the production of new cells by interrupting the mitosis phase of cell division at the spindle...	Spindle poison	[ "Environmental_science" ]	878	[ "Poisons", "Harmful chemical substances", "Toxicology", "Mitotic inhibitors" ]
3,027,218	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunk%20dialing	Drunk dialing refers to an intoxicated person making phone calls that they would not likely make if sober, often a lonely individual calling former or current love interests. Drunk texting, emailing, and editing internet sites are related phenomena, and potentially yet more embarrassing for the sender as, when the mes...	Drunk dialing	[ "Biology" ]	504	[ "Behavior", "Interpersonal relationships", "Human behavior" ]
3,027,310	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kretschmann%20scalar	In the theory of Lorentzian manifolds, particularly in the context of applications to general relativity, the Kretschmann scalar is a quadratic scalar invariant. It was introduced by Erich Kretschmann. Definition The Kretschmann invariant is where is the Riemann curvature tensor and is the Christoffel symbol. Beca...	Kretschmann scalar	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	523	[ "Tensors in general relativity", "Tensors", "Tensor physical quantities", "Physical quantities" ]
3,027,417	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site%20Security%20Handbook	The Site Security Handbook, RFC 2196, is a guide on setting computer security policies and procedures for sites that have systems on the Internet (however, the information provided should also be useful to sites not yet connected to the Internet). The guide lists issues and factors that a site must consider when setti...	Site Security Handbook	[ "Technology" ]	176	[ "Computer security stubs", "Computing stubs" ]
3,027,800	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylglyoxal	Methylglyoxal (MGO) is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CHO. It is a reduced derivative of pyruvic acid. It is a reactive compound that is implicated in the biology of diabetes. Methylglyoxal is produced industrially by degradation of carbohydrates using overexpressed methylglyoxal synthase. Chemical st...	Methylglyoxal	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	896	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Carbohydrates", "Senescence", "Endogenous aldehydes", "Biomolecules", "Cellular processes", "Biochemistry", "Advanced glycation end-products", "Metabolism" ]
13,364,159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triol	In chemistry, a triol is an organic compound containing three hydroxyl groups ( functional groups), such as glycerol. See also chemical compounds with one hydroxyl group Alcohols Phenols Enols Ynols Polyols, chemical compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups Diols, chemical compounds with two hydroxyl groups Re...	Triol	[ "Chemistry" ]	75	[ "Functional groups" ]
13,364,985	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero%20Movie	Superhero Movie is a 2008 American superhero parody film written and directed by Craig Mazin, produced by Robert K. Weiss and David Zucker, and starring Drake Bell, Sara Paxton, Christopher McDonald, Kevin Hart, Brent Spiner, Jeffrey Tambor, Robert Joy, Regina Hall, Pamela Anderson, and Leslie Nielsen. It was originall...	Superhero Movie	[ "Astronomy" ]	2,027	[ "Cultural depictions of astronomers", "Cultural depictions of Stephen Hawking" ]
13,365,973	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel%20Kleitman	Nathaniel Kleitman (April 26, 1895 – August 13, 1999) was an American physiologist and sleep researcher who served as Professor Emeritus in Physiology at the University of Chicago. He is recognized as the father of modern sleep research, and is the author of the seminal 1939 book Sleep and Wakefulness. Biography Ear...	Nathaniel Kleitman	[ "Biology" ]	674	[ "Sleep researchers", "Behavior", "Sleep" ]
13,366,494	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20marine%20ecoregions	The following is a list of marine ecoregions, as defined by the WWF and The Nature Conservancy The WWF/Nature Conservancy scheme groups the individual ecoregions into 12 marine realms, which represent the broad latitudinal divisions of polar, temperate, and tropical seas, with subdivisions based on ocean basins. The m...	List of marine ecoregions	[ "Biology" ]	1,396	[ "Aquatic ecology", "Ecosystems" ]
13,368,871	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIST%20Award%20for%20Outstanding%20Achievement%20in%20the%20History%20of%20Chemistry	The HIST Award for Outstanding Achievement in the History of Chemistry (2013–present) is given by the Division of the History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society (ACS). The award was originally known as the Dexter Award (1956–2001) and then briefly as the Sidney M. Edelstein Award (2002–2009), both given by ...	HIST Award for Outstanding Achievement in the History of Chemistry	[ "Technology" ]	644	[ "Science and technology awards", "Chemistry awards", "History of science awards" ]
13,369,267	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOLAR%20%28ISS%29	SOLAR was an ESA science observatory on the Columbus Laboratory, which is part of the International Space Station. SOLAR was launched with Columbus in February 2008 aboard STS-122. It was externally mounted to Columbus with the European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF). SOLAR has three main space science instrument...	SOLAR (ISS)	[ "Astronomy" ]	565	[ "Space telescopes", "Crewed space observatories" ]
13,369,887	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translate%20Toolkit	The Translate Toolkit is a localization and translation toolkit. It provides a set of tools for working with localization file formats and files that might need localization. The toolkit also provides an API on which to develop other localization tools. The toolkit is written in the Python programming language. It ...	Translate Toolkit	[ "Technology" ]	964	[ "Natural language and computing", "Internationalization and localization" ]
13,370,236	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORBIT	In electronics, the NORBIT family of modules is a very early form (since 1960) of digital logic developed by Philips (and also provided through and Mullard) that uses modules containing discrete components to build logic function blocks in resistor–transistor logic (RTL) or diode–transistor logic (DTL) technology. Ov...	NORBIT	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	2,514	[ "Digital electronics", "Industrial engineering", "Automation", "Electronic engineering", "Control engineering", "Condensed matter physics", "Industrial automation", "Solid state engineering" ]
