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54,522,673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atromentic%20acid | Atromentic acid is a red-organge pigment found in fungi within the Boletales group. It is the precursor to variegatic acid and xerocomic acid, and is preceded by atromentin. As an example, it is isolated from Serpula lacrymans. It is soluble in methanol. Variants include homoatromentic acid. This pigment has been studied and elucidated by Wolfgang Steglich and colleagues over decades.
When atromentin is oxidised with hydrogen peroxide a yellow product is produced. A sodium hydroxide solution is also yellow, but when this is neutralized with acid the red atromentic acid crystallises. Concentrated potassium hydroxide breaks up the compound to p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and oxalic acid.
References
Carboxylic acids
Furanones
4-Hydroxyphenyl compounds
Fungal pigments | Atromentic acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 192 | [
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups"
] |
54,523,041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone-Lok | Tone-Lok Effects are guitar effects pedals from a (now discontinued) product line, introduced by Ibanez in 1999. In contrast with other guitar pedals, they included a "Lok" feature, engaged for each adjustment by pressing down on its corresponding potentiometer's control knob.
Pedals
Guitar
AP7 Analog Phaser
AW7 Autowah
CF7 Stereo Chorus/Flanger
DE7 Delay/Echo
DS7 Distortion
FZ7 Fuzz
LF7 Lo Fi
PH7 Phaser
PM7 Phase Modulator
SH7 Seventh Heaven
SM7 Smashbox
TC7 Tri Mode Chorus
TS7 Tubescreamer
WD7 Weeping Demon
WD7JR Weeping Demon Junior
Bass
PD7 Phat-Hed Bass Overdrive
SB7 Synthesizer Bass
References
Audio electronics
Ibanez | Tone-Lok | [
"Engineering"
] | 162 | [
"Audio electronics",
"Audio engineering"
] |
54,523,180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Peck%20Original%20Houses%20Historic%20District | The Fort Peck Original Houses Historic District, is an historic district consisting of 12 one-story cottages along E. Kansas Avenue in Fort Peck, Montana. Some or all was built in 1934, and they served as housing for the administrative personnel from the Army Corps of Engineers during the Fort Peck Dam project. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, when all the houses were more than 50 years old.
Ten of the cottages were built by Johnson, Drake, & Piper and two were built by Madsen Const. Co.
References
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
Buildings and structures completed in 1934
Original Houses Historic District
1934 establishments in Montana
National Register of Historic Places in Valley County, Montana
United States Army Corps of Engineers
Company housing | Fort Peck Original Houses Historic District | [
"Engineering"
] | 156 | [
"Engineering units and formations",
"United States Army Corps of Engineers"
] |
54,523,294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex%20measure | In measure and probability theory in mathematics, a convex measure is a probability measure that — loosely put — does not assign more mass to any intermediate set "between" two measurable sets A and B than it does to A or B individually. There are multiple ways in which the comparison between the probabilities of A and B and the intermediate set can be made, leading to multiple definitions of convexity, such as log-concavity, harmonic convexity, and so on. The mathematician Christer Borell was a pioneer of the detailed study of convex measures on locally convex spaces in the 1970s.
General definition and special cases
Let X be a locally convex Hausdorff vector space, and consider a probability measure μ on the Borel σ-algebra of X. Fix −∞ ≤ s ≤ 0, and define, for u, v ≥ 0 and 0 ≤ λ ≤ 1,
For subsets A and B of X, we write
for their Minkowski sum. With this notation, the measure μ is said to be s-convex if, for all Borel-measurable subsets A and B of X and all 0 ≤ λ ≤ 1,
The special case s = 0 is the inequality
i.e.
Thus, a measure being 0-convex is the same thing as it being a logarithmically concave measure.
Properties
The classes of s-convex measures form a nested increasing family as s decreases to −∞"
or, equivalently
Thus, the collection of −∞-convex measures is the largest such class, whereas the 0-convex measures (the logarithmically concave measures) are the smallest class.
The convexity of a measure μ on n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn in the sense above is closely related to the convexity of its probability density function. Indeed, μ is s-convex if and only if there is an absolutely continuous measure ν with probability density function ρ on some Rk so that μ is the push-forward on ν under a linear or affine map and is a convex function, where
Convex measures also satisfy a zero-one law: if G is a measurable additive subgroup of the vector space X (i.e. a measurable linear subspace), then the inner measure of G under μ,
must be 0 or 1. (In the case that μ is a Radon measure, and hence inner regular, the measure μ and its inner measure coincide, so the μ-measure of G is then 0 or 1.)
References
Measures (measure theory) | Convex measure | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 515 | [
"Measures (measure theory)",
"Quantity",
"Physical quantities",
"Size"
] |
54,527,451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaomi%20Mi%20MIX | Xiaomi Mi MIX is an Android Smartphone manufactured by Xiaomi. It is designed by Philippe Starck, and awarded multiple top design awards for product design. It has been taken by multiple museums around the world as design collection, including Centre Pompidou in Paris and Design Museum. It is the world's 1st 3 border bezel-less phone category.
It was succeeded by the Xiaomi Mi MIX 2 in September 2017, followed by the Xiaomi Mi MIX 3 on 25 October 2018 and the latest Xiaomi MIX 4 on 10 August 2021.
Specifications
The Xiaomi Mi MIX's frame (including the back and side buttons) are made of ceramic. It features a a 17:9 aspect ratio display. It has an earpiece speaker made of a cantilever piezoelectric ceramic. The proximity sensor uses ultrasound radar instead of an infrared light.
The premium version of the model equipped with 6 GB RAM and 256 GB storage, and made by 18k Gold decoration on the back plates.
Mi MIX is still on official Xiaomi Update all the way till end of year 2019, with official MIUI 11 update with full-screen gesture navigation, which made Mi MIX still works elegantly even after 3.5 years of its initial debut.
References
External links
Android (operating system) devices
Phablets
Mobile phones introduced in 2016
Mobile phones with 4K video recording
Discontinued flagship smartphones
Xiaomi smartphones | Xiaomi Mi MIX | [
"Technology"
] | 286 | [
"Mobile computer stubs",
"Mobile technology stubs",
"Flagship smartphones",
"Crossover devices",
"Phablets",
"Discontinued flagship smartphones"
] |
54,529,111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20System/370%20Model%20115 | The IBM System/370 Model 115 was announced March 13, 1973, at that time the low-end model of the System/370 line. It was promoted as "an ideal System/370 entry system for users of IBM's System/3, 1130 computing system and System/360 Models 20, 22 and 25."
The Model 115 was withdrawn on March 9, 1981.
Specifications
The CPU had a CPU and memory cycle time of 480 ns. Main memory was composed of MOSFET monolithic integrated circuits. The Model 115 came standard with 65,536 (64 KB) of memory, but it could optionally be ordered with up to 196,608 (192 KB). The system had a CRT operator console.
Standard features of the Model 115 were the System/370 standard and commercial (including decimal arithmetic) instruction sets, and a "direct disk attachment" for IBM 3340 disk drives. Optional features included System/370 floating point instructions, System/360 Model 20 compatibility, IBM 1401, 1440 and 1460 compatibility, and various input/output attachment options (see below).
Input/output
The Model 115 used integrated attachments to connect to I/O devices. The standard direct disk attachment could attach two to four IBM 3340 disk drives for a total of up to 280 million bytes. Optional integrated attachments provided a standard multiplexer channel interface for slow-speed devices, or, alternatively, an "integrated card I/O attachment" for attachment of either an IBM 5425 Multifunction Card Unit or an IBM 2560 Multifunction Card Machine. An "Integrated Printer Attachment" allowed attachment of either an IBM 3203 or an IBM 5203 line printer. A "magnetic tape adapter" supported an IBM 3210/3211 controller and tape drives. An "Integrated Communications Adapter" could attach up to "four synchronous and eight asynchronous communications lines, or as many as five synchronous communications lines"
Software
The operating system for the Model 115 was either DOS/360 or DOS/VS. DOS/VS supported a single address space of 16,777,216 (16 MB) of virtual storage. This address space could be divided up into up to five partitions. The system could run all software written for System/370 (as long as memory and device requirements were met) Language processors included Assembler, RPG II, COBOL, FORTRAN and PL/I.
References
IBM System/360 mainframe line
Computer-related introductions in 1973 | IBM System/370 Model 115 | [
"Technology"
] | 517 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer hardware stubs"
] |
54,529,673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Occupational%20and%20Environmental%20Hygiene | The Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene is a monthly peer-reviewed journal covering occupational and environmental medicine, especially in regards to hygiene. It was established in 2004 by the merger of Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene and AIHA Journal. It is published by Taylor & Francis along with the American Industrial Hygiene Association and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, of which it is the official journal. The editor-in-chief is Michael D. Larrañaga. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 1.462.
References
External links
Environmental health journals
Occupational safety and health journals
Academic journals established in 2004
Monthly journals
Taylor & Francis academic journals
English-language journals
Academic journals published by learned and professional societies of the United States | Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 155 | [
"Environmental science journals",
"Environmental health journals"
] |
54,530,881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeCab | MeCab is an open-source text segmentation library for Japanese written text. It was originally developed by the Nara Institute of Science and Technology and is maintained by Taku Kudou (工藤拓) as part of his work on the Google Japanese Input project. The name derives from the developer's favorite food, (和布蕪), a Japanese dish made from wakame leaves.
The software was originally based on ChaSen and was developed under the name ChaSenTNG, but now it is developed independently from ChaSen and was rewritten from scratch. MeCab's analysis accuracy is comparable to ChaSen, and it is about 3–4 times faster.
MeCab analyzes and segments a sentence into its parts of speech. There are several dictionaries available for MeCab, but IPADIC is the most commonly used one as with ChaSen.
In 2007, Google used MeCab to generate n-gram data for a large corpus of Japanese text, which it published on its Google Japan blog.
MeCab is also used for Japanese input on Mac OS X 10.5 and 10.6, and in iOS since version 2.1.
Example
Input:
Results in:
Besides segmenting the text, MeCab also lists the part of speech of the word, and, if applicable and in the dictionary, its pronunciation. In the above example, the verb できる (dekiru, "to be able to") is classified as an ichidan (一段) verb (動詞) in the infinitive tense (基本形). The word でも (demo) is identified as an adverbial particle (副助詞). As not all columns apply to all words, when a column does not apply to a word, an asterisk is used; this makes it possible to format the information after the word and the tab character as the comma-separated values.
MeCab also supports several output formats; one of which, , outputs tab-separated values in a format that programs written for ChaSen can use. Another format, (from 読む yomu, to read), outputs the pronunciation of the input text as katakana, as shown below.
References
External links
Natural language processing | MeCab | [
"Technology"
] | 466 | [
"Natural language processing",
"Natural language and computing"
] |
44,493,625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilized%20soil%20mixing%20plant | A stabilized soil mixing plant is a combination of kinds of machines used for mixing stabilized soil, which is used for highway construction, municipal road projects, and fertile airport areas. The plant produces stabilized soil with different gradings in a continuous way. Such a plant usually contains a cement silo, measuring and conveying system, and mixing devices.
Stabilized soil
Stabilized soil is a mixture of lime, cement, coal ash, soil, sand, and other aggregates.
Classification
Stabilized soil mixing plants are of two kinds: the portable stabilized soil mixing plant and the stationary stabilized soil mixing plant. The portable stabilized soil mixing plant has wheels on each part and can be driven by a trailer, but has low productivity. The stationary plant has larger productivity but is less flexible, and needs a firm groundwork.
Operating principle
All aggregates like lime, sand, soil, coal ash, and other materials are loaded into batching hoppers by a loading machine. After measuring, the belt feeder transports the aggregates into a mixing device. Meanwhile, stabilizing powders like lime or cement are transferred from a powder material warehouse to the batch hopper by a spiral conveyor, and then moved to the belt feeder by a powder material feeder. All ingredients then go into the mixing device for final processing. Finally, the feeding belt conveyor takes the final product and delivers it to the storage warehouse.
Manufacturing buildings and structures
Industrial machinery
Soil | Stabilized soil mixing plant | [
"Engineering"
] | 284 | [
"Industrial machinery"
] |
44,494,266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confrontation | Confrontation is an element of conflict wherein parties confront one another, directly engaging one another in the course of a dispute between them. A confrontation can be at any scale, between any number of people, between entire nations or cultures, or between living things other than humans. Metaphorically, a clash of forces of nature, or between one person and his own causes of internal turmoil, might be described as a confrontation.
It has been noted that the term confrontation has "a negative image, largely because people tend to confront others not about pleasant things but about painful, unpleasant things" and that it also "suffers from the stigma of being overly aggressive in both nature and intent". An examination of a hypothetical confrontation is the basis of confrontation analysis (also known as dilemma analysis), an operational analysis technique used to structure, understand and think through multi-party interactions such as negotiations. It is the underpinning mathematical basis of drama theory.
Origin and meaning
The word confrontation from its root to confront, comes from the Middle French confronter and Medieval Latin confrontare, meaning to border or to bound. These in turn are formed from a combination of con, meaning with or together, and frons or front, meaning face or forehead. Together, they carry a contemporary usage meaning to set against each other or to bring face-to-face and are similar in meaning to the contemporary usage of the word conflict.
It can be employed, in the most literal sense, to indicate adjacency, such as one parcel of land to another. In a more figurative sense, it may be more commonly used to indicate opposition, similar to some usages of the word face, such as "to confront/face the military might of France". This may be used to indicated both physical opposition, as well as opposition to objects or ideas, such as would be the case in "confronting the evidence" or "confronting the truth".
Confrontation between groups
Confrontation may occur between individuals, or between larger groups. Because groups are composed of multiple individuals, with each member having their own specific triggers for a violent response to a perceived provocation, risk factors which "may not be sufficient individually to explain collective violence, in combination [can] create conditions that may precipitate aggressive confrontations between groups". Thus provocation of a single member of one group by a single member of the other group can lead to a confrontation between the groups as a whole.
Responses to confrontation
A person who is confronted may respond in a number of ways, including accepting or denying points with which they have been confronted, becoming belligerent, or seeking to avoid the confrontation altogether. It has been observed that "[m]any people seem to dislike confrontations while an equal number seem to relish them". Confrontation, as a means of addressing a dispute, is the opposite of conflict avoidance. It has also been noted that "conflict and confrontation often occur together", and conflict resolution methods may dissipate the cause behind the confrontation. Where a person or entity initiating a confrontation is belligerent or overly emotional, the confronted person or entity may seek to withdraw from the situation by asserting that they will be unable to communicate rationally with the initiator until the initiator changes their approach.
Psychology and therapy
George Devereux was among the first to explore the therapeutic function of confrontation as it relates to psychoanalysis. He described it as a form of "induc[ing] or forc[ing] the patient to pay attention to something he has just said or done." As Carlson and Slavik continue, this is for the purpose of revealing "new avenues for examination" and to "increase awareness". Devereux saw confrontation as a therapeutic application of "calling a spade a spade" by restating information already provided. As Jurgen Ruesch wrote, this incorporates an "element of aggression" in order to demonstrate "discrepancies between intent and effect, between word and action". This may be especially useful in cases when the patient is being deceptive, pretend to be ignorant, or is oblivious to their own inconsistencies.
In psychotherapy, a therapist may deliberately engage in a confrontation with the patient to assist the patient in dealing with an issue that the patient has avoided discussing. Such a confrontation is not necessarily loud, abrasive, or argumentative, nor does it necessarily require antipathy between the parties. A person can confront another quietly, and as an act of friendship. At the extreme, attack therapy (sometimes known as confrontation therapy) involves highly confrontational interaction between the patient and a therapist, or between the patient and fellow patients during group therapy, in which the patient may be verbally abused, denounced, or humiliated by the therapist or other members of the group. A 1990 report by the Institute of Medicine on methods for treating alcohol problems suggested that the self-image of individuals should be assessed before they were assigned to undergo attack therapy; there was evidence that persons with a positive self-image may profit from the therapy, while people with a negative self-image would not profit, or might indeed be harmed.
See also
Conflict management
Notes
References
External links
Interpersonal relationships
Social concepts | Confrontation | [
"Biology"
] | 1,048 | [
"Behavior",
"Interpersonal relationships",
"Human behavior"
] |
44,494,756 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratified%20flows | The flow in many fluids varies with density and depends upon gravity. The fluid with lower density is always above the fluid with higher density (stable stratification). Stratified flows are very common such as the Earth's ocean and its atmosphere.
Stratified fluid
A stratified fluid may be defined as the fluid with density variations in the vertical direction. For example, air and water; both are fluids and if we consider them together then they can be seen as a stratified fluid system. Density variations in the atmosphere profoundly affect the motion of water and air. Wave phenomena in air flow over the mountains and occurrence of smog are the examples of stratification effect in the atmosphere.
When a fluid system having a condition in which fluid density decreases with height, is disturbed, then the gravity and friction restore the undisturbed conditions. If however the fluid tends to be stable if density decreases with height.
Upstream motions in stratified flow
It is known that the sub critical flow of a stratified fluid past a barrier produce motions upstream of the barrier. Sub critical flow may be defined as a flow for which the Froude number based on channel height is less than 1/π, so that one
or more stationary lee waves would be present. Some of the upstream motions do not decompose with the distance upstream. These ‘columnar’ modes have zero frequency and a sinusoidal structure in the direction of the density gradient; they effectively lead to a continuous change in upstream conditions. If the barrier is two-dimensional (i.e. of infinite extent in the direction perpendicular to the upstream flow and the direction of density gradient), inviscid theories show that the length of the upstream
region affected by the columnar modes increases without bound as t->infinity. Non-zero viscosity (and/or diffusivity) will, however, limit the region affected, since the wave amplitudes will then slowly decay.
Efficient mixing in stratified flows
Turbulent mixing in stratified flows is described by mixing efficiency. This mixing efficiency compares the energy used in irreversible mixing, enlarging the minimum gravitational potential energy that can be kept in the density field, to the
entire change in mechanical energy during the mixing process. It can be defined either as an integral quantity, calculated between inert initial and final conditions or as a fraction of the energy flux to mixing and the power into the system. These two definitions can give different values if the system is not in steady state. Mixing efficiency is especially important in oceanography as mixing is required to keep the overall stratification in a steady-state ocean. The entire amount of mixing in the oceans is equal to the product of the power input to the ocean and the mean mixing efficiency.
Stability criteria for stratified flow
Wallis and Dobson (1973) estimate their criterion with transition observations that they call “Slugging” and note that empirically the stability limit is described by
Here and where H is channel height and U, h and ρ denote the mean velocity, holdup and density respectively. The subscripts G and L stand for gas and liquid and g denotes Gravity.
Taitel and Dukler (1976) [TD] expanded the (Kelvin and helmholtz) KH analysis first to the case of a finite wave on a flat liquid sheet in horizontal channel flow and then to finite waves on stratified liquid in an Inclined pipe. In order to apply this criterion they need to provide the equilibrium liquid level hL (or liquid holdup). They calculate through momentum balances in the gas and liquid phases (two fluid models) in which shear stresses are examine and assessed using conventional friction factors definitions. In two fluid models, the pipe geometry is taken into consideration through wetted perimeters by the gas and liquid phases, including the gas-liquid interface. This states that the wall resistance of the liquid is similar to that for open-channel flow and that of the gas to close-duct flow. This geometry analysis is general and could be applied not only to round pipes, but to any other possible shape. In this method, each pair of superficial gas and liquid velocity relates to a distinctive value of .
According to [TD], a finite wave will grow in a horizontal rectangular channel of height H, when or for inclined pipe. D is the pipe diameter and A is the cross section area. Note that . If , , and this is compatible with the result of Wallis and Dobson(1973) The [TD] overall procedure result to a weak dependence on viscosity, through the calculation of .
[TD] also identify two kinds of stratified flow: stratified smooth (SS) and stratified wavy (SW). These waves, as they say, “are produced by the gas flow under conditions where the velocity of gas is enough to cause waves to form, but slower than that needed for the quick wave growth which leads transition to intermittent or annular flow.” [TD] suggest a standard to predict the transition from stratified smooth to stratified wavy flow, based on Jeffreys’ (1925, 1926) ideas.
Effects of stratification on diffusion
Density stratification has significant effect on diffusion in fluids. For example, smoke which is coming from a chimney diffuses turbulently if the earth atmosphere is not stably stratified. When the lower air is in stable condition, as in morning or early evening, the smoke comes out and become flat into a long, thin layer. Strong stratification, or inversions as they are called sometimes, restrict contaminants to the lower regions of the earth atmosphere, and cause many of our current air-pollution problems.
References
External links
Stratified Flow
Atmospheric dynamics
Mass density
Fluid dynamics
Fluid mechanics | Stratified flows | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,177 | [
"Mechanical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Atmospheric dynamics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Mass",
"Intensive quantities",
"Fluid mechanics",
"Volume-specific quantities",
"Civil engineering",
"Density",
"Piping",
"Mass density",
"Matter",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
47,563,495 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifted | 1992 is a logistics company based in East London, Eastern Cape founded by Richard Bill in 2019. It was previously headquartered in Thohoyandou, Limpopo. Its headquarters in Kempton Park, Johannesburg, 1992 Logistics is a significant company in the logistics sector.
History
VeriShip was founded in 2005
In 2015, the company announced a move to Overland Park, Kansas.
VeriShip launched a cloud-based parcel tracking platform in July of that year.
December 2019: VeriShip acquired Valence, a Durban-based company that tracks packages shipped by Eskom.
October 2021: 1992 Logistics merged with Evenus Prime Group and adopted the name Divestix Group.
References
Technology companies of the United States | Sifted | [
"Physics"
] | 145 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Transport stubs"
] |
47,564,053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnenolone%2016%CE%B1-carbonitrile | Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN) is a synthetic, steroidal antiglucocorticoid and pregnane X receptor agonist.
See also
Pregnenolone
Mifepristone
Ketoconazole
Dexamethasone
References
Antiglucocorticoids
Nitriles
Pregnane X receptor agonists
Pregnanes | Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile | [
"Chemistry"
] | 83 | [
"Nitriles",
"Functional groups"
] |
47,564,142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepless%20cockpit | In aircraft design, a stepless cockpit means that the nose of the aircraft has no separate "windscreen" panels directly in front of the pilot's or co-pilot's seating positions, and generally has no "breaks" in the nose contour – curved or otherwise – from their absence. In the conventional design, the pilot's cabin is a different part of the aircraft than the nose. The stepless design is believed to help make the plane more aerodynamic thus aiding speed and fuel efficiency. The stepless design did, however, present serious challenges to the inclusion of a nose-mount turreted gun position, in eras where manned or remotely-aimed gun turrets were still important for a bomber's defensive needs.
Gallery
References
Aircraft configurations | Stepless cockpit | [
"Engineering"
] | 153 | [
"Aircraft configurations",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
47,564,307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi%20deauthentication%20attack | A Wi-Fi deauthentication attack is a type of denial-of-service attack that targets communication between a user and a Wi-Fi wireless access point.
Technical details
Unlike most radio jammers, deauthentication acts in a unique way. The IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) protocol contains the provision for a deauthentication frame. Sending the frame from the access point to a station is called a "sanctioned technique to inform a rogue station that they have been disconnected from the network".
An attacker can send a deauthentication frame at any time to a wireless access point, with a spoofed address for the victim. The protocol does not require any encryption for this frame, even when the session was established with Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), WPA or WPA2 for data privacy, and the attacker only needs to know the victim's MAC address, which is available in the clear through wireless network sniffing.
Usage
Evil twin access points
One of the main purposes of deauthentication used in the hacking community is to force clients to connect to an evil twin access point which then can be used to capture network packets transferred between the client and the access point.
The attacker conducts a deauthentication attack to the target client, disconnecting it from its current network, thus allowing the client to automatically connect to the evil twin access point.
Password attacks
In order to mount a brute-force or dictionary based WPA password cracking attack on a Wi‑Fi user with WPA or WPA2 enabled, a hacker must first sniff the WPA 4-way handshake. This sequence can be elicited by first forcing the user offline with the deauthentication attack.
Attacks on hotel guests and convention attendees
The Federal Communications Commission has fined hotels and other companies for launching deauthentication attacks on their own guests; the purpose being to drive them off their own personal hotspots and force them to pay for on-site Wi-Fi services.
Toolsets
There are a number of software toolsets that can mount a Wi‑Fi deauthentication attack, including: Aircrack-ng suite, MDK3, Void11, Scapy, and Zulu.
A Pineapple rogue access point can also issue a deauth attack.
See also
Radio jamming
IEEE 802.11w – offers increased security of its management frames including authentication/deauthentication
References
Further reading
author's link (no paywall)
GPS, Wi-Fi, and Cell Phone Jammers — FCC FAQ
Denial-of-service attacks
Wi-Fi | Wi-Fi deauthentication attack | [
"Technology"
] | 531 | [
"Wireless networking",
"Wi-Fi",
"Denial-of-service attacks",
"Computer security exploits"
] |
47,564,660 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petre%20P.%20Negulescu | Petre Paul Negulescu (October 18, 1870 – September 28, 1951) was a Romanian philosopher and conservative politician, known as a disciple and continuator of Titu Maiorescu. Affiliated with Maiorescu's Junimea society from his early twenties, he debuted as a positivist and monist, attempting to reconcile art for art's sake with an evolutionist philosophy of culture. He was a lecturer and tenured professor at the University of Iași, where he promoted the Junimist lobby against left-wing competitors, and formalized his links with the Conservative Party in 1901. From 1910, he taught at the University of Bucharest, publishing works on Renaissance philosophy and other historical retrospectives.
After World War I, Negulescu was an affiliate (later president) of the radical-conservative People's Party, and an advocate of labor and education reform. Serving several terms in Parliament, he was twice the Public Education Minister in the 1920s, but failed to enact his project for vocational-centered schooling.
By 1934, as an adversary of the nationalist far-right, he wrote tracts rejecting biological determinism of all sorts, and scientific racism in particular. Pushed in the minority by supporters of statism, Negulescu supported meritocracy within the framework of classical liberalism. He was sidelined by right-wing totalitarian regimes after 1940, and ultimately banned, shortly before his death, by the communist regime.
Biography
Early years and debut
Petre Negulescu is widely believed to have been born in Ploiești in October 1872. However, his early papers give his birth date as October 18, 1870, a date he probably concealed and replaced for vanity reasons. As a youth, he attended Saints Peter and Paul High School in his native city, and subsequently enrolled in the sciences faculty of the University of Bucharest, being especially interested in mathematics. After hearing several lectures on the history of philosophy delivered by Titu Maiorescu, he transferred to the literature and philosophy faculty, graduating in 1892. In March 1891, by that time a student of Maiorescu's, he began attending meetings of Junimea literary society, where he met Simion Mehedinți and Mihail Dragomirescu.
From his student days, Negulescu supported the patriotic activism of Romanians in Austro-Hungarian-ruled Transylvania. In 1890, together with Mehedinți, he edited Memoriul studenților universitari români privitor la situația românilor din Transilvania și Ungaria ("A Memorandum of Romanian University Students Regarding the Situation of Romanians in Transylvania and Hungary"), a document that also appeared in French and was meant to draw European public attention to the Magyarization policy of the Budapest government. He belonged to the leadership committee of the Cultural League for the Unity of All Romanians, founded in Bucharest the same year.
Encouraged by his mentor, he completed his theoretical preparation at the universities of Berlin, Leipzig and Paris. He became an associate professor in 1894, aged 22, in the history of modern philosophy and logic department of the University of Iași. Both Negulescu and Teohari Antonescu, the archaeologist, were moved there in a bid to ensure Junimea control over the university, and to consolidate the conservative circles of Iași, against a rising tide of socialist influence. Although he found the city "repulsive" and a "place of exile", Negulescu accepted his appointment as a political and cultural mission. He was soon disappointed by the local Junimea branch and its president, N. Volenti, asking Maiorescu to send them better cultural material. In these early years, Negulescu was heavily indebted to Maiorescu's influence, down to oratory: he was known (and ridiculed) for copying Maiorescu's speech mannerisms. Also like Maiorescu, he was an atheist and a positivist, who read religion in functionalist terms.
Negulescu's publishing debut came in 1892, with a metaphysical essay, Critica apriorismului și a empirismului ("A Critique of Apriorism and Empiricism"), earning him the Romanian Academy award in philosophy. The title indicates the two main philosophical currents rejected by Negulescu, who sought a middle road between transcendental idealism and resurgent anti-realism, finalism, and theism. He found it in "realistic empiricism", a brand of monism, evolutionism and scientism that quoted heavily from Herbert Spencer. His monistic outlook fell short of classical positivism and historical materialism, since it rehabilitated metaphysical inquiry as a legitimate pursuit. Various authors have regretfully noted that Negulescu never truly developed his tentative metaphysical system, which appeared to them inconclusive.
Against didacticism and historicism
Negulescu followed up with works of aesthetics, including: Psihologia stilului ("The Psychology of Style", 1892), Impersonalitatea și morala în artă ("Impersonality and Morality in Art", 1893), Religiunea și arta ("Religion and Art", 1894), Socialismul și arta ("Socialism and Art", 1895). Later, he published works of applied philosophy: Filosofia în viața practică ("Philosophy in Practical Life", 1896), and Rolul ideilor în progresul social ("The Role of Ideas in Social Progress", 1900). The latter works, of which Psihologia stilului was serialized in Maiorescu's Convorbiri Literare journal, were also attacks against the socialist literary critic, Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea, who had tackled Junimeas art for art's sake ideology with calls for didacticism.
Dragomirescu and Negulescu remained the only two Maiorescu disciples who carried on his work in pure aesthetics; others, such as Alexandru Philippide and Constantin Rădulescu-Motru, began as aestheticists, but later veered into more applied science. According to historian Z. Ornea, Negulescu stood further apart from Maiorescu not just because he questioned the more detailed aspects of his agenda, but also because he was a moderate, whereas Dragomirescu was a man of "rigid convictions" and "systematic dogmatism".
His polemic with the socialists, inaugurated in Psihologia stilului, was largely tributary to the theories of Spencer, Frédéric Paulhan, and Jean-Marie Guyau, trying to show that Junimism was more in tune with modern literary criticism. The implicit target was Dobrogeanu-Gherea, depicted by Negulescu as a pale imitator of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and his "social destination" of art. However, with Religiunea și arta, Negulescu went beyond Maiorescu's theories, and closer to Dobrogeanu-Gherea's, proposing that poetic art was not just a luxury of advanced societies, but also a functional entity that contributed to social progress. He also proposed interpreting style and tastefulness as variables emerging from objective psychological criteria, such as the "economy of attention" and "nervous excitement". On this basis, he proposed a general hierarchy of art by appeal and subject matter, ranking old Egyptian murals below Italian Renaissance painting, but above the minor art of medieval goldsmiths. He believed that art and religion served similar purposes in stirring up vital emotions, and amended the art for art's sake theory with his ideas on "impersonality", implying objectivity for the artist, but also a subjective, self-absorbed, relevancy for his artistic creation.
Negulescu spent those years traveling extensively in Europe, cementing his friendship with Maiorescu and with fellow Junimists. In 1894, he and Dumitru Evolceanu were in Gräfenberg, where the latter was curing his "sexual neurasthenia". It was in that context that Negulescu discovered and promoted Evolceanu as a storyteller, the literary hope of Junimea. Later, Maiorescu took Negulescu along on vacations to Abbázia. In Romania and abroad, Negulescu spent much time with Antonescu, who left notes about Negulescu's eccentric habits, including his asceticism, complete sexual abstinence, and social awkwardness.
In 1894, Maiorescu wrote confidently that the stage now belonged to "the second-generation Junimea", comprising Negulescu, Evolceanu, Antonescu, and Dragomirescu. While preparing for print Religiunea și arta, Negulescu found himself caught in a conflict with Nicolae Basilescu and other non-orthodox Junimists, who rejected his theories from a historicist perspective. In resisting Basilescu, he reaffirmed his purist reading of Maiorescu's credo, namely that "truth" was the universal artistic criterion, and formal perfection an objective trait. He restated these tenets in an extended polemic with the anti-Junimist ideologue N. Petrașcu, the bulk of which became a standalone essay, Lucruri vechi ("Old Things", 1898). However, by then, he himself had embraced some of Basilescu's historicist views about art as an expression of civilization, trying to bring them into agreement with arguments picked up from Hippolyte Taine. Negulescu still argued that subjectivity was the main driver of cultural accomplishment, citing extreme (and, according to Ornea, flawed) examples of artists and intellectuals who withstood all immersion in contemporary life, from Galilei to Ingres.
Rise to prominence
Negulescu rose to full professor in 1896, in spite of not having a doctorate; he benefited from Maiorescu's influence and intrigues. Maiorescu preferred him over Rădulescu-Motru, who had parted with mainline Junimism. Counteracting the anti-Junimists, Negulescu and Antonescu gave full support to Dragomirescu, when the latter presented his candidature for a professorship in Bucharest. Meanwhile, Negulescu had a personal conflict with philologist Ilie Bărbulescu, intervening to have him denied employment at Iași. His teaching and research were supplemented by articles he wrote for various magazines, including Convorbiri Literare (of which he became an editor in 1895), Arhiva Societății Științifice și Literare, and Revista Română Politică și Literară. The latter review was largely under his control, and marked his distancing from the Cultural League, publishing critical articles by Ovid Densusianu.
According to biographer Eugen Lovinescu, Negulescu was a monotonous intellectual, among the handful of students who lived up to Maiorescu's demand for "absolute fidelity" and "moral servitude". Eventually, Maiorescu even persuaded his pupil to consider marrying into a better-off family, and to renounce his "sickly romanticism". For a while in 1898, he was engaged to Mariette Dabija, the owner of a large country estate. Abandoning such plans, Negulescu remained a recluse and "pedantic" teetotaler, also noted for his aversion to smoking.
Negulescu entered politics in 1901, as a member of Maiorescu's Conservative Party. He was seen by Maiorescu as a good minister in training, but, in his own account, he only rallied because his teacher had asked him to; overall, he resented political life and disliked the political class. In effect, he followed the Junimist or "constitutionalist" inner-Conservative faction, which was quasi-independent from the main party. The year 1902 also marked his split with the Cultural League, after the latter no longer invited him and other Junimea men to attend its congresses.
According to a note by their former student Ioan Lupu, before 1910 Antonescu and Negulescu were the most popular professors at Iași, their courses attended by more people than the halls could fit. In December 1910, upon Maiorescu's retirement, Negulescu was finally transferred to the history and encyclopedia of philosophy department at Bucharest; his professorship in Iași was assigned in 1915 to another Junimea favorite, Ion Petrovici. In Bucharest, his assistant was a docent, Mircea Florian, for whom Negulescu created a lecture-master's position in 1924. Negulescu became Florian's friend and godfather, but blocked his academic advancement, refusing to award him a full professorship. Reportedly, this was because he feared that Petrovici, whom he deeply resented, would use the opportunity and place a claim on a Bucharest chair.
Negulescu returned to philosophy with a two volumes of Filosofia Renașterii ("Renaissance Philosophy"), respectively published in 1910 and 1914. He continued to maneuver in support of Junimea favorites, working to find Mihai Ralea a professor's chair in Iași, and supporting Dimitrie Gusti, Vasile Pârvan and Ion A. Rădulescu-Pogoneanu when they placed similar bids in Bucharest. He also tried (and failed) to rebuild trust between Maiorescu and the former Junimist playwright Ion Luca Caragiale. During that stage of his career, Negulescu exercised his influence on a new generation of philosophers, including Eugeniu Sperantia, Camil Petrescu, and Tudor Vianu. Petrescu was reportedly his favorite, considered an intellectual equal. Although better known as a novelist, Petrescu always credited Negulescu as an influence on his own work in philosophy and political theory.
World War I and People's Party
Negulescu was elected a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy in 1915. A year later, Romania entered World War I, and suffered a German invasion. Negulescu fled occupied Bucharest, and in early 1917, took refuge in the Russian Republic, at Odessa. It was there that he came up with the idea of creating a new party "of National Renaissance", to challenge both the dominant National Liberal Party (PNL) and the pro-German Conservatives, and to promote a functional electoral democracy. Over the following months, he co-opted members of the old establishment: the Junimist Gusti, the Conservative Constantin Argetoianu, and the PNL's Constantin Angelescu.
In April 1918, he entered the Alexandru Averescu-led People's League upon its establishment in Iași; in 1920, this would become the People's Party (PP), for a while the main opposition force to the PNL. Its mission, according to Negulescu, was to give legal expression to the revolutionary anti-PNL grievances. In November 1918, right after the Armistice with Germany and at the height of European revolutions, Negulescu's Bucharest home hosted negotiations between the radicalized PP and the Socialist Party of Romania (PS), during which it was proposed to turn Romania into a republic, in exchange for socialist participation in government.
Early in 1919, Negulescu presided over a Bucharest faculty of philosophy "review commission", tasked with investigating colleagues accused of having collaborated with the occupation authorities—such cases included Florian, Rădulescu-Motru, and Rădulescu-Pogoneanu. Negulescu was unenthusiastic about this assignment, and the investigations were cut short when he fell ill (or feigned illness), then resigned. This was the era of Transylvania's union with Romania, which Negulescu fully endorsed, signing at least one petition addressed to the Paris Peace Conference, pleading for the union's recognition.
Negulescu continued to take up anti-establishment causes, and, against Argetoianu's advice, convinced the People's League to abstain in protest from participating in the November 1919 election. Although the negotiations of 1918 had failed, Negulescu supported a rapprochement with the PS. After the latter's leadership was arrested for its role in the general strike of 1920, he appeared as a defense witness, arguing that striking was a legitimate tool within capitalist competition.
Elected to the Senate in 1920, he won a seat for Prahova in the Assembly of Deputies in 1926. After successfully competing with Petrovici for the position, he was twice Public Education Minister under Averescu: March–December 1921 and March–June 1926. His first term saw tensions inside the PP: Negulescu claimed to have exposed embezzlement by his Transylvanian subordinate, Ioan Lupaș, but that such finds were covered by up on Averescu's order.
During his first term, Negulescu tried to implement a law on reforming education in Romania, that would undercut the PNL's project. However, as noted at the time by Gheorghe Vlădescu-Răcoasa, "everything stood in his way". Writing at the time, social theorist Ștefan Zeletin suggested that Negulescu's plan was daring and innovative, if heavily indebted to Germanic models and not fully responsive to actual social needs. Concluding that intellectualism had failed, Negulescu favored an 11-year pre-university education, with the introduction of unitary vocational education, the upgrading of normal schools, and the development of secondary education around "citizen schools". Another part of his program, on which he could agree with the PNL shadow minister, Angelescu, was the Romanianization of Transylvanian schools, particularly those catering to Hungarians, and the secularization of faith schools. Negulescu wrote that he considered the measure imperative, because of the schools' alleged role in spreading Hungarian irredentism. However, he was lenient toward expressions of Hungarian resentment, vetoing a government clampdown on Hungarian nationalist protesters, and speaking out in Senate in favor of political tolerance; he suggested that Hungarians had reason to view the Treaty of Trianon as a collective shock.
His party was ousted from power before he could enact the reform, and Angelescu overturned his conservative policies. His second term cut short by the political power shifts, Negulescu was appointed President of the Assembly, serving from July 1926, when Petrovici took over as Education Minister, and being reelected on November 14, before ultimately stepping down in June 1927. This period was one of political uncertainty: Negulescu's term coincided with revelations that King Ferdinand I was terminally ill with cancer, which renewed calls for a national unity government. His time in office also saw the adoption of labor legislation in April 1927. He remained a vocal critic of Angelescu, noting the "dizzying" and "chaotic" opening of new schools under his mandate, arguing that the whole effort was low-quality and therefore deceptive.
Against racism
Over those years, Negulescu focused his research on the history of philosophy, as well as one practical and political issues. As noted by Traian Herseni, this new interest was "related", albeit not in fact identical, to the sociology of culture. Such works include: Reforma învățământului ("Education Reform", 1922), Partidele politice ("The Political Parties", 1926), Geneza formelor culturii ("The Genesis of Cultural Forms", 1934), Academia platonică din Florența ("The Platonic Academy in Florence", 1936), Nicolaus Cusanus (1937) and Destinul Omenirii ("The Destiny of Mankind", Vol. I, 1938; Vol. II, 1939). With his new work in aesthetics, Negulescu expanded his system into psychological determinism, from personality types; he also proposed that art history was a continuous dialogue between "critical analysis" and "imagination", which succeeded and tempered each other. Scholar Dan Grigorescu views Geneza formelor culturii as Negulescu's masterpiece, but notes that its system of references, comprising Georges Dumas, Joseph Jastrow, Ernst Kretschmer, Theodor Lipps and Paulin Malapert, was quickly outdated. At core, Grigorescu proposes, Geneza was a Renaissance idea, but also similar to contemporary musings by Albert Einstein and Leslie White.
At the university, Negulescu held a series of courses that were later also published: Enciclopedia filosofiei ("The Encyclopedia of Philosophy", 1924–1926), Istoria filosofiei. Pozitivismul francez contemporan ("A History of Philosophy. Contemporary French Positivism", 1924–1925), Problema ontologică ("The Ontological Issue", 1927–1928), Problema epistemologiei ("The Epistemological Issue", 1930–1932) and Enciclopedia filosofiei. Problema cosmologică ("The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Cosmological Issue", 1935–1937). His work was carried in interwar newspapers and magazines, primarily the PP's Îndreptarea, Ideea Europeană, and Revista de Filosofie.
Negulescu advanced to the rank of titular member of the Romanian Academy in 1936. By then, he was an increasingly isolated critic of the prevailing cultural and political tendencies. Against the protectionism favored by the intellectual class, who felt threatened by the Great Depression, he developed a meritocratic and classically liberal scheme, outlined in Destinul Omenirii. He suggested that intellectuals were clients of the state, who expected secure jobs in the bureaucracy, but who took no personal responsibility for their fate; he favored deregulation and saw the crisis as an opportunity for advancement. Such ideas were expressly rejected by the young right-wing radicals Mircea Eliade and Mihail Polihroniade, who noted that, in his day, Negulescu had had an irreplicable chance at social advancement. Criticism also came in from the left: the communist philosopher Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu argued that Destinul Omenirii was no longer in keeping with Negulescu's earlier materialistic monism, but "finalistic" and borderline "mystical".
