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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 31 227	text stringlengths 6 334k	source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 71.8k	subcategories listlengths 0 30
164,598	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative%20cooling	In the study of heat transfer, radiative cooling is the process by which a body loses heat by thermal radiation. As Planck's law describes, every physical body spontaneously and continuously emits electromagnetic radiation. Radiative cooling has been applied in various contexts throughout human history, including ice ...	Radiative cooling	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	2,304	[ "Thermodynamics", "Dynamical systems" ]
164,600	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20circulation%20model	A general circulation model (GCM) is a type of climate model. It employs a mathematical model of the general circulation of a planetary atmosphere or ocean. It uses the Navier–Stokes equations on a rotating sphere with thermodynamic terms for various energy sources (radiation, latent heat). These equations are the basi...	General circulation model	[ "Mathematics" ]	4,396	[ "Computational science", "Applied mathematics" ]
164,602	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient-market%20hypothesis	The efficient-market hypothesis (EMH) is a hypothesis in financial economics that states that asset prices reflect all available information. A direct implication is that it is impossible to "beat the market" consistently on a risk-adjusted basis since market prices should only react to new information. Because the EM...	Efficient-market hypothesis	[ "Biology" ]	5,257	[ "Behavioral finance", "Behavior", "Human behavior" ]
164,605	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopotential%20height	Geopotential height or geopotential altitude is a vertical coordinate referenced to Earth's mean sea level (assumed zero geopotential) that represents the work involved in lifting one unit of mass over one unit of length through a hypothetical space in which the acceleration of gravity is assumed constant. In SI units,...	Geopotential height	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	736	[ "Vertical position", "Atmospheric dynamics", "Physical quantities", "Distance", "Fluid dynamics" ]
164,607	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensible%20heat	Sensible heat is heat exchanged by a body or thermodynamic system in which the exchange of heat changes the temperature of the body or system, and some macroscopic variables of the body or system, but leaves unchanged certain other macroscopic variables of the body or system, such as volume or pressure. Usage The ter...	Sensible heat	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	424	[ "Thermodynamics", "Dynamical systems" ]
164,610	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent%20heat	Latent heat (also known as latent energy or heat of transformation) is energy released or absorbed, by a body or a thermodynamic system, during a constant-temperature process—usually a first-order phase transition, like melting or condensation. Latent heat can be understood as hidden energy which is supplied or extrac...	Latent heat	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	2,280	[ "Thermochemistry", "Physical phenomena", "Thermodynamics", "Dynamical systems" ]
164,631	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavenumber%E2%80%93frequency%20diagram	A wavenumber–frequency diagram is a plot displaying the relationship between the wavenumber (spatial frequency) and the frequency (temporal frequency) of certain phenomena. Usually frequencies are placed on the vertical axis, while wavenumbers are placed on the horizontal axis. In the atmospheric sciences, these plots...	Wavenumber–frequency diagram	[ "Physics" ]	237	[ "Wave mechanics", "Waves", "Physical phenomena", "Classical mechanics" ]
164,633	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric%20science	Atmospheric science is the study of the Earth's atmosphere and its various inner-working physical processes. Meteorology includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics with a major focus on weather forecasting. Climatology is the study of atmospheric changes (both long and short-term) that define average climat...	Atmospheric science	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,549	[ "Piping", "Chemical engineering", "Fluid dynamics" ]
164,644	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Ghiorso	Albert Ghiorso (July 15, 1915 – December 26, 2010) was an American nuclear scientist and co-discoverer of a record 12 chemical elements on the periodic table. His research career spanned six decades, from the early 1940s to the late 1990s. Biography Early life Ghiorso was born in Vallejo, California on July 15, 1915,...	Albert Ghiorso	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,879	[ "Periodic table", "People involved with the periodic table" ]
164,670	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantharidin	Cantharidin is an odorless, colorless fatty substance of the terpenoid class, which is secreted by many species of blister beetles. Its main current use in pharmacology is treating molluscum contagiosum and warts topically. It is a burn agent and poisonous in large doses, and has been historically used as aphrodisiacs ...	Cantharidin	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,543	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Natural products", "Blister agents", "Chemical weapons", "Functional groups", "Organic compounds", "Ethers", "Terpenes and terpenoids" ]
164,897	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-domain%20system	The three-domain system is a taxonomic classification system that groups all cellular life into three domains, namely Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, introduced by Carl Woese, Otto Kandler and Mark Wheelis in 1990. The key difference from earlier classifications such as the two-empire system and the five-kingdom classif...	Three-domain system	[ "Biology" ]	1,341	[ "nan" ]
164,901	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-translational%20modification	In molecular biology, post-translational modification (PTM) is the covalent process of changing proteins following protein biosynthesis. PTMs may involve enzymes or occur spontaneously. Proteins are created by ribosomes, which translate mRNA into polypeptide chains, which may then change to form the mature protein prod...	Post-translational modification	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,062	[ "Protein biosynthesis", "Cell biology", "Gene expression", "Biochemical reactions", "Post-translational modification", "Molecular genetics", "Biosynthesis", "Cellular processes", "Structural biology", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry", "Protein structure" ]
164,912	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein	Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligosaccharide (sugar) chains covalently attached to amino acid side-chains. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational modification. This process is known as glycosylation. Secreted extracellular proteins are often glycosylated. In p...	Glycoprotein	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,989	[ "Carbohydrate chemistry", "nan", "Chemical synthesis", "Glycoproteins", "Glycobiology" ]