13,371,175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomorphan	Phenomorphan is an opioid analgesic. It is not currently used in medicine, but has similar side-effects to other opiates, which include itching, nausea and respiratory depression. Phenomorphan is a highly potent drug due to the N-phenethyl group, which boosts affinity to the μ-opioid receptor, and so phenomorphan is a...	Phenomorphan	[ "Chemistry" ]	288	[ "Pharmacology", "Pharmacology stubs", "Medicinal chemistry stubs" ]
13,371,195	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANOVA%E2%80%93simultaneous%20component%20analysis	In computational biology and bioinformatics, analysis of variance – simultaneous component analysis (ASCA or ANOVA–SCA) is a method that partitions variation and enables interpretation of these partitions by SCA, a method that is similar to principal components analysis (PCA). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collecti...	ANOVA–simultaneous component analysis	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	1,095	[ "Bioinformatics", "Biological engineering" ]
13,371,727	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20of%20Fluids	Physics of Fluids is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering fluid dynamics, established by the American Institute of Physics in 1958, and is published by AIP Publishing. The journal focus is the dynamics of gases, liquids, and complex or multiphase fluids—and the journal contains original research resultin...	Physics of Fluids	[ "Chemistry" ]	485	[ "Fluid dynamics journals", "Fluid dynamics" ]
13,371,925	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant	In physics and the philosophy of science, instant refers to an infinitesimal interval in time, whose passage is instantaneous. In ordinary speech, an instant has been defined as "a point or very short space of time," a notion deriving from its etymological source, the Latin verb instare, from in- + stare ('to stand'), ...	Instant	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	330	[ "Physical quantities", "Time", "Time stubs", "Quantity", "Spacetime", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities" ]
13,372,056	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonivamide	Nonivamide, also called pelargonic acid vanillylamide or PAVA, is an organic compound and a capsaicinoid. It is an amide of pelargonic acid (n-nonanoic acid) and vanillyl amine. It is present in chili peppers, but is commonly manufactured synthetically. It is more heat-stable than capsaicin. Nonivamide is used as a ...	Nonivamide	[ "Chemistry" ]	466	[ "Riot control agents", "Lachrymatory agents", "Chemical weapons" ]
13,372,642	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal%20ring%20model	The toroidal ring model, known originally as the Parson magneton or magnetic electron, is a physical model of subatomic particles. It is also known as the plasmoid ring, vortex ring, or helicon ring. This physical model treated electrons and protons as elementary particles, and was first proposed by Alfred Lauck Parson...	Toroidal ring model	[ "Physics" ]	1,673	[ "Obsolete theories in physics", "Theoretical physics", "Particle physics", "Nuclear physics" ]
13,373,895	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm%20%28structural%20system%29	In structural engineering, a diaphragm is a structural element that transmits lateral loads to the vertical resisting elements of a structure (such as shear walls or frames). Diaphragms are typically horizontal but can be sloped in a gable roof on a wood structure or concrete ramp in a parking garage. The diaphragm f...	Diaphragm (structural system)	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	404	[ "Structural engineering", "Building engineering", "Floors", "Structural system", "Architecture stubs", "Architecture" ]
13,375,387	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoca-Gil	Rhoca-Gil is a type of industrial sealant produced by Rhône-Poulenc, used in the construction of tunnels to block the passage of groundwater inside. The sealant begins as a liquid, then is injected into cavities which need to be sealed, and polymerises, causing it to harden. Process Rhoca-Gil consists of two fluids, ...	Rhoca-Gil	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	412	[ "Polymers", "Polymer chemistry" ]
13,375,871	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Copernican%20Revolution%20%28book%29	The Copernican Revolution is a 1957 book by the philosopher Thomas Kuhn, in which the author provides an analysis of the Copernican Revolution, documenting the pre-Ptolemaic understanding through the Ptolemaic system and its variants until the eventual acceptance of the Keplerian system. Kuhn argues that the Ptolemaic...	The Copernican Revolution (book)	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,383	[ "History of astronomy", "Works about astronomy", "Works about the history of astronomy", "Copernican Revolution", "History of astrology" ]
13,376,002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20modulation%20amplitude	In telecommunications, optical modulation amplitude (OMA) is the difference between two optical power levels, of a digital signal generated by an optical source, e.g., a laser diode. It is given by where P1 is the optical power level generated when the light source is "on," and P0 is the power level generated when th...	Optical modulation amplitude	[ "Engineering" ]	166	[ "Optical communications", "Telecommunications engineering" ]
8,704,332	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20art	Space art, also known as astronomical art, is a genre of art that visually depicts the universe through various artistic styles. It may also refer to artworks sent into space. The development of space art was closely linked to advancements in telescope and imaging technology, which enabled more precise observations of...	Space art	[ "Astronomy" ]	3,442	[ "Space art", "Spaceflight", "Outer space" ]
8,705,069	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure%20%28company%29	Pure International Ltd. is a British consumer electronics company, based in Kings Langley, Hertfordshire, founded in 2002. They are best known for designing and manufacturing digital audio broadcasting (DAB) and DAB+ radios. In recent years the company has moved away from being a digital radio company with more broad-b...	Pure (company)	[ "Engineering" ]	546	[ "Radio electronics", "Radio manufacturers" ]
