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73,236,187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20J1818.0%E2%80%931607 | Swift J1818.0–1607 is a young magnetar and soft gamma repeater, with an estimated age between 240 and 500 years. It was discovered by NASA's Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory when it exhibited an X-ray burst on 12 March 2020.
References
External links
A Cosmic Baby Is Discovered, and It's Brilliant, Calla Cofield, NASA, 17 June 2020
XMM-Newton observes baby magnetar, ESA, 17 June 2020
J1818.0-1607: Chandra Studies Extraordinary Magnetar, Chandra X-ray Center, 8 January 2021
Magnetars
Sagittarius (constellation)
Astronomical X-ray sources
Soft gamma repeaters
20200312 | Swift J1818.0–1607 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 143 | [
"Constellations",
"Astronomical X-ray sources",
"Magnetars",
"Magnetism in astronomy",
"Sagittarius (constellation)",
"Astronomical objects"
] |
73,236,231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20151804 | HD 151804, also known as HR 6245 and V973 Scorpii, is a blue supergiant star about 7000 light years from the Earth, in the constellation Scorpius. It is a 5th magnitude star, so it will be faintly visible to the naked eye of an observer far from city lights. It is a variable star, whose brightness varies slightly from magnitude 5.22 to 5.28, on time scales of a few days. It is one of the brightest stars in the Scorpius OB1 association, and is located half a degree from NGC 6231, which is part of the same association.
HD 151804 was determined to be a Wolf-Rayet star sometime between 1888 and 1894 at the Harvard College Observatory. More modern publications classify it as an star, however.
Photometric observations published by Bart Bok et al. in 1966 and Nancy Morrison in 1975 indicated than HD 151804 might be a variable star. Variability was confirmed by Arnout van Genderen et al. in 1989. They could not deduce a period, but noted that it varied on a timescale of less than two days. In 1990, HD 151804 was given the variable star designation V973 Scorpii.
Tahina Ramiaramanantsoa et al. studied HD 151804 in 2015, using the BRITE constellation of nanosatellites. During their two-month period of high cadence observations, they found that the star's brightness varied by 0.04 magnitudes, showing a superposition of a large number of periods, the most pronounced of which were less than one day. These different pulsation modes had lifetimes of five to ten days. They argue that these pulsations may be gravity waves, stochastically excited by the star's convective core.
In 1968, John Hutchings discovered that HD 151804 has a stellar wind. It is losing mass at a rate of per year. The wind's terminal velocity is 1450 km/sec.
References
Scorpius
082493
151804
Scorpii, V973
Alpha Cygni variables
O-type supergiants | HD 151804 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 460 | [
"Scorpius",
"Constellations"
] |
73,237,601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dische%20test | The Dische test, or Dische reaction, is used to distinguish DNA from RNA. It was invented by Zacharias Dische.
Method
Dische's diphenylamine reagent consists of diphenylamine, glacial acetic acid, sulfuric acid, and ethanol.
When heated with DNA, it turns blue in the presence of DNA. A more intense blue color indicates a greater concentration of DNA.
Mechanism
The acid converts deoxyribose to a molecule that binds with diphenylamine to form a blue substance. The reagent does not interact with RNA, so can be used to distinguish DNA from RNA.
See also
Bial's test
References
Analytical reagents
Genetics techniques | Dische test | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 146 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Analytical reagents",
"Genetic engineering"
] |
73,238,226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20countries%20by%20air%20pollution | The following list of countries by air pollution sorts the countries of the world according to their average measured concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5) in micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3). The World Health Organization's recommended limit is 5 micrograms per cubic meter, although there are also various national guideline values, which are often much higher. Air pollution is among the biggest health problems of modern industrial society and is responsible for more than 10 percent of all deaths worldwide (nearly 4.5 million premature deaths in 2019), according to The Lancet. Air pollution can affect nearly every organ and system of the body, negatively affecting nature and humans alike. Air pollution is a particularly big problem in emerging and developing countries, where global environmental standards often cannot be met. The data in this list refers only to outdoor air quality and not indoor air quality, which caused an additional two million premature deaths in 2019.
2022 list (UChicago AQLI 2022)
All data are valid for the year 2022 and are taken from the Air Quality Life Index (AQLI) of the University of Chicago. In addition to particulate matter pollution, the modeled potential loss of life expectancy of the population due to particulate matter pollution is given.
List (2018−2023)
All data are valid for the year 2018-2023 and are taken from the IQAir 2023 World Air Quality Ranking
References
External links
IQAir World Air Quality Ranking
Countries
Countries
Countries
Countries
Pollution
Countries | List of countries by air pollution | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 307 | [
"Visibility",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Particulates",
"Particle technology",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
73,238,581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Ethology | The Journal of Ethology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of ethology. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the Japan Ethological Society and was established in 1983 as a bilingual journal in English and Japanese. Initially, the journal focused on research conducted in Japan, but it has since expanded to include submissions from around the world and nowadays publishes in English only. The editor-in-chief is Takeshi Takegaki (Nagasaki University).
The journal publishes research articles, reviews, and commentaries related to the behavior of animals in their natural environment, as well as research conducted in laboratory settings.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 1.202.
References
External links
English-language journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Academic journals established in 1983
Ethology journals
Triannual journals | Journal of Ethology | [
"Biology"
] | 192 | [
"Ethology",
"Behavior",
"Ethology journals"
] |
73,238,835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%20Chamaeleontis | T Chamaeleontis (T Cha), also known as HIP 58285, is a T Tauri star located in the southern circumpolar constellation Chamaeleon. It has an apparent magnitude that ranges from 10.05 to 14.50, which is below the limit for naked eye visibility. Gaia DR3 parallax measurements place the object 335 light years away and it is currently receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, T Cha's average brightness is diminished by 0.31 magnitudes due to extinction from interstellar dust. It has an average absolute magnitude of +6.55.
History
The object was first suspected to be a RW Aurigae-type star since 1949. It was categorized as a T-Tauri star in 1975. In the same year, it was suspected to be variable and the variability was confirmed in 1976. A 1993 paper said that it might be a weak-lined YY Orionis star. T Cha might be either a member of the young ε Chamaeleontis association or the slightly older η Chamaeleontis association. T Cha is an Orion variable that fluctuates between 10.05 and 14.5.
Physical characteristics
T Cha has a stellar classification of K0e, indicating that it is a K-type star with emission lines in its spectrum. It is currently on the T Tauri stage, accreting matter at a rate of to /yr. It has 65% the mass of the Sun but the radius is highly uncertain. Estimates range from 0.65 to 4.36 times the radius of the Sun. It radiates 29% the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving it an orange hue. T Cha has a poorly constrained metallicity of [Fe/H] = +0.09 and it spins modestly with a projected rotational velocity of .
References
T Tauri stars
Chamaeleontis, T
Orion variables
Chamaeleon
058285
Hypothetical planets
Emission-line stars | T Chamaeleontis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 430 | [
"Chamaeleon",
"Constellations"
] |
73,239,888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%20Chamaeleontis | R Chamaeleontis (abbreviated to R Cha), also known as HD 71793, is a Mira variable located in the southern circumpolar constellation Chamaeleon. It has an apparent magnitude that ranges from 7.5 to 14.1, which is below the limit for naked eye visibility. Gaia DR3 parallax measurements place it about 3,000 light years away and it is currently approaching with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
This star was first reported to be variable in 1906, the first to be discovered in the constellation of Chamaeleon.
R Cha has a stellar classification that has been recorded between M4e near maximum and M8e near minimum. It is an asymptotic giant branch star that has exhausted its core hydrogen and helium and is now fusing hydrogen and helium in separate shells outside its core. It has expanded to about although this varies as it pulsates. It radiates about despite its relatively low surface temperature around . The effective temperature also varies as the star pulsates, corresponding to the change in the spectral class.
References
Chamaeleontis, R
Mira variables
Chamaeleon
071793
Emission-line stars
M-type giants | R Chamaeleontis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 254 | [
"Chamaeleon",
"Constellations"
] |
73,240,709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4-FN | C4-FN (C4-fluoronitrile, C4FN) is a perfluorinated compound developed as a high-dielectric gas for high-voltage switchgear. It has the structure (CF3)2CFC≡N, which can be described as perfluoroisobutyronitrile, falling under the category of PFAS, or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances.
It is promoted as an alternative to sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) for interruption and insulation applications, as it has insulation properties twice that of SF6 and a relatively low global warming potential (GWP) compared with SF6 that is the most potent greenhouse gas. The compound has been introduced into the market by 3M under the denomination Novec 4710 and commercialized in high voltage equipment by General Electric starting from 2016. It is seen as a credible alternative to SF6 by the European Commission as offering the capability to replace SF6 while keeping the same benefits of dimensional footprint and performance. Several other companies started using C4-FN mixtures for high voltage applications: LS Electric, Hitachi Energy, Hyosung or Hyundai Electric.
C4-FN mixtures refers to the typically used gas mixtures including C4-FN mixed with natural origin gases (O2, CO2, N2) which are used within high-voltage equipment.
There are no other reported applications than electric insulation for the C4-FN mixtures. Apart from typical distribution and transmission high-voltage equipment, research has been done for applications within the Large Hadron Collider.
Application to high-voltage equipment
Current applications
C4-FN is usually not used alone as a single gas compound in high voltage equipment due to its high boiling point temperature which would limit either the pressure or the application temperature to too strict levels which are usually between -30 °C and +55 °C as per the relevant standards. It is mostly used mixed with carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), and oxygen (O2), in proportions widely varying depending on applications and products but ranging from 3.5% to 6% (percentages are given in mole fraction).
C4-FN is usually used as a dielectric additive whose content is a compromise between:
The filling pressure of the equipment, which is necessary to ensure current interruption by the circuit breaker.
The required minimum operating temperature of the equipment.
The other gases used (CO2, O2, N2) and their chemical interactions.
Contrary to the C5-FK (fluoroketone) technology, C4-FN mixtures are able to cover the needs of the network operators. Hitachi Energy announced breaking away from the C5-FK to focus purely on C4-FN and natural origin solutions for high-voltage equipment.
C4-FN technology is recent but developing quickly, especially under the recent public pressure to reduce carbon footprint of the equipment. The use of SF6 in the electrical industry is not well known and the status of exception is wearing as shown by the new proposal of European F-Gas regulation.
In comparison with the development of air-blast, SF6 and vacuum technologies, C4-FN is relatively fast. This is permitted by the use of similar concepts as for other puffer and selfblast technologies:
2014: First publication of the use of C4-FN for high-voltage applications.
2016: First using a C4-FN/CO2 mixture energized in Sellindge. The equipment is rated 420 kV and operating on a 400 kV network.
2017: First using a C4-FN/O2/CO2 mixture energized in Etzel, Switzerland. The equipment is rated 145 kV, 40 kA and operating on a 50 kV network.
2021: First , live-tank, using C4-FN/O2/CO2 mixture energized.
2022: Announced date for the availability of a 420 kV, 63 kA GIS.
Higher content of C4-FN has been reported in specific retrofilling applications, i.e., where the gas within commissioned equipment, usually SF6, is replaced by a gas mixture containing C4-FN. Retrofilling designates a sort of retrofitting with limited changes on the equipment.
Alternative technologies
In the recent years, C4-FN has taken the lead on other gaseous media alternatives like HFO-1234ze and C5F10O (fluoroketone, C5-FK), as several manufacturers started adopting it. The most important rally was the commitment to the technology by Hitachi Energy in April 2021.
C4-FN mixture technology is today in competition with mixtures of natural-origin gases such as nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), which have a GWP below 1 and lower boiling points but lower dielectric and thermal properties which negatively impact the overall performance of the equipment and usually results in bigger apparatuses and use of material. The mixtures using natural-origin gas often are only used for insulation while the interruption function is done using on vacuum interrupters. The scalability of such vacuum interrupters is still subject to discussion and polemic as the announced portfolio and products above 145 kV are still to be released
Regulations
F-Gas
C4-FN is a fluorinated gas and its use can be locally regulated because of its greenhouse effect. As the molecule was only very recently introduced on the market for high voltage switchgear, it was not yet properly regulated.
The latest proposal of the European F-gas regulation represents a severe drawback for the C4-FN solutions in high voltage equipment as it introduces a hierarchy between three categories of solutions: GWP<10, GWP<2000 and GWP≥2000. The impact of such regulation would be to make the C4-FN products as transition solutions before the apparition of GWP<10 alternatives.
Supporters
ENTSO-E has officially stated its support to the C4-FN mixtures for high voltage equipment as they represent the best solution to quickly remove SF6. The European Distribution System Operators (E.DSO) association also supported the removal of the GWP<10 threshold in the latest F-gas proposal.
The main reasons mentioned in the positions' papers are that:
C4-FN mixtures appear the fastest solution to replace SF6 in the coming years. Making it a non-viable solution in the medium-term would likely slow or stop all development and result in new substations to be installed with SF6.
The carbon-footprint of a C4-FN substation is much lower as with other alternative solutions like vacuum or natural-origin gases as per several Life-cycle assessments. Therefore, the rationale of greenhouse gas reduction is achieved by the technology and the regulation's scope should not be limited to the gas only but to the whole product.
There is only one supplier of vacuum interrupter able to reach 145 kV at the moment: Siemens. Preventing the use of C4-FN gases for high voltage equipment would therefore represent the risk of monopoly in short and medium-term, impacting strongly the competition on the market. Additionally, there is a risk than Siemens could not reach the demand due to the transfer of productions from other manufacturers.
Several European fundings supported the development of C4-FN solutions through the LIFE programme.
Criticisms
C4-FN is still criticized regarding its reliance on manufacturers' data mostly. Two topics are discussed: Reliability and Environment Health and Safety (EHS).
The reliability was mostly discussed regarding the applicability or not of the existent IEC and IEEE standards to fully qualify C4-FN mixtures performance. This has been partially reduced with CIGRE publishing several technical brochures from working groups that investigated the phenomena, reliability and testing procedures for C4-FN mixtures. In the meantime, IEC and IEEE organizations started working on new or revised standards. ETH Zurich also contributed to investigate key properties of the gas and its mixtures.
Regarding the EHS aspects, the main discussed aspect is the toxicology of C4-FN which was almost exclusively studied by the producer (3M) and OEM (GE Grid, Hitachi Energy, etc.). The molecule is now registered in REACH with the CAS no. 42532-60-05. It should not be confounded with its isomer, heptafluorobutyronitrile, which is toxic (CAS no. 375-00-8). It is certain that the study of pure, mixed, and arced C4-FN should continue to consolidate the knowledge about the risks. Several parties have started, mainly research teams.
Siemens Energy regularly criticized the C4-FN technology which is in direct competition with its vacuum and synthetic air technology.
Physical and other properties
Impact on the environment
C4-FN is a greenhouse gas and has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) estimated at 2750 over 100 years, although various studies give other results: 1490, 2100 and 3646. Its atmospheric lifetime is estimated in the range of 30 years. It is therefore much better than SF6 whose GWP100 is 24300 but also much higher than CO2 (GWP 1) or air (GWP 0).
C4-FN mixtures have much lower GWP as pure C4-FN because the amount of the fluorinated gas is relatively low in molar fraction. When mixed with O2, CO2, or N2, in the range of reported applications, the GWP of the complete mixture is usually in the range of GWP100 300-500. Additionally, the GWP is a CO2 equivalent per unit of mass and C4-FN mixtures being typically 50% lighter than SF6, the CO2 reduction is in the range of 98.7-99.3% compared to SF6 at identical volume.
Nevertheless, C4-FN, pure or mixed, is a potent greenhouse gas whose emissions must be carefully minimized. This gas is not foreseen in other applications than high-voltage insulation where it provides advantageous GWP reduction in comparison to SF6.
As a fluorinated gas with greenhouse effect, C4-FN could be targeted by regulations like the European F-Gas regulation through the mention of GWP limits.
Thermodynamic and dielectric properties
Pure C4-FN can be described using a Peng-Robinson equation of state. Relatively accurate results have been obtained using the critical point (385.996 K, 2501.524 kPa, 2.6302 mol/L) and an acentric factor of 0.356. Mixtures of C4-FN/O2/CO2 have been described in various literature and recently updated by two equipment manufacturers.
The dielectric properties have been investigated in several laboratories under the supervision of ETH Zurich and as part of the CIGRE D1.67 working group.
The measurements show that a C4-FN/CO2 gas mixture containing 20% of C4-FN (mole fraction) has a dielectric strength similar to the SF6 (values at 100 kPa based on the AC breakdowns in a uniform arrangement). Additionally, minor synergies were observed between 0 and 7% with breakdown values higher than what a purely linear interaction would allow. The AC breakdown voltages were also linearly increasing with pressure, ensuring a good scalability. Detailed values and additional results in weakly non-uniform and strongly non-uniform arrangements are available in the datasets.
Conclusions in the CIGRE technical brochure mention that the obtained results confirmed the applicability of the existing tests methods (including waveform ratios) and design rules from SF6.
References
Nitriles
Perfluorinated compounds | C4-FN | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,495 | [
"Nitriles",
"Functional groups"
] |
73,240,958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme%20weather%20post-traumatic%20stress%20disorder | Extreme weather events can have a significant impact on mental health, particularly in the form of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Extreme weather post-traumatic stress disorder occurs when someone experiences the symptoms of PTSD due to extreme weather events, such as tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, and wildfires. There has been increasing frequency and severity of these events due to climate change, causing an increase in such cases.
Background
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition caused by past, life-altering events in which people have experienced or witnessed. Events could include a serious accident, physical or sexual violence, combat, or natural disasters. Recently, studies have found that extreme weather also leads to PTSD. Symptoms of PTSD related to extreme weather events can include replaying flashbacks of an event, having greater anxiety, and/or detachment when thinking about an event. Symptoms can also arise months or years after the extreme weather event occurs.
Extreme weather events
Examples of extreme weather events include tropical storms, hurricanes, heat waves, droughts, and floods. These events have been growing in frequency in the past few decades due to climate change. With this growing frequency, it will increase the effects of these events onto humans and society in the future. People who are exposed to life threatening situations, including extreme weather events, are at a greater risk of experiencing PTSD symptoms or developing the disease. Experiencing or knowing someone who experienced an injury from a natural disaster increased the likelihood and frequency of PTSD symptoms. Also, experiencing a close death of a family member in relation to the natural disaster or weather event often led to a higher likelihood of PTSD.
Symptoms
Eco-anxiety
Eco-anxiety is a term that describes one's reaction to the ever changing and worsening environmental conditions. One is constantly worried or scared of the eventual doom of the Earth and our society. There are sustained effects on the effects of individuals, as well as the increase in eco-anxiety as a health condition. This has led to increased mental health issues in response to climate change, thus allowing for more research to be developed on the topic.
Suicide
Among other issues, the effects of climate change and extreme weather can lead to an increase in suicide rates. This can be experienced both when one experiences an extreme weather event, but also due to the uncertainty of the future, in relation to climate change.
Research has shown that there is a connection between farmer suicide rates and the occurrence of a drought. Droughts can lead to crop failure, inflation/economic hardships, prolonged heat exposure, and relocating which can overall accumulate high stress levels leading to more suicide attempts amongst farmers.
There have also been many association between suicide, especially violent, and the increase in temperature due to global warming.
Violence
It has been shown that there is a relationship between heat and violence, especially after heat waves. Therefore, it can be assumed that an increase in global temperature can lead to an increase in cases of violence. People experience an increase in aggressive behavior due to an increase in temperature, which can lead to violence or other mental health problems.
Post-traumatic growth
Post-traumatic growth is a term used to describe the change that can occur after a traumatic event, in which the person experiences adaptation, growth, and a new sense of living. It is a positive reaction to one's experience of a negative event, in which one would want to change their life, or others lives for the better. Post-traumatic growth can occur after a traumatic event, including extreme weather events. When someone is given social support after an event, they are more likely to experience post-traumatic growth.
Prevalence
PTSD surpasses depression and anxiety as the most common mental health outcome from extreme weather events. This phenomenon has been studied on global, regional, and local scales.
Climate-related disasters and exposures including drought, extreme temperature, floods, landslides, storms, and precipitation have various mental health outcomes, but PTSD is consistently the most commonly reported among low and middle-income countries. Across weather events, PTSD ranks highest among victims before depression and anxiety. PTSD in a flooded setting and PTSD in a storm setting are among the top three most common combinations of mental health outcomes and extreme weather events. This trend can be seen throughout many countries in South America and Asia where there are significant increases in PTSD for individuals exposed to floods and storms compared to unexposed groups.
Populations in the UK that have been exposed to flood events have higher rates of diagnoses than the general population. The most common problem associated with flooding is PTSD (30.4%), surpassing depression (21.3%) and anxiety (19.8%).
Current research focuses on PTSD associated with floods and storms. Knowledge about other events such as droughts, heatwaves, landslides, and precipitation is more limited. Further investigation is needed to determine the prevalence of PTSD in the instance of these various events and to identify which symptoms of PTSD correspond to which extreme weather incidents.
Risk factors
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has connected climate change to extreme weather events as a reason for concern, which has been transitioned from a high to very high risk at near term warming with medium confidence. Negative mental health effects due to climate change are predicted with very high confidence globally, and the association with trauma from extreme weather events is also evaluated with very high confidence. As different events of extreme weather can cause extreme weather PTSD, and extreme weather is expected to increase globally, there is an enormous scale of people who may be affected by extreme weather PTSD. In an analysis of extreme weather events and mental health reviewing floods, droughts, storms, and heatwaves, PTSD rates as a result of these events ranged from 2.6% to 90% and results vary due to populations, disaster type, and study characteristics, and cross-cultural applications of PTSD diagnoses.
Vulnerable populations
There are many factors that increase vulnerability as well. Low and middle-income countries are more vulnerable due to the interaction of inadequate mental healthcare and increased vulnerability to the effects of climate related disasters. Specifically, flood and storm related PTSD are observed frequently for people residing in low and middle income areas impacted by climate disasters. Other vulnerable groups to extreme weather mental health effects include the economically disadvantaged, elderly, disabled, prisoners, substance abusers, and children. Children are particularly vulnerable because the mental health impacts of extreme weather can contribute not only to PTSD, but to infectious and chronic disease susceptibility as well as cognitive deficits, lower IQ and dementia later in life. Extreme weather events also force migration in many situations and PTSD is found in higher rates among refugees and forced migrant populations and there are more barriers to receiving treatment such as affordability, information on available services, and cultural or language barriers.
Treatments and solutions
There are many treatment and prevention tactics available for extreme weather-related PTSD. Individual conditions and psychological behavior, government action, secondary stressors, and weather events make the assessment of interventions difficult. Some interventions have proven relatively ineffective while others have produced more successful outcomes.
One possible treatment for extreme weather PTSD is psychological debriefing, but this has been shown to be an ineffective intervention for flood events. Prolonged exposure (PE), cognitive processing therapy (CPT), and cognitive therapy for PTSD (CT-PTSD) all significantly reduce PTSD symptoms in research and clinical settings. Emotional processing theory is the basis for PE. PE employs emotional processing techniques to activate trauma memory and modify the patient's pathological fear structure. CPT utilizes social cognitive theory (SCT) to consider the patient's cognitions, emotions, and behavior in the context of the trauma. CPT reduces symptoms of PTSD through cognitive restructuring. CT-PTSD is based on the theory that individuals afflicted with PTSD maintain a sense of a serious and current threat. Patients work to modify assessments of current threats, reduce dysfunctional cognitive strategies, and elaborate their trauma memory through a wide range of behavioral activation assignments.
Treatment that is accessible to everyone includes social support. Social support has been shown in the past to prevent the severity of post-traumatic stress symptoms. A recent study reported that individuals who are self-compassionate experienced fewer post-traumatic stress symptoms after a weather-related traumatic event because of perceived increased social support. Free resources such as the Disaster Distress Helpline (1-800-985-5990) are also available 24/7 for support by providing confidential counseling and coping mechanisms in order to reduce PTSD symptoms.
Prevention and preparedness
Prevention and preparedness tactics include enhanced risk communication, mental health literacy and first aid, and government planning. Incorporating flood risk and management infrastructure in urban design is an effective mode of prevention for PTSD. Establishing resilience by allocating resources and encouraging community growth is also an effective tactic for reducing associated flood risks, especially among more vulnerable populations.
Learning about storms and weather forecasts, creating safety plans, preparing in advance, and identifying your stressors in consideration to specific natural disasters can give you a sense of control. This ultimately can lessen the mental turmoil associated with these situations.
Policy-based solutions such as enhanced monitoring of mental health and greater access to mental health resources have been shown to help effectively prepare for PTSD due to extreme weather events. Prevention planning for PTSD within the healthcare system can include increasing funding and encouraging mental health training for professionals in the field, both of which have produced beneficial outcomes. Establishing a robust and well-trained mental health force is a productive step in resilience planning and adaptation.
Traditionally, mental health research has focused on high-income countries, excluding vulnerable populations. Low and middle-income countries are more burdened by exposure and vulnerabilities to extreme weather events, therefore a useful step in PTSD preparation and planning is expanding research among these populations.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has suggested increased mental health services as well as surveillance and monitoring of mental health impacts of extreme weather and other climate change related mental health effects as a potential solution (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, p. 25). As extreme weather events grow stronger and more prevalent, the incorporation of treatments, solutions, prevention, and preparedness will be an important step for mitigating extreme weather PTSD.
Examples of extreme weather events
Many extreme weather events from the recent past have led to many new cases of Extreme Weather PTSD. Presented below are a list of extreme weather events and the prevalence of PTSD in the aftermath.
Hurricane Katrina
A study researching the impact of Katrina on low income parents showed that over half of participants showed probable symptoms of PTSD. Another study showed that most adults that did develop PTSD had still not recovered after approximately two years. Many survivors continued to experience mental health issues even ten years after the tragedy.
New York and New Jersey, United States flood
Hurricane Sandy was a post-tropical cyclone and flooding event in the New York City area causing $19 billion in damages and 43 deaths. Prevalence of PTSD following Hurricane Sandy was 2.0%.
UK flooding and heat waves
PTSD after extreme weather events leading to flooding in the United Kingdom was recorded at 30.36%.
Fort McMurray, Canada wildfires
After wildfires caused the evacuation of 90,000 residents of Fort McMurray, Canada, and the destruction of 10% of housing, PTSD afflicted 39.6% of those affected.
Krymsk, Russia flooding and droughts
PTSD was expected to be a long term effect of the Krymsk area after flooding in 2012 after warning signs were found in residents during the following weeks.
Tamil Nadu, India flooding
After particularly high intensity rainfall and the overflowing of neighboring rivers in Tamil Nadu, 26.9% of the studied population were diagnosed with PTSD.
References
Climate change and society
Environmental psychology
Post-traumatic stress disorder | Extreme weather post-traumatic stress disorder | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,418 | [
"Environmental social science",
"Environmental psychology"
] |
73,241,872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonor%20Ferrer%20Girabau | Leonor Ferrer Girabau (1 July 1874 – 1953) (sometimes spelled Leonor Ferrer i Girabau but widely known as Leonor Ferrer) was the first female draftsperson in Spain (1905).
Biography
She was born in Barcelona. In 1897, Ferrer obtained the title of teacher. On 13 March 1905, she earned the title of expert draftsman issued by the Friends of the Country Economic Society, Teaching Section, School of Governesses and Other Careers for Women and became the first woman in Spain to obtain the degree.
She had been working as a draughtswoman for more than six years when she obtained her degree in 1905. To qualify, she had studied technical drawing, topographical drawing, geometry and trigonometry between 1902 and 1904.
Between 1898 and 1931, she worked for the General Telephone Society, which later became the Peninsular Telephone Company. She entered by competitive examination as a telephone operator but in 1899, and thanks to her knowledge of drawing, she became an assistant to the draftsman Juan Marxuach. When she left the company, she was appointed head of the Plans Section, directing a team that included, among others: Eulàlia Fàbregas, Teresa Torrens and Maria Grau. Her task was recognized in the publications of the time: "her expertise in the highly useful art that she cultivates, the success and beauty of her drawings, the seriousness with which she carries out her mission have earned her trust and appreciation of the important Barcelona society."
From the second decade of the 20th century, Ferrer dedicated herself to teaching drawing, starting at the Institute of Culture and Popular Library of Women, a private institution dedicated to the education and promotion of women, which was founded by Francesca Bonnemaison in 1909 in the Sant Pere district of Barcelona. Next Ferrer opened her own school under the name of Drawing Academy for Young Ladies at her home at number 10, Calle de Grasas del Pueblo Seco, Barcelona.