Geneza formelor culturii, which sought to discover the natural preconditions of individual philosophical stances, was primarily a critique of popular biological determinism, including degeneration theory and psychoanalytic theory. To these, he opposed a combination of functionalism, mutationism, and environmental determinism. In Geneza, but also in his public pronouncements, Negulescu stood out as a vocal antifascist and a critic of scientific racism. He had a polemic with the staff of the far-right Gândirea, arguing against them that neither biology, nor the Romanian Orthodox ethos, made for concrete realities in grounding national identity and a "national philosophy"; in his view, "nation" was a social construct with no biological basis. Moreover, Negulescu separated "peaceful and productive" liberal nationalism from its ethnic counterpart. Implicitly and explicitly, Negulescu also took a stand against the radically fascist and antisemitic Iron Guard.
His work upheld the notion that miscegenation was inescapable and observable in Romanian ethnogenesis, and expressed skepticism toward racial serology studies, taken up locally by Sabin Manuilă. Such observations may have contributed to curbing the influence of Nazi racialism on Romanian eugenicists such as Ovidiu Comșia. However, Nichifor Crainic of Gândirea restated the racialist argument in 1934, in a brochure which referred to Negulescu as an "old philosopher shaped by the ideological school of the bygone century".
Although celebrated at an official level, Negulescu was losing the respect of his students, who visited him in his salon and heard him speak for hours. One of them, the diarist Jeni Acterian, complained that the Negulescu home was "sinister". The professor himself, she argued, was "smart" but "dry to the bone", his voice "raucous and monotonous". By his own standards, Negulescu insisted that a professor's job was not primarily about transmitting information, but about "advancing the science." Also a student of his, Eliade recalled him as an "honest" man of great "self-discipline", but generally "colorless". The target of his jibes against metaphysics, he argued that Negulescu's scientism was most of all shaped by popular science. They quarreled most bitterly about Eliade's study of Indian philosophy, which Negulescu refused to allow in his university.
Persecution and final years
While speaking out against fascism, Negulescu was also critical of the authoritarian King Carol II who, from 1934, used the state of emergency against both the Iron Guard and liberal democrats. In March 1935, alongside envoys from other groups, he participated in negotiations with Grigore Filipescu's new Conservative Party, seeking a common platform against censorship and repression. Shortly before the start of World War II, Negulescu and Filipescu's political vision was defeated by the rise of successive fascist regimes. The first of these was the National Renaissance Front (FRN), established by Carol. As noted by scholar Maria Bucur, it formalized the clientele system that Negulescu had spoken out against. In February 1938, Averescu resigned the PP presidency and joined the king's supporters; Negulescu replaced him as the head of the moribund party, which survived until the authoritarian constitution came into force later that year, and possibly dissolved itself voluntarily.
In 1940, aged 70, Negulescu was forced to retire by the Iron Guard's National Legionary State regime, the onset of a political purge. Partly recovered by the regime of Ion Antonescu, in March 1941 he worked with Gusti, Mihai Ciucă, Radu R. Rosetti, and Liviu Rebreanu on an Academy reform project. It called for increased national propaganda in the Romanian rump state, to compensate for the losses of Bessarabia and Northern Transylvania during the previous year. His inaugural speech at the Academy, held that May, dealt with generational conflict and the factor of progress. In 1942, during Petrovici's term as Education Minister, Vasile Netea of Vremea magazine interviewed him on the topic of education policies.
Negulescu had a brief return to cultural prominence in 1945, during a democratic interlude that came after the fall of Antonescu. His political stances were probed by Ion Biberi, in an interview that was published in Democrația weekly. In June 1948, the new communist regime stripped him of membership in the Academy. In his late years, he was persecuted and branded a "decadent" philosopher by the official ideologist, Constantin Ionescu Gulian.
Negulescu died in obscurity, aged 80, and was buried in Plot 92 of Bellu cemetery. In the 1960s, communist censorship of his work became more lenient, and, by 1979, he was effectively rehabilitated. From 1969 to 1977, volumes of his unpublished works (including university lectures) were put out by the Academy, under the care of Al. Posescu and N. Gogoneață.
Notes
References
Nicolae Bagdasar, Traian Herseni, S. S. Bârsănescu, Istoria filosofiei moderne, V. Filosofia românească dela origini până astăzi. Bucharest: Romanian Philosophical Society, 1941.
Lucian Boia,
"Germanofilii". Elita intelectuală românească în anii Primului Război Mondial. Bucharest: Humanitas, 2010.
Capcanele istoriei. Elita intelectuală românească între 1930 și 1950. Bucharest: Humanitas, 2012.
Maria Bucur, Eugenics and Modernization in Interwar Romania. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2002.
Lucian T. Butaru, Rasism românesc. Componenta rasială a discursului antisemit din România, până la Al Doilea Război Mondial. Cluj-Napoca: EFES, Cluj-Napoca, 2010.
Ion Constantinescu, "Din însemnările unui fost reporter parlamentar, 1919–1939. V. Madgearu: 'Rechinii așteaptă prada!'", in Magazin Istoric, October 1971, pp. 77–87.
Mircea Eliade, Autobiography: 1907–1937, Journey East, Journey West. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
Dan Grigorescu, Istoria culturii și neliniștile ei. Bucharest: Editura Eminescu, 1992.
Cornel Grofșorean, Curentele social-politice contemporane. Critica materialismului istoric. Timișoara: Atheneu, 1934.
Bogdan Cristian Iacob, "Avatars of the Romanian Academy and the Historical Front: 1948 versus 1955", in Vladimir Tismăneanu (ed.), Stalinism Revisited: The Establishment of Communist Regimes in East-Central Europe, pp. 255–282. Budapest: CEU Press.
Irina Livezeanu, Cultural Politics in Greater Romania. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000.
Eugen Lovinescu, T. Maiorescu și posteritatea lui critică. Bucharest: Casa Școalelor, 1943.
Lucian Nastasă,
"Suveranii" universităților românești. Mecanisme de selecție și promovare a elitei intelectuale, Vol. I. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Limes, 2007.
Intimitatea amfiteatrelor. Ipostaze din viața privată a universitarilor "literari" (1864–1948). Cluj-Napoca: Editura Limes, 2010.
Z. Ornea,
Anii treizeci. Extrema dreaptă românească. Bucharest: Editura Fundației Culturale Române, 1995.
Junimea și junimismul, Vols. I-II. Bucharest: Editura Minerva, 1998.
Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, Curente și tendințe în filozofia românească. Bucharest: Editura Socec, 1946.
Constantin Titel Petrescu, Socialismul în România. 1835 – 6 septembrie 1940. Bucharest: Dacia Traiana, [n. y.].
Eufrosina Popescu, "Crearea Ligii poporului și activitatea ei pînă în martie 1920", in Studii. Revistă de Istorie, Nr. 2/1968, pp. 337–354.
Szilárd Tóth, "Problema învățământului minorității maghiare în dezbaterile parlamentare din România interbelică", in Vasile Ciobanu, Sorin Radu (eds.), Partide politice și minorități naționale din România în secolul XX, Vol. IV, pp. 109–130. Sibiu: TechnoMedia, 2009.
Ștefan Zeletin, "Noui principii de reformă a învățământului", in Arhiva pentru Știință și Reformă Socială, Nr. 6/1923, pp. 718–730.
1870 births
1951 deaths
Romanian philosophers
Romanian historians of philosophy
19th-century Romanian historians
20th-century Romanian historians
Philosophers of art
Metaphysicians
Political philosophers
Determinists
Empiricists
Positivists
Materialists
Junimists
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Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Members of the Senate of Romania
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People from Ploiești
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Censorship in Romania
Burials at Bellu Cemetery
Socialist Republic of Romania rehabilitations | Petre P. Negulescu | [
"Physics"
] | 6,863 | [
"Materialism",
"Matter",
"Materialists"
] |
47,565,351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20places%20with%20numeric%20names | Places that have numerals in their names include:
0
, ('zero'), Netherlands, old name for a hamlet in Putten
Nullarbor, locality in South Australia (Latin: no trees)
Nullarbor Plain, desert region in Western and South Australia (Latin: no trees)
1/2 (half)
Adabaria Union, Bangladesh ('half hamlet')
Halbstadt, ('half town'), several places
Half Hollow Hills, New York, US
Half Moon Bay, California, US
Half Rock, Missouri, US
Half Tree Hollow, Saint Helena
Halfway, Missouri, US
Halfway, Oregon, US
1
1 Decembrie ('1 December'), Romania, a commune south of Bucharest
Aintree, England ('one tree')
Een, The Netherlands ('one')
Einhaus, Germany ('Onehouse')
Einsiedeln, Switzerland
Einsiedelei ('one (person) living (place)', eremitage), a (forgotten) place on the foot of a hill in the West of Graz, Austria
Ichinomiya ('the first shrine'), Aichi, Japan
One Tree Hill, South Australia
Province No. 1, Nepal
2
Aberdaucleddau ('mouth of the two rivers Cleddau'), Welsh name for Milford Haven, Wales
Deux-Sèvres, France (refers to two rivers in the department called Sèvre)
Dois Vizinhos ('2 neighbours'), Paraná, Brazil
Duas Bocas Biological Reserve ('2 mouths'), Brazil
Duas Barras ('2 bars'), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Duas Estradas ('2 roads'), Paraíba, Brazil
Duas Igrejas ('2 churches'), Paredes, Portugal
Dos Pilas ('2 wells'), Guatemala
Dos Vientos and Dos Vientos Open Space ('2 winds'), California, US
Dos Hermanas ('two sisters'), Andalusia, Spain
Dvigrad ('two towns'), Croatia
El Segundo ('the second'), California, United States
Lak Song ('the second milestone'), Bangkok, Thailand
Río Segundo in Argentina and Costa Rica, 'second river'
Llanddeusant, Anglesey, Wales ('church of two saints')
Llanddeusant, Carmarthenshire, Wales ('church of two saints')
Second Garrotte, California, US
Second Mesa, Arizona, US
Song District, Phrae, Thailand but the name () is same as the Thai word () that means 'two'.
Song Khwae District ('two waterways'), Nan, Thailand
Song Phi Nong District ('two siblings'), Suphan Buri, Thailand
Twee Riviere ('two rivers'), a town in South Africa
Twee Rivieren ('two rivers'), a suburb in South Africa
Tweebuffelsmeteenskootmorsdoodgeskietfontein, ('two buffaloes with one shot') South Africa
, ('two houses'), Netherlands
('two rivers'), Namibia
Tweedetol ('second toll'), near Dordrecht, Netherlands
Twin Cities, Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota, US
Twin Cities (disambiguation), several other places
Twin City, a developing concept for Vienna, Austria and Bratislava, Slovakia
Twin City, Georgia, in Emanuel County, Georgia, US
Twin City, nickname for Winston-Salem, North Carolina, US
Two Bridges, Manhattan, a neighborhood in New York City, United States
Two Buttes, Colorado
Two Guns, Arizona
Two Harbors, Minnesota, United States
Two Harbors, California, United States
Two Rivers, Wisconsin, United States
Two Rock, California
Two Rocks, Western Australia
Two Wells, South Australia
Twyford, Berkshire, England ('two fords')
Twyford, Buckinghamshire, England ('two fords')
Twyford, Hampshire, England ('two fords')
Twyford, Leicestershire, England ('two fords')
Zweibrücken ('two bridges'), Germany
Zweinitz, a cadastral municipality of Weitensfeld im Gurktal, Carinthia, Austria
Zweisimmen, Switzerland, at the confluence of the Gross and Klein Simme rivers (zwei means 'two')
3
Dreieich, Hesse, Germany ('three oaks')
Dreiflüssestadt, a colloquial name for Passau, Germany ('three (merging) rivers town')
Dreikirchen, Germany ('three churches')
Drie, Gelderland, The Netherlands ('three')
Driebergen, The Netherlands ('three mountains')
Driehuis, The Netherlands ('three houses')
Driemond, The Netherlands ('three (river) mouths')
Llantrisant, Wales ('church of three saints')
Río Tercero in Argentina, 'third river'
Salatiga ('three wrongs'), Indonesia
Sam Chai District, Kalasin, Thailand ('three wins' or 'three victories')
Sam Khok District, Pathum Thani, Thailand ('three mounds')
Sam Ngam District, Phichit, Thailand ('three prongs')
Sam Ngao District, Tak, Thailand ('three shadows')
Sam Phraeng ('three-way junction'), Bangkok, Thailand
Sam Phran District, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand ('three hunters')
Sam Yan ('three quarters'), Bangkok, Thailand
Sam Yot ('three peaks'), Bangkok, Thailand
Sansha ('three sands'), Hainan, China
Third Hill Mountain, West Virginia, US
Three Bridges (disambiguation), several places
Three Churches, West Virginia, US
Three Points, California, US
Three Rivers, California, US
Three Rivers, Michigan, US
Three Rivers, New Mexico, US
Three Rivers, Texas, US
Three Rivers, Prince Edward Island, Canada
Three Rivers District, England
Three Rivers South, Oregon, US
Three Rocks, California, US
Three Sisters (Australia)
Three Sisters (Northern Cape), South Africa
Three Sisters (Oregon), US
Three Springs, Pennsylvania, US
Three Springs, Western Australia
Three Mile Island, New Hampshire, US
Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania, US
Three Way, Tennessee, US
Tre Kronor castle ('three crowns castle'), Sweden
Trekroner ('three crowns'), Denmark
Trekroner Fort ('three crowns fort'), Denmark
Tres Cantos ('3 corners'), Madrid, Spain
Tres Cerros ('3 hills'), Argentina
Três Coroas ('3 crowns'), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Tres Cruces ('3 crosses'), Uruguay
Tres de Febrero Partido ('3 February'), Argentina
Tres Islas, Guatemala
Tres Islas, Uruguay
Tres Pinos, California
Tres Valles ('3 valleys'), Mexico
Tri-cities, several places
Tricity, Poland of Gdynia, Sopot and Gdańsk
Triglav ('3 peaks/), Slovenia, a national symbol of the country
Triple cities, New York
Tripoli, Lebanon ('three towns')
Tripoli, Libya ('three towns')
Trishal ('3 Shal' = Shorea robusta), Bangladesh
Trois-Pistoles, Canada ('three pistoles (coins)')
Trois-Ponts (German: Dreibrücken), Belgium ('three bridges')
Trois-Rivières, Canada ('three rivers')
Trois-Rivières, Guadeloupe ('three rivers')
Uchquduq ('three draw-wells'), Navoiy, Uzbekistan
4
4S Ranch, California, US
Big Four, West Virginia, US
Charghat Upazila ('4 ghats'), Bangladesh
Cuatro Caminos ('4 roads'), one of the first metro stations in Madrid, Spain
Cuatro Cañadas ('4 paths'), Bolivia
Cuatro Ciénegas ('4 marshes'), Mexico
Cuatro Torres ('4 towers'), Madrid business district, Spain
Cuatro Vientos ('4 winds'), Madrid neighbourhood and military-civil airport and museum
Four Acres, California, US
Four Corners, a region of the United States
Four Crosses, Staffordshire, England
Four Lane Ends, a district within the ward of Richmond, South Yorkshire, England
Four Lane Ends, a hamlet near Tiverton, Cheshire, England
Four Lane Ends Interchange, a Metro station in Newcastle upon Tyne, England
Four Square Mile, Colorado, US
Fourth Crossing, California, US
Kiryat Arba, Israel ('City of Four')
Lak Si ('the fourth milestone'), Bangkok, Thailand
Mount Siguniang ('the four maidens'), Sichuan, China
Quad Cities, a region of the United States
Quad cities, Minnesota, US
Quart, Girona, a town in Spain
Quart, Aosta Valley, a town in Italy
Quart de Poblet, a town in Valencia, Spain
Quart de les Valls, a town in Valencia, Spain
Raja Ampat ('four kings'), Southwest Papua, Indonesia
Río Cuarto in Argentina and Costa Rica ('fourth river')
Shikoku ('four provinces'), Japan
Si Phraya ('four phrayas'), Bangkok, Thailand
Sichuan, China ('4 rivers')
Simpang Empat ('four corners'), various places in Malaysia and Indonesia
Tetrapolis (Attica)
Doric Tetrapolis
Vierhouten ('4 pieces of wood'), Nunspeet, The Netherlands
Vierlingsbeek (four brooks), The Netherlands
Vierwaldstättersee, Switzerland ('Lake of the four forested settlements')
5
Cinco Ranch, Texas, US
Cinque Ports, England
Cinque Terre ('five lands'), Italy, after the five villages along the coastline
Five Corners, Oregon, US
Five Corners, Washington, US
Five Dock, New South Wales, Australia
Five Fingers, New Brunswick, Canada
Five Forks, Calhoun County, West Virginia, US
Five Forks, Ritchie County, West Virginia, US
Five Forks, Upshur County, West Virginia, US
Five Islands, Nova Scotia, Canada
Five Mile Terrace, California, US
Five Towns, Long Island, New York; a group of communities in the Town of Hempstead
Five Ways, Birmingham, England
Five Ways railway station
Five Ways, Victoria, Australia
Fiveways, Brighton, a district of Brighton, England
Fünfhaus ('five houses'), in Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus district, Vienna, Austria
Lak Ha ('the fifth milestone'), Ratchaburi/Samut Sakhon, Thailand
Llanpumsaint, Wales ('church of five saints')
Ma'ale HaHamisha, Israel ('ascent of the five')
Panchagarh ('5 forts'), Bangladesh
Panchbibi ('5 wives'), Bangladesh
Piatykhatky, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast ('five houses'), Ukraine
Pentapolis, five cities in Greek
Pompeii, Italy, after the five districts of the city
Pumsaint ('five saints'), Wales
Punjab, India and Punjab, Pakistan ('The Land of Five Waters')
Pyatigorsk, Stavropol Krai, Russia ('five mountains')
Río Quinto, Argentina ('fifth river')
Vijfhuizen, The Netherlands ('five houses')
Vyf Rand ('five rand'), Namibia
6
Doric Hexapolis in Greek
Blue Jay 6, West Virginia, US
Lak Hok ('the sixth milestone'), Pathum Thani, Thailand
Novi, Michigan, ("number six"), US
Roppongi ('six trees'), Tokyo, Japan
Sechshaus (Amtsbezirk) ('six houses'), former district of Lower Austria, Austria
Sechshaus ('six houses'), Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus district, Vienna, Austria
Sechshaus ('six houses'), Brand-Nagelberg, Lower Austria, Austria
Sexdrega, Sweden ('six fishing places')
Six, West Virginia, US
Sixes, Georgia, US
Sixes, Oregon, US, named after the Sixes river (accounts vary as to how the river got its name; one local postmaster said Sixes was named for a Native American chief)
Six Hills in Stevenage, England
Six Mile Bottom, village near Cambridge, England
Six Mile Creek (disambiguation), several places
Six Shooter Canyon, Arizona
6th of October, in Egypt
6th of October Governorate
7
Beer Sheva ('seven wells'), Israel
Chet Samian ('seven clerks'), Ratchaburi, Thailand
Gunung Tujuh ('seven mountains'), Sumatra, Indonesia
Lake Gunung Tujuh, Sumatra, Indonesia
Heptapolis in Greek
Hét ('7'), Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Hungary
Namtok Chet Sao Noi ('seven little girls waterfall'), Nakhon Ratchasima/Saraburi, Thailand
Pancuran Tujuh ('seven springs'), Central Java, Indonesia
Prampir Makara ('January 7'), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Satara (Sat-Tara = 'seven forts'), Maharashtra, India
Satkhira ('7 Kheers'), Bangladesh
Sete Cidades (disambiguation), several places
Sete Fontes ('7 springs'), Braga, Portugal
Sete Lagoas ('7 lagoons'), Minas Gerais, Brazil
Seven Fields, Pennsylvania, US
Seven Hills, NSW, Australia
Seven Kings, London, England
Seven Mile, Arizona, US
Seven Mile, Ohio, US
Seven Oaks, California, US
Seven Oaks, Oregon, US
Seven Oaks, South Carolina, US
Seven Sisters, London, England
Seven Springs, Pennsylvania, US
Seven Troughs, Nevada, US
Sevenoaks, Kent, England
Seventh Mountain, Oregon, US
Shichigahama ('seven beaches'), Miyagi, Japan
Sieben ('seven' in German), Lewis and Clark County, Montana, US
Sieben, U.S. Virgin Islands, US
Siebenbürgen ('seven castles'), German for Transylvania, historical region in Romania
Siebenhengste-Hohgant-Höhle ('seven male horses'), cave in Switzerland
Siebenhirten ('seven shepherds'), Vienna, Austria
Sietes ('sevens'), Valles (Villaviciosa), in Asturias, Spain; in 2009 it was famous for the promotion of Microsoft Windows 7
Sungai Tujoh ('the seventh river'), Brunei
Zevenaar
Zevenhoven ('seven gardens'), the Netherlands
Zevenhuizen (disambiguation) ('seven houses'), several places in the Netherlands
8
Acht (Eifel), Germany
Acht, near Eindhoven, Netherlands
Achtmaal, The Netherlands ('eight times')
Austagram ('containing 8 villages'), Bangladesh
Babaoshan ('eight-treasure mountain'), Beijing, China
Eight, West Virginia, US
Eight Mile Plains, Brisbane, Australia
Eightmile, Oregon, US
Kiryat Shmona ('town of the eight'), Israel
Ocho Ríos ('8 rivers'), Jamaica
Paet Rio ('8 strips'), a colloquial name for Chachoengsao province, Thailand
Tuvalu ('8 (islands) together'), state in Oceania
9
Jiufen ('nine portions'), New Taipei City, Taiwan
Jiujiang ('nine rivers'), Jiangxi, China
Jiutai ('nine platforms'), Jilin, China
Jiuzhaigou ('nine settlement valley'), Sichuan, China
Kao Liao District ('9 turns' or '9 curves'), Nakhon Sawan, Thailand
Kelok 9 ('9 turns'), a bridge and road segment in Lima Puluh Kota Regency, Indonesia
Kowloon, a region of Hong Kong ('9 Dragons')
Kyushu ('nine provinces'), Japan
Mount Jiuhua ('nine glorious'), Anhui, China
, Netherlands ('9 houses')
Neunkirch, Schaffhausen ((German language) literally '9 churches', but derived from 'new church'), community in Switzerland
Neunkirchen, Austria ('9 churches', town and district
, Germany ('9 churches'), several towns, villages and district(s) in Germany
Nine Elms, London, England
Nine Mile Falls, Washington, US
Nueve de Julio (disambiguation) ('July 9'), several towns in Argentina
Nueve de Julio Department (disambiguation), several departments in Argentina
Nueve de Julio District, Peru
Nueve de Julio Partido, Argentina
Pont Neuf, crossing the river Seine in Paris, France ('bridge (number) 9')
Stowe Nine Churches, Northamptonshire, United Kingdom
10
10th of Ramadan, Egypt
Decapolis in Greek
Diez de Octubre ('October 10'), Cuba
Ten Mile (or Tenmile), lists several places in Canada, USA
Ten Sleep, Wyoming, US
Tiendeveen ('tenth peat'), Netherlands
('Ten Commandments'), The Netherlands
Tiengemeten ('Ten Acres'), The Netherlands
Washakie Ten, Wyoming, US
11
Lot 11 and Area, Prince Edward Island, Canada
Once de Octubre ('October 11'), Argentina
Once de Septiembre ('September 11'), Argentina
Ruyton-XI-Towns, England
12
, Germany ('a dozen lakes')
, Großer and Kleiner, two ponds in Germany ('dozen ponds')
, a statistical district (Statischer Bezirk) of Nürnberg, Germany
Zwölfaxing, Austria (Zwölf means 'twelve')
Doce de Octubre ('October 12'), Argentina
Baramulla ('12 roots'), India
Xishuangbanna ('12 districts', literally '12 township rice-fields'), China
13
Thirteen Mile Creek, Yukon, Canada
Trece Mártires ('13 martyrs'), Philippines
Treze Tílias (/ German: Dreizehnlinden) ('13 Lindens'), Brasilien
14
Chauddagram ('14 villages'), Bangladesh
Vierzehn, Rainbach im Mühlkreis, Austria
Catorce, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
Real de Catorce, Mexico (14 real (a currency of Spanish America), or from '14 killed soldiers')
Catorce de Noviembre ('November 14'), Panama
15
Le quinzième arrondissement de Paris ('15th arrondissement of Paris'), France
('15 farms'), Prussia
Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus (15th municipal District of Vienna), Austria
16
Solapur, Maharashtra, India
17
Seventeen Mile Point, California, US
Seventeen Mile Rocks, Queensland, Australia
18
18-Hazari, 18-Hazari Tehsil, Jhang District, Punjab, Pakistan
Dieciocho Airport, Costa Rica
Dieciocho de Julio ('July 18'), Uruguay
Dieciocho de Mayo ('May 18'), Uruguay
20
Kurigram ('containing 20 villages'), Bangladesh
Twenty, Lincolnshire, England
Veinte de Junio ('June 20'), BBAA, Argentina
Veinte Reales, Philippines ('20 reales' (a coin), the price for the lands or for the use of a magical spring)
23
Mila 23 ('Mile 23'), Romania, a village in the Danube Delta
24
North 24 Parganas district
South 24 Parganas
Veinticuatro de Mayo and Veinticuatro de Mayo Canton ('May 24'), Ecuador
25
Veinticinco de Agosto ('August 25'), Uruguay
Veinticinco de Diciembre ('December 25'), Paraguay
Veinticinco de Mayo (disambiguation) ('May 25), several places in Argentina and Uruguay
26
Twentysix, Kentucky, United States
27
Veintisiete de Abril ('April 27'), Costa Rica
28
Veintiocho de Noviembre ('November 28'), Argentina
28 May, Azerbaijan
29
Twentynine Palms, California, United States
30
Thirtymile, Oregon, United States
33
Treinta y Tres and Treinta y Tres Department, Uruguay (from the 33 original fighters for the independence)
35
Netiv HaLamed-Heh, ('path of the 35') Kibbutz in Israel
36
Chhattisgarh ('36 forts'), a state in India
40
Chalisgaon ('40 cities') historic town, India
Cuarenta Casas ('40 houses') archaeological site, Mexico
Forty Mile, Yukon, Canada
Fortymile River, Yukon, Canada
50
Lima Puluh Kota ('50 towns'), Indonesia
56
Fifty-Six, Arkansas, United States
60
Hatvan ('sixty'), Hungary
Sixtymile, Yukon, Canada
Sixtymile River, Yukon, Canada
66
Sixty Six, South Carolina, United States
76
Seventy Six, Kentucky, United States
Seventy-Six, Missouri, United States
84
Eighty Four, Pennsylvania, United States
88
Eighty Eight, Kentucky, United States
96
Ninety Six, South Carolina, United States
99
Kujūkuri ('99 ri'''), Chiba, Japan
100
Hundred, West Virginia, United States
100 Mile House, British Columbia: named for being the location of a roadhouse at the 100 mile mark up the Old Cariboo Road during the Cariboo Gold Rush
Chafford Hundred, England, a 21st-century built settlement named for the historic Hundred of Chafford
List of hundreds of England and Wales; hundreds were an ancient subdivision of counties in England and Wales
Hundred Mile Landing, Yukon, Canada
101
Roi Et Province ('101'), Thailand
Wonowon, British Columbia ("one-oh-one"), located at Mile 101 on Highway 97, the Alaska Highway
108
108 Mile Ranch, Canada
300
Sam Roi Yot District ('three hundred peaks'), Prachuap Khiri Khan, Thailand
400
Fjärdhundra, Sweden
1,000
Chiba prefecture ('thousand leaves'), Japan
Thousand Islands, an archipelago in the St. Lawrence River along the boundary between New York, United States, and Ontario, Canada
Thousand Islands (Indonesia), an archipelago under the administrative division of Jakarta
Thousand Oaks, California, United States
Thousand Palms, California, United States
Thousandsticks, Kentucky, United States
Qianshan ('thousand mountains'), Liaoning, China
Vila Nova de Milfontes, Portugal
1,400
('fourteen hundred'), Bangladesh
1,770
Seventeen Seventy, Queensland, Australia, referred to locally as "1770"
2,500
Araihazar ('two-and-a-half thousand), Bangladesh
3,000
Bueng Sam Phan District ('Lake 3,000'), Phetchabun, Thailand
Khlong Chorakhe Sam Phan ('crocodile 3,000'), a canal in Kanchanaburi and Suphan Buri, Thailand
Sam Phan Bok ('3,000 shallow lakes'), Thailand
4,000
Si Phan Don ('Four Thousand Islands'), Laos
10,000
Na Muen District ('ten thousand (rice) paddy fields'), Nan, Thailand
Ten Thousand Islands, Florida, United States
11,000
Ilhas das Onze Mil Virgens (Portuguese: 'islands of eleven thousand virgins'), 1521 given name for today Saint Pierre Island, of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, a French overseas collectivity near Newfoundland, Canada
32186.9
Ventimiglia, Italy (coincidental, as it comes from Album Intimilium'')
40,010
Shimanto, Kōchi, Japan
100,000
Thong Saen Khan District ('hundred thousand bowls of gold'), Uttaradit, Thailand
Lakshadweep (100 thousand Islands), India
Names with trailing numbers
Kapur IX, a district in Lima Puluh Kota, Indonesia
Krems I, a part of the village Leezen, Germany
Krems II, a part of a different region, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
Peter I Island, Antarctica
Petersdorf I, Styria, Austria
Petersdorf II, until end of 2014, Styria, Austria
Takern I, part of the community St. Margarethen an der Raab, Styria, Austria
Takern II, part of the same community, Styria, Austria
Wakendorf I, a municipality in the district of Segeberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
Wakendorf II, a different municipality in the district of Segeberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
See also
ZIP Code
Telephone numbering plan
References
Numeric names
Places | List of places with numeric names | [
"Mathematics"
] | 5,332 | [
"Arithmetic",
"Mathematical objects",
"Numbers"
] |
47,565,432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss%27s%20egg | In Euclidean geometry, Moss's egg is an oval made by smoothly connecting four circular arcs. It can be constructed from a right isosceles triangle ABC with apex C.
To construct Moss's egg:
Draw a semicircle on the base AB of the triangle, outside of the triangle.
Connect it to a circular arc centered at B from A to a point D on line BC, and by another circular arc centered at A from B to a point E on line AC.
Complete the oval by a circular arc centered at C, from D to E.
References
External links
Video: How to draw an egg, The Aperiodical
Eggs
Piecewise-circular curves | Moss's egg | [
"Mathematics"
] | 137 | [
"Planes (geometry)",
"Euclidean plane geometry",
"Piecewise-circular curves"
] |
47,565,649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruki%27s%20Theorem | Haruki's Theorem says that given three intersecting circles that only intersect each other at two points that the lines connecting the inner intersecting points to the outer satisfy:
where are the measure of segments connecting the inner and outer intersection points.
The theorem is named after the Japanese mathematician Hiroshi Haruki.
References
Geometry | Haruki's Theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 64 | [
"Geometry"
] |
47,565,654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20Women%27s%20International%20Association | The Medical Women's International Association is a non-governmental organization founded in 1919 with the purpose of representing female physicians worldwide. Esther Lovejoy was its first president. The Association grew from an international meeting of medical women attending a YWCA meeting in America and a group of medical women in Britain, notably Dr Jane Walker. Dr. Ida Kahn was one of the Chinese representatives at the International Conference of Medical Women (1919).
Congress of Medical Women
In 1954, the International Association of Medical Women promoted the realization of the first Congress of Medical Women, its president Ada Chree Reid visited Madrid and Barcelona, in this city she was received by the gynecologist Marina Soliva Corominas and a group of Catalan female doctors.
Notable members
Presidents
Dr Esther Pohl Lovejoy (USA, 1919-1924)
Lady Florence Barrett (UK, 1924-1929)
Dr Lasthénie Thuillier-Landry (1929-1934)
Dr Alma Sundquist (1934-1937)
Dr Louisa Martindale (UK, 1937-)
Dr Charlotte Ruys (Netherlands, 1947-1950)
Dr Ada Chree-Reid (USA, 1950-1954)
Dr Jolanda Tosoni-Dalai (Italy, 1954-1958)
Dr Marion Hilliard (president-elect, died before being able to take office)
Dr Janet Aitken (UK, 1958-1962)
Fe del Mundo (Philippines, 1962-1966)
Lore Antoine (Austria, 1966-1968)
Lorna Lloyd-Green (Australia, 1968-1970)
Leone McGregor Hellstedt (Sweden, 1970-1972)
Alma Dea Morani (USA, 1972-1974)
Harumi Ono (Japan, 1974-1976)
Helga Thieme (Germany, 1976-1978)
Beryl Corner (UK, 1976-1980)
Joan Redshaw (Australia, 1980-1982)
Trinidad A. Gomez (Philippines, 1982-1984)
Beverly Tamboline (Canada, 1984-1987)
Fernanda de Beneditti-Venturini (Italy, 1987-1989)
Vice-presidents
Grete Albrecht (Germany, 1958 to 1963)
References
External links
Medical Women's International Association website
International medical and health organizations
Organizations established in 1919
Organizations for women in science and technology
International medical associations | Medical Women's International Association | [
"Technology"
] | 457 | [
"Organizations for women in science and technology",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
47,565,724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiffert%27s%20spiral | Seiffert's spherical spiral is a curve on a sphere made by moving on the sphere with constant speed and angular velocity with respect to a fixed diameter. If the selected diameter is the line from the north pole to the south pole, then the requirement of constant angular velocity means that the longitude of the moving point changes at a constant rate. The cylindrical coordinates of the varying point on this curve are given by the Jacobian elliptic functions.
Formulation
Symbols
Representation via equations
The Seiffert's spherical spiral can be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as
or expressed as Jacobi theta functions
.
See also
Rhumb line
References
External links
Spirals
Spherical curves | Seiffert's spiral | [
"Mathematics"
] | 131 | [
"Geometry",
"Geometry stubs"
] |
47,566,317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone | 3β-Dihydroprogesterone (3β-DHP), also known as 3β-hydroxyprogesterone, or pregn-4-en-3β-ol-20-one (4-pregnenolone, δ4-pregnenolone), is an endogenous steroid. It is biosynthesized by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from progesterone. Unlike 3α-dihydroprogesterone (3α-DHP), 3β-DHP does not act as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, which is in accordance with the fact that other 3β-hydroxylated progesterone metabolites such as isopregnanolone and epipregnanolone similarly do not act as potentiators of this receptor and instead inhibit it as well as reverse the effects of potentiators like allopregnanolone. 3β-DHP has been reported to possess about the same potency as progesterone in a bioassay of progestogenic activity, whereas 3α-DHP was not assessed.
See also
5α-Dihydroprogesterone
5β-Dihydroprogesterone
3β-Androstanediol
Pregnenolone
Progesterone 3-acetyl enol ether
Quingestrone
References
Sterols
Ketones
Pregnanes
Progestogens | 3β-Dihydroprogesterone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 315 | [
"Ketones",
"Functional groups"
] |
47,566,358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schinzel%27s%20theorem | In the geometry of numbers, Schinzel's theorem is the following statement:
It was originally proved by and named after Andrzej Schinzel.
Proof
Schinzel proved this theorem by the following construction. If is an even number, with , then the circle given by the following equation passes through exactly points:
This circle has radius , and is centered at the point . For instance, the figure shows a circle with radius through four integer points.
Multiplying both sides of Schinzel's equation by four produces an equivalent equation in integers,
This writes as a sum of two squares, where the first is odd and the second is even. There are exactly ways to write as a sum of two squares, and half are in the order (odd, even) by symmetry. For example, , so we have or , and or , which produces the four points pictured.
On the other hand, if is odd, with , then the circle given by the following equation passes through exactly points:
This circle has radius , and is centered at the point .
Properties
The circles generated by Schinzel's construction are not the smallest possible circles passing through the given number of integer points, but they have the advantage that they are described by an explicit equation.
References
Theorems about circles
Geometry of numbers
Lattice points | Schinzel's theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 267 | [
"Lattice points",
"Geometry of numbers",
"Number theory"
] |
47,567,005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krackhardt%20kite%20graph | In graph theory, the Krackhardt kite graph is a simple graph with ten nodes. The graph is named after David Krackhardt, a researcher of social network theory.
Krackhardt introduced the graph in 1990 to distinguish different concepts of centrality. It has the property that the vertex with maximum degree (labeled 3 in the figure, with degree 6), the vertex with maximum betweenness centrality (labeled 7), and the two vertices with maximum closeness centrality (labeled 5 and 6) are all different from each other.
References
Individual graphs | Krackhardt kite graph | [
"Mathematics"
] | 116 | [
"Graph theory stubs",
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory"
] |
47,567,153 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot%20research%20initiative | Robot Research Initiative (RRI) is a research institute dedicated to advanced robotics research. It is an affiliated organization of Chonnam National University in Gwangju, Republic of Korea. Prof. Jong Oh Park moved from the Korea Institute of Science and Technology to Chonnam National University in early 2005 and established RRI in March 2008, where he is still actively in charge. RRI is currently a leading institute in the medical robotics field, especially in the area of biomedical micro/nano robotics. RRI is one of the largest institutions among university robotics laboratories in Korea and competes globally.
The current research focuses of RRI are biomedical micro/nano robotics, surgery robotics, cable robotics, and so on. The Korean government invests roughly 200 million USD annually in the Korean robotics industry, and almost 90% of this budget is designated for R&D. RRI has been actively involved in the government-funded R&D projects. After an over 10-year investment in personal service robotics, as well as IT–based ubiquitous robotics, the government has been strategically investing in medical robotics for the past 6 years. The biomedical micro/nano robotics field in Korea has been exclusively initiated by RRI, and the reputation and status of RRI is currently stable.
The global networking of RRI is mostly focused on biomedical micro/nano robotics, covering engineering and scientific approaches. Prof. Park and his staff have led both government- and industry-funded R&D robotics projects. As the industry partners Samsung Electronics, Hyundai Motors, Daewoo Motors, and DSME.
History
The Robot Research Initiative was established at the building of engineering 1A, Chonnam National University in March 2008. As a director of the Robot Research Initiative, Professor Jong Oh Park was nominated a month later.
In year 2008, Robot Research Initiative signed MOU for mutual cooperation with KIST Europe, Dario Lab in Scuola Superior Sant’Anna in Italy and Sitti Lab in Carnegie Mellon University. In year 2010, Robot Research Initiative announced ‘Development of Biomedical Microrobot for Intravascular Therapy'’ to the public. Also, ‘Pioneer research center for bacteriobot’ and ‘Space Robot Research Center’ was opened. As of March 2011, Prof. Jong Oh Park signed MOU for mutual cooperation with centern for Micro-Nano Mechatronics, Nagoya University(CMM), Japan and Fondazione Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia(IIT). In year 2012, MOU for mutual cooperation was signed with Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and Fraunhofer-IPA, and with National Science Foundation-founded Materials Research Science and Engineering Centre of Brandeis University. Also, March 2013, MOU with Yanbian University of Science&Technology(Mechanical Material Automation Engineering) was made. In June, Cooperation agreement with Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and Fraunhofer-IPA was made as well a year later of its MOU. Recently, Robot Research Initiative signed MOU with Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Enhoneeting Co., LTD. in April, 2014.
Laboratories
Intravascular therapeutic Microbot Lab - Microrobot moving controlled through blood vessel for drug delivery and treatment of coronary artery disease such as CTO(chronic total occlusion) and thrombus. The lab achieved the world's first microrobot navigation through artery in a live pig.
Bacteria-based Biomedical Microbot Lab - Development of the fundamental technology for intelligent theragnostic bacteria-based microrobot.(Using bacteria with the abilities such as active movement, fluorescence expression, recombination and replication)
Telesurgical robot for brain surgery Lab - Development of an Articulated multi-DOF Manipulator for Minimal Invasive Surgery.(Master and Slave System with force reflection control & image guided surgical robot system)
Robotic Couch for Heavy Ion Therapy Lab - Development of a Novel Robotic Couch System to adjust Patient's position to treat using Heavy Ion Therapy. (An articulated robotic arm to carry a human & respiration synchronization method)
Surgeon-Robot Interaction for Bone-Fracture Reposition Robot Lab - Robotic Assistant Robot for Bone-Fracture Reposition Surgery, which replaces assistant surgeons who align the broken bone to reduce their exposure to X-ray and labor-intensive work. Surgeon-robot interaction method including an interactive mode and a remote mode will be developed and integrated into the robotic system.
Cable Robotics Lab - The establishment of Fraunhofer-IPA, one of the Europe's largest robotics institutes, is expected to facilitate the technical improvement through the collaboration in intelligent robotics. The research topic is “development of core and application technologies on high dynamic parallel cable robotics.”
Technology Transfer
Prof. Jong Oh Park, director of RRI, transferred following technologies when he worked at KIST.
Automatic Inserting robot system for irregular-shape parts : This robot was applied to the factory production line on Samsung Electronics in Gumi in 1992. Awarded IR52 Jang-Yongsil Sang winner of 36th week in 1991. Jong Oh Park won the grandprix of Jeong Jin Ki Sang in the science and technology field in 1992 with this invention.
Automatic Grinding Robot for molds : This technology was developed in 1993, then transferred and sold to Hwa Cheon Co. from 1995 as model name of MIDAS. It contains creative system with non-directional behavior.
Automatic Grinding Robot system for Metal Faucets : It is an automatic system grinding the sophisticated 3D shape of faucet developed in 1994. As the world's first application in production line, it was applied to the production line of Yujin Metal co. from 1994.
Automatic Robot Programming modules : This robot traces the men's moving and saves the traces automatically using F/T sensor. It was developed in 1995 and transferred to the assembly class in Hyunday Automation Co.
Intelligent Robot for Chassis Machinings : As an initiative work without any precedence in the developed countries, this technology was transferred to Hyundai motors Co. in 1997 and operated on the production line of Daewoo Motor in Bupyung from 1997.
Intelligent welding robot for chassis : It automatically recognize welding with laser vision sensor in the welding process for chassis. It was the first automatic production line application of Korean patent. The technology was developed in 1996 and operated in the production line of Daewoo Motor Co. from 1997.
