id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 31 227 | text stringlengths 6 334k | source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀ | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 71.8k | subcategories listlengths 0 30 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
13,403,591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate%20of%20response | In behaviorism, rate of response is a ratio between two measurements with different units. Rate of responding is the number of responses per minute, or some other time unit. It is usually written as R. Its first major exponent was B.F. Skinner (1939). It is used in the Matching Law.
R = # of Responses/Unit of time = ... | Rate of response | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 183 | [
"Temporal quantities",
"Behavior",
"Physical quantities",
"Temporal rates",
"Quantitative analysis of behavior",
"Behaviorism"
] |
13,404,205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstadter%20sequence | In mathematics, a Hofstadter sequence is a member of a family of related integer sequences defined by non-linear recurrence relations.
Sequences presented in Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid
The first Hofstadter sequences were described by Douglas Richard Hofstadter in his book Gödel, Escher, Bach. In orde... | Hofstadter sequence | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,787 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Integer sequences",
"Mathematical structures",
"Recreational mathematics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Combinatorics",
"Numbers",
"Number theory"
] |
13,404,388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics%20of%20Business%20Vocabulary%20and%20Business%20Rules | The Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules (SBVR) is an adopted standard of the Object Management Group (OMG) intended to be the basis for formal and detailed natural language declarative description of a complex entity, such as a business. SBVR is intended to formalize complex compliance rules, such as o... | Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 3,116 | [
"Data modeling",
"Computer standards",
"Data engineering"
] |
13,404,977 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navico | Navico is a marine electronics company providing navigation, marine instruments and fish finding equipment to both the recreational and commercial marine sectors.
The Navico Recreational Marine Division is one of the world's largest provider of leisure marine electronic products. Lowrance is aimed at fishing, particul... | Navico | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,395 | [
"Marine electronics",
"Marine engineering"
] |
13,406,286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handy%20billy | Handy billy — also known as Handy-billie —is an emergency portable pump that for decades was commonly placed aboard most U.S. Navy ships from World War I on, as well as later use on civilian craft.
Purpose of the pump
The handy billy, formally designated "P50", because it pumped 50 gallons per minute, was gasoline-p... | Handy billy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 249 | [
"Pumps",
"Hydraulics",
"Physical systems",
"Turbomachinery"
] |
13,406,872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acousto-optical%20spectrometer | An acousto-optical spectrometer (AOS) is based on the diffraction of light by ultrasonic waves. A piezoelectric transducer, driven by the RF signal (from the receiver), generates an acoustic wave in a crystal (the so-called Bragg-cell). This acoustic wave modulates the refractive index and induces a phase grating. The ... | Acousto-optical spectrometer | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 216 | [
"Spectrometers",
"Spectroscopy",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)"
] |
13,407,146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive%20vorticity%20advection | Positive vorticity advection, or PVA, is the result of more cyclonic values of vorticity advecting into lower values of vorticity. It is more generally referred to as "Cyclonic Vorticity Advection" (CVA). In the Northern Hemisphere this is positive, whilst in the Southern Hemisphere it is negative.
Development
Vortici... | Positive vorticity advection | [
"Chemistry"
] | 643 | [
"Atmospheric dynamics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
13,408,012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy%20user%20bias | The healthy user bias or healthy worker bias is a bias that can damage the validity of epidemiologic studies testing the efficacy of particular therapies or interventions.
Specifically, it is a sampling bias or selection bias: the kind of subjects that take up an intervention, including by enrolling in a clinical tri... | Healthy user bias | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 312 | [
"Epidemiology",
"Environmental social science"
] |
13,408,015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy%20baryon%20chiral%20perturbation%20theory | Heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory (HBChPT) is an effective quantum field theory used to describe the interactions of pions and nucleons/baryons. It is somewhat an extension of chiral perturbation theory (ChPT) which just describes the low-energy interactions of pions. In a richer theory one would also like to des... | Heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory | [
"Physics"
] | 204 | [
"Particle physics stubs",
"Particle physics"
] |
13,408,055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK-9470 | MK-9470 is a synthetic compound which binds to the CB1 cannabinoid receptor and functions as an inverse agonist. The 18F-labeled version, [18F]-MK-9470, is used in research as a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for brain imaging of the CB1 receptor.
References
Cannabinoids
CB1 receptor antagonists
Nitriles... | MK-9470 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 94 | [
"Nitriles",
"Functional groups"
] |
13,408,158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornsby%E2%80%93Akroyd%20oil%20engine | The Hornsby–Akroyd oil engine, named after its inventor Herbert Akroyd Stuart and the manufacturer Richard Hornsby & Sons, was the first successful design of an internal combustion engine using heavy oil as a fuel. It was the first to use a separate vapourising combustion chamber and is the forerunner of all hot-bulb e... | Hornsby–Akroyd oil engine | [
"Technology"
] | 1,432 | [
"Stationary engines",
"Engines"
] |
13,408,203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRACTRAN | FRACTRAN is a Turing-complete esoteric programming language invented by the mathematician John Conway. A FRACTRAN program is an ordered list of positive fractions together with an initial positive integer input n. The program is run by updating the integer n as follows:
for the first fraction f in the list for which nf... | FRACTRAN | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,461 | [
"Recreational mathematics"
] |
13,409,455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkson%27s%20inequalities | In mathematics, Clarkson's inequalities, named after James A. Clarkson, are results in the theory of Lp spaces. They give bounds for the Lp-norms of the sum and difference of two measurable functions in Lp in terms of the Lp-norms of those functions individually.