In 1931, Ferrer left the telephone company, which had been converted in 1924 into the National Telephone Company or Telefónica. Between 1936 and 1939 she worked as a school teacher in the Balearic Islands: first in Búger and later in the Nuestra Señora de Pilar de la Mola School in Formentera. In the 1940s, she practiced in the city of Mercadal, on the island of Menorca.
She became a member of the Spanish General Association of Draughtsmen. A collection of her work can be found at the Institute of Cartography and Geology of Catalonia (Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya). She died in Barcelona.
References
External links
Biography of Leonor Ferrer (in Spanish)
1874 births
1953 deaths
20th-century Spanish educators
People from Barcelona
People from Catalonia
20th-century Spanish women
Spanish women
Technical drawing | Leonor Ferrer Girabau | [
"Engineering"
] | 575 | [
"Design engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Technical drawing"
] |
51,789,108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20steroids | List of steroids may refer to:
List of androgens/anabolic steroids – steroidal androgens/anabolic steroids
List of androgens/anabolic steroids (alternate) – steroidal androgens/anabolic steroids
List of – steroidal antiandrogens
List of estrogens – estrogens
List of progestogens – progestogens
List of corticosteroids – corticosteroids, including both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
List of neurosteroids – excitatory, inhibitory, mixed, neurotrophic, antineurotrophic, and other neurosteroids, as well as pheromones and pherines
List of steroidogenesis inhibitors – steroidogenesis inhibitors, or inhibitors of steroid biosynthesis and metabolism
As well as lists of steroid esters, including:
List of androgen esters – androgen esters
List of estrogen esters – estrogen esters
List of progestogen esters – progestogen esters
List of corticosteroid esters – corticosteroid esters
See also
List of steroid esters
List of steroid medications available in the United States
References
Steroids
Steroids
Lists of lists | List of steroids | [
"Chemistry"
] | 277 | [
"nan"
] |
51,789,785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HsTx1 | HsTx1 is a toxin from the venom of the scorpion Heterometrus spinifer. HsTx1 is a very potent inhibitor of the rat Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channel.
Etymology
HsTx1 stands for Heterometrus spinifer Toxin 1. The systematic name for this toxin is α-KTx 6.3.
Sources
HsTx1 is produced by Heterometrus spinifer, also known as Asia Giant Forest Scorpion or Malaysian Black Scorpion.
Taxon Identifier: 118530
Structure
HsTx1 is characterized by a single polypeptide chain of 34 amino acid residues containing 8 Cysteine residues and an amidated C-Terminal end. Its core has a hydrophobic structure and the backbone displays one α-helix and two β-sheets regions that connect the N-terminal and the C-terminal ends. The entire structure is cross-linked by 4 disulfide bridges. Scorpion toxins characterized that block voltage-gated potassium channels, have a highly conserved triplet of amino acids in the positions 23, 25 and 26 that is believed to have a role in the affinity for the channels. There are also two highly conserved amino acid residues (one positively charged and the other an aromatic residue) considered critical for the binding to specific α-subunits of the potassium channel depending on their position in the sequence. HsTx1 has the triplet in its sequence but does not show homology in the doublet sequence, hinting that it might be able to bind to different subunits in the channel.
Homology and categories
Scorpion venom usually contains different toxins that could influence the physiological functioning of nervous system binding the sites and blocking the activity of voltage-gated ion channels. The main targets of these toxins are potassium channels and sodium channels. On the basis of their amino acid sequences comparison those toxins are classified in 4 groups(3). HsTx1 Toxin belongs to the fourth group, which also contains toxins Pi1, Pi2 and Pi3 (from Pandinus imperator scorpion) and Maurotoxin (MTX, from Scorpio maurus scorpion). Main structural characteristics are the presence of 34 amino acid residues and 3 or 4 Disulfide bridges.
Toxins of the fourth group have 50%-70% sequence identity overlap with each other. In general the sequence of HsTx1 has only the 32-47% affinity with that of the toxins belonging to the three disulfide bridges group. Despite that their 3D backbone structures are similar. Within the 4 bridge groups, there is more structural homology between Pi1 and MTX than with HsTx1, since HsTx1 does not share the same position of cysteine residues responsible for the sulfide bonds in its sequence. These differences in homology could explain the differences in pharmacological activity such as HsTx1 binding with more affinity and specificity to the Kv1.3.
Target and mode of action
HsTx1 is one of the most effective peptidic inhibitors of Kv1.3 channels with an IC50 of 12 pM. Unlike other toxins from the same family HsTx1 does not seem to affect the apamin-sensitive calcium-dependent potassium channel.
The affinity and interaction with the potassium channel is thought to depend both on the amino acid sequence of the toxin and the modification of its C-terminal end. It has been found that the amidated form might have a role in the higher affinity for the potassium channel. Positively charged residues of the toxin interact with negatively charged residues in the channel by electrostatic and Van der Waals forces.
The toxin induces a reversible blocking effect by the formation of two salt bridges and six hydrogen bonds in the mouth of the pore of the channel. The five critical residues thought to interact with the channel are Y26, K29, M31, N32, R39.
Research
Because peptide toxins usually have high affinity for their targets, the small dosage needed to see effects makes them good candidates for therapies that aim to specifically and efficiently block voltage-gated ion channels. The aim now is to overcome the affinity range that usually involves more than one type of channel so that the effects can be specifically targeted and there are no side-effects.
Kv1.3 channels are up-regulated in activated T effector memory cells in humans. Study of Kv1.3 blockers such as HsTx1 could lead to new treatments to autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes.
References
Protein toxins
Neurotoxins
Ion channel toxins
Scorpion toxins | HsTx1 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 963 | [
"Neurochemistry",
"Protein toxins",
"Neurotoxins",
"Toxins by chemical classification"
] |
51,791,674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity%20product%20Markup%20Language | Commodity product Markup Language (CpML) is an industry standard used in wholesale energy trading. CpML is an XML-based business mark-up language used for interoperable representation of energy trades for the purpose of post-deal-execution processes like deal confirmation and regulatory reporting.
The CpML standard defines the vocabulary for exchanging standardized messages for commodity trading and reporting processes and is growing according to increased coverage of post-trade services like eCM (electronic Confirmations Matching) and eRR (electronic Regulatory Reporting). It was extended to include document structures to exchange and validate invoices and netting statements in the energy sector (electronic Settlement Matching) by the EFET in 2019.
History
CpML 5.0 was first announced in 2013, and is based on previous standards created by European Federation of Energy Traders (EFET). CpML is governed by the CpML Foundation, a foundation under Dutch law created in 2014.
Governance
The Governance Board of the CpML Foundation consisted initially of representatives of EDF Trading, Freepoint Commodities Europe, Gazprom Marketing & Trading, RWE Supply & Trading, BP and EFET.
References
External links
Official Website
CpML pages on EFET
Grid Trading Resources
Metadata
Market data
Industry-specific XML-based standards
Electronic trading systems
Financial markets
Commodity markets
Energy markets | Commodity product Markup Language | [
"Technology"
] | 268 | [
"Market data",
"Metadata",
"Data"
] |
51,791,684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurigo%20Software | Aurigo Software is a global software company that provides cloud-based capital program software solution and project portfolio management cloud software for large capital infrastructure owners in public and private sector industries. The company is headquartered in Austin, Texas, and has offices in Mississauga and Bangalore.
Aurigo is known for its multiyear cloud software subscription agreements with public sector infrastructure owners, including federal and state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) and other large and midsize government agencies, to plan and deliver their capital infrastructure programs. Aurigo's customers include the Federal Highway Administration, local agencies such as City of Houston, City of Las Vegas, City of Lincoln, City of Pearland, King County, Portland Water Bureau and Tampa Bay Water, and several state transport departments such as Ministry of Transportation of Ontario, IowaDOT, MassDOT, and UDOT.
Background
Aurigo Software was established in January 2003 by Balaji Sreenivasan, an alumnus of the National Institute of Technology (NIT) in Tiruchirappalli, India, and the University of Florida, Gainesville. The company was named after the constellation, Auriga. Aurigo's current chairman, Ravi Gulati, is an alumnus of IIT Kharagpur and Carnegie Mellon University. He became director of Aurigo in December 2005 and has been chairman since 2006.
In 2007, Aurigo entered into an agreement with the Oregon Bridge Delivery Partners (OBDP), who have been using its capital project management application to automate the Oregon Department of Transportation's (ODOT) $2.5 billion OTIA III State Bridge Delivery Program. The City of Lincoln, Nebraska, began working with Aurigo in 2007.
In August 2013, Aurigo moved its headquarters from New York City to Austin, Texas. Three months later, it was reported that the company had attracted an additional funding of $6.3 million. In June 2014, Aurigo entered into a seven-year deal with Ontario's ministry of transportation. In January 2015, the company announced that it had reached a three-year agreement with Canadian energy company TransCanada, to use Aurigo's software in its pipeline projects. Another agreement was made with UDOT to provide project control software the same month.
The following month, Aurigo announced that it had entered into a five-year multimillion-dollar agreement with the Port of Portland for its capital project management. In March, Aurigo entered into a five-year deal with Tampa Bay Water, taking responsibility for their project management system, which prior to the deal had been self-managed. In June, the company entered into an agreement with Colorado Department of Transportation, followed by a three-year deal with the City of Houston's General Services Department in August 2015.
In January 2016, Aurigo was awarded the Wisconsin Department of Transportation's management software project portfolio. In August, Aurigo entered into an agreement with the Massachusetts Department of Transportation. In November, Aurigo made agreements with the City of Las Vegas, Nevada, and the Regional Municipality of York, Ontario, Canada. Aurigo also has agreements with Pinellas County, Florida.
In early 2019, Aurigo began working on multiyear contracts with the DOTs of Nevada and Iowa. Subsequently, San Bernardino County, California, Houston Public Works, and City of Durham, North Carolina selected Aurigo to manage their infrastructure project processes.
In April 2020, Aurigo and Autodesk announced a product integration partnership, as part of which Autodesk acquired a minority stake in Aurigo. In May 2020, Aurigo announced that it has signed a multiyear contract with the City of Seattle to automate its contract management processes.
In February 2021, Ontario's ministry of transportation extended its contract with Aurigo by two years. In the following month, Aurigo entered into a multiyear deal with the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. This was followed by capital program management contracts with the City and County of Denver, City of Plano, Texas, Multnomah County, Oregon, and the water utilities department of Oklahoma City. In June 2022, Aurigo announced that it has entered into contracts with the cities of Colorado Springs, Colorado, St. Petersburg, Florida, and Pearland, Texas to manage their capital improvement programs.
Products and services
According to the Austin Business Journal, Aurigo "develops a suite of business automation tools for capital planning, property management, capital project management, and collaboration and document management." It provides a management solution for ports, roads, bridges, pipelines, water utilities, oil and gas refineries, ports, and buildings, and also operates in business automation and business workflow engines. The company's clients are principally public agencies. As of 2014, it had some 50 clients, many of which are city and state departments in the US and Canada.
Aurigo Masterworks
Aurigo Masterworks is a cloud-based enterprise Capital Project Management Solution (CPMS), a software system that automates capital planning and program management processes to help capital infrastructure program owners plan and deliver mid-sized to large capital programs. According to Engineering.com, "In addition to capital management and project management, Aurigo Masterworks also offers full life cycle construction management, safety and quality maintenance, and business operations support."
The Aurigo Masterworks suite is equipped with a business automation platform that includes an in-built Drag-N-Drop Forms Designer, Reporting Engine, and Business Workflow Configurator. Aurigo's product suite also includes a native mobile application that supports iOS, Android, and Windows Mobile. It is compatible with ERP platforms such as SAP, Microsoft Dynamics AX, and Oracle.
Aurigo Essentials
Aurigo Essentials is a cloud-based construction project management platform for small and mid-sized public sector agencies. It was first launched in 2019.
Aurigo Enterprise
Aurigo Enterprise is a cloud-based portfolio planning and construction project management platform for commercial builders, school districts, universities, hospitals, and healthcare systems.
Aurigo Engage
Launched in 2022, Aurigo Engage is a cloud-based, artificial intelligence-enabled platform which allows public agencies to collect and incorporate public feedback.
Business model
Aurigo functions on a Software as a Service (SaaS) model wherein the customer is charged for each product bought in the Aurigo Masterworks Cloud suite. The customer can then access Aurigo's software over the cloud.
Compliance
In 2020, Aurigo was designated with the FedRAMP Ready status, a security clearance to work with federal government agencies; it also received the ISO 22301:2019 business continuity management system certification. Aurigo Masterworks Cloud and Aurigo Essentials are part of the StateRAMP authorized product list. Aurigo is SSAE 18 SOC 2 Type 2 certified and its security configurations are NIST 800-53 (Rev 4) baseline compliant.
See also
Capital budgeting
Construction management
Project portfolio management
References
External links
Official site
Software companies based in Texas
Software companies established in 2003
Construction organizations
Project management software
Companies based in Austin, Texas
2003 establishments in New York City
Software companies of the United States
Companies established in 2003
Construction documents | Aurigo Software | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,485 | [
"Construction",
"Construction organizations"
] |
51,792,108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultitrackStudio | MultitrackStudio is a digital audio workstation application for macOS (OS X), Windows and iPad platforms.
It is developed and maintained by a small company (Bremmers Audio Design, The Netherlands) led by Giel Bremmers.
This software can be used for any musical genre and its main key aspect is the simple and original user interface,
while enabling powerful and flexible features often not found even in more popular and expensive products.
Features
In spite of its moderate pricing, MultitrackStudio has most of the features of a standard full DAW:
audio/MIDI recording, MIDI sequencing, mixing, audio effects, variable time signatures, multi MIDI editing, MIDI streams, automation, control surfaces, remote control, etc.
Stock instruments have limited quality, but they can be easily replaced with free or commercial CLAP, VST and AU plugins.
The Mac version also integrates a Soundfont Player.
Versions
The desktop version is available under three options:
Lite (free of charge, limited to 3 tracks)
Standard (paid, almost all features and no track limit)
Pro (paid, with additional advanced features)
See also
Comparison of digital audio editors
Comparison of MIDI editors and sequencers
List of music software
Multitrack recording
Music sequencer
Music Workstation
References
"New iPad DAW MultitrackStudio Hits The App Store", MusicRadar, January 2014.
"Bremmers Audio Design Updates MultitrackStudio To V8.0", Rekkerd.org, March 2015.
External links
MultitrackStudio, official website.
Music sequencers
Digital audio workstation software | MultitrackStudio | [
"Engineering"
] | 330 | [
"Music sequencers",
"Automation"
] |
51,792,164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership%20on%20AI | Partnership on Artificial Intelligence to Benefit People and Society, otherwise known as Partnership on AI, is a nonprofit coalition committed to the responsible use of artificial intelligence. Coming into inception in September 2016, PAI (Partnership on AI) grouped together members from over 90 companies and non-profits in order to explore best practice recommendations for the tech community.
History
The Partnership on AI was publicly announced on September 28, 2016 with founding members Amazon, Facebook, Google, DeepMind, Microsoft, and IBM, with interim co-chairs Eric Horvitz of Microsoft Research and Mustafa Suleyman of DeepMind. More than 100 partners from academia, civil society, industry, and nonprofits are member organizations in 2019.
In January 2017, Apple head of advanced development for Siri, Tom Gruber, joined the Partnership on AI's board. In October 2017, Terah Lyons joined the Partnership on AI as the organization's founding executive director. Lyons brought to the organization her expertise in technology governance, with a specific focus in machine intelligence, AI, and robotics policy, having formerly served as Policy Advisor to the United States Chief Technology Officer Megan Smith. Lyons was succeeded by Partnership on AI board member Rebecca Finlay as interim executive director. Finlay was named CEO of Partnership on AI on October 26, 2021.
In October 2017, Terah Lyons joined the Partnership on AI as the organization's founding executive director. Lyons brought to the organization her expertise in technology governance, with a specific focus in machine intelligence, AI, and robotics policy, having formerly served as Policy Advisor to the United States Chief Technology Officer Megan Smith. Lyons was succeeded by Partnership on AI board member Rebecca Finlay as interim executive director. Finlay was named CEO of Partnership on AI on October 26, 2021.
In October 2018, Baidu became the first Chinese firm to join the Partnership.
In November 2020 the Partnership on AI announced the AI Incident Database (AIID), which is a tool to identify, assess, manage, and communicate AI risk and harm.
In August 2021, the Partnership on AI submitted a response to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The response provided examples of PAI’s work related to AI risk management, such as the Safety Critical AI report on responsible publication of AI research, the ABOUT ML project on documentation and transparency in machine learning lifecycles, and the AI Incident Database. The response also highlighted how the AI Incident Database involves some of the minimum attributes in NIST’s AI RMF, such as being consensus-driven, risk-based, adaptable, and consistent with other approaches to managing AI risk.
On October 26, 2021, Rebecca Finlay was named CEO.
In February 2023, the Partnership on AI (PAI) launched a novel framework aimed at guiding the ethical development and use of synthetic media. This initiative was backed by a variety of initial partners, including notable entities such as Adobe, BBC, CBC/Radio-Canada, Bumble, OpenAI, TikTok, WITNESS, and synthetic media startups Synthesia, D-ID, and Respeecher. The framework, which emphasizes transparency, creativity, and safety, was the result of a year-long collaborative process involving contributions from a wide range of stakeholders, including synthetic media startups, social media platforms, news organizations, advocacy groups, academic institutions, policy professionals, and public commenters.
Mission and Principles
Partnership on AI has a multiple pronged approach to achieve impact. Their initiatives are separated into five different programs: AI and media integrity; AI, work, and the economy; justice, transparency, and accountability; inclusive research and design; and security for AI. These programs aim to produce value through specific outputs, methodological tools, and articles.
Through the program on AI & Media Integrity, PAI actively endeavors to establish best practices that ensure AI's positive influence on the global information ecosystem. Recognizing the potential for AI to facilitate harmful online content and amplify existing negative narratives, PAI is committed to mitigating these risks and fostering a responsible AI presence.
The AI, Labor, and the Economy program serves as a collaborative platform, uniting economists, worker representative organizations, and PAI's partners to formulate a cohesive response on how AI can contribute to an inclusive economic future. The recent release of PAI's "Guidelines for AI and Shared Prosperity" on June 7, 2023, outlines a blueprint for the judicious use of AI across various stages, guiding organizations, policymakers, and labor entities.
The Fairness, Transparency, and Accountability program, in conjunction with the Inclusive Research & Design program, strives to reshape the AI landscape towards justice and fairness. By exploring the intersections between AI and fundamental human values, the former establishes guidelines for algorithmic equity, explainability, and responsibility. Simultaneously, the latter empowers communities by providing guidelines on co-creating AI solutions, fostering inclusivity throughout the research and design process.
The Safety Critical AI program addresses the growing deployment of AI systems in pivotal sectors like medicine, finance, transportation, and social media. With a focus on anticipating and mitigating potential risks, the program brings together partners and stakeholders to develop best practices that span the entire AI research and development lifecycle. Notable initiatives include the establishment of the AI incident Database, formulation of norms for responsible publication, and the creation of the innovative AI learning environment SafeLife.
The association is also built of thematic foundations that drive Partnership on AI's focus. Atop the programs mentioned above, Partnership on AI looks to expand upon the social impact of AI, encouraging positive social utility. The organization has highlighted potential benefits of AI within public welfare, education, sustainability, etc. With these specific use cases, Partnership on AI is developing an ethical framework in which to analyze and AI's measure of ethical efficacy. The ethical framework places an emphasis on inclusive participatory practices that enhance equity in AI.
Programs and initiatives
The Partnership on AI has been involved in several initiatives aimed at promoting the responsible use of AI. One of their key initiatives is the development of a framework for the safe deployment of AI models. This framework guides model providers in developing and deploying AI models in a manner that ensures safety for society and can adapt to evolving capabilities and uses.
In collaboration with DeepMind, the Partnership on AI has also launched a study to investigate the high attrition rates among women and minoritized individuals in tech.
Recognizing the importance of explainability in AI, the Partnership on AI hosted a one-day, in-person workshop focused on the deployment of “explainable artificial intelligence” (XAI). This event brought together experts from various industries to discuss and explore the concept of XAI.
In an effort to support information integrity, the Partnership on AI collaborated with First Draft to investigate effective strategies for addressing deceptive content online. This initiative reflects the organization’s methodical approach to identifying and promoting best practices in AI.
The Partnership on AI is also creating resources to facilitate effective engagement between AI practitioners and impacted communities.
In November 2020, the Partnership on AI announced the AI Incident Database (AIID), a project dedicated to indexing the collective history of harms or near harms realized in the real world by the deployment of artificial intelligence systems. The AIID, which shifted to a new special-purpose independent non-profit in 2022, serves as a valuable resource for understanding and mitigating the potential risks associated with AI.
Most recently, PAI conducted the PAI's 2023 Policy Forum. This event, held in London, was a gathering of diverse stakeholders to explore recent trends in AI policy globally and strategies for ensuring AI safety. During the event, the Partnership on AI (PAI) unveiled their "Guidance for Safe Foundation Model Deployment" for public feedback. This guidance, shaped by the Safety Critical AI Steering Committee and contributions from PAI's worldwide network, offers flexible principles for managing risks linked to large-scale AI implementation. Participants included policymakers, AI professionals, philanthropy and civil society members, and academic experts.
Partners and members
The Board of Directors of the Partnership on AI (PAI) as of 2023 includes:
Jatin Aythora, Vice-Chair of the Board, representing BBC Research & Development.
Ben Coppin from DeepMind.
William Covington, Board Secretary, affiliated with the University of Washington School of Law.
Jerremy Holland, Chair of the Board, from Apple.
Eric Horvitz, Board Chair Emeritus, representing Microsoft.
Angela Kane, Board Treasurer, associated with the Vienna Center for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation.
Lama Nachman from Intel Labs.
Joelle Pineau, Vice-Chair of the Board, representing Meta.
Francesca Rossi, Chair of the Audit Committee, from IBM.
Eric Sears representing the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.
Brittany Smith from OpenAI.
Martin Tisné from AI Collaborative.
Nicol Turner Lee representing the Brookings Institution.
Criticisms
In October 2020, Access Now, announced its official resignation from PAI in a letter. Access Now stated that it had found that there was an increasingly smaller role for civil society to play within PAI and that PAI had not influenced or changed the attitude of member companies or encouraged them to respond to or consult with civil society on a systematic basis. Access Now also expressed its disagreement with PAI’s approach to AI ethics and risk assessment, and its advocacy for an outright ban on technologies that are fundamentally incompatible with human rights, such as facial recognition or other biometric technologies that enable mass surveillance.
References
External links
The AI Incident Database
Artificial intelligence associations
Organizations established in 2016
Existential risk from artificial general intelligence | Partnership on AI | [
"Technology"
] | 1,960 | [
"Existential risk from artificial general intelligence"
] |
51,792,686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawvere%E2%80%93Tierney%20topology | In mathematics, a Lawvere–Tierney topology is an analog of a Grothendieck topology for an arbitrary topos, used to construct a topos of sheaves. A Lawvere–Tierney topology is also sometimes also called a local operator or coverage or topology or geometric modality. They were introduced by and Myles Tierney.
Definition
If E is a topos, then a topology on E is a morphism j from the subobject classifier Ω to Ω such that j preserves truth (), preserves intersections (), and is idempotent ().
j-closure
Given a subobject of an object A with classifier , then the composition defines another subobject of A such that s is a subobject of , and is said to be the j-closure of s.
Some theorems related to j-closure are (for some subobjects s and w of A):
inflationary property:
idempotence:
preservation of intersections:
preservation of order:
stability under pullback: .
Examples
Grothendieck topologies on a small category C are essentially the same as Lawvere–Tierney topologies on the topos of presheaves of sets over C.
References
Topos theory
Closure operators | Lawvere–Tierney topology | [
"Mathematics"
] | 258 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Closure operators",
"Category theory",
"Order theory",
"Topos theory"
] |
51,793,007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles%20Tierney | Myles Tierney (September 1937 – 5 October 2017) was an American mathematician and Professor at Rutgers University who founded the theory of elementary toposes with William Lawvere.
Tierney obtained his B.A. from Brown University in 1959 and his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1965. His dissertation, On the classifying spaces for K-Theory mod p, was written under the supervision of Samuel Eilenberg. Following positions at Rice University (1965–66) and ETH Zurich (1966–68), he became an associate professor at Rutgers in 1968.
Tierney was named a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Publications
Myles Tierney, On the Spectrum of a Ringed Topos, Algebra, Topology and Category Theory, (1976)
André Joyal, Myles Tierney, An extension of the Galois theory of Grothendieck, Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 51 (1984), no. 309.
André Joyal, Myles Tierney, Strong stacks and classifying space, Category theory (Como, 1990), 213—236, Lecture Notes in Math. 1488, Springer 1991.
André Joyal, Myles Tierney, On the theory of path groupoids, Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 149 (2000), no. 1, 69—100, .
André Joyal, Myles Tierney, Quasi-categories vs Segal spaces, Categories in algebra, geometry and mathematical physics, 277—326, Contemporary Mathematics 431, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2007.
See also
Lawvere–Tierney topology
References
1937 births
2017 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
Category theorists
Rutgers University faculty
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Brown University alumni
Rice University people
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
21st-century American mathematicians | Myles Tierney | [
"Mathematics"
] | 353 | [
"Category theorists",
"Mathematical structures",
"Category theory"
] |
51,793,263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-jet%20loom | An air-jet loom is a shuttleless loom that uses a jet of air to propel the weft yarn through the warp shed. It is one of two types of fluid-jet looms, the other being a water-jet loom, which was developed previously. Fluid-jet looms can operate at a faster speed than predecessor looms such as rapier looms, but they are not as common. The machinery used in fluid-jet weaving consists of a main nozzle, auxiliary nozzles or relay nozzles, and a profile reed.
Air-jet looms are capable of producing standard household and apparel fabrics for items such as shirts, denim, sheets, towels, and sports apparel, as well as industrial products such as printed circuit board cloths. Heavier yarns are more suitable for air-jet looms than lighter yarns. Air-jet looms are capable of weaving plaids, as well as dobby and jacquard fabrics.
Method
In an air-jet loom, yarn is pulled from the supply package, and the measuring disc removes a length of yarn of the width of fabric being woven. A clamp holds the yarn and an auxiliary air nozzle forms it into the shape of a hairpin. The main nozzle blows the yarn, the clamp opens, and the yarn is carried through the shed. At the end of the insertion cycle, the clamp closes, the yarn is beaten in and cut, and the shed is closed. The jets are electronically controlled, with an integrated database.
Research has been done to analyze factors that contribute to compressed air use, a major source of energy consumption, in air-jet looms.
History and production
The air-jet loom was invented in Czechoslovakia in the 1950 by Vladimír Svatý and was later refined by Swiss, Dutch, and Japanese companies.
Companies that produce air-jet looms include Toyota Industries and Tsudakoma, both based in Japan; RIFA (PICKWELL in India), based in China; Picanol, based in Belgium; Dornier, based in Germany; and RIFA, based in China; and Itema, based in Italy.
References
Further reading
- reprinted 1992, 2010
Gas technologies
Shuttleless looms | Air-jet loom | [
"Engineering"
] | 461 | [
"Shuttleless looms",
"Weaving equipment"
] |
51,794,246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra%20Pizzarello | Sandra Pizzarello (24 April 1933 – 24 October 2021) was an Italian biochemist known for her co-discovery of amino acid enantiomeric excess in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. Her research interests concerned the characterization of meteoritic organic compounds in elucidating the evolution of planetary homochirality. Pizzarello was a project collaborator and co-investigator for the NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI), the president of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life (2014-2017), and an emerita professor at Arizona State University (ASU).
Early life and education
Sandra Pizzarello was born in Venice, Italy on 24 April 1933. In 1955, she graduated summa cum laude from the University of Padua earning her Doctor of Biological Sciences degree under her adviser Professor Roncato. Pizzarello went on to work as a research associate developing tranquilizers for Farmitalia Research Laboratories in the Department of Neuropharmacology. Over the course of several years, Pizzarello transitioned from research to raising a family. Following a career opportunity for her husband, an aeronautical engineer and computer scientist, she moved her family to Phoenix, Arizona in 1970.