8,705,174	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wender%20Taxol%20total%20synthesis	Wender Taxol total synthesis in organic chemistry describes a Taxol total synthesis (one of six to date) by the group of Paul Wender at Stanford University published in 1997. This synthesis has much in common with the Holton Taxol total synthesis in that it is a linear synthesis starting from a naturally occurring comp...	Wender Taxol total synthesis	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,606	[ "Total synthesis", "Chemical synthesis" ]
8,707,155	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20shape%20analysis	Statistical shape analysis is an analysis of the geometrical properties of some given set of shapes by statistical methods. For instance, it could be used to quantify differences between male and female gorilla skull shapes, normal and pathological bone shapes, leaf outlines with and without herbivory by insects, etc. ...	Statistical shape analysis	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	701	[ "Geometric shapes", "Packaging machinery", "Mathematical objects", "Spatial analysis", "Space", "Geometric objects", "Artificial intelligence engineering", "Spacetime", "Computer vision" ]
8,707,236	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL10	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) also known as Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) or small-inducible cytokine B10 is an 8.7 kDa protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCL10 gene. C-X-C motif chemokine 10 is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. Gene The gene for CXCL10 is locate...	CXCL10	[ "Chemistry" ]	588	[ "Cytokines", "Signal transduction" ]
8,707,643	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20circuit	An electronic circuit is composed of individual electronic components, such as resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors and diodes, connected by conductive wires or traces through which electric current can flow. It is a type of electrical circuit. For a circuit to be referred to as electronic, rather than electri...	Electronic circuit	[ "Engineering" ]	1,187	[ "Electronic engineering", "Electronic circuits" ]
8,707,733	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20biogeographic%20provinces	This page features a list of biogeographic provinces that were developed by Miklos Udvardy in 1975, later modified by other authors. Biogeographic Province is a biotic subdivision of biogeographic realms subdivided into ecoregions, which are classified based on their biomes or habitat types and, on this page, correspon...	List of biogeographic provinces	[ "Biology" ]	3,847	[ "Biogeography", "Ecology" ]
8,708,358	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL11	C-X-C motif chemokine 11 (CXCL11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCL11 gene. C-X-C motif chemokine 11 is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also called Interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC) and Interferon-gamma-inducible protein 9 (IP-9). It is highly ex...	CXCL11	[ "Chemistry" ]	342	[ "Cytokines", "Signal transduction" ]
8,709,090	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M13%20link	The M13 link, formally Link, Cartridge, Metallic Belt, 7.62mm, M13, is the U.S. military designation for a metallic disintegrating link specifically designed for ammunition belt-fed firearms and 7.62×51mm NATO rounds. It was introduced in the mid-20th century. It is the primary link type for the United States and among...	M13 link	[ "Technology" ]	1,013	[ "Firearm components", "Components" ]
8,709,293	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot%20Taul%C3%A9	Margot Taulé (August 30, 1920 - 11 July 2008) was an architect-engineer and the first woman to become a registered professional engineer and architect in the Dominican Republic. Life and education Rose Marguerite Taulé Casso was born on 30 August 1920 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. She was one of two daughter...	Margot Taulé	[ "Engineering" ]	424	[ "Structural engineering", "Structural engineers" ]
8,711,785	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulam%20number	In mathematics, the Ulam numbers comprise an integer sequence devised by and named after Stanislaw Ulam, who introduced it in 1964. The standard Ulam sequence (the (1, 2)-Ulam sequence) starts with U1 = 1 and U2 = 2. Then for n > 2, Un is defined to be the smallest integer that is the sum of two distinct earlier ter...	Ulam number	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,472	[ "Sequences and series", "Integer sequences", "Mathematical structures", "Recreational mathematics", "Mathematical objects", "Combinatorics", "Numbers", "Number theory" ]
8,712,440	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switched%20video	Switched video or switched digital video (SDV), sometimes referred to as switched broadcast (SWB), is a telecommunications industry term for a network scheme for distributing digital video via a cable. Switched video sends the digital video more efficiently freeing bandwidth. The scheme applies to digital video distrib...	Switched video	[ "Technology" ]	617	[ "Multimedia", "Streaming television" ]
8,712,675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming%287%2C4%29	In coding theory, Hamming(7,4) is a linear error-correcting code that encodes four bits of data into seven bits by adding three parity bits. It is a member of a larger family of Hamming codes, but the term Hamming code often refers to this specific code that Richard W. Hamming introduced in 1950. At the time, Hamming ...	Hamming(7,4)	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	2,374	[ "Discrete mathematics", "Coding theory", "Reliability engineering", "Error detection and correction", "Computer arithmetic", "Arithmetic" ]
8,713,219	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helical%20wheel	A helical wheel is a type of plot or visual representation used to illustrate the properties of alpha helices in proteins. The sequence of amino acids that make up a helical region of the protein's secondary structure are plotted in a rotating manner where the angle of rotation between consecutive amino acids is 100°...	Helical wheel	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	301	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Protein methods", "Protein biochemistry", "Amino acids", "Structural biology", "Protein structure" ]
8,713,276	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventory%20Information%20Approval%20System	The Inventory Information Approval System, or IIAS, is a point-of-sale technology used by retailers that accept FSA debit cards, which are issued for use with medical flexible spending accounts (FSAs), health reimbursement accounts (HRAs), and some health savings accounts (HSAs) in the United States. By the end of 200...	Inventory Information Approval System	[ "Technology" ]	1,982	[ "Components", "Retail store elements" ]