Statement of the inequalities
Let (X, Σ, μ) be a meas... | Clarkson's inequalities | [
"Mathematics"
] | 146 | [
"Binary relations",
"Mathematical relations",
"Inequalities (mathematics)",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems"
] |
13,409,547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric%20carbon | In stereochemistry, an asymmetric carbon is a carbon atom that is bonded to four different types of atoms or groups of atoms. The four atoms and/or groups attached to the carbon atom can be arranged in space in two different ways that are mirror images of each other, and which lead to so-called left-handed and right-ha... | Asymmetric carbon | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 470 | [
"Spacetime",
"Stereochemistry",
"Space",
"nan"
] |
13,409,578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creola%20bodies | Creola bodies are a histopathologic finding indicative of asthma. Found in a patient's sputum, they are ciliated columnar cells sloughed from the bronchial mucosa of a patient with asthma. Other common findings in the sputum of asthma patients include Charcot-Leyden crystals, Curschmann's Spirals, and eosinophils (an... | Creola bodies | [
"Chemistry"
] | 318 | [
"Histopathology",
"Microscopy"
] |
13,409,671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpan%20water%20system | The Turpan water system, also called the Turfan kārēz system, is used for water supply via a vertical tunnel in the Turpan Depression of Xinjiang, China. "Karez" () is a word in the local Uyghur language that is derived from the word in the Persian language for the system from which it is derived: the 3000-year-old qan... | Turpan water system | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 797 | [
"Hydrology",
"Water wells",
"Irrigation projects",
"Environmental engineering",
"Water supply"
] |
13,409,706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null%20cell | Null cells, a subset of large circulating white blood cells, mimic the appearance of T or B lymphocytes but do not possess their defining surface receptors. Predominantly, these include natural killer cells (NK cells), with a lesser portion being hematopoietic stem cells traversing freely within the bloodstream.
Oncol... | Null cell | [
"Chemistry"
] | 339 | [
"Histology",
"Microscopy"
] |
13,409,770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruginous%20body | A ferruginous body is a histopathologic finding in interstitial lung disease suggestive of significant asbestos exposure (asbestosis). Asbestos exposure is associated with occupations such as shipbuilding, roofing, plumbing, and construction.
They appear as small brown nodules in the septum of the alveolus. Ferrugino... | Ferruginous body | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 167 | [
"Toxicology",
"Asbestos",
"Histopathology",
"Microscopy"
] |
1,000,474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLATO%20%28computer%20system%29 | PLATO (Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations), also known as Project Plato and Project PLATO, was the first generalized computer-assisted instruction system. Starting in 1960, it ran on the University of Illinois's ILLIAC I computer. By the late 1970s, it supported several thousand graphics terminals distr... | PLATO (computer system) | [
"Engineering"
] | 7,582 | [
"Electronic engineering",
"History of electronic engineering"
] |
1,000,551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ependymin | Ependymin is a glycoprotein found in the cerebrospinal fluid of many teleost fish. The humans homolog is called ependymin related 1 that is encoded by the EPDR1 gene.
Ependymin is associated with the consolidation of long-term memory, possibly providing protection from strokes, and contributing to neuronal regeneratio... | Ependymin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 262 | [
"Glycoproteins",
"Glycobiology"
] |
1,000,568 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiction | An indiction (, impost) was a periodic reassessment of taxation in the Roman Empire which took place every fifteen years. In Late Antiquity, this 15-year cycle began to be used to date documents and it continued to be used for this purpose in Medieval Europe, and can also refer to an individual year in the cycle; for e... | Indiction | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,643 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Units of time",
"Quantity",
"Spacetime",
"Units of measurement"
] |
1,000,609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallasite | Dallasite is a breccia made of subequant to rectangular or distinctly elongate, curvilinear shards that represent the spalled rims of pillow basalt (see: Hyaloclastite). This material is commonly partly altered to chlorite, epidote, quartz and carbonate, for which the local term 'dallasite' has been coined. The stone ... | Dallasite | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 146 | [
"Breccias",
"Fracture mechanics",
"Materials",
"Physical objects",
"Gemstones",
"Rocks",
"Matter"
] |
1,000,634 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NesC | nesC (pronounced "NES-see") is a component-based, event-driven programming language used to build applications for the TinyOS platform. TinyOS is an operating environment designed to run on embedded devices used in distributed wireless sensor networks. nesC is built as an extension to the C programming language with co... | NesC | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 410 | [
"Computer engineering",
"Embedded systems",
"Wireless networking",
"Wireless sensor network",
"Computer systems",
"Computer science"
] |
1,000,657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genkan | are traditional Japanese entryway areas for a house, apartment, or building, a combination of a porch and a doormat. It is usually located inside the building directly in front of the door. The primary function of is for the removal of shoes before entering the main part of the house or building.