164,952	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20design%20pattern	In software engineering, a software design pattern or design pattern is a general, reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem in many contexts in software design. A design pattern is not a rigid structure to be transplanted directly into source code. Rather, it is a description or a template for solving a partic...	Software design pattern	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,926	[ "Software engineering", "Computer occupations", "Software development" ]
164,953	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purity%20test	A purity test is a self-graded survey that assesses the participants' supposed degree of innocence in worldly matters (sex, drugs, deceit, and other activities assumed to be vices), generally on a percentage scale with 100% being the most and 0% being the least pure. Online purity tests were among the earliest of Inte...	Purity test	[ "Biology" ]	1,003	[ "Human sexuality", "Behavior", "Human behavior", "Sexuality" ]
164,968	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Swammerdam	Jan or Johannes Swammerdam (February 12, 1637 – February 17, 1680) was a Dutch biologist and microscopist. His work on insects demonstrated that the various phases during the life of an insect—egg, larva, pupa, and adult—are different forms of the same animal. As part of his anatomical research, he carried out experime...	Jan Swammerdam	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,282	[ "Microscopists", "Microscopy" ]
164,969	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg%20hemispheres	The Magdeburg hemispheres are a pair of large copper hemispheres with mating rims that were used in a famous 1654 experiment to demonstrate the power of atmospheric pressure. When the rims were sealed with grease and the air was pumped out, the sphere contained a vacuum and could not be pulled apart by teams of horses....	Magdeburg hemispheres	[ "Physics" ]	1,024	[ "Physics experiments", "Physical quantities", "Meteorological quantities", "Atmospheric pressure", "Experimental physics" ]
164,974	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrography	Hydrography is the branch of applied sciences which deals with the measurement and description of the physical features of oceans, seas, coastal areas, lakes and rivers, as well as with the prediction of their change over time, for the primary purpose of safety of navigation and in support of all other marine activitie...	Hydrography	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	1,810	[ "Hydrography", "Hydrology", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Oceanography", "Environmental engineering" ]
164,975	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrella	A terrella () is a small magnetised model ball representing the Earth, that is thought to have been invented by the English physician William Gilbert while investigating magnetism, and further developed 300 years later by the Norwegian scientist and explorer Kristian Birkeland, while investigating the aurora. Terrella...	Terrella	[ "Physics" ]	729	[ "Experimental physics", "Physics experiments" ]
165,015	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%20detector	A metal detector is an instrument that detects the nearby presence of metal. Metal detectors are useful for finding metal objects on the surface, underground, and under water. A metal detector consists of a control box, an adjustable shaft, and a variable-shaped pickup coil. When the coil nears metal, the control box s...	Metal detector	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	6,078	[ "Measuring instruments", "Metal detecting" ]
165,018	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere-turn	The ampere-turn (symbol A⋅t) is the MKS (metre–kilogram–second) unit of magnetomotive force (MMF), represented by a direct current of one ampere flowing in a single-turn loop. Turns refers to the winding number of an electrical conductor composing an electromagnetic coil. For example, a current of flowing through a c...	Ampere-turn	[ "Mathematics" ]	390	[ "Quantity", "Units of measurement" ]
165,062	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcomen%20atmospheric%20engine	The atmospheric engine was invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712, and is often referred to as the Newcomen fire engine (see below) or simply as a Newcomen engine. The engine was operated by condensing steam drawn into the cylinder, thereby creating a partial vacuum which allowed the atmospheric pressure to push the pisto...	Newcomen atmospheric engine	[ "Technology" ]	4,584	[ "Piston engines", "Engines" ]
165,067	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt%20steam%20engine	The Watt steam engine design was an invention of James Watt that became synonymous with steam engines during the Industrial Revolution, and it was many years before significantly new designs began to replace the basic Watt design. The first steam engines, introduced by Thomas Newcomen in 1712, were of the "atmospheric...	Watt steam engine	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	4,107	[ "Thermodynamics", "Dynamical systems" ]
165,094	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway	In aviation, a runway is an elongated, rectangular surface designed for the landing and takeoff of an aircraft. Runways may be a human-made surface (often asphalt, concrete, or a mixture of both) or a natural surface (grass, dirt, gravel, ice, sand or salt). Runways, taxiways and ramps, are sometimes referred to as "ta...	Runway	[ "Engineering" ]	5,601	[ "Airport engineering", "Airport infrastructure", "Aerospace engineering" ]
165,106	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desk%20Set	Desk Set (released as His Other Woman in the UK) is a 1957 American romantic comedy film starring Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn. Directed by Walter Lang, the picture's screenplay was written by Phoebe Ephron and Henry Ephron, adapted from the 1955 play of the same name by William Marchant. Plot Bunny Watson is ...	Desk Set	[ "Technology" ]	1,878	[ "Works about computing", "Films about computing" ]
165,123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes%20Alfv%C3%A9n	Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén (; 30 May 1908 – 2 April 1995) was a Swedish electrical engineer, plasma physicist and winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). He described the class of MHD waves now known as Alfvén waves. He was originally trained as an electrical power engineer ...	Hannes Alfvén	[ "Chemistry", "Technology" ]	2,769	[ "Science and technology awards", "Fluid dynamicists", "Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal", "Fluid dynamics" ]