8,713,532	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekufah	Tekufot (, singular təqufā, literally, "turn" or "cycle") are the four seasons of the year recognized by Talmud writers. According to Samuel Yarḥinai, each tekufah marks the beginning of a period of 91 days 7½ hours. The four tekufot are: Tekufat Nisan, the vernal equinox, when the sun enters Aries; this is the begi...	Tekufah	[ "Astronomy" ]	789	[ "Time in astronomy", "Astronomical events", "Winter solstice", "Summer solstice" ]
8,714,796	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chou%E2%80%93Fasman%20method	The Chou–Fasman method is an empirical technique for the prediction of secondary structures in proteins, originally developed in the 1970s by Peter Y. Chou and Gerald D. Fasman. The method is based on analyses of the relative frequencies of each amino acid in alpha helices, beta sheets, and turns based on known protein...	Chou–Fasman method	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	790	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Biological engineering", "Protein methods", "Protein biochemistry", "Bioinformatics" ]
8,714,830	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial%20membrane%20transport%20protein	Mitochondrial membrane transport proteins, also known as mitochondrial carrier proteins, are proteins which exist in the membranes of mitochondria. They serve to transport molecules and other factors, such as ions, into or out of the organelles. Mitochondria contain both an inner and outer membrane, separated by the in...	Mitochondrial membrane transport protein	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,342	[ "Mitochondria", "Metabolism" ]
8,714,937	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharging%20method%20%28discrete%20mathematics%29	The discharging method is a technique used to prove lemmas in structural graph theory. Discharging is most well known for its central role in the proof of the four color theorem. The discharging method is used to prove that every graph in a certain class contains some subgraph from a specified list. The presence of ...	Discharging method (discrete mathematics)	[ "Mathematics" ]	899	[ "Discrete mathematics", "Mathematical relations", "Graph theory", "Combinatorics" ]
8,714,962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning%20the%20Clocks	Burning the Clocks is a winter solstice festival that takes place each year in Brighton, England. It has taken place since 1994 as a response to Christmas commercialisation. The event Founded in 1993, the celebration is based on a procession of lanterns and costumes, made from withies (willow canes) and white tissue ...	Burning the Clocks	[ "Astronomy" ]	567	[ "Astronomical events", "Winter solstice" ]
8,715,408	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-shrink%20grout	Non-shrink grout is a hydraulic cement grout that, when hardened under stipulated test conditions, does not shrink, so its final volume is greater than or equal to the original installed volume. It is often used as a transfer medium between load-bearing members. Testing Test standards used to designate a grout as non...	Non-shrink grout	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	300	[ "Building engineering", "Construction", "Materials", "Building materials", "Matter", "Architecture" ]
8,715,410	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-enhanced%20laser%20desorption/ionization	Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) is a soft ionization method in mass spectrometry (MS) used for the analysis of protein mixtures. It is a variation of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). In MALDI, the sample is mixed with a matrix material and applied to a metal plate before irradia...	Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,692	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Ion source", "Mass spectrometry", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry", "Proteins" ]
8,715,575	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoproteomics	Phosphoproteomics is a branch of proteomics that identifies, catalogs, and characterizes proteins containing a phosphate group as a posttranslational modification. Phosphorylation is a key reversible modification that regulates protein function, subcellular localization, complex formation, degradation of proteins and ...	Phosphoproteomics	[ "Biology" ]	1,972	[ "nan", "Biotechnology" ]
8,715,728	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule%20of%20three%20%28C%2B%2B%20programming%29	The rule of three and rule of five are rules of thumb in C++ for the building of exception-safe code and for formalizing rules on resource management. The rules prescribe how the default members of a class should be used to achieve these goals systematically. Rule of three The rule of three (also known as the law of ...	Rule of three (C++ programming)	[ "Engineering" ]	804	[ "Software engineering", "Software engineering folklore" ]
5,522,139	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitafloxacin	Sitafloxacin (INN; also called DU-6859a) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that shows promise in the treatment of Buruli ulcer. The molecule was identified by Daiichi Sankyo Co., which brought ofloxacin and levofloxacin to the market. Sitafloxacin is currently marketed in Japan by Daiichi Sankyo under the tradename Grac...	Sitafloxacin	[ "Chemistry" ]	152	[ "Organic compounds", "Spiro compounds" ]
5,522,291	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Brill	Eric Brill is a computer scientist specializing in natural language processing. He created the Brill tagger, a supervised part of speech tagger. Another research paper of Brill introduced a machine learning technique now known as transformation-based learning. Biography Brill earned a BA in mathematics from the Univer...	Eric Brill	[ "Technology" ]	224	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer specialist stubs" ]
5,522,946	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Transportation%20Engineers	The Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) is an international educational and scientific association of transportation professionals who are responsible for meeting mobility and safety needs. ITE facilitates the application of technology and scientific principles to research, planning, functional design, implemen...	Institute of Transportation Engineers	[ "Engineering" ]	454	[ "Transportation engineering", "Civil engineering", "nan", "Industrial engineering" ]