A secondary function... | Genkan | [
"Engineering"
] | 421 | [
"Rooms",
"Architecture"
] |
1,000,682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive%20radio | A cognitive radio (CR) is a radio that can be programmed and configured dynamically to use the best channels in its vicinity to avoid user interference and congestion. Such a radio automatically detects available channels, then accordingly changes its transmission or reception parameters to allow more concurrent wirele... | Cognitive radio | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 3,383 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Wireless networking",
"Computer networks engineering",
"Radio technology",
"Electrical engineering"
] |
1,000,690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville%20University | Jacksonville University (JU) is a private university in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. Located in the city's Arlington district, the school was founded in 1934 as a two-year college and was known as Jacksonville Junior College until September 5, 1956, when it shifted focus to building four-year university degree... | Jacksonville University | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 3,292 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Glassmaking schools"
] |
1,001,091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolamine | Ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol, monoethanolamine, ETA, or MEA) is a naturally occurring organic chemical compound with the formula or . The molecule is bifunctional, containing both a primary amine and a primary alcohol. Ethanolamine is a colorless, viscous liquid with an odor reminiscent of ammonia.
Ethanolamine is co... | Ethanolamine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,243 | [
"Commodity chemicals",
"Products of chemical industry"
] |
1,001,110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charpai | Charpai (also, Charpaya, Charpoy, Khat, Khatla, Manja, or Manji) is a traditional woven bed used across South Asia. The name charpai is a compound of char "four" and pay "footed". Regional variations are found in Afghanistan and Pakistan, North and Central India, Bihar and Myanmar.
The charpai is a simple design that... | Charpai | [
"Biology"
] | 697 | [
"Beds",
"Behavior",
"Sleep"
] |
1,001,293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreducibility%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, the concept of irreducibility is used in several ways.
A polynomial over a field may be an irreducible polynomial if it cannot be factored over that field.
In abstract algebra, irreducible can be an abbreviation for irreducible element of an integral domain; for example an irreducible polynomial.
I... | Irreducibility (mathematics) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 727 | [
"nan"
] |
1,001,329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class%20function | In mathematics, especially in the fields of group theory and representation theory of groups, a class function is a function on a group G that is constant on the conjugacy classes of G. In other words, it is invariant under the conjugation map on G. Such functions play a basic role in representation theory.
Character... | Class function | [
"Mathematics"
] | 340 | [
"Group theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra"
] |
1,001,343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodermal%20activity | Electrodermal activity (EDA) is the property of the human body that causes continuous variation in the electrical characteristics of the skin. Historically, EDA has also been known as skin conductance, galvanic skin response (GSR), electrodermal response (EDR), psychogalvanic reflex (PGR), skin conductance response (... | Electrodermal activity | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,123 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Electronic test equipment",
"Measuring instruments",
"Impedance measurements",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
1,001,361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semisimple%20module | In mathematics, especially in the area of abstract algebra known as module theory, a semisimple module or completely reducible module is a type of module that can be understood easily from its parts. A ring that is a semisimple module over itself is known as an Artinian semisimple ring. Some important rings, such as ... | Semisimple module | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,446 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Ring theory",
"Module theory"
] |
1,001,430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphenol%20A | Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical compound primarily used in the manufacturing of various plastics. It is a colourless solid which is soluble in most common organic solvents, but has very poor solubility in water. BPA is produced on an industrial scale by the condensation reaction of phenol and acetone. Global production... | Bisphenol A | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 4,232 | [
"Products of chemical industry",
"Endocrine disruptors",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Monomers",
"Commodity chemicals"
] |
1,001,490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex%20conjugate | In mathematics and mathematical optimization, the convex conjugate of a function is a generalization of the Legendre transformation which applies to non-convex functions. It is also known as Legendre–Fenchel transformation, Fenchel transformation, or Fenchel conjugate (after Adrien-Marie Legendre and Werner Fenchel). ... | Convex conjugate | [
"Mathematics"
] | 927 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical objects",
"Mathematical relations",
"Transforms",
"Geometry",
"Duality theories",
"Category theory"
] |
1,001,628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20electronics | Power electronics is the application of electronics to the control and conversion of electric power.
The first high-power electronic devices were made using mercury-arc valves. In modern systems, the conversion is performed with semiconductor switching devices such as diodes, thyristors, and power transistors such as ... | Power electronics | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 9,088 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Electronic engineering",
"Power electronics",
"Electronics industry"
] |
1,001,846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trehalose | Trehalose (from Turkish tıgala – a sugar derived from insect cocoons + -ose) is a sugar consisting of two molecules of glucose. It is also known as mycose or tremalose. Some bacteria, fungi, plants and invertebrate animals synthesize it as a source of energy, and to survive freezing and lack of water.
Extracting treh... | Trehalose | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,979 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Carbohydrates",
"Carbohydrate chemistry"
] |
1,001,908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichromatism | Dichromatism (or polychromatism) is a phenomenon where a material or solution's hue is dependent on both the concentration of the absorbing substance and the depth or thickness of the medium traversed. In most substances which are not dichromatic, only the brightness and saturation of the colour depend on their concent... | Dichromatism | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 970 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Optics",
"Color appearance phenomena",
"Optical phenomena",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
1,001,916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Methylethanolamine | N-Methylethanolamine is an alkanolamine with the formula CH3NHCH2CH2OH. It is flammable, corrosive, colorless, viscous liquid. It is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of choline.