165,128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20we	The royal we, majestic plural (), or royal plural, is the use of a plural pronoun (or corresponding plural-inflected verb forms) used by a single person who is a monarch or holds a high office to refer to themself. A more general term for the use of a we, us, or our to refer to oneself is nosism. Example After the Un...	Royal we	[ "Biology" ]	1,077	[ "Etiquette", "Behavior", "Human behavior" ]
165,146	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductance	Inductance is the tendency of an electrical conductor to oppose a change in the electric current flowing through it. The electric current produces a magnetic field around the conductor. The magnetic field strength depends on the magnitude of the electric current, and therefore follows any changes in the magnitude of th...	Inductance	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	5,871	[ "Electromagnetic quantities", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Electrodynamics", "Dynamical systems" ]
165,180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20configuration%20management	Software configuration management (SCM), a.k.a. software change and configuration management (SCCM), is the software engineering practice of tracking and controlling changes to a software system; part of the larger cross-disciplinary field of configuration management (CM). SCM includes version control and the establi...	Software configuration management	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	835	[ "Systems engineering", "Computer engineering", "Computer standards", "Configuration management", "Software engineering", "Information technology", "IEEE standards" ]
165,194	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometer	A hydrometer or lactometer is an instrument used for measuring density or relative density of liquids based on the concept of buoyancy. They are typically calibrated and graduated with one or more scales such as specific gravity. A hydrometer usually consists of a sealed hollow glass tube with a wider bottom portion f...	Hydrometer	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,291	[ "Density", "Density meters", "Physical quantities", "Measuring instruments" ]
165,198	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind%20speed	In meteorology, wind speed, or wind flow speed, is a fundamental atmospheric quantity caused by air moving from high to low pressure, usually due to changes in temperature. Wind speed is now commonly measured with an anemometer. Wind speed affects weather forecasting, aviation and maritime operations, construction pro...	Wind speed	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,753	[ "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Meteorological quantities", "Airspeed", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities" ]
165,201	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20Regulatory%20Commission	The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is an independent agency of the United States government tasked with protecting public health and safety related to nuclear energy. Established by the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, the NRC began operations on January 19, 1975, as one of two successor agencies t...	Nuclear Regulatory Commission	[ "Engineering" ]	5,953	[ "Governmental nuclear organizations", "Nuclear regulatory organizations", "Nuclear organizations" ]
165,259	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20value%20of%20money	The time value of money refers to the fact that there is normally a greater benefit to receiving a sum of money now rather than an identical sum later. It may be seen as an implication of the later-developed concept of time preference. The time value of money refers to the observation that it is better to receive mone...	Time value of money	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	3,857	[ "Engineering economics", "Applied mathematics", "Actuarial science" ]
165,266	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted%20average%20cost%20of%20capital	The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the rate that a company is expected to pay on average to all its security holders to finance its assets. The WACC is commonly referred to as the firm's cost of capital. Importantly, it is dictated by the external market and not by management. The WACC represents the minimu...	Weighted average cost of capital	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,034	[ "Applied mathematics", "Mathematical finance" ]
165,299	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARAM	Airawat PARAM is a series of Indian supercomputers designed and assembled by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in Pune. PARAM means "supreme" in the Sanskrit language, whilst also creating an acronym for "PARAllel Machine". As of November 2022, the fastest machine in the series is the PARAM Air...	PARAM	[ "Technology" ]	1,215	[ "Supercomputers", "Supercomputing" ]
165,320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodrell%20Bank%20Observatory	Jodrell Bank Observatory ( ) in Cheshire, England hosts a number of radio telescopes as part of the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics at the University of Manchester. The observatory was established in 1945 by Bernard Lovell, a radio astronomer at the university, to investigate cosmic rays after his work on radar in...	Jodrell Bank Observatory	[ "Astronomy" ]	4,676	[ "Astronomy organizations", "Astronomy institutes and departments" ]
165,331	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinescope	Kinescope , shortened to kine , also known as telerecording in Britain, is a recording of a television program on motion picture film directly through a lens focused on the screen of a video monitor. The process was pioneered during the 1940s for the preservation, re-broadcasting, and sale of television programs before...	Kinescope	[ "Technology" ]	6,512	[ "Information and communications technology", "Television technology" ]
165,380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulane%20University	Tulane University, officially the Tulane University of Louisiana, is a private research university in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. Founded as the Medical College of Louisiana in 1834 by a cohort of medical doctors, it became a comprehensive public university in the University of Louisiana in 1847. The institu...	Tulane University	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	7,295	[ "Glass engineering and science", "Glassmaking schools" ]
165,384	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie%20temperature	In physics and materials science, the Curie temperature (TC), or Curie point, is the temperature above which certain materials lose their permanent magnetic properties, which can (in most cases) be replaced by induced magnetism. The Curie temperature is named after Pierre Curie, who showed that magnetism is lost at a c...	Curie temperature	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics" ]	4,447	[ "Scalar physical quantities", "Temperature", "Phase transitions", "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Thermodynamic properties", "SI base quantities", "Intensive quantities", "Critical phenomena", "Phases of matter", "Condensed matter physics", "Thermodynamics", "Statistical mechan...