Colon Endoscope Robots : Colon endoscope goes through the path of colon automatically to reduce pains. To develop world's first endoscope robots, it was cooperatively developed in 2001 with Italian Labs.
Capsule Type endoscopes : The next generation capsule-sized endoscope which is diagnostic imaging device and replacing conventional push type system. With size of 10mm*25mm, it is the world's smallest endoscope. It was developed in 2003 and transferred and confirmed contract with 13 systems.
Active Capsule endoscopes: The next generation capsule endoscope which can be steered by medical doctor in real-time. It is transferred to Wooyoung in 2015.
Stem Cell-based Biomedical Microrobot: Mesenchymal stem cell delivery scaffold with magnetic actuating system for articular cartilage regeneration. With size of 200~300 um, it is the world's first stem cell based microrobot. It was developed in 2017 and transferred and confirmed contract.
External links
RRI portal
Joint Robotics Lab
Intravascular microrobot
Pioneer research center
Uni Lab
See also
Microrobotics
Nanorobotics
Biorobotics
References
Robotics organizations
Research
Research institutes in South Korea | Robot research initiative | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,539 | [
"nan"
] |
47,567,300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollipop%20graph | In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, the (m,n)-lollipop graph is a special type of graph consisting of a complete graph (clique) on m vertices and a path graph on n vertices, connected with a bridge.
The special case of the (2n/3,n/3)-lollipop graphs are known as graphs which achieve the maximum possible hitting time, cover time and commute time.
See also
Barbell graph
Tadpole graph
References
Parametric families of graphs | Lollipop graph | [
"Mathematics"
] | 105 | [
"Graph theory stubs",
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory"
] |
47,568,368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poimapper | Poimapper is an on-site data collection, sharing and analysing software.
The mobile application is used to collect data and update data. By uploading data to a cloud server it is shared among other mobile and office workers.
Poimapper is developed by Pajat Solutions Ltd. Pajat Solutions was founded in 2012 and is headquartered in Finland. In 2013, Pajat was awarded the European CSR award for innovative, non-business partnerships that have helped to solve social problems while creating business advantage. The award came from a partnership where NGO's like Plan International were using Poimapper in their health-related monitoring and evaluation work.
Poimapper is also used in supplier audits, due to is ability to process large supplier audit checklists effectively, including score calculations, coloring of results and summarizing findings into corrective action tables. The action table can be shared to supplies for updating their action proposals, schedules and action status. The solution also supports supplier self-audits.
References
External links
Data analysis software
Software developed in Finland | Poimapper | [
"Technology"
] | 218 | [
"Software developed in Finland"
] |
47,570,513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium%20siamense | Penicillium siamense is an anamorph species of fungus in the genusPenicillium which was isolated from forest soil in Thailand.
References
Further reading
siamense
Fungi described in 1988
Fungus species | Penicillium siamense | [
"Biology"
] | 44 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,570,540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Thompson%20Twins%20Adventure | The Thompson Twins Adventure is a 1984 graphic adventure game that was distributed by Computer and Video Games magazine as a promotional 7" flexi disc "freebie" along with its October 1984 issue (issue 36). The game is based on the Thompson Twins' single "Doctor! Doctor!", and features the Thompson Twins band members as the protagonists. The unusual storage format of the game showcases an experimental technique pioneered by the London-based Flexi Records label, and places the game alongside a small handful of other games distributed on grooved disks. This format never became established and The Thompson Twins Adventure is today valued more for its nostalgic and artifactual value than for its ludological aspects which have been uniformly panned by critics.
Plot
Based on the Thompson Twins' 1984 "Doctor! Doctor!" single, the plot of The Thompson Twins Adventure revolves around the efforts of the three Thompson Twins members (Tom Bailey, Alannah Currie, and Joe Leeway) to gather ingredients for the concoction of the titular doctor's potion. The game opens with the Thompson Twins at a beach location. From there they must travel through several areas including a forest and a cavern to search for ingredients for the doctor's potion. When they have collected all ingredients and located the doctor, the doctor creates his potion and the game ends.
The nature of the doctor's potion was the secret answer to a competition launched concurrently with the game's release by Computer and Video Games. The contest ran for one month (ending on 16 November 1984) during which time contestants were intended to gather and examine clues by listening to the "Doctor! Doctor!" single (a selection of which was included on the flexi disc), listening to the game's special introduction message recorded on the same disc by the Thompson Twins, and playing through the game. When the identity of the potion was discovered, contestants were supposed to send in their answers to Computer and Video Games. The first correct answer would win the grand prize: free tickets to an upcoming Thompson Twins concert with the opportunity to meet the musicians backstage afterward. Prizes would also be awarded to ten runner-ups. Due to difficulties in the creation of the Commodore 64 version of the game, the contest deadline was extended by an extra month (i.e., to December 1984) for Commodore 64 users. The winner of the Spectrum competition was announced as Alison Wagstaf in the magazine's January 1985 issue (issue 39). The winner of the Commodore 64 version of the contest would get tickets to and backstage access at a later concert.
Gameplay experience
Installation
To begin playing The Thompson Twins Adventure a player must transfer the game data from the flexi disc to the microcomputer (ZX Spectrum or Commodore 64). This can be accomplished in two ways. For both ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64 the recommended method involves making an intermediate 33 rpm recording from the flexi disc onto an audio cassette which will then be used to transfer the data to the microcomputer via its cassette connector. For the Spectrum version, a player can instead choose to transfer game data directly to the microcomputer without using an audio cassette intermediate. Using this method, the record player's headphone socket must be connected directly to the Spectrum's "ear" port via wire leads. A preamplifier is required, and the speakers should be turned off. For both methods, playback volume of the record player must be carefully monitored to ensure that the recording meter stays roughly halfway across the range (i.e. with a VU meter value of +2). The Commodore version cannot be transferred without the audio cassette intermediate, and Computer and Video Games recommended that Commodore users listen to a sample of another cassette-based Commodore game on speakers and to adjust the recording volume for The Thompson Twins Adventure to match it. Data transfer is a delicate procedure that can be disrupted by background noise, scratches, and other audio-fidelity problems. In some cases it may be necessary to re-record the game data more than once at different recording levels to correctly transfer it to the microcomputer.
Gameplay
The gameplay of The Thompson Twins Adventure falls within the early graphical adventure idiom. The player is presented with a simple graphical scene with a text caption below describing important features of the scene and prominent manipulable items. Below the text caption is the parser line through which the player can type commands to the player characters. Typical typed commands follow a simple VERB-NOUN format such as "take jar" or "read newspaper". To move from one scene to the next, a player must type a directional command such as "North", "Down", or "Out". The player characters will follow the typed instructions and a new scene will take the place of the former scene. Further specialized commands follow conventions previously established in non-graphical text adventures. Thus the "look" command repeats back to the player the original description of the scene, and the "inv" command can be used to gain information on the player characters' inventory. Compass directions in the game are not always intuitive and the graphical depictions are not always accurate so gameplay often involves the creation of a game map on paper.
Development
Computer and Video Games was aware of earlier efforts by magazines like Your Computer and Which Micro? & Software Review to distribute video game programs via flexi discs made by Flexi Records of London, and by June 1984 plans were already under way for a C&VG flexi disc release. Early plans leading to the decision to create a pop music tie-in were based on the observation that grooved media were at the time primarily used to distribute music, and after an exploratory meeting with the Thompson Twins' management team it was agreed that C&VG could begin organizing the creation of a video game adaptation of the Twins' "Doctor! Doctor!" single. Impressed with their work on titles like the 1983 Ant Attack and the 1984 The Snowman, Computer and Video Games approached Rod Cousens and Mark Eyles of Quicksilva, and within a few weeks they had created three alpha-screens (i.e. the game's beach, forest, and cavern scenes). These scenes were presented to the Thompson Twins for approval and the project proceeded to the beta stage. When coding was complete, the Thompson Twins recorded a special introduction message for the game and selected a portion of "Doctor! Doctor!" to be released. Audio material was then recorded along with the Spectrum version of the game data onto a master tape by Flexi Records and this was used to press a metal copy of the disk. The final Spectrum version flexi discs were pressed from the metal master and were attached to the front of C&VG October 1984 issue (issue 36). As promotional freebies, these copies of the game were used by C&VG to soften the impact of a coinciding magazine price increase from 85p to 95p. By the end of 1984, the C&VG contest associated with the game had ended and the magazine gave readers the opportunity to directly obtain additional copies of the game if they included the return postage (a 13p second class stamp). The first 25 responders received prize T-shirts.
The development of the Commodore 64 version of the game was hampered by significant technical difficulties that resulted in delays in its release and extensions to the C&VG contest deadline for Commodore users. The original plan was to include both the Commodore 64 and Spectrum versions as separate tracks on a single flexi disc release. During production of the disc for its October 1984 release, it was decided that both versions of the game would receive their own flexi disc pressing, with the Commodore 64 version mastered by Magnetic Recording Company. Due to space limitations on the magazine's cover, the more technically challenging Commodore 64 version was ultimately not included with the magazine's October 1984 issue. Readers were instructed to write away for a free copy of the Commodore version and the contest deadline was pushed to 16 November 1984 to accommodate Commodore gamers. Reporting "considerable problems" in the production of the Commodore 64 version of the game, C&VG ended its contest for the Spectrum version of the game and awarded prizes in November 1984 as scheduled, but again extended the deadline to December 1984 for Commodore users who had not yet had a chance to play the game. A separate but identical prize (i.e. free concert tickets and a backstage pass) would be awarded to the winning Commodore gamer.
The Thompson Twins Adventure was re-released in 1995 as part of an Epic Games compilation CD-ROM entitled "Speccy Sensations".
Reception
The Thompson Twins Adventure received little critical attention at its time of release. In its 1985 Yearbook Special, Computer and Video Games reported that the Thompson Twins had taken "a great interest in the whole idea", noting that Joe Leeway had taken particular interest in the game. Computer and Video Games covered The Thompson Twins Adventure again in July 1998 for its 200th issue where the game was offered as an example of one of the magazine's best "freebie" promotions. In subsequent years, however, the game has been discussed by a number of music and tech-oriented journals where it has been sharply criticized for its animation, plot, and game speed. Writing for Stylus Magazine in 2004, Dom Passantino included The Thompson Twins Adventure as number five in his list of "Top Ten Rubbish Video Games That Feature Musicians" where he criticized the game for its "really really badly drawn graphics" and character sprite design, and suggested that "the game appears to have no plot at all". In 2007 the game was described by Wired Susan Arendt as "very, very slow" and "complete crap", although Arendt also found it "nifty in a nostalgic kind of way". Criticism from Boing Boing was much the same with editor Cory Doctorow posting that the game is "bizarre", potentially "a bit frustrating", and ultimately "crap". For TechCrunch, Vince Veneziani described The Thompson Twins Adventure as "tripped out" and "tough as hell". In 2008 Eurogamer Martyn Carroll suggested that the interest level generated by the game's plot was appropriate for "those with the patience of a coma victim". In 2010, Sabotage Times Paul Brown simply described it as "uninspiring".
In contrast, fan reception of the Computer and Video Games promotional contest was reported by the magazine as being particularly enthusiastic. Reader response rates reached into the hundreds with both written and phoned responses. At this point in the magazine's history this was their most popular contest.
More recently, the game has become something of a collector's item due to its rarity on the secondary market.
References
External links
The Thompson Twins Adventure at Giant Bomb
The Thompson Twins Adventure at GameFAQs
1984 video games
Adventure games
Advergames
Band-centric video games
Commodore 64 games
Video games based on musicians
Quicksilva games
Thompson Twins
Video games based on real people
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Vinyl data
ZX Spectrum games
Flexi discs
Single-player video games
United Kingdom-exclusive video games | The Thompson Twins Adventure | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,273 | [
"Audio engineering",
"Vinyl data"
] |
47,570,615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use%20of%20chemical%20weapons%20in%20the%20War%20in%20Iraq%20%282013%E2%80%932017%29 | Chemical weapon use in the War in Iraq (2013–2017) by ISIL has been confirmed by the OPCW and US defense officials.
Incidents
Reported attacks
The table below lists reported chemical weapons attacks in the Iraqi Civil War.
Confirmed attacks
After around 35 Kurdish soldiers were injured during fighting against Islamic State militants southwest of Erbil in August 2015, samples were taken
by OPCW in an investigation directed by the Iraqi government. In February 2016, a source at the OPCW confirmed that the samples tested positive for mustard gas.
See also
Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war
Iraq and weapons of mass destruction
Iraqi chemical weapons program
Notes
References
Iraq
Chemical weapons
Chemical warfare | Use of chemical weapons in the War in Iraq (2013–2017) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 135 | [
"Chemical warfare by conflict",
"Chemical weapons"
] |
47,570,772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20110 | NGC 110 is an open star cluster located in the constellation Cassiopeia. It was discovered by the English astronomer John Herschel on October 29, 1831.
It is unknown if the members are physically related, or if the cluster exists at all. It is barely visible against the background sky, and the two dozen member stars seem to be at various distances. If the cluster does exist, it is at least 2,000 light years away.
References
External links
0110
Cassiopeia (constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 1831
Open clusters
Discoveries by John Herschel | NGC 110 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 115 | [
"Cassiopeia (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
47,571,281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20countries%20by%20average%20yearly%20temperature | This is a list of countries and sovereign states by temperature.
Average yearly temperature is calculated by averaging the minimum and maximum daily temperatures in the country, averaged for the years 1991 – 2020, from World Bank Group, derived from raw gridded climatologies from the Climatic Research Unit.
See also
List of countries by average annual precipitation
Notes
References
List of countries by average yearly temperature
Temperature, average
Meteorology lists
Meteorological quantities
Weather-related lists | List of countries by average yearly temperature | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 89 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Weather",
"Quantity",
"Meteorological quantities",
"Climate and weather statistics",
"Weather-related lists"
] |
47,571,590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20151 | NGC 151 is a mid-sized barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Cetus.
The galaxy was discovered by English astronomer William Herschel on November 28, 1785. In 1886, Lewis Swift observed the same galaxy and catalogued it as NGC 153, only for it later to be identified as NGC 151.
The galaxy, viewed from almost face on, has several bright, blue, dusty spiral arms filled with active star formation. One noticeable feature of the galaxy is a large gap between the spiral arms.
Two supernovae have been observed in NGC 151. On 22 July 2011, PTF11iqb (type IIn, mag. 17.1) was discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory, and on 24 June 2023, SN 2023lnh (type Ia, mag. 18) was discovered by ATLAS.
See also
List of NGC objects (1–1000)
References
External links
0151
NGC 0151
NGC 0151
002035
Astronomical objects discovered in 1785
Discoveries by William Herschel
-02-02-054 | NGC 151 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 211 | [
"Cetus",
"Constellations"
] |
47,571,696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes%20of%20Chemistry | The Heroes of Chemistry is an award given annually by the American Chemical Society. It highlights teams responsible for creation of innovative and impactful products based on chemistry and chemical engineering and is intended to show how human welfare is improved by industrial chemical scientists and their companies.
The Heroes of Chemistry was first awarded in 1996. Multiple awards are given yearly. The award has recognized products from a variety of companies and a variety of fields. Winners include pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, zeolites, chemical processes, and polymers. The award has evolved over time. In early years, many individuals were named based on a body of work. More recently, the award has been granted to development teams responsible for commercialized products.
See also
List of chemistry awards
References
External links
List of winners
Academic awards
Chemistry awards
International awards | Heroes of Chemistry | [
"Technology"
] | 159 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Chemistry awards",
"International science and technology awards"
] |
47,572,355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marasmius%20aporpus | Marasmius aporpus is a species of fungus in the large agaric genus Marasmius. Found in Chile, it was described as new to science in 1969 by mycologist Rolf Singer.
See also
List of Marasmius species
References
External links
aporpus
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of Chile
Taxa named by Rolf Singer
Fungus species | Marasmius aporpus | [
"Biology"
] | 72 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,572,385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marasmius%20austrorotula | Marasmius austrorotula is a species of fungus in the large agaric genus Marasmius. Found in Argentina, where it grows on the fallen leaves of South American mountain bamboos (Chusquea spp.), it was described as new to science in 1969 by mycologist Rolf Singer.
See also
List of Marasmius species
References
External links
austrorotula
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of Argentina
Taxa named by Rolf Singer
Fungus species | Marasmius austrorotula | [
"Biology"
] | 93 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,572,400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6mpp%20Encyclopedia%20Natural%20Products | The Römpp Encyclopedia Natural Products is an encyclopedia of natural products written by German chemists who specialize in this area of science. It is published by Thieme Medical Publishers.
See also
Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon
References
Further reading
External links
German encyclopedias
Natural products
Encyclopedias of science | Römpp Encyclopedia Natural Products | [
"Chemistry"
] | 61 | [
"Natural products",
"Medicinal chemistry"
] |
47,572,496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marasmius%20exiguus | Marasmius exiguus is a species of fungus in the large agaric genus Marasmius. Found in Chile, it was described as new to science in 1969 by mycologist Rolf Singer.
See also
List of Marasmius species
References
External links
exiguus
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of Chile
Taxa named by Rolf Singer
Fungus species | Marasmius exiguus | [
"Biology"
] | 74 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,572,529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marasmius%20lomatiae | Marasmius lomatiae is a species of fungus in the large agaric genus Marasmius. It is found in Argentina, where it grows on the dead leaves of Lomatia, Luma and Nothofagus species. The fungus was described as new to science in 1969 by mycologist Rolf Singer.
See also
List of Marasmius species
References
External links
lomatiae
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of Argentina
Taxa named by Rolf Singer
Fungus species | Marasmius lomatiae | [
"Biology"
] | 96 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,572,634 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marasmius%20munyozii | Marasmius munyozii is a species of fungus in the large agaric genus Marasmius. It is found in Chile, where it grows on dead grass leaves. The cap is white, with a pale cinnamon-ochraceous colored center and a slightly grooved margin. The fungus was described as new to science in 1969 by mycologist Rolf Singer.
See also
List of Marasmius species
References
External links
munyozii
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of Chile
Taxa named by Rolf Singer
Fungus species | Marasmius munyozii | [
"Biology"
] | 107 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,572,661 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marasmius%20pacificus | Marasmius pacificus is a species of fungus in the large agaric genus Marasmius. It is found in Chile, where it grows on the fallen leaves of Aextoxicon, Laurelia, and Myrtaceae. The fungus was described as new to science in 1969 by mycologist Rolf Singer.
See also
List of Marasmius species
References
External links
pacificus
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of Chile
Taxa named by Rolf Singer
Fungus species | Marasmius pacificus | [
"Biology"
] | 94 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,572,776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%20van%20der%20Avoird | Ad van der Avoird (born 19 April 1943) is a Dutch theoretical chemist. He was professor of theoretical chemistry at the Radboud University Nijmegen.
Education and career
Van der Avoird was born on 19 April 1943 in Eindhoven. He studied at Eindhoven University of Technology, obtaining his PhD under George Schuit in 1968 with a thesis titled: "Perturbation theory for intermolecular forces : application to some adsorption models". He was professor of theoretical chemistry at the Radboud University Nijmegen and took up emeritus status in 2008 although he kept working. In 2013 Van der Avoird provided a theory on the relation between two benzene rings and their possible motion, the discovery was published with Gerard Meijer and a German research team in a paper in Angewandte Chemie. The model solved a decade old scientific issue.
Honors and awards
On 25 April 2014 he was made a Knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion, one of only fifteen appointees that year. Amongst other accomplishments he was given the honor for his model of benzene dimer.
Van der Avoird became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1979. He is also member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.
References
External links
Profile at Radboud University Nijmegen
1943 births
Living people
20th-century Dutch chemists
21st-century Dutch chemists
Academic staff of Radboud University Nijmegen
Eindhoven University of Technology alumni
Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
People from Eindhoven
Theoretical chemists | Ad van der Avoird | [
"Chemistry"
] | 337 | [
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Quantum chemistry",
"Physical chemists",
"Theoretical chemists"
] |
47,572,883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell%20growth%20factor | T-cell growth factors acronym: TCGF(s) are signaling molecules collectively called growth factors which stimulate the production and development of T-cells. A number of them have been discovered, among them many members of the interleukin family. The thymus is one organ which releases TCGFs. TCGFs have been able to induce T-cell production outside the body for injection.
List of TCGFs
IL-2
IL-7
IL-9
IL-15
References
Immunology
Growth factors | T-cell growth factor | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 105 | [
"Immunology",
"Growth factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
47,572,997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced%20thymic%20epithelial%20cell | An induced thymic epithelial cell (iTEC) is a cell that has been induced to become a thymic epithelial cell.
References
Stem cells
Thymus
Organ transplantation | Induced thymic epithelial cell | [
"Biology"
] | 39 | [
"Biotechnology stubs"
] |
47,573,033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marasmius%20valdivianus | Marasmius valdivianus is a species of fungus in the large agaric genus Marasmius. Found in Chile, the fungus was described as new to science in 1969 by mycologist Rolf Singer.
See also
List of Marasmius species
References
External links
valdivianus
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of Chile
Taxa named by Rolf Singer
Fungus species | Marasmius valdivianus | [
"Biology"
] | 75 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
51,678,199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20genetic%20resources%20for%20food%20and%20agriculture | Animal genetic resources for food and agriculture (AnGR), also known as farm animal genetic resources or livestock biodiversity, are genetic resources (i.e., genetic material of actual or potential value) of avian and mammalian species, which are used for food and agriculture purposes. AnGR is a subset of and a specific element of agricultural biodiversity.
AnGR could be embodied in live populations or in conserved genetic materials such as cryoconserved semen or embryos. The diversity of animal genetic resources includes diversity at species, breed and within-breed level. Known are currently 8,800 different breeds of birds and mammals within 38 species used for food and agriculture. The main animal species used for food and agriculture production are cattle, sheep, goats, chickens and pigs. In the livestock world, these species are often referred to as "the big five". Some less-utilized species include the dromedary, donkey, bactrian camel, buffalo, guinea pig, horse, rabbit, yak, goose, duck, ostrich, partridge, pheasant, pigeon, and turkey.
History of animal genetic resources
The history of animal genetic resources begins about 12,000 to 14,000 years ago. The domestication of major crop and livestock species in the early neolithic time period changed our human evolution and lifestyles. This ability to control food production led to major demographic, technological, political and military changes. Consecutively, thousands of years of natural and human selection, genetic drift, inbreeding, and crossbreeding have contributed to the diversification of animal genetic resources and increased the variety of environments and production systems that livestock keeping takes place. Relatively few species have been domesticated; out of the world's 148 non-carnivorous species weighing more than 45 kg, only 15 have been successfully domesticated. The proportion of domesticated birds used for food and agriculture is even lower- 10 out of 10,000. The reason these numbers are so low is because it is rare to find species with all of the behavioral and physiological traits necessary for domestication. These traits include lack of aggression towards humans, a strong gregarious instinct, a "follow the leader" dominance hierarchy, a tendency not to panic when disturbed, a diet that can be easily supplied by humans (herbivores), a rapid growth rate, relatively short intervals between births, and large litter size.
Besides their initial domestication, dispersion and migration of these domesticated species has had an equally important impact on shaping the composition of livestock diversity. The process of migration likely varied between regions, but certainly involved the movement of human populations and cultural exchanges between populations. In order to look back and determine where livestock domestication occurred, osteometric information from archaeological sites, and ancient livestock DNA studies are useful tools.
Other factors such as mutations, genetic drift and natural and artificial selection have also played a role in shaping the diversity of livestock populations. As animal populations migrated away from their original sites of domestication, sub-populations were formed through geographic and genetic isolation. Interbreeding within these sub-populations between individuals that thrived in the local prevailing environmental conditions (and were thus better able to reproduce) contributed to the formation of distinct groups of animals, known as breeds. This isolation of sub-populations allowed the simultaneous increase in diversification between these sub-populations and increase in uniformity within them. Human intervention through artificial selection of animals with desirable characteristics further increased the differentiation among and uniformity within breeds. Examples of traits that have been deliberately selected by humans include growth rate, milk or egg production, coat color, meat quality, and age of maturity, among many others. The process of artificial selection has been the main reason for gains in output from commercial breeds, whereas the adaptation of indigenous livestock to diverse and challenging environments (natural selection) has been the main factor for their continued survival and production value. Overall, selection, whether it be natural or artificial, generally results in reduced genetic variation.
Over the past 250 years the greatest changes in livestock diversity and creation of formal breeds have occurred mainly due to changes that began in England in the late 18th century. These changes have included development of systematic pedigree and performance recording and applying specific breeding objectives. This led to the fixation of breed-specific traits and an increase in productivity. Some breeds were interbred as distinct, isolated populations, while many breeds continued to interact with each other as a result of intentional cross-breeding or unintended introgression. Before the end of the 19th century, several breeds had been absorbed by other populations. In the 19th century, railways and steamships increased the long-distance transportation of livestock. After the Second World War, artificial insemination became common in cattle and pig breeding. As a result of these developments, a limited number of transboundary commercial breeds, such as the Holstein cow and Large White pig, have become very widespread and nowadays increasingly dominate livestock production globally. Thus, understanding the origins and the history of distribution of livestock is central to maintaining their current utilization and long-term conservation as resources.
Benefits and uses of livestock diversity
The wide number of livestock breeds and the genetic diversity within them mean that animal genetic resources have a substantial value to society. The different breeds provide a wide range of animal products and services for the benefit of humankind. The diversity of animal genetic resources allows livestock to be raised successfully in a diverse range of different environments and underpins the supply of a range of different products and services: from meat, milk and eggs to fuel, manure and draught power.
Diversity also allows the flexibility to change breeding goals if needed and emphasize alternative traits in response to changes in markets or other conditions. For example, the Holstein Friesian Cow, which is widely used for its whole milk production. Changes in cereal feed availability or demand for low-solid-content milk may decrease the advantage of breeding Holstein cows.
Different breeds produce specific wool, hairs and leather for clothing, carpets and furniture and are often the basis for traditional garments.
Local breeds that were developed by a given community often have a huge cultural significance for that community. Livestock are often a source of wealth and are critical for its maintenance. They appear frequently in art and often play key roles in traditional customs, such as religious ceremonies, sporting events and weddings. Cultural ecosystem services also create significant economic opportunities in fields such as tourism (including, in the context of food and agriculture, farm holidays and visits to areas with historical or scenic farming or forest landscapes) and recreational hunting.
Breeds that have been developed primarily through natural selection have effectively evolved with their environments and usually provide ecosystem services, such as landscape management, vegetation control, and promotion of biodiversity, that are critical for maintaining those landscapes. For example, the Engadine sheep, which were near extinction in the 1980s, today help to preserve centuries-old grassland in the Alps by eating invasive shrubs. Grazing livestock also help sequester carbon by removing plant material and encouraging regrowth and thus the movement of carbon from the air into soil organic matter.
Greater livestock diversity allows humans to be better prepared to meet future challenges, such as climate change. Having access to a range of diverse livestock traits may allow for greater ability to cope with harsh climates and emerging diseases. Animals with unique adaptive abilities, such as resistance or tolerance to diseases and pests, or ability to thrive on poor feed and cope with dry or hot climates can help humans be more resilient to changes in climate. Within breeds, greater genetic diversity allows for continued selection for improving a given trait, such as disease resistance.
Values of animal genetic resources
"From a formal economic perspective, AnGR can have various different types of value for conservation. These values can be categorized as follows
Direct use value – results from benefits obtained from the utilization of animal genetic resources, such as the production of milk or meat.
Indirect use value – results from the provision of support or protection to other activities that produce benefits, such as through the provision of regulating and supporting ecosystem services (e.g. cycling of soil nutrients, seed dispersal, fire control).
Option value – results from the potential benefits of having a given resource available for the future; for example, having genetic variability available that can be used to respond to market and environmental changes.
Bequest value – results from benefits that might be obtained from the knowledge that others may derive benefits from the animal genetic resource in the future.
Existence value – results only from the satisfaction of knowing that a given animal genetic resource exists, even if no other type of value can be derived from it.
Increasing the direct use value will contribute to the economic sustainability of a breed and therefore to the potential for successful conservation activities."
Threats to livestock diversity
The Pantaneiro cattle of Brazil are only one example of many at risk of extinction. Despite the importance of animal genetic resources, their diversity has been continually decreasing over time.
"Factors as causes of genetic erosion:
(Indiscriminante) cross-breeding
Introduction/increased use of exotic breeds
Lack of/weak AnGR management policies, programmes or institutions
Breeds not profitable/competitive or have poor performance
Intensification of production or decline of traditional production systems or small farms
Disease/disease management
Loss/lack of grazing land or other elements of the production environment
Inbreeding or other problems in the management of breeding
Migration from countryside/uptake of alternative employment
Changes to consumer/retailer demand/ habits
Mechanization
Value of locally adopted breeds not appreciated
Unspecified economic/market factors
Climate change
Globalization, trade liberalization or imports
Lack of infrastructure or support for production, processing or marketing
Aging farmers or lack of interest among the young generation"
One of the greatest threats to livestock diversity is pressure from large-scale commercial production systems to maintain only high-output breeds. Recent molecular studies have revealed that the diversity of today's indigenous livestock populations greatly exceeds that found in their commercial counterparts.
Climate change and its impact on livestock is being studied. Changes in climate will affect livestock and food production in many ways. In Africa, different regions are predicted to experience different changes in weather patterns. For example, parts of Madagascar and Mozambique are predicted to have a drier than average rainy season, while just north in parts of central Africa, a wetter December–January season is expected.
Some major disease threats that livestock currently face include, rinderpest, foot and mouth disease, and Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), also known as sheep and goat plague.
Current state of the world's animal genetic resources
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has taken initiative and published two global assessments of livestock biodiversity: The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (2007) and The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (2015).
Although many diverse species and breeds of animals are currently available for food and agricultural production, there is more work to be done on classifying their risk of extinction: in 2014, 17% of the world's farm animal breeds are at risk of extinction and 58% are of unknown risk status, meaning that the problem may be underestimated. The world's pool of animal genetic resources is also currently shrinking, with rapid and uncontrolled loss of breeds and conjointly their often uncharacterized genes. Nearly 100 livestock breeds have gone extinct between 2000 and 2014. With the loss of these breeds comes the loss of their unique adaptive traits, which are often under the control of many different genes and complex interactions between the genotype and the environment. In order to protect these unique traits, and the diversity they allow, collaborative global efforts towards the characterization and management of these genetic resources must be made. Unlike plants, which can be easily conserved in seed banks, a large portion of livestock genetic diversity relies on live populations and their interactions with the environment.
Progress is being made in the characterization and management of animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. Recent advances in molecular genetics have provided data on the history and current status of animal genetic resources. Genetic markers and molecular studies are being used to characterize livestock diversity and to reconstruct the events that have shaped the present diversity patterns, including ancestry, prehistoric and historical migrations, admixture, and genetic isolation. Exploration of the past is essential to understand trends and to better characterize the current state of animal genetic resources. In 2009, six years after the completion of the human genome project, cattle became one of the first livestock species to have a fully mapped genome.
Some general conclusions from recent molecular studies show that individual breeds only differ by typically 40% in total genetic molecular composition; species differ by about 80% of their genetic material. Additionally, breeds with well-defined and appreciated traits tend to be inbred and have low genetic diversity, while non-descript local populations tend to have high molecular genetic diversity.
Management of animal genetic resources
Characterization of animal genetic resources
Characterization of animal genetic resources is a prerequisite for its management. Advances in molecular genetics have provided us with tools to better understand livestock origin and diversity. There are many technologies capable of determining genetic profiles, including whole genome sequencing, shotgun sequencing, RNA sequencing and DNA microarray analysis. These techniques allow us to map genomes and then analyze their implications through bioinformatics and statistical analysis. Molecular genetic studies, especially genome-wide association studies and whole-genome sequencing allow adaptive traits to be linked to genomic regions, genes, or even mutations. For example, horn size, meat quality, gait, and prenatal growth in cattle all have single genes found to be responsible for these phenotypic traits.
Specific regions of DNA, such as quantitative trait loci (QTL), include genes affecting observable traits and thus have statistically detectable associations with those traits. However, DNA polymorphisms that are not linked to specific traits are now more commonly used as markers for genetic diversity studies. Different levels of genetic diversity information can be obtained from different kinds of genetic markers. For example, autosomal polymorphisms are used for population diversity estimates, estimation of genetic relationships and population genetic admixture, whereas mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms are used to detect geographic regions of domestication, reconstructing migration routes and the number of female founders. Drawing such inferences is possible because mitochondrial DNA sequences are transferred only through egg cells of the female.
Some general conclusions from recent molecular studies show that individual breeds within species show variation at only about 1% of the genome, whereas the variation of genetic material between species is about 80%. Additionally, breeds with well-defined and appreciated traits tend to be inbred and have low genetic diversity, while non-descript local populations tend to have high molecular genetic diversity.
Sustainable use of animal genetic resources
There are many forms of livestock-keeping, that all have their own pros and cons in terms of maintaining genetic diversity. Systems range from completely human-controlled to wild. They differ in terms of animal management, animal treatment, environmental impact, and market infrastructure.
Industrial livestock production
Industrial livestock production or intensive animal farming employs large-scale, principally landless systems. The animals are separated from the land where their feed is produced, and their environment is highly controlled by management interventions. Since a vast majority of consumers demand low-cost products, industrial livestock production has become common. However, there are several issues with industrial livestock production systems including disease, antibiotic use and ethical animal treatment. Living in densely packed cages or small spaces makes animals more prone to disease transmission from one animal to another.
Small-scale livestock production
Small-scale livestock production entails less intensive production cycles, access to outdoors or pasture, typically judicious use of antibiotics, and a connection to local niche markets. This type of livestock production can be maintained in peri-urban and rural settings. There are advantages and disadvantages to each. While it is more difficult and costly to find land for livestock in peri-urban settings, incorporating livestock to small-scale farms can greatly increase the local food supply, reduce garden waste, and provide manure. Peri-urban environments can also provide excellent foraging for bees, with less exposure to the pests, diseases, and even pesticides that can be devastating to a colony. Conversely, rural small-scale livestock production is traditionally more common, and allows for larger-scale operations (although much smaller than industrial systems). However, access to formal markets, both to acquire inputs and to sell outputs, is critical for economic sustainability. Close rural-urban linkages are important to overcome constraints of feed scarcity and to better utilize the advantages of each system.
Mixed farming
Mixed farming systems involves livestock keeping integrated with other agricultural activities. These systems are similar to small-scale systems, but tend to be in a more rural setting, given the need for larger tracts of land for crop production. As with small-scale livestock production, access to formal markets is critical.
Ranching or grass-based production
These systems revolve around access to privately owned or rented grasslands, which the ruminant livestock feed on. In general, the livestock keeper has a fixed home and animals move around the property as needed to obtain freshly grown grass.
Pastoralism
Pastoralism plays an important role in livestock management and food security, since pastoralists can produce food where no crops can grow. This system usually relies entirely on publicly owned grasslands. Pastoralists move their livestock herds based on the season, which is also known as transhumance. Nomadic pastoralists follow an irregular pattern of movement. Current issues that pastoralists face include conflict over land rights, access to water, limited food resources, integration into global markets, and animal diseases. Climate change has been believed to harm pastoralists, but evidence suggests that the root causes of land disputes are historical and political, rather than climate-related. Land rights are an issue for pastoralists, as many governments and organizations, including conservation efforts may restrict their access to valuable resources and land.
Conservation of animal genetic resources
For some breeds, opportunities for sustainable use are limited. For such breeds, to ensure that their critical genetic diversity is not lost, conservation programs are required. Several approaches for conservation can be applied, including in situ conservation with live animal populations, and ex situ conservation or cryoconservation involving the freezing of genetic materials. In many instances, both of these approached are used in a complementary manner. In order to establish and strengthen these programs, more research on methods and technologies must be undertaken, especially for less common livestock species, and greater financial investment is required.
Many countries are currently operating conservation programs for their animal genetic resources, at least for some species and breeds. In situ conservation programs are the most commonly used approach.
Policy for animal genetic resources
The management of issues regarding animal genetic resources on the global level is addressed by the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA), which is a body of FAO. In May 1997, The CGRFA established an Intergovernmental Technical Working Group on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITWG-AnGR). The ITWG-AnGR's objectives are to review the situation and issues related to agrobiodiversity of animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. With this knowledge it can make recommendations and advise the Commission on these matters, and consider progress resulting from proposed interventions. This group worked with many partners and countries to produce the First Report on the State of Animal Genetic Resources, which served as the basis for creating the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources (GPA). In 2007, the GPA was adopted by 109 countries as the first agreed international framework for the management of livestock biodiversity. The implementation of the GPA is overseen, monitored and evaluated by the CGRFA. The funding for this program arrives from a wide range of actors, under the guidelines of the Funding Strategy for the Implementation of the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources.
The access and benefit sharing of animal genetic resources are currently regulated by the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit sharing, which is an agreement to the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity. The Nagoya Protocol entered into force on 12 October 2014 and aims to provide a legal framework for the fair and equitable distribution of benefits arising from the utilization of all genetic resources, including animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. This protocol may have both positive and negative impacts on the exchange of animal genetic resources between signatory countries.
Within the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development, AnGR are addressed under the target 2.5: "By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed."
Which is monitored by the following indicators:
"2.5.1: Number of plant and animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in either medium or long term conservation facilities.
2.5.2: Proportion of local breeds, classified as being at risk, not at risk or unknown level of risk of extinction."
Although policies can have some negative consequences, they are nonetheless important. Lack of adequate policies can lead to the insufficient capacity to manage AnGRs, further a loss of genetic diversity and marginalization of relevant stakeholders, such as pastoralists, who are valuable players in maintaining livestock diversity.
To help regulate the ownership of genetic resources and control their utilization is one example where policies are necessary. Patenting of genetic resources is one approach that has been applied. Patenting of animal genetic resources reached its apex in the late 1990s, focusing on expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with associations in economically important traits. SNPs are important in marker-assisted breeding for the identification of traits such as meat or milk quality. At the same time, patenting activity involving transgenic livestock also increased. However, work on patents and characterization of AnGR declined sharply from 2001, caused by a combination of factors including an increasingly restrictive approach to the patentability of DNA sequences by patent offices and a lack of markets for food products from transgenic animals. Trends in activity arising from genome sequencing projects merit careful attention with regard to their implications (positive or negative) for animal genetic resources management.
Increasingly complex issues are emerging that require balancing the interests of many stakeholders. In a time of rapid and unregulated change, livestock and their products should be used sustainably, developed and ultimately conserved. National planning should integrate "consumer affairs, human health matters, and the management of new biotechnologies, as well as physical and spatial planning of animal production in the context of urban expansion and protected areas."
There are many online databases for policies, national laws, treaties and regulations on food, agriculture and renewable natural resources, including animal genetic resources. FAOLEX is one of the largest online databases, and is run by FAO.
References
External links
Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
Domestic Animal Diversity Information System
Implementing the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources
The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
Monitoring for Environment and Security in Africa (MESA)
Foodtank: Protecting Disappearing Livestock Breeds
Global Databank for AnGR- DAD-IS
The American Livestock Conservancy
Domestic Animal Genetic Resources Information System (DAGRIS)
Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity
International Livestock Research Institute
Biodiversity databases
Information systems
Animals by conservation status
Agricultural research
Food and Agriculture Organization
Agrarian politics | Animal genetic resources for food and agriculture | [
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51,678,457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Connell%20effect | The O'Connell effect is an asymmetry in the photometric light curve of certain close eclipsing binary stars. It was named after the astronomer Daniel Joseph Kelly O'Connell, SJ of Riverview College in New South Wales who in 1951 studied this phenomenon and distinguished it from the so-called periastron effect described by earlier authors, as it does not necessarily appear near the periastron, when tidal effects and an increase in mutual radiation may cause an increase in luminosity.
The effect
The out-of-eclipse brightness maxima of some binary stars are unequally high. This is contrary to expectations that the observed luminosity of an eclipsing binary should be the same when its components switch positions every half period. The maximum following the primary minimum is nearly always brighter than the preceding one. This is called the positive O'Connell effect, the reverse case is referred to as the negative O'Connell effect. The difference increases with the ellipticity of the stars, and the differences in their sizes and densities. Also, spectral differences have been observed between subsequent maxima.
Attempts at explanation
In some systems where the phenomenon has been observed, such as in CG Cygni, RT Lacertae, XY Ursae Majoris, or YY Eridani, the luminosity difference between subsequent maxima has been found to be variable, in others relatively stable. Furthermore, it has been observed in a variety of configurations, such as over-contact, semi-detached, and near contact systems alike. These factors make an explanation difficult and suggest that various mechanisms may be responsible for the effect to manifest. Several reasons have thus been proposed: an asymmetric distribution of starspots, impacts of one-way gas streams between the components of the binary system, or the flow of circumstellar matter, asymmetrically deflected due to Coriolis forces.
Examples
The O'Connell effect has been observed, among others, in the binary systems W Crucis, RT Lacertae, CX Canis Majoris, TU Crucis, AQ Monocerotis, DQ Velorum, and CG Cygni.
References
External links
A Possible Explanation of the O’Connell Effect in Close Binary Stars
-
Unsolved problems in astronomy
Periodic phenomena
Optical phenomena | O'Connell effect | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
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51,680,380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AuTx | AuTx is a terpolyaramide fibre that was developed from 2005 to 2012 by Alchemie Group.
History
The brand name was created by Haslen Back that led the team with the assistance of Kamenskvolokno https://www.kvolokno.ru/ and Dr Igor Tikhanov at NPO Termotex. It is based on Russian aramid 29.4tex fibre that was modified under program with the US DoD, PEO Soldier led by Dr James Zheng to lighten the weight of the IOTV body armour vest. By 2012 the fragmentation resistant panels made from AuTx were 27% lighter than from Kevlar. A terpolyaramide fibre at 60Tex is now made in the USA by DuPont and sold under the Kevlar EXO brand.
AuTx-FR is a fire-resistant fibre with high thermal stability and a high LOI, and strength at elevated temperatures with minimal thermal degradation. The process of forming AuTx-FR fibres allows the LOI to be varied between 40 and 70, with a trade-off for lesser strength the higher the LOI number is.