With both an amine and a hydroxyl functional groups, it is a useful intermediate in the chemical synthesis of various products including p... | N-Methylethanolamine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 978 | [
"Amines",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Functional groups"
] |
1,001,960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cmp%20%28Unix%29 | In computing, cmp is a command-line utility on Unix and Unix-like operating systems that compares two files of any type and writes the results to the standard output. By default, cmp is silent if the files are the same; if they differ, the byte and line number at which the first difference occurred is reported. The com... | Cmp (Unix) | [
"Technology"
] | 483 | [
"IBM i Qshell commands",
"Standard Unix programs",
"Computing commands",
"Plan 9 commands",
"Inferno (operating system) commands"
] |
1,001,976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Science | E-Science or eScience is computationally intensive science that is carried out in highly distributed network environments, or science that uses immense data sets that require grid computing; the term sometimes includes technologies that enable distributed collaboration, such as the Access Grid. The term was created by ... | E-Science | [
"Technology"
] | 2,878 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"IT infrastructure",
"Cyberinfrastructure"
] |
1,001,985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODRL | The Open Digital Rights Language (ODRL) is a policy expression language that provides a flexible and interoperable information model, vocabulary, and encoding mechanisms for representing statements about the usage of content and services. ODRL became an endorsed W3C Recommendation in 2018.
An example of ODRL policy fo... | ODRL | [
"Technology"
] | 1,384 | [
"Computer standards",
"Digital rights management standards",
"Metadata",
"Data",
"XML-based standards"
] |
1,002,039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20box | A music box (American English) or musical box (British English) is an automatic musical instrument in a box that produces musical notes by using a set of pins placed on a revolving cylinder or disc to pluck the tuned teeth (or lamellae) of a steel comb. The popular device best known today as a "music box" developed fro... | Music box | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 1,617 | [
"Physical systems",
"Mechanical musical instruments",
"Machines"
] |
1,002,128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%20magnetoresistance | Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is a quantum mechanical magnetoresistance effect observed in multilayers composed of alternating ferromagnetic and non-magnetic conductive layers. The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg for the discovery of GMR, which also sets the foundation for the ... | Giant magnetoresistance | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 5,179 | [
"Magnetoresistance",
"Physical quantities",
"Spintronics",
"Magnetic ordering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
1,002,256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot%20clock | A shot clock is a countdown timer used in a variety of games and sports, indicating a set amount of time that a team may possess the object of play before attempting to score a goal. Shot clocks are used in several sports including basketball, water polo, canoe polo, lacrosse, poker, ringette, korfball, tennis, ten-pin... | Shot clock | [
"Physics"
] | 3,054 | [
"Spacetime",
"Time measurement systems",
"Physical quantities",
"Time"
] |
1,002,300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom%20of%20determinacy | In mathematics, the axiom of determinacy (abbreviated as AD) is a possible axiom for set theory introduced by Jan Mycielski and Hugo Steinhaus in 1962. It refers to certain two-person topological games of length ω. AD states that every game of a certain type is determined; that is, one of the two players has a winning... | Axiom of determinacy | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,079 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Infinity",
"Mathematical axioms",
"Game theory",
"Determinacy",
"Axioms of set theory",
"Large cardinals"
] |
1,002,527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tab%20%28interface%29 | In interface design, a tab is a graphical user interface object that allows multiple documents or panels to be contained within a single window, using tabs as a navigational widget for switching between sets of documents. It is an interface style most commonly associated with web browsers, web applications, text editor... | Tab (interface) | [
"Technology"
] | 1,191 | [
"Components",
"Graphical user interface elements"
] |
1,002,560 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky%20Mountain%20Arsenal | The Rocky Mountain Arsenal was a United States chemical weapons manufacturing center located in the Denver Metropolitan Area in Commerce City, Colorado. The site was completed December 1942, operated by the United States Army throughout the later 20th century and was controversial among local residents until its closur... | Rocky Mountain Arsenal | [
"Chemistry"
] | 4,182 | [
"Chemical warfare facilities"
] |
1,002,744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable%20transport | Sustainable transport is transportation sustainable in terms of their social and environmental impacts. Components for evaluating sustainability include the particular vehicles used for road, water or air transport; the source of energy; and the infrastructure used to accommodate the transport (roads, railways, airways... | Sustainable transport | [
"Physics"
] | 6,038 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Sustainable transport"
] |
1,002,779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotropic%20distillation | In chemistry, azeotropic distillation is any of a range of techniques used to break an azeotrope in distillation. In chemical engineering, azeotropic distillation usually refers to the specific technique of adding another component to generate a new, lower-boiling azeotrope that is heterogeneous (e.g. producing two, i... | Azeotropic distillation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 900 | [
"Distillation",
"Separation processes"
] |
1,003,125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw%20Knaster | Bronisław Knaster (22 May 1893 – 3 November 1980) was a Polish mathematician; from 1939 a university professor in Lwów and from 1945 in Wrocław.