Once Pizzarello's youngest of four children finished primary school, her focus returned to her career after a decade away from scientific research. She audited a graduate biochemistry seminar course at ASU where she met Professor John Read Cronin, future co-discoverer of amino acid enantiomeric excess in meteorites. Due to her outstanding performance in the course, she was offered a job to work with Cronin at the university as a research professor in analyzing the recently recovered Murchison meteorite.
Sandra Pizzarello died on 24 October 2021, at the age of 88.
Research
Sandra Pizzarello's research over the last forty years involved the analysis of organic compounds in several carbonaceous chondrites, particularly molecular, chiral, and isotopic characterization of amino acids. Because the formation of these organic-rich meteorites pre-date the origin of life, they had been under investigation as potential sites of primal organic compounds which could shed light on abiogenesis, specifically the origin of biological homochirality. Such studies, however, had been inconclusive until 1997 when Cronin and Pizzarello detected 7-9% L-enantiomeric excesses of three abiological amino acids while analyzing the Murchison meteorite.
Given Earth's history of meteoric impacts and the observation that meteors contain an excess of the biologically relevant L-stereoisomer of certain amino acids, Pizzarello studied the effect of meteoritic amino acids in enantiomeric excess on the formation of other biological molecules. In one study, Pizzarello found that nonracemic solutions of abiological isovaline and proteinogenic alanine can direct the condensation of glycolaldehyde to produce nonracemic solutions of threose and erythrose via an aldol reaction concluding that amino acids can act as asymmetric catalysts in carbohydrate synthesis. These findings support the origin of life hypothesis that homochirality originated prior to life and from extraterrestrial origins. However, Pizzarello's theoretical inquiries into cosmochemical evolution remain debated based on suspect analytical evidence of meteoritic enantiomeric excesses.
External links
# https://nai.nasa.gov/directory/pizzarello-sandra/ NASA.gov
https://webapp4.asu.edu/directory/person/274781
References
1933 births
2021 deaths
Biochemists
Arizona State University faculty
University of Padua alumni
Scientists from Venice
Italian emigrants to the United States | Sandra Pizzarello | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 774 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Biochemists"
] |
51,796,195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20and%20heat%20adaptations%20in%20humans | Cold and heat adaptations in humans are a part of the broad adaptability of Homo sapiens. Adaptations in humans can be physiological, genetic, or cultural, which allow people to live in a wide variety of climates. There has been a great deal of research done on developmental adjustment, acclimatization, and cultural practices, but less research on genetic adaptations to colder and hotter temperatures.
The human body always works to remain in homeostasis. One form of homeostasis is thermoregulation. Body temperature varies in every individual, but the average internal temperature is . Sufficient stress from extreme external temperature may cause injury or death if it exceeds the ability of the body to thermoregulate. Hypothermia can set in when the core temperature drops to . Hyperthermia can set in when the core body temperature rises above . Humans have adapted to living in climates where hypothermia and hyperthermia were common primarily through culture and technology, such as the use of clothing and shelter.
Origin of cold and heat adaptations
Modern humans emerged from Africa approximately 70,000 years ago during a period of unstable climate, leading to a variety of new traits among the population. When modern humans spread into Europe, they outcompeted Neanderthals. Researchers hypothesize that this suggests early modern humans were more evolutionarily fit to live in various climates. This is supported in the variability selection hypothesis proposed by Richard Potts, which says that human adaptability came from environmental change over the long term.
Ecogeographic rules
Bergmann's rule states that endothermic animal subspecies living in colder climates have larger bodies than those of the subspecies living in warmer climates. Individuals with larger bodies are better suited for colder climates because larger bodies produce more heat due to having more cells, and have a smaller surface area to volume ratio compared to smaller individuals, which reduces the proportional heat loss. A study by Frederick Foster and Mark Collard found that Bergmann's rule can be applied to humans when the latitude and temperature between groups differ widely.
Allen's rule is a biological rule that says the limbs of endotherms are shorter in cold climates and longer in hot climates. Limb length affects the body's surface area, which helps with thermoregulation. Shorter limbs help to conserve heat, while longer limbs help to dissipate heat. Marshall T. Newman argues that this can be observed in Eskimo, who have shorter limbs than other people and are laterally built.
Paleoanthropologist John F. Hoffecker found that both Bermann's and Allen's biogeographical rules were confirmed, with it being seen that in modern populations, there is a clear trend of shorter distal limb segments in colder environments.
Physiological adaptations
Origins of heat and cold adaptations can be explained by climatic adaptation. Ambient air temperature affects how much energy investment the human body must make. The temperature that requires the least amount of energy investment is . The body controls its temperature through the hypothalamus. Thermoreceptors in the skin send signals to the hypothalamus, which indicate when vasodilation and vasoconstriction should occur.
Cold
The human body has two methods of thermogenesis, which produces heat to raise the core body temperature. The first is shivering, which occurs in an unclothed person when the ambient air temperature is under . It is limited by the amount of glycogen available in the body. The second is non-shivering, which occurs in brown adipose tissue.
Population studies have shown that the San tribe of Southern Africa and the Sandawe of Eastern Africa have reduced shivering thermogenesis in the cold, and poor cold-induced vasodilation in fingers and toes compared to that of Caucasians.
Heat
The only mechanism the human body has to cool itself is by sweat evaporation. Sweating occurs when the ambient air temperature is above and the body fails to return to the normal internal temperature. The evaporation of the sweat helps cool the blood beneath the skin. It is limited by the amount of water available in the body, which can cause dehydration.
Humans adapted to heat early on. In Africa, the climate selected for traits that helped them stay cool. Also, humans had physiological mechanisms that reduced the rate of metabolism and that modified the sensitivity of sweat glands to provide an adequate amount for cooldown without the individual becoming dehydrated.
There are two types of heat the body is adapted to, humid heat and dry heat, but the body adapts to both in similar ways. Humid heat is characterized by warmer temperatures with a high amount of water vapor in the air, while dry heat is characterized by warmer temperatures with little to no vapor, such as desert conditions. With humid heat, the moisture in the air can prevent the evaporation of sweat. Regardless of acclimatization, humid heat poses a far greater threat than dry heat; humans cannot carry out physical outdoor activities at any temperature above when the ambient humidity is greater than 95%. When combined with this high humidity, the theoretical limit to human survival in the shade, even with unlimited water, is – theoretically equivalent to a heat index of . Dry heat, on the other hand, can cause dehydration, as sweat will tend to evaporate extremely quickly. Individuals with less fat and slightly lower body temperatures can more easily handle both humid and dry heat.
Acclimatization
When humans are exposed to certain climates for extended periods of time, physiological changes occur to help the individual adapt to hot or cold climates. This helps the body conserve energy.
Cold
The Inuit have more blood flowing into their extremities, and at a hotter temperature, than people living in warmer climates. A 1960 study on the Alacaluf Indians shows that they have a resting metabolic rate 150 to 200 percent higher than the white controls used. The Sami do not have an increase in metabolic rate when sleeping, unlike non-acclimated people. Aboriginal Australians undergo a similar process, where the body cools but the metabolic rate does not increase.
Heat
Humans and their evolutionary predecessors in Central Africa have been living in similar tropical climates for millions of years, which means that they have similar thermoregulatory systems.
A study done on the Bantus of South Africa showed that Bantus have a lower sweat rate than that of acclimated and nonacclimated white people. A similar study done on Aboriginal Australians produced similar results, with Indigenous Australians having a much lower sweat rate than Caucasians.
Culture
Social adaptations enabled early modern humans to occupy environments with temperatures that were drastically different from that of Africa. (Potts 1998). Culture enabled humans to expand their range to areas that would otherwise be uninhabitable.
Cold
Humans have been able to occupy areas of extreme cold through clothing, buildings, and manipulation of fire. Furnaces have further enabled the occupation of cold environments.
Historically many Indigenous Australians wore only genital coverings. Studies have shown that the warmth from the fires they build is enough to keep the body from fighting heat loss through shivering. Inuit use well-insulated houses that are designed to transfer heat from an energy source to the living area, which means that the average indoor temperature for coastal Inuit is .
Heat
Humans inhabit hot climates, both dry and humid, and have done so for millions of years. Selective use of clothing and technological inventions such as air conditioning allows humans to live in hot climates.
One example is the Chaamba, who live in the Sahara Desert. They wear clothing that traps air in between skin and the clothes, preventing the high ambient air temperature from reaching the skin.
See also
Apparent temperature
Recent human evolution
Thermal comfort
References
Human ecology
Evolutionary psychology
Environmental studies
Human geography
Temperature | Cold and heat adaptations in humans | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,583 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Temperature",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical quantities",
"SI base quantities",
"Intensive quantities",
"Thermodynamics",
"Human ecology",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Environmental social science",
"Human geography"
] |
51,796,334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20data%20acquisition%20system | An ocean data acquisition system (ODAS) is a set of instruments deployed at sea to collect as much meteorological and oceanographic data as possible. With their sensors, these systems deliver data both on the state of the ocean itself and the surrounding lower atmosphere. The use of microelectronics and technologies with efficient energy consumption allows to increase the types and numbers of sensor deployed on a single device.
Definition
According to Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and World Meteorological Organization (WMO), "ODAS means a structure, platform, installation, buoy, or other device, not being a ship, together with its appurtenant equipment, deployed at sea essentially for the purpose of collecting, storing or transmitting samples or data relating to the marine environment or the atmosphere or the uses thereof."
Use
Each hour, the data gathered by the system is transferred to the WMO's Global Telecommunications System by a geostationary satellite after having gone through a number of quality checks. Real-time data with information on the maritime environment can then be used for forecasts of physical states like weather, ocean currents or wave conditions which, in turn, may serve to warn seafarers of unfavourable conditions in the area.
ODAS types
ODAS can be mounted on the following structures:
Lighthouses
Lightvessels
Towers
Offshore platforms
Buoys
ODAS buoys are not navigational aids but have been included into the IALA Maritime Buoyage System. The structures have a fixed geographical position.
Data
Data gathered by an ODAS may include the following parameters:
Air temperature
Atmospheric pressure at sea level
Wind direction
Wind speed including gusts
Sea state
Wave height
Sea surface temperature
Disadvantages
ODAS buoys are expensive to obtain and need to be deployed by specialised vessels.
References
Oceanographic instrumentation
Meteorological instrumentation and equipment | Ocean data acquisition system | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 366 | [
"Oceanographic instrumentation",
"Meteorological instrumentation and equipment",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
51,796,642 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol%20dipalmitate | Diethylstilbestrol dipalmitate (brand names Palmestril, Stilpalmitate), also known as stilpalmitate, is a synthetic, nonsteroidal estrogen of the stilbestrol group and an ester of diethylstilbestrol (DES) that was formerly marketed but is now no longer available. Its actions and uses are essentially the same as those of DES, but it is absorbed more slowly and for this reason has a much longer duration of action and improved tolerability in comparison. A single 5 mg intramuscular injection of DES dipalmitate in oil solution has been found to have an average duration of action of 8 to 10 weeks in terms of relief of menopausal symptoms, with a duration of as long as 15 to 16 weeks occurring in some women. A single 15 or 20 mg intramuscular injection of DES dipalmitate in oil solution will control menopausal symptoms for 3 months or longer. DES dipalmitate in aqueous suspension by intramuscular injection has been studied as well.
See also
List of estrogen esters § Diethylstilbestrol esters
References
Abandoned drugs
Estrogen esters
Palmitate esters
Synthetic estrogens | Diethylstilbestrol dipalmitate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 257 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
51,796,841 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Hydrocarbons | The Ministry of Hydrocarbons (MoH) is a ministry of the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is responsible for the exploration, production, refining, distribution, marketing, import, export, and conservation of petroleum, natural gas, petroleum products, and liquefied natural gas in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It also oversees the safety and other regulations that relate to the exportation and importation of the products into the country. As part of its activities, the department manages the upstream, middle stream and downstream in the Congo.
The Ministry is headed by the cabinet Minister Aime Ngoy Mukena, as well as a secretary general who is in charge of administrative duties and procedures relating to the ministry.
Areas of work allocated to the Ministry
Managing the exploration and exploitation of petroleum resources, including natural gas.
Overseeing the production, supply distribution, marketing and pricing of petroleum including natural gas and petroleum products.
Oil refineries.
Planning, development and control of, and assistance to all industries dealt with by the Ministry.
Planning and elaboration of oil policies, regulatory and legal framework of petroleum and gas.
All attached or subordinate offices or other organisations concerned with any of the subject specified in this list.
Planning, development and regulation of oilfield services.
Cabinet Ministers
Didier Budimbu - 2022-present
Aime Ngoy Mukena - 2015–2022
Crispin Atama Tabe - 2012 - 2015
Martin Kabwelulu - 2011 - 2012
Célestin Mbuyu Kabango - 2008 - 2011
René Isekemanga Nkenka - 2008
Lambert Mende - 2007 - 2008
References
Hydrocarbons
Energy ministries | Ministry of Hydrocarbons | [
"Engineering"
] | 338 | [
"Energy organizations",
"Energy ministries"
] |
51,797,260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsi%20P1 | The Pepsi P1 and Pepsi P1S are Android smartphones manufactured by Koobee, an OEM, under licence from PepsiCo. and were only available through a crowdfunding campaign on Chinese crowdfunding site JD.com.
Software
The phone runs dido OS, which is a fork of Android that also ships preloaded on a number of Doogee phones (including the Y6 Max), but the P1 and P1S includes a Pepsi-themed skin by default instead of the standard dido OS skin that ships on Doogee phones.
References
Android (operating system) devices
PepsiCo | Pepsi P1 | [
"Technology"
] | 125 | [
"Mobile technology stubs",
"Mobile phone stubs"
] |
51,797,273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos%20Nogueira%20Eberlin | Marcos Nogueira Eberlin (born 4 March 1959) is a Brazilian chemist and former professor at the Institute of Chemistry of the University of Campinas. He is a member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences and received the Brazilian National Order of Scientific Merit in 2005 and the Thomson Medal in 2016.
Eberlin discovered the Eberlin Reaction during his work on gas phase ion chemistry, and he and his research group introduced EASI (Easy Ambient Sonic-spray Ionization), an ionization technique used in mass spectrometry.
Eberlin is an advocate of intelligent design in Brazil, on which he also lectures and he has signed the Dissent From Darwinism statement. He is a creationist also, and has said that evolution theory is a fallacy.
His daughter, Livia S. Eberlin, is also a chemist who won the MacArthur "Genius" Fellowship in 2018 for her research on the use of mass spectrometry to diagnose cancer.
Eberlin and his daughter have worked together on a different project, using mass spectrometry to detect counterfeit money.
References
External links
Page at University of Campinas
Waters Biography
Mass spectrometrists
Living people
Intelligent design advocates
State University of Campinas alumni
Brazilian chemists
1959 births
Academic staff of the State University of Campinas
Thomson Medal recipients | Marcos Nogueira Eberlin | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 271 | [
"Biochemists",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Mass spectrometrists"
] |
51,797,437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICI-85966 | ICI-85966 (former tentative brand name Stilbostat), also known as diethylstilbestrol (DES) bis(di(2-chloroethyl)carbamate), is a synthetic, nonsteroidal estrogen and cytostatic antineoplastic agent of the stilbestrol group and a nitrogen mustard ester of diethylstilbestrol (DES) which was developed for the treatment of breast cancer and prostate cancer but was never marketed (possibly due to the toxicity of DES).
See also
List of hormonal cytostatic antineoplastic agents
List of estrogen esters
References
Abandoned drugs
Antineoplastic drugs
Estrogen esters
Hormonal antineoplastic drugs
Carbamates
Synthetic estrogens
Chloroethyl compounds | ICI-85966 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 171 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
51,797,558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estromustine | Estromustine (developmental code name Leo 271 f), also known as estrone 17β-3-N-bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamate or estrone–cytostatic complex, is a major active metabolite of the cytostatic antineoplastic agent and estrogen estramustine phosphate, a medication used in the treatment of prostate cancer.
See also
List of hormonal cytostatic antineoplastic agents
List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters
References
Abandoned drugs
Antiandrogens
Antigonadotropins
Antineoplastic drugs
Carbamates
Chloroethyl compounds
Estradiol esters
Estranes
Estrogens
Human drug metabolites
Ketones
Mitotic inhibitors
Nitrogen mustards
Organochlorides
Phenol esters | Estromustine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 174 | [
"Mitotic inhibitors",
"Ketones",
"Harmful chemical substances",
"Functional groups",
"Drug safety",
"Human drug metabolites",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
51,797,723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol%20diundecylenate | Estradiol diundecylenate (brand name Etrosteron), or estradiol diundecenoate, also known as 17β-estradiol 3,17β-diundec-10-enoate, is a semisynthetic steroidal estrogen and an estrogen ester – specifically, the 3,17β-diundecylenate ester of estradiol – which was previously marketed in Argentina.
See also
Estradiol undecylenate
Estradiol diundecylate
Estradiol undecylate
List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters
References
Abandoned drugs
Estradiol esters
Undecylenate esters | Estradiol diundecylenate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 148 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
51,798,257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrone%20cyanate | Estrone cyanate, or estrone 3-O-cyanate, also known as estrocyanate, is an estrogen and an estrogen ester – specifically, the 3-O-cyanate ester of estrone – which was investigated for potential use in birth control pills but was found to be of relatively low potency and ultimately was never marketed.
References
Abandoned drugs
Cyanates
Estrogens
Estrone esters | Estrone cyanate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 94 | [
"Drug safety",
"Functional groups",
"Abandoned drugs",
"Cyanates"
] |
51,798,738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenestrol | Phenestrol, or fenestrol, also known as hexestrol bis[4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenylacetate, is a synthetic, nonsteroidal estrogen and cytostatic antineoplastic agent (i.e., chemotherapy drug) and a chlorphenacyl nitrogen mustard ester of hexestrol which was developed in the early 1960s for the treatment of hormone-dependent tumors but was never marketed.
See also
List of hormonal cytostatic antineoplastic agents
List of estrogen esters
References
Abandoned drugs
Antineoplastic drugs
Carboxylate esters
Estrogen esters
Hormonal antineoplastic drugs
Nitrogen mustards
Synthetic estrogens
Chloroethyl compounds | Phenestrol | [
"Chemistry"
] | 169 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
51,799,691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happn | happn is a French location-based social search mobile and web application that allows users to like or dislike other users, and allows users to chat if both parties liked each other (a match). The app is used as an online dating application.
History
happn was founded by Girija Sankar Das, Fabien Cohen and Antony Cohen in 2018. and developed by FTW & Co. In July 2014, the app had 40,000 daily users. In January 2016, happn had 10 million users.
The number of subscribers remained stable between 2018 and February 2019: around fifty million users were then registered in around forty countries around the world, including nearly four million in France and nearly one million in Paris. The company then employed more than one hundred people.
In July 2021, Didier Rappaport left the company following the publication of an article by Mediapart exposing allegations of sexual behaviour and harassment towards his employees (70 testimonials from the company’s current and former employees).
In 2021, the company launched a web version.
Features and use
The focus of happn is to match users based on locations where they've crossed paths.
The application is compatible with Android, iPhone, Windows and web browsers. The app uses a feed based upon the location of users' phone, listing possible matches.
See also
Comparison of online dating services
Timeline of online dating services
References
External links
Android (operating system) software
IOS software
Cross-platform mobile software
Mobile social software
Online dating services of the United States
Internet properties established in 2014
Online dating applications | Happn | [
"Technology"
] | 321 | [
"Mobile software stubs",
"Mobile technology stubs"
] |
51,801,762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOSTEC | The International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies - BIOSTEC - is an international joint conference composed of five co-located conferences each specialized in a different knowledge area:
Biomedical Electronics and Devices
Bioimaging
Bioinformatics Models, Methods and Algorithms
Bio-inspired Systems and Signal Processing
Health Informatics
This joint conference is held annually and it seems to be interested in the dissemination of the novelties in the topics covered by its sub-conferences.
BIOSTEC had its first edition in 2008 counting with the participation of some keynote speakers like Kevin Warwick. Since then, several names have been invited to deliver keynotes to the BIOSTEC attendees. Among them: David Rose (MIT Media Lab, United States), Bradley Nelson, (ETH Zurich, Switzerland), Edward H. Shortliffe, (Arizona State University, United States), José C. Príncipe (University of Florida, United States), Alberto Cliquet Jr (University of São Paulo & University of Campinas, Brazil), Tanja Schultz (University of Bremen, Germany) and Vimla L. Patel, (Arizona State University, United States).
Besides the presentation of invited talks, the BIOSTEC conferences are composed by different kind of sessions like poster sessions, technical sessions, tutorials, special sessions, workshops, doctoral consortiums, panels and industrial tracks. The papers presented in the conference are made available at the SCITEPRESS digital library, published in the conference proceedings and some of the best papers are invited to a post-publication with Springer.
The 2019 edition of the conference will be held in cooperation with the Swiss Society for
Biomedical Engineering, the International Society for Computational Biology, the European Association for Signal Processing, VDE DGBMT, the European Alliance of Medical and Biological Engineering and Science, the Finnish Society for Medical Physics and Medical Engineering and the Société Française de Génie Biologique et Médical.
Editions
References
External links
Science and Technology Events
Conference website
Event management system
WikiCfp call for papers
Information systems conferences
Computer science conferences
Academic conferences | BIOSTEC | [
"Technology"
] | 412 | [
"Computer science",
"Computer science conferences"
] |
54,612,556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Clinical%20Lipidology | The Journal of Clinical Lipidology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering medical aspects of lipidology. It was established in 2007 and is the official journal of the National Lipid Association. It is published by Elsevier and the editor-in-chief is John Richard Guyton (Duke University Medical Center). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 3.580.
References
External links
Elsevier academic journals
Biochemistry journals
Academic journals established in 2007
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals associated with learned and professional societies of the United States | Journal of Clinical Lipidology | [
"Chemistry"
] | 122 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Biochemistry journals",
"Biochemistry literature",
"Biochemistry journal stubs"
] |
54,613,107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigetti%20Computing | Rigetti Computing, Inc. is a Berkeley, California-based developer of quantum integrated circuits used for quantum computers. Rigetti also develops a cloud platform called Forest that enables programmers to write quantum algorithms.
History
Rigetti Computing was founded in 2013 by Chad Rigetti, a physicist with a background in quantum computers from IBM, and studied under Michel Devoret. The company emerged from startup incubator Y Combinator in 2014 as a so-called "spaceshot" company. Later that year, Rigetti also participated in The Alchemist Accelerator, a venture capital programme.
By February 2016, Rigetti created its first quantum processor, a three-qubit chip made using aluminum circuits on a silicon wafer. That same year, Rigetti raised Series A funding of US$24 million in a round led by Andreessen Horowitz. In November, the company secured Series B funding of $40 million in a round led by investment firm Vy Capital, along with additional funding from Andreessen Horowitz and other investors. Y Combinator also participated in both rounds.
By Spring of 2017, Rigetti had advanced to testing eight-qubit quantum computers. In June, the company announced the release of Forest 1.0, a quantum computing platform designed to enable developers to create quantum algorithms. This was a major milestone.
In October 2021, Rigetti announced plans to go public via a SPAC merger, with estimated valuation of around US$1.5 billion. This deal was expected to raise an additional US$458 million, bringing the total funding to US$658 million. The fund will be used to accelerate the company's growth, including scaling its quantum processors from 80 qubits to 1,000 qubits by 2024, and to 4,000 by 2026. The SPAC deal closed on 2 March 2022, and Rigetti began trading on the NASDAQ under the ticker symbol RGTI.
In December 2022, Subodh Kulkarni became president and CEO of the company.
In July 2023 Rigetti launched a single-chip 84 qubit quantum processor that can scale to even larger systems.
Products and technology
Rigetti Computing is a full-stack quantum computing company, a term that indicates that the company designs and fabricates quantum chips, integrates them with a controlling architecture, and develops software for programmers to use to build algorithms for the chips.
Forest cloud computing platform
The company hosts a cloud computing platform called Forest, which gives developers access to quantum processors so they can write quantum algorithms for testing purposes. The computing platform is based on a custom instruction language the company developed called Quil, which stands for Quantum Instruction Language. Quil facilitates hybrid quantum/classical computing, and programs can be built and executed using open source Python tools. As of June 2017, the platform allows coders to write quantum algorithms for a simulation of a quantum chip with 36 qubits.
Fab-1
The company operates a rapid prototyping fabrication ("fab") lab called Fab-1, designed to quickly create integrated circuits. Lab engineers design and generate experimental designs for 3D-integrated quantum circuits for qubit-based quantum hardware.
Recognition
The company was recognized in 2016 by X-Prize founder Peter Diamandis as being one of the three leaders in the quantum computing space, along with IBM and Google. MIT Technology Review named the company one of the 50 smartest companies of 2017.
See also
D-Wave Systems
Locations
Rigetti Computing is headquartered in Berkeley, California, where it hosts developmental systems and cooling equipment. The company also operates its Fab-1 manufacturing facility in nearby Fremont.
References
External links
Computer companies of the United States
Computer hardware companies
Quantum information science
Companies involved in quantum computing
Companies based in Berkeley, California
American companies established in 2013
Computer companies established in 2013
2013 establishments in California
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Special-purpose acquisition companies | Rigetti Computing | [
"Technology"
] | 795 | [
"Computer hardware companies",
"Computers"
] |
54,614,031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Gordon%20Rushbrooke | John Gordon Rushbrooke (1936–2003) was an Australian particle physicist.
The son of Neil and Vera Rushbrooke, with four sisters, Rushbrooke was born in Geelong in 1936 and was brought up there. He attended Geelong Grammar School, where he was at the top of every class.
Rushbrooke went on to Trinity College in Perth, graduating with a BSc in 1956. This was followed by a master's degree at Australia's first cyclotron, where he began his work as a high-energy physicist. His thesis from the University of Melbourne was on Coulomb excitations of the atom.
In 1959 Rushbrooke won a scholarship that took him to King's College, Cambridge. Following work at the Cavendish Laboratory and completion of his PhD, Rushbrooke spent a year at CERN in Geneva before returning to Cambridge to take up a fellowship at Downing College as director of studies in physics.
For five years from 1977 he was on leave from his duties at Cambridge, based again at CERN, where he became the spokesperson for the UA5 collaboration. The UA5 experiment searched for Centauro events at the Proton-Antiproton Collider, a modification of the Super Proton Synchrotron.
In 1983 Rushbrooke was promoted to a readership in physics at Cambridge, and in 1991 the university conferred on him a second doctorate. During the 1990s Rushbrooke worked on commercializing technology from scanning techniques developed at CERN. He moved to California in 2000 after securing a contract with a major US company.
Rushbrooke died in California in 2003, at the age of 67.
References
External links
List of publications, Inspire HEP
Australian physicists
Australian academics
People associated with CERN
1936 births
2003 deaths
Fellows of Downing College, Cambridge
People educated at Geelong Grammar School
Particle physicists | John Gordon Rushbrooke | [
"Physics"
] | 373 | [
"Particle physicists",
"Particle physics"
] |
54,616,030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20sampling | Line sampling is a method used in reliability engineering to compute small (i.e., rare event) failure probabilities encountered in engineering systems. The method is particularly suitable for high-dimensional reliability problems, in which the performance function exhibits moderate non-linearity with respect to the uncertain parameters The method is suitable for analyzing black box systems, and unlike the importance sampling method of variance reduction, does not require detailed knowledge of the system.
The basic idea behind line sampling is to refine estimates obtained from the first-order reliability method (FORM), which may be incorrect due to the non-linearity of the limit state function. Conceptually, this is achieved by averaging the result of different FORM simulations. In practice, this is made possible by identifying the importance direction in the input parameter space, which points towards the region which most strongly contributes to the overall failure probability. The importance direction can be closely related to the center of mass of the failure region, or to the failure point with the highest probability density, which often falls at the closest point to the origin of the limit state function, when the random variables of the problem have been transformed into the standard normal space. Once the importance direction has been set to point towards the failure region, samples are randomly generated from the standard normal space and lines are drawn parallel to the importance direction in order to compute the distance to the limit state function, which enables the probability of failure to be estimated for each sample. These failure probabilities can then be averaged to obtain an improved estimate.
Mathematical approach
Firstly the importance direction must be determined. This can be achieved by finding the design point, or the gradient of the limit state function.