The history of AuTx started in 1976 with the creation of the first Russian para-aramid fibres under the name SVM (Super High modulus Fibre). The process of fibre forming was principally different from those used while forming Kevlar and Twaron aramid fibres. The SVM fibre had high strength (190-220 cN/tex), high modulus (75-100 GPa), and high elongation at break (3,0-4,0%). This fibre was used in high-strength lightweight composites and as a fabric in the creation of first flexible Russian bullet-proof vests.
During the next 20 years, SVM-based fabric was the main material for flexible anti-fragmentation and bullet-proof vests and helmets for the Russian military and other governmental and private security organizations. Hundreds of thousands of vests and helmets were supplied, and some of them are in use today. The next generation of Russian aramid fibre was created and put into large-scale production in 1989 for composite applications under the trade name of ARMOS. The main features of this fibre were its long lifetime under load (more than 15 years), high modulus (110-160 GPa) and produced without any sizing.
The current generation of fibres that have become the base for AuTx materials appeared in 1997 under the trade name RUSAR (an abbreviation for Russian Aramid). This fibre has high strength (230-270 cN/tex for AuTx WE and 300+ cN/tex for AuTx DWE), high modulus (100-140 GPa) and elongation at break at (2,6-3%) and is extremely environmentally resilient.
AuTx fibres and fabrics are based on RUSAR fibre technology. AuTx is available in rovings, woven and non-woven textiles and composites used for ballistic protection or structural applications where strength to weight ratios are a premium.
References
Synthetic fibers | AuTx | [
"Chemistry"
] | 655 | [
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51,682,055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-component%20gas%20analyzer%20system | A multi-component gas analyzer system (Multi-GAS) is an instrument package used to take real-time high-resolution measurements of volcanic gases. A Multi-GAS package includes an infrared spectrometer for CO2, two electrochemical sensors for SO2 and H2S, and pressure–temperature–humidity sensors, all in a weatherproof box. The system can be used for individual surveys or set up as permanent stations connected to radio transmitters for transmission of data from remote locations. The instrument package is portable, and its operation and data analysis are simple enough to be conducted by non-specialists.
Multi-GAS instruments have been used to measure volcanic gases at Mount Etna, Stromboli, Vulcano Italy, Villarrica (volcano) Chile, Masaya Volcano Nicaragua, Mount Yasur, Miyake-jima and Mount Asama Japan, Soufrière Hills Montserrat, with permanent installations at Etna and Stromboli.
The development of this instrument has helped scientists to monitor real-time changes in volcanic gas composition, allowing for more rapid hazard mitigation and an enhanced understanding of volcano processes.
System mechanics
Multi-component gas analyzer systems are used for measuring the major components of volcanic gases. CO2, SO2, H2S, and pressure-temperature-humidity sensors are typically included in a package. Other electrochemical sensors have been successfully incorporated as well, including for H2 and HCl. The instruments are packaged in compact, portable, weather-resistant containers allowing for in situ measurements of various types of outgassing terrains. Gas is pumped into the system at a constant flow rate through a silicone tube placed near the location of interest. A data-logger is used to automatically record and convert the voltage values from the sensors into gas composition values. While the field use of a multi-GAS is simple, postprocessing of the data can be complex. This is due to factors like instrument drift, and atmospheric or environmental conditions. The system can be used for short term or long term studies. Short term usage can include powering the multi-GAS by a lithium battery and moving it around to desired locations or setting up a multi-GAS in a fixed location for a short period of time. Long term studies involve setting up a permanent installment for an extended time. These stations can be set-up with terrestrial (e.g. 3G) or satellite radio transmitters to send data from distant locations.
Volcano monitoring
Monitoring changes in gas composition allows for an understanding of changes occurring in the associated volcanic system. Multi-GAS measurements of real-time CO2/SO2 ratios can allow detection of the pre-eruptive degassing of rising magmas, improving the prediction of volcanic activity. As magma rises beneath the surface CO2 solubility decreases and the gas readily exsolves, leading to an increase in the CO2/SO2 ratio. A new input of CO2-rich magma into a previously degassed system would also cause the CO2/SO2 ratio to rise, indicating changes in volcanic activity. During a two year study at Mount Etna quiescent periods had CO2/SO2 ratios <1, but during the lead up to an eruption values as high as 25 were seen. Magmatic or hydrothermal input can be monitored by the temporal variations in H2S/SO2 ratios, advancing the understanding of future eruptive behavior. CO2/H2S ratios are used to define the characteristic gas composition of the sampled area. The ratio can be a tool for understanding how the magmatic gas may have been scrubbed. Other molar ratios and gas species measured by a multi-GAS can provide information for further analysis of volcanic conditions.
Case studies
Multi-GAS stations have been employed at many volcanoes all around the world and due to its simple design it can be employed by many groups, like scientists, for academic purposes, or government agencies like the USGS, that can use data for public safety reasons. In Europe and Asia volcanoes like Stromboli and Vulcano, Mount Yasur, Miyake-jima and Mount Asama are well monitored with stations. In the Americas, Villarrica, Masaya Volcano, Mount St. Helens, and Soufrière Hills are also observed with instruments for changes in volcanic gas output.
Mount Etna, Italy
A permanent multi-GAS installment was placed by Mount Etna's summit crater to collect real-time measurements of H2O, CO2, and SO2 over a 2-year period. Data was used to correlate increasing CO2/SO2 ratios with rising magma beneath the edifice and associated volcanic eruptions.
Krýsuvík, Iceland
A multi-GAS was emplaced in the Krýsuvík geothermal system to collect real-time time-series data of H2O, CO2, SO2, and H2S. Molar ratios were compared with local seismic data; increased gas ratio values followed episodes of increased seismicity. Degassing activity increases after ground movement due to the opening of new paths (e.g. fractures) in the crust for the gas to flow.
Yellowstone, United States
To help understand caldera dynamics a multi-GAS was used to measure temporal variations in volcanic gases at Yellowstone. Temporal variations coincided with atmospheric and environmental fluctuations. Molar ratios fell within a binary mixing trend.
Nyiragongo, Democratic Republic of the Congo
CO2/SO2 molar ratios from multi-GAS measurements confirmed a previous observation that an increase in lava lake levels correlates with an increase in the CO2/SO2 ratio.
Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project (DECADE)
The DECADE project supported initiatives to set up and expand the use of permanent instrumentation for continuous CO2, and SO2 measurements from volcanoes. Multi-GAS systems have been set up at volcanoes such as Villarrica, Chile and Turrialba, Costa Rica.
See also
Prediction of volcanic activity
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
Differential optical absorption spectroscopy
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
References
External links
USGS Volcano Hazards Program: Monitoring Gas & Water Methods
Scientific instruments
Volcanology | Multi-component gas analyzer system | [
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51,682,311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MulteFire | MulteFire is an LTE-based technology that operates standalone in unlicensed and shared spectrum, including the global 5 GHz band. Based on 3GPP Release 13 and 14, MulteFire technology supports "listen-before-talk "for co-existence with Wi-Fi and other technologies operating in the same spectrum. It supports private LTE and neutral host deployment models. Target vertical markets include industrial IoT, enterprise, cable, and various other vertical markets.
The MulteFire Release 1.0 specification was developed by the MulteFire Alliance, an industry consortium promoting it. Release 1.0 was published to MulteFire Alliance members in January 2017 and was made publicly available in April 2017. The MulteFire Alliance is currently working on Release 1.1 which will add further optimizations for IoT and new spectrum bands.
The MulteFire Alliance grew to more than 40 members in 2018. Its board members include Boingo Wireless, CableLabs, Ericsson, Huawei, Intel, Nokia, Qualcomm and SoftBank Group.
See also
LTE in unlicensed spectrum
References
External links
https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/technologies/lte/multefire
https://networks.nokia.com/products/multefire
Internet of things
LTE (telecommunication)
Mobile technology
Network access
Wireless networking standards | MulteFire | [
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51,682,417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGAS | OGAS (, "National Automated System for Computation and Information Processing") was a Soviet project to create a nationwide information network. The project began in 1962 but was denied necessary funding in 1970. It was one of a series of socialist attempts to create a nationwide cybernetic network.
The US government in 1962 regarded the project as a major threat due to the “tremendous increments in economic productivity” which could disrupt the world market. Arthur Schlesinger Jr, historian and special assistant to President Kennedy, described “an all out Soviet commitment to cybernetics” as providing the Soviet Union a “tremendous advantage” in respect to production technology, complex of industries, feedback control and self-teaching computers.
Concept
The primary architect of OGAS was Viktor Glushkov. A previous proposal for a national computer network to improve central planning, Anatoly Kitov's Economic Automated Management System, had been rejected in 1959 because of concerns in the military that they would be required to share information with civilian planners.
Glushkov proposed OGAS in 1962 as a three-tier network with a computer centre in Moscow, up to 200 midlevel centres in other major cities, and up to 20,000 local terminals in economically significant locations, communicating in real time using the existing telephone infrastructure. The structure would also permit any terminal to communicate with any other. Glushkov further proposed using the system to move the Soviet Union towards a moneyless economy, using the system for electronic payments.
In 1962, Glushkov estimated that had the paper-driven methods of economic planning continued unchanged in the Soviet Union, then the planning bureaucracy would have grown by almost fortyfold by 1980.
He urged the full implementation of the OGAS project to Politburo members in 1970 with the view: "If we do not do [the full OGAS] now, then in the second half of the 1970s the Soviet economy will encounter such difficulties that we will have to return to this question regardless."
Glushkov sought financial funding with an estimated amount of "no less than 100 billion rubles" or equivalent to $850 billion in 2016 U.S. dollars but believed the saving returns would be fivefold on the first fifteen-year investment.
The project failed because Glushkov's request for funding on 1 October 1970 was denied. The 24th Communist Party Congress in 1971 was to have authorised implementation of the plan, but ultimately endorsed only expansion of local information management systems. Glushkov subsequently pursued another network plan, EGSVT, which was also underfunded and not carried out.
The OGAS proposal was resented by some liberals as excessive central control, but failed primarily because of bureaucratic infighting. It was under the auspices of the Central Statistical Administration, and fell afoul of Vasily Garbuzov, who saw a threat to his Ministry of Finance. When EGSVT failed, the next attempt, SOFE, was done in 1964 by Nikolay Fedorenko, who attempted to build an information network that could be used in economic planning in Soviet Union's planned economy. The project was successful at a micro-level but did not spread into wide use.
Cybernetic economic planning
Beginning in the early 1960s, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union considered moving away from the existing Stalinist command planning in favor of developing an interlinked computerized system of resource allocation based on the principles of Cybernetics. This development was seen as the basis for moving toward optimal planning that could form the basis of a more highly developed form of socialist economy based on informational decentralization and innovation. This was seen as a logical progression given that the material balances system was geared toward rapid industrialization, which the Soviet Union had already achieved in the preceding decades. But by the early 1970s the idea of transcending the status quo was abandoned by the Soviet leadership, who felt the system threatened Party control of the economy. By the early 1970s official interest in this system ended.
By the end of 1970s the "natural" development of Soviet computers lead to creation of the project called Akademset aimed at construction of nationwide optic fiber and radio/satellite digital network but only the Leningrad part of it was actually implemented before dissolution of the USSR. By 1992 Soviet computers serving it were destroyed and in 1990 USSR/Russia obtained a state-independent global Internet connection via telephone to Finland due to efforts of a private telecom enterprise called Relcom.
2016 book
In 2016, a book dedicated to OGAS was published in the US, entitled How Not to Network a Nation: The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet, by Benjamin Peters, professor at University of Tulsa. Harvard University professor Jonathan Zittrain commented that the book "fills an important gap in the Internet's history, highlighting the ways in which generativity and openness have been essential to networked innovation". A reviewer of the book at MIT wrote: "Soviet attempts to build a national computer network were undone by socialists who seemed to behave like capitalists".
See also
Akademset
ARPANET
Cybernetics—in the Service of Communism
Cybernetics in the Soviet Union
Era of Stagnation
Economic planning
History of the Internet
History of the Internet in Russia
Planned economy
Project Cybersyn
Scientific socialism
The Lucas Plan
Notes
References
Experimental computer networks
Science and technology in the Soviet Union
Cybernetics
Communications in the Soviet Union
Economic planning
Information management
Socialism
Government by algorithm | OGAS | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,103 | [
"Information systems",
"Government by algorithm",
"Automation",
"Information management"
] |
51,682,418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geobacter%20bremensis | Geobacter bremensis is a gram-negative, metal-reducing species of bacteria. Isolates of this species were initially discovered in samples of mud from ditches in Bremen, Germany. Isolates of the related species Geobacter pelophilus were found in the same source.
Isolates of G. bremensis have been tested for their use in producing electricity.
See also
List of bacterial orders
List of bacteria genera
References
External links
Type strain of Geobacter bremensis at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Bacteria described in 1993
Thermodesulfobacteriota | Geobacter bremensis | [
"Biology"
] | 120 | [
"Bacteria stubs",
"Bacteria"
] |
51,682,515 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20brain%20hypothesis | In neuroscience, the critical brain hypothesis states that certain biological neuronal networks work near phase transitions. Experimental recordings from large groups of neurons have shown bursts of activity, so-called neuronal avalanches, with sizes that follow a power law distribution. These results, and subsequent replication on a number of settings, led to the hypothesis that the collective dynamics of large neuronal networks in the brain operates close to the critical point of a phase transition. According to this hypothesis, the activity of the brain would be continuously transitioning between two phases, one in which activity will rapidly reduce and die, and another where activity will build up and amplify over time. In criticality, the brain capacity for information processing is enhanced, so subcritical, critical and slightly supercritical branching process of thoughts could describe how human and animal minds function.
History
Discussion on the brain's criticality have been done since 1950, with the paper on the imitation game for a Turing test. In 1995, Andreas V. Herz and John Hopfield noted that self-organized criticality (SOC) models for earthquakes were mathematically equivalent to networks of integrate-and-fire neurons, and speculated that perhaps SOC would occur in the brain. Simultaneously Dimitris Stassinopoulos and Per Bak proposed a simple neural network model working at criticality which was expanded later by Dante R. Chialvo and Bak. In 2003, the hypothesis found experimental support by John M. Beggs and Dietmar Plenz. The critical brain hypothesis is not a consensus among the scientific community. However, there exists more and more support for the hypothesis as more experimenters take to verifying the claims that it makes, particularly in vivo in rats with chronic electrophysiological recordings and mice with high-density electrophysiological recordings.
References
Brain
Biological hypotheses | Critical brain hypothesis | [
"Biology"
] | 376 | [
"Biological hypotheses"
] |
51,684,378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXAPT | EXAPT (a portmanteau of "Extended Subset of APT") is a production-oriented programming language that allows users to generate NC programs with control information for machining tools and facilitates decision-making for production-related issues that may arise during various machining processes.
EXAPT was first developed to address industrial requirements. Through the years, the company created additional software for the manufacturing industry. Today, EXAPT offers a suite of SAAS products and services for the manufacturing industry.
The trade name, EXAPT, is most commonly associated with the CAD/CAM-System, production data, and tool management software of the German company EXAPT Systemtechnik GmbH based in Aachen, DE.
General
EXAPT is a modularly built programming system for all NC machining operations as
Drilling
Turning
Milling
Turn-Milling
Nibbling
Flame-, laser-, plasma- and water jet cutting
Wire eroding
Operations with industrial robots
Due to the modular structure, the main product groups, EXAPTcam and EXAPTpdo, are gradually expandable and permit individual software for the manufacturing industry used individually and also in a compound with an existing IT environment.
Functionality
EXAPTcam meets the requirements for NC planning, especially for the cutting operations such as turning, drilling, and milling up to 5-axis simultaneous machining. Thereby new process technologies, tool, and machine concepts are constantly involved. In the NC programming data from different sources such as 3D CAD models, drawings or tables can flow in. The possibilities of NC programming reaches from language-oriented to feature-oriented NC programming. The integrated EXAPT knowledge database and intelligent and scalable automatisms support the user. The EXAPT NC planning also covers the generation of production information as clamping and tool plans, presetting data or time calculations. The realistic simulation possibilities of NC planning and NC control data provide with production reliability.
EXAPTpdo (EXAPT ProductionsDataOrganization) provides a neutrally applicable technology platform for the information compound of the NC planning - to the shop floor. This applies to all NC production data that are necessary for the set-up of NC machines, for the provision, presetting, and stocking of manufacturing resources and provided by EXAPTpdo in a central database. Besides classical functions of the tool management system (TMS) as the management of cutting tools, measuring, testing and clamping devices the technology data management and tool lifecycle management (TLM) is also included. System-supported "where-used lists" helps to handle the manufacturing resource cycle by secured requirement determination and requirement fulfillment. Unnecessary transports and unplanned dispositive adjustments are dropped, stocks are reduced, set-up times reduced and the throughput is increased. EXAPTpdo synchronizes involved systems within the value chain. Stock systems, MES systems or ERP systems (e.g. from the purchasing or production areas) do not work in isolation from each other but they interact with each other. EXAPTpdo provides the base to Smart Factory, for more flexibility in production and faster communication.
History
With the foundation of the EXAPT-Verein in 1967 as spin-off of the universities Aachen, Berlin and Stuttgart the further development "EXAPT (EXtended Subset of APT)" of the programming language "APT (Automatically Programmed Tool)" was focused and so the first milestone for the EXAPT history was set.
In the same year the system EXAPT 1 for drilling and simple milling tasks became available.
1969 The industrial application of EXAPT 2 for the programming of NC machines with 2-axis linear and path control begins. In the following year, the development of the EXAPT modular system starts.
1972 BASIC-EXAPT is provided for the universal, homogeneous programming of all NC tasks. The support is made by the EXAPT applications consultancy.
1973 EXAPT 1.1 is provided for the programming of straight-cut and continuous-path controlled drilling and milling machines and machining centers. At the Hanover Fair (IHA 73) the interactive access to a mainframe via a time-sharing terminal for the part program entry and correction is presented and starts the replacement of the punch card.
1974 The possibilities for the use of process computers for the NC data transfer are leveled out. EXAPT offers the possibility of the result simulation when using plotters with display of tool paths and tools in assignment to the workpiece.
In April 1975, the EXAPT NC Systemtechnik GmbH was founded with the aim, of enabling entry into the NC technique for small and medium-sized companies by a complete product and service program. In the following year, the system portfolio is extended with further system modules and service programs and the provision of postprocessors.
1978 The development activities on the EXAPT module system started in 1970 are completed. Using modern software techniques, the different system parts BASIC-EXAPT, EXAPT 1, EXAPT 1.1, and EXAPT 2 are composed of a total system. System support and applications consultancy become a new working focus.
From the beginning to the middle of the 1980s Beside new portable software modules for CAD/CAM applications (e. g. CAPEX, NESTEX, CADEX, CADCPL), the first version of the EXAPT DNC system and extensions of the EXAPT NC programming system for the machining of sculptured surfaces are presented.
1988 EXAPT expands the software product range by systems for tool data management (BMO) and production data management (FDO). EXAPT trains more than 1,300 course participants including company-specific courses.
1992 The first version of the completely new product generation EXAPTplus is presented and the agency in Dresden is opened.
1993 The company name "EXAPT NC Systemtechnik GmbH" is changed to "EXAPT Systemtechnik GmbH." EXAPTplus is presented on PC under Windows NT at the EMO '93. The decentralization of the use of EXAPT systems expands the range of applications. In the following year, EXAPT-DNC is executable under Windows on a customary PC. Special hardware is not needed and so it can be used in compound with the database-supported EXAPT production data management system (FDO).
1995 EXAPTplus is also ready for complex application cases such as machining of tubes at extrusion tools. EXAPT-CADI provides the transfer of 2D CAD data to EXAPTplus. With the new office Gießen the marketing is strengthened. In the following year the EXAPT NC editor is developed for the direct processing of NC control data with tool path display and visualization of the tools.
In the course of the market entry of more comfortable 3D CAD systems for the solid modelling of components a detailed evaluation of current systems is made in 1997. It is decided to use SolidWorks as a reference system for the solid-oriented NC planning with EXAPT.
1998 The first solution for the transfer of geometry data between SolidWorks and EXAPTplus is generated. The EXAPT organization systems are (beside SQL) also executable under Oracle now. The use of client server solutions supports the data flow in the production.
1999 AFR functions are provided in connection with EXAPTsolid to support a workpiece modelling for NC. The millennium capability is ensured for all EXAPT systems. AFR is a ground-breaking for the integration of third-party products.
2002 EXAPT-BMG is developed for the generation and visualization of tools with additional functions for the assembly from components. The acquisition of tools with their geometric and technological presentation offers extensive support of the NC planning with EXAPT systems.
2003 EXAPTpdo is available to optimize the process chains in production planning and production execution optimally regarding the increasing requirements of changing production conditions.
2004 Diverse system extensions are made in EXAPTplus, EXAPTsolid, EXAPT NC editor, EXAPTpdo for the complete machining on turning/milling centres with result reliability because of more extensive simulation based on realNC (Tecnomatix), for the use of new complex tool systems and the compound use between ERP systems as SAP and intelligent CNC systems. In the following year, EXAPTpdo is extended for the cross-order set-up optimization and provision of manufacturing re-sources especially for single and small series production with connection to purchase and physical portfolio management.
2006 The EXAPT systems are available for extended use as an information platform for production, the time management, and similar requirements. EXAPTsolid is extended for the feature-oriented milling operation and machine simulation. The NC programming of complex machine tools, e.g. three-turret-turning/milling centers is supported by EXAPT systems, as well as the use of multi-functional tools.
2007 A module for 3-5-axis simultaneous milling machining is presented.
References
Application software
Computer-aided design software
Computer-aided manufacturing software
Planning
Industrial machinery
Programming languages | EXAPT | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,871 | [
"Industrial machinery"
] |
51,684,664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20Earth%20Carbon%20Degassing%20Project | The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) project is an initiative to unite scientists around the world to make tangible advances towards quantifying the amount of carbon outgassed from the Earth's deep interior (core, mantle, crust) into the surface environment (e.g. biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere) through naturally occurring processes. DECADE is an initiative within the Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO).
Volcanoes are the main pathway in which deeply sourced volatiles, including carbon, are transferred from the Earth's interior to the surface environment. An additional, though less well understood, pathway includes along faults and fractures within the Earth's crust, often referred to as tectonic degassing. When the DCO was first formed in 2009 estimates of global carbon flux from volcanic regions ranged from 65 to 540 Mt/yr, and constraints on global tectonic degassing were virtually unknown. The order of magnitude uncertainty in current volcanic/tectonic carbon outgassing makes answering fundamental questions about the global carbon budget virtually impossible. In particular, one fundamental unknown is if carbon transferred to the Earth's interior via subduction is efficiently recycled back to the Earth's mantle lithosphere, crust and surface environment through volcanic and tectonic degassing, or if significant quantities of carbon are being subducted into the deep mantle. Because significant quantities of mantle carbon are also released through mid-ocean ridge volcanism, if carbon inputs and outputs at subduction zone settings are in balance, then the net effect will be an imbalance in the global carbon budget, with carbon being preferentially removed from the Earth's deep interior and redistributed to more shallow reservoirs including the mantle lithosphere, crust, hydrosphere and atmosphere. The implications of this may mean that carbon concentrations in the surface environment have increased over Earth's history, which has a significant impact on climate change.
Findings from the DECADE project will increase our understanding of how carbon cycles through deep Earth, and patterns in volcanic emissions data could potentially alert scientists to an impending eruption.
Project goals
The main goal of the DECADE project is to refine estimates of global carbon outgassing using a multipronged approach. Specifically, the DECADE initiative unites scientists with expertise in geochemistry, petrology and volcanology to provide constraints on the global volcanic carbon flux by 1) establishing a database of volcanic and hydrothermal gas compositions and fluxes linked to EarthChem/PetDB and the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program, 2) building a global monitoring network to measure the volcanic carbon flux of 20 active volcanoes continuously, 3) measure the carbon flux of remote volcanoes, for which no or only sparse data are currently available, 4) develop new field and analytical instrumentation for carbon measurements and flux monitoring, and 5) establish formal collaborations with volcano observatories around the world to support volcanic gas measurement and monitoring activities.
History
The DECADE initiative was conceived in September 2011 by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior Commission on the Chemistry of Volcanic Gases during its 11th field workshop. Here the charge of the initiative was broadly defined and the governance structure established. The DECADE receives financial support from Deep Carbon Observatory to meet the project goals, with support distributed to DECADE members based on project proposal submission and external review and/or consensus by the board of directors. All projects are significantly matched by funding sources from the individual investigators or other funding agencies. The initiative is led by a board of directors that has nine members including one chair and two co-vice chairs. Currently, the DECADE initiative has around 80 members from 13 countries.
Achievements
, major achievements supported or partially supported by the DECADE initiative include:
Modification of the IEDA EarthChem database to include volcanic gas composition and gas flux data.
Instrumenting 9 volcanoes (Masaya Volcano, Turrialba Volcano, Poás Volcano, Nevado del Ruiz, Galeras, Villarrica (instruments destroyed by eruption), Popocatépetl, Mount Merapi, Whakaari / White Island) with permanent multi-component gas analyzer system (Multi-GAS) stations for near continuous CO2 and SO2 measurements and near continuous SO2 flux measurements using miniDOAS.
Quantification of volcanic gas emissions and compositions from remote regions such as the Aleutian, Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea volcanic arcs.
First measurements of gas emissions from Mount Bromo and Anak Krakatau Volcanoes, Krakatoa Indonesia.
Establishing volcanic gas chemical changes as eruption precursors at Poás and Turrialba Volcanoes, Costa Rica.
Airborne sampling of volcanic plumes for carbon isotopes and analyses using Delta Ray Infrared Isotope Spectrometer.
Determination of diffuse CO2 degassing in the Azores.
Quantification of global CO2 emissions from volcanoes during eruptions, passive degassing and diffuse degassing
Volcanoes
The following volcanoes are currently monitored by the DECADE initiative:
Map of the DCO DECADE project volcano installations
See also
References
External links
Deep Earth Carbon Degassing
Earthchem/petdb The Petrological Database
Global Volcanism Program
Volcanism
Geophysics
Carbon | Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project | [
"Physics"
] | 1,049 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Geophysics"
] |
51,685,197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zasmidium%20cellare | Zasmidium cellare, also known as cellar mold, is a species of fungus that exists in dark, ethanol-rich environments and is brown to black in colour. This species primarily exists in wine and brandy cellars in central and southern Europe, but can be found in surrounding regions and is thought to be helpful in the wine-making process by some and a hygienic issue by others. Not much is known about Z. cellare's sexual biology and is thought to be beneficial to the cleanliness of cellar air due to its ability to consume musty odours.
Taxonomic history
Z. cellare was originally classified by C. H. Persoon in 1794 under the name Racodium cellare – Racodium being a classification for plants that have no real relation or resemblance to each other. It would not be long, however, before Persoon retracted his original name, assigning Antennaria cellaris - another plant genus designation. It wasn't until Elias Fries that this species was designated correctly as a fungus under the name Zasmidium cellare in 1849.
Over the years, there has been much contention over this classification, however. The first was Schanderl in 1936 who claimed that the genus Cladosporium was more fitting than Zasmidium. Though Cladosporiums can be common indoor molds with brown or black colonies and have dark, pigmented conidia, that is where the similarities with Z. cellare end. Cladosporiums usually exist on plant material and their spores are often air dispersed, having a large abundance in outdoor environments, which simply isn't the case for Z. cellare. The second and third claim that Z. cellare was characterized incorrectly both occurred in 1971 by M. B. Ellis and Hawksworth who proposed Rhinocladiella cellaris and Rhinocladiella ellisii, respectively. Hawksworth along with Riedl in 1977 re-proposed Rhinocladiella ellisii, but in 1979 was criticized by De Hoog as the genus Rhinocladiella characterized Z. cellare's asexual (conidial) form of which the fungus rarely presents in and decided that Z. cellare was the most appropriate name for this species. To prevent any further contention, de Hoog amended the genus Zasmidium to include fungi with undifferentiated conidiogenous cells with wavy branches, "denticulate rachis", and pigmented scars.
Today, the literature agrees that the proper classification is in fact Zasmidium cellare of the division Ascomycota, representing spore shooting fungi; the class Dothideomycetes, which are fungi that grow in what are considered hostile or non-optimal conditions to most fungal species; the order Capnodiales, which typically grow masses of black cells; and the family Mycosphaerellaceae, which is a grouping of sac fungi.
Growth and morphology
Growth inhibition
Z. cellare shares many morphological characteristics with another fungus, Cladosporium sphaerospermum (commonly found on shower ceilings and can live off of the oil in paints). Though C. sphaerospermum is very hard to get rid of with rigorous cleaning, Z. cellare requires very little in the way of interference to inhibit its growth, as even the slightest bit of care for the cleanliness of a cellar can prevent traces of the organism. The use of steel tanks for aging is also another inhibitor of Z. cellare growth, as steel is less porous than wood and prevents alcohol vapour from diffusing into the environment, and alone can be the sole contributor to the species' extinction as claimed by Henry Tribe (2006).
Morphology
Z. cellare growth typically includes hyphae (up to 5000 μm in length with walls 0.5-0.6 μm thick) with very small conidiophores, often not distinguishable from vegetative hyphae, upon which spores are produced at the end of teeth-like structures that are less pigmented than the basal portion of the conidiophore. Aerial hyphae are usually rough and darkly coloured, 2-2.5 μm wide, with thick walls, while the submerged hyphae are smooth and 2-3 μm wide. The Aerial hyphae are observed to have conidiogenous cells (thought to be remnants of conidiophores) primarily on the terminal of the hyphae, sometimes on the sides, that are cylindrical and 20-60 μm long and 2-2.5 μm wide. The structure of the colony is circular (7mm in diameter after 14 days at 24 °C in vitro), elevated and fuzzy in texture due to branched, filamentous growth. Large colonies can amalgamate into amorphous structures that optimizes the absorption of volatile compounds from the air, moving away from a more circular shapes and creating sheets of mycelium, especially under very humid conditions.
In vitro, Z. cellare is characterized as being morphologically similar to Stenella araguata, which both reside in the order Capnodiales and family Mycosphaerellaceae.
Ecology
Z. cellare was first recorded existing is cellars in 1696. Since that time it has not spread much, existing primarily in dark, humid, ethanol-rich cellars containing barrel aged wine, brandy or other spirits of central and southern Europe, Hungary, Poland, Great Britain and Nigeria.
The presence of Z. cellare in any of these regions is completely dependent on human activity, however. For example, there are wineries in Italy that are devoid of Z. cellare but also maintain a level of cleanliness in their cellars, while other Italian wineries cherish its presence and often feed it left over wine, encouraging its proliferation. When Z. cellare is present, however, it is commonly found on brickwork and timber next to its food sources and can also, on the rare occasion, be found in nearby soil.
Physiology
Sexual physiology
The sexual state of Z. cellare is difficult to define, but there seems to be a common consensus in the literature that this fungus rarely, or never, presents itself as its anamorph. With that determined, the literature is ripe with contrary findings on what the proper state of the fungus is. Some argue that there is no optimal state, inherently defining it as either amorphous or in flux between anamorph and teleomorph, while others claim that it is all together sterile, reproducing by fragmentation. There is evidence, however, that Z. cellare produces spores which could mean that it reproduces through asexual dispersal, but that is only a probable guess. What is known is that spore concentration is 2 times higher in cellars with Z. cellare than ones that do not. Further insights are awaited on this topic before the reproduction of this species is known, but this aspect of its life cycles makes Z. cellare unique among most other Ascomycota due to its difficulty to define by biology.
Mitochondrial genome
Apart from its reproduction, Z. cellare possesses an additional quality that, too, makes it distinct in its division. Of all filamentous ascomycete, Z. cellare contains the smallest known mitochondrial genome at 23 743 base pairs, which is achieved by its mitochondrial DNA coding for proteins using smaller genes - lacking introns, non-essential genes and what is known as noncoding, or junk, DNA. Furthermore, there is an unusual feature in the sequence of this mitochondrial DNA consisting of a repeated 110 base pair sequence that is inverted and separated by 1 000 base pairs. As interesting as this is in the field of genetics, this is found to not be significant in any way.
Food consumption and energy production
Primarily, the food source of Z. cellare is ethanol from the process of barrel aging, but upon further investigation it was found that Z. cellare can survive, and even thrive, on much more. Chlebicki and Majewska (2010) discovered that this fungus can utilize any volatile, oxygen-containing organic compound including various other alcohols, esters, acetic acids, acetylaldehydes, as well as formaldehyde and thymol. Out of these compounds, it is found that alcohols and acids that are three to five carbons in length are preferred by this organism, but will gladly feed on any length of the former compounds if need be. As well, concentration is not a crucial factor by any means as the typical laboratory air concentration for volatile, organic compounds is enough for Z. cellare to grow.
Given that alcohols are the fungus's main food source, it is likely that the organism produces energy via the citric acid cycle, where ethanol is converted to acetaldehyde, then to acetic acid, then to acetyl-CoA via various enzymatic pathways which then joins the citric acid cycle to create energy for the organism from the oxidation of acetyl-CoA. However, this is not proven.
Pathology
Z. cellare has no recorded pathological effect on healthy individuals and has long been considered beneficial to human health by traditional, European winemakers who found a correspondence to the presence of this fungi and the elimination of musty odours. Schanderl (1950) saw it as proof that the volatile food sources of Z. cellare backed up this claim and too considered the presence of this fungus to be beneficial to human health. However, in unhealthy individuals such as English physician Sir John Floyer, the presence of Z. cellare had different consequences for him. In his essay A Treatise of the Asthma (1698), he mentions that being in the vicinity of a cellar, which at that time in Great Britain would likely be covered in Z. cellare, will trigger asthma attacks. Though this is circumstantial evidence, it is an indication that Z. cellare might cause an immunological reaction in certain predisposed individuals that biology has yet to investigate.
References
Fungi described in 1794
Taxa named by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon
Mycosphaerellaceae
Fungus species | Zasmidium cellare | [
"Biology"
] | 2,097 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
51,687,009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle%20Cloud | Oracle Cloud is a cloud computing service offered by Oracle Corporation providing servers, storage, network, applications and services through a global network of Oracle Corporation managed data centers. The company allows these services to be provisioned on demand over the Internet.
Oracle Cloud provides infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), software as a service (SaaS), and data as a service (DaaS). These services are used to build, deploy, integrate, and extend applications in the cloud. This platform supports numerous open standards (SQL, HTML5, REST, etc.), open-source applications (Kubernetes, Spark, Hadoop, Kafka, MySQL, Terraform, etc.), and a variety of programming languages, databases, tools, and frameworks including Oracle-specific, open source, and third-party software and systems.
Services
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Oracle's cloud infrastructure was made generally available (GA) on October 20, 2016 under the name "Oracle Bare Metal Cloud Services." Oracle Bare Metal Cloud Services was rebranded as Oracle Cloud Infrastructure in 2018 and dubbed Oracle's "Generation 2 Cloud" at Oracle OpenWorld 2018. Oracle Cloud Infrastructure offerings include the following services:
Compute: The company provides Virtual Machine Instances to provide different shapes (VM sizes) catering to different types of workloads and performance characteristics. They also provide on-demand Bare metal servers and Bare metal GPU servers, without a hypervisor. In 2016, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure launched with bare metal instances with Intel processors. These first bare metal instances offered were powered by Intel servers. In 2018, Oracle Cloud added bare metal instances powered by AMD processors, followed by Ampere Cloud-native processors in 2021. In 2021, Oracle also released its first VM-based compute instances based on Arm processors.
Storage: The platform provides block volumes, file storage, object storage, and archive storage for database, analytics, content, and other applications across common protocols and APIs.
Networking: This cloud platform provides network with fully configurable IP addresses, subnets, routing, and firewalls to support new or existing private networks with end-to-end security.
Governance: For auditing, identity and access management, the platform has data integrity checks, traceability, and access management features.
Database Management / Data Management: Oracle offers a data management platform for database workloads as well as hyper-scale big data and streaming workloads including OLTP, data warehousing, Spark, machine learning, text search, image analytics, data catalog, and deep learning. The platform allows Oracle, MySQL, and NoSQL databases to be deployed on demand as managed cloud services. Oracle Databases uniquely offer the Oracle Autonomous Database (optimized for data warehouse, transaction processing, or JSON), the Exadata shape, as well as Real Application Clusters (RAC).
Load Balancing: The cloud platform offers load balancing capability to automatically route traffic across fault domains and availability domains for high availability and fault-tolerance for hosted applications.
Edge Services: These services can monitor the path between users and resources and adapt to changes and outages. They include Domain Name System (DNS) services from Oracle's acquisition of Dyn.
FastConnect: The cloud platform provides private connectivity across on-premises and cloud networks through providers like Equinix, AT&T, and Colt.
Application Development: For application development, the company’s cloud offers an open, standards-based application development platform to build, deploy, and manage API-first, mobile-first cloud applications. This platform supports container-native, cloud-native, and low code development. This platform also provides a DevOps platform for CI/CD, diagnostics for Java applications, and integration with SaaS and on-prem applications. Services include Java, mobile, digital assistants (evolution from chatbots), messaging, application container cloud, developer cloud, visual builder, API catalog, AI platform, DataScience.com (Oracle acquired) and blockchain.
Integration: This is a platform offering with adapters to integrate on-premise and cloud applications. Capabilities include data integration and replication, API management, integration analytics, along with data migration and integration. They offer services such as data integration platform cloud, data integrator cloud service, GoldenGate cloud service, integration cloud, process cloud service, API platform cloud service, apiary cloud service, and SOA cloud service.
Business Analytics: The company provides this business analytics platform which can analyze and generate insights from data across various applications, data warehouses, and data lakes. The services offered include analytics cloud, business intelligence, big data discovery, big data preparation, data visualization, and essbase.
Security: The Oracle Cloud Platform provides identity and security applications for providing secure access and monitoring of hybrid cloud environment and addressing IT governance and compliance requirements. This platform delivers an identity SOC (Security Operations Center) through a combined offering of SIEM, UEBA, CASB, and IDaaS. The services offered include Identity Cloud Service and CASB Cloud Service.
Management: The platform provides an integrated monitoring, management, and analytics platform. This platform also uses machine learning and big data on the operational data set. The platform is used to improve IT stability, prevent application outages, improve DevOps, and harden security. Services offered include Application Performance Monitoring, Infrastructure Monitoring, Log Analytics, Orchestration, IT Analytics, Configuration and Compliance, Security Monitoring, and Analytics.
Content and Experience: This is a platform for content, website, and workflow management. This service is used to provide content collaboration and web presence. This tool comes integrated with Oracle on-premise and SaaS services. The services offered are Content and Experience Cloud, WebCenter Portal Cloud, and DIVA Cloud.
In 2016, Oracle acquired Dyn, an internet infrastructure company. On May 16, 2018 Oracle announced that it had acquired DataScience.com, a privately held cloud workspace platform for data science projects and workloads. In April 2020, Oracle became the cloud infrastructure provider for Zoom, an online and video meeting platform. The same month, Nissan announced its migration to Oracle Cloud for its high-performance computing (HPC) workloads used for simulating the structural impacts of a car design. Xerox announced a partnership with Oracle Cloud in 2021, where Xerox will use Oracle’s cloud-computing capabilities within its business incubator.
Software as a Service (SaaS)
Oracle provides SaaS applications also known as Oracle Cloud Applications. These applications are offered across a variety of products, industrial sectors with various deployment options to adhere to compliance standards. The below list mentions Oracle Cloud Applications provided by Oracle Corporation.
Customer Experience (CX)
Human Capital Management (HCM)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Enterprise Performance Management (EPM)
Internet of Things Applications (IoT)
SaaS Analytics
Data
Industry Solutions (Communications, Financial Services, Consumer Goods, High Tech and Manufacturing, Higher Education, Hospitality, Utilities)
Deployment (adhering to standards for sectors such as Financial Services, Retail Services, Public Sector, Defense)
Block-Chain Cloud Service (in partnership with SAP, IBM and Microsoft)
Blockchain Applications
On July 28, 2016 Oracle bought NetSuite, the very first cloud company, for $9.3 billion.
Data as a Service (DaaS)
This platform is known as the Oracle Data Cloud. This platform aggregates and analyzes consumer data powered by Oracle ID Graph across channels and devices to create cross-channel consumer understanding.
Deployment models
Oracle Cloud is available in 44 regions as of July 2023, including North America, South America, UK, European Union, Middle East, Africa, India, Australia, Korea, and Japan. Oracle Cloud is available as a public cloud (Oracle-managed regions); to selected government agencies as an Oracle-managed government cloud in the United States (with FedRAMP High and DISA SRG IL5 compliance) and United Kingdom; and as a "private cloud" or "hybrid cloud" as an Oracle-managed database-only service or full-service dedicated region - what Oracle calls "Cloud at Customer."
Architecture
Oracle's public and government cloud is offered through a global network of Oracle-managed data centers, connected by an Oracle-managed backbone network. Oracle's Exadata Cloud at Customer leverages this network for control plane services. Oracle deploys their cloud in Regions, typically with two geographically distributed regions in each country for disaster resiliency with data sovereignty. Inside each Region are at least one fault-independent Availability Domain and three fault-tolerant Fault Domains per Availability Domain. Each Availability Domains contains an independent data center with power, thermal, and network isolation.
Oracle Cloud hosts customer-accessible cloud infrastructure and platform services, as well as end-user accessible software as a service from these cloud regions.
See also
Oracle Advertising and Customer Experience (CX)
Oracle Enterprise Resource Planning Cloud
Oracle HCM Cloud
References
External links
End-to-End Automation Testing for Oracle Cloud
Oracle Corporation
Cloud computing providers
Cloud computing
Cloud infrastructure
Cloud platforms
Cloud storage
Internet properties established in 2010
Oracle Cloud Services | Oracle Cloud | [
"Technology"
] | 1,895 | [
"Cloud infrastructure",
"Cloud platforms",
"Computing platforms",
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51,688,291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D%20fold%20evolution | In geology, 3D fold evolution is the study of the full three dimensional structure of a fold as it changes in time. A fold is a common three-dimensional geological structure that is associated with strain deformation under stress. Fold evolution in three dimensions can be broadly divided into two stages, namely fold growth and fold linkage. The evolution depends on fold kinematics, Fold mechanism, as well as a reporting of the history behind folds and relationships by which fold age is understood. There are several ways to reconstruct the evolution progress of folds, notably by using depositional evidence, geomorphological evidence and balanced restoration.