In 1945, he completed a project in collaboration with Karol Borsuk and Kazimierz Kuratowski concerning the establishment of the Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy... | Bronisław Knaster | [
"Mathematics"
] | 229 | [
"Topologists",
"Topology"
] |
1,003,148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROYGBIV | ROYGBIV is an acronym for the sequence of hues commonly described as making up a rainbow: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. When making an artificial rainbow, glass prism is used, but the colors of "ROY-G-BIV" are inverted to VIB-G-YOR". There are several mnemonics that can be used for remembering t... | ROYGBIV | [
"Physics"
] | 496 | [
"Optical spectrum",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum"
] |
1,003,410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%20transform | S transform as a time–frequency distribution was developed in 1994 for analyzing geophysics data. In this way, the S transform is a generalization of the short-time Fourier transform (STFT), extending the continuous wavelet transform and overcoming some of its disadvantages. For one, modulation sinusoids are fixed with... | S transform | [
"Physics"
] | 1,515 | [
"Frequency-domain analysis",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Time–frequency analysis"
] |
1,003,435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTAM | FTAM, ISO standard 8571, is the OSI application layer protocol for file transfer, access and management.
The goal of FTAM is to combine into a single protocol both file transfer, similar in concept to the Internet FTP, as well as remote access to open files, similar to NFS. However, like the other OSI protocols, FTAM ... | FTAM | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 376 | [
"Networking standards",
"Computer standards",
"Computer networks engineering"
] |
1,003,661 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTP%20Control%20Protocol | The RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) is a binary-encoded out-of-band signaling protocol that functions alongside the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP). Its basic functionality and packet structure is defined in RFC 3550. RTCP provides statistics and control information for an RTP session. It partners with RTP in the delive... | RTP Control Protocol | [
"Technology"
] | 1,745 | [
"Multimedia",
"Streaming"
] |
1,003,833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications%20Management%20Network | The Telecommunications Management Network is a protocol model defined by ITU-T for managing open systems in a communications network. It is part of the ITU-T Recommendation series M.3000 and is based on the OSI management specifications in ITU-T Recommendation series X.700.
TMN provides a framework for achieving inter... | Telecommunications Management Network | [
"Engineering"
] | 617 | [
"Computer networks engineering",
"Network management"
] |
1,003,960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praktica | Praktica was a brand of camera manufactured by Pentacon in Dresden in eastern Germany, within the GDR between 1949 and the German reunification in 1990.
The firm Pentacon was divided in mainly two parts and sold after German reunification. Schneider Kreuznach and Noble bought parts of it.
Pentacon is a Dresden-based ... | Praktica | [
"Technology"
] | 2,039 | [
"System cameras",
"Single-lens reflex cameras"
] |
1,004,008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20knowledge%20repository | The dynamic knowledge repository (DKR) is a concept developed by Douglas C. Engelbart as a primary strategic focus for allowing humans to address complex problems. He has proposed that a DKR will enable us to develop a collective IQ greater than any individual's IQ. References and discussion of Engelbart's DKR concept ... | Dynamic knowledge repository | [
"Technology"
] | 286 | [
"Data management",
"Data"
] |
1,004,065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-I%20Glass | O-I Glass, Inc. is an American company that specializes in container glass products. It is one of the world's leading manufacturers of packaging products, holding the position of largest manufacturer of glass containers in North America, South America, Asia-Pacific and Europe (after acquiring BSN Glasspack in 2004).
C... | O-I Glass | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 771 | [
"Toxicology",
"Asbestos"
] |
1,004,186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aversives | In psychology, aversives are unpleasant stimuli that induce changes in behavior via negative reinforcement or positive punishment. By applying an aversive immediately before or after a behavior, the likelihood of the target behavior occurring in the future may be reduced. Aversives can vary from being slightly unpleasa... | Aversives | [
"Biology"
] | 616 | [
"Behavior",
"Behavioral concepts",
"Behaviorism"
] |
1,004,285 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java%20Heterogeneous%20Distributed%20Computing | Java Heterogeneous Distributed Computing refers to a programmable Java distributed system which was developed at the National University of Ireland in Maynooth. It allows researchers to access the spare clock cycles of a large number of semi-idle desktop PCs. It also allows for multiple problems to be processed in par... | Java Heterogeneous Distributed Computing | [
"Engineering"
] | 136 | [
"Distributed computing projects",
"Information technology projects"
] |
1,004,372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changing%20room | A changing room, locker room (usually in a sports, theater, or staff context), or changeroom (regional use) is a room or area designated for changing one's clothes. Changing-rooms are provided in a semi-public situation to enable people to change clothes with varying degrees of privacy.
A fitting room, or dressing roo... | Changing room | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,479 | [
"Rooms",
"Architecture"
] |
1,004,397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conical%20measure | A conical measure is a type of laboratory glassware which consists of a conical cup with a notch on the top to allow for the easy pouring of liquids, and graduated markings on the side to allow easy and accurate measurement of volumes of liquid.
They may be made of plastic, glass, or borosilicate glass. The use of the... | Conical measure | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 258 | [
"Volumetric instruments",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
1,004,399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20decontamination | Human decontamination is the process of removing hazardous materials from the human body, including chemicals, radioactive substances, and infectious material.