A set of samples is generated using Monte Carlo simulation in the standard normal space. For each sample , the probability of failure in the line parallel to the important direction is defined as:
where is equal to one for samples contributing to failure, and is zero otherwise:
is the important direction, is the probability density function of a Gaussian distribution (and is a real number). In practice the roots of a nonlinear function must be found to estimate the partial probabilities of failure along each line. This is either done by interpolation of a few samples along the line, or by using the Newton–Raphson method.
The global probability of failure is the mean of the probability of failure on the lines:
where is the total number of lines used in the analysis and the are the partial probabilities of failure estimated along all the lines.
For problems in which the dependence of the performance function is only moderately non-linear with respect to the parameters modeled as random variables, setting the importance direction as the gradient vector of the performance function in the underlying standard normal space leads to highly efficient Line Sampling. In general it can be shown that the variance obtained by line sampling is always smaller than that obtained by conventional Monte Carlo simulation, and hence the line sampling algorithm converges more quickly. The rate of convergence is made quicker still by recent advancements which allow the importance direction to be repeatedly updated throughout the simulation, and this is known as adaptive line sampling.
Industrial application
The algorithm is particularly useful for performing reliability analysis on computationally expensive industrial black box models, since the limit state function can be non-linear and the number of samples required is lower than for other reliability analysis techniques such as subset simulation. The algorithm can also be used to efficiently propagate epistemic uncertainty in the form of probability boxes, or random sets. A numerical implementation of the method is available in the open source software OpenCOSSAN.
See also
Rare event sampling
Curse of dimensionality
Quantitative risk assessment
References
Reliability analysis
Variance_reduction | Line sampling | [
"Engineering"
] | 741 | [
"Reliability analysis",
"Reliability engineering"
] |
54,616,758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak%20Space%20Policy%20Association | Slovak Space Policy Association (SSPA) is a non-governmental organization, which deals with space security, law and economic aspects of the peaceful uses of outer space. It is the only fully professional think tank in the area of space policy in Slovakia. Its main mission is to promote public discussion on space-related themes that affect society, science and research, economy, and also foreign and security policy objectives of Slovakia. SSPA publishes its own in-house publication SSPA Reports, which has been granted .
SSPA works on the policy, security and legal aspects of the use of outer space and publishes both in professional and scientific journals, and members lecture at international conferences and congresses. SSPA members have conducted several work-related stays and internships in various institutions, such as the European Space Agency (ESA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), European Centre for Space Law (ECSL), European Space Policy Institute (ESPI), European Commission and United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UN OOSA). Additionally SSPA is (through its members) a national point of contact for the Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC) and a member of a regional think-tanks network in the framework of the IRSEC Hub project.
References
External links
Official website of SSPA
European space programmes
Science and technology in Slovakia
Scientific organisations based in Slovakia
Organisations based in Slovakia | Slovak Space Policy Association | [
"Engineering"
] | 278 | [
"Space programs",
"European space programmes"
] |
54,617,143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%20in%20the%20the%20Spring | Paris in the Spring is a phrase often used in an informal psychological test. The phrase "Paris in the Spring" is written with an extra "the". A subject is asked to read the text, and will often jump to conclusions and fail to notice the extra "the", especially when there is a line break between the two thes.
The second ‘the’ is skipped because of saccades, jerky movements that eyes make when looking around. The brain counteracts these movements by steadying them and making everything appear smooth. While the brain is using saccadic movements to read, it searches for the most important words and skips over the less important ones, and fills them in using the words around it and what the brain sees when it quickly skips over it. For instance, in ‘Paris in the Spring’, the eyes will read Paris and quickly move ahead to Spring, and just glance over ‘in the’, leading the mind to completely disregard the second ‘the’.
References
Psychological testing
Cognitive psychology
Phrases
Psycholinguistics
Saccade | Paris in the the Spring | [
"Biology"
] | 218 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Behavior",
"Cognitive psychology"
] |
54,617,362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk-regular%20graph | In graph theory, a walk-regular graph is a simple graph where the number of closed walks of any length from a vertex to itself does only depend on but not depend on the choice of vertex. Walk-regular graphs can be thought of as a spectral graph theory analogue of vertex-transitive graphs.
While a walk-regular graph is not necessarily very symmetric, all its vertices still behave identically with respect to the graph's spectral properties.
Equivalent definitions
Suppose that is a simple graph. Let denote the adjacency matrix of , denote the set of vertices of , and denote the characteristic polynomial of the vertex-deleted subgraph for all Then the following are equivalent:
is walk-regular.
is a constant-diagonal matrix for all
for all
Examples
The vertex-transitive graphs are walk-regular.
The semi-symmetric graphs are walk-regular.
The distance-regular graphs are walk-regular. More generally, any simple graph in a homogeneous coherent algebra is walk-regular.
A connected regular graph is walk-regular if:
It has at most four distinct eigenvalues.
It is triangle-free and has at most five distinct eigenvalues.
It is bipartite and has at most six distinct eigenvalues.
Properties
A walk-regular graph is necessarily a regular graph.
Complements of walk-regular graphs are walk-regular.
Cartesian products of walk-regular graphs are walk-regular.
Categorical products of walk-regular graphs are walk-regular.
Strong products of walk-regular graphs are walk-regular.
In general, the line graph of a walk-regular graph is not walk-regular.
k-walk-regular graphs
A graph is -walk-regular if for any two vertices and of distance at most the number of walks of length from to depends only on and .
For these are exactly the walk-regular graphs.
In analogy to walk-regular graphs generalizing vertex-transitive graphs, 1-walk-regular graphs can be thought of as generalizing symmetric graphs, that is, graphs that are both vertex- and edge-transitive. For example, the Hoffman graph is 1-walk-regular but not symmetric.
If is at least the diameter of the graph, then the -walk-regular graphs coincide with the distance-regular graphs.
In fact, if and the graph has an eigenvalue of multiplicity at most (except for eigenvalues and , where is the degree of the graph), then the graph is already distance-regular.
References
External links
Chris Godsil and Brendan McKay, Feasibility conditions for the existence of walk-regular graphs.
Algebraic graph theory
Graph families
Regular graphs | Walk-regular graph | [
"Mathematics"
] | 540 | [
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory",
"Algebra",
"Algebraic graph theory"
] |
54,619,640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%E2%80%93Roch-type%20theorem | In algebraic geometry, there are various generalizations of the Riemann–Roch theorem; among the most famous is the Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem, which is further generalized by the formulation due to Fulton et al.
Formulation due to Baum, Fulton and MacPherson
Let and be functors on the category C of schemes separated and locally of finite type over the base field k with proper morphisms such that
is the Grothendieck group of coherent sheaves on X,
is the rational Chow group of X,
for each proper morphism f, are the direct images (or push-forwards) along f.
Also, if is a (global) local complete intersection morphism; i.e., it factors as a closed regular embedding into a smooth scheme P followed by a smooth morphism , then let
be the class in the Grothendieck group of vector bundles on X; it is independent of the factorization and is called the virtual tangent bundle of f.
Then the Riemann–Roch theorem then amounts to the construction of a unique natural transformation:
between the two functors such that for each scheme X in C, the homomorphism satisfies: for a local complete intersection morphism , when there are closed embeddings into smooth schemes,
where refers to the Todd class.
Moreover, it has the properties:
for each and the Chern class (or the action of it) of the in the Grothendieck group of vector bundles on X.
it X is a closed subscheme of a smooth scheme M, then the theorem is (roughly) the restriction of the theorem in the smooth case and can be written down in terms of a localized Chern class.
The equivariant Riemann–Roch theorem
Over the complex numbers, the theorem is (or can be interpreted as) a special case of the equivariant index theorem.
The Riemann–Roch theorem for Deligne–Mumford stacks
Aside from algebraic spaces, no straightforward generalization is possible for stacks. The complication already appears in the orbifold case (Kawasaki's Riemann–Roch).
The equivariant Riemann–Roch theorem for finite groups is equivalent in many situations to the Riemann–Roch theorem for quotient stacks by finite groups.
One of the significant applications of the theorem is that it allows one to define a virtual fundamental class in terms of the K-theoretic virtual fundamental class.
See also
Kawasaki's Riemann–Roch formula
Notes
References
Vakil, Math 245A Topics in algebraic geometry: Introduction to intersection theory in algebraic geometry
External links
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/25218/why-is-riemann-roch-for-stacks-so-hard
Algebraic geometry | Riemann–Roch-type theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 591 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebraic geometry"
] |
54,620,481 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIRST%20Global%20Challenge | The FIRST Global Challenge is a yearly robotics competition organized by the International First Committee Association. It promotes STEM education and careers for youth and was created by Dean Kamen in 2016 as an expansion of FIRST, an organization with similar objectives.
History
FIRST Global is a trade name for the International First Committee Association, a nonprofit corporation based in Manchester, New Hampshire, with a 501(c)(3) designation from the IRS.
The nonprofit was founded by the co-founder of FIRST, Dean Kamen, with the objective of promoting STEM education and careers in the developing world through Olympics-style robotics competitions. Former US Congressman, Joe Sestak was the organization's president in 2017, but left after the 2017 Challenge.
Each year, the FIRST Global Challenge is held in a different city. For example, Mexico City was selected to host the 2018 Challenge after the United States hosted the 2017 edition in Washington, DC. This is a change from FIRST's system of championships, where one city hosts for several years at a time.
In May 2020, it was announced that FIRST Global would not host a traditional challenge in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and shifted to a remote model.
In 2022, FIRST Global returned to in-person events with the 2022 Challenge in Geneva, Switzerland.
Editions
Washington, D.C. 2017
The 2017 FIRST Global Challenge was held in Washington, D.C., from July 16–18, and the challenge was the use of robots to separate different colored balls, representing clean water and impurities in water, symbolizing the Engineering Grand Challenge (based on the Millennium Development Goal) of improving access to clean water in the developing world. Around 160 teams composed of 15- to 18-year-olds from 157 countries participated, and around 60% of teams were created or led by young women. Six continental teams also participated.
Mexico City 2018
The 2018 FIRST Global Challenge was held in Mexico City from August 15–18. The 2018 Challenge was called Energy Impact and explored the impact of various types of energy on the world and how they can be made more sustainable. In the challenge, robots worked together in teams of three to give cubes to human players, turn a crank, and score cubes in goals in order to generate electrical power. The challenge was based on three Engineering Grand Challenges; making solar energy affordable, making fusion energy a reality, and creating carbon sequestration methods.
Dubai 2019
The 2019 challenge, called Ocean Opportunities, was held in Dubai from October 24–27 and was the first challenge hosted outside of North America. The challenge was themed around clearing the ocean of pollutants, and had two alliances of three teams each attempting to score large and small balls representing pollutants into processing areas and a processing barge. The processing barge had multiple levels, with higher levels worth more points. At the end of the match, robots "docked" with the barge by driving onto or climbing up it, with climbing worth more points. The event was opened by Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum, Crown Prince of Dubai.
Geneva 2022
The 2022 challenge called Carbon Capture, was held in Geneva from October 13–16. The challenge was themed around removing carbon dioxide () emissions from the atmosphere. In the Carbon Capture game, six different countries worked together to capture and store black balls representing carbon particles. The storage tower had multiple cantilevered bars that the robots mounted to, with the higher bars worth a greater multiplier. At the end of a match, robots "docked" on the storage tower's base or climbed the bars with their alliance indicator ball. Each match started with a "global alliance" of six countries, then divided into two "regional alliances" each consisting of three countries. The event was opened by Dr. Martina Hirayama, Switzerland State Secretary for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI).
Singapore 2023
The 2023 challenge, called Hydrogen Horizons, was held in Singapore from October 7–10. The challenge is themed around renewable energy with a focus on hydrogen technologies.
Subordinate programs
Global STEM Corps
The Global STEM Corps is a FIRST Global initiative that connects qualified volunteer mentors with students in developing countries to prepare them for competitions.
New Technology Experience
The New Technology Experience (NTE) is an annual component of the FIRST Global Challenge that was added to the organization's offerings in 2021. It was established as a means for the student community to stay current with cutting-edge technology and is integrated with each year's theme. The 2021 NTE was the CubeSat Prototype Challenge. The 2022 NTE, Carbon Countermeasures, was presented in partnership with XPRIZE.
References
External links
Educational organizations based in the United States
Organizations established in 2016
Robotics
Robotics organizations
Technology organizations | FIRST Global Challenge | [
"Engineering"
] | 963 | [
"Robotics",
"Automation"
] |
54,620,530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%207079 | NGC 7079 is a barred lenticular galaxy located about 110.58 million light-years away in the constellation of Grus. NGC 7079 is also classified as a LINER galaxy. It is tilted about 51° to the Earth's line of sight. NGC 7079 was discovered by astronomer John Herschel on September 6, 1834.
Physical characteristics
NGC 7079 has a faint cigar-shaped bar with ansae at the ends, and there is another very faint spiral structure surrounding it. The rim of the disk also has a somewhat faint ring-like structure.
Emission of doubly ionized oxygen gas
In NGC 7079, it has been indicated that there is a faint emission of doubly ionized oxygen. The ionized gas is rotating in the opposite direction of the stars in the galaxy. The counter-rotation has been attributed to the accretion of gas from outside of the galaxy.
Group membership
NGC 7079 is a member of the NGC 7079 Group. The group, along with other nearby groups are part of the Pavo-Indus and Grus clouds of galaxies which form a connection between the Pavo–Indus and Virgo Superclusters. The other members of the NGC 7079 Group are NGC 7070, NGC 7070A, NGC 7097, NGC 7097A, ESO 287-37, ESO 287-39, ESO 287-41, and ESO 287-43.
See also
List of NGC objects (7001–7840)
Lenticular galaxy
NGC 936
PGC 83677
References
External links
Barred lenticular galaxies
LINER galaxies
Grus (constellation)
7079
66934
Astronomical objects discovered in 1834
NGC 7079 Group | NGC 7079 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 358 | [
"Grus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
54,620,941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Aminobenzaldehyde | 2-Aminobenzaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(NH2)CHO. It is one of three isomers of aminobenzaldehyde. It is a low-melting yellow solid that is soluble in water.
Preparation and reactions
It is usually prepared by reduction of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde with iron or iron(II) sulfate. Like related aminoaldehydes, it is unstable with respect to self-condensation.
2-Aminobenzaldehyde is used to prepare quinolines by the Friedländer synthesis:
By template reactions, it also forms trimeric and tetrameric condensation products that have been studied as ligands.
References
Benzaldehydes
Amines | 2-Aminobenzaldehyde | [
"Chemistry"
] | 154 | [
"Amines",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Functional groups"
] |
54,622,321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borylene | A borylene is the boron analogue of a carbene. The general structure is R-B: with R an organic moiety and B a boron atom with two unshared electrons. Borylenes are of academic interest in organoboron chemistry. A singlet ground state is predominant with boron having two vacant sp2 orbitals and one doubly occupied one. With just one additional substituent the boron is more electron deficient than the carbon atom in a carbene. For this reason stable borylenes are more uncommon than stable carbenes. Some borylenes such as boron monofluoride (BF) and boron monohydride (BH) the parent compound also known simply as borylene, have been detected in microwave spectroscopy and may exist in stars. Other borylenes exist as reactive intermediates and can only be inferred by chemical trapping.
The first stable terminal borylene complex [(OC)5WBN(SiMe3)2] was reported by Holger Braunschweig et al. in 1998. In this compound a borylene is coordinated to a transition metal. Borylenes are also stabilized as Lewis base adducts, e.g. with a NHC carbene. Other strategies are the use of cyclic alkyl amino carbenes (CAACs) and other Lewis bases, and their use as bis-adducts.
Free borylenes
As discussed above, free borylenes have yet to be isolated, but they have been the subject of a number of computational studies and have investigated spectroscopically and experimentally. B-R (R=H, F, Cl, Br, I, NH2, C2H, Ph) have been observed via microwave or IR spectroscopy at low temperature via elaborate procedures. When generated as reactive intermediates, borylenes have been shown to activate strong C-C single bonds, yielding products analogous to an organometallic oxidative addition reaction. Most commonly, these are generated via reduction of an organoborane dichloride, but photolysis of other boranes can also afford short-lived borylene species.
As might be expected, calculations have demonstrated that the HOMO is composed of the nonbonding electrons on boron (nσ-type, sp character). The LUMO and LUMO+1 are empty, orthogonal pπ-type orbitals and are degenerate in energy except in the case where R breaks the symmetry of the molecule, thus lifting the degeneracy. Unlike carbenes, which can exist in either singlet or triplet ground states, calculations have indicated that all yet-studied borylenes have a singlet ground spin state. The smallest singlet-triplet gap was calculated to be 8.2 kcal/mol for Me3Si-B. Aminoborylene (H2NB) is a slight exception to the above paradigm, as the nitrogen lone pair donates into an unoccupied boron p orbital. Thus, there is formally a double bond between boron and nitrogen; the π* combination of this interaction serves as the LUMO+1.
Mono-Lewis base-stabilized borylenes
The first example of a borylene stabilized by a single Lewis base was reported in 2007 and exists as a dimer—a diborene. An (NHC)BBr3 adduct was reduced to generate a probable (NHC)B-H intermediate that subsequently dimerized to form the diborene. A similar species with a boron–boron single bond was also observed. The diborene has an incredibly short boron–boron bond length of 1.560(18) Å, further supporting the assignment of a double bond. DFT and NBO calculations were performed on a model system (with Dipp moieties replaced by H). Although some differences between the calculated and crystal structures were evident, they could primarily be ascribed to distortions from planarity caused by the bulky Dipp groups. The HOMO was calculated to be a B-B π-bonding orbital and the HOMO-1 is of mixed B-H and B-B σ-bonding character. NBO calculations supported the above assessments, as populations for the B-B σ- and π-bonding orbitals were calculated to be 1.943 and 1.382 respectively.
A number of similar compounds have been generated and isolated, and several studies involving putative mono-Lewis base-stabilized borylene intermediates have been reported. However, an isolable example remained elusive until 2014. Betrand et al. argued that due to boron's electropositivity and thus preference to be electron-poor, CAAC (cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene) might serve as a better Lewis base than the more commonplace NHC. The (NHC)borane adduct was prepared then reduced with Co(Cp*)2. One equivalent of reductant yielded an aminoboryl radical and a second reduction event lead to the desired (CAAC)borylene. Another group followed a similar synthetic strategy using DAC(diamidocarbene); the reduction of a (DAC)borane derivative afforded an analogous (DAC)borylene (see figure). Although the C=B=NR2 structure is similar in nature to aminoboraalkenes, an exploration of molecular orbitals gives an entirely different picture: as expected, the HOMO is a bond of π symmetry derived from the donation of boron's lone pair into the empty orbital on carbon. As previously discussed, a nitrogen lone pair donates into an empty boron p-orbital to form a π bond; the out of phase combination serves as a high-energy LUMO+2.
The first example of dinitrogen fixation at a p-block element was published in 2018 by Holger Braunschweig et al., whereby one molecule of dinitrogen is bound by two transient mono-Lewis base-stabilized borylene species. The resulting dianion was subsequently oxidized to a neutral compound, and reduced using water.
Bis-Lewis base-stabilized borylenes
Taking inspiration from Robinson's above diborene synthesis, Bertrand et al. swapped NHC for CAAC and successfully isolated the first bis-Lewis base-stabilized borylene in 2011. Reduction of (CAAC)BBr3 with KC8 in the presence of excess CAAC afforded the bis(CAAC)BH. A labeling study indicated that the H-atom was abstracted from an aryl group associated with the CAAC. Reduction of (CAAC)BBr3 yields the same terminal borylene even in the absence of additional Lewis base via a mechanism that remains poorly understood. Exploitation of this procedure has been used to form mixed bis-Lewis base-stabilized borylenes as well. Several other routes have also been proposed. A more novel one employs methyl triflate to abstract a hydride from (CAAC)BH3. Treatment with a Lewis base, followed by triflic acid and KC8 afford the desired (CAAC)(Lewis base)BH. Although the reported case uses only specific Lewis bases, the approach is argued to be highly generalizable. A number of other compounds in this class have been generated using borylene-transition metal complexes as precursors. Treatment of (OC)5M=B-Tp with carbon monoxide or acetonitrile yields the corresponding adducts: (CO)2B-Tp and (MeNC)2B-Tp.
Bonding in these complexes is quite similar to that in mono-Lewis base compounds. At least one π-acceptor ligand is present in all known examples of these compounds, and the B-L bond strength tends to scale with the π-acidity of the Lewis base. Low-energy σ-donation orbitals from the base to boron are present in these compounds, and the π-interaction from boron's lone pair to the Lewis base serves as the HOMO. Calculated electronic structure for a number of borylene complexes were compared with their isoelectronic homologues: carbone complexes (CL2) and nitrogen cation complexes ((N+)L2).
Borylene-transition metal complexes
The first transition metal complex reported by Braunschweig et al. featured a borylene ligand bridging between two manganese centers: [ μ-BX{η5-C5H4R}Mn(CO)2}2] (R=H, Me; X=NMe2). The first terminal borylene complex [(CO)5MBN(SiMe3)2] was prepared by the same group several years later. Two previous structures – [(CO)4Fe(BNMe2)] and [(CO)4Fe{BN(SiMe3)2}] – had been proposed by other groups but disqualified due to inconsistent 11B-NMR data. A number of diborylene complexes have also been described. The first of these, [(η5-C5Me5)Ir{BN(SiMe3)2}2], was prepared by the photochemical reaction of [(η5-C5Me5)Ir(CO)2] with [(OC)5Cr{BN(SiMe3)2}]. One unusual reaction exhibited by these complexes is coupling of borylene and carbon monoxide ligands. Catenation of an iron borylene complex has generate an iron complex of a tetraboron (B4) chain.
Orbitally, the interactions between transition metals and borylenes tend to be similar to the above Lewis acids and borylenes. A number of computational studies have been performed on these systems. A sample paper from 2000 employed NBO to analyze a series of related complexes. Taking [(CO)4Fe{BN(SiH3)2}] as an example, it was calculated that—as expected—the boron moiety is relatively electron-poor (+0.59 charge). The Fe-B π-bonding orbitals were found to have populations of 0.39 and 0.48 whereas the σ-bonding had 0.61. Thus, the Wiberg bond index of the Fe-B bond was a relatively strong 0.65 (compare: Fe-CO was 0.62 in the same complex. The analogous tungsten complex had a bond index value of 0.82. Overall, the paper concludes that transition metal-borylene bonds are very strong. However, the bonding has strong ionic contributions. Orbital attractions are primarily σ- accompanied by weaker π-interactions. Unlike corresponding metal-carbyne complexes, the bond order in all studied cases was less than 1.
References
Boron compounds
Reactive intermediates | Borylene | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,274 | [
"Functional groups",
"Octet-deficient functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Physical organic chemistry",
"Reactive intermediates"
] |
54,623,478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiken%20code | The Aiken code (also known as 2421 code) is a complementary binary-coded decimal (BCD) code. A group of four bits is assigned to the decimal digits from 0 to 9 according to the following table. The code was developed by Howard Hathaway Aiken and is still used today in digital clocks, pocket calculators and similar devices.
The Aiken code differs from the standard 8421 BCD code in that the Aiken code does not weight the fourth digit as 8 as with the standard BCD code but with 2.
The following weighting is obtained for the Aiken code: 2-4-2-1.
One might think that double codes are possible for a number, for example 1011 and 0101 could represent 5. However, here one makes sure that the digits 0 to 4 are mirror image complementary to the numbers 5 to 9.
See also
Excess-3 code
Gray code
O'Brien code type I
References
Further reading
(3 pages)
Computer arithmetic
Numeral systems
Non-standard positional numeral systems | Aiken code | [
"Mathematics"
] | 214 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Computer arithmetic",
"Numeral systems",
"Arithmetic",
"Numbers"
] |
54,623,737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Russian%20Institute%20Of%20Aviation%20Materials | The All-Russian Institute of Aviation Materials (VIAM) () is a state research centre of the Russian Federation based in Moscow, Russia, established in 1932.
VIAM has broad responsibility for research, development, testing, and certification of all metallic and nonmetallic materials used in the Russian aerospace industry. Over 90 percent of the materials used in Soviet aircraft and space vehicles were developed at VIAM.
Bibliography
List of VIAM publications in the Scientific electronic library elibrary.ru
References
Companies based in Moscow
Metal companies of the Soviet Union
Buran program
Research institutes in Russia
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
Aviation in the Soviet Union
Aerospace research institutes
Aviation research institutes
Aerospace engineering organizations
Research and development organizations
Federal State Unitary Enterprises of Russia
1932 establishments in the Soviet Union | All-Russian Institute Of Aviation Materials | [
"Engineering"
] | 154 | [
"Aeronautics organizations",
"Aerospace engineering organizations",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
54,624,068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khimprom%20Novocheboksarsk | Khimprom Novocheboksarsk () is a chemicals-producing company based in Novocheboksarsk, Russia. It is part of Orgsintez Group (Renova).
The Novocheboksarsk Khimprom Production Association is a giant facility whose Production Facility No. 3 manufactured chemical agents between 1972 and 1987. The plant is now making preparations to destroy chemical weapons and agents while continuing to produce household chemicals and fertilizers.
The company used to manufacture organophosphorus nerve agents, and as of 2013 still produced dual-use chemicals. It produced Soviet V-gas until 1987, and still manufactures phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus trichloride, and dimethyl phosphite, and phosphorus-based insecticides, herbicides and dyestuffs.
Products
As of June 2022 the company has listed the following chemical compounds that it's been producing at the time:
Antioxidant С-789 (for rubber industry)
Acetonanil H (2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline)
Benzamine N, (epoxy curing agent)
Bifurgin ()
Hydrogen peroxide
Sodium hydrosulfide
Calcium hypochlorite
Sodium hypochlorite
Diphenylguanidine (vulcanizing agent in rubber industry)
Hydrophobicity-inducing liquids (probably Bis(trimethylsilyl)amine)
Calcium hydroxide (CaOH)
Calcium chloride (CaCl, liquid)
2-Ethylhexanoic acid
Hydrogen chloride (HCl)
Organic silica gels (used in oil drilling industry to secure borehole stability)
Silicon tetrachloride:
Organic silica varnishes
Dichloromethane
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Polyethylene glycol ethers
Chlorinated paraffins
Polyamine
Additives for mineral oils
Organic silica risings
Poly(methylphenylsiloxane)-based resins at different dilution levels
Isopropyl alcohol
Isopropyl alcohol-based antiseptics in mixtures with paraffins (75%/25%)
Tetraethyl orthosilicate
Trichlorosilane
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichlorophenylsilane
Liquid chlorine (Cl)
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Silica-based enamels
Flotation agents
A range of chemical flotation agents for froth flotation]] processes:
Dibutyl dithiophosphate
Disobutyl dithiophosphate
Sodium dithiophosphate etc.
Management
Source:
General Managing Director - Kolchin Dmitry Vladimirovich
First Deputy General Director - Kolesnikova Elena Vladimirovna
Commercial Director - Fedotov Alexey Viktorovich
Director of Legal Affairs - Vinogradova Lada Evgenievna
Director of Security - Yakovlev Oleg Nikolaevich
Chief Engineer - Gorin Vadim Konstantinovich
Director of Human Resources Management - Rogozin Elena Valeryevna
Director of Production - Kurmanov Viktor Ivanovich
Director of the Research Center - Efimov Yuri Timofeevich
Notes
References
External links
Official website
Chemical companies of Russia
Companies based in Chuvashia
Soviet chemical weapons program
Renova Group
Chemical companies of the Soviet Union
Defence companies of the Soviet Union
Chemical warfare facilities
Companies formerly listed on the Moscow Exchange
Chemical companies established in 1960
1960 establishments in Russia | Khimprom Novocheboksarsk | [
"Chemistry"
] | 717 | [
"Chemical warfare facilities"
] |
54,624,137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplygin%20Siberian%20Scientific%20Research%20Institute%20Of%20Aviation | Chaplygin Siberian Scientific Research Institute Of Aviation (SibNIA) () is a research institute based in Novosibirsk, Russia and established in 1941.
SIBNIA is one of Russia's leading aviation research institutes, with departments devoted to aerodynamics, avionics testing, full-scale fatigue testing, thermal strength testing, fatigue and loading spectra, and dynamic strength testing.