3D fold growth
Under compressional stress, folds grow in all three dimensions, including vertical fold amplification and lateral fold propagation, both along fold crest and perpendicular to fold crests. Three-dimensional fold growth can be observed in areas like the Zagros Mountains in Iraq and Iran as well as Wheeler Ridge in California, United States.
Fold structure
The vertical dimension of a fold can be described as an amplitude. The horizontal dimension of a fold can by described by wavelength and hinge line of a fold. As a fold grows in three-dimension, amplitude, wavelength and the length of the hinge line will increase.
Sheath fold
Sheath folds form in areas where rocks react differently to simple shear, due to variations in competence across layers. The hinge line is severely bent in sheath fold.
Fold kinematics
Under force, rock strata buckle occurs by one of two kinematic processes, either by hinge migration or by limb rotation.
Hinge migration
A fold hinge can migrate when strata are folded by hinge migration but the hinge is fixed when strata are folded by limb rotation. At least one of the fold hinges in the whole fold structure is mobile during three dimensional fold growth. For example, indicated by kinematic models, the structure of a fault-propagation folds should contain three anticlines/synclines with migrating hinges and 1 anticline with fixed hinge limb rotation.
Hinge migration can be distinguished from limb rotation by several structural and geomorphological features.
Growth strata, also known as syntectonic strata, are sedimentary layers that are deposited at the same time as folding. These layers are characterized by decreasing thickness of strata towards crest of an anticline(fig 1). They exist in various geometric patterns. The variation in geometric patterns can be attributed to fold kinematics, rate of uplift and sedimentation rate.
A knickpoint is a morphological term for a section of a present or abandoned river valley that shows an abrupt change in slope, and can be attributed to differential erosion or structural deformation. They are usually associated with waterfalls and lakes.
For the definition of wind gaps, please see subsection #streams deflected around the nose of fold.
Fold mechanism
Folds that may experience prolonged 3D growth can be divided into two groups according to their causes, namely detachment fold and forced fold. They are mainly differentiated by the presence of major fault control on fold structure in forced folds, and the absence of it in detachment folds. Fold causes that do not contribute to significant fold growth in all three dimensions, such as en-echelon folds, drag folds and rollover anticline are not in these groups. Understanding the evolution of folds is important because it helps petroleum geologists to gain a better understanding on the distribution of structural traps of hydrocarbon.
Detachment fold
As shown in the visual analogy for detachment folds in fig 4, folds are found in rock strata above the decollement (paper: incompetent) while rock strata below it (table: competent, if it deforms it will fracture) remains undeformed, as shortening strain is concentrated at the rock strata above decollement. In a setting in which overlapping strata acquires contrasting competency, a decollement (interface between paper and table) is usually found along strata in competent rock unit (such as sandstone) or along the interface of competent and incompetent rock unit (such as an evaporite). A fold acquires higher amplitude, longer wavelength and broader width when rock strata above the decollement are subjected to shortening stress parallel to, or at a low angle to the strata. Apart from stress parameters, contrast of competency across strata and variation of displacement along the decollement are the main factors contributing to fold geometry and three dimensional growth pattern.
Forced fold
Two common types of forced folds are, namely, fault-bend fold and fault-propagation fold. Folding occurs above the hanging wall of a fold ramp in a fault-bend fold, while folding occurs above the truncation of a thrust fault(fault tip) in a fault-propagation fold. They are usually highly asymmetric with one side of the limb much steeper than the other side. Shortening stress is usually at a high angle to the strata and is concentrated along the slipping plane and in the hanging wall of the thrust fault. The fold acquires higher amplitude, longer wavelength and broader width as rock slips along the fault plane of the underlying coeval thrust fault, casting major influence on the three dimensional growth of the fold. Therefore, forced folds are controlled by the fault structure in the basement rocks along planar or listric fault surfaces. The amount of fault displacement would control the amplitude of a fold, the lateral growth of fault would implies lateral growth of fold and fault linkage implies fold linkage on the surface. When compared to detachment folds, contrasting competency across strata is not as pronounced and the tectonic environments that they are found in are often more diverse.
A detachment fold can evolve into a forced fold when shortening stress exceeds the maximum strength of rock, and as a result the decollement may propagate upwards towards the anticlinal core and fault the detachment fold. The resultant structure poses characteristics of both detachment fold and fault propagation fold. An exemplar structure of this kind can be found in Mississippi Fan fold belt in Gulf of Mexico.
Identification of 3D fold growth
Fold growth in cross-sectional, across fold-axis dimension
Modelling of the kinematic evolution of folds in cross-sectional view is usually based on one of the following schemes: balanced restoration, forward kinematic modelling or a combination of the two.
Fold growth in lateral dimension
Section restoration in all three dimension can only be done by highly specialized software and is mainly used for studies in hydrocarbon.
Alternatively, geomorphological evidences, especially drainage features, can be used to determine the lateral propagation direction of fold growth. There are 6 main criteria for identifying lateral fold growth:
Degree of surface dissection and drainage density along fold crest
Drainage density (=total river length/area of drainage basin) and degree of surface dissection decreases along with propagation direction of a fold. Higher drainage density and greater degree of surface dissection in a particular part of a fold segment corresponds to the higher maturity of that part, which can be inferred as that that part has been subjected to erosion for a longer time period after uplift. Hence, it experienced uplift relative earlier than other parts of the foldDelcaillau, B., Carozza, J. M., & Laville, E. (2006). Recent fold growth and drainage development: the Janauri and Chandigarh anticlines in the Siwalik foothills, northwest India. Geomorphology, 76(3), 241–256.. Mathematical analysis of the maturity of drainage which take into the account of stream length and stream order can also be used to establish the relative ages of different drainage basins.
Progressive change of soil profile
Older sections of a fold experience more erosion and therefore have a different soil profile compared to their younger counterparts. Soil profiles can be classified into different stages of development according to morphological stages of carbonate horizons in soil, mass of secondary carbonate, iron oxide content, clay content, thickness of clay-film and color brightness of soil, and thus establishes lateral growth direction of the fold. Furthermore, carbon-14 or uranium-series dating of soil materials would set time constraint on certain parts of the fold and therefore helps fixing the rate of lateral fold growth.
Nevertheless, this criterion of comparison is based on an assumption that time is the only significant factor contributing to the differences of soil profiles across different parts of a fold, and excludes other factors for variation such as parent materials of soil, climate, vegetation and initial topography. Therefore, the progressive change in soil profile is more of a secondary evidence of lateral fold growth.
Structural relief
Structural elevation along fold crest should decrease along the growth direction of a fold because the older part of a fold experiences more uplift than their younger counterpart. However, this can be strongly misleading in active erosional environment where erosion rather than uplift due to fold growth is the dominant shaping force of the landscape and as a result can only be used as secondary evidence of fold growth.
Characteristic drainage pattern on the slope of anticline
An asymmetric forked drainage pattern forms during lateral growth of a fold. The direction along which drainage channels 'bend away' from the fold crest is the direction of lateral fold growth(fig. 7). Imagine the following situation: at an early stage of folding and near the fold tip, river flows approximately along the fold crests towards the end of a fold as river tends to flow down the slope of maximum gradient. As folding continues, that point is no longer located at the fold tip as the fold grows laterally. As the point is uplifted to a higher elevation, the slope of maximum gradient is no longer along the fold crest, but becomes the distance from fold hinge towards the other end of fold limb, which is approximately perpendicular to the original orientation. As a result, the new generation of river flows perpendicular to the fold crest along the fold limbs. Because of strong river erosion in the upper course, some of the drainage channels of the earlier stage are deeply incised into bedrock and therefore river continues to flow along these upper parts of old channels that do not follow the maximum slope gradient. As a result, combining the fold-crest-parallel direction of flow in the upper part of drainage channels (which are inherited from the early stages of deformation) and the fold-crest-perpendicular direction of flow in the middle and lower of drainage channels, an asymmetric drainage pattern that resembles a bent fork results. This criterion is a strong evidence for lateral fold growth.
Streams deflected around the nose of fold
Streams are deflected as they meet uplifted rocks and flow along the boundary of the fold, which is parallel or sub-parallel to fold axis and the curvature of the deflected stream convex towards the direction of lateral fold growth along fold crest.
There are two possible scenarios when the path of a stream is blocked by an uplifted block of rock. First scenario: the stream poses stream power that is high enough to cut through the uplifted rocks, so that the river course will not be significantly altered. A channel is opened in the uplifted rocks due to erosion, a landform known as water gap. It continues to flow until the rock is further uplifted and the river no longer has enough erosive power to cut through it, leading to the second scenario. Second scenario: the stream does not have enough erosive power to cut through the rocks, so it deflected to flow along the boundary of the uplifted block as aforementioned. The abandoned river channel is known as wind gap. From here, the river either flows along the boundary of the fold and bends around the fold tip, or it may cut through the rocks at some points despite the block, due to either, acquisition of enough stream power through stream capture of small tributaries along its flow, or the presence of a particularly weak spot in the rock. In either way the river continues to flow until further uplift of rocks makes the rock too difficult for the river to cut through, which results in, again, the deflection of the channel and formation of a new wind gap.
Wind gaps
Elevation of wind gaps decreases along the growth direction of fold and curvature of curved wind gaps convex towards the growth direction of the fold. Multiple wind gaps can be formed from a single river if there is continuous lateral fold growth and the river keeps being deflected, by abandoning its earlier channel and forming a new one around the outside of the developing fold. In a topographic profile along fold crest, wind gaps appears as deep, narrow v-shaped valley. The incision depth of a wind gap correspond to the period of active river erosion before the channel was abandoned, i.e. the duration of its state of being a river or water gap. Since the time of abandonment of an old river channel(time of formation of a new wind gap) is the time of formation of a new river channel and the start of erosion in the new channel, the base elevation of a wind gap would approximately equals to the surface elevation of its successor, provided that they were formed from the same river. Therefore, the elevation of wind gaps must always decrease along the direction of lateral fold growth along fold crest, which is one of the strongest, although not decisive, evidence of the characteristics of fold growth. As former deflected streams, some of the wind gaps may show curvature that convex towards the direction of lateral fold growth.
In a Digital Elevation Model(DEM), the longitudinal profile of a wind gap shows a convex-upwards trend and that of a water gap shows a concave-upwards or linear trend.
None of the single aforementioned methodologies is decisive on determining 3D fold growth and a combination of methodologies should be used, because similar morphology can be produced by limb rotation and differential erosion across strata of varying competency, which do not implicate three-dimensional fold growth.
Wheeler Ridge, California
Located at southern California, Wheeler Ridge anticline is an east–west trending fault-bend fold, and is part of Pleito-Wheeler Ridge thrust fault system. Structural deformation in the area has been active since late Pleistocene, resulting in significant three-dimensional fold growth.
The eastern end of the anticline has been experiencing fold growth towards the east-southeast.
Firstly, the structural elevation of eastern Wheeler Ridge decreases from the west to east, suggesting that the eastern part of the examined section is uplifted and exposed to erosion at a later time than the western part of the examined section. Thereby it supports a west-to-east fold growth direction
Second, the main flowing river channels show a curvature that bends towards the east-southeast. The curvature seems to a result of gradual uplift of rocks towards the east-southeast and shows resemblance to the patterns of deflected streams during lateral fold growth. Under this assumption, this evidence supports the growth of fold towards the east-southeast.
Third, the abandonment of old river channels (formation of wind gap) can be seen in a topographic profile across ridge crest. As shown in fig.12, the base elevation of the wind gap approximately corresponds to the surface elevation of water gap 1, indicating that the original river channel along the wind gap was abandoned at the same time as water starts to flow in water gap 1 and therefore the two are probably formed from the singer river. It seems that the river originally flowing in the wind gap was deflected due to uplifting and flow along water gap 1 instead. Therefore, there is a strong evidence supporting that fold grows laterally towards east-southeast.
Forth, soil analysis indicates a high level of soil development at the western part of the examined section indicates, and the level of soil development gradually decreases towards the east. It is suggested that western part of the examined area is of an older age comparing to the eastern part, and therefore the fold grows from west to east.
Fold linkage
Orientation of linkage
In an area affected by regional stress, most of the faults and folds are aligned along strike. In forced folds, linkage of folds is strongly associated with linkage of the underlying faults. Growth and displacement of faults are affected by not only the far-field stress of the region but also the position of faults relative to each other. This is a result of a reloading positive feedback mechanism, which suggests that the stress build-up in the population of faults that are aligned along strike are much faster than those located in stress shadow (i.e. transverse to the main alignments), and thus the higher frequency of rupture and growth rates in faults that are optimally aligned. Conversely, the faults that are located in stress shadow are relaxed and have a lower frequency of rupture and growth rates. As localization of deformation among faults continues, some faults may concentrate the stress and upon linking with other faults form a main fault that accommodates most of the displacement in the region. On the other hand, the faults that orient in the stress shadow will decrease in growth rates and even become inactive in the long term. As a result, in a region with pervasive compressional stress, two merged fold segments are usually aligned along-strike, as the folds would probably be rendered inactive if they are not aligned in such favorable ways.
Mode of linkage
Identification of fold linkage
Amid, relative height of surface in the horizontal middle of the surface in the area of approaching fold tips, is useful for defining the status of two approaching structures in the spectrum from no linkage to linear or en-echelon linkage. Relative height is defined as the surface elevation of the point of interest minus the average surface elevation of the area of the approaching fold tips (see fig.15).
If Amid>0, linkage is present.
If Amid<0, linkage is absent.
If Amid~0, the structure is in the transitional zone between linkage and no-linkage.
After determining the presence of linkage between twofold segments, it is possible to identify linear linkage between the segments by a straight antiformal saddle in between the two main folds. For an en-echelon linkage, the main folds of the segments would be linked by a curved antiformal saddle in between.
Further reading
Keller, E. A., Gurrola, L., & Tierney, T. E. (1999). Geomorphic criteria to determine direction of lateral propagation of reverse faulting and folding.Geology, 27(6), 515–518.
Ramsey, L. A., Walker, R. T., & Jackson, J. (2008). Fold evolution and drainage development in the Zagros mountains of Fars province, SE Iran.Basin Research, 20(1), 23–48.
Ahmadi, R., Ouali, J., Mercier, E., Mansy, J. L., Lanoë, B. V. V., Launeau, P., ... & Rafini, S. (2006). The geomorphologic responses to hinge migration in the fault-related folds in the Southern Tunisian Atlas. Journal of Structural Geology,28(4), 721–728.
Grasemann, B., & Schmalholz, S. M. (2012). Lateral fold growth and fold linkage. Geology, 40(11), 1039–1042.
Cowie, P. A. (1998). A healing–reloading feedback control on the growth rate of seismogenic faults. Journal of Structural Geology, 20(8), 1075–1087.
References
Geological processes
Structural geology
Deformation (mechanics) | 3D fold evolution | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 3,991 | [
"Deformation (mechanics)",
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51,689,157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daffodil%20Polytechnic%20Institute | Daffodil Polytechnic Institute is a private polytechnic Institute located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The main campus is located at Dhanmondi. Daffodil Polytechnic Institute has been functioning since 2006 under Bangladesh Technical Education Board (BTEB).
History
The polytechnic was established in 2006 with the approval of Bangladesh Technical Education Board and the government of Bangladesh's Ministry of Education.
Campuses
The institute has multiple campuses within Dhaka. The main campus and the academic building 1 is located in Dhanmondi and the other campus is in Kalabagan with library and hostel facilities for both male and female students.
Academics
Departments
Computer Science & Technology
Electrical Engineering
Civil Engineering
Architecture & Interior Design
Textile Engineering
Telecommunication Engineering
Graphics Design
Apparel Manufacturing
Automobile Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Principals
Mohammad Nuruzzaman (31 July 2006 - 30 April 2013)
K M Hasan Ripon (1 May 2013 - 31 May 2016)
Wiz Khalifa (1 June 2016 - 30 April 2019)
K M Hasan Ripon (1 May 2019 – present)
International activities
A gorup of students from Daffodil Polytech Institute participated in the international volunteering and internship program at Kalinga Institute of Social Science in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
References
External links
Dhanmondi
Engineering universities and colleges in Bangladesh
Civil engineering
Computer engineering
Dhaka District
Private polytechnic institutes in Bangladesh | Daffodil Polytechnic Institute | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 267 | [
"Construction",
"Electrical engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Computer engineering"
] |
51,689,283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20Ozin | Geoffrey Alan Stuart Ozin FRSC is a British chemist, currently Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Materials Chemistry and Distinguished University Professor at the University of Toronto. Ozin is the recipient of numerous awards for his research on nanomaterials, including the Meldola Medal and Prize in 1972 and the Rutherford Memorial Medal in 1982. He won the Albert Einstein World Award of Science in 2011, the Royal Society of Chemistry's Centenary Prize in 2015, and the Humboldt Prize in 2005 and 2019. He has co-founded three university spin-off companies: Torrovap in 1985, which manufactures metal vapor synthesis scientific instrumentation; Opalux in 2006, which develops tunable photonic crystals; and Solistra in 2019, which develops photocatalysts and photoreactors for hydrogen production from carbon dioxide and methane.
Early life and education
Initially planning on entering the family fashion and tailor business, he entered King's College London in 1962, the first member of his family to attend university. Ozin graduated with a first-class honours degree in chemistry from King's College London in 1965, and obtained his PhD in inorganic chemistry at Oriel College, Oxford in 1967 with Prof. Ian R. Beattie. He then was an Imperial Chemical Industries postdoctoral fellow at the University of Southampton from 1967-1969. In 1969, he began his independent career at the University of Toronto as an Assistant Professor. He was promoted to Associate Professor in 1972, and full Professor in 1977.
References
1943 births
Living people
Alumni of King's College London
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Canada Research Chairs
Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates
Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry
Inorganic chemists
Solid state chemists | Geoffrey Ozin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 350 | [
"Solid state chemists",
"British inorganic chemists",
"Inorganic chemists"
] |
51,691,060 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MuLab%20%28MuTools%29 | MuLab is a digital audio workstation application for macOS (OS X) and Windows platforms.
It is developed and maintained by a small company (MuTools, Belgium) led by Jo Langie, a pioneer in sequencer technology since early Atari microcomputers.
While the main MuLab target is electronic music, it can be also used for other musical genres.
It may be also of interest for educational purposes to people learning digital audio processing.
Features
MuLab has most of the features of a standard full DAW: audio/MIDI recording, MIDI sequencing, mixing, automation, control surface interaction, multi-core, stock synths, samplers and effects, multi-projects and templates, etc.
MuLab has an internal architecture built around a modular system (Mux) enabling customized instruments and effects by drawing graphs of modules.
MuLab is also an open environment supporting existing VST plugins.
See also
Comparison of digital audio editors
Comparison of MIDI editors and sequencers
List of music software
Multitrack recording
Music sequencer
Music Workstation
References
"The 20 best DAW software apps in the world today", MusicRadar, 2015.
"Review of Mulab 6 DAW", Andrulian's blog, 2015.
External links
MuTools, official website.
Music sequencers
Digital audio workstation software | MuLab (MuTools) | [
"Engineering"
] | 272 | [
"Music sequencers",
"Automation"
] |
51,691,171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20UAE%20Research%20Program%20for%20Rain%20Enhancement%20Science | The United Arab Emirates Research Program for Rain Enhancement Science (UAEREP) is a global research initiative offering a grant of US$5 million over a three-year period to be shared by up to five winning research projects in the field of rain enhancement.
The cloud-seeding operations were initiated in the late 1990s in the UAE. By early 2001 these operations were being conducted in cooperation with the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Colorado, USA, the Witwatersrand University in South Africa and the US Space Agency, NASA.
Management of the program
The United Arab Emirates Research Program for Rain Enhancement Science is an initiative of the United Arab Emirates Ministry of Presidential Affairs and was launched at the beginning of 2015 under the patronage of His Highness Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Presidential Affairs. It is managed by Alya Al Mazroui and overseen by the National Center for Meteorology (United Arab Emirates) (NCMS) based in Abu Dhabi.
Goals of the program
Advance the science, technology and implementation of rain enhancement and encourage additional investments in research funding and research partnerships to advance the field.
Increase rainfall and water security globally.
Four pathways have been identified to achieve those goals:
Enhance the level of research and innovation in the field;
Advance scientific understanding of rainfall enhancement;
Advance state-of-the-art rainfall enhancement practices and operations;
Enhance and further develop capacity in the field both locally and globally.
Selection process
The research grant is awarded on a yearly basis. The Program invites innovative research and technology proposals from domestic or foreign, public or private, non-profit or for-profit organizations and, in some cases, individuals.
All of the proposals selected are subject to five criteria:
Overall Scientific and Technical Merit, Significance and Innovation (30%);
Approach, Project/Delivery Plan, Milestones and Deliverables (20%);
Investigator/Team (20%);
Required/Available Resources and Budget (20%);
Capacity Building (10%).
Program cycles
The program had the following two cycles.
First cycle
The first cycle of the Program was announced on 20 January 2015. All awardees were selected by a merit review process and announced in January 2016. The awarded research projects were selected based on their ability to promote scientific understanding in the field of rain enhancement science and further develop related technologies, applications, and operations, as well as build capacity.
The three prize-awarded scientists leading the research teams that share this cycle's grant of US$5 million are:
Masataka Murakami, Visiting Professor from the Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University (Japan). Researchers from the University of Tokyo and the Japan Meteorological Agency also contributed to his research project on innovative algorithms and sensors dedicated to identifying the clouds most suitable for seeding.
Linda Zou, Professor of Chemical and Environmental Engineering from the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology (UAE). Prof. Zou has received contribution to her work on nanotechnology to accelerate water condensation from the National University of Singapore and the University of Belgrade. The research explores the different ways of employing current knowledge of nanotechnology to develop novel cloud seeding materials and make rain droplet formation more efficient.
Volker Wulfmeyer, Professor, Managing Director and Chair of Physics and Meteorology at the Institute of Physics and Meteorology in the University of Hohenheim (Germany). His research project deals with cloud seeding optimization, and aims to specifically study convergence zones and land cover modification to enhance precipitation.
In 2015, in total, 325 scientists and researchers affiliated to 151 organizations applied to the Program. These researchers, drawn from 34 countries around the world, cooperated as scientific teams on the submission of a total of 78 pre-proposals.
Second cycle
Announced on January 19, 2016, the Program received 91 pre-proposals from 398 scientists, researchers, and technologists affiliated to 180 institutes from 45 nations. Candidates from 45 countries — including scientists and researchers from 15 new countries such as Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Egypt, Georgia, Hungary, Mexico, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Sweden, and Turkey, sent proposals to the Program.
After a month-long initial review process, 15 pre-proposals have been shortlisted.
on 17 January 2017 The Second Cycle awardees were selected due to their innovative technologies, applications, and operations towards the scientific understanding in the field of rain enhancement science. The awarded scientists include
Paul Lawson
Hannele Korhonen
Giles Harrison
Third cycle
The awardees of the Third Cycle of the Program were announced on 17 January 2018, during Abu Dhabi Sustainability Week (ADSW). The awarded research projects were led by researchers from Russia, USA and China. Selected from a highly competitive field, the awarded projects featured a range of innovative new scientific and technological approaches to rain enhancement.
The three prize-awarded scientists leading the research teams that share the Third Cycle's grant of US$5 million are:
Ali Abshaev, Doctor and Associate Professor at the Hail Suppression Research Center (Russia). His project seeks to create a new method of rain enhancement by stimulating convection and precipitation by using the energy of solar radiation. Preliminary studies using 3D models have demonstrated that artificial updraft can be created by heating up layers of the surrounding atmosphere, ultimately reaching condensation height.
Eric W. Frew, an associate professor in the Ann and H.J. Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences Department and Director of the Research and Engineering Center for Unmanned Vehicles at the University of Colorado Boulder (USA). His project involves an innovative approach towards the enhancement of precipitation based on the use of in-situ real time data to sense, target and implement cloud seeding with auto drones.
Lulin Xue, Chief Scientist of Hua Xin Chuang Zhi Science and Technology LLC (China). The core objectives of his proposed study are to improve knowledge of hygroscopic seeding impacts on the warm rain initiation and quantify the potential seeding impact and uncertainties on UAE rainfall in a 10-year period.
Reflecting the Program's outstanding success and growing international status as a hub for rain enhancement research, the Third Cycle call for research proposals led to 201 pre-proposal submissions being received, representing 710 scientists and researchers affiliated to 316 institutions spread across 68 countries on five continents.
Cloud seeding in the UAE
References
Weather modification
Meteorology research and field projects | The UAE Research Program for Rain Enhancement Science | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,299 | [
"Planetary engineering",
"Weather modification"
] |
51,692,213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20Leo%20Cold%20Cloud | The Local Leo Cold Cloud is a relatively nearby cloud of interstellar gas. It ranges from 11.3 to 24.3 parsecs in distance. The cloud's neutral gas temperature is around 20K, which is cold compared to the 1,000,000K temperature of the Local Bubble in which it is embedded. The hydrogen atom density in this cloud is 3,000 atoms per cubic centimeter, which is dense for interstellar medium. Thermal infrared radiation from dust in the cloud can be detected at 0.1 mm.
References
Interstellar media
Local Bubble | Local Leo Cold Cloud | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 116 | [
"Interstellar media",
"Outer space",
"Plasma physics",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Astrophysics",
"Astrophysics stubs",
"Plasma physics stubs",
"Outer space stubs"
] |
51,692,308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20class%20field%20theory | In mathematics, geometric class field theory is an extension of class field theory to higher-dimensional geometrical objects: much the same way as class field theory describes the abelianization of the Galois group of a local or global field, geometric class field theory describes the abelianized fundamental group of higher dimensional schemes in terms of data related to algebraic cycles.
References
Class field theory
Algebraic geometry | Geometric class field theory | [
"Mathematics"
] | 79 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebraic geometry"
] |
51,693,129 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrol%20Technology%20Centre | The Castrol Technology Centre is a research institute owned by BP in South Oxfordshire, north of Whitchurch-on-Thames.
History
Castrol
Castrol was founded by C.C.Wakefield in 1899, making lubricants (Wakefield lubricator) for railways.
The research site is based at Bozedown House, a former private residence originally built by William Fanning c.1870 and then rebuilt by Charles Palmer in 1907 after the original house was destroyed by fire. It became a chemical research site in the 1950s and was purchased by Castrol in 1976.
In 1993 it won the Queen's Award for Technological Achievement for its Castrol Marine Cyltech 80. Castrol employs around 7,000 staff worldwide. Castrol was bought by BP in 2000.
Structure
The site is around three-quarters of a mile north of the River Thames, east of the B471, accessed from the A4074 at Woodcote. The site has around 500 staff.
Function
Castrol has twelve research sites around the world. The site at Pangbourne is the largest of the twelve sites. Research is done on rheology and the viscosity of engine oil.
See also
Former Esso Research Centre in Oxfordshire
Former Shell Technology Centre in Cheshire
References
External links
Where we operate on BP website
CASTROL R&D: research (archived, 13 Mar 2015)
BP buildings and structures
Chemical industry in the United Kingdom
Chemical research institutes
Motor oils
Research institutes established in 1907
Research institutes in Oxfordshire
South Oxfordshire District
1907 establishments in England | Castrol Technology Centre | [
"Chemistry"
] | 310 | [
"Chemical research institutes"
] |
51,693,223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle-induced%20gamma%20emission | Particle-induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) spectroscopy is a form of nuclear reaction analysis, one of the ion beam analysis thin-film analytical techniques.
Technology
Typically, an MeV proton beam is directed onto a sample which may be tens of microns thick, and the fast protons may excite the target nuclei such that gamma rays are emitted. These may be used to characterise the sample. For example, sodium in glass is of great importance but can be hard to measure non destructively: X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) are both sensitive only to the surface few microns of the sample because of the low energy (and consequent high absorption coefficient) of the Na K X-rays (1.05 keV). But, for example, the 23Na(p,p'γ)23Na reaction has a high and relatively well-known cross-section (see the IAEA "IBANDL" site) and is therefore frequently used for determining bulk sodium content of glasses, since the gamma energy (440 keV) is so high that there is effectively no absorption.
The IAEA has sponsored the development of a database of PIGE cross-sections.
Applications
PIGE has been used to detect total fluorine as a screening tool for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).
References
Ion beam methods
Medical imaging | Particle-induced gamma emission | [
"Chemistry"
] | 298 | [
"Ion beam methods",
"Surface science"
] |
51,693,229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermomyces%20lanuginosus | Thermomyces lanuginosus is a species of thermophilic fungus that belongs to Thermomyces, a genus of hemicellulose degraders. It is classified as a deuteromycete and no sexual form has ever been observed. It is the dominant fungus of compost heaps, due to its ability to withstand high temperatures and use complex carbon sources for energy. As the temperature of compost heaps rises and the availability of simple carbon sources decreases, it is able to out compete pioneer microflora. It plays an important role in breaking down the hemicelluloses found in plant biomass due to the many hydrolytic enzymes that it produces, such as lipolase, amylase, xylanase, phytase, and chitinase. These enzymes have chemical, environmental, and industrial applications due to their hydrolytic properties. They are used in the food, petroleum, pulp and paper, and animal feed industries, among others. A few rare cases of endocarditis due to T. lanuginosus have been reported in humans.
History
The fungus was first described 1899 by Tsiklinskaya, after a chance discovery of it growing on a potato which had been inoculated with garden soil. It was later isolated in 1907 from leaves on warm compost piles by Hugo Miehe. Miehe was the first person to work with thermophilic microorganisms in his study of the spontaneous combustion of damp haystacks. T. lanuginosis was one of four species of thermophilic fungi isolated from self-heating hay by Miehe, along with Mucor pusillus, Thermoidium sulfureum, and Thermoascus aurantiacus.
The fungus was also isolated by a number of different researchers. Griffon and Maublanc isolated it from fungus on moist oats in 1911, but placed it in the genus Sepedonium, as did Velich in 1914. Kurt Noack isolated several thermophilic fungi from natural habitats, including T. lanuginosis, studying their physiology further. Cooney and Emerson provided taxonomic descriptions of the 13 known fungal species during WWII, while studying alternate sources of rubber.
Taxonomy
This species has a number of synonyms, due to different names and categories being applied when it was first being described. Tsiklinskaya originally isolated and described the species, but failed to indicate the size of aleuriospores and didn't include drawings. Photographs of mycelium and spores were inconclusive because they didn't give a true picture of the size or structure due to failure in indicating the magnification. Due to this uncertainty, both Griffon and Maublanc (1911) and Velich (1914) placed it in the genus Sepedonium when they isolated and described it. It has also been placed in the Acremoniella category by Rege (1927) and Curzi (1929).
In 1933 the name Montospora lanuginosa was proposed by Mason, but this was followed by a trend towards accepting the genus Humicola, as proposed by Bunce (1961) because of the questionable status of Montosporra. It was Pugh et al. who reintroduced the genus Thermomyces. Although the literature occasionally refers to this species by the earlier name Humicola lanuginosa, it is now uniformly referred to by its current name Thermomyces lanuginosa.
Genome
The fungus has a number of important industrial applications because it produces the largest amounts of hydrolyzing enzymes of any thermophilic fungus. This has led to an interest in studying its genetics, and subsequently resulted in the sequencing of its genome. The proteome of T. lanuginosis contains 5100 genes, with 83 tRNA genes. One of the features that has been discovered through sequencing of the genome is that the fungus has a ubiquitin degradation pathway, which helps it respond to various environmental stressors, such as nutrient limitation, heat shock, and heavy metal exposure, and may be essential for adaptation during rising temperatures. It is also capable of histone acetylation/deacetylation and contains high numbers of methylases, which play important roles in packing and condensation of DNA.
Growth and morphology
Thermomyces lanuginosus is classified as a thermophile, and experiences rapid growth at high temperatures. In the lab, colonies can be cultured in a glucose-salt liquid medium fortified with peptone. Colonies are white and velvety at first, generally less than 1 mm high, but soon turn grey or green-ish grey, starting from the center. Mature colonies are dull dark brown to black, often with pink or vinaceous diffusing pigment secreted from the colony. Masses of developing aleuriophores can be seen on the fine, colourless hyphae of young colonies when viewed under a microscope. These aleuriophores are short, measure 10-15μ in length, and arise at right angles to the hyphae. They are generally unbranched but occasionally branch once or twice near the base, appearing as a cluster. Septations may occur but are often difficult to observe. Aleuriospores are borne singly at tips of the aleuriophores.
No teleomorph is known for this species. The asexual conida are borne singly on short stalks and are one celled, dark brown, with a roughened surface. Spores are colorless and smooth at first, but turn dark brown during maturation, and the thick exospore becomes wrinkled. Mature spores are spherical, irregularly shaped, and range from 6-10 μ in diameter. Both immature and mature spores can be easily separated from the aleuriophore, which usually ruptures slightly below the point of attachment, so free spores may be found with the top portion still attached.
Thermophilic moulds grown at high temperatures (above 50 °C) contain dense body vesicles in their hyphae that function as storage organelles, mainly for phospholipids. In T. lanuginosus, nine times more lipid storage vesicles are grown at 52 °C than 37 °C. Heavy pigmentation of spores allows them to withstand temperature and heat stress, and the pigments have been found to be similar to hydroxylated pigments in aphids.
Physiology
Temperature effects
Thermophilic fungi are the only eukaryotic organisms that can grow above 45 °C. In general, the minimum temperature required for growth is at least 20 °C, while the maximum is 60 °C or 62 °C. The optimal growth temperature for T. lanuginosus is 45-50 °C. While the maximum yield of spores occurs at 25 °C, their growth is faster at 50 °C. No growth is observed at temperatures below 30 °C or above 60 °C. Enzyme sensitivity and activity of transporters in the fungus also temperature influenced.
Nutrition
Thermophilic fungi are unable to grow under anaerobic conditions and require oxygen to grow. While carbon dioxide is not a nutritional requirement for fungi, T. lanuginosis growth is severely affected by lack of it. This is most likely because carbon dioxide is required for the assimilation of pyruvate carboxylase, needed for development.
In compost heaps where the fungus is commonly found, the availability of soluble carbon decreases as temperature increases, and main carbon sources tend to be polysaccharides like cellulose and hemicellulose. T. lanuginosis is unable to utilize cellulose because it does not produce a cellulase, but it is well adapted to using other complex carbon sources such as hemicellulose. It is capable of growing commensally by using sugars released when cellulose is hydrolyzed by a cellulolytic partner. The hydrolytic products of cellulose and hemicellulose - glucose, xylose and mannose, are transported using the same proton-driven symport. This transport is constitutive, specific, and carrier-mediated, and its sensitivity is temperature dependent.
Thermomyces lanuginosis concurrently utilizes glucose and sucrose at 50 °C, with sucrose being utilized faster than glucose. Both sugars also used concurrently at 30 °C at nearly identical rates. The use of sucrose occurs at the same time as glucose for two major reasons: because the invertase is insensitive to catabolite repression by glucose, and because the activity of the glucose uptake system is repressed by glucose itself as well as by sucrose. The two sugars reciprocally influence their utilization in the mixture.
Enzymes
There are a number of enzymes secreted by T. lanuginosis, and many of them have applications in various industries.
Lipase
The lipase of T. lanuginosis has catalytic centre that contains three amino acids (serine-histidine-aspartic acid) and is covered by a short alpha-helical loop or "lid" that moves to allow substrate access to the active site. A single mutation in the serine alters the lid's motion, which affects enzyme binding affinity. The lipase also contains disulfide linkages but no free —SH group. The productivity and thermostability of the lipase differs with different strains, but it has been found to be stable at a pH of 4 to 11 and optimally active at 8.0. Temperature wise, some activity has been observed at 65 °C, but it is completely inactivated at 80 °C.
The thin mycelial suspensions formed by the fungus make it desirable for use in the production of stable lipase for manufacturing detergents for hot water machine washing.
The immobilization of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) or other lipases on diverse supports utilizing a variety of immobilization techniques has been investigated in scientific literature with the aim of enhancing enzyme stability, reusability, and performance in various biocatalytic applications, such as biodiesel production and ester synthesis. These outcomes highlight the potential of immobilized lipases for industrial-scale applications in the food, beverage, and biofuel sectors, as they offer environmentally friendly and sustainable alternatives for diverse chemical transformations.
Amylase
α-amylase is a dimeric enzyme that can hydrolyse starch, amylose, and amylopectin, but not maltose The α-amylase of T. lanuginosis is most active at slightly acidic conditions and a temperature of 65 °C. At 100 °C it is inactivated by self-association of subunits, converting it to an inactive trimeric species. The enzyme is able to withstand otherwise lethal temperatures and then return to native state with full enzymatic activity, which allows the fungus to survive fluctuating high and low temperatures.
Xylanase
Xylan is the most abundant structural polysaccharide in nature other than cellulose, and is broken down through many enzymes, including xylanase. The xylanase of T. lanuginosus is a polypeptide of 225 amino acids and is highly homologous with other xylanases, but it differs due to the presence of a disulfide bridge that most mesophilic xylanases do not have, and its increased density of charged residues throughout the protein. This makes starch degrading enzymes of T. lanuginosus the most thermostable enzymes among fungal sources. While the temperature optima of most xylanases range from 55 to 65 °C, xylanases of some strains of T. lanuginosus are optimally active at 70 to 80 °C.The xylanase is even stable to denaturants such as urea, and has the ability to refold after denaturing.
Xylanases have found applications in the food, animal feed, and pulp and paper industries as they can be used to breakdown xylan in industrial enzymatic reactions.
Phytase
The phytase of T. lanuginosus has optimum activity at 65 °C and a pH of 6.0. Differential scanning calorimetry has shown that high temperature (69 °C) is required to unfold it.
Phytic acid is the primary storage form of phosphate in cereal, legumes, and oilseeds. These are the main components of animal feed, but monogastric animals and humans are unable to digest phytate completely and do not benefit from the phosphate. Extra phosphorus needs to be added into feed to desphosphorylate the phytic acid because it forms insoluble complexes with some metal ions, making them unavailable for nutrition. There is therefore an interest in the use of phytases to break down the phytic acid and avoid this extra step.
Chitinase
Four putative chitinase encoding genes have been identified in T. lanuginosus. Chitinases are glycosyl hydrolases that break down the β-1,4 linkages of chitin. They are active over broad pH (3.0–11.0) and temperature (30–60◦C) range.
Chitinases are biologically useful because they break down the biopolymer chitin. Chitin poses a severe environmental problem in the form of chitinous waste, which is produced at up to 100 billion metric tonnes annually. They can be used in the degradation of chitin in crude shrimp shells without pre-treatment with harsh chemicals, and also have applications in medicine as chitinase has been found to have antifungal properties.
Glucoamylase
Thermomyces lanuginosus also produced glucoamylase. It has suggested usefulness in the commercial production of glucose syrups because it is insensitive to end product inhibition.
Trehalase
Trehalase is a monomeric glycoprotein with 20% carbohydrate content. It is optimally active at 50 °C. It is produced constitutively in T. lanuginosus, but is strongly bound to the hyphal wall.
Invertase
Thermomyces lanuginosus has a very unstable invertase that can be stabilized by thiols in the lab and inactivated by thiol-modifying compound, suggesting it is a thiol protein.
Adaptations for survival
Thermomyces lanuginosus has a number of adaptations for survival, including homeoviscous adaptation. The concentration of linoleic acid is twofold higher at 30 °C than at 50 °C, meaning it can adjust the fatty acid composition of its membrane in response to temperature to vary the fluidity and keep its enzymes functioning optimally. It can also gain thermotolerance - conidia that are heat shocked show enhanced survival at higher temperatures.
Habitat and ecology
Thermophilic fungi are primarily compost fungi, though T. lanuginosus has also been found to thrive in spoil tips, senescent grass leaves, sewage, and peat and bog soils, and is the dominant species of thermophilic fungi in hot springs. Though it is sometimes found in soil, this is not a natural habitat for T. lanuginosus, and the concentration of spores of thermophilic fungi per gram material is approximately 106 higher in composts than soils. It is proposed that their wide presence in soil is due to dispersal of spores elsewhere and fallout from air.
Thermomyces lanuginosus has two of the most important qualities required for being a compost colonizer - it is able to withstand high temperatures and use complex carbon sources for energy. It produces thermostable hemicellulases that degrade hemicellulose of plant biomass into simpler sugars. As the temperature in compost systems rises, the pioneer flora disappears and thermophilic fungi become dominant. Exothermic reactions of saprophytic and mesophilc microflora raise the temperature to 40 °C, which causes thermophilic spores to germinate and eventually outgrow pioneers, raising the temperature even higher to 60 °C. Around the end of decomposition, thermophilic fungi compose 50-70% of compost microbial biomass. T. lanuginosus is a secondary sugar fungus and can participate in mutualistic relationships with some true cellulose decomposers of composts.
Uses of Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase (TLL)
Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase (TLL) has a number of different chemical, environmental, and industrial applications, where hydrolytic processes are involved. Its regiospecificity allows the oleochemical industry to produce products such as cocoa butter equivalents, human milk fat substitutes, and other specific-structured lipids. It can be used for hydrolysis of oils and fats, alcoholysis or transesterifications of oils and fats, esterification of fatty acids, and acidolysis and interesterification of oils.
The first commercialized lipase to be used in detergents was Lipolase, a fungal lipase initially derived from T. lanuginosus. Lipases help the capability of detergent by removing stains. Lipolases have also been used in ionic liquids - environmentally attractive alternatives to typical organic solvents.
TLL has many uses in organic chemistry, such in resolution of racemic mixtures, and creation of supercritical fluids. Large scale environmental applications include use in the degradation of polymers, treatment of wastewater from the meat industry, pretreatment of wool, and a sensor of fat quality in large scale processing. The lipase has been found to be useful in the production of drugs and drug intermediates, such as anti-tumour agents, because it can help bring about kinetic resolutions of synthetically important chiral building blocks. It also has applications in the petroleum industry as it can be used in the production of biodiesel.