General principle
People suspected of being contaminated are usually separated by sex, and led into a decontamination tent, trailer, or pod, where they shed t... | Human decontamination | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,109 | [
"Cleanroom technology"
] |
1,004,401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambu%E2%80%93Goto%20action | The Nambu–Goto action is the simplest invariant action in bosonic string theory, and is also used in other theories that investigate string-like objects (for example, cosmic strings). It is the starting point of the analysis of zero-thickness (infinitely thin) string behaviour, using the principles of Lagrangian mechan... | Nambu–Goto action | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,261 | [
"String theory",
"Astronomical hypotheses"
] |
1,004,417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satiety | Satiety (/səˈtaɪ.ə.ti/ sə-TYE-ə-tee) is a state or condition of fullness gratified beyond the point of satisfaction, the opposite of hunger. Following satiation (meal termination), satiety is a feeling of fullness lasting until the next meal. When food is present in the GI tract after a meal, satiety signals overrule h... | Satiety | [
"Biology"
] | 417 | [
"Digestive system",
"Organ systems"
] |
1,004,474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunner%27s%20glands | Brunner's glands (or duodenal glands) are compound tubuloalveolar submucosal glands found in that portion of the duodenum proximal to the hepatopancreatic sphincter (i.e sphincter of Oddi).
For decades, it was believed that the main function of the glands is to secrete alkaline (bicarbonate-containing) mucus in order... | Brunner's glands | [
"Biology"
] | 974 | [
"Digestive system",
"Organ systems"
] |
1,004,486 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacogenomics | Pharmacogenomics, often abbreviated "PGx," is the study of the role of the genome in drug response. Its name (pharmaco- + genomics) reflects its combining of pharmacology and genomics. Pharmacogenomics analyzes how the genetic makeup of a patient affects their response to drugs. It deals with the influence of acquired ... | Pharmacogenomics | [
"Chemistry"
] | 5,756 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacogenomics",
"Medicinal chemistry",
"Pharmacy"
] |
1,004,679 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needleman%E2%80%93Wunsch%20algorithm | The Needleman–Wunsch algorithm is an algorithm used in bioinformatics to align protein or nucleotide sequences. It was one of the first applications of dynamic programming to compare biological sequences. The algorithm was developed by Saul B. Needleman and Christian D. Wunsch and published in 1970. The algorithm esse... | Needleman–Wunsch algorithm | [
"Biology"
] | 3,779 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Computational phylogenetics",
"Bioinformatics algorithms",
"Bioinformatics",
"Phylogenetics"
] |
1,004,743 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity%20measure | In statistics and related fields, a similarity measure or similarity function or similarity metric is a real-valued function that quantifies the similarity between two objects. Although no single definition of a similarity exists, usually such measures are in some sense the inverse of distance metrics: they take on lar... | Similarity measure | [
"Physics"
] | 2,276 | [
"Similarity measures",
"Physical quantities",
"Statistical distance",
"Distance"
] |
1,004,764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap%20penalty | A Gap penalty is a method of scoring alignments of two or more sequences. When aligning sequences, introducing gaps in the sequences can allow an alignment algorithm to match more terms than a gap-less alignment can. However, minimizing gaps in an alignment is important to create a useful alignment. Too many gaps can c... | Gap penalty | [
"Biology"
] | 2,328 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Phylogenetics",
"Computational phylogenetics",
"Genetics techniques"
] |
1,004,977 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlepidoptera | Microlepidoptera (micromoths) is an artificial (i.e., unranked and not monophyletic) grouping of moth families, commonly known as the "smaller moths" (micro, Lepidoptera). These generally have wingspans of under 20 mm, so are harder to identify by external phenotypic markings than macrolepidoptera. They present some li... | Microlepidoptera | [
"Biology"
] | 2,549 | [
"Phylogenetics",
"Paraphyletic groups"
] |
7,223,383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic%20Module%20Testing%20Laboratory | Cryptographic Module Testing Laboratory (CMTL) is an information technology (IT) computer security testing laboratory that is accredited to conduct cryptographic module evaluations for conformance to the FIPS 140-2 U.S. Government standard.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Voluntary L... | Cryptographic Module Testing Laboratory | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 558 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Computer security procedures",
"Cryptography",
"Cybersecurity engineering"
] |
7,224,143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit%20Award | The Orbit Awards were given by the National Space Society and the Space Tourism Society to pioneers in the private space travel industry, and presented at the Annual International Space Development Conference
The actual award is a holographic crystal created by international artist, Eileen Borgeson and holography pion... | Orbit Award | [
"Technology"
] | 149 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Space-related awards"
] |
7,224,368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt%20Holmstr%C3%B6m | Bengt Robert Holmström (born 18 April 1949) is a Finnish economist who is currently Paul A. Samuelson Professor of Economics (Emeritus) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Together with Oliver Hart, he received the Central Bank of Sweden Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2016.
Early life and educa... | Bengt Holmström | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,076 | [
"Game theorists",
"Game theory"
] |
7,226,703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet%27s%20Mill | Hamlet's Mill: An Essay on Myth & the Frame of Time (first published by Gambit Inc., Boston, 1969), later Hamlet's Mill: An Essay Investigating the Origins of Human Knowledge and Its Transmission Through Myth, by Giorgio de Santillana, a professor of the history of science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology i... | Hamlet's Mill | [
"Astronomy"
] | 2,253 | [
"Archaeoastronomy",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
7,226,822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futoshiki | , or More or Less, is a logic puzzle game from Japan. Its name means "inequality". It is also spelled hutosiki (using Kunrei-shiki romanization). Futoshiki was developed by Tamaki Seto in 2001.