165,390	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venality	Venality is a vice associated with being bribeable or willing to sell one's services or power, especially when people are intended to act in a decent way instead. In its most recognizable form, venality causes people to lie and steal for their own personal advantage, and is related to bribery and nepotism, among other ...	Venality	[ "Biology" ]	582	[ "Behavior", "Human behavior" ]
165,423	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion	Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food compounds into small water-soluble components so that they can be absorbed into the blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into...	Digestion	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	6,046	[ "Digestive system", "Organ systems", "Cellular processes", "Biochemistry", "Metabolism" ]
165,450	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytophthora%20infestans	Phytophthora infestans is an oomycete or water mold, a fungus-like microorganism that causes the serious potato and tomato disease known as late blight or potato blight. Early blight, caused by Alternaria solani, is also often called "potato blight". Late blight was a major culprit in the 1840s European, the 1845–1852 ...	Phytophthora infestans	[ "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	5,388	[ "Biological agents", "Toxicology", "Biological warfare" ]
165,459	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding%20hands	Holding hands is a form of physical intimacy involving two or more people. It may or may not be romantic. Couples often hold hands while walking together outdoors. Cultural aspects In Western culture, spouses and romantic couples often hold hands as a sign of affection or to express psychological closeness. Non-roman...	Holding hands	[ "Biology" ]	355	[ "Human communication", "Behavior", "Human behavior" ]
165,487	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20line	The world line (or worldline) of an object is the path that an object traces in 4-dimensional spacetime. It is an important concept of modern physics, and particularly theoretical physics. The concept of a "world line" is distinguished from concepts such as an "orbit" or a "trajectory" (e.g., a planet's orbit in space...	World line	[ "Physics" ]	3,751	[ "Physical quantities", "Time", "Theory of relativity", "Time in science", "Spacetime" ]
165,494	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos%20Tversky	Amos Nathan Tversky (; March 16, 1937 – June 2, 1996) was an Israeli cognitive and mathematical psychologist and a key figure in the discovery of systematic human cognitive bias and handling of risk. Much of his early work concerned the foundations of measurement. He was co-author of a three-volume treatise, Foundatio...	Amos Tversky	[ "Biology" ]	1,771	[ "Behavioral finance", "Behavior", "Human behavior" ]
165,590	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML%20editor	An HTML editor is a program used for editing HTML, the markup of a web page. Although the HTML markup in a web page can be controlled with any text editor, specialized HTML editors can offer convenience, added functionality, and organisation. For example, many HTML editors handle not only HTML, but also related technol...	HTML editor	[ "Engineering" ]	1,883	[ "Design", "Web design" ]
165,744	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelp	Kelps are large brown algae or seaweeds that make up the order Laminariales. There are about 30 different genera. Despite its appearance and use of photosynthesis in chloroplasts, kelp is technically not a plant but a stramenopile (a group containing many protists). Kelp grow from stalks close together in very dense a...	Kelp	[ "Biology" ]	4,974	[ "Seaweeds", "Algae" ]
165,755	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl%20S.%20Buck	Pearl Comfort Sydenstricker Buck (June 26, 1892 – March 6, 1973) was an American writer and novelist. She is best known for The Good Earth, the best-selling novel in the United States in 1931 and 1932 and which won her the Pulitzer Prize in 1932. In 1938, Buck became the first American woman to win the Nobel Prize in L...	Pearl S. Buck	[ "Technology" ]	10,432	[ "Women Nobel laureates", "Women in science and technology" ]
165,851	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20design	Industrial design is a process of design applied to physical products that are to be manufactured by mass production. It is the creative act of determining and defining a product's form and features, which takes place in advance of the manufacture or production of the product. Industrial manufacture consists of predete...	Industrial design	[ "Engineering" ]	3,498	[ "Industrial design", "Design engineering", "Design for X", "Design history", "Design" ]
165,907	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pip%20%28counting%29	Pips are small but easily countable items, such as the dots on dominoes and dice, or the symbols on a playing card that denote its suit and value. Playing cards In playing cards, pips are small symbols on the front side of the cards that determine the suit of the card and its rank. For example, a standard 52-card dec...	Pip (counting)	[ "Mathematics" ]	733	[ "Numeral systems", "Mathematical objects", "Numbers" ]
165,926	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland%20Bay%20Bridge	The San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, commonly referred to as the Bay Bridge, is a complex of bridges spanning San Francisco Bay in California. As part of Interstate 80 and the direct road between San Francisco and Oakland, it carries about 260,000 vehicles a day on its two decks. It includes one of the longest bridge ...	San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge	[ "Engineering" ]	10,653	[ "Civil engineering", "Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks" ]
165,936	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%20Bird%20Lake	Lady Bird Lake (formerly, and still colloquially referred to as Town Lake) is a river-like reservoir on the Colorado River in Austin, Texas, United States. The City of Austin created the reservoir in 1960 as a cooling pond for a new city power plant. The lake, which has a surface area of , is now used primarily for rec...	Lady Bird Lake	[ "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]	1,770	[ "Cooling ponds", "Water pollution" ]