5,523,192	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herz%20reaction	The Herz reaction, named after the chemist Richard Herz, is the chemical conversion of an aniline to the benzodithiazolium salt by its reaction with disulfur dichloride. The salt is called a Herz salt. Hydrolysis of this Herz salt give the corresponding sodium thiolate, which can be further converted to the 2-aminoth...	Herz reaction	[ "Chemistry" ]	331	[ "Name reactions", "Heterocycle forming reactions", "Organic reactions" ]
5,523,586	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progenitor%20cell	A progenitor cell is a biological cell that can differentiate into a specific cell type. Stem cells and progenitor cells have this ability in common. However, stem cells are less specified than progenitor cells. Progenitor cells can only differentiate into their "target" cell type. The most important difference between...	Progenitor cell	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	1,062	[ "Behavior", "Developmental biology", "Cell biology", "Reproduction", "Cloning", "Genetic engineering", "Biotechnology", "nan" ]
5,524,046	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Atmospheric%20Release%20Advisory%20Center	The National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center (NARAC) is located at the University of California's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. It is a national support and resource center for planning, real-time assessment, emergency response, and detailed studies of incidents involving a wide variety of hazards, includ...	National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	579	[ "Atmospheric dispersion modeling", "Environmental modelling", "Environmental engineering" ]
5,524,740	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis%20Jones	Osmosis Jones is a 2001 American live-action/animated buddy cop comedy film written by Marc Hyman. Combining live-action sequences directed by the Farrelly brothers and animation directed by Piet Kroon and Tom Sito, the film stars the voices of Chris Rock, Laurence Fishburne, David Hyde Pierce, Brandy Norwood and Willi...	Osmosis Jones	[ "Biology" ]	2,882	[ "Fictional microorganisms", "Microorganisms" ]
5,527,029	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lax%20pair	In mathematics, in the theory of integrable systems, a Lax pair is a pair of time-dependent matrices or operators that satisfy a corresponding differential equation, called the Lax equation. Lax pairs were introduced by Peter Lax to discuss solitons in continuous media. The inverse scattering transform makes use of the...	Lax pair	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,234	[ "Mathematical objects", "Differential equations", "Equations" ]
5,527,836	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture%20%28string%20theory%29	In superstring theory, a picture is a choice of Fock space or, equivalently, a choice of ground state that defines a representation of the theory's state space. Each picture is denoted by a number, such as the 0 picture or −1 picture, and picture-changing operators transform from one representation to another. The use ...	Picture (string theory)	[ "Astronomy" ]	174	[ "String theory", "Astronomical hypotheses" ]
5,528,110	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location%20area%20identity	Inn mobile networks, location area identity (LAI) is a unique identifier assigned to each location area of a public land mobile network (PLMN). Overview This internationally unique identifier is used for location updating of mobile subscribers. It is composed of a three decimal digit mobile country code (MCC), a two ...	Location area identity	[ "Technology" ]	240	[ "Mobile telecommunications", "Mobile telecommunications standards" ]
5,528,152	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itv.com	itv.com is the main website of ITV plc, the UK's largest commercial television broadcaster which operates 13 out of 15 regions on the ITV network under the ITV1 brand. The website offers the ITVX streaming service, with sections for ITV News, certain ITV1 programmes and competitions. STV, Which runs the only regions no...	Itv.com	[ "Technology" ]	1,532	[ "Mobile content" ]
5,529,328	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process%20consultant	A process consultant is a highly qualified professional that has insights into and understands the psychological and social dynamics of working with various client systems such as whole organizations, groups, and individuals. Part of the field called Human Systems Intervention, process consultation is a philosophy of h...	Process consultant	[ "Biology" ]	609	[ "Behavior", "Aggression", "Human behavior", "Conflict (process)" ]
5,529,490	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeek	Zeek is a free and open-source software network analysis framework. Vern Paxson began development work on Zeek in 1995 at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. Zeek is a network security monitor (NSM) but can also be used as a network intrusion detection system (NIDS). The Zeek project releases the software under the BSD lic...	Zeek	[ "Engineering" ]	536	[ "Cybersecurity engineering", "Computer security software" ]
5,529,543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMILE	EMILE is the Early Mac Image Loader, a bootloader for loading Linux on Macintosh computers that have m68k processors. It was written by Laurent Vivier, and is meant to eventually replace the Penguin booter that is more usually in use. In contrast to the Penguin booter, which requires a working classic Mac OS installat...	EMILE	[ "Technology" ]	104	[ "Operating system stubs", "Computing stubs" ]
5,529,638	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%E2%80%93energy%E2%80%93momentum%20pseudotensor	In the theory of general relativity, a stress–energy–momentum pseudotensor, such as the Landau–Lifshitz pseudotensor, is an extension of the non-gravitational stress–energy tensor that incorporates the energy–momentum of gravity. It allows the energy–momentum of a system of gravitating matter to be defined. In particul...	Stress–energy–momentum pseudotensor	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	1,137	[ "Tensors in general relativity", "Tensors", "Tensor physical quantities", "Physical quantities" ]
5,529,740	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex%20allocation	Sex allocation is the allocation of resources to male versus female reproduction in sexual species. Sex allocation theory tries to explain why many species produce equal number of males and females. In dioecious species, where individuals are either male or female for their entire lifetimes, the allocation decision li...	Sex allocation	[ "Biology" ]	3,611	[ "Sex-determination systems", "Sex" ]