The puzzle is played on a square grid. The objective is to place the numbers such that each row and column contains only one ... | Futoshiki | [
"Mathematics"
] | 316 | [
"Recreational mathematics",
"Latin squares"
] |
7,228,030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil%20Oskar%20Nobel | Emil Oskar Nobel ( , ; a.k.a. Oscar; 29 October 1843 – 3 September 1864) was a member of the Nobel family.
Biography
Emil Nobel was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia. He was the youngest son of Immanuel Nobel (1801–1872) and Karolina Andrietta Ahlsell (1803–1889). He was the brother of Robert Nobel, Ludvig Nobel and ... | Emil Oskar Nobel | [
"Chemistry"
] | 316 | [
"Deaths from explosion",
"Explosions"
] |
7,228,413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermarking%20attack | In cryptography, a watermarking attack is an attack on disk encryption methods where the presence of a specially crafted piece of data can be detected by an attacker without knowing the encryption key.
Problem description
Disk encryption suites generally operate on data in 512-byte sectors which are individually encry... | Watermarking attack | [
"Technology"
] | 449 | [
"Cryptographic attacks",
"Computer security exploits"
] |
7,228,438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinian%20literary%20studies | Darwinian literary studies (also known as literary Darwinism) is a branch of literary criticism that studies literature in the context of evolution by means of natural selection, including gene-culture coevolution. It represents an emerging trend of neo-Darwinian thought in intellectual disciplines beyond those tradit... | Darwinian literary studies | [
"Biology"
] | 4,265 | [
"Evolutionary biology"
] |
7,232,913 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauisaurus | Mauisaurus ("Māui lizard") is a dubious genus of plesiosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous period in what is now New Zealand. Numerous specimens have been attributed to this genus in the past, but a 2017 paper restricts Mauisaurus to the lectotype and declares it a nomen dubium.
History of discovery
Mauisauru... | Mauisaurus | [
"Biology"
] | 1,202 | [
"Biological hypotheses",
"Nomina dubia",
"Controversial taxa"
] |
7,233,280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic%20interoperability | Semantic interoperability is the ability of computer systems to exchange data with unambiguous, shared meaning. Semantic interoperability is a requirement to enable machine computable logic, inferencing, knowledge discovery, and data federation between information systems.
Semantic interoperability is therefore concer... | Semantic interoperability | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 3,011 | [
"Computing terminology",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Interoperability"
] |
7,233,400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEA%20Manufacturing | WEA Manufacturing was the record, tape, and compact disc manufacturing arm of WEA International Inc. from 1978 to 2003, when it was sold and merged into Cinram International, a previous competitor. The last owner when the plant closed was Technicolor.
History
WEA Manufacturing Inc. was created in 1978–1979 when Warner... | WEA Manufacturing | [
"Technology"
] | 723 | [
"Multimedia",
"Optical disc authoring",
"Digital media"
] |
7,236,456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume%20Logic | Volume Logic was commercial software which added audio enhancement features to media players. Originally released by Octiv Inc. in 2004, it was the first plug-in for Apple's iTunes for Mac and Windows. In April 2005, the Octiv corporation was acquired by Plantronics.
Description
Volume Logic was available for RealPlay... | Volume Logic | [
"Technology"
] | 341 | [
"Multimedia"
] |
7,237,326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20viewpoint%20television | Free viewpoint television (FTV) is a system for viewing natural video, allowing the user to interactively control the viewpoint and generate new views of a dynamic scene from any 3D position.
The equivalent system for computer-simulated video is known as virtual reality. With FTV, the focus of attention can be controll... | Free viewpoint television | [
"Technology"
] | 876 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Television technology"
] |
9,402,865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20thermal%20conductivities | In heat transfer, the thermal conductivity of a substance, k, is an intensive property that indicates its ability to conduct heat. For most materials, the amount of heat conducted varies (usually non-linearly) with temperature.
Thermal conductivity is often measured with laser flash analysis. Alternative measurements... | List of thermal conductivities | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,079 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Thermodynamics",
"nan",
"Heat conduction",
"Physical properties",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
9,403,144 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricorn%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, the tricorn, sometimes called the Mandelbar set, is a fractal defined in a similar way to the Mandelbrot set, but using the mapping instead of used for the Mandelbrot set. It was introduced by W. D. Crowe, R. Hasson, P. J. Rippon, and P. E. D. Strain-Clark. John Milnor found tricorn-like sets as a pro... | Tricorn (mathematics) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,138 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fractals",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
9,403,552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situated%20robotics | In artificial intelligence and cognitive science, the term situated refers to an agent which is embedded in an environment. In this used, the term is used to refer to robots, but some researchers argue that software agents can also be situated if:
they exist in a dynamic (rapidly changing) environment, which
they ca... | Situated robotics | [
"Engineering"
] | 187 | [
"Robotics",
"Automation"
] |
9,403,814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-testing%20code | Self-testing code is software that incorporates built-in tests (see test-first development).