Researchers at SIBNIA have published work on topics such as localization of the sources of acoustic emissions in strength testing of aviation materials, fatigue and fracture in steel and concrete structures, piezotransducer amplification, strengths of materials, and metallurgy. Since 1943, over 180 aircraft and 200 aircraft components have been tested at SIBNIA's facilities.
SIBNIA came into existence in 1941 when the Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute (TsAGI) was evacuated to Novosibirsk to escape from the German advance on Moscow. Sergey Chaplygin, the second director of TsAGI, died in Novosibirsk on 8 October 1942 and was buried in front of SIBNIA's main administration building. The bulk of TsAGI's personnel returned to Moscow in 1943, leaving behind a cadre of researchers and equipment at what then became the S.A. Chaplygin Siberian Scientific Research Institute of Aviation.
References
External links
Official website
Companies based in Novosibirsk
Federal State Unitary Enterprises of Russia
Ministry of the Aviation Industry (Soviet Union)
Science and technology in Siberia
Research institutes in Novosibirsk
Dzerzhinsky City District, Novosibirsk
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
Aerospace engineering organizations
Aviation research institutes
Aviation in the Soviet Union | Chaplygin Siberian Scientific Research Institute Of Aviation | [
"Engineering"
] | 341 | [
"Aeronautics organizations",
"Aerospace engineering organizations",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
47,652,240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Molinos%20Observatory | Los Molinos Observatory (, OALM; obs. code: 844) is an astronomical observatory owned by the Ministerio de Educación y Cultura de Uruguay and operated in collaboration with the University of the Republic's Astronomy Department. It is located near the city of Las Piedras, on the outskirts of Montevideo, Uruguay.
The observatory is actively involved in follow-up observations of small bodies in the Solar System such as asteroids and comets. It has the observatory code 844.
The main-belt asteroid 10476 Los Molinos, discovered by American astronomer Schelte Bus at the Siding Spring Observatory in 1981, was named after this observatory. The official naming citation was published on 13 April 2017 by the Minor Planet Center ().
Discoveries
Main belt asteroid, 68853 Vaimaca,
Main belt asteroid, 73342 Guyunusa,
Variable star, VSX J034330.8-442815,
Variable star, VSX J074722.4+220414,
References
External links
Official "UNESCO" AR 127 telescope giving to "Los Molinos"
Physical and dynamical characteristics of icy "dwarf planets" (plutoids) – Gonzalo Tancredi, Observatorio Astronómico Los Molinos
Astronomical observatories
Minor-planet discovering observatories
Buildings and structures in Montevideo | Los Molinos Observatory | [
"Astronomy"
] | 286 | [
"Astronomical observatories",
"Astronomy organizations"
] |
47,653,881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI-polaron | A TI-polaron (translation-invariant polaron) is a type of elementary quasiparticle in solid-state physics. The ground state of TI-polaron is a delocalized state of electron-phonon system: the probabilities of electron's occurrence at any point of a space are similar. Both the electron density and the amplitudes of phonon modes (renormalized by an interaction with the electron) are delocalized. The concept of a polaron potential well (formed by local phonons) in which the electron is localized, i.e. self-trapped state is lacking. Accordingly, the induced polarization charge of the translation-invariant polaron is equal to zero.
The ground state energy of the translation-invariant polaron is lower than that of Pekar polaron and is E0 = -0.125720 α2 (for Pekar polaron E0 = -0.10851128 α2), where α is electron-phonon coupling.
TI-polarons can create bound TI-bipolaron states, which play an important role in the theory of superconductivity.
References
Quasiparticles | TI-polaron | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 247 | [
"Quasiparticles",
"Subatomic particles",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Matter"
] |
47,654,333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanolamination | Nanolamination is the production of materials that are fully dense, ultra-fine grained solids that exhibit a high concentration of interface defects. The properties of fabricated nanolaminates depend on their compositions and thicknesses.
Production
Nanolaminates can be grown using atom-by-atom deposition techniques that are designed with different stacking sequences and layer thicknesses.
Electrolytic reduction
Electrolytic reduction allows the production of metals and metal alloys in sub-μm-thick layers. It can be employed to create alloys with properties such as improved toughness, strength, thermal properties and corrosion that are a function of the interfaces in the nanolayers. They can be created using a bath containing multiple metal ion elements. By changing the current at precise moments to select a different element, it can create a layered structure. Coatings of up to a centimeter thick have been created.
It is claimed to offer the benefits of high-cost materials at much lower costs, because such materials can coat lower-cost materials that have other necessary properties such as strength.
Commercial production was introduced in the 2010s by a new company named Modumetal.
Atomic layer deposition
Many hybrid thin film oxides can be created using atomic layer deposition (ALD) with unique physical, chemical, and electronic properties. For example, a rough oxide layer can be further coated with a smooth oxide layer to provide a required surface texture. Properties may also depend on deposition temperature and the stratum to which the nanolaminate is applied.
Performance
In autoclave testing, some nanolaminated alloys have shown 8 times the resistance of carbon steels to degradation and in some cases, no measurable degradation.
Applications
Application include those that take advantage of enhanced mechanical properties or for devices such as energy storage and memory storage capacitors.
Oil and gas
Corrosion-resistant, structural tubulars and casings are important infrastructure assets in the oil and gas industry. Tubulars and casings are subject to aggressive well conditions, serving to permit operations across extreme formation and production pressure differentials, in high temperatures and in highly corrosive environments that contain hydrogen sulfide (), carbon dioxide () and chlorides.
Modumetal produces pumps, valves and tubulars that for launch customers. The products are claimed to offer corrosion and wear protection through a durable, high toughness, nanolaminated metal alloy cladding.
Electronics
Nanolaminate dielectrics can have efficient dielectric constant and high insulation characteristics. Dielectric materials with giant dielectric constants can be fabricated as modified single, binary and perovskite oxides.
See also
Electroplating
References
External links
Materials science
Alloys
Drilling technology
Nanotechnology | Nanolamination | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 540 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"Chemical mixtures",
"Alloys",
"nan",
"Nanotechnology"
] |
47,654,779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium%20sinaicum | Penicillium sinaicum is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which was isolated from marine sludge near Port Said City in Sinai Peninsula in Egypt.
References
sinaicum
Fungi described in 1982
Fungus species | Penicillium sinaicum | [
"Biology"
] | 46 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,655,347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scioderm | Scioderm, acquired by Amicus Therapeutics in 2015, was a rare disease company focused on developing a treatment for Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB), a rare genetic disease characterized by extremely fragile skin and recurrent blister formation. There are currently no approved therapies for EB. Scioderm was developing a topical treatment known as SD-101, or Zorblisa, aimed at triggering wound reduction and closure, and a reduction in body surface area coverage of blisters and lesions.
Epidermolysis Bullosa, sometimes referred to as "Butterfly Skin", is a rare genetic connective tissue disorder that, in all forms, results in extremely fragile skin that blisters or tears at the slightest friction or trauma. EB typically manifests at birth or early childhood. According to the Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa Research Association of America (DEBRA), an estimated 1 out of every 20,000 live births are affected with some type of EB and the disorder occurs in every racial and ethnic group throughout the world and affects both sexes equally.
In Scioderm's initial open-label Phase 2 study conducted in children with either Simplex, Recessive Dystrophic (RDEB), or Junctional EB, the application of SD-101 resulted in complete closure of 88% of target chronic lesions within one month, in addition to a 57% reduction in Body Surface Area (BSA) coverage of lesions and erosions after 3 months of daily treatment.
SD-101, now owned by Amicus Therapeutics, is currently in Phase 3 clinical development to evaluate Zorblisa as a therapy for the treatment of lesions and blistering associated with Epidermolysis Bullosa. Zorblisa is the first drug to ever enter Phase 3 development for the treatment of EB. Stem cell research for Epidermolysis Bullosa is also underway by researchers at the University of Minnesota pursuant to an open-label Phase 2 trial.
In April 2013 Scioderm received Breakthrough Therapy designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for its topical treatment, SD-101 for Epidermolysis Bullosa. As a result of receiving Breakthrough therapy designation for SD-101, Scioderm was named a 2013 "Fierce Top 15" company by FierceBiotech. Prior to Scioderm's receipt of the FDA's Breakthrough therapy designation for SD-101, it had only been given to high-profile pharmaceutical companies such as Johnson & Johnson, Merck and Novartis. In addition to Breakthrough therapy designation, Scioderm received Orphan Drug Designation from both the FDA and from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for its EB treatment.
History
Scioderm was co-founded by Robert Coull and Robert Ryan. Coull and Ryan "acquired the asset from another firm, which had demonstrated a wound healing effect at a lower concentration of the active ingredient before the topical [treatment's] advancement was stalled by lack of funding." In April 2013, the company received $16 million in Series A Financing from Morgenthaler Ventures and Technology Partners.
On August 31, 2015, Amicus Therapeutics announced the acquisition of Scioderm in a deal valued at approximately $950 million based on the achievement of certain milestones. Amicus plans to complete the clinical development of SD-101 and to make the treatment commercially available for all EB patients as quickly as possible.
References
External links
Drug discovery companies
Pharmaceutical companies of the United States
Technology companies established in 2012 | Scioderm | [
"Chemistry"
] | 725 | [
"Drug discovery companies",
"Drug discovery"
] |
47,655,354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20encoding | Double encoding is the act of encoding data twice in a row using the same encoding scheme. It is usually used as an attack technique to bypass authorization schemes or security filters that intercept user input. In double encoding attacks against security filters, characters of the payload that are treated as illegal by those filters are replaced with their double-encoded form.
Double URI-encoding is a special type of double encoding in which data is URI-encoded twice in a row. It has been used to bypass authorization schemes and security filters against code injection, directory traversal, cross-site scripting (XSS) and SQL injection.
Description
In double encoding, data is encoded twice in a row using the same encoding scheme, that is, double-encoded form of data X is Encode(Encode(X)) where Encode is an encoding function.
Double encoding is usually used as an attack technique to bypass authorization schemes or security filters that intercept user input. In double encoding attacks against security filters, characters of the payload that are treated as illegal by those filters are replaced with their double-encoded form. Security filters might treat data X and its encoded form as illegal. However, it is still possible for Encode(Encode(X)), which is the double-encoded form of data X, to not to be treated as illegal by security filters and hence pass through them, but later on, the target system might use the double-decoded form of Encode(Encode(X)), which is X, something that the filters would have been treated as illegal.
Double URI-encoding
Double URI-encoding, also referred to as double percent-encoding, is a special type of double encoding in which data is URI-encoded twice in a row. In other words, double-URI-encoded form of data X is URI-encode(URI-encode(X)). For example for calculating double-URI-encoded form of <, first < is URI-encoded as %3C which then in turn is URI-encoded as %253C, that is, double-URI-encode(<) = URI-encode(URI-encode(<)) = URI-encode(%3C) = %253C. As another example, for calculating double-URI-encoded form of ../, first ../ is URI-encoded as %2E%2E%2F which then in turn is URI-encoded as %252E%252E%252F, that is, double-URI-encode(../) = URI-encode(URI-encode(../)) = URI-encode(%2E%2E%2F) = %252E%252E%252F.
Double URI-encoding is usually used as an attack technique against web applications and web browsers to bypass authorization schemes and security filters that intercept user input. For example because . and its URI-encoded form %2E are used in some directory traversal attacks, they are usually treated as illegal by security filters. However, it is still possible for %252E, which is the double-URI-encoded form of ., to not to be treated as illegal by security filters and hence pass through them, but later on, when the target system is building the path related to the directory traversal attack it might use the double-URI-decoded form of %252E, which is ., something that the filters would have been treated as illegal.
Double URI-encoding attacks have been used to bypass authorization schemes and security filters against code injection, directory traversal, XSS and SQL injection.
Prevention
Decoding some user input twice using the same decoding scheme, once before a security measure and once afterwards, may allow double encoding attacks to bypass that security measure. Thus, to prevent double encoding attacks, all decoding operations on user input should occur before authorization schemes and security filters that intercept user input.
Examples
PHP
In PHP programming language, data items in $_GET and $_REQUEST are sufficiently URI-decoded and thus programmers should avoid calling the urldecode function on them. Calling the urldecode function on data that has been read from $_GET or $_REQUEST causes the data to be URI-decoded once more than it should and hence may open possibility for double URI-encoding attacks.
Directory traversal
In the following PHP program, the value of $_GET["file"] is used to build the path of the file to be sent to the user. This opens the possibility for directory traversal attacks that incorporate their payload into the HTTP GET parameter file. As a security filter against directory traversal attacks, this program searches the value it reads from $_GET["file"] for directory traversal sequences and exits if it finds one. However, after this filter, the program URI-decodes the data that it has read from $_GET["file"], which makes it vulnerable to double URI-encoding attacks.
<?php
/* Note that $_GET is already URI-decoded */
$path = $_GET["file"];
/* Security filter */
/* Exit if user input contains directory traversal sequence */
if (strstr($path, "../") or strstr($path, "..\\"))
{
exit("Directory traversal attempt detected.");
}
/* URI-decode user input once again */
$path = urldecode($path);
/* Build file path to be sent using user input */
echo htmlentities(file_get_contents("uploads/" . $path));
This filter prevents payloads such as ../../../../etc/passwd and its URI-encoded form %2E%2E%2F%2E%2E%2F%2E%2E%2F%2E%2E%2Fetc%2Fpasswd. However, %252E%252E%252F%252E%252E%252F%252E%252E%252F%252E%252E%252Fetc%252Fpasswd, which is the double-URI-encoded form of ../../../../etc/passwd, will bypass this filter. When double-URI-encoded payload %252E%252E%252F%252E%252E%252F%252E%252E%252F%252E%252E%252Fetc%252Fpasswd is used, the value of $_GET["file"] will be %2E%2E%2F%2E%2E%2F%2E%2E%2F%2E%2E%2Fetc%2Fpasswd which doesn't contain any directory traversal sequence and thus passes through the filter and will be given to the urldecode function which returns ../../../../etc/passwd, resulting in a successful attack.
XSS
In the following PHP program, the value of $_GET["name"] is used to build a message to be shown to the user. This opens the possibility for XSS attacks that incorporate their payload into the HTTP GET parameter name. As a security filter against XSS attacks, this program sanitizes the value it reads from $_GET["name"] via the htmlentities function. However, after this filter, the program URI-decodes the data that it has read from $_GET["name"], which makes it vulnerable to double URI-encoding attacks.
<?php
/* Note that $_GET is already URI-decoded */
$name = $_GET["name"];
/* Security filter */
/* Sanitize user input via htmlentity */
$name = htmlentities($name);
/* URI-decode user input once again */
$name = urldecode($name);
/* Build message to be shown using user input */
echo "Hello " . $name;
This filter prevents payloads such as alert(1) and its URI-encoded form %3Cscript%3Ealert%281%29%3C%2Fscript%3E. However, %253Cscript%253Ealert%25281%2529%253C%252Fscript%253E, which is the double-URI-encoded form of alert(1), will bypass this filter. When double-URI-encoded payload %253Cscript%253Ealert%25281%2529%253C%252Fscript%253E is used, the value of $_GET["name"] will be %3Cscript%3Ealert%281%29%3C%2Fscript%3E which doesn't contain any illegal character and thus passes through the htmlentities function without any change and will be given to the urldecode function which returns alert(1), resulting in a successful attack.
Sources
References
External links
OWASP entry for double encoding attacks
CAPEC entry for double encoding attacks
CWE entry for the weakness exploited by double encoding attacks
Web security exploits | Double encoding | [
"Technology"
] | 1,994 | [
"Computer security exploits",
"Web security exploits"
] |
47,656,173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete%20Applied%20Mathematics | Discrete Applied Mathematics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering algorithmic and applied areas of discrete mathematics. It is published by Elsevier and the editor-in-chief is Endre Boros (Rutgers University). The journal was split off from another Elsevier journal, Discrete Mathematics, in 1979, with that journal's founder Peter Ladislaw Hammer as its founding editor-in-chief.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexing in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.139.
References
External links
Discrete mathematics journals
Academic journals established in 1979
English-language journals
Elsevier academic journals | Discrete Applied Mathematics | [
"Mathematics"
] | 135 | [
"Discrete mathematics journals",
"Discrete mathematics"
] |
47,656,176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-intein%20circular%20ligation%20of%20peptides%20and%20proteins | Split-intein circular ligation of peptides and proteins (SICLOPPS) is a biotechnology technique that permits the creation of cyclic peptides. These peptides are produced by ribosomal protein synthesis, followed by an intein-like event that splices the protein into a loop. By contrast with the nonribosomal peptide synthetases that produces some cyclic peptides like gramicidin S, SICLOPPS offers the advantage that the peptides' structure can be encoded by DNA in a simple manner according to the genetic code, but for this reason it imposes limitations on the types of amino acids incorporated that are comparable to those that apply to ordinary proteins. As implemented there is also some constraint on the peptide sequence of the cyclic sequence; for example, libraries may use the sequence SGXX..XXPL to increase the efficiency of circularization of the peptide. SICLOPPS is frequently used with a library of randomized DNA sequence that permits the simultaneous production and screening of large numbers of constructs at once, followed by the recovery of the DNA sequences responsible for the activity of the clone of interest.
A number of natural antimicrobial peptides are cyclic, and the products of SICLOPPS are "increasingly viewed as ideal backbones for modulation of protein-protein interactions." Circular peptides tend to be resistant to protease activity, and may be suitable for use as orally administered drugs. Once a cyclic peptide is identified with a biological activity of interest, it may also be possible to identify the target of the peptide (a gene that encodes a protein with which it interacts) by functional complementation, facilitating a better understanding of its mechanism of action.
See also
combinatorial chemistry
exon shuffling - note that although introns are conceptually analogous to inteins, they apply to a different molecule (RNA) and are processed by RNA splicing at a different time and location within the cell.
References
Biotechnology | Split-intein circular ligation of peptides and proteins | [
"Biology"
] | 396 | [
"Biotechnology",
"nan"
] |
47,656,699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org%206582 | Org 6582 is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) which was never marketed.
It is an analogue of para-chloroamphetamine (PCA) and 6-chloro-2-aminotetralin (6-CAT).
See also
Metazocine – structural analog that is a functional opioid instead of MAT inhibitor
References
Abandoned drugs
Chloroarenes
Experimental antidepressants
Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings
Nitrogen heterocycles
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors | Org 6582 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 114 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
65,980,009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20regulatory%20circuit | Genetic regulatory circuits (also referred to as transcriptional regulatory circuits) is a concept that evolved from the Operon Model discovered by François Jacob and Jacques Monod. They are functional clusters of genes that impact each other's expression through inducible transcription factors and cis-regulatory elements.
Genetic regulatory circuits are analogous in many ways to electronic circuits in how they use signal inputs and outputs to determine gene regulation. Like electronic circuits, their organization determines their efficiency, and this has been demonstrated in circuits working in series to have a greater sensitivity of gene regulation. They also use inputs such as trans and cis sequence regulators of genes, and outputs such as gene expression level. Depending on the type of circuit, they respond constantly to outside signals, such as sugars and hormone levels, that determine how the circuit will return to its fixed point or periodic equilibrium state. Genetic regulatory circuits also have an ability to be evolutionarily rewired without the loss of the original transcriptional output level. This rewiring is defined by the change in regulatory-target gene interactions, while there is still conservation of regulatory factors and target genes.
In-silico application
These circuits can be modelled in silico to predict the dynamics of a genetic system. Having constructed a computational model of the natural circuit of interest, one can use the model to make testable predictions about circuit performance. When designing a synthetic circuit for a specific engineering task, a model is useful for identifying necessary connections and parameter operating regimes that give rise to a desired functional output. Similarly, when studying a natural circuit, one can use the model to identify the parts or parameter values necessary for a desired biological outcome. In other words, computational modelling and experimental synthetic perturbations can be used to probe biological circuits. However, the structure of the circuits have shown to not be a reliable indicator of the function that the regulatory circuit provides for the larger cellular regulatory network.
Engineering and synthetic biology
Understanding of genetic regulatory circuits are key in the field of synthetic biology, where disparate genetic elements are combined to produce novel biological functions. These biological gene circuits can be used synthetically to act as physical models for studying regulatory function.
By engineering genetic regulatory circuits, cells can be modified to take information from their environment, such as nutrient availability and developmental signals, and react in accordance to changes in their surroundings . In plant synthetic biology, genetic regulatory circuits can be used to program traits to increase crop plant efficiency by increasing their robustness to environmental stressors. Additionally, they are used to produce biopharmaceuticals for medical intervention.
References
Genetics
Gene expression
Systems biology | Gene regulatory circuit | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 524 | [
"Genetics",
"Gene expression",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry",
"Systems biology"
] |
65,981,773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden%20Manifesto | The Leiden Manifesto for research metrics (LM) is a list of "ten principles to guide research evaluation", published as a comment in Volume 520, Issue 7548 of Nature, on 22 April 2015. It was formulated by public policy professor Diana Hicks, scientometrics professor Paul Wouters, and their colleagues at the 19th International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators, held between 3–5 September 2014 in Leiden, The Netherlands.
The LM was proposed as a guide to combat misuse of bibliometrics when evaluating scientific research literature. Examples of commonly used bibliometrics for science, or scientometrics, are the h-index, impact factor, and websites displaying indicators such as Altmetrics. According to Hicks et al., these metrics often pervasively misguide evaluations of scientific material.
Motivation
Motivations for codification of the Leiden Manifesto arose from a growing worry that "impact-factor obsession" was leading to inadequate judgement of scientific material that should be worthy of fair evaluation. The lead author of the LM, Diana Hicks, hoped that publishing in Nature would expand the ideas already commonplace in the scientometrics sphere to the broader scientific community. Although the principles of the LM are not new to scientometricians, Hicks et al. desired to create a unification of ideas to guide future editors and reviewers of scientific literature.
DORA and other predecessors
Interest in the reform of how research assessment is conducted is an ongoing debate in the scientific community. A well known declaration intended to quell the use of the impact factor, the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment was published around two years prior to the manifesto. The LM broadened the ideas presented in the DORA, which has now since been signed by over 2000 organizations and over 15000 individuals.
One of the main concerns about overuse of citation-based performance indicators came from the observation that smaller research organizations and institutions may be negatively affected by their metric indices. In one public debate at the Centre for Science and Technology Studies at Leiden University, it was acknowledged that indicators which measure citations may give "more weight to publications from fields with a high expected number of citations than to publications from fields with a low expected number of citations".
Although the main focus of the LM is based on the use of scientometrics for research evaluation, in its background, Hicks et al. also explain why overuse of metrics can adversely affect the wider scholarly community, such as the position of universities in global rankings. According to Hicks et al., scientific metrics such as citation rate are used far too much for ranking the quality of universities (and thus the quality of their research output).
Journal impact factor
The background for the LM describes why misusing metrics is becoming a larger problem in the scientific community. The journal impact factor, originally created by Eugene Garfield as a method for librarians to collect data to facilitate selecting journals to purchase, is now mainly used as a method of judging journal quality. This is seen by Hicks et al. as an abuse of data in order to examine research too hastily. For example, an impact factor, while a good metric to measure the size and experience of a journal, may or may not be sufficient to accurately describe the quality of its papers, and even less so for a single paper.
Content
Consisting of ten concise principles, along with a description for each, the Leiden Manifesto aims to reconstruct the way that research evaluations by academic publishers and scientific institutions are done. Its emphasis lies in detailed and close evaluation of research, rather than the excessive use of quantitative data in evaluations. It aims to promote academic excellence and fairness with thorough scrutiny, as well as remove possible perverse incentives of using scientometrics, such as judgement of academic capability and university quality.
Ten principles
The ten principles of the Leiden Manifesto are as follows:
Quantitative evaluation should support qualitative, expert assessment.
Measure performance against the research missions of the institution, group, or researcher.
Protect excellence in locally relevant research.
That is, allow research that takes place in a certain area or field to be published in corresponding local research publication, instead of prioritizing high-impact journals. Many high-impact journals are in English, which may decrease needed specificity when publishing a paper meant to study locational characteristics. As an example, in high-impact Spanish-language papers, "topics such as local labor laws" and other features designated for sociologists may be lost.
Keep data collection and analytical processes open, transparent, and simple.
Allow those evaluated to verify data and analysis.
Account for variation by field in publication and citation practices.
Peer-review and citation rate can vary wildly across differing disciplines, for example, "top-ranked journals in mathematics have impact factors of around 3; top-ranked journals in cell biology have impact factors of about 30".
Base assessment of individual researchers on a qualitative judgement of their portfolio.
Avoid misplaced concreteness and false precision.
According to Hicks et al., use of scientific indicators may precede strong assumptions that are not necessarily correct. For example, when looking at a specific scientist, a low citation rate may lead the investigator to assume low research quality, which is implying causation from correlation. Providing clarification, as well as multiple, robust indicators, may reduce inappropriate concreteness. False precision is possible when indicator producers, such as Clarivate (which publishes the annual Journal Citation Reports) attempt to create an exact journal impact factor (i.e. three decimal places). Hicks, et al. argue that conceptual ambiguity and random variability of citation counts make it unnecessary to distinguish indices such as journal impact factors to such a precise extent, because it can foster excessive comparison and competition between publishers.
Recognize the systemic effects of assessment and indicators.
Scrutinize indicators regularly and update them.
Reception
2016 John Ziman Award
In 2016, the Leiden Manifesto was presented with the John Ziman Award by the European Association for the Study of Science and Technology for its effort to widen scientometrics knowledge to the scientific community as a whole. EASST president Fred Steward stated that the LM "emphasizes situatedness, in terms of different cognitive domains and research missions as well as the wider socioeconomic, national and regional context". This award contributed to the solidification of the LM as a continuing public debate for the scholarly community. The award was received well by lead author Diana Hicks.
Leiden Manifesto, The Metric Tide, and DORA
The Leiden Manifesto gained popularity following its publication, mainly by the scholarly publishing community which looked to reform their practices. The LM is often cited alongside other similar publications; those being the DORA and UK based academic review The Metric Tide. In a public statement by the University of Leeds, support for committing to using the principles of the LM along with DORA and The Metric Tide was issued in order to further research excellence.
Public endorsement
LIBER, a collaboration of European research libraries issued a substantial review on the LM in 2017. It concluded as a viewpoint that the LM was a "solid foundation" on which academic libraries could base their assessment of metrics.
Elsevier, a global leader in research publishing and information analytics, announced on 14 July 2020 that it was to endorse the LM to guide its development of improved research evaluation. Elsevier stated that the principles of the manifesto were already close in nature to their 2019 CiteScore metrics, which was in summary "improved calculation methodology" for "a more robust, fair and faster indicator of research impact". This alignment further popularized the LM, and also illustrated the shift in practices of evaluation by prominent research publications.
The Loughborough University LIS-Bibliometrics committee chose to base their principles on those of the LM instead of the DORA, because according to their policy manager Elizabeth Gadd, the LM takes a "broader approach to the responsible use of all bibliometrics across a range of disciplines and settings". Stephen Curry, the chair of the DORA steering committee, commented on this statement by emphasizing that DORA was aiming to extend its "disciplinary and geographical reach". However, he still made it clear that a university should have the right to choose to follow either the DORA or the LM, or neither, as long as reasonable justification was provided.
Further applications
David Moher et al. referenced the LM in a perspective for Issues in Science and Technology that the "right questions"(i.e. research planning, timeframe, reproducibility, and results) for assessing scientists were not being asked by academic institutions. Moher et al. criticize the obsession of journal impact factors and "gaming" by investigators of scientometrics. Instead, Moher et al. advocate for usage of DORA and the LM when assessing individual scientists and research.
T. Kanchan and K. Krishan describe by a letter in Science and Engineering Ethics why the LM is "one of the best criteria" for assessing scientific research, especially considering the "rat race" for publications in the scholarly community. Kanchan and Krishan emphasize that use of the LM will lead to "progress of science and society at large".