5,529,757	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20thermodynamic%20relation	In thermodynamics, the fundamental thermodynamic relation are four fundamental equations which demonstrate how four important thermodynamic quantities depend on variables that can be controlled and measured experimentally. Thus, they are essentially equations of state, and using the fundamental equations, experimental ...	Fundamental thermodynamic relation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	1,698	[ "Thermodynamic equations", "Equations of physics", "Thermodynamics", "Statistical mechanics", "Dynamical systems" ]
5,529,962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least-concern%20species	A least-concern species is a species that has been evaluated and categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as not being a focus of wildlife conservation because the specific species is still plentiful in the wild. They do not qualify as threatened, near threatened, or (before 2001) conser...	Least-concern species	[ "Biology" ]	382	[ "Biota by conservation status", "Biodiversity" ]
5,530,014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncofetal%20antigen	Oncofetal antigens are proteins which are typically present only during fetal development but are found in adults with certain kinds of cancer. These proteins are often measurable in the blood of individuals with cancer and may be used to both diagnose and follow treatment of the tumors. One example of an oncofetal ant...	Oncofetal antigen	[ "Chemistry" ]	193	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Proteins", "Molecular biology" ]
5,530,147	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbig%20Ae/Be%20star	A Herbig Ae/Be star (HAeBe) is a pre-main-sequence star – a young () star of spectral types A or B. These stars are still embedded in gas-dust envelopes and are sometimes accompanied by circumstellar disks. Hydrogen and calcium emission lines are observed in their spectra. They are 2-8 Solar mass () objects, still exis...	Herbig Ae/Be star	[ "Astronomy" ]	695	[ "Star types", "Astronomical classification systems" ]
5,530,265	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechnoSphere%20%28virtual%20environment%29	TechnoSphere was an online digital environment launched on September 1, 1995 and hosted on a computer at a UK university. Created by Jane Prophet and Dr. Gordon Selley, TechnoSphere was a place where users from around the globe could create creatures and release them into the 3D environment, described by the creators a...	TechnoSphere (virtual environment)	[ "Biology" ]	1,272	[ "Artificial life models", "Biological models" ]
5,530,574	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20transmittance	Thermal transmittance is the rate of transfer of heat through matter. The thermal transmittance of a material (such as insulation or concrete) or an assembly (such as a wall or window) is expressed as a U-value. The thermal insulance of a structure is the reciprocal of its thermal transmittance. U-value Although the c...	Thermal transmittance	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	1,579	[ "Thermodynamics", "Dynamical systems" ]
16,047,618	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-adic%20valuation	In number theory, the valuation or -adic order of an integer is the exponent of the highest power of the prime number that divides . It is denoted . Equivalently, is the exponent to which appears in the prime factorization of . The -adic valuation is a valuation and gives rise to an analogue of the usual absolute...	P-adic valuation	[ "Mathematics" ]	620	[ "P-adic numbers", "Algebraic number theory", "Number theory" ]
16,049,023	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKM%20code	The RKM code, also referred to as "letter and numeral code for resistance and capacitance values and tolerances", "letter and digit code for resistance and capacitance values and tolerances", or informally as "R notation" is a notation to specify resistor and capacitor values defined in the international standard IEC 6...	RKM code	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,725	[ "Electrical engineering", "Electrical components", "Components" ]
16,049,255	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larson%E2%80%93Miller%20relation	The Larson–Miller relation, also widely known as the Larson–Miller parameter and often abbreviated LMP, is a parametric relation used to extrapolate experimental data on creep and rupture life of engineering materials. Background and usage F.R. Larson and J. Miller proposed that creep rate could adequately be describ...	Larson–Miller relation	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	2,178	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Materials science", "nan" ]
16,049,560	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetogenin	Acetogenins are a class of polyketide natural products found in plants of the family Annonaceae. They are characterized by linear 32- or 34-carbon chains containing oxygenated functional groups including hydroxyls, ketones, epoxides, tetrahydrofurans and tetrahydropyrans. They are often terminated with a lactone or b...	Acetogenin	[ "Chemistry" ]	348	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Natural products", "Chemical ecology", "Plant toxins", "Polyketides" ]
16,051,457	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aratashen	Aratashen (, also Romanized as Arratashen; also, Artashen; until 1978 Zeyva Hayi – meaning "Armenian Zeyva", Zeyva, Bol’shaya Zeyva and Nerkin-Zeyva) is a town in the Armavir Province of Armenia. It is located on the Ararat Plain. Archaeology A neolithic-chalcolithic tell is located south of the town. The first occup...	Aratashen	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	809	[ "Archaeometallurgy", "Metallurgy" ]
16,052,279	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioprecipitation	Bioprecipitation is the concept of rain-making bacteria and was proposed by David Sands from Montana State University in the 1970s. This is precipitation that is beneficial for microbial and plant growth, it is a feedback cycle beginning with land plants generating small air-borne particles called aerosols that contai...	Bioprecipitation	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	771	[ "Planetary engineering", "Prokaryotes", "Weather modification", "Bacteria", "Microorganisms" ]