In Java, to execute a unit test from the command line, a class can have methods like the following.
// Executing <code>main</code> runs the unit test.
public static void main(String[] args) {
test();
}
static void test()... | Self-testing code | [
"Engineering"
] | 247 | [
"Software engineering",
"Software engineering stubs"
] |
9,405,895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin%20Earth%20Challenge | The Virgin Earth Challenge was a competition offering a $25 million prize for whoever could demonstrate a commercially viable design which results in the permanent removal of greenhouse gases out of the Earth's atmosphere to contribute materially in global warming avoidance. The prize was conceived by Richard Branson, ... | Virgin Earth Challenge | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,781 | [
"Greenhouse gases",
"Greenhouse gas emissions"
] |
9,406,595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reach-in%20oven | Reach-in ovens are meant for different industrial applications that may need uniform temperature throughout. The ovens normally use horizontal re-circulating air to ensure the uniform temperature, and can use fans that circulate air, creating the airflow. Reach-in ovens can be used in numerous production and laboratory... | Reach-in oven | [
"Engineering"
] | 134 | [
"Industrial ovens",
"Industrial machinery"
] |
9,406,780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Programming%20System | The World Programming System, also known as WPS Analytics or WPS, is a software product developed by a company called World Programming (acquired by Altair Engineering).
WPS Analytics supports users of mixed ability to access and process data and to perform data science tasks. It has interactive visual programming too... | World Programming System | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,199 | [
"Statistical software",
"Mathematical software"
] |
9,407,051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch%20oven | Batch ovens are a type of furnace used for thermal processing. They are used in numerous production and laboratory applications, including curing, drying, sterilizing, aging, and other process-critical applications. Sizes can vary depending on what type of thermal processing application is needed. Batch ovens are used ... | Batch oven | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 225 | [
"Metallurgical processes",
"Industrial furnaces",
"Industrial ovens",
"Industrial machinery"
] |
9,407,168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland%20Railway%20and%20Coal%20Company | The Cumberland Railway and Coal Company is a defunct Canadian industrial company with interests in coal mines in Springhill, Nova Scotia, and a railway that operated from Springhill Junction to Parrsboro.
Springhill and Parrsboro Coal and Railway Company
The General Mining Association (GMA) had been established in 18... | Cumberland Railway and Coal Company | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,683 | [
"Mining equipment",
"Mining railways"
] |
9,407,202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dockominium | A dockominium is the water-based version of a condominium; rather than owning an apartment in a building, one owns a boat slip on the water. The term is a portmanteau of "dock" and "condominium." In addition to the exclusive right to use the boat slip, ownership also provides one with the right to use the common elemen... | Dockominium | [
"Engineering"
] | 439 | [
"Construction",
"Coastal construction"
] |
9,407,911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols%20of%20Alberta | Alberta is one of Canada's provinces, and has established several official emblems that reflect the province's history, its natural and diverse landscapes, and its people.
Official symbols of Alberta
De facto symbols
While not officially adopted through legislation as emblems by the government of Alberta, these plac... | Symbols of Alberta | [
"Mathematics"
] | 97 | [
"Symbols",
"Lists of symbols"
] |
9,407,981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols%20of%20British%20Columbia | British Columbia is Canada's westernmost province, and has established several provincial symbols.
Official symbols
Other symbols
References
British Columbia
Symbols
Canadian provincial and territorial symbols | Symbols of British Columbia | [
"Mathematics"
] | 32 | [
"Symbols",
"Lists of symbols"
] |
9,408,017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols%20of%20Manitoba | There are several symbols of Manitoba, one of the ten provinces of Canada. These symbols are designated by The Coat of Arms, Emblems and the Manitoba Tartan Act, which came into force on Feb 1, 1988.
Symbols
References
Manitoba
Symbols
Canadian provincial and territorial symbols | Symbols of Manitoba | [
"Mathematics"
] | 55 | [
"Symbols",
"Lists of symbols"
] |
9,408,074 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols%20of%20Newfoundland%20and%20Labrador | Newfoundland and Labrador is one of Canada's provinces, and has established several official symbols.
Labrador, the mainland portion of the province, has its own distinct cultural identity and has established several unofficial symbols for itself.
Official symbols of Newfoundland and Labrador
Unofficial symbols of L... | Symbols of Newfoundland and Labrador | [
"Mathematics"
] | 62 | [
"Symbols",
"Lists of symbols"
] |
9,408,111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols%20of%20New%20Brunswick | New Brunswick is one of Canada's provinces, and has established several provincial symbols.
Official symbols
References
New Brunswick
Symbols
Canadian provincial and territorial symbols | Symbols of New Brunswick | [
"Mathematics"
] | 30 | [
"Symbols",
"Lists of symbols"
] |
9,408,138 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols%20of%20Nova%20Scotia | Nova Scotia is one of Canada's provinces, and has established several provincial symbols.
Symbols
References
Nova Scotia
Symbols
Canadian provincial and territorial symbols | Symbols of Nova Scotia | [
"Mathematics"
] | 29 | [
"Symbols",
"Lists of symbols"
] |
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