See also
San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment
Nature (journal)
Scientometrics (journal)
Bibliometrics
Scientometrics
H-index
Impact factor
Altmetrics
References
Academia
Bibliometrics
Academic administration
Scholarly communication
Scientific method
Leiden University
Academic publishing
Research | Leiden Manifesto | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 1,930 | [
"Bibliometrics",
"Quantity",
"Science and technology studies",
"Metrics"
] |
65,982,107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20emission%20crater | A gas emissions crater or GEC is a crater that is left by an explosion that is believed to be caused by an overheated buildup of gas stuck below a layer of permafrost. The gas is methane (also known as "natural gas") and is generally believed by experts to have sept up from large underground reserves toward the Earth's surface "through some kind of geological fault," getting trapped when they reach the bottom of the permafrost. First known to have occurred in 2013, they are occurring solely in Siberia, where there are large stores of natural gas below a melting surface layer of permafrost. They are believed to be a byproduct of global climate change, since the warming of Siberia's climate weakens the permafrost enough to allow a sub-surface methane buildup to cause an outburst. The release of this previously trapped methane into the atmosphere is also likely to increase the speed of global climate change.
Gas emission craters were first spotted in 2013; later satellite analysis has indicated that it was formed sometime between October 9 and November 1, 2013. Most famously, the discovery of the in 2014 quickly drew the attention of world media. As of 2020, there were 17 known gas emissions craters, all of which are in the circumpolar regions of Western Siberia, on either the Yamal Peninsula or the neighboring Gydan Peninsula, which both sit atop large underground methane reserves. They are variously located on land as well as at the bottom of rivers and lakes. Soon after their discovery, the term "gas emissions crater" was proposed and subsequently accepted by the scientific community.
Cause
Initially, with the sudden global fame of the , various hypotheses of its origin were put forward, including military tests, meteorite impact, UFOs, or the collapse of an underground gas facility. Later, in September 2018, a group of researchers from Moscow State University published an article in the journal Scientific Reports that claimed that the Yamal crater was the first cryovolcano discovered on Earth.
Subsequently, however, in the course of scientific research, the scientific community has come to the general conclusion that the crater was formed as a result of the so-called gas release – an underground explosion of methane hydrates which ejects into the air all the rock and soil above it (along with releasing the methane itself). More specifically, their formation most likely occurs under the influence of fluid-dynamic processes in permafrost, which lead to the appearance of zones of accumulation of free natural gas near the surface. In this case, when the reservoir pressure of the accumulated gas fluids exceeds the pressure of the overlying strata, an avalanche-like outburst of gas-saturated rocks may occur. While thawing can promote methane release it has also been suggested that surface ice-melt water can migrate downward propelled by osmotic pressure associated to the concentration difference with a cryopeg, a lens of high-salinity water below, working as a mechanism for the accumulation of overpressure driving explosions.
See also
Arctic methane release
Talik
Yamal Peninsula (section: Yamal craters)
– an extensive article on the phenomenon in the Russian-language Wikipedia
References
External links
Explosion craters | Gas emission crater | [
"Chemistry"
] | 655 | [
"Chemical reaction stubs",
"Explosion craters",
"Explosions"
] |
65,982,455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Raven%20and%20the%20First%20Men | The Raven and the First Men is a sculpture by Haida artist Bill Reid. It depicts the Haida creation myth. It was carved from a single block of laminated yellow cedar, beginning in the fall of 1978, and took two years to complete, with work completing on April 1, 1980. Raven and the First Men is depicted on the reverse of the former Canadian twenty dollar bill of the Canadian Journey series.
Background
Raven and the First Men depicts the creation myth of the Haida people. According to the myth, the Raven, the Haida Trickster, wound up on Haida Gwaii's Rose Spit Beach. He was alerted by some sounds to a large clamshell that had little creatures dwelling inside, reluctant to emerge from their shell. With some coaxing from Raven using his beak, and their curiosity about the outside world, the beings emerged from the clamshell to become the first Haida people.
Raven came to realize that the beings that emerged were only men. He grew bored of seeing them play and exploring the world. Raven attempted to find women for the men within the clam. Finding a chiton, he opened one up and found little women living within them. He brought the women to the men, and enjoyed watching them and their behavior. They began to elope and move across to the other parts of the island. Raven never grew bored again with the humans and their families around.
Creation
While living in Montreal, Reid began the sculpture with a miniature carving made of boxwood. The piece was inspired by the works of Haida artist Charles Edenshaw. The piece was entitled The Raven Discovering Mankind in a Clamshell, and was carved in 1970. Businessman Walter Koerner noticed the miniature and commissioned Reid to create a larger version for the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia. Reid travelled from Montreal to Vancouver in 1972 to start the commission. Another scale version of the sculpture made in onyx exists and both carvings are held in the Bill Reid Gallery of Northwest Coast Art. A miniature cast in gold was later auctioned off in 2005 for over $100,000.
Work proved difficult, as a singular block of red cedar log was difficult to find without imperfection. 2.1 meter blocks were difficult to find because of the presence of rot and defects. A donation by Rayonier Canada of multiple yellow cedar beams which were laminated together with the assistance of Koppers International became the final medium for the sculpture.
Carving began in the fall of 1978, the initial roughing of the shape was done with the assistance of Gidansda Guujaaw and George A. Norris. The men within the clamshell were carved by George Rammell and the final tool finishing being done by Reg Davidson and Jim Hart.
Reception
Charles, Prince of Wales unveiled the Raven and the First Men on April 1, 1980. The sculpture was celebrated by the Haida people and their guests on June 5, 1980.
It has since become a popular attraction to the visitors of the museum. Raven and the First Men was featured on the Canadian twenty-dollar bill in the Canadian Journey series of bills from 2004 to 2011. Reception has been positive, with one critic remarking that Reid combines European sculpture tradition with native Haida art.
Gallery
References
Haida mythology
Sculptures of mythology
First Nations culture in Canada
Indigenous art in Canada
Northwest Coast art
Indigenous sculpture of the Americas
University of British Columbia
Indigenous woodcarving of the Americas
Sculptures of birds in Canada
Sculptures of men in British Columbia
Wooden sculptures in Canada
Corvids in art
Statues in British Columbia
Colossal statues | The Raven and the First Men | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 724 | [
"Quantity",
"Colossal statues",
"Physical quantities",
"Size"
] |
65,982,619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V630%20Sagittarii | V630 Sagittarii (Nova Sagittarii 1936) was a nova visible to the naked eye in 1936. It was discovered on 3 October 1936 by Shigeki Okabayashi of Kobe, Japan when it had an apparent magnitude of 4.5.
There is disagreement within the astronomical literature about what this nova's peak brightness was. Both Warner and Downes et al. report a peak brightness of magnitude 1.6 but Duerbeck reports 4.0 in rough agreement with the Harrison and Gehrz value of 4.5. The AAVSO database contains no magnitude estimates for this star brighter than 6.5 (on 8 October 1936), indicating that whatever the peak brightness was, the star was barely visible to the naked eye just five days after its discovery. Its light curve shows it to be one of the most rapidly fading novae on record.
Duerbeck estimated that the star's absolute magnitude at peak brightness was −9.3. Diaz and Steiner list it as a possible magnetic nova, due to its short decay time (< 20 days) and large amplitude outburst.
All classical novae are binary systems, with a donor star losing mass onto the surface of a white dwarf. Mróz et al. report that in the case of V630 Sagittarii, the donor star is a main sequence star. Since all classical novae are very close binary systems, they are frequently also eclipsing binaries. Woudt and Warner detected these eclipses, which are 0.4 to 0.6 magnitudes deep, allowing them to derive an orbital period of 2.831 hours. Mróz et al. report the presence of superhumps.
References
Sagittarius (constellation)
Novae
1936 in science
321353
Sagittarii, V630 | V630 Sagittarii | [
"Astronomy"
] | 371 | [
"Novae",
"Astronomical events",
"Sagittarius (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
65,983,160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Lectka | Thomas Lectka is an American organic chemist, academic and researcher. He is Jean and Norman Scowe Professor of Chemistry and leads the Lectka Group at Johns Hopkins University.
Lectka specializes in areas of catalysis in synthetic and mechanistic organic chemistry and has authored over 120 research publications. He has made contributions in the discovery of metal-catalyzed amide isomerization; the development of first practical method for the catalytic, asymmetric synthesis of beta-lactams; the synthesis of [C-F-C] fluoronium ions; and site-selective aliphatic fluorination.
Education
Lectka completed his bachelor's in chemistry and graduated from Oberlin College in 1985. He completed his doctoral degree in organic chemistry from Cornell University in 1991. He then completed his postdoctoral studies as an Alexander von Humboldt Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Heidelberg in Germany and then as a National Institutes of Health Postdoctoral Fellow at Harvard University.
Career
Following his postdoctoral fellowship at Harvard University, Lectka joined Johns Hopkins University as an assistant professor of chemistry in 1994. He was promoted to associate professor in 1999 and to professor in 2002. In 2012, he was appointed as the Jean and Norman Scowe Professor of Chemistry at Johns Hopkins University.
Research
Lectka's research expertise lies in areas of catalysis in synthetic and mechanistic organic chemistry. He has contributed to the discovery of metal-catalyzed amide isomerization, and metal-catalyzed alkane fluorination, along with the development of first practical method for the catalytic, asymmetric synthesis of β-lactams.
During his studies at Cornell University from 1986 until 1991, Lectka focused on the design, synthesis, and study of stable carbocations with three-center, two-electron [C-H-C] bonds; and discussed the chemical shift of central hydrogen by the progressively smaller bond angles. He also studied alkane protonolysis leading to stoichiometric hydrogen evolution, MO theory of three-center bonding, and titanium promoted carbonyl coupling reactions. He investigated the reproducibility problems caused by the age, history and source of titanium chloride and introduced an optimized procedure that provided reproducibly high yields. Lectka continued his research on MO theory and photoelectron spectroscopy during his fellowship at Heidelberg University.
As a vellow at Harvard University, he focused on the asymmetric catalysis of the Diels-Alder reaction using bisoxazoline and bisimine Lewis acid complexes.
After joining Johns Hopkins University in 1994, Lectka conducted research on new catalytic and asymmetric reactions, along with enantioselective reactions of imines, quinones and amides catalyzed by chiral Lewis acids and nucleophiles; such as catalytic, asymmetric synthesis of β-lactams; and nonnatural α- and β-amino acids. He presented the mechanism of the β-lactam development with proton sponge as the stoichiometric base, and also discussed the kinetic analysis of the catalyzed reaction of alkenes with α-imino esters.
Lectka has studied the transition-metal catalyzed amide isomerization and peptide folding. He presented the first spectroscopic and crystallographic proof of copper(II)-sodium coordination in tertiary amides and discussed the role of side chain in substituted prolines as a binding site for copper.
Lectka's research during his term at Johns Hopkins University also focused on enantioselective halogenation, cooperative asymmetric catalysis, the medicinal chemistry of fluorinated molecules, and studies on asymmetric catalysis on sequentially-linked columns leading to synthesis machines.
He conducted research on the chemistry of [C-F-C] fluoronium ions and later reported first spectroscopic evidence for fluoronium ions in a solution. Lectka has also worked on metal-catalyzed aliphatic fluorination and site-selective aliphatic fluorination.
Lectka has also established the use of fluorine as a through-space activating substituent for aromatic substitution.
Awards and honors
1988-1990 - Wentink Award for Graduate Student of the Year, Cornell University
1991-1992 - Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship for Study in Germany
1997 - NIH First Award
1998 - NSF Career Award
1998 - Eli Lilly Young Investigator Grantee
1999 - DuPont Young Investigator Award
1999 - Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award
2000 - Alfred Sloan Foundation Fellow
2002 - Merck Faculty Development Award
2003-2004 - John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Fellow
2017 - ACS Maryland Chemist of the Year
References
Oberlin College alumni
Cornell University alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Scientists from Detroit
Heidelberg University alumni
American organic chemists | Thomas Lectka | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,003 | [
"Organic chemists",
"American organic chemists"
] |
65,984,376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borosulfate | The borosulfates are heteropoly anion compounds which have sulfate groups attached to boron atoms. Other possible terms are sulfatoborates or boron-sulfur oxides. The ratio of sulfate to borate reflects the degree of condensation. With [B(SO4)4]5- there is no condensation, each ion stands alone. In [B(SO4)3]3- the anions are linked into a chain, a chain of loops, or as [B2(SO4)6]6− in a cycle. Finally in [B(SO4)2]− the sulfate and borate tetrahedra are all linked into a two or three-dimensional network. These arrangements of oxygen around boron and sulfur can have forms resembling silicates. The first borosulfate to be discovered was K5[B(SO4)4] in 2012 by the research group of Henning Höppe, although the compound class as such had been postulated already in 1962 by G. Schott and H. U. Kibbel. Over 80 unique compounds are known as of 2024.
They are distinct from the borate sulfates which have separate, uncondensed sulfate and borate ions.
Related compounds include boroselenates, borotellurates, and also boroantimonates, borogallates, borogermanates, borophosphates, boroselenites and borosilicates.
Formation
Borosulfates are formed by heating boric oxide, oleum, or sulfuric acid, with metal carbonates. The degree of condensation is varied with the ratio of oleum to sulfuric acid. Pure oleum is more likely to yield compounds with disulfate groups.
Reactions
When heated to around 500 °C the borosulfates decompose by emitting SO3 vapour and form a metal sulfate and boric oxide.
List
References
Borates
Sulfates | Borosulfate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 415 | [
"Sulfates",
"Salts"
] |
65,985,018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Atlantic%20tropical%20storms | In the North Atlantic Ocean, the classification tropical storm is used to refer to a tropical cyclone with 1-minute maximum sustained wind speeds from to . Tropical cyclones that attain such winds and move over land while maintaining those winds are capable of causing minor to moderate damage to human lives and infrastructure. Since HURDAT began in 1851, there have been 754 tropical storms recorded, as well as 85 others not recognized by HURDAT, but recognized by the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) as possible tropical storms, in the North Atlantic basin, which is denoted as the part of the Atlantic Ocean north of the equator. This list does not include tropical storms that later intensified into hurricanes.
The development of tropical storms in the North Atlantic basin is influenced by many factors. During the Northern Hemisphere winter and spring months of December to April, sea surface temperatures in the tropics are usually too low to support tropical cyclogenesis, and there are multiple high-pressure systems, such as the Azores High, that also inhibit tropical cyclogenesis. These effects are reduced or even disappear during hurricane season from May to November, when sea surface temperatures are also high enough to support tropical cyclogenesis; the bulk of recorded tropical storms developed during June to November. Global weather patterns may also influence hurricane development in the North Atlantic. El Niño events result in reduced numbers of powerful hurricanes through stronger wind shear and lower sea surface temperatures within the basin, while La Niña events increase the number of such hurricanes through the opposite.
Background
On the Saffir–Simpson scale, a tropical cyclone reaches tropical storm status when it attains maximum sustained winds of between and . The National Hurricane Center (NHC) defines sustained winds as the average wind speed measured over the period of one minute at the height of above the ground. Should a tropical storm make landfall, its strongest winds are not especially damaging, and are unlikely to cause damage to any sturdy structure, but can often make trees and their branches fall. A larger danger is a tropical storm's rainfall, which can cause major flooding, as in the case of Tropical Storm Allison, and a slow-moving system can cause severe loss of life.
The North Atlantic tropical cyclone basin is defined as the region of the Atlantic Ocean north of the equator, while other boundaries are mainly established by land areas. The Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) for the North Atlantic basin is the NHC, which manages the warnings of tropical cyclones there. On average from 1966 to 2009, eleven tropical cyclones form in one year, though the number can range from only four in 1983 to thirty in 2020. All tropical cyclones recorded by past and present RSMCs of the North Atlantic basin since 1851 are listed in the North Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT), which is compiled and maintained by the National Hurricane Center.
Climatology
Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean begins on June 1 and ends on November 30. Storms that do not form in this time period are known as off-season storms. Since 1851, a total of 754 tropical storms have developed in the North Atlantic Ocean. 35 have occurred in the off-season, 78 in June, 64 in July, 149 in August, 222 in September, 156 in October, and 50 in November.
The formation and development of tropical cyclones, termed tropical cyclogenesis, requires high sea surface temperatures of at least and low vertical wind shear. When these conditions are met, a pre-existing tropical disturbance – usually a tropical wave – can develop into a tropical cyclone, provided the disturbance is far enough from the Equator to experience a sufficiently strong Coriolis force which is responsible for the counterclockwise rotation of hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere. Although most storms are found within tropical latitudes, occasionally storms will form further north and east from disturbances other than tropical waves such as cold fronts and upper-level lows. These are known as baroclinically induced tropical cyclones. There is a strong correlation between Atlantic hurricane activity in the tropics and the presence of an El Niño or La Niña in the Pacific Ocean. El Niño events increase the wind shear over the Atlantic, producing a less-favorable environment for formation and decreasing tropical activity in the Atlantic basin. Conversely, La Niña causes an increase in activity due to a decrease in wind shear.
Tropical storms can take a variety of different tracks across the Atlantic Ocean. As they are weaker, they do not require as high a sea surface temperature, and they are more likely to form in unusual areas, such as Tropical Storm Grace, the northernmost-forming tropical cyclone in the Atlantic; Tropical Storm Christine, the easternmost-forming tropical cyclone in the Atlantic; or Tropical Storm Delta, which hit Morocco as an extratropical cyclone, the first storm ever to do so.
Systems
1850s
|-
| Three || || || || Lesser Antilles || || ||
|-
| Five || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Six || || || || New England || || ||
|-
| One || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Two || || || || Lesser Antilies || || ||
|-
| Five || || || || Mexico || || ||
|-
| Seven || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Two || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Five || || || || Bermuda || || ||
|-
| Four || || || || Lesser Antilles, Hispaniola || || ||
|-
| Three || || || || Northeastern United States || || ||
|-
|Four || || || || Cuba || || ||
|-
|One || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Seven || || || || The Bahamas, Florida || || ||
|}
1860s
|-
| Five || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Six || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Seven || || || || North Carolina || || ||
|-
| One || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Four || || || || Lesser Antilles || || ||
|-
| Six || || || || Panama || || ||
|-
| Six || || || || United States East Coast || || ||
|-
| Seven || || || || Mexico || || ||
|-
| Eight || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Nine || || || || United States Gulf Coast || || ||
|-
|Two || || || || None || || ||
|-
|Four || || || || None || || ||
|-
| One || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Two || || || || Texas || || ||
|-
| Three || || || || North Carolina || || ||
|-
| Five || || || || Louisiana || || ||
|-
|Seven || || || || United States East Coast || || ||
|-
| Five || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Eight || || || || Lesser Antilles || || ||
|-
| Two || || || || United States Gulf Coast || || ||
|-
| Four || || || || Bermuda || || ||
|-
| Eight || || || || None || || ||
|-
|Nine || || || || None || || ||
|}
1870s
|-
| Three || || || || None || || ||
|-
| One || || || || Cuba, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma || || ||
|-
| Two || || || || Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas || || ||
|-
| One || || || || Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee || || ||
|-
|One
|June 1–2, 1873
|
|Unknown
|Florida, Georgia
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Four
|September 22–24, 1873
|
|Unknown
|Florida
|0
|Minimal
|
|-
|One
|July 2–5, 1874
|
|Unknown
|Texas
|Unknown
|Severe
|
|-
|Four
|September 4–7, 1874
|
|Unknown
|Mexico, Texas
|1
|Unknown
|
|-
|Five
|September 8–11, 1874
|
|Unknown || None || || ||
|-
|Four
|September 24–28, 1875
|
|Unknown
|Louisiana, Alabama, Florida, Georgia
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Three
|September 16–18, 1876
|
|Unknown || None || || ||
|-
|One
|August 1–5, 1877
|
|Unknown
|New Brunswick
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Five
|September 24–29, 1877
|
|Unknown
|Bahamas
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Six
|October 13–16, 1877
|
|Unknown || None || || ||
|-
|Seven
|October 24–28, 1877
|
|Unknown
|Florida
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Eight
|November 28–29, 1877
|
|Unknown
|Bahamas, Atlantic Canada
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|One
|July 1–3, 1878
|
|
|Florida, North Carolina
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Twelve
|November 25 – December 2, 1878
|
|Unknown
|Puerto Rico
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Five
|October 3–7, 1879
|
|Unknown
|Cuba, Louisiana
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Six
|October 9–16, 1879
|
|Unknown
|Leeward Islands, Cuba, Florida
|0
|Unknown
|
|}
1880s
|-
|One
|June 21–25, 1880
|
|Unknown
|Louisiana, Texas
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Eleven
|October 20–23, 1880
|
|991 hPa (mbar)
|Atlantic Canada
|0
|None
|
|-
|One
|August 1–4, 1881
|
|Unknown
|Mississippi
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Two
|August 11–14, 1881
|
|Unknown
|Texas
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Seven
|September 18–22, 1881
|
|Unknown || None || || ||
|-
|Three
|September 14–16, 1882
|
|Unknown
|Louisiana, Texas
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Four
|September 21–24, 1882
|
|1005 hPa (mbar)
|East Coast of the United States
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|-
|Four
|October 22–24, 1883
|
|983 hPa (mbar) || None || || ||
|-
|Three
|August 29–31, 1885
|
|Unknown
|Louisiana, Florida, South Carolina
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Eight
|October 10–13, 1885
|
|988 hPa (mbar)
|Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Eleven
|October 10–15, 1886
|
|Unknown || None || || ||
|-
|Twelve
|October 21–26, 1886
|
|≤992 hPa (mbar)
|Haiti
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|One
|May 15–18, 1887
|
|≤997 hPa (mbar)
|Newfoundland
|0
|None
|
|-
|Two
|May 17–21, 1887
|
|≤ |
|Cuba, Bahamas
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Three
|June 12–14, 1887
|
| |
|Mississippi
|"Some"
|Unknown
|
|-
|Five
|July 30 – August 8, 1887
|
|1001 hPa (mbar)
|Haiti, Cuba
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Eleven
|October 6–9, 1887
|
|Unknown
|Mexico
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Twelve
|October 8–9, 1887
|
|≤994 hPa (mbar)
|Bahamas
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Sixteen
|October 29–31, 1887
|
|993 hPa (mbar)
| United States Gulf Coast, United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada
|2
|$7 thousand
|
|-
|Nineteen
|December 7–12, 1887
|
|Unknown
|Venezuela, Costa Rica
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Two
|July 4–6, 1888
|
|≤
|Texas
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Five
|September 6–11, 1888
|
|
|Florida, East Coast of the United States
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Eight
|November 1–8, 1888
|
|Unknown || None || || ||
|-
|Seven
|September 12–19, 1889
|
|Unknown || None || || ||
|-
|Eight
|September 29 – October 6, 1889
|
|Unknown || None || || ||
|-
|Nine
|October 5–7, 1889
|
|≤ |
|Cuba, Florida, Nova Scotia
|0
|Unknown
|
|}
1890s
|-
|One
|May 27–29, 1890
|
|Unknown
|Cuba
|4
|Millions
|
|-
|Two
|August 18–28, 1890
|
|Unknown
|Cayman Islands, Louisiana, Mississippi
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Seven
|October 4–8, 1891
|
| |
|Cuba, Florida
|2
|Unknown
|
|-
|Eight
|October 7–9, 1891
|
|≤ |
|Cuba, Florida, Atlantic Canada
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Ten
|November 3–6, 1891
|
|Unknown || None || || ||
|-
|One
|June 9–16, 1892
|
|≤1005 hPa (mbar)
|Cuba, Florida, North Carolina
|16
|$1.5 million
|
|-
|Four
|September 8–13, 1892
|
|Unknown
|Louisiana, Mississippi
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Six
|September 25–27, 1892
|
|Unknown
|Mexico
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Nine
|October 21–29, 1892
|
|Unknown
|Florida
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Eleven
|October 20–23, 1893
|
|Unknown
|Cuba, Maryland
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Twelve
|November 5–9, 1893
|
|Unknown
|North Carolina
|0
|None
|
|-
|One
|June 6–9, 1894
|
|Unknown || None || || ||
|-
|Two
|August 5–9, 1894
|
|Unknown
|Alabama, Mississippi
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|One
|August 14–17, 1895
|
|≤1009 hPa (mbar)
|Alabama
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Three
|September 28 – October 7, 1895
|
|≤989 hPa (mbar)
|Yucatan Peninsula, Florida, Bahamas
|56
|Unknown
|
|-
|Four
|October 2–7, 1895
|
|Unknown
|Yucatan Peninsula, Texas
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Six
|October 13–17, 1895
|
|Unknown
|Florida
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Seven
|November 27–29, 1896
|
|Unknown
|Trinidad, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Barbados, Montserrat
|75
|$49 thousand
|
|-
|Three
|September 20–25, 1897
|
|≤1003 hPa (mbar)
|Florida, East Coast of the United States
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Four
|September 25–29, 1897
|
|≤1010 hPa (mbar)
|Cuba
|0
|None
|
|-
|Six
|October 23–29, 1897
|
|≤993 hPa (mbar)
|Bahamas, North Carolina, Virginia
|6
|Unknown
|
|-
|Five
|September 12–22, 1898
|
|Unknown
|Yucatan Peninsula, Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Six
|September 20–28, 1898
|
|Unknown
|Nicaragua, Yucatan Peninsula, Texas
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Eight
|September 25–28, 1898
|
| |
|Cuba, Bahamas
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Nine
|October 2–14, 1898
|
|Unknown
|Cuba, Florida, Georgia
|2
|Extensive
|
|-
|Ten
|October 21–23, 1898
|
|Unknown
|Cuba, Bahamas
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Eleven
|October 27 – November 4, 1898
|
|Unknown
|Lesser Antilles, Yucatan Peninsula
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|One
|June 26–27, 1899
|
|Unknown
|Texas
|284
|$9 million
|
|-
|Six
|October 2–6, 1899
|
|Unknown
|Florida, Georgia, East Coast of the United States
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Seven