166,008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramer%27s%20rule	In linear algebra, Cramer's rule is an explicit formula for the solution of a system of linear equations with as many equations as unknowns, valid whenever the system has a unique solution. It expresses the solution in terms of the determinants of the (square) coefficient matrix and of matrices obtained from it by repl...	Cramer's rule	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,324	[ "Theorems in algebra", "Theorems in linear algebra" ]
166,010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorticity	In continuum mechanics, vorticity is a pseudovector (or axial vector) field that describes the local spinning motion of a continuum near some point (the tendency of something to rotate), as would be seen by an observer located at that point and traveling along with the flow. It is an important quantity in the dynamical...	Vorticity	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	2,859	[ "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Continuum mechanics", "Chemical engineering", "Quantity", "Classical mechanics", "Rotation", "Meteorological quantities", "Motion (physics)", "Piping", "Fluid dynamics" ]
166,019	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheridan%20College	Sheridan College Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning, formerly Sheridan College of Applied Arts and Technology, is a public polytechnic institute partnered with private Canadian College of Technology and Trades operating campuses across the Greater Toronto Area of Ontario, Canada. Founded in 1967, it is kn...	Sheridan College	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	3,823	[ "Glass engineering and science", "Glassmaking schools" ]
166,022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square%20matrix	In mathematics, a square matrix is a matrix with the same number of rows and columns. An n-by-n matrix is known as a square matrix of order Any two square matrices of the same order can be added and multiplied. Square matrices are often used to represent simple linear transformations, such as shearing or rotation. F...	Square matrix	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,558	[ "Matrices (mathematics)", "Mathematical objects" ]
166,029	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police%20brutality	Police brutality is the excessive and unwarranted use of force by law enforcement against an individual or a group. It is an extreme form of police misconduct and is a civil rights violation. Police brutality includes, but is not limited to, asphyxiation, beatings, shootings, improper takedowns, racially-motivated viol...	Police brutality	[ "Biology" ]	3,991	[ "Behavior", "Aggression", "Human behavior", "Violence" ]
166,035	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shame	Shame is an unpleasant self-conscious emotion often associated with negative self-evaluation; motivation to quit; and feelings of pain, exposure, distrust, powerlessness, and worthlessness. Definition Shame is a discrete, basic emotion, described as a moral or social emotion that drives people to hide or deny their ...	Shame	[ "Biology" ]	5,664	[ "Behavior", "Narcissism", "Human behavior" ]
166,072	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound%20barrier	The sound barrier or sonic barrier is the large increase in aerodynamic drag and other undesirable effects experienced by an aircraft or other object when it approaches the speed of sound. When aircraft first approached the speed of sound, these effects were seen as constituting a barrier, making faster speeds very dif...	Sound barrier	[ "Physics" ]	5,468	[ "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Airspeed", "Physical quantities" ]
166,084	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressibility	In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressibility (also known as the coefficient of compressibility or, if the temperature is held constant, the isothermal compressibility) is a measure of the instantaneous relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a response to a pressure (or mean stress) change. In its s...	Compressibility	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,584	[ "Thermodynamic properties", "Mechanical quantities", "Physical quantities", "Chemical engineering", "Quantity", "Mechanics", "Thermodynamics", "Piping", "Fluid dynamics" ]
166,086	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamlines%2C%20streaklines%2C%20and%20pathlines	Streamlines, streaklines and pathlines are field lines in a fluid flow. They differ only when the flow changes with time, that is, when the flow is not steady. Considering a velocity vector field in three-dimensional space in the framework of continuum mechanics, we have that: Streamlines are a family of curves who...	Streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines	[ "Physics" ]	1,539	[ "Classical mechanics", "Continuum mechanics" ]
166,087	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20development%20kit	A software development kit (SDK) is a collection of software development tools in one installable package. They facilitate the creation of applications by having a compiler, debugger and sometimes a software framework. They are normally specific to a hardware platform and operating system combination. To create applica...	Software development kit	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	640	[ "IT infrastructure", "Computer occupations", "Computer libraries", "Software engineering", "Software development" ]
166,105	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper%20size	Paper size standards govern the size of sheets of paper used as writing paper, stationery, cards, and for some printed documents. The ISO 216 standard, which includes the commonly used A4 size, is the international standard for paper size. It is used across the world except in North America and parts of Central and So...	Paper size	[ "Engineering" ]	8,299	[ "Design engineering", "Mechanical standards", "Technical drawing", "Civil engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Book design", "Design" ]
166,125	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Quercus%20species	The genus Quercus contains about 500 known species, plus about 180 hybrids between them. The genus, as is the case with many large genera, is divided into subgenera and sections. Traditionally, the genus Quercus was divided into the two subgenera Cyclobalanopsis, the ring-cupped oaks, and Quercus, which included all th...	List of Quercus species	[ "Biology" ]	8,066	[ "Lists of biota", "Lists of plants", "Plants" ]