Pathology
Endocarditis caused by the fungus has been reported in humans, but is very rare. The first report of T. lanuginosus endocarditis was made postmortem over 25 years ago in a patient who had prior valvular surgery for Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis, where it remained asymptomatic for more than 6 months. Another case was reported in an otherwise immunocompetent patient who had a prosthetic heart valve inserted following bacterial endocarditis. T. lanuginosus endocarditis was most likely the result of contamination during that surgery. In the latter case, the illness lasted 9 years and was treated with aggressive surgery and voriconaozle therapy.
Risk factors for mould endocarditis include pre-existing lesions, valvular heart disease, prior cardiac surgery (such as valvular surgery, coronary artery bypass grafting, pacemaker or defibrillator insertion and surgery of the aorta) immunosuppression including pregnancy and prematurity, intravenous drug abuse, and having intravenous lines. Symptoms at presentation may include fever, chills, cardiac failure, neurological symptoms including weakness, confusion and visual impairment, respiratory symptoms, skin lesions, chest pain, leg pain, back pain and constitutional symptoms such as anorexia, malaise and weight loss. Fungal endocarditis is fatal without treatment. It has a high morbidity and mortality, as well as a potential for relapse, so patients with uncommon non-Aspergillus mould endocarditis may require lifelong suppressive antifungal therapy.
References
Trichocomaceae
Fungi described in 1899
Fungus species | Thermomyces lanuginosus | [
"Biology"
] | 4,118 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
51,693,407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20navigation | Hybrid navigation is the simultaneous use of more than one navigation system for location data determination, needed for navigation. By using multiple systems at once, the accuracy as a whole is improved. It also allows for a more reliable navigation system, as if one system fails, the other can kick in and provide accurate navigation for the user. Especially for self-driving cars, the exact and continuous knowledge of the navigating object's location is essential.
Function
GPS and other satellite based systems (GLONASS, GALILEO, BEIDOU, QZSS) provide a way to learn one's location, but these methods require free field conditions in order to receive the radio signal. Various satellite systems are subject to switching-off or reduction of data precision by the company or government that runs them. They are also prone to intentional or unintentional disturbances. Even passing through a tunnel or a garage interrupts the data flow. In situations where the signal cannot be received reliably, alternate sources of location data are needed. Combining GPS with other methods can avoid these limitations, but each method has its own specific limitations. A hybrid system provides fault tolerance for each underlying method and improves the overall precision of the result.
The hybrid system needs to decide how to choose among the different methods at any given time. One solution is a triple configuration, allowing 'result voting' for data collecting systems.
Alternate systems that supply navigational data include:
Beacons providing radio- or infrared based signals.
Inertial navigation systems. This system determines location by summing the movement vectors from start of the trip or some other waypoint whose location is well-defined.
Incremental sensors. This system uses vehicle speed data supplied by a Fleet Management System.
Differential GPS. This system uses terrestrial radio transmitters with well-defined locations that broadcast information about how accurate the GPS signals are at identifying the locations of these transmitters.
See also
Automotive navigation system
Hybrid positioning system
Navigation Data Standard
Sensor fusion
References
External links
Homepage of 'Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ortung und Navigation (DGON)'
Wildau Video
Mobile technology
Communication
Navigational equipment | Hybrid navigation | [
"Technology"
] | 424 | [
"nan"
] |
51,693,520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenfold%20Sun%20miracle | The Sevenfold Sun Miracle was an atmospheric phenomenon witnessed in Gdańsk in 1661. It was a complex halo phenomenon, and was described by Georg Fehlau, the pastor of the St Marien church, in a sermon two weeks later, which was then published under the title Siebenfältiges Sonnenwunder oder sieben Nebensonnen, so in diesem 1661 Jahr den 20. Februar neuen Stils am Sonntage Sexagesima um 11 Uhr bis nach 12 am Himmel bei uns sind gesehen worden ("Sevenfold sun miracle or seven sun dogs which were seen in our skies on Sexagesima Sunday, 20th of February of the year 1661 from 11 o'clock until after 12 o'clock") The same event was also described by the astronomer Johan Hevelius the following year in his book Mercurius in Sole visus Gedani.
The event
On 20 February 1661 a complex halo phenomenon was observed by more than 1000 people, including Fehlau and Hevelius, both astronomers, in the city of Gdańsk on the Baltic.
As well as the true Sun, two mock Suns (parhelia) and an anthelion were seen, with halos at 22° and 46°, and topped with an upper tangent arc and a circumzenithal arc, respectively. Of particular interest to modern scientists were the mention of three further mock Suns, one at the intersection of the 22° halo and the upper tangent arc, and two others at 90° to the Sun, also at the intersections of an immense but incomplete halo.
The first is thought to be a particularly bright Parry arc, mistakenly described as a parhelion. The other two and the associated halo, which has been labelled "Hevel's halo", have no theoretical explanation, and have not been recorded since (though one possible sighting was reported in 1909). In the absence of conclusive evidence these observations are regarded as possibly being a misidentification of the rare but not unusual 120° parhelia.
The accounts
On 6 March, two weeks after the event, Fehlau preached at St Mary's church; taking the event, and the widespread interest it created, as his inspiration. His sermon was later published, and contains a full account of the phenomenon.
The following year Hevelius published his book Mercurius in Sole visus Gedani ("Mercury appeared in the Sun, at Gdansk"), principally on the observation of a transit of Mercury, but containing other astronomical information, including an account of the 1661 halos.
As the two accounts are virtually identical, and as Fehlau is known to have visited Hevelius on 3 March at his observatory to look at a comet, modern astronomers believe Fehlau and Hevelius collaborated on the text, though they generally give Hevelius (being the better-known of the two) the credit for the account.
Fehlau's account
The translation of Fehlau's account reads (notes added for clarity):
See also
The Vadersolstavlan; a depiction of a similar event at Stockholm, in 1535
Christoph Scheiner; published the first scientific description of a complex halo event at Rome in 1631
Tobias Lowitz (de); recorded a complex halo event, which included his Lowitz arc, at St Petersburg in 1790
Notes
References
Robert Greenler Rainbows, Halos and Glories (1980) Cambridge University Press
John Naylor Out of the Blue; a 24 hour skywatchers guide (2002) Cambridge University Press
Fred Schaaf The Starry Room; naked eye astronomy in the intimate universe (1988 rev. 2002) Dover Publications
Mark Vornhusen First report on the Danzig Halo Display at meteoros.de; retrieved 21 Sept 2016
External links
Fehlau's book (catalogued) at the Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel
"First report" article at meteoros.de (in German) with Fehlau's original text
Mercurius in Sole visus Gedani by Hevelius at Google Books; full text (in Latin)
Atmospheric optical phenomena
History of astronomy
1661 in science
History of Gdańsk
Events in Gdańsk
1661 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
17th-century meteorology | Sevenfold Sun miracle | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 886 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Earth phenomena",
"History of astronomy",
"Optical phenomena",
"Atmospheric optical phenomena"
] |
51,693,525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEBS%20Open%20Bio | FEBS Open Bio is a monthly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering research and education in molecular and cellular life sciences. It was established in 2011 and is published by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS). According to the journal, papers are not to be excluded on the basis of lack of perceived importance.
Articles originally submitted to other FEBS journals (FEBS Letters, The FEBS Journal, and Molecular Oncology) can be transferred to this journal with their original reviewer reports without the need to resubmit or reformat the manuscript.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
BIOSIS Previews
Embase
Scopus
Science Citation Index Expanded
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 2.101, ranking it 197th out of 289 journals in the category "Biochemistry & Molecular Biology".
References
External links
Molecular and cellular biology journals
Monthly journals
Academic journals established in 2011
Wiley (publisher) academic journals
English-language journals | FEBS Open Bio | [
"Chemistry"
] | 210 | [
"Molecular and cellular biology journals",
"Molecular biology"
] |
73,115,790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-fit%20connection | A form-fit, form-locking or form-closed connection is a type of mechanical connection between two parts (example: screw and screwdriver), wherein these parts due to their forms interlock and block each other along at least one defined linear or rotational direction.
Form-fit connections are created by the interlocking of the connecting components. For example, the lid cannot slip sideways away from the pot because both interlock at the edge. On the other hand, a round lid can be rotated while sitting on the pot, because there is no form-fit against the rotation. Towards the bottom, the lid has a stop against the pot. This is a "half form-fit" because upwards it can be removed.
A form-fit acts via the geometric contact of two effective surfaces, and the effective forces are transmitted as normal forces to the effective surfaces of a driver part (surface pressure and Hertzian contact stress). Typically, some manufacturing-related tolerance occurs in the connection during form-fit.
In a form-fit connection, one connection partner blocks the movement of the other. Such "blocking" occurs in at least one direction. If a second pair of surfaces is arranged opposite, the opposite direction is also blocked.
Description
Is a type of joint between parts, used to hold them together. takes advantage of their geometry. That is, unlike friction fasteners, which rely on clamping force, form-fitting fasteners use, as stated, the shape of the parts themselves to prevent them from separating. Joints can be fixed, articulated or other types.
Examples:
Keys and cotter pins : Used to join shafts and gear wheels.
Dovetail joints: Used in carpentry to join pieces of wood.
Gears : Where the teeth of one gear mesh with the teeth of another.
Tongue and groove
Zipper
In solid assemblies, the forces that can act can be diverse. Often, in addition to the relative shapes, there are other effects (friction, elastic forces, adhesives, etc.) that must be taken into account for correct operation. For example, two Lego pieces fit together with a little interference. The plastic is sufficiently elastic and provides a small anchoring force. A balder assembly would not offer any anchoring effort and the stability of assemblies with hundreds of pieces would be very precarious.
Form-fit closures can be observed in everyday objects and tools from primitive times to more advanced applications.
Animation comments.
Made up of three pieces: two arms (wood or plastic) and a spring with levers. The spring is press-fitted by inserting the levers into the slots in the arms. The spring is left with some tension. The shape of the arms and the spring, and the initial tension, ensure a stable connection of the assembly. And they allow the operating movements: opening, closing and providing a clamping force.
LEGO pieces
Lego pieces of all varieties form a universal system that is a typical case of form-fit closure. Despite the variation in design and purposes of individual pieces over the years, each piece remains compatible in some way with existing pieces. Lego bricks from 1958 still fit together with those made today, and Lego sets for toddlers are compatible with those made for teenagers. Six 2×4 stud bricks can be combined in 915,103,765 ways.
Dry stone
Dry stone constructions, whether natural or worked, base their stability on the relative shape of the stones and their arrangement as a whole. Considering gravity and friction, they constitute a traditional solution and an example of form-fit closure. In 2018, UNESCO inscribed this practice on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, under the name Knowledge and techniques of the art of building dry stone walls, affecting the territory of Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Slovenia, Spain and Switzerland.
Primitive weapons
Javelin launchers have a tooth or protuberance for the base of the projectile to rest on. The temporary connection between the propellant and the projectile is a form-fitting closure.
Violin
Figure 1 shows the piece called the soul of the violin. A small cylindrical piece of wood that is mounted with slight interference between the soundboard and the bottom. Without any glue. A fixed form-fit closure that can be disassembled.
The tuning pegs on a violin have a slightly tapered part that fits into a tapered hole in the head of the instrument. Four pins, four holes, which make up a form-fit closure.
Transmatic Transmission
In 1987, a continuously variable transmission based on a metal belt (multi-piece) was marketed. The design and manufacture were also by Van Doorne. The operating system was similar to that of the Variomatic . But the new metal belts worked by compression, unlike the rubber ones, which transmitted the force by traction. The multi-piece belt consisted of a multitude of small steel pieces mounted between two flexible hardened steel belts. Each small piece was guided by a strap on each side, forming a form-fit closure.
Puzzle
There are several three-dimensional puzzles based on form-fit closures.
References
Mechanical engineering
Metalworking terminology
de:Verbindungstechnik#Formschluss | Form-fit connection | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,058 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
73,117,905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murahashi%20coupling | The Murahashi Coupling is a cross coupling reaction. The coupling partners are organolithiums and organic halides. Transition metal catalysts are required. The reaction was first reported by Shun-Ichi Murahashi in 1974. This reaction is notable for using organolithiums as opposed to other cross-coupling reactions which utilize various metal-carbon compounds (metal = tin, magnesium, boron, silicon, zinc). Since the production of these other coupling reagents relies heavily upon organolithiums (especially in the case of organozinc and organomagnesium compounds), in bypassing these intermediates, this process is much more efficient. It has further been shown that the Murahashi reaction proceeds with greater selectivity, faster reaction times, and lower reaction temperatures than other similar coupling reactions while maintaining similar or higher yields.
History
Murahashi first reported C(sp2)—C(sp3) coupling in 1974. These reactions were not metal catalyzed but were promoted by solvent, THF. The following year, Murahashi showed that coupling can occur between organolithium and alkenyl halides in the presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium catalyst. In 1979, Murahashi published the catalytic version of this reaction.
Mechanism
Palladium catalysis
The catalytic cycle of the Murahashi coupling is comparable to that of other extensively studied palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. The cycle proposed by Murahashi involves four intermediates and two oxidation states of palladium, palladium(0) and palladium(II). At the start of the cycle, oxidative addition occurs between the Pd(0) catalyst (1) and an organo-halide to form an organo-Pd(II) complex (2). A transmetallation then occurs between (2) and an organo-lithium to yield the trans-hetero-organometallic complex (3) and the lithium-halide. In order to perform the reductive elimination that ultimately yields the final coupled product, a trans-cis-isomerization of (3) must occur to bring the ligands cis to each other, resulting in the cis-hetero-organometallic complex (4). Finally, reductive elimination of (4) regenerates the Pd(0) catalyst and creates the C(sp2)--C(sp3) bond in the coupled product.
Conditions limitations
Organolithium reagents pose some danger because they are highly pyrophoric. The reaction is typically carried out in toluene as a solvent . The mixture is often carried out between 0–80 °C and quenched with acid to deactivate any remaining organolithium.
Ruthenium catalysis
While Pd(0)-catalyzed reactions are highly efficient for the cross-coupling of organo-halides and organolithium reagents, ruthenium catalysts have also been demonstrated.
See also
Heck reaction
Hiyama coupling
Suzuki reaction
Negishi coupling
Petasis reaction
Stille reaction
Sonogashira coupling
Kumada coupling
Citations
Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions
Name reactions | Murahashi coupling | [
"Chemistry"
] | 673 | [
"Coupling reactions",
"Name reactions",
"Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
73,118,583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost%20resistance | Frost resistance is the ability of plants to survive cold temperatures. Generally, land plants of the northern hemisphere have higher frost resistance than those of the southern hemisphere. An example of a frost resistant plant is Drimys winteri which is more frost-tolerant than naturally occurring conifers and vessel-bearing angiosperms such as the Nothofagus that can be found in its range in southern South America.
The physiological process of cold acclimatization is induced in fall and early winter by low above- zero temperatures (cold) and includes complex reprogramming of the cellular environment to induce enhanced frost tolerance.Temperate climate fruit trees reach their highest resistance in the middle of winter. Since freezing belongs to dehydration stresses, cold acclimation process is associated with an enhanced accumulation of osmolytes (sugars, proline, polyamines, and hydrophilic proteins). The loss of frost resistance occurs after warming. Rapid temperature fluctuations during winter deharden trees and increase the risk of spring damage. Species that bloom first even before the leaves develop like apricots or peaches, are particularly vulnerable to damage. The reproductive organs, due to their abundant hydration, are easily damaged, leading to large losses in the cultivation of fruit trees and shrubs.
References
Agricultural economics
Plant physiology | Frost resistance | [
"Biology"
] | 267 | [
"Plant physiology",
"Plants"
] |
73,119,378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT%20Pacific%20Cobalt | MT Pacific Cobalt is a Singaporean oil tanker built in 2020 and owned by Eastern Pacific Shipping. It is one of the first and largest ships to be installed with an onboard filtration and carbon capture system.
Description
Pacific Cobalt is a oil and chemical tanker with an overall length of . It is wide and has an average draft of . It has an identical sister ship named Pacific Gold.
History
In May 2022, Eastern Pacific Shipping announced that it would be working with the Netherlands-based maritime carbon capture company Value Maritime to install prefabricated "Filtree" systems. The installation was finished in February 2023 after a seventeen-day construction period, and Pacific Cobalt steamed from Rotterdam to Venice shortly after the installation was completed.
References
2020 ships
Merchant ships of Singapore
Carbon capture and storage
Oil tankers | MT Pacific Cobalt | [
"Engineering"
] | 163 | [
"Geoengineering",
"Carbon capture and storage"
] |
73,119,456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method%20of%20Chester%E2%80%93Friedman%E2%80%93Ursell | In asymptotic analysis, the method of Chester–Friedman–Ursell is a technique to find asymptotic expansions for contour integrals. It was developed as an extension of the steepest descent method for getting uniform asymptotic expansions in the case of coalescing saddle points. The method was published in 1957 by Clive R. Chester, Bernard Friedman and Fritz Ursell.
Method
Setting
We study integrals of the form
where is a contour and
are two analytic functions in the complex variable and continuous in .
is a large number.
Suppose we have two saddle points of with multiplicity that depend on a parameter . If now an exists, such that both saddle points coalescent to a new saddle point with multiplicity , then the steepest descent method no longer gives uniform asymptotic expansions.
Procedure
Suppose there are two simple saddle points and of and suppose that they coalescent in the point .
We start with the cubic transformation of , this means we introduce a new complex variable and write
where the coefficients and will be determined later.
We have
so the cubic transformation will be analytic and injective only if and are neither nor . Therefore and must correspond to the zeros of , i.e. with and . This gives the following system of equations
we have to solve to determine and . A theorem by Chester–Friedman–Ursell (see below) says now, that the cubic transform is analytic and injective in a local neighbourhood around the critical point .
After the transformation the integral becomes
where is the new contour for and
The function is analytic at for and also at the coalescing point for . Here ends the method and one can see the integral representation of the complex Airy function.
Chester–Friedman–Ursell note to write not as a single power series but instead as
to really get asymptotic expansions.
Theorem by Chester–Friedman–Ursell
Let and be as above. The cubic transformation
with the above derived values for and , such that corresponds to , has only one branch point , so that for all in a local neighborhood of the transformation is analytic and injective.
Literature
References
Asymptotic analysis | Method of Chester–Friedman–Ursell | [
"Mathematics"
] | 444 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Asymptotic analysis"
] |
73,119,604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%E2%80%93manganese%20alloys | Aluminium–manganese alloys (AlMn alloys) are aluminium alloys that contain manganese (Mn) as the main alloying element. They consist mainly of aluminium (Al); in addition to manganese, which accounts for the largest proportion of about 1% of the alloying elements, but they may also contain small amounts of iron (Fe), silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg), or copper (Cu). AlMn is almost only used as a wrought alloy and is processed into sheets or profiles by rolling or extrusion presses. These alloys are corrosion-resistant, have low strengths for aluminium alloys, and are not hardenable (by heat treatment). They are standard in the 3000 series.
Applications
Aluminium–manganese alloys are used in applications with low strength requirements and also in chemical and food-related environments due to their corrosion resistance. AlMn is therefore used more commonly as a functional material than a construction material.
AlMn is processed into beverage cans and is generally referred to as the packaging material used. It is used for apparatus and pipes in the chemical industry, for roof cladding, wall coverings, pressure vessels, roller shutters, roller doors, and heat exchangers.
Influences of the alloy elements
Manganese combines with aluminium to form intermetallic phases—phases which contain a different crystallographic structure than either manganese or alumunium by itself. Compared to conventional alloys, the increased metallic bonding within the intermetallic phase of AlMn increases its strength and chemical resistance. Each percent of manganese increases its strength by about 42 MPa. Iron and silicon are usually unwanted accompanying elements that cannot be completely removed. Magnesium and copper are more effective in enhancing strength, providing an increase of 70–85 MPa per % of Mg when added to the alloy.
Phases
Binary aluminium manganese phases
Aluminium and manganese are partially miscible in the solid state, meaning they can mix to some extent in the solid phase. However, their complete solubility in each other is limited, and they tend to form various intermetallic phases. The eutectic, between aluminium and Al6Mn is 1.3% manganese and 660 °C, while pure aluminium melts at 660.2 °C. Values of 1.8% and 657 °C or 658 °C can also be found in older literature.
Above 710 °C, Al4Mn is formed with a manganese content of at least 4%. However, such high levels are not typically used. Below 510 or 511 °C, Al12Mn forms.
The solubility of manganese in the Mn-Al solid solution falls rapidly with decreasing temperature and is close to zero at room temperature.
Phases in AlMn materials with other elements
Some of the AlMn materials also contain iron (Fe) or silicon (Si) additives. These form the phases Al3Fe, Al8Fe2Si, Al5FeSi, Al15Si2(Mn,Fe)3. Mixed crystals also occur in the form of Al12(Mn, Fe)3Si.
Aluminium and Al15Si2(Mn,Fe)3 are formed from the melt, Al3Fe and Al6(Mn,Fe) at 648 °C.
At temperatures below 630 °C, aluminium, Al15Si2(Mn,Fe)3 and Al8Fe2Si are formed from the melt, Al3Fe.
Aluminium, Al5FeSi and Al15Si2(Mn,Fe)3 are formed from the melt and Al8Fe2Si at around 600 °C.
Aluminium, silicon and Al15Si2(Mn,Fe)3 are formed from the melt and Al5FeSi at around 565 °C.
Structures
The structure resulting from casting into bars or slabs consists of the main mass, which is an oversaturated mixed crystal, along with areas containing manganese-containing phases that have an average size of about 100 μm. A significant portion of the manganese (approximately 0.7 to 0.9%) remains dissolved in aluminium because the cooling rates after casting are too rapid for all the manganese to undergo diffusion and precipitate. This is further exacerbated by the very low diffusion speed of manganese in aluminium.
Through processes such as homogenization and forming (rolling, forging), the structure of the material undergoes changes. During this transformation, various phases that were previously present within the basic aluminium crystal structure, each having a size of less than one micron, are eliminated. These particles contribute to an approximately 25% increase in strength compared to pure aluminium. They exhibit thermal stability and are challenging to dissolve.
In the formed and homogenized state, the material exhibits a very fine structure, and the larger manganese-containing areas observed in the initial casting state are no longer present. These finely dispersed particles also impede grain growth, further enhancing the material's strength. However, it's important to note that this improvement is relatively modest, as the influence of grain size on the strength of aluminium materials is generally limited.
The presence of silicon accelerates the excretion of Al12(Mn, Fe)3Si. If there is enough silicon, the Al6(Mn,Fe) is converted to Al12(Mn,Fe)3Si during homogenization.
Properties and standardised alloys
3000 series
3000 series are alloyed with manganese and can be work hardened.
References
Further reading
Friedrich Ostermann: Application technology aluminium. 3. Edition. Springer, 2014, , p. 100-102.
Aluminium paperback. Volume 1: Fundamentals and materials. 16. Edition. Beuth-Verlag, Berlin/ Vienna/ Zurich 2002, , p. 104 f, 122.
George E. Totten, D. Scott MacKenzie: Handbook of Aluminum. Volume 1: Physical Metallurgy and Processes. Marcel Dekker, New York/ Basel 2003, , p. 159f.
Aluminium–manganese alloys | Aluminium–manganese alloys | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,224 | [
"Alloys",
"Aluminium alloys"
] |
73,119,653 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%E2%80%93zinc%20alloys | Aluminium brass is a technically rather uncommon term for high-strength and partly seawater-resistant copper-zinc cast and wrought alloys with 55–66% copper, up to 7% aluminium, up to 4.5% iron, and 5% manganese. Aluminium bronze is technically correct as bronze, a zinc-free copper-tin casting alloy with aluminium content.
The term "special brass" is much more common for this, which then also includes alloys that add further characteristic elements to the copper-zinc base. In addition to the already mentioned elements of iron and manganese, lead, nickel and silicon can also be found as alloy components.
Due to their aluminium content, which is susceptible to oxidation at the usual melting temperatures in the range of 900 °C, the alloys require careful melting and melting treatment. Even when potting, attention must be paid to any oxides forming.
7000 series
7000 series are alloyed with zinc, and can be precipitation hardened to the highest strengths of any aluminium alloy. Most 7000 series alloys include magnesium and copper as well.
References
Further reading
Publication series of the DKI, Berlin, number L5 "Copper-Zinc alloys".
Foundry lexicon. 17. Edition, Schiele and Schön, Berlin,
Aluminium–zinc alloys | Aluminium–zinc alloys | [
"Chemistry"
] | 259 | [
"Alloys",
"Aluminium alloys"
] |
73,119,707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%E2%80%93magnesium%20alloys | Aluminium–magnesium alloys (AlMg) – standardised in the 5000 series – are aluminium alloys that are mainly made of aluminium and contain magnesium as the main alloy element. Most standardised alloys also contain small additives of manganese (AlMg(Mn)). Pure AlMg alloys and the AlMg(Mn) alloys belong to the medium-strength, natural (not hardened by heat treatment) alloys. Other AlMg alloys are aluminium–magnesium–copper alloys (AlMgCu) and aluminium–magnesium–silicon alloys (AlMgSi, 6000 series).
Applications and processing
Discovery of aluminium–magnesium alloys dates back to late 19th century. AlMg alloys are among the most important aluminium alloys for construction materials. They get cold dwell transform, i.e., by rolling and forging and are easily weldable at Mg levels of at least 3%. AlMg is rarely processed through extrusion presses, as subsequent strength changes in extrusion profiles must be avoided. The majority of AlMg alloys are processed into rolled products as well as pipes, rods, wires and free-form or drop-forged parts. Parts are also processed into extrusion profiles with simple cross-sections.
Due to the good corrosion resistance and high strength at low temperatures, AlMg is used in shipbuilding, in the construction of chemical apparatus and pipelines, and for refrigeration technology and automobiles. The good weldability is crucial for use in the aircraft construction, there also with additions of scandium and zirconium for better weldability.
Solubility of magnesium and phases
The solubility of magnesium is very high in aluminium and reaches a maximum at 450 °C with 14% to 17% depending on the literature reference. At 34.5%, there is a Eutectic with Al8Mg5 (sometimes referred to as Al3Mg2), an intermetallic phase (-phase). The solubility of Mg decreases sharply with falling temperature, i.e., at 100 °C it is still 2%, at room temperature 0.2%.
The elimination of the -phase occurs with pure AlMg alloys after a four-stage process. With technically used alloys with other alloying elements and impurities, the process is much more complicated:
First of all, clusters form, in the case of aluminium as GP zones. These are local accumulations of magnesium atoms in the aluminium grid, which do not yet form their own phase and do not have a regular arrangement.
Formation of the -phase. Their crystals have the same spatial orientation as those of the aluminium mixing crystal.
Formation of the semi-coherent -phase. It is only partially oriented towards the lattice of the Al mixed crystal.
Formation of incoherent -phase. It has no spatial orientation with the Al mixed crystal.
In the case of technical alloys, the excretion differs from this for the following reasons:
Low diffusion of magnesium in aluminium
For the formation of GP zones and -phase, a high oversaturation of 7% Mg and more is required, which is not achieved in most all>oys. In AlMg4.5Mn0.7, no GP zones were used even after prolonged glow at temperatures up to 250 °C or -phase found, although after just a few days -phase is present.
Dislocations are not sufficient terms for the formation of -phase, -phase or -phase. The reason is the small volume difference between these phases and the matrix.
Structures
The diffusion of magnesium in aluminium is very low. The reason is the high size difference between the radius of the aluminium atoms and that of the magnesium atoms (). Therefore, after watering, only part of the magnesium is removed from the mixed crystal, while most of it is present as an oversaturated solution in aluminium. Even with prolonged annealing treatment, this condition cannot be eliminated.
Excess magnesium is excreted mainly at the grain boundaries as well as on dispersion particles in the grain. The speed of the process depends on the Mg content and the temperature and increases with both. At the grain boundaries, so-called plaques are initially excreted, thin plates that are not connected, i.e. do not yet form a continuous layer around the grain. At 70 °C, they form after 3 months, at 100 °C after 3 days and at 150 °C after one to nine hours. If further time passes at elevated temperature, the plaques grow together to form a contiguous film. This has a negative effect on corrosion resistance, but can be dissolved by heat treatment. Annealing at 420 °C for one hour followed by slow cooling of 20 °C/h or starting annealing at 200 °C to 240 °C is suitable. The plaques of the -phase transform into numerous small particles, referred to in the specialist literature as "bead line-like". They no longer form a coherent film.
Composition of standardised varieties
The compositions of some standardised varieties are contained in the following table. Proportions of alloying elements in mass percent. Of the available varieties, there are fine gradations of Mg and Mn levels. Mn-free are very rare. Standard alloys are AlMg3Mn, AlMg4.5Mn0.7, as well as for bodywork AlMg4.5Mn0.4. Magnesium levels of up to 5% and manganese content up to 1% are used for wrought alloys.
Mg contents up to 10% are also possible for cast alloys; however, contents of 7% and more are considered heavypourable.
5000 series
5000 series are alloyed with magnesium. 5083 alloy has the highest strength of non-heat-treated alloys. Most 5000 series alloys include manganese as well.
Corrosion
Aluminium-magnesium alloys are considered to be very corrosion-resistant, making them suitable for marine applications, but this is only true if the -phase exists as a non-contiguous phase. Alloys with Mg contents below 3% are therefore always corrosion-resistant, with higher contents, appropriate heat treatment must ensure that this phase is not present as a continuous film at the grain boundaries.
The -phase and the -phase are very base compared to aluminium and have an anodic characteristic. AlMg therefore tends to intergranular corrosion if
The -phase is excreted as a continuous film at the grain boundaries and at the same time
the material is in an aggressive environment.
Alloys in states susceptible to intergranular corrosion are annealed at temperatures of 200 °C to 250 °C with slow cooling (heterogeneisation annealing). This changes the -phase film in globulite -phase and the material is resistant to intergranular corrosion.
Mechanical properties
Table
Strengths and elongation at break in tensile test
The strength is increased by alloying magnesium. At low Mg levels, the increase in strength is relatively strong with higher levels, it is getting weaker and weaker. However, magnesium increases strength very efficiently compared to other elements; per % Mg, so it is stronger than with alternative elements. Even with medium Mg content, the increase in strength by alloying manganese is higher than by additional magnesium, which is also one reason why most AlMg alloys still contain manganese. As a reason for the high increase in strength of magnesium, the high binding energy of vacancies at Mg atoms. These spaces are then no longer available as free spaces. However, these are favourable for plastic deformation.
The yield strength increases linearly with increasing Mg content from about 45 N/mm2 at 1% Mg to about 120 N/mm2 at 4% Mg. The tensile strength also increases linearly, but with a steeper gradient. With 1% Mg it is about 60 N/mm2, with 4% Mg 240 N/mm2. There are different statements for the elongation at break : Research on alloys based on the purest shows an increasing elongation at break from about 20% elongation at 1% to 30% at 5% Mg Elongation at break: First it drops sharply from 38% elongation and 1% Mg to 34% elongation and about 1.8% Mg, reaches a minimum at 3% Mg with only 32% elongation and then rises again to about 35% Elongation at 5% Mg.
The flow curves for AlMg show the behaviour typical of metallic materials of increasing the flow voltage with the true elongation or forming degree. For all alloys, the increase is relatively strong at low elongations and lower at higher elongations. However, the curves for higher alloy varieties are always above the low-dried. For example, with a true elongation of 0.2, AlMg0.5 has a flow voltage of about 100 N/mm2, AlMg one of 150 N/mm2, AlMg3 of 230 N/mm2 and AlMg4.5Mn0.4 of about 300 N/mm2. The higher the alloy content and the greater the elongation, the greater the resulting PLC effect and the Lüders effect.
Influence of grain size
In the case of pure aluminium, the grain size has a minor influence on the strength for metals. In the case of alloys, the influence increases with the alloy content. At 5% Mg, materials with grain sizes of 50 μm achieve uniform elongations of around 0.25, at 250 μm they are around 0.28. AlMg8 already achieves uniform elongations of 0.3 with a grain diameter of 200 μm. With increasing grain size, both the Lüders strain and the Lüders effect decrease.
Cold forming and heat treatment
In the case of very high degrees of deformation with heavily work-hardened alloys, softening can also occur at room temperature. In a long-term study over 50 years, a decrease in strength could be measured by the end. The decrease is greater the higher the degree of deformation and the higher the alloy content. The softening itself is very pronounced at the beginning and quickly subsides. The effect can be avoided by stabilization annealing at around 120 °C to 170 °C for several hours.
References
Further reading
Aluminium–magnesium alloys | Aluminium–magnesium alloys | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,084 | [
"Alloys",
"Aluminium alloys"
] |
73,119,980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow%20effect | The shadow effect is a phenomenon seen in genetic studies that use noninvasive genetic data collection methods. It occurs when there are not enough loci and/or loci that have low variance of alleles within the population. As a result, researchers can capture two separate individuals and mistakenly label them as the same individual. This can create a negative bias in the data and portray a population as smaller and less genetically diverse than it is. This is most commonly seen in collection methods that rely on environmental DNA (eDNA) which is collected directly from the environment (such as feces or hair removed from the ground). The accuracy of non-invasive collection data can be increased by increasing the amount of loci being examined during the study.
Background
There are several types of rarefaction methods that can be used to estimate the size of a hard monitor species. The study of population size and density falls under demography, the study of populations of any kind of organism.
Mark and recapture is a common form of data collection involving species with large populations. Being able to capture and mark a species in a noninvasive way allows for accurate readings of the population's size, both total and effective over several rounds of recapture. However, for species that are difficult to capture or view directly such as endangered species, it can be near impossible to use the mark-recapture method to obtain genetic samples.
Another method for population size estimation is a real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). qPCR is a molecular approach that measures the amplification of DNA over time rather than just at the end of the reaction. This method is useful because it can rely on eDNA to give an estimate of how abundant a species is in a given habitat.
Noninvasive forms of data collection can be achieved through the collection of fur, feces or other fragments of DNA-rich material left behind (eDNA). Once considered costly, modern advancements have allowed for non-invasive data collection to become easier and provide more genetic information about a population. DNA-Barcoding is a method of species identification that uses eDNA to determine the unique genetic makeup of individuals and their species. This method is that it requires a balancing act: Maintaining enough loci markers in the genetic data, and remaining cost-effective.
Probability of Identity (PIAV) is the probability of a randomly selected sample from a population producing the same genotype twice if not enough loci are used during the study. Should loci with little genetic variation or few loci are selected, it is likely that multiple individuals will be identified as too genetically similar, with individuals being excluded from the data set. This creates a negative statistical bias, pushing the results towards a smaller, less genetically diverse mean than is accurate to the population. This is known as the shadow effect.
Applications
The Cabrera vole (Microtus cabrerae) is a small, endangered rodent that belongs to the Microtus genus. Existing primarily in Portugal, populations can be difficult to estimate using typical mark-recapture methods due to their small size and ability to quickly disperse over large swaths of prairie land. With the introduction and reduced cost of using environmental DNA (in this case feces) were able to be used in a relatively low cost experiment to estimate the population size of the Cabrera vole in southern Portugal in return for sacrificing demographic (age, sex, health) information.
See also
Endangered Species Act of 1973
References
Wikipedia Student Program
Genetics | Shadow effect | [
"Biology"
] | 706 | [
"Genetics"
] |
73,120,007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201530 | NGC 1530 is a barred spiral galaxy in the northern constellation of Camelopardalis. It was discovered by German astronomer W. Tempel in 1876. Danish astronomer J. L. E. Dreyer in 1888 described it only as large and pretty bright. NGC 1530 has an apparent visual magnitude of 12.3 and an angular size of . The plane of the galactic disk is inclined at an angle of 55° to the line of sight from the Earth. This galaxy is located at an estimated distance of million light years, with a recessional velocity of relative to the Milky Way galaxy. It is a relatively isolated galaxy with its nearest neighbor being NGC 1530A at an angular separation of .
NGC 1530 has a morphological classification of type SB(rs)bc in the de Vaucouleurs system, which means it is a barred spiral galaxy (SB) with a transitional outer ring structure (rs) that joins somewhat loosely wound arms (bc). The bar structure in this galaxy is unusually large and strong, spanning an angular size of . It includes a clumpy, star-forming nuclear ring structure with a radius of . Star formation is particularly high in the nucleus region and at the ends of the bar, but weak in between these locations. This activity appears to be taking place primarily on the trailing side of the bar where gas pressure is highest. Two linear dust lanes are visible along the bar, which outline shock fronts in the flow of gas.
Mass is flowing into the nuclear ring from the bar at the rate of one solar mass per year with infall velocities of up to . The central region has over 25% of the free gaseous hydrogen in the galaxy. There was some suggestion that the galaxy has a second, inner bar, but this instead appears to be an inner spiral structure. This spiral has one arm brighter than the other, appearing lopsided.
References
Further reading
Barred spiral galaxies
1530
Camelopardalis
Astronomical objects discovered in 1876 | NGC 1530 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 402 | [
"Camelopardalis",
"Constellations"
] |
73,120,046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%E2%80%93magnesium%E2%80%93silicon%20alloys | Aluminium–magnesium–silicon alloys (AlMgSi) are aluminium alloys—alloys that are mainly made of aluminium—that contain both magnesium and silicon as the most important alloying elements in terms of quantity. Both together account for less than 2 percent by mass. The content of magnesium is greater than that of silicon, otherwise they belong to the aluminum–silicon–magnesium alloys (AlSiMg).
AlMgSi is one of the hardenable aluminum alloys, i.e. those that can become firmer and harder through heat treatment. This curing is largely based on the excretion of magnesium silicide (Mg2Si). The AlMgSi alloys are therefore understood in the standards as a separate group (6000 series) and not as a subgroup of aluminum-magnesium alloys that cannot be hardenable.
AlMgSi is one of the aluminum alloys with medium to high strength, high fracture resistance, good welding suitability, corrosion resistance and formability. They can be processed excellently by extrusion and are therefore particularly often processed into construction profiles by this process. They are usually heated to facilitate processing; as a side effect, they can be quenched immediately afterwards, which eliminates a separate subsequent heat treatment.
Alloy constitution
Phases and balances
The AlMg2Si system forms a Eutectic at 13.9% Mg2Si and 594 °C. The maximum solubility is 583.5 °C and 1.9% Mg2Si, which is why the sum of both elements in the common alloys is below this value. The stoichiometric composition of magnesium to silicon of 2:1 corresponds to a mass ratio of 1.73:1. The solubility decreases very quickly with falling temperature and is only 0.08 percent by mass at 200 °C. Alloys without further alloying elements or impurities are then present in two phases with the-mixed crystal and thephase (Mg2Si). The latter has a melting point of 1085 °C and is therefore thermally stable. Even clusters of magnesium and silicon atoms that are only metastable dissolve only slowly, due to the high binding energy of the two elements.
Many standardised alloys have a silicon surplus. It has little influence on the solubility of magnesium silicide, increases the strength of the material more than an Mg excess or an increase in the Mg2Si content, increases the volume and the number of excretions and accelerates excretion during cold and hot curing. It also binds unwanted impurities; especially iron. A magnesium surplus, on the other hand, reduces the solubility of magnesium silicide.
Alloying elements
In addition to magnesium and silicon, other elements are contained in the standardized varieties.
Copper is used to improve strength and hot curing in quantities of 0.2-1%. It forms the Q phase (Al4Mg8Si7Cu2). Copper leads to a denser dispersion of needle-shaped, semi-coherent excretion (cluster of magnesium and silicon). In addition, there is the phase before the for the Aluminium-copper alloys are typical. Alloys with higher copper content (alloyings 6061, 6056, 6013) are mainly used in aviation.
Iron occurs in all aluminium alloys as an impurity in quantities of 0.05-0.5%. It forms the phases Al8Fe2Si, Al5FeSi and Al8FeMg3Si6, which are all thermally stable, but undesirable because they brittle the material. Silicon surpluses are also used to bind iron.
Manganese (0.2-1%) and Chromium (0.05–0.35%) is deliberately added. If both are allocated at the same time, the sum of the two elements is less than 0.5%. After annealing, they form a dispersion of excretions at at least 400 °C and thus improve strength. Chromium is mainly effective in combination with iron.
As dispersion formers are coming zirconium and vanadium for use.
Dispersions
Dispersion particles have little influence on strength. If magnesium or silicon excrete on them during cooling after the solution annealing and, thus, do not form magnesium silicide as desired, they even lower the strength. They increase the sensitivity to deterrent. However, if the cooling speed is insufficient, they also bind excess silicon, which would otherwise form coarser excretions and thus reduce strength. The dispersion particles activate further even when cured. Sliding planes, so that theDuctility increases and, above all, intergranular fracture can be prevented. The alloys with higher strength therefore contain manganese and chromium and are more sensitive to deterrents.
The following applies to the effect of the alloying elements with regard to dispersion formation:
The strength at room temperature hardly changes. However, the flow limit at higher temperatures rises sharply, which makes theReformability is limited and above all unfavourable in the extrusion is because it increases the minimum wall thickness.
The recrystallisation is made more difficult, which prevents coarse grain formation and has a positive effect on formability.
Dislocation movements are blocked at low temperatures, which improved fracture toughness.
Dispersions of AlMn bind oversaturated silicon during cooling after solution annealing. This improves crystallization and avoids excretion-free zones that otherwise arise at the grain boundaries. This improves the fracture behaviour from brittle to ductile and intragranular.
The sensitivity to quenching increases because precipitated silicon is required for hardening. Alloys containing Mn or Cr must therefore be cooled faster than those without these elements.
6000 series
6000 series are alloyed with magnesium and silicon. They are easy to machine, are weldable, and can be precipitation hardened, but not to the high strengths that 2000 and 7000 can reach. 6061 alloy is one of the most commonly used general-purpose aluminium alloys.
Grain boundaries
to the grain boundaries prefer silicon to be excreted, as it has germination problems. In addition, magnesium silicide is excreted there. The processes are probably similar to those of the AlMg alloys, but still relatively unexplored for AlMgSi until 2008. The phases excreted at the grain boundaries lead to the tendency of AlMgSi to brittle grain boundary breakage.