16,052,374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coturnism	Coturnism is an illness featuring muscle tenderness and rhabdomyolysis (muscle cell breakdown) after consuming quail (usually common quail, Coturnix coturnix, from which the name derives) that have fed on poisonous plants. Causes From case histories it is known that the toxin is stable, as four-month-old pickled quail...	Coturnism	[ "Chemistry" ]	668	[ "Chemical ecology", "Plant toxins" ]
16,052,392	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haff%20disease	Haff disease is the development of rhabdomyolysis (swelling and breakdown of skeletal muscle, with a risk of acute kidney failure) within 24 hours of ingesting fish. History The disease was first described in 1924 in the vicinity of Königsberg, Germany (now Kaliningrad, Russia) on the Baltic coast, in people staying a...	Haff disease	[ "Environmental_science" ]	799	[ "Poisons", "Toxicology" ]
16,052,558	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3FUN	3Fun (3FUN) is a location-based mobile online dating application for Android and iOS. 3Fun is available in the United States, United Kingdom, Brazil, the Netherlands, and several other countries. As of May 2019, there were approximately 100,000 monthly downloads, and more than 2 million total downloads. In January 2022...	3FUN	[ "Technology" ]	123	[ "Mobile software stubs", "Mobile technology stubs" ]
16,053,164	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potholder	A potholder is a piece of textile (often quilted) or silicone used to cover the hand when holding hot kitchen cooking equipment, like pots and pans. They are frequently made of polyester and/or cotton. Crocheted potholders can be made out of cotton yarn as a craft project/folk art. A potholder offers protection for on...	Potholder	[ "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	1,711	[ "Safety engineering", "Personal protective equipment", "Environmental social science" ]
7,046,835	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoperdon%20umbrinum	Lycoperdon umbrinum, commonly known as the umber-brown puffball, is a type of Puffball mushroom in the genus Lycoperdon. It is found in China, Europe, Africa, and North America. Description This species has a fruit body that is shaped like a top, with a short, partly buried stipe. It is tall and broad. It is approxi...	Lycoperdon umbrinum	[ "Biology" ]	1,004	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
7,047,611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde%20Arc	The Clyde Arc (known locally as the Squinty Bridge) is a road bridge spanning the River Clyde in Glasgow, Scotland, connecting Finnieston near the SEC Armadillo and SEC with Pacific Quay and Glasgow Science Centre in Govan. Prominent features of the bridge are its innovative curved design, and that it crosses the river...	Clyde Arc	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	986	[ "Systems engineering", "Reliability engineering", "Technological failures", "Engineering failures", "Civil engineering" ]
7,048,539	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinning%20force	Pinning force is a force acting on a pinned object from a pinning center. In solid state physics, this most often refers to the vortex pinning, the pinning of the magnetic vortices (magnetic flux quanta, Abrikosov vortices) by different kinds of the defects in a type II superconductor. Important quantities are the indi...	Pinning force	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	286	[ "Physical quantities", "Superconductivity", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "Electrical resistance and conductance" ]
7,048,553	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project%20Juno	Project Juno was a privately funded campaign which selected Helen Sharman to be the first Briton in space. As the United Kingdom did not, at that time, have a human spaceflight programme (until the UK joined the human spaceflight elements of ESA's exploration programme in December 2012, which led to Tim Peake's ESA mi...	Project Juno	[ "Engineering" ]	603	[ "Space programs", "Human spaceflight programs" ]
7,048,893	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum%28II%29%20chloride	Molybdenum dichloride describes chemical compounds with the empirical formula MoCl2. At least two forms are known, and both have attracted much attention from academic researchers because of the unexpected structures seen for these compounds and the fact that they give rise to hundreds of derivatives. The form discuss...	Molybdenum(II) chloride	[ "Chemistry" ]	720	[ "Chlorides", "Inorganic compounds", "Salts" ]
7,048,926	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative-bias%20temperature%20instability	Negative-bias temperature instability (NBTI) is a key reliability issue in MOSFETs, a type of transistor aging. NBTI manifests as an increase in the threshold voltage and consequent decrease in drain current and transconductance of a MOSFET. The degradation is often approximated by a power-law dependence on time. It is...	Negative-bias temperature instability	[ "Materials_science", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,041	[ "Computer engineering", "Microtechnology", "Technological failures", "Semiconductor device defects", "Semiconductor device fabrication", "Electronic engineering", "Electrical engineering" ]
7,048,937	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GY6%20engine	The GY6 engine design is a four-stroke single-cylinder in a near-horizontal orientation that is used on a number of small motorcycles or scooters made in Taiwan, China, and other southeast Asian countries. It has since become a generic technology. Kymco went on to produce Honda clones such as the Pulsar (CB125), made ...	GY6 engine	[ "Technology" ]	638	[ "Motorcycle engines", "Engines" ]
7,049,110	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactarius%20controversus	Lactarius controversus, commonly known as the poplar milkcap, is a large funnel-capped fungus within the genus Lactarius, which are collectively known as 'milk caps'. They all exude milky drops (lactate) from the flesh and gills when damaged. Taxonomy Accredited to Christian Hendrik Persoon, one of the fathers of myco...	Lactarius controversus	[ "Biology" ]	435	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
7,049,255	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactifluus%20vellereus	Lactifluus vellereus (formerly Lactarius vellereus), commonly known as the fleecy milk-cap, is a quite large fungus in the genus Lactifluus. It is one of the two most common milk-caps found with beech trees, with the other being Lactarius subdulcis. Taxonomy and systematics Lactifluus vellereus is one of a handful of ...	Lactifluus vellereus	[ "Biology" ]	401	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