166,127	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LyX	LyX (styled as LYX; pronounced ) is an open source, graphical user interface document processor based on the LaTeX typesetting system. Unlike most word processors, which follow the WYSIWYG ("what you see is what you get") paradigm, LyX has a WYSIWYM ("what you see is what you mean") approach, where what shows up on the...	LyX	[ "Mathematics" ]	980	[ "Formula editors", "Mathematical software" ]
166,134	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos%201	Cosmos 1 was a project by Cosmos Studios and The Planetary Society to test a solar sail in space. As part of the project, an uncrewed solar-sail spacecraft named Cosmos 1 was launched into space at 19:46:09 UTC (15:46:09 EDT) on 21 June 2005 from the submarine in the Barents Sea. However, a rocket failure prevented th...	Cosmos 1	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,160	[ "The Planetary Society", "Astronomy organizations" ]
166,135	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Planetary%20Society	The Planetary Society is an American internationally-active non-governmental nonprofit organization. It is involved in research, public outreach, and political space advocacy for engineering projects related to astronomy, planetary science, and space exploration. It was founded in 1980 by Carl Sagan, Bruce Murray, and...	The Planetary Society	[ "Astronomy", "Technology" ]	1,423	[ "Non-profit technology", "Works about astronomy", "Astronomy organizations", "Space organizations", "Information technology", "The Planetary Society", "Astronomy websites" ]
166,146	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance%20healthcare%20directive	An advance healthcare directive, also known as living will, personal directive, advance directive, medical directive or advance decision, is a legal document in which a person specifies what actions should be taken for their health if they are no longer able to make decisions for themselves because of illness or incapa...	Advance healthcare directive	[ "Biology" ]	4,611	[ "Health informatics", "Medical technology" ]
166,152	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuang%20Zhou	Zhuang Zhou (), commonly known as Zhuangzi (; ; literally "Master Zhuang"; also rendered in the Wade–Giles romanization as Chuang Tzu), was an influential Chinese philosopher who lived around the 4th century BCE during the Warring States period, a period of great development in Chinese philosophy, the Hundred Schools o...	Zhuang Zhou	[ "Biology" ]	1,417	[ "Non-Darwinian evolution", "Biology theories", "Proto-evolutionary biologists" ]
166,159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Ward%20Beecher	Henry Ward Beecher (June 24, 1813 – March 8, 1887) was an American Congregationalist clergyman, social reformer, and speaker, known for his support of the abolition of slavery, his emphasis on God's love, and his 1875 adultery trial. His rhetorical focus on Christ's love has influenced mainstream Christianity through t...	Henry Ward Beecher	[ "Biology" ]	4,967	[ "Non-Darwinian evolution", "Theistic evolutionists", "Biology theories" ]
166,202	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20people	White is a racial classification of people generally used for those of predominantly European ancestry. It is also a skin color specifier, although the definition can vary depending on context, nationality, ethnicity and point of view. Description of populations as "White" in reference to their skin color is occasiona...	White people	[ "Biology" ]	14,087	[ "Human skin color", "Pigmentation" ]
166,206	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirection	In computer programming, an indirection (also called a reference) is a way of referring to something using a name, reference, or container instead of the value itself. The most common form of indirection is the act of manipulating a value through its memory address. For example, accessing a variable through the use of ...	Indirection	[ "Mathematics", "Technology" ]	682	[ "Functions and mappings", "Computing terminology", "Unary operations", "Mathematical objects", "Mathematical relations" ]
166,283	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn%20chorus%20%28birds%29	The dawn chorus is the outbreak of birdsong at the start of a new day. In temperate countries this is most noticeable in spring when the birds are either defending a breeding territory, trying to attract a mate or calling in the flock. In a given location it is common for different species to do their dawn singing at d...	Dawn chorus (birds)	[ "Biology" ]	471	[ "Behavioural sciences", "Ethology", "Behavior" ]
166,346	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC	The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, ) is a cartel enabling the co-operation of leading oil-producing and oil-dependent countries in order to collectively influence the global oil market and maximize profit. It was founded on 14 September 1960, in Baghdad by the first five members which are Ira...	OPEC	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	11,110	[ "Petroleum politics", "Petroleum", "Petroleum organizations", "International energy organizations", "Energy organizations" ]
166,352	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sides%20of%20an%20equation	In mathematics, LHS is informal shorthand for the left-hand side of an equation. Similarly, RHS is the right-hand side. The two sides have the same value, expressed differently, since equality is symmetric. More generally, these terms may apply to an inequation or inequality; the right-hand side is everything on the ...	Sides of an equation	[ "Mathematics" ]	369	[ "nan" ]
166,354	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotropic%20vorticity%20equation	The barotropic vorticity equation assumes the atmosphere is nearly barotropic, which means that the direction and speed of the geostrophic wind are independent of height. In other words, there is no vertical wind shear of the geostrophic wind. It also implies that thickness contours (a proxy for temperature) are para...	Barotropic vorticity equation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	421	[ "Equations of fluid dynamics", "Equations of physics", "Fluid dynamics stubs", "Fluid dynamics" ]
166,356	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovector	In physics and mathematics, a pseudovector (or axial vector) is a quantity that behaves like a vector in many situations, but its direction does not conform when the object is rigidly transformed by rotation, translation, reflection, etc. This can also happen when the orientation of the space is changed. For example, t...	Pseudovector	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,679	[ "Linear algebra", "Algebra" ]