|October 10–14, 1899
|
|Unknown || None || || ||
|-
|Eight
|October 15 – 18, 1899
|
|Unknown
|Bahamas
|0
|None
|
|-
|Ten
|November 7–10, 1899
|
|Unknown
|Jamaica, Cuba
|4
|Unknown
|
|}
1900s
|-
| Four || || || || Yucatan Peninsula, United States Gulf Coast || || ||
|-
| Five || || || || Atlantic Canada || || ||
|-
| Six || || || || United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada || || ||
|-
| Seven || || || || Hispaniola, Cuba, Bahamas, Florida || || ||
|-
| One || || || || Cuba, Southeastern United States || || ||
|-
| Two || || || || Windward Islands, Hispaniola, Cuba, Texas || || ||
|-
| Five || || || || Barbados, Venezuela || || ||
|-
| Nine || || || || None || || ||
|-
|Ten || || || || Cuba, Eastern United States, Atlantic Canada || || ||
|-
|Eleven || || || || None || || ||
|-
|Twelve || || || || Cuba, The Bahamas || || ||
|-
| One || || || || Cuba, United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada || || ||
|-
| Five || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Five || || || || The Bahamas || || ||
|-
| Eight || || || || United States East Coast || || ||
|-
|Nine || || || || The Bahamas, Newfoundland || || ||
|-
| Five || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Six || || || || Southeastern United States || || ||
|-
| One || || || || Lesser Antiles || || ||
|-
| Two || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Three || || || || Yucatan Peninsula, Louisiana, Arkansas || || ||
|-
| Five || || || || Louisiana, Mississippi || || ||
|-
|One
|June 8–13, 1906
|
| |
| Cuba, Florida || || ||
|-
|Three
|August 22–25, 1906
|
|1003 hPa (mbar) || None || || ||
|-
|Seven
|September 22 – October 1, 1906
|
|994 hPa (mbar) || None || || ||
|-
|Nine
|October 14–17, 1906
|
|1003 hPa (mbar)
|Florida
|0
|None
|
|-
|Ten
|October 15–20, 1906
|
|1005 hPa (mbar)
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|One
|June 24–29, 1907
|
| |
|Florida, Georgia
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Two
|September 18–22, 1907
|
|1003 hPa (mbar)
|Louisiana, Alabama
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Three
|September 27–29, 1907
|
|1005 hPa (mbar)
|Florida, Georgia, North Carolina
|0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Four
|October 17–19, 1907
|
|1003 hPa (mbar) || None || || ||
|-
|Five
|November 6–12, 1907
| || || None || || ||
|-
|Four
|July 29 – August 3, 1908
| || || United States Gulf Coast ||0
|Unknown
|
|-
|Five
|August 30 – September 2, 1908
|
|Unknown
|North Carolina
|0
|None
|
|-
|Seven
|September 16–18, 1908
| || || None || || ||
|-
|Ten
|October 20–23, 1908
| || || South Carolina
|0
|None
|
|}
1910s
|-
| One || || || || Central America || || ||
|-
| Three || || || || The Bahamas, Florida, Georgia || || ||
|-
| Five || || || || Mexico || || ||
|-
| Seven || || || || Louisiana, Texas, Mexico || || ||
|-
| Eight || || || || The Bahamas, Florida, Georgia || || ||
|-
|Ten || || || || Cuba, Florida || || ||
|-
| One || || || || The Caribbean, United States East Coast || || ||
|-
| Two || || || || Texas, Mexico || || ||
|-
| One || || || || Southeastern United States || || ||
|-
| Five || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Six || || || || The Bahamas, Cuba, Yucatan Peninsula, Florida || || ||
|-
| One || || || || Southeastern United States || || ||
|-
| Two || || || || Southeastern United States || || ||
|-
| Three || || || || Southeastern United States || || ||
|-
| Two || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Three || || || || None || || ||
|-
| One || || || || The Bahamas, United States Gulf Coast || || ||
|-
| Five || || || || None || || ||
|-
| One || ||
|| || Cuba, United States East Coast || || ||
|-
| Five || || || || Mexico, Texas || || ||
|-
| Nine || || || || Georgia, North Carolina || || ||
|-
| Twelve || || || || Georgia || || ||
|-
| Fifteen || || || || Honduras || || ||
|-
| One || ||
|| || Honduras, Belize, Mexico || || ||
|-
| Two || || || || Massachusetts, Atlantic Canada || Severe || 41 ||
|-
| Four || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Six || || } || || Haiti || || ||
|-
| One || || || || United States Gulf Coast || || ||
|-
| Four || || || || Southeastern United States || || ||
|-
| Five || || || || None || || ||
|}
1920s
|-
|Four
|September 23–27, 1920
|
|1009 hPa (mbar)
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|Five
|October 15–17, 1921
|
|998 hPa (mbar)
|Florida
|0
|None
|
|-
|Seven
|November 19–25, 1921
|
|1003 hPa (mbar)
|Bahamas, Cuba
|0
|None
|
|-
|One
|June 12 – 16, 1922
|
|1003 hPa (mbar)
|Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Mexico, Texas
|100+
|$2 million
|
|-
|Five
|October 12–17, 1922
|
|1000 hPa (mbar)
|Cuba, Alabama
|0
|Minimal
|
|-
|One
|June 22–28, 1923
|
| |
|Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, East Coast of the United States
|0
|None
|
|-
|Three
|September 7–11, 1923
|
|1000 hPa (mbar)
|Cape Verde
|0
|None
|
|-
|Seven
|October 15–19, 1923
|
|987 hPa (mbar)
|Massachusetts, New Hampshire
|0
|None
|
|-
|Eight
|October 16–18, 1923
|
|992 hPa (mbar)
|Louisiana, Mississippi
|4
|
|
|-
|Nine
|October 24–26, 1923
|
|1003 hPa (mbar)
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|One
|June 18–21, 1924
|
|1005 hPa (mbar)
|Belize, Mexico
|0
|None
|
|-
|Two
|July 28–30, 1924
|
| |
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|Six
|September 20–22, 1924
|
|1005 hPa (mbar)
|Cape Verde
|0
|None
|
|-
|Seven
|September 24 – October 3, 1924
|
|1007 hPa (mbar)
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|Eight
|September 27–29, 1924
|
| |
|Honduras, Florida
|0
|None
|
|-
|Nine
|October 11–15, 1924
|
| |
|Mexico
|0
|None
|
|-
|Two
|August 25–27, 1925
|
|1009 hPa (mbar)
|Florida, North Carolina
|0
|None
|
|-
|Three
|September 6–7, 1925
|
| |
|Mexico, Texas
|0
|None
|
|-
|Four
|November 27 – December 1, 1925
|
|995 hPa (mbar)
|Honduras, Cuba, Florida
|73
|$3 million
|
|-
|Six
|September 11–17, 1926
|
| |
|Cuba, Bahamas, Florida
|0
|Minimal
|
|-
|Nine
|October 3–5, 1926
|
|1005 hPa (mbar)
|Nicaragua, Belize, Guatemala
|
|
|
|-
|Eleven
|November 12–16, 1926
|
|1007 hPa (mbar)
|Cuba
|
|
|
|-
|Five
|September 30 – October 4, 1927
|
| |
|South Carolina, North Carolina
|0
|Very minor
|
|-
|Six
|October 16–19, 1927
|
| |
|Honduras, Cuba, Bahamas
|0
|Minor
|
|-
|Seven
|October 30 – November 3, 1927
|
|1011 hPa (mbar)
|Cayman Islands, Cuba, Bahamas
|0
|
|
|-
|Eight
|November 19–21, 1927
|
| |
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|Three
|September 1–8, 1928
|
|
|Yucatán Peninsula, Tampico, Texas
|
|
|
|-
|Five
|September 8–10, 1928
|
|≤1015 hPa (mbar)
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|Three
|September 25–27, 1929
|
| |
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|Four
|October 15–19, 1929
|
|≤ |
|None
|0
|None
|
|}
1930s
|-
|Three
|October 18–21, 1930
|
|992 hPa (mbar)
|Mexico
|0
|None
|
|-
|One
|June 24–28, 1931
|
| |
|Mexico, Texas
|0
|None
|
|-
|Two
|July 11–17, 1931
|
|996 hPa (mbar)
|Mexico, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, Oklahoma
|0
|
|
|-
|Three
|August 10–19, 1931
|
| |
|Windward Islands, Belize, Mexico
|0
|
|
|-
|Four
|August 16–21, 1931
|
|
|Lesser Antilles, New Jersey
|1
|
|
|-
|Five
|September 1–4, 1931
|
|992 hPa (mbar)
|Lesser Antilles, Hispaniola
|30
|
|
|-
|Nine
|October 13–16, 1931
|
|1000 hPa (mbar)
|Bahamas
|0
|None
|
|-
|Ten
|October 18–20, 1931
|
| |
|Bahamas, Cuba
|0
|
|
|-
|Eleven
|November 1–5, 1931
|
|1011 hPa (mbar)
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|Twelve
|November 11–16, 1931
|
|1003 hPa (mbar)
|Nicaragua, Honduras, Belize, Mexico
|0
|
|
|-
|Thirteen
|November 22–25, 1931
|
|998 hPa (mbar)
|Lesser Antilles, Bahamas
|0
|
|
|-
|One
|May 5–11, 1932
|
|995 hPa (mbar)
|Hispaniola
|0
|None
|
|-
|Five
|September 4–7, 1932
|
|992 hPa (mbar)
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|Six
|September 9–15, 1932
|
| |
|Gulf Coast of the United States, East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada
|0
|$10 thousand
|
|-
|Seven
|September 16–22, 1932
|
|994 hPa (mbar)
|Atlantic Canada
|0
|
|
|-
|Eight
|September 18–21, 1932
|
|998 hPa (mbar)
|Louisiana, Ohio River Valley
|0
|
|
|-
|Ten
|September 28–30, 1932
|
| |
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|Eleven
|October 7–15, 1932
|
|990 hPa (mbar)
|Belize, Mexico, Southeastern United States, Ohio River Valley
|0
|$30 thousand
|
|-
|Twelve
|October 8–12, 1932
|
|997 hPa (mbar)
|Bermuda
|0
|None
|
|-
|Thirteen
|October 18–21, 1932
|
| |
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|One
|May 14–19, 1933
|
|1001 hPa (mbar)
|Honduras, Mexico
|0
|None
|
|-
|Three
|July 14–27, 1933
|
| |
|Jamaica, Belize, Yucatán Peninsula, Texas
|0
|$1.5 million
|
|-
|Four
|July 24–27, 1933
|
| |
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|Seven
|August 14–21, 1933
|
|1007 hPa (mbar)
|Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Cuba
|83
|$2.5 million
|
|-
|Nine
|August 23–31, 1933
|
| |
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|Ten
|August 26–30, 1933
|
| |
|Mexico
|0
|None
|
|-
|Sixteen
|October 1–4, 1933
|
|1012 hPa (mbar)
|Bahamas
|0
|None
|
|-
|Nineteen
|October 26–29, 1933
|
|990 hPa (mbar)
|Atlantic Canada
|0
|
|
|-
|Twenty
|November 15–17, 1933
|
|996 hPa (mbar)
|Nicaragua
|0
|
|
|-
|Four
|August 20–23, 1934
|
|Not Specified
|Leeward Islands
|0
|None
|
|-
|Six
|September 1–4, 1934
|
| |
|North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland
|0
|Minor
|
|-
|Eight
|September 16–23, 1934
|
|1010 hPa (mbar)
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|Nine
|September 18–25, 1934
|
|1000 hPa (mbar)
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|Eleven
|October 4–6, 1934
|
| |
|Southeast United States
|0
|Minor
|
|-
|Twelve
|October 19–23, 1934
|
|1001 hPa (mbar)
|Jamaica, Cuba, Bahamas
|0
|None
|
|-
|One
|May 15–19, 1935
|
|1003 hPa (mbar)
|Hispaniola
|0
|Minimal
|
|-
|Four
|August 30 – September 2, 1935
|
|1001 hPa (mbar)
|Mexico
|0
|Minimal
|
|-
|Eight
|November 3–14, 1935
|
|1001 hPa (mbar)
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|One
|June 12–17, 1936
|
|996 hPa (mbar)
|Mexico, Florida, Bahamas
|3 indirect
|
|
|-
|Two
|June 19–22, 1936
|
|1000 hPa (mbar)
|Mexico
|0
|None
|
|-
|Four
|July 26–28, 1936
|
|1003 hPa (mbar)
|Louisiana
|0
|Minor
|
|-
|Six
|August 4–9, 1936
|
|1001 hPa (mbar)
|Nova Scotia
|0
|None
|
|-
|Seven
|August 7–12, 1936
|
| |
|Louisiana, Mexico
|0
|Minor
|
|-
|Nine
|August 20–23, 1936
|
| |
|Bahamas, United States Gulf Coast
|0
|Minimal
|
|-
|Twelve
|September 7–8, 1936
|
| |
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|Fourteen
|September 9–14, 1936
|
|998 hPa (mbar)
|Mexico, Texas
|0
|None
|
|-
|Sixteen
|October 9–11, 1936
|
|1006 hPa (mbar)
|Mexico
|0
|
|
|-
|Seventeen
|December 2–7, 1936
|
|996 hPa (mbar)
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|One
|July 29 – August 2, 1937
|
|996 hPa (mbar)
|Florida, North Carolina, Nova Scotia
|0
|
|
|-
|Two
|August 2–9, 1937
|
|1005 hPa (mbar)
|Bahamas
|0
|None
|
|-
|Three
|August 24 – September 2, 1937
|
|995 hPa (mbar)
|Southeast United States
|18
|$62.5 million
|
|-
|Five
|September 10–12, 1937
|
|988 hPa (mbar)
|Nova Scotia
|0
|None
|
|-
|Seven
|September 16–21, 1937
|
| |
|Florida
|2
|
|
|-
|Nine
|September 26–28, 1937
|
|1010 hPa (mbar)
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|Ten
|October 2–4, 1937
|
| |
|Louisiana
|0
|
|
|-
|Two
|August 8–9, 1938
|
| |
|Greater Antilles
|0
|None
|
|-
|Five
|September 9–14, 1938
|
|1009 hPa (mbar)
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|Seven
|October 10–17, 1938
|
|996 hPa (mbar)
|Belize, Mexico, Florida, Texas
|0
|Minimal
|
|-
|Eight
|October 16–21, 1938
|
| |
|Bahamas, Atlantic Canada
|4
|$7 thousand
|
|-
|Nine
|November 6–10, 1938
|
|1000 hPa (mbar)
|Bahamas, Florida, Cuba
|0
|$100 thousand
|
|-
|One
|June 12–18, 1939
|
| |
|Mexico, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi
|1
|Minor
|
|-
|Three
|August 15–19, 1939
|
|1000 hPa (mbar)
|None
|0
|None
|
|-
|Four
|September 23–27, 1939
|
| |
|Louisiana
|0
|Minimal
|
|}
1940s
|-
| One || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Six || || || || Central America, Southern United States || || ||
|-
| Nine || || || || None || || ||
|-
| One || || || || Louisiana, Texas || || ||
|-
| Six || || || || The Bahamas, Cuba, Florida || || ||
|-
| One || || || || Belize, Mexico, Texas || || ||
|-
| Five || || || || Lesser Antilles, Belize, Guatemala || || ||
|-
| Six || || || || Newfoundland || || ||
|-
| Seven || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Eight || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Nine || || || || North Carolina, Virginia || || ||
|-
| Ten || || || || Cuba, Bahamas || || ||
|-
| Two || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Five || || || || Bahamas, Atlantic Canada || || ||
|-
| Seven || || || || Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey || || ||
|-
| Eight || || || || Atlantic Canada || || ||
|-
| Ten || || || || Belize || || ||
|-
| Two || || || || Windward Islands, Haiti || || ||
|-
| Five || || || || Mexico, Texas || || ||
|-
| Six || || || || Louisiana || || ||
|-
| Ten || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Eleven || || || || Barbados || || ||
|-
| Fourteen || || || || None || || ||
|-
|Two
|July 19–22, 1945
|
|Not specified
|Texas, Louisiana
|None
|None
|
|-
|Three
|August 2–4, 1945
|
|Not specified
|Greater Antilles
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|-
|Four
|August 17–21, 1945
|
|Not specified
|Greater Antilles
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|-
|Six
|August 29 – September 1, 1945
|
|
|Belize, Nicaragua, Honduras
|Minimal
|None
|
|-
|Seven
|September 3–6, 1945
|
|Not specified
|United States Gulf Coast
|Minimal
|None
|
|-
|Eight
|September 9–12, 1945
|
|Not specified
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
|One
|June 13–16, 1946
|
|Not specified
|Texas, Louisiana
|None
|None
|
|-
|Three
|August 25–26, 1946
|
|Not specified
|Mexico
|None
|None
|
|-
|Five
|October 1–3, 1946
|
|Not specified
|Azores
|"Catastrophic"
|None
|
|-
|Seven
|October 31 – November 3, 1946
|
|Not specified
|Florida
|>$1 million
|None
|
|-
|One
|July 31 – August 2, 1947
|
|Not specified
|Texas, Mexico
|$2 million
|None
|
|-
|Five
|September 7–9, 1947
|
|Not specified
|United States Gulf Coast
|Minimal
|None
|
|-
|Six
|September 20–24, 1947
|
|
|Cayman Islands, Cuba, Florida, Georgia
|$100 thousand
|None
|
|-
|Seven
|October 7–9, 1947
|
|Not specified
|Florida, Georgia
|$100 thousand
|None
|
|-
|Eight
|October 8–11, 1947
|
|Not specified
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
|One
|May 22–29, 1948
|
|Not specified
|Hispaniola, Bermuda
|Unknown
|80
|
|-
|Two
|July 7–11, 1948
|
|Not specified
|United States Gulf Coast
|Minimal
|None
|
|-
|Four
|August 30 – September 1, 1948
|
|
|Lesser Antilles
|Minimal
|None
|
|-
|Seven
|September 7–10, 1948
|
|Not specified
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
|Three
|August 30 – September 3, 1949
|
|Not specified
|Lesser Antilles
|Unknown
|7
|
|-
|Five
|September 3–5, 1949
|
|Not specified
|Louisiana, Mississippi
|$50 thousand
|None
|
|-
|Six
|September 5–12, 1949
|
|
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
|Seven
|September 11–14, 1949
|
|Not specified
|North Carolina, Virginia
|Unknown
|None
|
|-
|Eight
|September 13–17, 1949
|
|Not specified
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
|Twelve
|October 2–7, 1949
|
|Not specified
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
|Fourteen
|October 13–17, 1949
|
|Not specified
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
|Fifteen
|November 1–5, 1949
|
|Not specified
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
|Sixteen
|November 3–5, 1949
|
|
|Honduras, Nicaragua
|None
|None
|
|}
1950s
Regular naming of Atlantic storms began in 1950.
|-
|How
|October 1–4, 1950
|
|
|Texas, Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Twelve
|October 17–24, 1950
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Mike
|October 25–28, 1950
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Fifteen
|October 27–29, 1950
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Sixteen
|November 10–12, 1950
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|One
|January 4 – 9, 1951
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Baker
|August 2–5, 1951
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|George
|September 19–22, 1951
|
|
|Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Item
|October 12–17, 1951
|
|
|Cuba
|
|
|
|-
|One
|February 3–4, 1952
|
|
|Mexico, Cuba, United States East Coast
|
|
|
|-
|Three
|August 27–28, 1952
|
|
|The Carolinas
|
|
|
|-
|Five
|September 8–11, 1952
|
|
|Azores, Iberian Peninsula
|
|
|
|-
|Dog
|September 24–30, 1952
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Eight
|September 25–30, 1952
|
|
|Cape Verde
|
|
|
|-
|Eleven
|November 26–30, 1952
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Alice
|May 25 – June 7, 1953
|
|
|Central America, Cuba, Florida, Alabama
|
|
|
|-
|Two
|July 11–15, 1953
|
|
|Florida
|
|
|
|-
|Five
|August 29 – September 1, 1953
|
|
|Florida, Georgia
|
|
|
|-
|Eight
|September 15–21, 1953
|
|
|Florida
|
|
|
|-
|Eleven
|October 3–6, 1953
|
|
|Cuba, Bahamas, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Thirteen
|November 23–26, 1953
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Fourteen
|December 7–9, 1953
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|One
|May 28–30, 1954
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Two
|June 18–25, 1954
|
|
|Florida, Nova Scotia
|
|
|
|-
|Four
|July 10–14, 1954
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Barbara
|July 27–30, 1954
|
|
|Louisiana, Texas
|
|
|
|-
|Nine
|September 6–7, 1954
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Florence
|September 10–12, 1954
|
|
|Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Eleven
|September 15–18, 1954
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Gilda
|September 24–30, 1954
|
|
|Honduras, Belize, Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Fifteen
|November 16–21, 1954
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Brenda
|July 31 – August 3, 1955
|
|
|Louisiana
|
|
|
|-
|Five
|August 25–28, 1955
|
|
|Louisiana
|
|
|
|-
|Eleven
|September 23–28, 1955
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Twelve
|October 10–14, 1955
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|One
|June 7–10, 1956
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Two
|June 12–15, 1956
|
|
|Louisiana, Mississippi
|
|
|
|-
|Carla
|September 7–10, 1956
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Dora
|September 10–13, 1956
|
|
|Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Ethel
|September 11–14, 1956
|
|
|The Bahamas
|
|
|
|-
|Nine
|October 9–12, 1956
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Ten
|October 14–17, 1956
|
|
|Florida, Outer Banks
|
|
|
|-
|Twelve
|November 19–21, 1956
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|One
|June 8–10, 1957
|
|
|Florida, Georgia
|
|
|
|-
|Bertha
|August 8–11, 1957
|
|
|Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas
|
|
|
|-
|Debbie
|September 7–9, 1957
|
|
|Florida
|
|
|
|-
|Esther
|September 16–19, 1957
|
|
|Louisiana
|
|
|
|-
|Eight
|October 23–27, 1957
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|One
|May 25–27, 1958
|
|
|Florida, Nova Scotia
|
|
|
|-
|Alma
|June 14–16, 1958
|
|
|Mexico, Texas
|
|
|
|-
|Becky
|August 8–17, 1958
|
|
|Cape Verde
|
|
|
|-
|Gerda
|September 14–22, 1958
|
|
|Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Mexico, Texas
|
|
|
|-
|Twelve
|October 15–17, 1958
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Arlene
|May 28 – June 2, 1959
|
|
|Southeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Beulah
|June 15–19, 1959
|
|
|Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Six
|August 2–3, 1959
|
|
|Outer Banks
|
|
|
|-
|Edith
|August 18–19, 1959
|
|
|Lesser Antilles
|
|
|
|-
|Eight
|August 29 – September 4, 1959
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Nine
|September 9–11, 1959
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Irene
|October 6–9, 1959
|
|
|Florida, Alabama, Georgia
|
|
|
|}
1960s
|-
|One
|June 22–28, 1960
|
|
|Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois
|
|
|
|-
|Brenda
|July 27–31, 1960
|
|
|Florida, United States East Coast, Eastern Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Six
|September 1–3, 1960
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Florence
|September 17–26, 1960
|
|
|Greater Antilles, The Bahamas, United States Gulf Coast
|
|
|
|-
|Six
|September 12–15, 1961
|
|
|The Bahamas, United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Gerda
|October 17–20, 1961
|
|
|Jamaica, Cuba, The Bahamas, New England
|
|
|
|-
|Inga
|November 4–8, 1961
|
|
|Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Twelve
|November 17–21, 1961
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|One
|June 30 – July 2, 1962
|
|
|North Carolina
|
|
|
|-
|Becky
|August 27–31, 1962
|
|
|Cape Verde, Azores
|
|
|
|-
|Celia
|September 12–21, 1962
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|One
|June 1–4, 1963
|
|
|The Bahamas, North Carolina, Mid-Atlantic states
|
|
|
|-
|Cindy
|September 16–20, 1963
|
|
|Louisiana, Texas
|
|
|
|-
|Helena
|October 25–30, 1963
|
|
|Lesser Antilles
|
|
|
|-
|One
|June 3–11, 1964
|
|
|Yucatán Peninsula, Cuba, Southeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Two
|July 23–26, 1964
|
|
|Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Abby
|August 5–8, 1964
|
|
|United States Gulf Coast
|
|
|
|-
|Brenda
|August 8–10, 1964
|
|
|Bermuda
|
|
|
|-
|Florence
|September 5–10, 1964
|
|
|Cape Verde
|
|
|
|-
|Thirteen
|November 5–10, 1964
|
|
|Central America
|
|
|
|-
|One
|June 13–15, 1965
|
|
|Southeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Four
|September 7–9, 1965
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Debbie
|September 24–30, 1965
|
|
|Mexico, United States Gulf Coast
|
|
|
|-
|Seven
|October 2–3, 1965
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Nine
|October 16–19, 1965
|
|
|The Bahamas, Florida
|
|
|
|-
|Ten
|November 29 – December 2, 1965
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Two
|June 28 – July 2, 1966
|
|
|Cuba, Florida
|
|
|
|-
|Ella
|July 22–28, 1966
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Greta
|September 1–6, 1966
|
|
|Lesser Antilles
|
|
|
|-
|Hallie
|September 20–21, 1966
|
|
|Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Judith
|September 27–30, 1966
|
|
|Lesser Antilles
|
|
|
|-
|Kendra
|October 3–9, 1966
|
|
|Cape Verde
|
|
|
|-
|Fourteen
|November 13–17, 1966
|
|
|Iceland
|
|
|
|-
|Fifteen
|November 22–26, 1966
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|One
|June 15–19, 1967
|
|
|The Carolinas
|
|
|
|-
|Two
|June 20–23, 1967
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Four
|September 1–5, 1967
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Eight
|September 25 – October 1, 1967
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Edith
|September 26 – October 1, 1967
|
|
|Lesser Antilles
|
|
|
|-
|Ginger
|October 5–8, 1967
|
|
|Senegal, Cape Verde
|
|
|
|-
|Twelve
|October 14–18, 1967
|
|
|Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Candy
|June 22–25, 1968
|
|
|Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Midwestern states
|
|
|
|-
|Five
|September 10–11, 1968
|
|
|United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Edna
|September 13–17, 1968
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Frances
|September 23–29, 1968
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Anna
|July 25 – August 4, 1969
|
|
|Lesser Antilles
|
|
|
|-
|Eve
|August 24–27, 1969
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Eleven
|September 25–30, 1969
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Jenny
|October 1–5, 1969
|
|
|Cuba, Florida
|
|
|
|-
|Sixteen
|October 28–31, 1969
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|}
1970s
|-
| Becky
|
|
|
| Southeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
| Dorothy
|
|
|
| Lesser Antilles
|
|
|
|-
|Six
|
|
|
| None
|
|
|
|-
|Felice
|September 12–18, 1970
|
|
|Florida, Louisiana, Texas
|
|
|
|-
|Nine
|September 19–23, 1970
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Greta
|September 26 – October 4, 1970
|
|
|Florida, Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Fourteen
|November 28 – December 1, 1970
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Arlene
|July 4–7, 1971
|
|
|The Carolinas, Newfoundland
|
|
|
|-
|Chloe
|August 18–25, 1971
|
|
|Lesser Antilles, Belize
|
|
|
|-
|Doria
|August 20–28, 1971
|
|
|United States East Coast, Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Heidi
|September 11–15, 1971
|
|
|Northeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Janice
|September 21–24, 1971
|
|
|Leeward Islands
|
|
|
|-
|Kristy
|October 18–21, 1971
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Laura
|November 12–22, 1971
|
|
|Cayman Islands, Cuba, Central America
|
|
|
|-
|Carrie
|August 29 – September 3, 1972
|
|
|Northeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Christine
|August 25 – September 4, 1973
|
|
|Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|-
|Delia
|September 1 – 7, 1973
|
|
|Texas, Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Gilda
|October 16–27, 1973
|
|
|Cuba, The Bahamas, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Alma
|August 12–15, 1974
|
|
|Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela
|
|
|
|-
|Dolly
|September 2–5, 1974
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Elaine
|September 4–13, 1974
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Amy
|June 27 – July 4, 1975
|
|
|United States East Coast
|
|
|
|-
|Hallie
|October 24–27, 1975
|
|
|United States East Coast
|
|
|
|-
|Anna
|July 28 – August 1, 1976
|
|
|Azores
|
|
|
|-
|Dottie
|August 18–21, 1976
|
|
|The Bahamas, Southeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Frieda
|October 16–19, 1977
|
|
|Cayman Islands, Belize
|
|
|
|-
|Amelia
|July 30 – August 1, 1978
|
|
|Texas
|
|
|
|-
|Bess
|August 5–8, 1978
|
|
|Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Debra
|August 26–29, 1978
|
|
|Southeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Hope
|September 12–21, 1978
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Irma
|October 2–5, 1978
|
|
|Azores
|
|
|
|-
|Juliet
|October 7 – 11, 1978
|
|
|Puerto Rico, Bermuda
|
|
|
|-
|Ana
|June 19–24, 1979
|
|
|Lesser Antilles
|
|
|
|-
|Claudette
|July 15–29, 1979
|
|
|Greater Antilles, West South Central states
|
|
|
|-
|Elena
|August 30 – September 2, 1979
|
|
|Texas
|
|
|
|}
1980s
|-
|Danielle
|September 4–7, 1980
|
|
|Texas
|
|
|
|-
|Hermine
|September 20–26, 1980
|
|
|Central America, Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Arlene
|May 6–9, 1981
|
|
|Greater Antilles, The Bahamas
|
|
|
|-
|Bret
|June 29 – July 1, 1981
|
|
|Virginia, North Carolina
|
|
|
|-
|Cindy
|August 2–5, 1981
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Jose
|October 29 – November 1, 1981
|
|
|Azores
|
|
|
|-
|Beryl
|August 28 – September 6, 1982
|
|
|Cape Verde
|
|
|
|-
|Chris
|September 9–12, 1982
|
|
|Southern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Ernesto
|September 30 – October 2, 1982
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Dean
|September 26–30, 1983
|
|
|North Carolina, Virginia, Mid-Atlantic states
|
|
|
|-
|Arthur
|August 28 – September 5, 1984
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Bertha
|August 30 – September 4, 1984
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Cesar
|August 31 – September 2, 1984
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Edouard
|September 14–15, 1984
|
|
|Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Fran
|September 15–20, 1984
|
|
|Cape Verde
|
|
|
|-
|Gustav
|September 16–19, 1984
|
|
|Bermuda
|
|
|
|-
|Isidore
|September 25 – October 1, 1984
|
|
|The Bahamas, Florida
|
|
|
|-
|Ana
|July 15–19, 1985
|
|
|Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Fabian
|September 15–19, 1985
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Henri
|September 21–25, 1985
|
|
|United States East Coast
|
|
|
|-
|Isabel
|October 7–15, 1985
|
|
|Greater Antilles, Southeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Andrew
|June 5–8, 1986
|
|
|The Carolinas
|
|
|
|-
|Danielle
|September 7–10, 1986
|
|
|Leeward Islands
|
|
|
|-
|Two
|August 9–17, 1987
|
|
|United States Gulf Coast
|
|
|
|-
|Bret
|August 18–24, 1987
|
|
|Cape Verde
|
|
|
|-
|Cindy
|September 5–10, 1987
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Dennis
|September 8–20, 1987
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Alberto
|August 5–8, 1988
|
|
|United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Beryl
|August 8–10, 1988
|
|
|United States Gulf Coast
|
|
|
|-
|Chris
|August 21–29, 1988
|
|
|The Caribbean, United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Ernesto
|September 3–5, 1988
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Eleven
|September 7–10, 1988
|
|
|Cape Verde
|
|
|
|-
|Isaac
|September 28 – October 1, 1988
|
|
|Trinidad and Tobago
|
|
|
|-
|Keith
|November 17–24, 1988
|
|
|Central America, Florida
|
|
|
|-
|Allison
|June 24–27, 1989
|
|
|Texas, Louisiana
|
|
|
|-
|Barry
|July 9–14, 1989
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Iris
|September 16–21, 1989
|
|
|United States Virgin Islands
|
|
|
|-
|Karen
|November 28 – December 4, 1989
|
|
|Cuba
|
|
|
|}
1990s
|-
|Arthur
|July 22–27, 1990
|
|
|Windward Islands, Greater Antilles
|
|
|
|-
|Cesar
|July 31 – August 7, 1990
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Edouard
|August 2–11, 1990
|
|
|Portugal
|
|
|
|-
|Fran
|August 11–14, 1990
|
|
|Windward Islands, Venezuela
|
|
|
|-
|Hortense
|August 25–31, 1990
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Marco
|October 9–12, 1990
|
|
|Florida, United States East Coast
|
|
|
|-
|Ana
|July 2–5, 1991
|
|
|Southeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Danny
|September 7–11, 1991
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Erika
|September 8–12, 1991
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Fabian
|October 15–16, 1991
|
|
|Cuba, Florida
|
|
|
|-
|Danielle
|September 22–26, 1992
|
|
|United States East Coast
|
|
|
|-
|Earl