7,049,417	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dose%20fractionation	Dose fractionation effects are utilised in the treatment of cancer with radiation therapy. When the total dose of radiation is divided into several, smaller doses over a period of several days, there are fewer toxic effects on healthy cells. This maximizes the effect of radiation on cancer and minimizes the negative si...	Dose fractionation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	612	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Cell biology", "Waves", "Radiation" ]
7,050,373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIFRAC	TIFRAC (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Automatic Calculator) was the first computer developed in India, at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Mumbai. Initially a TIFR Pilot Machine was developed in the 1950s (operational in 1956). Based on the IAS machine design, the development of the final machine ...	TIFRAC	[ "Technology" ]	367	[ "Computing stubs" ]
7,050,437	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desymmetrization	Desymmetrization is a chemical reaction that converts prochiral substrates into chiral products. Desymmetrisations are so pervasive that they are rarely described as such except when they proceed enantioselectively. The enantioselective reactions require chiral catalysts or chiral reagents. According to IUPAC, desymme...	Desymmetrization	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	386	[ "Stereochemistry", "Space", "Stereochemistry stubs", "nan", "Spacetime" ]
7,050,601	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QTI	The IMS Question and Test Interoperability specification (QTI) defines a standard format for the representation of assessment content and results, supporting the exchange of this material between authoring and delivery systems, repositories and other learning management systems. It allows assessment materials to be aut...	QTI	[ "Technology" ]	928	[ "Computer standards", "XML-based standards" ]
7,051,723	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard%20and%20operability%20study	A hazard and operability study (HAZOP) is a structured and systematic examination of a complex system, usually a process facility, in order to identify hazards to personnel, equipment or the environment, as well as operability problems that could affect operations efficiency. It is the foremost hazard identification to...	Hazard and operability study	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	2,067	[ "Chemical process engineering", "Safety engineering", "Process safety" ]
7,052,521	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonelli%E2%80%93Hobson%20test	In mathematics, the Tonelli–Hobson test gives sufficient criteria for a function ƒ on R2 to be an integrable function. It is often used to establish that Fubini's theorem may be applied to ƒ. It is named for Leonida Tonelli and E. W. Hobson. More precisely, the Tonelli–Hobson test states that if ƒ is a real-valued mea...	Tonelli–Hobson test	[ "Mathematics" ]	125	[ "Theorems in mathematical analysis", "Mathematical analysis", "Mathematical analysis stubs", "Calculus", "Mathematical problems", "Mathematical theorems", "Integral calculus" ]
7,052,669	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation%20Design	Distillation Design is a book which provides complete coverage of the design of industrial distillation columns for the petroleum refining, chemical and petrochemical plants, natural gas processing, pharmaceutical, food and alcohol distilling industries. It has been a classical chemical engineering textbook since it wa...	Distillation Design	[ "Chemistry" ]	308	[ "Distillation", "Separation processes" ]
7,052,986	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ei%20Ni%C5%A1	Ei Niš (full legal name: Holding-Korporacija Elektronska industrija a.d. Niš) or Electronics Industry Niš, is a holding company with headquarters in Niš, Serbia. The company has operated from 1948 until it declared bankruptcy in 2016. History It originated in 1948 from the foundation of the Institute for the Productio...	Ei Niš	[ "Physics" ]	1,273	[ "Vacuum tubes", "Vacuum", "Matter" ]
7,053,991	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20Technologies%20Institute	The Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) was a public-private partnership between global energy and engineering companies and the UK Government that was established in the United Kingdom in 2007. The government set up the ETI following an announcement in the 2006 budget speech. The purpose of the ETI is to “accelerate t...	Energy Technologies Institute	[ "Engineering" ]	896	[ "Energy research institutes", "Energy organizations" ]
7,054,016	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermomagnetic%20convection	Ferrofluids can be used to transfer heat, since heat and mass transport in such magnetic fluids can be controlled using an external magnetic field. B. A. Finlayson first explained in 1970 (in his paper "Convective instability of ferromagnetic fluids", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 40:753-767) how an external magnetic fi...	Thermomagnetic convection	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	696	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Continuum mechanics", "Classical mechanics", "Convection", "Thermodynamics" ]
7,054,022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethocybin	Ethocybin (CEY-19; 4-phosphoryloxy-DET; 4-PO-DET) is a homologue of the mushroom alkaloid psilocybin, and a semi-synthetic psychedelic alkaloid of the tryptamine family. Effects of ethocybin are comparable to those of a shorter LSD or psilocybin trip, although intensity and duration vary depending on dosage, individual...	Ethocybin	[ "Chemistry" ]	555	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Natural products", "Prodrugs", "Organic compounds", "Chemicals in medicine", "Alkaloids" ]
7,204,039	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperPrime	SuperPrime is a computer program used for calculating the primality of a large set of positive natural numbers. Because of its multi-threaded nature and dynamic load scheduling, it scales excellently when using more than one thread (execution core). It is commonly used as an overclocking benchmark to test the speed and...	SuperPrime	[ "Mathematics" ]	256	[ "Prime numbers", "Mathematical objects", "Number stubs", "Numbers", "Number theory" ]

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