Compositions of standardised varieties
All information in mass percent. EN stands for European standard, AW for aluminium wrought alloy; the number has no other meaning.
Mechanical properties
Conditions:
O soft (soft annealed, whether or not warmly formed with the same strength limits).
T1: quenched by the hot forming temperature and cold outsourced
T4: solution annealed and cold outsourced
T5: quenched from the hot forming temperature and warm outsourced
T6: solution annealed, quenched and warmly outsourced
T7: solution annealed, quenched, hot outsourced and overhardened
T8: solution annealed, cold solidified and hot outsourced
Heat treatment and curing
AlMgSi can be used in two different ways through aHeat treatment can be hardened, whereby hardness and Strength rise, while ductility and Elongation at break. Both begin with the Solution annealing and can also be used with mechanical processes (Forging), with different effects:
Solution annealing: At temperatures of about 510-540 °C, annealing is made, with the alloying elements in solution.
Quenching almost always follows immediately . As a result, the alloying elements initially remain in solution even at room temperature, whereas they would form precipitates if they cooled down slowly.
Cold curing: At room temperature, excretions gradually form that increase strength and hardness. In the first hours after quenching, the increase is very high, lower in the next few days, then only creeping, but not yet completed even after several years.
Hot curing: At temperatures of 80-250 °C (usual are 160-150 °C), the materials are reheated in the oven. The hardening times are usually 5–8 hours. The alloying elements thus excrete faster and increase hardness and strength. The higher the temperature, the faster the maximum strength possible for this temperature is reached, but the lower the higher the temperature, the lower.
Interim storage and stabilisation
If time passes after quenching and hot curing (so-called interim storage), then the achievable strength decreases during hot curing and only occurs later. The reasons are the change in the material cold curing during temporary storage. However, the effect only affects alloys with more than 0.8% Mg2Si (excluding Mg or Si surpluses) and alloys with more than 0.6% Mg2Si if Mg or Si surpluses are present.
To prevent these negative effects, AlMgSi can be annealed after quenching at 80 °C for 5–30 minutes, which stabilizes the material condition and temporarily does not change. The heat curing is then maintained. Alternatively, a step quenching is possible in which temperatures are initially quenched to be applied during hot curing. The temperatures are maintained for a few minutes to several hours (depending on temperature and alloy) and then completely cooled to room temperature. Both variants allow the workpieces to be processed in the deterred state for some time. Cold curing begins in the event of a longer waiting time. Longer treatment times increase the possible storage period, but reduce the formability. Some of these procedures are protected by patents.
Stabilization has other advantages: The material is then in a definable state, which allows repeatable results in the subsequent processing. Otherwise, for example, the time of interim outsourcing would have an impact on theRebound at theBending so that a constant bending angle would not be possible over several workpieces.
Influence of cold forming
A transformation (forging, rolling, bending) leads to metals and alloys strain hardening, an important form of increasing strength. With AlMgSi, however, it also has an influence on the subsequent warming. Cold forming in the hot-cured state, on the other hand, is not possible due to the low ductility in this state.
Although cold forming directly after quenching increases the strength through strain hardening, it reduces the increase in strength through strain hardening and largely prevents it for from 10%.
On the other hand, cold forming in a partially or fully cold-hardened state also increases the strength, so that both effects add up.
If cold forming (in the quenched or cold-hardened state) is followed by hot forming, this takes place more quickly, but the strength that can be achieved is reduced. The higher the strain hardening, the higher the yield point, but the tensile strength does not increase. If, on the other hand, the cold forming takes place in the stabilized state, the achievable strength values improve.
Applications
AlMgSi is one of the aluminum alloys with medium to high strength, high fracture resistance, good welding suitability, corrosion resistance and formability.
They are used, among other things, for bumper, bodies and for large profiles in the Rail vehicle construction. In the latter case, they were largely responsible for the changed design of rail vehicles in the 1970s: previously, riveted pipe structures were used. Thanks to the good extrusion compatibility of AlMgSi, large profiles can now be produced, which then can be welded. They are also used in aircraft construction, but there they are AlCu and AlZnMg preferred, but not or only difficult are weldable. The weldable higher-strong AlMgSiCu alloys (AA6013 and AA6056) are used in the Airbus models A318 and A380 for ribbed sheets in the aircraft hull used, where through the Laser welding, weight and cost savings are possible. Swelding is cheaper than the usual in aircraft construction Rivets; The overlaps required during riveting can be eliminated during welding, which saves component mass.
References
Further reading
Aluminium–magnesium–silicon alloys | Aluminium–magnesium–silicon alloys | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,524 | [
"Alloys",
"Aluminium alloys"
] |
73,120,440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina%20Verde | María Cristina Verde Rodarte is a Mexican process engineer and control theorist whose research concerns the robust control of hydraulic systems: modeling industrial processes that involve liquid flow through pipes, monitoring those processes, and detecting and isolating leaks. She is a researcher and professor at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), in the faculty of engineering.
Education and career
Verde was born in Mexico City, on 15 February 1950. She studied electronic and communications engineering at the Instituto Politécnico Nacional, graduating in 1973, and earning a master's degree through CINVESTAV in 1974. She worked as a professor and researcher at CINVESTAV from 1971 to 1978.
In 1979 she began graduate study in electrical engineering at the University of Duisburg in Germany. She completed her PhD in 1984 and returned to Mexico as a researcher in the UNAM Engineering Institute. She became a professor there in 1986.
Recognition
Verde is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences. UNAM gave her their Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Recognition in 2005.
References
External links
1950 births
Living people
Engineers from Mexico City
Mexican engineers
Mexican women engineers
Control theorists
Instituto Politécnico Nacional alumni
University of Duisburg-Essen alumni
Academic staff of the National Autonomous University of Mexico
Members of the Mexican Academy of Sciences
20th-century Mexican women scientists
21st-century Mexican women scientists
Mexican scientists | Cristina Verde | [
"Engineering"
] | 278 | [
"Control engineering",
"Control theorists"
] |
73,122,468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebble%20%28social%20network%29 | Pebble (formerly T2) was an American social media platform founded by former Twitter employees Sarah Oh and Gabor Cselle. It provided an authenticated network where users could make posts and interact in communities before shutting down on 1 November 2023.
One day before the shutdown, Cselle launched a Mastodon instance of the same name. It closely resembles the look and feel of the old site.
Background
Prior to founding T2, Cselle oversaw the incubation of new consumer products in Google’s since-shuttered Area 120 incubator. Cselle had also been a Group Product Manager at Twitter from 2014 to 2016, where he worked on the consumer product, and relaunched Twitter’s logged-out homepage and mobile trends. Sarah Oh had previously worked as an executive in Trust and Safety at Twitter and Facebook. On the day Oh was laid off from twitter, Cselle called her to offer his condolences, and to offer Oh a position at T2 to aid in creating a new social media platform.
Cselle announced the development of T2 in November 2022.
In early 2023, T2 hired former Discord Senior Director of Engineering Michael Greer as its chief technology officer.
On 15 September 2023, the platform was rebranded as Pebble.
On 24 October 2023, the platform announced its shutdown on 1 November 2023, approximately one year since it started.
On 30 October 2023, Cselle launched the mastodon-instance pebble.social.
Platform
Pebble was one of several social media platforms conceived as an alternative to X (formerly Twitter) after its takeover by Elon Musk. The platform allowed 280 characters on user posts. Cselle expressed a desire to keep the platform as similar to the original Twitter platform as possible. It also emphasized security and safety features such as user authentication.
Pebble's moderation was planned to make use of both human review and artificial intelligence features.
On 25 April 2023, the platform's invite system launched, allowing its current community of around 1,000 users to invite their friends to the service instead of requiring users to join a waitlist. Each member of the platform was allowed up to 5 invites with the ability to request more invites if required. The platform was a web-based app only.
Pebble offered checkmark verification, similar to X. Verification was done through Persona and a $5 charge is invoiced to offset the cost of verification. Unlike rival X Blue, the payment is one-time.
External links
Official website
References
Defunct social networking services
American social networking websites
Real-time web
Text messaging
Microblogging services
Internet properties disestablished in 2023
Internet properties established in 2022 | Pebble (social network) | [
"Technology"
] | 548 | [
"Real-time web",
"Real-time computing"
] |
73,122,728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woggabaliri | Woggabaliri is a traditional Indigenous Australian co-operative kicking volley game. Described as a kicking game similar to soccer played in a group of four to six players in a circle, the game has been encouraged in schools in New South Wales and Queensland.
Origin
Ken Edwards research
In 1999 Australian author Ken Edwards, then Associate Professor in Sport, Health and Physical Education at the Queensland University of Technology, published a book Choopadoo: Games from the Dreamtime, in which he makes mention of a game played by the Wiradjuri children near the Bogan River and Lachlan River. Historian David Thompson while investigating Aboriginal games, alleges that Edwards simply coined the term using an existing Aboriginal word and attributed it to various observations across outback Victoria and New South Wales. Ken Edwards and Troy Meston stated that the word Woggabaliri comes from the Wiradjuri word for "play". However according to the official Wiradjuri dictionary (as researched by Dr Stan Grant and Dr John Rudder) the word for play is wagigi. Robert Hamilton Mathews, studying Aboriginal Australian languages, listed the word woggabaliri in 1901 as the Ngunnawal word for "play".
The Australian Sports Commission (ASC) in 2000 cited permission to "use and adapt" Edwards' Choopadoo book to publish a derivative titled Indigenous Traditional Games, listing it as one of 19 games complete with lists of rules. The ASC's John Evans copied the descriptions of the games verbatim from Edwards' book, though further modified Woggabaliri with additional rules to make it suitable for contemporary children to play. Indigenous Traditional Games has subsequently been cited as a source for Woggabaliri by others, such as English-Australian fantasy author Malcom Walker.
Funding and grants based on Woggabaliri
In 2002 the ASC also funded the Laureus Sport for Good Foundation and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission to promote Woggabaliri to schools as part of the Indigenous Sports program (ISC).
FIFA World Cup bids
In 2007 Dr Patrick Greene, CEO of Museums Victoria, discovered Gustav Mützel's 1862 engravings of findings from the Blandowski expedition, including a depiction of Jarijari in 1857, observed at Mondellimin (now Merbein, Victoria). In the background of this engraving a child can be seen kicking the "ball" with others attempting to catch it, the caption translated from German reads "A group of children is playing with a ball. The ball is made out of typha roots (roots of the bulrush). It is not thrown or hit with a bat, but is kicked up in the air with a foot. The aim of the game - never let the ball touch the ground".
In 2010 Football Federation Australia (FFA) in its Australian 2022 FIFA World Cup bid, connected the Australian Sports Commission's Edwards-based game to Mützel's image and cited the similarity to football (soccer) as evidence that football (soccer) had a history in Australia stretching back thousands of years. Rod Allen, FFA media relations was quoted "We'd hope a wider knowledge of Woggabaliri might encourage more indigenous kids to play football".
John Maynard research
Historian John Maynard, in his 2011 book The Aboriginal Soccer Tribe, reiterating the FFA's attribution of Mützel's image, proclaimed it as Australia's first football game, and strongly link it to the modern game of association football (soccer). The 2011 bestseller received a Deadly Award for Outstanding Achievement in Literature. Maynard's book and its reference to Woggabaliri was subsequently widely cited. A passionate soccer fan, following his Ph.D at the University of Newcastle in 2003, Maynard began studying Aboriginal involvement in 2004, writing in 2008 of the significant under-representation of Indigenous Australians in the "world game" in comparison to Australian football. Former soccer player Craig Foster in 2011 wrote an opinion piece supporting Maynard's theory connecting Woggabaliri with soccer.
Hoax claims
In 2010, Ian Syson of The Footy Almanac alleged that Woggabaliri was a hoax perpetrated by the Australian Sports Commission to further Australia's World Cup bid. He pointed out the similarity between the words "Woggabaliri" and "wogball", a derogatory Australian slang term for soccer, suggesting that the choice of name may be tongue-in-cheek.
Historian David Thompson is critical of Ken Edwards claim of the existence of Woggabaliri, having found no academic sources to support it.
Modern play
Basic rules
According to the NSW Office of Sport, it is a kicking game similar to soccer played in a group of four to six players in a circle apart and uses either a soccer ball, volleyball, or soft beach ball. It can be played by groups of four to six players standing in a circle using feet and knees only, in no set order but without consecutive touches, the players attempt to keep the ball from touching the ground. The group that has the most touches in a set time wins. If the ball touches the ground the count is restarted.
Team rules
Two teams of four play on a volleyball-court-sized pitch with football (soccer) goals at each end. A game consists of two halves lasting 10 minutes each. Players may use feet, knees, thighs, chest and head to keep the ball aloft with the team losing possession if the ball touches the ground, is intercepted or an infringement occurs. Tackling is not permitted, and goals can be scored from any part of the pitch.
See also
Marn Grook
References
Sources
Indigenous Australian culture
Cooperative games
Ball games
Ancient sports
Indigenous Australian sport
Sports originating in Australia
Australian Aboriginal words and phrases | Woggabaliri | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,170 | [
"Game theory",
"Cooperative games"
] |
73,122,967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Parsons%20Mulliken | Samuel Parsons Mulliken (1864 – 1934) was an American professor of organic chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
His son was Nobel laureate Robert S. Mulliken.
References
External links
Books on the Internet Archive
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
20th-century American chemists
1864 births
1934 deaths
People from Newburyport, Massachusetts
American organic chemists | Samuel Parsons Mulliken | [
"Chemistry"
] | 71 | [
"Organic chemists",
"American organic chemists"
] |
73,123,512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree-Rips%20bifiltration | The degree-Rips bifiltration is a simplicial filtration used in topological data analysis for analyzing the shape of point cloud data. It is a multiparameter extension of the Vietoris–Rips filtration that possesses greater stability to data outliers than single-parameter filtrations, and which is more amenable to practical computation than other multiparameter constructions. Introduced in 2015 by Lesnick and Wright, the degree-Rips bifiltration is a parameter-free and density-sensitive vehicle for performing persistent homology computations on point cloud data.
Definition
It is standard practice in topological data analysis (TDA) to associate a sequence of nested simplicial complexes to a finite data set in order to detect the persistence of topological features over a range of scale parameters. One way to do this is by considering the sequence of Vietoris–Rips complexes of a finite set in a metric space indexed over all scale parameters.
If is a finite set in a metric space, then this construction is known as the Vietoris–Rips (or simply "Rips") filtration on , commonly denoted or . The Rips filtration can be expressed as a functor from the real numbers (viewed as a poset category) to the category of simplicial complexes and simplicial maps, a subcategory of the category of topological spaces and continuous maps via the geometric realization functor.
The Rips filtration is indexed over a single parameter, but we can capture more information (e.g., density) about the underlying data set by considering multiparameter filtrations. A filtration indexed by the product of two totally-ordered sets is known as a bifiltration, first introduced by Gunnar Carlsson and Afra Zomorodian in 2009.
The degree-Rips bifiltration filters each simplicial complex in the Rips filtration by the degree of each vertex in the graph isomorphic to the 1-skeleton at each index. More formally, let be an element of and define to be the subgraph of the 1-skeleton of containing all vertices whose degree is at least . Subsequently building the maximal simplicial complex possible on this 1-skeleton, we obtain a complex . By doing this for all possible vertex degrees, and across all scale parameters in the Rips filtration, we extend the Rips construction to a bifiltration .
Note that since the size of each complex will decrease as increases, we should identify the indexing set with , where is the opposite poset category of . Therefore the degree-Rips bifiltration can be viewed as a functor .
The idea behind the degree-Rips bifiltration is that vertices of higher degree will correspond to higher density regions of the underlying data set. However, since degree-Rips does not depend on an arbitrary choice of a parameter (such as a pre-selected density parameter, which is a priori difficult to determine), it is a convenient tool for analyzing data.
Applications to data analysis
The degree-Rips bifiltration possesses several properties that make it a useful tool in data analysis. For example, each of its skeleta has polynomial size; the k-dimensional skeleton of has simplices, where denotes an asymptotic upper bound. Moreover, it has been shown that the degree-Rips bifiltration possesses reasonably strong stability properties with respect to perturbations of the underlying data set. Further work has also been done examining the stable components and homotopy types of degree-Rips complexes.
The software RIVET was created in order to visualize several multiparameter invariants (i.e., data structures that attempt to capture underlying geometric information of the data) of 2-parameter persistence modules, including the persistent homology modules of the degree-Rips bifiltration. These invariants include the Hilbert function, rank invariant, and fibered barcode.
As a follow-up to the introduction of degree-Rips in their original 2015 paper, Lesnick and Wright showed in 2022 that a primary component of persistent homology computations (namely, computing minimal presentations and bigraded Betti numbers) can be achieved efficiently in a way that outperforms other persistent homology software. Methods of improving algorithmic efficiency of multiparameter persistent homology have also been explored that suggest the possibility of substantial speed increases for data analysis tools such as RIVET.
The degree-Rips bifiltration has been used for data analysis on random point clouds, as well as for analyzing data clusters with respect to variations in density. There has been some preliminary experimental analysis of the performance of degree-Rips with respect to outliers in particular, but this is an ongoing area of research as of February 2023.
References
Applied mathematics
Computational topology
Data analysis | Degree-Rips bifiltration | [
"Mathematics"
] | 989 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Computational topology",
"Topology",
"Computational mathematics"
] |
73,123,724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan%20cough%20syrup%20scandal | The Uzbekistan cough syrup scandal was a series of poisonings that resulted in the deaths of 18 children in Samarkand and two more children elsewhere in Uzbekistan in December 2022 and January 2023. It was caused by the toxic levels of diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol in cold medicines produced by the Indian company Marion Biotech, such as the Dok-1 Max brand. Subsequently, the Indian government investigated Marion Biotech's manufacturing processes, while Uzbek authorities opened a criminal case against members of the health system that had contributed to the children's deaths, such as regulatory officials and pharmacy administrators.
On December 22, the sale and distribution of Dok-1 Max was temporarily suspended in Uzbekistan, followed by the complete ban of Marion-produced cough syrups one week later. Uzbek customs officials prevented the distribution of 60,000 boxes of Dok-1 Max in response to the new regulations. In late December, the Indian government also ordered the company's manufacturing plant in Noida, Uttar Pradesh to shutdown production and on January 10, 2023, it suspended Marion's license to conduct business.
Shavkat Mirziyoyev, the current President of Uzbekistan, removed Sardor Kariyev from directing the Ministry of Health's Agency for the Development of the Pharmaceutical Network for failed regulatory oversight. The World Health Organization is continuing to investigate the poisonings.
Background
Dok-1 Max is a combination drug produced in syrup and tablet forms, used to resolve symptoms of acute respiratory diseases. It is mainly used in cases of whooping cough, runny nose, wet cough, sore throat, angina, headache, body aches, and fever. Despite the packaging indicating that the syrup can be safely used for children aged 2 and over, other companies only recommend use among those over 12 years of age. Each 10 ml dose of the drug contains paracetamol (500 mg), guaifenesin (200 mg), phenylephrine hydrochloride (10 mg), and minor amounts of sorbitol, propylene glycol, sodium benzoate, citric acid monohydrate, sodium saccharin, sucralose, glycerol, caramel coloring, ice lemon flavoring, menthol, and purified water.
The drug was available in Uzbekistan from 2012 to 2022 and imported under the limited liability company Quramax Medical.
Toxicity
The Uzbek Ministry of Health's toxicology studies identified substitution of the cough syrup's propylene glycol with diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol, toxic substances that can cause vomiting, seizures, syncope, acute renal failure, and cardiovascular disease. Marion Biotech allowed adultation with diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol at approximately 300 times higher than regulatory limits.
Incidents
An official letter from the head of the Children's Multidisciplinary Medical Center of the Samarkand region, Mamatkul Azizov, to the head of the Health Department of the regional government, Davronbek Jumaniozov, on December 15, describes the tragic circumstances related to Dok-1 Max to have happened "in the last 2 months".
Oltinoy Esanova, the deputy head of the Syrdarya Region health department, reported that the drug had a negative effect on seven children. 3 of the patients are in the intensive care unit, and 4 have recovered. The information advised parents to refer children under 6 years of age who have received Dok-1 Max to family hospitals, even if there are no side effects.
Abduqayum Tokhtaqulov, the head of the health department of Fergana region, reported to the National News Agency that a 3-year-old boy was poisoned. In his message, he noted that the condition of the patient from the city of Kuvasoy was serious and that he was currently being treated on the basis of specially approved standards. Tokhtakulov also told parents that they should keep their children away from such drugs and not to give them to their children.
There were also reports that 9 children were poisoned in Tashkent region. According to the report of the regional administration, until now there had been no cases of death in the region due to the drug. It was reported in the media that five of the children in the region recovered, and the condition of four was stable.
Akmal Askarov, deputy minister of Karakalpakstan, told the state television channel that two children were poisoned by the Dok-1 Max and were sent to Tashkent for specialized treatment. Spokesman of the Ministry S. Ziyayev noted that the condition of the children was average, with renal toxicity being observed.
Deaths
Cases of death in young children were recorded in Samarkand (18), Kashkadarya (1) and Namangan (1) regions.
18 children died in the children's multidisciplinary medical center located in Samarkand after taking cough syrup produced in India. Human rights representative of the Oliy Majlis, ombudsman Aliya Yunusova, representatives of the child rights protection sector and prosecutor's office conducted a special study on children who died in this hospital, showing that all of the dead children were under the age of 6, and 15 of them were children under the age of 3. The patients who died in Samarkand were from Jizzakh, Kashkadarya, Navoi and Samarkand regions.
On December 29, 2022, the number of children who died as a result of taking this drug reached 20. A child born on August 14, 2021, in Dehqonabad district of Kashkadarya region was brought to the Kashkadarya branch of the Emergency Medical Center of the Republic of Uzbekistan on December 27 under the effects of the syrup. The child died on December 28, despite the medical assistance provided.
One of the family members of the deceased child told Daryo.uz about the development of events:
Out of 43 children with acute respiratory diseases, 20 who died shortly after admission were found to have taken excessive amounts of the Dok-1 Max syrup, sometimes consisting of 2.5 to 5 ml 3-4 times a day for 2–7 days.
Responses
The sale and distribution of imported cough syrup was temporarily suspended on December 22. During a briefing held on December 29, 2022, with the participation of Sevara Ubaidullayeva, the head of the Department of Maternity and Child Protection of the Ministry of Health of Uzbekistan, special recommendations were given to people who took Dok-1 Max, saying that patients who did not develop various symptoms days after taking the drug should not be alarmed. After it was disclosed that several batches of Dok-1 Max and other similar cold syrups were found to contain toxic substances, their sale was banned, but it was reported that some pharmacies were still engaged in selling such drugs. That month, 3 imported batches of the Dok-1 Max (about 60,000 boxes) were placed under strict control by officials of the State Customs Committee against in response to the health crisis.
Ministry of Health
In connection with the incident, officials of the Ministry of Health of Uzbekistan reported that they formed a special working group consisting of qualified specialists of the State Center for Expertise and Standardization of Medicines, Medical Products and Medical Equipment in order to study the negative symptoms caused by the adulterated drug. The message stated that there was a criminal motivation behind the incident, that 7 persons responsible were fired, and that the identified information was sent to the law enforcement authorities. According to the report, the medicine was bought without a doctor's prescription, independently on the recommendation of pharmacists, and was taken in an overdose. Behzod Musayev, the minister of the health department of Republic of Uzbekistan, sent a video message of condolence to the parents and relatives of 18 children who died after taking the Dok-1 Max drug. The head of the Department of Motherhood and Child Protection stated that the result of a study conducted by the special working group appointed by the Ministry showed that the condition observed in children under the influence of syrup had been obtained more than 2 months since its onset; the fact that hospital officials did not provide prompt information on the incident to the ministry on the same day further complicated the situation.
Marion Biotech Pvt. Ltd
World Health Organization
Since December 27, the World Health Organization (WHO) has been in contact with government officials in Uzbekistan regarding the deaths of children who died after consuming Dok-1 Max cough syrup:
The total number of deaths from the toxic cough syrup across three countries of the world was 300, as announced by the World Health Organization announced in a press release:
President of Uzbekistan
Sardor Kariyev, who had been working as the director of the Agency for the Development of the Pharmaceutical Network under the Ministry of Health of Uzbekistan since February 2019, was relieved of his duties at a meeting held by the President of the Republic on December 30. The president also learned about the death of children in Samarkand. He criticized officials of the field who were connected to the situation:
Criminal investigation
Following the scandal, the Indian government has launched an investigation against Marion Biotech. The company, who manufactured the Dok-1 Max drug, was registered as a small producer in India in 2010 and as an international exporter in 2016. Quramax Medical LLC, which imported the company's products to Uzbekistan, was registered in Uzbekistan in 2006, headed by Singh Ragvendra Pratar. The Narcotics Licensing and Control Authority of Uttar Pradesh has been entrusted with the investigation. On December 29, 2022, Marion Biotech officially stopped the production of its Dok-1 Max cough syrup, which had caused the death of more than 20 children in Uzbekistan. According to the Economic Times, the investigative commission asked the government of Uzbekistan for a report on children who died as a result of drug.
In connection with this incident, the Investigation Department of the State Security Service of Uzbekistan initiated a criminal case against the officials of Quramax Medical and Scientific Center for Standardization of Medicines under Article 186–3, Part 4, Clause "a" of the Criminal Code. Suspects were arrested. Among the 7 officials released from their positions is Mamatqul Azizov, who discovered that the syrup was dangerous and that it was this drug that caused the death of children. News began to spread that these officials may be reinstated. Kun.uz website reports that the newly appointed Minister of Health Amrillo Inoyatov held a meeting with 7 dismissed officials.
The Dok-1 Max drug exported from India to Uzbekistan was subjected to laboratory tests by Scientific Center for Standardization of Medicines LLC. However, the review was not systematic, meaning that the drugs were not thoroughly tested. State security authorities arrested two heads of Quramax Medical LLC and Scientific Center for Standardization of Medicines as suspects in connection with this case.
On December 30, 2022, the Indian government's Drug Standards Control Center and Uttar Pradesh state government's Drug Control Department inspected Marion Biotech's manufacturing plant in Noida, Uttar Pradesh. Their findings led to the immediate suspension of all pharmaceutical production at the factory, affecting Marion products beyond the cough syrups attributed to the deaths.
On January 2, 2023, the sale of all drugs imported by Quramax Medical that were found to contain ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol was stopped. On January 10, the Indian government suspended the license of Marion Biotech, the manufacturer of Dok-1 Max. On January 13, the license of Quramax Medical LLC was revoked by a decision of the Tashkent Interdistrict Economic Court.
According to an article from June 2023, sources at Maya Chemtech India told Reuters that Marion purchased industrial-grade propylene glycol as an ingredient from them. Maya is not licensed to sell pharmaceutical-grade materials. It is not facing charges but the investigation is ongoing. Marion did not test the ingredient it purchased.
In October 2023, the Uttar Pradesh state government accepted Marion Biotech's appeal to resume production of medicines that do not contain propylene glycol, as such products would be unlikely to contain the toxic impurities of diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol.
See also
Toxic cough syrup
Notes
References
External links
Central Asia's Dangerous Pharmaceutical Industry
Health disasters in Uzbekistan
2022 health disasters
2022 in Uzbekistan
Adulteration
Mass poisoning
Medical scandals | Uzbekistan cough syrup scandal | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,585 | [
"Adulteration",
"Drug safety"
] |
73,124,554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked-read%20sequencing | Linked-read sequencing, a type of DNA sequencing technology, uses specialized technique that tags DNA molecules with unique barcodes before fragmenting them. Unlike traditional sequencing technology, where DNA is broken into small fragments and then sequenced individually, resulting in short read lengths that has difficulties in accurately reconstructing the original DNA sequence, the unique barcodes of linked-read sequencing allows scientists to link together DNA fragments that come from the same DNA molecule. A pivotal benefit of this technology lies in the small quantities of DNA required for large genome information output, effectively combining the advantages of long-read and short-read technologies.
History
This sequencing method was originally developed by 10x Genomics in 2015, and was launched under the name 'GemCode' or 'Chromium'. GemCode employed a method of gel bead-based barcoding to amalgamate short DNA fragments. The longer fragments produced by this could then be sequenced using validated technology such as Illumina next-generation sequencing. An updated version of linked-read sequencing was introduced by the same company in 2018, termed 'Linked-Reads V2'. While GemCode uses a single barcode for tagging of both the gel bead and the DNA fragment, Linked-Reads V2 uses separate barcodes for improved detection of genetic variants.
The group developed the linked-read sequencing technology published their first paper regarding this technology in 2016. The authors of this paper developed the linked-read sequencing technology initially to sequence the genomes of both healthy individuals and cancer patients to determine somatic mutations, copy number variations, and structural variations in cancer genomes. Later that year, another research group combined linked-read sequencing technology with long-read sequencing technology to assemble human genome. Both studies demonstrated the utility of linked-read sequencing in comprehensive genome analysis and in understanding genetic diseases. However, in 2019, a lawsuit relating to patent infringement resulted in 10x Genomics discontinuing their line of linked-read products.
Method
Overview
The linked-read sequencing is microfluidic-based, and only needs nanograms of input DNA. One nanogram of DNA can be distributed across more than 100,000 droplet partitions, where DNA fragments are barcoded and subjected to polymerase chain reactions (PCR). As a result, DNA fragments (or reads) that share the same barcode can be grouped as coming from one single long input DNA sequence. And, long range information can be assembled from short reads.
Steps of Linked-read sequencing:
Sample Preparation: DNA is extracted from a sample (e.g., blood) and cut into fragments of 50 to 200 kilo base-pairs long.
Barcode Sequencing: each DNA fragment is labelled with a unique barcode through a process known as "Gel Bead-In Emulsion" (GEM).
Library Preparation: barcoded DNA fragments are amplified with PCR to generate sequencing libraries.
Sequencing: with Illumina next-generation sequencing technology, generate millions to billions of short sequence reads that represent fragments of the original DNA molecules.
Barcode Processing: group short reads to longer fragments based on barcodes.
Downstream Analysis: processed reads are aligned to a reference genome, or used for de novo assembly of complex genomes, haplotype phasing, or identification of structural variations.
Barcode Sequencing
During barcode sequencing, high molecular weight DNA samples that contain the targeted DNA sequence, ranging from fifty to several hundred kilobases in size, are combined with gel beads containing unique barcodes, enzymes, and sequencing reagents. Microfluidic device can partition input DNA molecules into individual nanoliter-sized droplets of water-in-oil emulsion, called GEMs. Each GEM contains gel beads coated with the same barcode and primers, and a small amount of DNA. The primers are complementary to specific regions of the DNA molecule, allowing for amplification of the DNA in the droplets through PCR. The barcodes enable the identification and grouping of sequencing reads that originate from the same long fragment, which is crucial for downstream analysis.
Library Preparation and Sequencing
The barcoded DNA fragments are amplified using PCR to create a library of DNA fragments with identical barcodes. All the fragments derived from a given DNA molecule are tagged with the same barcode. This step increases the quantity of DNA for sequencing and reduces the chances of losing unique DNA fragments during sequencing. Droplets (or GEM) are later collected in a tube, and the emulsion is broken, releasing the amplified, barcoded DNA sequences.
Standard Illumina next-generation sequencing technology can be used to sequence libraries. During sequencing, the barcodes are read along with the DNA sequences, allowing researchers and scientists to group together DNA fragments that originate from the same DNA molecule. Even though each DNA fragment is typically not fully sequenced, the information from many overlapping fragments in the same genomic region can be combined to reconstruct the long stretches of the genome. Therefore, a genome can be easily assembled from scratch without any prior reference.
Processing
The raw sequencing data is then processed through bioinformatics (e.g., the GemCode analysis software developed by 10x Genomics) to remove low-quality reads and to assign reads to their respective barcodes. Reads can be aligned to a reference genome or assembled de novo to generate long-range contigs. The read alignment step is important for determining the order and orientation of the long DNA fragments, and for identifying genomic variations, such as insertions or deletions.
Applications
De Novo Genome Assembly
Linked-read sequencing can facilitate de novo genome assembly, which involves reconstructing a genome from scratch without any prior reference. Linked-read sequencing enables assembly of large genomic regions, and helps improve the completeness and contiguity of the resulting genome. This can be particularly useful for studying organisms that lack a high-quality reference genome, such as non-model organisms or organisms with complex genomes. Many scientists have been using linked-read sequencing technology for de novo genome assembly recently in a variety of organisms, including humans, plants, and animals. For example, Dr. Evan Eichler and his research group used linked-read sequencing to assemble genome of orangutan, which had previously been difficult to study due to its complex genome. The resulting genome assembly helped scientists to study new insights into the evolutionary history of primates and the genetic basis of human diseases. Also, the aligned or assembled reads can be used for other genetic investigations or downstream analysis, such as haplotype phasing.
Haplotype Phasing
Haplotype refers to a group of genetic variants inherited together on a chromosome from one parent due to their genetic linkage. Haplotype phasing (also called haplotype estimation) refers to the process of reconstructing individual haplotypes, important for determining the genetic basis of diseases. Linked-read sequencing allows consistent coverage of genes related to different diseases, helping scientists to obtain all the regions carrying mutations from targeted genes. For example, in 2018, a group of researchers used linked-read sequencing technology to sequence genetic information from a pregnant woman who was a carrier of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) mutation. Linked-read sequencing allows them to identify the maternal haplotypes and determine the presence of the mutant alleles in the foetal DNA. This non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of DMD demonstrates the clinical applicability of linked-read sequencing.
Structural Variation Analysis
Structural variations, such as deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations, and other rearrangements, are common in human genomes. These variations can have significant impacts on genome functions, and have been implicated in many diseases. Linked-read sequencing technology labels all reads that originate from the same long DNA fragment with the same barcode, so it enables the detection of a large number of structural variants. Complexity of structural variants can be resolved with linked-read sequencing, and provide a complete picture of the genomic landscape. Many scientists have already been using linked-read sequencing to identify and characterise structural variants in diverse populations, including people with genetic disorders or cancers
Transcriptome Analysis
Transcriptome analysis is the study of all the RNA transcripts that are produced by the genome of an organism. Linked-read sequencing has been used by researchers to assemble transcript isoforms and alternative splicing events. Information regarding alternative splicing events can provide insights into the regulation of gene expression in human transcriptome
Epigenetic Analysis
Epigenetics refers to the study of heritable changes in genetic activities that are distinct from changes in DNA sequences. Epigenetic analysis involves studying DNA-protein interactions, histone modifications, and DNA methylation. Linked-read sequencing has been used for studying DNA methylation patterns by many studies. For example, in 2021, a study investigated the DNA methylation differences in peripheral blood cells between twins, in which one twin had Alzheimer’s Disease and the other was cognitively normal. Linked-read sequencing technology allowed researchers to identify more than 3000 differentially methylated regions between these twins discordant for Alzheimer’s Disease, and investigation of these differentially methylated regions eventually led to identification of genes enriched in neurodevelopmental processes, neuronal signalling, and immune system functions
Use
Advantages
Wide range of genomic applications and scientific questions, including de novo genome assembly, haplotype phasing, structural variant analysis, and transcriptome and epigenetic analysis.
Accuracy and scalability.
Method requires small quantities of input DNA, which can be beneficial for small samples or single cell studies.
More cost effective per sample in comparison with long-read technologies such as Oxford Nanopore sequencing.
Libraries produced by linked-read can be processed using Illumina short read sequencing, increasing accessibility.
Limitations
Complexity of library construction - this technology requires high molecular DNA preparation in order to produce long enough DNA molecules for sequencing.
Limitations in read length may result in limited haplotype resolution, which could reduce the efficacy of this technology in highly complex genomic regions.
Controversy
In 2018, Bio-Rad Laboratories filed a lawsuit against 10x Genomics stating that their linked-read technology infringed on three patents which had been licensed from Bio-Rad at the University of Chicago. Bio-Rad was awarded a sum of $23,930,716 by a jury. The 10x Genomics filed a motion for judgement as a matter of law (JMOL) but were denied in 2019, and the court proceedings concluded in 2020. Following this lawsuit, 10x Genomics discontinued their linked-read assay. An exception was made for linked-read products which had already been sold by the company prior to the lawsuit, allowing 10x Genomics to continue to provide those researchers with services such as support and warranty maintenance for this technology.
References
Molecular biology
Biotechnology | Linked-read sequencing | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,224 | [
"Biochemistry",
"nan",
"Biotechnology",
"Molecular biology"
] |
73,124,908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphocyte | Metaphocytes are myeloid-like cells considered among tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) and are present in the skin, gill, and intestine of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Originating from the ectoderm during development, metaphocytes share many similarities, in terms of cellular morphology and gene expression profile with macrophages (which are of mesodermal origin) in particular the Langerhans cells in the skin.
Function
Similar to many immune cells, metaphocytes are highly motile cells found in mucosal tissues such as skin, gills, and intestines. Interestingly, by contrast to conventional macrophages, metaphocytes do not migrate or respond to wound-induced inflammation, and they lack phagocytosis ability. The main function of the metaphocytes is to uptake soluble antigens from the external environment and to transfer these antigens to Langerhans cells (TRM of the skin), most probably to regulate the immune response.
References
Cell biology | Metaphocyte | [
"Biology"
] | 214 | [
"Cell biology"
] |
73,125,843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuber%20canaliculatum | Tuber canaliculatum, commonly called Michigan truffle and Appalachian truffle, is a fungus that grows in eastern North America including the Midwest. It is brick red in color. It is foraged and used in Appalachian cuisine.
Dogs have been used to locate the truffles. It has been investigated for commercial cultivation.
References
canaliculatum
Truffles (fungi)
Fungi described in 1920
Fungus species | Tuber canaliculatum | [
"Biology"
] | 87 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
73,127,816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration-exploitation%20dilemma | The exploration-exploitation dilemma, also known as the explore-exploit tradeoff, is a fundamental concept in decision-making that arises in many domains. It is depicted as the balancing act between two opposing strategies. Exploitation involves choosing the best option based on current knowledge of the system (which may be incomplete or misleading), while exploration involves trying out new options that may lead to better outcomes in the future at the expense of an exploitation opportunity. Finding the optimal balance between these two strategies is a crucial challenge in many decision-making problems whose goal is to maximize long-term benefits.
Application in machine learning
In the context of machine learning, the exploration-exploitation tradeoff is fundamental in reinforcement learning (RL), a type of machine learning that involves training agents to make decisions based on feedback from the environment. Crucially, this feedback may be incomplete or delayed. The agent must decide whether to exploit the current best-known policy or explore new policies to improve its performance.
Multi-armed bandit methods
The multi-armed bandit (MAB) problem was a classic example of the tradeoff, and many methods were developed for it, such as epsilon-greedy, Thompson sampling, and the upper confidence bound (UCB). See the page on MAB for details.
In more complex RL situations than the MAB problem, the agent can treat each choice as a MAB, where the payoff is the expected future reward. For example, if the agent performs epsilon-greedy method, then the agent would often "pull the best lever" by picking the action that had the best predicted expected reward (exploit). However, it would with probability epsilon to pick a random action (explore). The Monte Carlo Tree Search, for example, uses a variant of the UCB method.
Exploration problems
There are some problems that make exploration difficult.
Sparse reward. If rewards occur only once a long while, then the agent might not persist in exploring. Furthermore, if the space of actions is large, then the sparse reward would mean the agent would not be guided by the reward to find a good direction for deeper exploration. A standard example is Montezuma's Revenge.
Deceptive reward. If some early actions give immediate small reward, but other actions give later large reward, then the agent might be lured away from exploring the other actions.
Noisy TV problem. If certain observations are irreducibly noisy (such as a television showing random images), then the agent might be trapped exploring those observations (watching the television).
Exploration reward
This section based on.
The exploration reward (also called exploration bonus) methods convert the exploration-exploitation dilemma into a balance of exploitations. That is, instead of trying to get the agent to balance exploration and exploitation, exploration is simply treated as another form of exploitation, and the agent simply attempts to maximize the sum of rewards from exploration and exploitation. The exploration reward can be treated as a form of intrinsic reward.
We write these as , meaning the intrinsic and extrinsic rewards at time step .
However, exploration reward is different from exploitation in two regards:
The reward of exploitation is not freely chosen, but given by the environment, but the reward of exploration may be picked freely. Indeed, there are many different ways to design described below.
The reward of exploitation is usually stationary (i.e. the same action in the same state gives the same reward), but the reward of exploration is non-stationary (i.e. the same action in the same state should give less and less reward).
Count-based exploration uses , the number of visits to a state during the time-steps , to calculate the exploration reward. This is only possible in small and discrete state space. Density-based exploration extends count-based exploration by using a density model . The idea is that, if a state has been visited, then nearby states are also partly-visited.
In maximum entropy exploration, the entropy of the agent's policy is included as a term in the intrinsic reward. That is, .
Prediction-based
This section based on.
The forward dynamics model is a function for predicting the next state based on the current state and the current action: . The forward dynamics model is trained as the agent plays. The model becomes better at predicting state transition for state-action pairs that had been done many times.
A forward dynamics model can define an exploration reward by . That is, the reward is the squared-error of the prediction compared to reality. This rewards the agent to perform state-action pairs that had not been done many times. This is however susceptible to the noisy TV problem.
Dynamics model can be run in latent space. That is, for some featurizer . The featurizer can be the identity function (i.e. ), randomly generated, the encoder-half of a variational autoencoder, etc. A good featurizer improves forward dynamics exploration.
The Intrinsic Curiosity Module (ICM) method trains simultaneously a forward dynamics model and a featurizer. The featurizer is trained by an inverse dynamics model, which is a function for predicting the current action based on the features of the current and the next state: . By optimizing the inverse dynamics, both the inverse dynamics model and the featurizer are improved. Then, the improved featurizer improves the forward dynamics model, which improves the exploration of the agent.
Random Network Distillation (RND) method attempts to solve this problem by teacher-student distillation. Instead of a forward dynamics model, it has two models . The teacher model is fixed, and the student model is trained to minimize on states . As a state is visited more and more, the student network becomes better at predicting the teacher. Meanwhile, the prediction error is also an exploration reward for the agent, and so the agent learns to perform actions that result in higher prediction error. Thus, we have a student network attempting to minimize the prediction error, while the agent attempting to maximize it, resulting in exploration.