166,365	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorticity%20equation	The vorticity equation of fluid dynamics describes the evolution of the vorticity of a particle of a fluid as it moves with its flow; that is, the local rotation of the fluid (in terms of vector calculus this is the curl of the flow velocity). The governing equation is:where is the material derivative operator, is t...	Vorticity equation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,115	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Equations of fluid dynamics", "Equations of physics", "Chemical engineering", "Fluid dynamics" ]
166,371	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroclinity	In fluid dynamics, the baroclinity (often called baroclinicity) of a stratified fluid is a measure of how misaligned the gradient of pressure is from the gradient of density in a fluid. In meteorology a baroclinic flow is one in which the density depends on both temperature and pressure (the fully general case). A sim...	Baroclinity	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,452	[ "Piping", "Chemical engineering", "Atmospheric dynamics", "Fluid dynamics" ]
166,377	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advection	In the field of physics, engineering, and earth sciences, advection is the transport of a substance or quantity by bulk motion of a fluid. The properties of that substance are carried with it. Generally the majority of the advected substance is also a fluid. The properties that are carried with the advected substance a...	Advection	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	1,086	[ "Physical phenomena", "Chemical engineering", "Mathematical objects", "Convection", "Thermodynamics", "Transport phenomena", "Fluid dynamics", "Heat transfer", "Equations of physics", "Atmospheric dynamics", "Symmetry", "Physics theorems", "Equations of fluid dynamics", "Hydrology", "App...
166,380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20history	Natural history is a domain of inquiry involving organisms, including animals, fungi, and plants, in their natural environment, leaning more towards observational than experimental methods of study. A person who studies natural history is called a naturalist or natural historian. Natural history encompasses scientific...	Natural history	[ "Technology" ]	3,102	[ "History of science", "History of science and technology" ]
166,404	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20law%20of%20thermodynamics	The first law of thermodynamics is a formulation of the law of conservation of energy in the context of thermodynamic processes. The law distinguishes two principal forms of energy transfer, heat and thermodynamic work, that modify a thermodynamic system containing a constant amount of matter. The law also defines the ...	First law of thermodynamics	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	14,298	[ "Equations of physics", "Mathematical objects", "Equations", "Thermodynamics", "Laws of thermodynamics" ]
166,415	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20equation	In mathematics and physics, the heat equation is a parabolic partial differential equation. The theory of the heat equation was first developed by Joseph Fourier in 1822 for the purpose of modeling how a quantity such as heat diffuses through a given region. Since then, the heat equation and its variants have been foun...	Heat equation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	7,049	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Heat transfer", "Diffusion", "Thermodynamics", "Heat conduction" ]
166,428	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-wideband	Ultra-wideband (UWB, ultra wideband, ultra-wide band and ultraband) is a radio technology that can use a very low energy level for short-range, high-bandwidth communications over a large portion of the radio spectrum. UWB has traditional applications in non-cooperative radar imaging. Most recent applications target sen...	Ultra-wideband	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,859	[ "Information and communications technology", "Radio communications", "Telecommunications engineering", "Radio technology" ]
166,441	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyapunov%20exponent	In mathematics, the Lyapunov exponent or Lyapunov characteristic exponent of a dynamical system is a quantity that characterizes the rate of separation of infinitesimally close trajectories. Quantitatively, two trajectories in phase space with initial separation vector diverge (provided that the divergence can be trea...	Lyapunov exponent	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	2,496	[ "Mechanics", "Dynamical systems" ]
166,470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricin	Ricin ( ) is a lectin (a carbohydrate-binding protein) and a highly potent toxin produced in the seeds of the castor oil plant, Ricinus communis. The median lethal dose (LD50) of ricin for mice is around 22 micrograms per kilogram of body weight via intraperitoneal injection. Oral exposure to ricin is far less toxic. A...	Ricin	[ "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]	5,913	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Toxicology", "Chemical ecology", "Chemical weapons", "Plant toxins", "Molecular biology", "Toxins", "Proteins", "Biological toxin weapons" ]
166,554	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project%20plan	A project plan, is a series of structured tasks, objectives, and schedule to a complete a desired outcome, according to a project managers designs and purpose. According to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), is: "...a formal, approved document used to guide both project execution and project control. The...	Project plan	[ "Physics" ]	886	[ "Spacetime", "Physical quantities", "Time", "Schedule (project management)" ]
166,570	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20tallest%20structures	The tallest structure in the world is the Burj Khalifa skyscraper at . Listed are guyed masts (such as telecommunication masts), self-supporting towers (such as the CN Tower), skyscrapers (such as the Willis Tower), oil platforms, electricity transmission towers, and bridge support towers. This list is organized by abs...	List of tallest structures	[ "Engineering" ]	496	[ "Structural engineering", "Towers" ]
166,589	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%20Numbers%20and%20Games	On Numbers and Games is a mathematics book by John Horton Conway first published in 1976. The book is written by a pre-eminent mathematician, and is directed at other mathematicians. The material is, however, developed in a playful and unpretentious manner and many chapters are accessible to non-mathematicians. Marti...	On Numbers and Games	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,114	[ "Recreational mathematics", "Game theory", "Combinatorial game theory", "Combinatorics" ]
166,622	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doll	A doll is a model typically of a human or humanoid character, often used as a toy for children. Dolls have also been used in traditional religious rituals throughout the world. Traditional dolls made of materials such as clay and wood are found in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Europe. The earliest documented dolls go ...	Doll	[ "Biology" ]	3,852	[ "Play (activity)", "Behavior", "Human behavior" ]
13,400,191	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical%20Engineering%20Heritage%20%28Japan%29	The is a list of sites, landmarks, machines, and documents that made significant contributions to the development of mechanical engineering in Japan. Items in the list are certified by the . Overview The Mechanical Engineering Heritage program was inaugurated in June 2007 in connection with the 110th anniversary of ...	Mechanical Engineering Heritage (Japan)	[ "Engineering" ]	10,234	[ "History of mechanical engineering", "Mechanical engineering" ]
13,400,209	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan%20conjecture	In mathematics, Sullivan conjecture or Sullivan's conjecture on maps from classifying spaces can refer to any of several results and conjectures prompted by homotopy theory work of Dennis Sullivan. A basic theme and motivation concerns the fixed point set in group actions of a finite group . The most elementary formula...	Sullivan conjecture	[ "Mathematics" ]	581	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Fixed points (mathematics)", "Topology", "Conjectures that have been proved", "Mathematical problems", "Mathematical theorems", "Dynamical systems" ]
13,401,263	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper%28I%29%20fluoride	Copper(I) fluoride or cuprous fluoride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuF. Its existence is uncertain. It was reported in 1933 to have a sphalerite-type crystal structure. Modern textbooks state that CuF is not known, since fluorine is so electronegative that it will always oxidise copper to its +2 ...	Copper(I) fluoride	[ "Chemistry" ]	233	[ "Inorganic compounds", "Hypotheses in chemistry", "Salts", "Theoretical chemistry", "Metal halides", "Hypothetical chemical compounds", "Fluorides" ]
13,401,632	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenographia%2C%20sive%20Lunae%20descriptio	Selenographia, sive Lunae descriptio (Selenography, or A Description of The Moon) was printed in 1647 and is a milestone work by Johannes Hevelius. It includes the first detailed map of the Moon, created from Hevelius's personal observations. In his treatise, Hevelius reflected on the difference between his own work an...	Selenographia, sive Lunae descriptio	[ "Astronomy" ]	243	[ "Astronomy books", "Astronomy book stubs", "Works about astronomy", "Astronomy stubs" ]
13,401,676	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domine%20Database	DOMINE is a database of known and predicted protein domain interactions (or domain-domain interactions). It contains interactions observed in PDB crystal structures, and those predicted by several computational approaches. DOMINE uses Pfam HMM profiles for protein domain definitions. The DOMINE database contains 26,219...	Domine Database	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	98	[ "Protein structure", "Protein domains", "Structural biology", "Protein classification" ]
13,402,061	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleochemistry	Oleochemistry is the study of vegetable oils and animal oils and fats, and oleochemicals derived from these fats and oils. The resulting product can be called oleochemicals (from Latin: oleum "olive oil"). The major product of this industry is soap, approximately 8.9×106 tons of which were produced in 1990. Other majo...	Oleochemistry	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,016	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Carbohydrates", "Oils", "Organic compounds", "Lipids" ]
13,402,281	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicon%20Valley	Medicon Valley is a leading international life-sciences cluster in Europe, spanning the Øresund Region of eastern Denmark and southern Sweden. It is one of Europe's strongest life science clusters, with many life science companies and research institutions located within a relatively small geographical area. The name h...	Medicon Valley	[ "Biology" ]	621	[ "nan", "Biotechnology" ]
13,402,672	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volari%20Duo	On September 15, 2003 XGI Technology Inc introduced the Volari Duo V8 Ultra and the Volari Duo V5 Ultra. These dual GPU graphics cards while impressive looking failed to compete with the single core GPU cards put out by NVIDIA and ATI and disappeared from the market. References XGI Volari Duo V8 Ultra 256MB Video Ca...	Volari Duo	[ "Technology" ]	109	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer hardware stubs" ]
13,403,260	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalised%20metric	In mathematics, the concept of a generalised metric is a generalisation of that of a metric, in which the distance is not a real number but taken from an arbitrary ordered field. In general, when we define metric space the distance function is taken to be a real-valued function. The real numbers form an ordered field ...	Generalised metric	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	491	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Topology", "Space", "Norms (mathematics)", "Geometry", "Spacetime" ]
13,403,445	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate%20of%20reinforcement	In behaviorism, rate of reinforcement is number of reinforcements per time, usually per minute. Symbol of this rate is usually Rf. Its first major exponent was B.F. Skinner (1939). It is used in the Matching Law. Rf = # of reinforcements/unit of time = SR+/t See also Rate of response References Herrnstein, R.J. (...	Rate of reinforcement	[ "Physics", "Biology" ]	169	[ "Temporal quantities", "Behavior", "Physical quantities", "Temporal rates", "Quantitative analysis of behavior", "Behaviorism" ]

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