The states are normalized by subtracting a running average and dividing a running variance, which is necessary since the teacher model is frozen. The rewards are normalized by dividing with a running variance.
Exploration by disagreement trains an ensemble of forward dynamics models, each on a random subset of all tuples. The exploration reward is the variance of the models' predictions.
Noise
For neural-network based agents, the NoisyNet method changes some of its neural network modules by noisy versions. That is, some network parameters are random variables from a probability distribution. The parameters of the distribution are themselves learnable. For example, in a linear layer , both are sampled from gaussian distributions at every step, and the parameters are learned via the reparameterization trick.
References
Machine learning
Strategy
Cognition | Exploration-exploitation dilemma | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,376 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Machine learning"
] |
73,133,245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20142990 | HD 142990, also known as HR 5942 and V913 Scorpii, is a star about 470 light years from the Earth, in the constellation Scorpius. It is a 5th magnitude star, so it will be faintly visible to the naked eye of an observer far from city lights. It is a variable star, whose brightness varies slightly from 5.40 to 5.47 during its 23.5 hour rotation period. It is a member of the Upper Scorpius Region of the Scorpius–Centaurus association.
HD 142990 is a helium-weak star. In 1983, Ermanno Borra et al. detected the star's strong (~kilogauss) magnetic field from the Zeeman splitting of the Hβ spectral line. Later estimates put the field strength as several kilogauss.
The variability of HD 142990 was discovered in 1977 by Holger Pedersen and Bjarne Thomsen, during a spectroscopic and photometric study of helium weak and helium strong stars. In 1978 the star was given the variable star designation V913 Scorpii. Far more extensive photometric data were provided by the Kepler K2 program, which sampled the light curve well, and allowed Dominic Bowman et al. to measure the star's day rotation period.
The rotation period of HD 142990 appears to be decreasing at a rate of about 0.6 seconds per year. This might mean the star is still contracting towards the zero-age main sequence, though other explanations involving magnetohydrodynamics have been proposed.
In 1989, Jeffrey Linsky et al. reported the detection of 6 cm radio emission from HD 142990, which appeared to be variable on a time scale of 5 minutes. In 2018, Emil Lenc et al. found that the radio emission from the star is circularly polarized. In 2019, Barnali Das et al. reported that HD 142990 exhibits coherent electron cyclotron maser emission at 200 MHz, making it, at that time, only the fourth hot magnetic star known to emit by this mechanism .
References
Scorpius
078246
142990
Scorpii, V913
SX Arietis variables
B-type main-sequence stars
Helium-weak stars
5942 | HD 142990 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 477 | [
"Scorpius",
"Constellations"
] |
60,911,332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%205793 | NGC 5793 is an active spiral galaxy located approximately 150 million light years away in the constellation Libra. It is classified as a Type 2 Seyfert galaxy and was discovered by Francis Leavenworth in 1886. The galactic plane is inclined at an angle of 73°, giving it an oval, nearly edge-on appearance with the major axis aligned along a position angle of 150°.
Seyfert galaxies such as NGC 5793 are known to house megamasers. Megamasers can have a luminosity of thousands of times greater than the Sun. Neutral hydrogen has been detected against the galactic nucleus. This means that NGC 5793 has an estimated HI cloud size of ≈15 pc and an estimated atomic gas density of ≈200 cm -3.
References
External links
Spiral galaxies
Seyfert galaxies
5793
Libra (constellation) | NGC 5793 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 177 | [
"Libra (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
60,911,646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19%20Lyrae | 19 Lyrae is a single variable star located approximately 950 light years away from the Sun in the northern constellation of Lyra. It has the variable star designation V471 Lyr, while 19 Lyrae is the Flamsteed designation. This object is just bright enough to be visible to the naked eye, appearing as a dim, blue-white star with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 5.93. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −30 km/s, and may come as close as around 8.5 million years from now.
This is a magnetic chemically-peculiar star with a stellar classification of , showing abundance anomalies in silicon and strontium. The light variations of this star were discovered by J. E. Winzer in 1974. It is an Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum-type variable with a period of 1.160898 days (or 7.0980 days), ranging in magnitude from a high of 5.91 down to 5.98. The surface magnetic field has a strength of
19 Lyrae has a moderate rotation rate, showing a projected rotational velocity of 35 km/s. Stellar models give it an estimated 3.8 times the mass of the Sun and its girth is measured at 6.4 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 397 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 11,194 K. The star has an absolute magnitude of −1.24, which shows how bright the star would appear if it were located at a distance of from the Sun.
References
B-type giants
Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum variables
Ap stars
Lyra
7283
Durchmusterung objects
Lyrae, 19
179527
094311
Lyrae, V471 | 19 Lyrae | [
"Astronomy"
] | 384 | [
"Lyra",
"Constellations"
] |
60,912,643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20655 | NGC 655 is a lenticular galaxy located 400 million light-years away in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered in a sky-survey by Ormond Stone on December 12, 1885.
On July 23, 2010, supernova SN 2010gp in NGC 655 was announced, reaching magnitude 15.5 on July 22. It was offset by 22″ west and 47″ south of the nucleus. Earlier, in 2000, the type II supernova SN 2000bg had also appeared in this galaxy.
See also
List of NGC objects (1–1000)
References
Lenticular galaxies
Cetus
655
Astronomical objects discovered in 1885
006262 | NGC 655 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 134 | [
"Cetus",
"Constellations"
] |
60,912,660 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA-assisted%20psychotherapy | MDMA-assisted psychotherapy is the use of prescribed doses of MDMA as an adjunct to psychotherapy sessions. Research suggests that MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including complex PTSD (C-PTSD), might improve treatment effectiveness. In 2017, a Phase II clinical trial led to a breakthrough therapy designation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for potential use as a treatment for PTSD.
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy is currently under investigation as a treatment for various other mental health disorders, including major depressive disorder, social anxiety in people with autism, alcohol use disorder, and mood disturbances in individuals facing life-threatening illnesses. The research is controversial in part because recreational MDMA use has been associated with harmful effects among some users.
Therapeutic effects
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is most commonly treated by cognitive behavioral therapy (particularly prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and psychodynamic psychotherapy. However, over half of these patients continue to have PTSD after completing therapy, with results from war-related PTSD being especially poor.
PTSD is best treated when a patient is in the 'optimal arousal zone', in which emotions are engaged, yet not overwhelming. In this zone, four symptom clusters of PTSD are sedated:
re-experiencing
avoidance
negative alterations in cognition/mood
alterations in arousal and reactivity
Subjects with PTSD exhibit extreme emotional numbing or anxiety and struggle to remain in the optimal arousal zone during conservative therapies. Threatening interpretations of memories are reinforced when patients are in low emotional states. If traumatic memories are revisited in therapy when a patient is not within the optimal arousal state, therapy for PTSD can actually increase the patient's trauma.
When used in therapy, MDMA has been reported to increase empathy, closeness between patient and therapist, relaxation, motivation to engage with therapy and introspective thought, and reduce depression and anxiety. MDMA makes it easier for a patient to stay in the optimal arousal zone by decreasing feelings of anxiety and defensiveness when revisiting traumatic memories. By increasing feelings of closeness and empathy, it can improve the patient's trust in the therapist and encourage introspective thought to reassess memories and actions. Furthermore, research suggests that treatment may improve the quality of sleep of individuals affected by PTSD-related sleep disturbances. It is believed that these factors may increase the success rate of psychotherapy.
Adverse effects, which can last from a few hours to several days, include diminished appetite, anxiety, headache, jaw tightness, tinnitus, nausea, asthenia (weakness), fatigue, sinusitis, nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, disturbance in attention, tremor, tics, dysuria, erythema, and depression.
Research
With FDA approval granted in 2017, MDMA has been authorized for use in research related to psychotherapy. A large proportion of this research has been focused on treating PTSD and major depressive disorder.
PTSD
A phase III study indicated that MDMA-assisted therapy represents a potential breakthrough treatment for severe PTSD that merits expedited clinical evaluation. Based on this study, MDMA-assisted psychotherapy was granted breakthrough therapy designation by the FDA, a designation that indicates that there is preliminary evidence that an intervention might offer a substantial improvement over other options for a serious health condition. However, given the lack of blinding, several researchers have postulated that the results of the phase III trial might be heavily influenced by expectancy effects. There are no trials comparing MDMA-assisted psychotherapy to already existing first-line psychological treatments for PTSD which seems to attain similar or elevated symptom reduction compared with that due to MDMA-assisted psychotherapy based on indirect evidence.
Major depressive disorder
There have been several studies that investigated MDMA-assisted psychotherapy as a potential treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). An analysis of six phase II trials showed a trend toward significance, while a phase III trial reported that MDMA-assisted psychotherapy had antidepressant effects. Given that unprocessed trauma is considered a causative factor in some individuals with depression, it has been proposed that the benefit observed in PTSD trials might be applicable to MDD as well.
Mechanism of action
PTSD inhibits a subject's ability to respond appropriately to trauma-related stimuli. The current model of PTSD proposes that it results from amplified and uncontrolled responses from the amygdala to trauma-specific cues. Oxytocin, which is increased by MDMA, has been found to increase trust and emotional awareness and reduce amygdala responses as well as reduce coupling of the amygdala to brainstem regions associated with autonomic and behavioral characteristics of fear. It has been proposed that these effects foster memory reconsolidation by allowing the patient to access the traumatic memory while feeling detached from the sense of imminent threat.
MDMA is believed to create neuroplasticity, which can help break habits associated with OCD and addiction.
History
MDMA was first synthesized by the German pharmaceutical company Merck KGaA in 1912 as an intermediate in the synthesis of a potential blood clotting medication. Its psychoactive effects were not noted until the early 1960s. In the 1970s and early 1980s, MDMA emerged as a novel psychotherapeutic tool. The medicine demonstrated a unique ability to create feelings of empathy, openness, and reduced fear. These early explorations laid the groundwork for its later use in treating conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Alexander Shulgin, an American chemist, synthesized MDMA in order to investigate its properties and was responsible for introducing the compound to a small number of American psychiatrists in the early 1970s. Shuglin and another chemist, David E. Nichols, are credited with publishing the first report regarding the effects and pharmacology of MDMA in humans.
Psychotherapists using MDMA for therapeutic purposes initially desired to keep its use within the clinical research community; however, the medication gained popularity in the club scene in the early 1980s. This eventually led to the drug being classified as a Schedule I controlled substance by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in 1986. The scheduling of MDMA made it illegal to manufacture, possess, or distribute, essentially ending the practice of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in the United States. Despite this, MDMA continued to be used recreationally in the club and rave scene.
Switzerland continued to study the drug for use in individual, couple, and group therapies until 1993, when the Swiss Ministry of Health withdrew permission to use MDMA and LSD by psychiatrists due to concerns about a lack of research methodology. Over 100 patients in Switzerland with a variety of mental illnesses were treated with MDMA-assisted psychotherapy during this time frame.
Legality
In 1986, MDMA was classed as a Schedule I drug by the United Nations according to its Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 due to increasing rates of non-clinical use and police seizures, along with its high potential for abuse. MDMA has remained a Schedule I substance since 1986, and most research was stopped at that time. In response to this, researchers interested in MDMA for use in psychotherapy founded and funded the U.S.-based non-profit research organization, Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS). MAPS is now one of the leading organizations funding research on psychedelic and controlled substances.
Current legal status
The United States FDA and DEA granted approval for researching MDMA's efficacy as an adjunct to psychotherapy in 2004, and the first trial was carried out in 2011. In 2023, MAPS announced that it is compiling data from 18 different phase II and phase III studies with plans to file a New Drug Application with the FDA. MAPS hopes to receive FDA approval by the end of 2024.
In July 2023, Australia became the first country to approve the legal use of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of depression and PTSD.
Controversy & safety
MDMA's effects vary across people and settings and include adverse outcomes. The drug causes neurotransmitter activation across the main neural pathways (e.g., serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline) that can result in large mood swings. The memories that emerge under the influence of MDMA can evoke unwanted emotions. Side effects of MDMA use by recreational users include appetite fluctuations, food cravings, and disordered eating.
Once the effects of MDMA wear off, there is a "period of neurochemical depletion" that invokes anhedonia, lethargy, anger, depression, irritability, brooding, greater everyday stress, altered pain thresholds, changes in sleep, and bad dreams, especially in female participants. The symptoms are thought to be due to the depletion of serotonin, as a result of the large release of serotonin triggered by MDMA and have been called "neurotoxic in terms of causing serotonergic dysfunction."
There are also concerns surrounding "drug-dependent learning" — the theory that patients will return to the drug to access the state they were in when on the drug in therapy.
There were 92 MDMA-related deaths in England and Wales in 2018, up from 56 the year before, and 10,000 hospitalizations for MDMA-related illness/injury in 2011 in the United States. However, as of 2021, there have been no such cases reported for clinical settings.
Media reports and statements of academic authors have often transmitted the view of MDMA as a possible medicine or treatment rather than as an adjunct to psychotherapy. This approach however was criticized because it could lead people to believe that MDMA is an effective treatment alone, without concomitant psychotherapy.
See also
Alexander Shulgin
Breakthrough therapy
Convention on Psychotropic Substances
Improving Access to Psychological Therapies
List of Psychotherapies
MDMA
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Psychedelic therapy
References
External links
MDMA Facts and Statistics National Institute on Drug Abuse
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or 'Ecstasy') drug profile European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies
Dead Dog on the Left Documentary about MDMA-assisted treatment for military PTSD
Is MDMA psychiatry's antibiotic? Tedx Talk by Ben Sessa.
MDMA, Psychotherapy, and the Future of PTSD Treatment TEDx talk by Brad Burge
Psychotherapy, MDMA-assisted
Psychotherapy | MDMA-assisted psychotherapy | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,198 | [
"Psychoactive drugs",
"Neurochemistry"
] |
60,913,077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20abuse%20allegations%20made%20through%20facilitated%20communication | There have been instances in which a person, through facilitated communication (FC)—a scientifically discredited technique that attempts to aid communication by people with autism or other communication disabilities who are non-verbal—seems to disclose experiences of abuse. Often, the alleged abuse is sexual and contains "extensive, explicit, pornographic details". While facilitators are taught to expect their communication partners to reveal sensitive, personal issues, researchers find that facilitators involved in this type of case mistakenly suspect abuse by family members or others.
In 1993, Frontline "Prisoners of Silence" featured the story of Gerry Gherardi of New Hampshire, who was accused, through FC-generated messages, of sexually abusing his son. Despite protestations of innocence, Gherardi was forced to stay away from his home for six months. The charges were dropped when court-ordered double-blind tests showed that Gherardi's son could not write. In the same year, Bernard Rimland reported in a New York Times article that he knew of about 25 cases where families were accused through facilitated communication of sexually abusing their children.
By 1995, there were sixty known cases, with untold numbers of others settled without reaching public visibility. Since then, the number of cases continues to increase. In addition to accusations of sexual abuse, facilitators, reportedly, have developed sexual feelings for their communication partners and, relying on FC for consent, initiated sexual, physical contact with people in their care, raising serious ethical and legal problems for facilitators, protective service agencies, law enforcement, court officials, educators, and family members alike.
The "Carla" case
About the same time FC was gaining popularity in the United States in the early 1990s, the Guardianship and Administration Board in Melbourne, Australia, was reviewing a landmark case involving allegations of sexual abuse and facilitated communication. The 1990 case involved a 28-year-old woman (pseudonym "Carla") with severe disabilities who was removed, twice, from her home by state authorities because of messages obtained through FC that she was being sexually abused at home.
Nine facilitators, including Rosemary Crossley, one of Australia's leaders in FC movement, over a course of nine months, obtained messages through FC that allegedly involved incest, rape and other sexual depredations. Crossley had assessed Carla in August 1988, indicating that her ability to spell was very good and expressing amazement at the extent of Carla's vocabulary and perceptions during the evaluation. Officials removed Carla from the home when one of the facilitators, through another facilitated session, indicated Carla threatened suicide if she was not removed from her home.
Following a 15-month custody battle, the Guardianship Board accepted extensive evidence from psychological and other tests that agreed that the woman had a severe intellectual disability, was unable to differentiate between letters of the alphabet, and could not have authored the messages. Double-blind testing, conducted by psychologists Alan Hudson and Beatrice Melita, demonstrated that the only meaningful responses obtained through FC were when the facilitator knew the questions being asked of Carla. The court determined that Carla and her family were "victims" and admonished the facilitators: "the one step that would have prevented the case occurring—prior verification that the woman could communicate with facilitated communication—had not been done." All charges were dropped and custody was granted to Carla's family.
The Storch case
In 1991, Mark Storch, of Shokan, New York, was charged with abusing his daughter after the Department of Social Services received reports that his daughter, Jenny, a 14-year-old with autism, had, through facilitated communication, disclosed recurring sexual assaults, including 200 vaginal and anal rapes. Storch's wife, Laura, was charged with neglect. Despite no physical evidence of abuse, inconsistencies in the facilitated testimony, and questions about the facilitator's troubling personal history, officials pressed charges, which led to a costly, 10-month legal battle. The case was dropped because FC lacked sufficient testing and acceptance in the scientific community.
Bennett Leventhal, head of pediatric psychology at the University of Chicago, testified in the Storch's defense, saying:
The Wheaton case
In 1992, the parents of Betsy Wheaton, a 16-year-old nonspeaking person with autism, were, through facilitated communication, falsely accused of sexually abusing their daughter. The facilitator, Janyce Boynton, who was trained in FC at the University of Maine, interpreted Betsy's hitting and scratching during facilitated sessions as reenactments of abuses occurring at home. Boynton reported these incidents to the Department of Human Services, and Betsy and her brother were removed from the home. The brother was also implicated. The parents' attorney hired Howard Shane of Boston Children's Hospital to conduct testing of authorship. It was determined through double blind testing that Boynton, not Betsy, was authoring the messages obtained through facilitation. Boynton, unlike many other facilitators who have undergone testing, accepted the results, stopped using FC, and persuaded the school system to stop using FC as well.
Looking back on her training, Boynton could see that it had been inadequate. She had not worked with anyone who was nonverbal, and she was pronounced "good to go" after only two days of mostly lectures. She knew that disabled people suffer relatively high levels of abuse, was taught that there was a strong affinity between patient and facilitator, so, she has stated, "you get this sense in your head that you're the only one this person trusts... And then you get overly protective and you have that thought in your head that maybe they've been abused." She describes the process of facilitating as "everything happening at once.... you're so distracted by other things." Until she was tested, she fully believed that she was protecting Betsy. Howard Shane states: "You're expected to believe (the person has been abused) and then, bam, the accusation happens."
Of the Wheaton case, Todd wrote:
The Cracchiolo case
In 1993, Gregory Cracchiolo, who taught students with severe developmental disabilities in Whittier, California, was accused of sexually assaulting four of his students, with facilitated communication being the only source of evidence. The student making the allegation was unable to communicate by speech to verify these claims. Cracchiolo lost his job and faced 11 felony counts of forcible sodomy and forced oral copulation. He faced a maximum sentence of 88 years in prison. While authorship testing was not done, the charges were dropped after a month, because FC lacked the scientific evidence to determine its efficacy. The prosecutor continued to believe the abuses occurred. Cracchiolo blamed the case for ending his teaching career.
The Lehman case
In 1993, David and Jean Lehman of Newmarket, Ontario, were charged with sexually abusing their 20-year-old son, Derek, based solely on evidence obtained through facilitated communication. At birth, Derek had been diagnosed with autism and severe intellectual disability and, at the time of the allegations, lived in a group home. He was not able to speak but could use two hand signals: "please" and "toilet". He was not able to recognize numbers beyond three and was not aware of his own sex or that of others.
During authorship testing, conducted by Mary Konstantareas, psychology professor at the University of Guelph, Derek was not able to name an object that he had seen but his facilitators had not. After a year-long court battle, the charges were proven unfounded and dropped. The ordeal left the Lehmans in debt, nearly losing their business, and drove David Lehman to nearly committing suicide. The Lehmans filed an $8.5 million civil suit and accepted a settlement for an undisclosed amount. They were also granted custodianship of their son.
The Oakland County, Michigan case
In 1997, a Michigan couple, who had lost custody of their daughter, was awarded $750,000 by a federal jury when jurors concluded that the officials in the case "knew or should have known the girl's facilitated allegations of abuse were bogus."
The England case
In 1999, a 50-year-old businessman from the south of England was accused, through FC, of abusing his 17-year-old son. The son, reportedly, had severe autism and epileptic seizures and was not able to speak. Dame Elizabeth Butler-Sloss, President of the High Court Family Division, ruled on the first case of its kind in England, saying FC was "dangerous" and should not be used by UK courts to "back up or dismiss allegations of abuse". She also indicated the court was "entirely satisfied the allegations were unfounded", since there was no evidence that the father or anyone else was a perpetrator, or that the abuse had ever occurred.
The Wendrow case
In 2007, Julian Wendrow of West Bloomfield, Michigan, was charged with sexually abusing his daughter and placed in jail for 80 days. His wife, Tali, was accused of severely mentally and emotionally abusing her children and was forced to wear an electronic tether. Their 13-year-old son was also named as a perpetrator. Both children were placed in foster care.
The allegations resulted from messages obtained via FC at school while an aide helped guide the girl's hand. The case was a "virtual rerun" of the 1992 Betsy Wheaton case. When lawyers questioned the girl without the facilitator present, she was unable to answer questions, including "What color is your sweater?" and "Are you a boy or a girl?" The case fell apart due to lack of physical evidence of abuse and facilitated testimony that contained information inconsistent with the Wendrow family, lifestyle and living arrangements: relatives that did not exist, Christian theology attributed to observant Jewish parents, nonexistent rooms and photos.
Aislinn testified, through FC, that she was afraid of her father because of a gun. Police found no guns in the home. As a result, the charges were dropped and the children returned to their parents. Prosecutors continued to believe the girl was afraid of her father. A wrongful arrest suit was settled for $1.8 million, which, according to the attorney representing the Police Department, was a business decision made by the insurance company and was not an admission of wrongdoing or liability.
The Gigi Jordan case
On February 3, 2010, Gigi Jordan of New York was found by police in the Peninsula New York hotel. She was incoherent from a drug overdose. Jude Mirra, her eight-year-old son, was also found, dead from a mixture of painkillers and anti-inflammatories which Jordan force-fed him. Jordan, at the time, was under the impression Mirra wanted to die because of alleged sexual abuse typed out during sessions involving FC. Despite testifying that she was "by Jude's side at all hours of the day", Jordan believed the biological father, her ex-husband, had been abusing the boy for years and that Mirra's diagnosis of autism was actually a catatonic psychosis brought on by the alleged abuse. To Jordan, the killing was "altruistic filicide"—a mercy killing.
Mirra, who was diagnosed with autism, was not able to speak. Jordan indicated that Mirra, through FC, had told her "I need a lot of drugs to die peacefully" and "I wish you do it soon." Although Jordan and Mirra communicated by typing together on a BlackBerry, no witnesses ever observed Mirra type by himself. In reviewing typed messages provided by Jordan of her son's disclosures, court officials questioned whether Mirra had the capacity to understand or spell words like "aggressively" and "sadistic".
Jordan also believed her second ex-husband, a pharmaceutical executive, was stealing millions of dollars from her and wanted her killed. Both men denied the accusations. No evidence of any crimes committed in connection with the case were found against either of the two men. In November 2014, the jury accepted Jordan's claim of extreme emotional disturbance and found her guilty of first-degree manslaughter in the death of her son. On December 31, 2022, she was found dead at her home hours after U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor revoked her bail. Her death was ruled a suicide.
The Wales case
In 2012, the parents of a young woman with severe intellectual disabilities, autism, and profound communication problems were reunited with their daughter after the Public Services Ombudsman for Wales concluded they had been wrongfully arrested on suspicion of serious sexual assault obtained via FC. The family had been separated for six months. No charges were brought against the parents. Rowan Wilson, a psychiatrist, had, on November 8, 2010, assessed the woman's mental capacity using FC, though he, admittedly, had no knowledge or experience of the system. He also failed to consider the discrepancy between the woman's language fluency with and without FC. The Medical Practitioners Tribunal Services ruled that Wilson was still fit to practice because "he had shown remorse and insight into the errors he was highly unlikely to repeat." Wilson participated in further training in autism.
The Hialeah case
In 2018, Jose Cordero spent 35 days in jail and was barred from seeing his family for months after he was accused of abusing his seven-year-old autistic son. The accusations arose through the child's teacher using the "hand-over-hand" method of FC. Miami-Dade prosecutors grew suspicious when, through the facilitator the boy made even more outlandish claims and language not typical for someone that age. After being paired with a different teacher and specialist the child was no longer able to reproduce a single word. Coupled with negative DNA testing this resulted in the charges being dropped. According to a final State Attorney report, "Due to significant inconsistencies within the victim's disclosures coupled with controversial means by which the disclosure was obtained, and a lack of corroborating witnesses, the state would be unable to prove this case beyond a reasonable doubt at this time."
The case raises questions about whether or not the teacher, Saul Fumero, made up the allegations and whether the district was aware he was using a discredited communication method. Fumero acknowledged that he has had no formal training in FC. A Miami-Dade Schools spokeswoman did not say whether the district would review Fumero's actions, but noted that teachers are required by law to immediately report allegations of abuse. The spokeswoman, Daisy Gonzalez-Diego, added that the district "does not endorse the facilitated communication method and does not provide training" for it because it is not accepted by those working in the field of "augmentative and alternative communication".
The John Pinnington case
In 1998, middle-aged John Pinnington changed careers to focus on the care and treatment of individuals with autism (having been inspired by his experiences with his own autistic step-son). After several years of work in the field, Pinnington was hired by Thomley Hall College, a specialist facility for students aged 16–25 with autism, where he was promoted to the position of Deputy Headmaster in 2004. At the time of his promotion the college was aware that between the years 2000 and 2002, two young adults with autism had accused Pinnington of sexual abuse. Those charges, made during facilitated communication sessions, had been investigated by the college and by the police and found to be without foundation. In 2005, Pinnington learned that a third young man with autism had made an abuse allegation. Again, the charges were made during a facilitated communication session.
Despite the dismissal of all charges by police investigators, the law in the UK required that a record of the allegations remain in Pinnington's police record, and the charges came to light later in 2005 when a new set of background checks were mandated by a charity that had taken over the college. Despite the lack of any independent evidence of the abuse, and despite the fact that all allegations had been made during FC sessions, and despite the fact that one of the facilitators was the mother of an accuser, Pinnington was fired from his position by the charity.
Pinnington was unsuccessful in his attempts to have the abuse allegations expunged from his record, and in 2008, in a controversial landmark decision, his appeal to the High Court was denied, even though the court agreed that there was "strong doubt" about the veracity of the allegations. The baseless accusations, made during FC sessions, permanently ended Pinnington's career as an educator and so seriously damaged his reputation that he has been unable to find employment of any kind.
References
Abuse
Facilitated communication
Abuse allegations made through facilitated communication
Pseudoscience-related lists
False allegations of sex crimes | List of abuse allegations made through facilitated communication | [
"Biology"
] | 3,515 | [
"Abuse",
"Behavior",
"Aggression",
"Human behavior"
] |
60,914,396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl%20olefin%20metathesis | Carbonyl olefin metathesis is a type of metathesis reaction that entails, formally, the redistribution of fragments of an alkene and a carbonyl by the scission and regeneration of carbon-carbon and carbon-oxygen double bonds respectively. It is a powerful method in organic synthesis using simple carbonyls and olefins and converting them into less accessible products with higher structural complexity.
Photochemical conditions
The carbonyl–olefin metathesis reaction can proceed stepwise under photochemical conditions, where in the first step irradiation by a light source induces a [2+2] cycloaddition between a carbonyl and olefin, known as the Paternò–Büchi reaction. The isolated oxetane intermediate can subsequently be fragmented into a new carbonyl and olefin product under thermal or acidic conditions.
Metal-mediated process
The metal-mediated processes include a carbonyl-olefination and an olefin–olefin metathesis event. There are two general mechanistic schemes to perform this overall transformation: one, reaction of a [M=CHR1] reagent with an alkene to generate a new metal alkylidene, which then couples with a carbonyl group to form the desired substituted alkene and an inactive [M=O] species (type A); two, conversion of the carbonyl moiety into an alkene through Wittig-type alkenylation, followed by metathesis between this newly formed alkene and a second alkene (type B). This transformation could be done in both stepwise (i.e. two-pot) or one-pot fashion.
For Type A transformation, stoichiometric amount of molybdenum or tungsten complex was often used to generate the metal alkylidene intermediate. In Lei's total synthesis of Huperzine Q, they have furnished the cyclopentene ring through carbonyl-olefin metathesis using Schrock molybdenum alkylidene complex. As for Type B transformation, the alkene intermediate was usually formed through treating the carbonyl functional group with reagents like titanocene methylidene, Tebbe, Grubbs, Petasis reagents or in situ generated titanium alkylidenes. Keck and coworkers showcased the utility of in situ generated titanium alkylidene to perform carbonyl-olefin metathesis in their preparation of the C-ring fragment of bryostatin 1
Organocatalyzed process
Hydrazine mediated reactions
In 2012, the Lambert group has reported a ring-opening metathesis of cyclopropenes with aldehydes using a simple hydrazine catalyst through a [3+2]/ retro [3+2] cycloaddition sequence. A detailed mechanism for this metathesis process is described below: the catalytic cycle started with the condensation of aldehyde R1CHO with hydrazine catalyst, and then the reactive intermediate underwent cycloaddition with cyclopropene. After proton transfer, retro-[3+2] took place which gave the desired hydrazonium intermediate. The subsequent hydrolysis liberates the metathesis product and regenerated catalyst. Cyclopropenes worked smoothly but norbornene and stilbene among other olefins did not undergo metathesis with aldehydes under the same conditions.
Lewis acid-mediated reactions
Back in 1971, Demole and co-workers has observed formation of oxetane from olefin and carbonyl through an intramolecular reaction mediated by SnCl4. The authors has proposed a stepwise mechanism. Based on this result, several methods have been developed in intramolecular systems to form the alkene bond through the same oxetane intermediate followed by subsequent formal retro [2+2] reaction thus accomplishing a formal olefin carbonyl ring closing metathesis transformation. As for intermolecular version, Bickelhaupt and co-workers have observed carbonyl-olefin metathesis product in 15-30% yield from treating benzaldehyde and alkenes upon EPZ-10, a solid Lewis acid. This reaction system was further investigated and improved by Franzén group. They found that trityl cation catalyst could promote formal cross metathesis between trisubstituted alkenes and arenecarbaldehydes to give β-alkylstyrene and acetone. The proposed mechanism is shown below.
References
Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions | Carbonyl olefin metathesis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 938 | [
"Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
60,914,614 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartamento | Apartamento is an interiors magazine founded in 2008 that is published biannually. It features people, their homes and the lives they lead inside them every day. The magazine was founded by Nacho Alegre, Marco Velardi, and Omar Sosa, who sought to create a publication that felt more personal than the interior design and architectural magazines available at the time. The magazine debuted at Milan’s 2008 Design Week.
History
The idea for Apartamento was born out of Alegre’s experiences traveling across Europe as a photographer. He would often stay with friends and in the process, became interested in how people express themselves through their living spaces. Originally, he and Sosa thought they would publish a book, but later decided to create a magazine instead. In 2008, Alegre, Velardi and Sosa, started Apartamento in Barcelona, operating from Alegre's house. In April of the same year, they published the first issue of the magazine. Alegre and Sosa invested enough money to produce 5,000 copies, which sold out. The first issue featured Mike Mills, a founding member of the alternative rock band R.E.M. and members of the Mystery Jets, an English indie rock band.
Concept
Apartamento is, in part, a reaction to the sterile and impersonal-looking homes Alegre, Velardi and Sosa often saw in interior-design and architectural magazines. They instead wanted to showcase living spaces that had a more "lived-in feel."
Reception
Apartamento has developed a strong following. It is read in 45 countries and regularly sells out all of the copies produced.
References
External links
2008 establishments in Spain
Architecture magazines
Biannual magazines
Design magazines
Magazines established in 2008
Magazines published in Barcelona | Apartamento | [
"Engineering"
] | 360 | [
"Design magazines",
"Design"
] |
60,914,832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaomi%20Mi%205 | The Xiaomi Mi 5 () is a smartphone developed by the Chinese electronics manufacturer company Xiaomi for its high-end smartphone line, released in February 2016. The Xiaomi Mi 5 has a 5.15-inch 1080p screen, a Snapdragon 820 processor, a 3,000-mAh battery and a Sony Exmor IMX 16-megapixel camera. The standard version has 3 GB of RAM (random-access memory) with 32 GB of storage space (UFS2.0). The advanced version has the same amount of RAM with 64 GB of storage space (UFS2.0). The premium edition has 4 GB of RAM and 128 GB of storage (UFS 2.0). It was released 528 days after the Xiaomi Mi 4 went on sale, and the Xiaomi Mi 5 was a long time coming after a flood of flagship phones from different brands.
History
There were many reasons for the delay in launching the fifth generation of Xiaomi phones in 2015. First of all, Huawei's crackdown on Xiaomi was particularly severe in 2015. Therefore, Xiaomi needed to make a comeback through the release of Mi 5. Secondly, Xiaomi has always stood on the market with low price and cost performance, but the price of the Mi 5 is more than 2000 yuan, which was becoming the highest price in history, so Xiaomi wanted to reduce the price through additional technology research and development. In addition, the Mi 5 launched during the 2016 mobile world congress (MWC) brought better exposure and higher consumer awareness of marketing strategies, which helped Xiaomi better promote its new phones to meet its sales target. Besides, the Qualcomm Snapdragon 820 running on the Xiaomi Mi 5 is highly anticipated, so the compatibility of the processor had to be perfected before releasing the phone. In addition, the delay of the release of the Xiaomi Mi 5 was attributed to the overheating of the Snapdragon 810 chip, which caused the phone to not work smoothly and led the company to test the performance of the Qualcomm Snapdragon 820 on the Xiaomi Mi 5.
Features
System and software
The factory system (UI) of Xiaomi Mi 5 is MIUI 7. This system plays very well in the Xiaomi Mi 5. However, when some applications are running in the background, a short pause is inevitable, but it does not affect the normal use. Compared with other Android or Apple phones, Xiaomi's phones are easier to install custom ROM and can change the name of the SIM network at will. The Xiaomi Mi 5 features a powerful Qualcomm Snapdragon 820 processor. At the end of 2017, Xiaomi Mi 5 updated the available MIUI V9.1.1.0 with unique optimizations including a notification panel that can respond quickly, split-screen or multi-window support, image search, improved performance and application processing. In late 2018, Xiaomi announced that after the last stable release of MIUI 10.2, there will be no more updates to MIUI on Xiaomi Mi 5 phones.
The Mi 5 is among few smartphones to support Apple's proprietary "AirPlay" protocol.
Design
The 5.15 Mi 5 is indeed one of the most compact and lightweight flagships. It is 144.6 mm × 69.2 mm × 7.3 mm wide and 2 mm tall, but the hair is narrower and thinner than the 5.1 Galaxy S7. The Mi 5 weighs just 129 g - 23 g lighter than the Galaxy S7 with a similar design. The Mi 5 has a familiar double glazing design with a silver frame. Both pieces are made from the latest Gorilla Glass 4 material. The rear glass bends around the long edges, while the front is completely flat. Xiaomi has set chamfered edges on the frame to complement the soft curve on the back, which works best in this combination. It also improves grip, enhances the appearance and makes handling more comfortable. Monitors may look almost bezel-less, but they aren't. A metal frame is a border, and it takes a while to get used to it when swiping a card because most of the time people's thumbs scratch the metal and then seamlessly enter the screen. It wasn't unpleasant, but it wasn't common at first. The front is also sleek, with a reflective "Mi" logo at the top, a front-facing camera next to it, and slim buttons underneath the 5.1-inch display. A single button has an embedded fingerprint sensor, which is very fast. Xiaomi is playing out the phone's almost baffle-free features. Although the space between the edge of the phone and the screen is very small, there is a large black bar around the monitor, which ruins the illusion. In fact, the Mi 5 has about the same number of borders as the HTC 10.
Marketing
Xiaomi's darkest hour came in the year before the Mi 5 went on sale. Xiaomi, China's leading smartphone maker, has endured a year of intense pressure from Huawei and Apple. Other Chinese smartphone giants, such as Vivo and Oppo, have made efforts in retail to stay out of the way. In this dilemma, Xiaomi Mi 5 is just a sharp tool to fight a battle of survival and keep Xiaomi's market share in China. In 2014, Xiaomi's share of the global smartphone market was only 5%, far less than Samsung's 26% and Apple's 12%. Step by step, Xiaomi has progressed to become the biggest competitor of Huawei and Apple in China. Behind all this, Xiaomi's biggest effort has been to expand its market. In 2019, Apple's sales declined because China is a relatively large market with endless opportunities. However, Huawei technologies and Xiaomi have achieved good results in China in recent years, so Xiaomi has put considerable pressure on Apple. Xiaomi is not just a smartphone maker; it also makes other products, including headphones, gaming laptops, fitness watches, smart light bulbs and more. Perhaps if people are not interested in Xiaomi's smartphones, they may still be interested in its ancillary products. Xiaomi is often referred to by others as "the Apple of China" largely due to its phones resembling that of Apple's iPhone. However, Xiaomi has created some special phones after continuous independent research and development. In fact, there is a big difference between Xiaomi and Apple. That is, Xiaomi has a wider range of sales and hardware services than Apple, and its phones have higher cost performance. But at the same time, cost-effective phones are losing their edge. This means that Xiaomi may need to improve its original marketing model and gradually adapt to the current global smartphone market. Or it could still gradually cultivate Xiaomi's "fanatical fans" to follow the old way. Now Xiaomi, as an international brand, is working hard to expand its position in offline retail. This is also Xiaomi's global expansion plan. In order to take a larger share of the international market, they plan to carry out more business with a smaller profit. After expanding successfully in India and Europe, Xiaomi is now looking at South America. The first Xiaomi store in Chile opened in Santiago on April 27, attracting 1,500 customers on the first day. In the future, Xiaomi will also open more physical stores in Chile, and introduce Mi home ecosystem to Chile as soon as possible. This is not the first time Xiaomi has entered the South American market. Xiaomi entered Latin America and South America in 2017 through Redmi 4X sales in Mexico. "Mexico is a very important market for us and is our starting point to the rest of Latin America," Donovan Sung, Xiaomi's global director of product management and marketing, said in a news release. "We hope to continue to grow here with the continued support of our passionate Mi fans." And it plans to enter the American market in 2019, but the fact is not easy, there seem to be some problems. Previously, Xiaomi Mi 8 was deemed to copy the iPhone X with similar facial recognition and camera layout. As for the current situation, Xiaomi is still in the stage of expansion and has not reached a fully mature market share. There may be room for its market share to rise. Xiaomi's expansion strategy now is to stabilize its gains in Europe and India, and then continue to expand elsewhere.
Reception
The Xiaomi Mi 5 received a lot of good reviews after its release. There are many reasons for this.
GSMArena states that: "Xiaomi made it easy for us. The Mi 5 is one of the most beautiful, most powerful, and most capable smartphones to date and there is little to dwell on it. If the Mi 5 is available in your geographic region, our recommendation is to grab one right away. The Snapdragon 820 chip, the very bright screen, the enhanced 16MP snapper with 4-axis OIS, and the beefy battery are all an excellent complement to the charismatic Xiaomi Mi 5. The Android 6.0 Marshmallow allowed for native fingerprint reader and USB Type-C support, while the MIUI 7 launcher is as neat as ever. The Xiaomi Mi 5 has no competition within its price bracket. The rest of the Snapdragon 820 devices are twice as expensive, as is the iPhone 6s. "
Gadgets360 states that: "Xiaomi may be better known for its budget smartphones, but with the Mi 5 it has shown that it is more than capable of building a competent premium device as well. Although a lot of people will have problems with the price and the general idea that Xiaomi is even trying to build something premium, we feel that it's time to move on and give the company the respect it deserves. The Mi 5 is a solid effort that succeeds in giving you a flagship smartphone experience at a price that we consider excellent for a phone of this quality."
According to an author from ANDROID AUTHORITY, the Mi 5's design, display, performance, hardware, battery life, camera, and software impressed us overall, which is astonishing at this price point. Xiaomi has yet again raised the bar for what an affordable smartphone should be, and much like in previous years, rival OEMs will certainly need to up their game to topple Xiaomi's latest flagship.
But one phone can't be perfect, and there have been some comments pointing to problems.
An author from Forbes said that: "The volume rocker on the side is slightly wobbly, making for the only "flaw" in what is otherwise top-notch craftsmanship. The Mi 5 runs Xiaomi's own MIUI skin over Android 6.0, and much like Meizu's Flyme OS, it's a lot cleaner than people in the west might think. The two major differences that fans of stock Android would notice right away are the lack of an app drawer, and the notification shade, which is split into two tabs (a la Huawei's EMUI). One side is notifications, the other is toggles for things like WiFi, Bluetooth, volume, etc. I don't particularly love this two-part take (because it requires an extra swipe left/right to do most things), but it's not that annoying."
" Xiaomi seems to be running an overly aggressive background app killing setting that'll close most apps running in the background if they've not been used for a while. It's difficult to assess exactly how long this time period has to be, but I found common apps like GroupMe and Hangouts, among plenty of others, having to reload every time I went back to them. I don't spend all day in chat apps but it's annoying waiting for them to load back up again, and sometimes I even found that notifications were delayed until I opened the app again. This happened most often with Google's Inbox and caused me to miss emails a number of times. This is all done to save battery, which it certainly achieves, but it creates a negative user experience when it does happen, and is less desirable than just killing my battery quicker."
Comparisons
References
Android (operating system) devices
Mobile phones introduced in 2016
Mobile phones with 4K video recording
Discontinued flagship smartphones
Mi 5
Mobile phones with infrared transmitter | Xiaomi Mi 5 | [
"Technology"
] | 2,574 | [
"Discontinued flagship smartphones",
"Flagship smartphones"
] |
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