|September 26 – October 3, 1992
|
|
|Florida, Georgia, North Carolina
|
|
|
|-
|Arlene
|June 18–21, 1993
|
|
|El Salvador, Mexico, Texas, Louisiana
|
|
|
|-
|Bret
|August 4–11, 1993
|
|
|Windward Islands, Venezuela, Colombia, Central America
|
|
|
|-
|Cindy
|August 14–17, 1993
|
|
|Martinique, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|-
|Dennis
|August 23–28, 1993
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Alberto
|June 30 – July 7, 1994
|
|
|Florida, Georgia, Alabama
|
|
|
|-
|Beryl
|August 14–19, 1994
|
|
|Eastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Debby
|September 9–11, 1994
|
|
|Leeward Islands
|
|
|
|-
|Ernesto
|September 21–26, 1994
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Barry
|July 5–10, 1995
|
|
|Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Chantal
|July 12–20, 1995
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Dean
|July 28 – August 2, 1995
|
|
|Texas
|
|
|
|-
|Gabrielle
|August 9–12, 1995
|
|
|Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Jerry
|August 22–28, 1995
|
|
|Southeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Karen
|August 26 – September 3, 1995
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Pablo
|October 4–8, 1995
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Sebastien
|October 20–25, 1995
|
|
|Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|-
|Arthur
|June 17–21, 1996
|
|
|North Carolina
|
|
|
|-
|Gustav
|August 26 – September 2, 1996
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Josephine
|October 4–8, 1996
|
|
|United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Kyle
|October 11–12, 1996
|
|
|Central America, Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Ana
|June 30 – July 4, 1997
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Claudette
|July 13–16, 1997
|
|
|United States East Coast
|
|
|
|-
|Fabian
|October 4–8, 1997
|
|
|Lesser Antilles
|
|
|
|-
|Grace
|October 16–17, 1997
|
|
|United States Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola
|
|
|
|-
|Alex
|July 27 – August 2, 1998
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Charley
|August 21–24, 1998
|
|
|Louisiana, Texas, Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Frances
|September 8–13, 1998
|
|
|Mexico, United States Gulf Coast
|
|
|
|-
|Hermine
|September 17–20, 1998
|
|
|Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama
|
|
|
|-
|Arlene
|June 11–18, 1999
|
|
|Bermuda
|
|
|
|-
|Emily
|August 24–28, 1999
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Harvey
|September 19–22, 1999
|
|
|Southeastern United States, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Katrina
|October 28 – November 1, 1999
|
|
|Central America, Mexico
|
|
|
|}
2000s
|-
| Beryl
|
|
|
| Mexico, Texas
|
|
|
|-
| Chris
|
|
|
| None
|
|
|
|-
| Ernesto
|
|
|
| None
|
|
|
|-
| Helene
|
|
|
| The Antilles, Eastern United States, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
| Leslie
|
|
|
| Florida
|
|
|
|-
| Nadine
|
|
|
| None
|
|
|
|-
| Allison
|
|
|
| United States Gulf Coast, United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
| Barry
|
|
|
| United States Gulf Coast, United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
| Chantal
|
|
|
| Windward Islands, Jamaica, Belize, Mexico
|
|
|
|-
| Dean
|
|
|
| The Antilles, Eastern Canada
|
|
|
|-
| Jerry
|
|
|
| Barbados, Windward Islands
|
|
|
|-
| Lorenzo
|
|
|
| None
|
|
|
|-
| Arthur
|
|
|
| Northeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Bertha
|
|
|
| Mississippi
|
|
|
|-
| Cristobal
|
|
|
| Bermuda, New York
|
|
|
|-
| Edouard
|
|
|
| Florida
|
|
|
|-
| Fay
|
|
|
| Texas, Northern Mexico
|
|
|
|-
| Hanna
|
|
|
| South-eastern United States
|
|
|
|-
| Josephine
|
|
|
| None
|
|
|
|-
| Ana
|
|
|
| None
|
|
|
|-
| Bill
|
|
|
| Yucatán Peninsula, Southeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Grace
|August 30 – September 2, 2003
|
|
| South-Central United States
|
|
|
|-
|Henri
|September 3–8, 2003
|
|
| Florida
|
|
|
|-
|Larry
|October 1–6, 2003
|
|
| Mexico
|
|
|
|-
| Mindy
|
|
|
| Greater Antilles
|
|
|
|-
| Nicholas
|
|
|
| None
|
|
|
|-
| Odette
|
|
|
| Hispaniola
|
|
|
|-
| Peter
|
|
|
| None
|
|
|
|-
|Bonnie
|August 3–14, 2004
|
|
| Lesser Antilles, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Cuba, Yucatán Peninsula, United States East Coast
|
|
|
|-
|Earl
|August 13–15, 2004
|
|
|Windward Islands
|Minimal
|
|
|-
|Hermine
|August 27–31, 2004
|
|
|New England (Massachusetts), Atlantic Canada
|Minimal
|
|
|-
|Matthew
|October 8–10, 2004
|
|
|Gulf Coast of the United States, Midwestern United States, Great Plains
|Minimal
|
|
|-
|Otto
|November 29 – December 3, 2004
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
| Arlene || || || || Yucatán Peninsula, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Eastern United States, Eastern Canada || || ||
|-
| Bret || || || || Central Mexico || || ||
|-
| Franklin || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Gert || || || || Mexico || || ||
|-
| Harvey || || || || Bermuda || || ||
|-
| Jose || || || || Eastern Mexico || || ||
|-
| Lee || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Tammy || || || || Bahamas, Southeastern United States || || ||
|-
| Alpha || || || || Hispaniola, Bahamas || || ||
|-
| Gamma || || || || Lesser Antilles, Honduras, Belize || || ||
|-
| Delta || || || || Canary Islands || || ||
|-
| Zeta || || || || None || || ||
|-
|Alberto
|June 10–14, 2006
|
|
|Southeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Beryl
|July 18–21, 2006
|
|
|Long Island, Massachusetts, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Chris
|August 1–4, 2006
|
|
|Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Turks & Caicos Islands, Hispaniola, Bahamas, eastern Cuba
|
|
|
|-
|Debby
|August 21–26, 2006
|
|
| Capo Verde Islands
|
|
|
|-
|Barry
|June 1–2, 2007
|
|
|El Salvador, western Cuba, Florida, East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Chantal
|July 31 – August 1, 2007
|
|
|lorida, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, Southeast U.S., Mid-Atlantic
|
|
|
|-
|Erin
|August 15–17, 2007
|
|
|exas, Oklahoma, central United States
|
|
|
|-
|Gabrielle
|September 8–11, 2007
|
|
|North Carolina
|Minimal
|
|
|-
|Ingrid
|September 12– 17, 2007
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Jerry
|September 23–24, 2007
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Melissa
|September 28–30, 2007
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Olga
|December 11–13, 2007
|
|
|Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Yucatan Peninsula, central Florida
|
|
|
|-
|Arthur
|May 31 – June 1, 2008
|
|
|onduras, Belize, Mexico, Guatemala
|
|
|
|-
|Cristobal
|July 19–23, 2008
|
|
|lorida, The Carolinas, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Edouard
|August 3–6, 2008
|
|
| United States Gulf Coast
|
|
|
|-
|Fay
|August 15–27, 2008
|
|
| Greater Antilles, Southeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Josephine
|September 2–6, 2008
|
|
|Cabo Verde, Leeward Islands
|
|
|
|-
|Laura
|September 29 – October 1, 2008
|
|
|Azores, Atlantic Canada, Greenland, Europe
|
|
|
|-
|Marco
|October 6–7, 2008
|
|
|Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Nana
|October 12–14, 2008
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Ana
|August 11–16, 2009
|
|
|Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Cuba and The Bahama
|
|
|
|-
|Claudette
|August 16–18, 2009
|
|
|Southeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Danny
|August 26–29, 2009
|
|
| United States East Coast
|
|
|
|-
|Erika
|September 1–3, 2009
|
|
|esser Antilles, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic
|
|
|
|-
|Grace
|October 4–6, 2009
|
|
| Azores, Portugal, British Isles
| Minimal
|
|
|-
| Henri
|
|
|
| Antilles
|
|
|
|}
2010s
|-
|Bonnie
|July 22–24, 2010
|
|
|uerto Rico, Hispaniola, Turks and Caicos, Bahamas, Florida
|
|
|
|-
|Colin
|August 2–8, 2010
|
|
|Leeward Islands, Bermuda, The Carolinas and New England
|Minimal
|
|
|-
|Fiona
|August 30 – September 3, 2010
|
|
|Leeward Islands, Bermuda
|
|None
|
|-
|Gaston
|September 1–2, 2010
|
|
|Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|-
|Hermine
|September 3–9, 2010
|
|
|Central America, Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas
|
|
|
|-
|Matthew
|September 23–26, 2010
|
|
|Venezuela, Central America, Mexico, Jamaica
|
|
|
|-
|Nicole
|September 28– 29, 2010
|
|
|Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Cuba, Florida, Bahamas, United States East Coas
|
|
|
|-
|Arlene
|June 28 – July 1, 2011
|
|
|Central America, Mexico, Gulf Coast of the United States
|
|
|
|-
|Bret
|July 17–22, 2011
|
|
|Bahamas, Bermuda, East Coast of the United States
|
|
|
|-
|Cindy
|July 20–22, 2011
|
|
|Bermuda
|None
|None
|
|-
|Don
|July 27–30, 2011
|
|
|Greater Antilles, Yucatán Peninsula, Northeastern Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Emily
|August 2–7, 2011
|
|
|Antilles, Florida, Bahamas
|
|
|
|-
|Franklin
|August 12–13, 2011
|
|
|Bermuda
|None
|None
|
|-
|Gert
|August 13–16, 2011
|
|
|Bermuda
|
|
|
|-
|Harvey
|August 19–22, 2011
|
|
|Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Central America, East Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Jose
|August 27–29, 2011
|
|
|Bermuda
|
|
|
|-
|Lee
|September 2–5, 2011
|
|
|United States Gulf Coast and Eastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Sean
|November 8–11, 2011
|
|
|Bermuda
|
|
|
|-
|Alberto
|May 19–22, 2012
|
|
|Southeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Beryl
|May 26–30, 2012
|
|
|Cuba, The Bahamas, Southeastern United States
|Minimal
|
|
|-
|Debby
|June 23–27, 2012
|
|
|Cuba, Central America, Southeastern United States, Bermuda
|
|
|
|-
|Florence
|August 3–6, 2012
|
|
|Cape Verde
|
|
|
|-
|Helene
|August 9–18, 2012
|
|
|Windward Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, Central America, Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Joyce
|August 22–24, 2012
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Oscar
|October 3–5, 2012
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Patty
|11–13, 2012
|
|
|The Bahamas
|None
|None
|
|-
|Tony
|October 22–25, 2012
|
|
|None
|None
|
|
|-
|Andrea
|June 5–7, 2013
|
|
|Yucatán Peninsula, Cuba, United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Barry
|June 17–20, 2013
|
|
|Central America, Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Chantal
|July 7–10, 2013
|
|
|Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Lesser Antilles, US Virgin Islands, Haiti
|
|
|
|-
|Dorian
|July 23 – August 3, 2013
|
|
|The Bahamas, Florida
|
|
|
|-
|Erin
|August 15–18, 2013
|
|
|Cape Verde
|
|
|
|-
|Fernand
|August 25–26, 2013
|
|
|Eastern Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Gabrielle
|September 4–13, 2013
|
|
|Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Bermuda, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Jerry
|September 29 – October 3, 2013
|
|
|Azores
|None
|None
|
|-
|Karen
|October 3–6, 2013
|
|
|Yucatán Peninsula, Gulf Coast of the United States, Eastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Lorenzo
|October 21–24, 2013
|
|
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
|Melissa
|November 18–21, 2013
|
|
|Azores
|None
|None
|
|-
|Dolly
|September 1–3, 2014
|
|
|Eastern and Northeastern Mexico, Texas
|
|
|
|-
|Hanna
|October 22–28, 2014
|
|
|Southeastern Mexico, Central America
|
|
|
|-
|Ana
|May 8–11, 2015
|
|
|Southeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Bill
|June 16–18, 2015
|
|
|Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, Southern and Midwestern United States, Northeastern United States, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Claudette
|July 13–14, 2015
|
|
|East Coast of the United States, Newfoundland
|
|
|
|-
|Erika
|August 25–29, 2015
|
|
|Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Florida
|
|
|
|-
|Grace
|September 5–9, 2015
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Henri
|September 8–11, 2015
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Ida
|September 18–27, 2015
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Bonnie
|May 27 – June 4, 2016
|
|
|The Bahamas, Southeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Colin
|June 5–7, 2016
|
|
|Yucatán Peninsula, Greater Antilles, East Coast of the United States
|
|
|
|-
|Danielle
|June 19–21, 2016
|
|
|Yucatán Peninsula, Eastern Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Fiona
|August 16–23, 2016
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Ian
|September 12–16, 2016
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Julia
|September 13– 18, 2016
|
|
|The Bahamas, Southeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Karl
|September 14–25, 2016
|
|
|Cape Verde, Bermuda
|Minimal
|None
|
|-
|Lisa
|September 19–25, 2016
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Arlene
|April 19–21, 2017
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Bret
|June 19–20, 2017
|
|
|Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Venezuela, Windward Islands
|
|
|
|-
|Cindy
|June 20–23, 2017
|
|
|Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Southern United States, Eastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Don
|June 28 – July 2, 2003
|
|
|Windward Islands, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago
|
|
|
|-
|Emily
|July 30 – August 2, 2017
|
|
|Florida
|
|None
|
|-
|Philippe
|October 28–29, 2017
|
|
|Central America, Cayman Islands, Yucatán Peninsula, Cuba, East Coast of the United States
|
|
|
|-
|Rina
|November 5– 9, 2017
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Alberto
|May 25–31, 2018
|
|
|Yucatán Peninsula, Cuba, Eastern United States, Canad
|
|
|
|-
|Debby
|August 7–9, 2018
|
|
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
|Ernesto
|August 15–17, 2018
|
|
|Western Europe
|
|
|
|-
|Gordon
|September 3–6, 2018
|
|
|Greater Antilles, The Bahamas, Gulf Coast of the United States, Eastern United States, Ontario
|
|
|
|-
|Joyce
|September 12– 18, 2018
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Kirk
|August 13–15, 2004
|
|
|Barbados, Windward Islands, Guadeloupe
|
|
|
|-
|Nadine
|October 9–12, 2018
|
|
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
|Chantal
|August 20–23, 2019
|
|
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
|Erin
|August 26–29, 2019
|
|
|Cuba, The Bahamas, United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada
|Minimal
|None
|
|-
|Fernand
|September 3–5, 2019
|
|
|Northeastern Mexico, South Texas
|
|
|
|-
|Gabrielle
|September 3– 10, 2019
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Imelda
|September 17–19, 2019
|
|
|Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Arkansas
|
|
|
|-
|Karen
|September 22–27, 2019
|
|
|Windward Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, US Virgin Islands, British Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|-
|Melissa
|October 11–14, 2019
|
|
|Southeastern United States, Mid-Atlantic States, New England, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Nestor
|October 18–19, 2019
|
|
|Central America, Yucatan Peninsula, Southeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Olga
|October 25, 2019
|
|
|Central United States, Great Lakes region
|
|
|
|-
|Sebastien
|November 19–24, 2019
|
|
|Leeward Islands, Azores, British Isles
|
|
|
|}
2020s
|-
| Arthur
|
|
|
| Southeastern United States, The Bahamas, Bermuda
|
|
|
|-
|Bertha
|
|
|
|Southeastern United States, The Bahamas
|
|
|
|-
|Cristobal
|
|
|
|Central America, Mexico, Central United States
|
|
|
|-
|Dolly
|
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Edouard
|
|
|
| Bermuda
|
|
|
|-
|Fay
|
|
|
|United States East Coast
|
|
|
|-
|Gonzalo
|July 21–25, 2020
|
|
|Windward Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela
|
|
|
|-
|Josephine
|August 11–16, 2020
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Kyle
|August 14–15, 2020
|
|
|The Carolinas
|
|
|
|-
|Omar
|August 31 – September 5, 2020
|
|
|Southeastern United States, Bermuda
|
|
|
|-
|Rene
|September 7–14, 2020
|
|
|Cabo Verde
|
|
|
|-
|Vicky
|September 14–17, 2020
|
|
|Cabo Verde
|
|
|
|-
|Wilfred
|September 17–21, 2020
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Beta
|September 17–22, 2020
|
|
|Mexico, Gulf Coast of the United States
|
|
|
|-
|Theta
|November 10–15, 2020
|
|
|Canary Islands, Madeira
|
|
|
|-
| Ana
|
|
|
| Bermuda
|
|
|
|-
| Bill
|
|
|
| United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
| Claudette
|
|
|
| Mexico, United States Gulf Coast, Georgia, Carolinas, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
| Danny
|
|
|
| Southeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Fred
|
|
|
| Antilles, The Bahamas, Eastern United States, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Kate
|
|
|
| None
|
|
|
|-
| Julian
|
|
|
| None
|
|
|
|-
|Mindy
|
|
|
|Colombia, Central America, Mexico, Southeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
| Odette
|
|
|
| United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
| Peter
|
|
|
|Hispaniola, Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|-
|Rose
|
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Victor
|
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
| Wanda
| October 30 – November 7, 2021
|
|
| United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada
|
|
|
|-
|Alex
|June 5– 6, 2022
|
|
|Yucatán Peninsula, Western Cuba, Florida, Northern Bahamas, Bermuda
|
|
|
|-
|Bonnie
|July 1–2, 2022
|
|
|Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Leeward Antilles, Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua
|
|
|
|-
|Colin
|July 1–2, 2022
|
|
| Southeastern United States
|
|
|
|-
|Gaston
|September 20–25, 2022
|
|
|Azores
|
|
|
|-
|Hermine
|September 23–24, 2022
|
|
|Canary Islands
|
|
|
|-
|Karl
|October 11–14, 2022
|
|
|Southern Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Arlene
|June 1–3, 2023
|
|
|South Florida, Western Cuba
|
|
|
|-
|Bret
|June 19–24, 2023
|
|
|Windward Islands, Aruba, Colombia
|
|
|
|-
|Cindy
|June 22–26, 2023
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Gert
|August 19 – September 4, 2023
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Emily
|August 20–21, 2023
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Harold
|August 21–23, 2023
|
|
|Southwestern United States, Northern Mexico
|
|
|
|-
|Jose
|August 29 – September 1, 2023
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Katia
|August 31 – September 4, 2023
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Ophelia
|September 22–23, 2023
|
|
| United States East Coast
|
|
|
|-
|Philippe
|
|
|
|Northern Leeward Islands, Bermuda
|
|
|
|-
|Rina
|
|
|
|None
|
|
|
|-
|Sean
|
|
|
| None
|
|
|
|-
| Alberto
|
|
|
| Yucatán Peninsula, Northeastern Mexico, Texas, Louisiana
|
|
|
|-
| Chris
|
|
|
| Yucatán Peninsula, Northeastern Mexico, Texas
|
|
|
|-
| Gordon
|
|
|
| Cabo Verde Islands
|
|
|
|-
| Joyce
|
|
|
| None
|
|
|
|-
| Nadine
|
|
|
| Southeastern Mexico, Central America
|
|
|
|-
| Patty
|
|
|
| Azores
|
|
|
|-
| Sara
|
|
|
| Dominican Republic, Central America
|
|
|
|}
Other systems
Michael Chenoweth
Climate researcher Michael Chenoweth has suggested that the following systems were tropical storms, however, they do not appear in the Atlantic hurricane database:
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Lesser Antilles || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || United States East Coast || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || The Bahamas, Cuba, Florida, United States East Coast || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Texas || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Northeastern United States, Atlantic Canada || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || The Bahamas, Jamaica, Cuba || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || United States East Coast || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Yucatán Peninsula || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Venezuela, Nicaragua || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Florida || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Florida || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Jamaica || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || The Caribbean, Florida || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Southeastern United States || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Mexico || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Lesser Antilles || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Mexico || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Louisiana || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Azores || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Louisiana || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Florida || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Central America || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Mexico || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Virginia || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || The Bahamas || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Central America, Cuba, Florida || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || North Carolina || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Central America, Mexico || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Lesser Antilles || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Outer Banks || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Southeastern United States || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Florida || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Texas || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Mexico || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || The Bahamas, Southeastern United States || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || United States East Coast || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Canary Islands || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Lesser Antilles, Hispaniola, The Bahamas || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Hispaniola, The Bahamas, Azores || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Florida, The Bahamas || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Cuba, Florida, The Bahamas, Newfoundland || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Hispaniola || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Louisiana || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || The Bahamas, North Carolina || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Mexico || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Florida, United States East Coast || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || North Carolina || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Louisiana, Mississippi || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || North Carolina || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Lesser Antilles, Hispaniola || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Lesser Antilles || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Azores || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Belize || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Nicaragua || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || Lesser Antilles, Hispaniola, Cuba, Bahamas || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|-
| Unnamed || || || || None || || ||
|}
See also
List of Eastern Pacific tropical storms
List of Western Pacific tropical storms
Notes
References
ATL TS
Atlantic tropical storms
Weather-related lists | List of Atlantic tropical storms | [
"Physics"
] | 19,723 | [
"Weather",
"Physical phenomena",
"Weather-related lists"
] |
65,986,367 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic%20positivity | Toxic positivity is dysfunctional emotional management without the full acknowledgment of negative emotions, particularly anger and sadness. Socially, it is the act of dismissing another person's negative emotions by suggesting a positive emotion instead.
Definition
Toxic positivity is a "pressure to stay upbeat no matter how dire one's circumstance is", which may prevent emotional coping by feeling otherwise natural emotions. Toxic positivity happens when people believe that negative thoughts about anything should be avoided. Even in response to events which normally would evoke sadness, such as loss or hardships, positivity is encouraged as a means to cope, but tends to overlook and dismiss true expression.
The concept of unrealistic optimism was explored by psychologists at least since 1980, and the term toxic positivity first appeared in J. Halberstam's 2011 The Queer Art of Failure with "[...] to poke holes in the toxic positivity of contemporary life".
Psychology
In one sense, toxic positivity is a construct in psychology about how to handle emotions that is built upon the assumption that positive and negative emotions should match the appropriate situation. This is viewed as healthy psychologically. However, toxic positivity is criticized for its requirement to feel positive all the time, even when reality is negative. According to Dr. Jamie Zuckerman, “The inherent problem with this concept is that we assume that if a person is not in a positive mood (or whatever we think a positive person should look or act like), then they are somehow wrong, bad, or inadequate. The problem is that, when we invalidate someone else’s emotional state – or in this case, when we tell someone that feeling sad, angry, or any emotion that we consider ‘negative’ is bad - we end up eliciting secondary emotions inside of them like shame, guilt, and embarrassment.”
In her 2022 book, Bittersweet: How Sorrow and Longing Make Us Whole, author Susan Cain describes "tyranny of positivity" or "toxic positivity" as a cultural directive that says, "Whatever you do, don't tell the truth of what it's like to be alive".
Cain said that, historically and especially in the nineteenth century, boom-and-bust cycles led not only to reverence for successful businessmen, but also to attributing lack of success not to external circumstance but to a failure of character, a form of victim blaming. Cain documents this perceived failure of character as being reflected in the evolving definition of the term "loser". The result is a culture with a "positivity mandate"—an imperative to act "unfailingly cheerful and positive, ... like a winner".
Positivity is generally seen as a good and helpful attitude for most situations, because it reflects optimism and gratitude and it can help lighten moods. Healthy positivity differs from toxic positivity in the way that is acknowledges negative emotions of sadness, anger and jealousy. It pushes for growth and learning through setbacks and conflicts. On the other hand, toxic positivity arises from an unrealistic expectation of having perfectly happy lives all the time. When this does not happen, people "can feel shame or guilt" by being unable to attain the perfection desired. Accordingly, positivity becomes toxic when a person rejects negative feelings even when they are appropriate. It is believed that one must be happy in all types of situations, ignoring other emotions. As a result of denying these feelings, it can often lead to further unhappiness in the long run.
People with a constant requirement for positive experiences may be inadvertently stigmatizing their own negative emotions, such as depression, or suppressing natural emotional responses, such as sadness, regret, or stress. Accepting negative emotions can make a person happier and healthier overall. Some authors, such as Kimberley Harrington, see toxic positivity as a form of personal emotional gaslighting. Harrington believes that it is fine to be "sad when you're sad and angry when you're angry" and to fully feel one's "rainbow of feelings".
Uncontrollable and controllable situations are important determinants of positivity. If the situation is controllable, artificially positive thinking can thwart a person's ability to fix the negative situation. Another determinant is the person's attitude toward happiness which may prevent an optimal response to the inevitable negative experiences that life brings. Positivity becomes toxic with the inability to examine and fix past mistakes. To gloss over inevitable mistakes with exaggerated confidence is unhelpful because it prevents learning from mistakes.
Toxic positivity can sustain an unhappy marriage, but research shows that unhappily married couples are 3–25 times more at risk for developing clinical depression.
Critics of positive psychology have suggested that too much importance is placed on "upbeat thinking, while shunting challenging and difficult experiences to the side". Finally, by not allowing negative emotions, toxic positivity may result in physical consequences, such as cardiovascular and respiratory disease.
The concept of "tragic optimism", a phrase coined by the existential-humanistic psychologist and Holocaust survivor Viktor Frankl, has been suggested as an antidote.
Social media
Social media such as LinkedIn, Instagram, or Facebook may exacerbate the problem as it often emphasizes positive experiences and discourages coping with the inevitable downsides. A study on "Toxic positivity on social media: The drawbacks and benefits of sharing positive (but potentially platitudinous) messages online" found that the display of positivity online can be "beneficial to message senders only if message senders have higher (versus lower) self-esteem or if they experience less (vs. more) toxicity". The effect of the display of positivity on the message sender can be deemed as negative if the messages suppress the negative aspects of the perceived reality. Social media is a platform for individuals to post whatever content or media they desire. In some cases, one may project a positive outlook on social media to avoid reality. Such excessive signs of toxic positivity can eventually lead to an identity shift toward the "process of self-transformation that is the result of intentional self-presentation in a mediated context". Social media platforms are an easy way to compare one another, putting additional pressure on individuals to be or stay positive. This can create divergent viewpoints and conflicting perceptions of reality.
Gender
A study on "Gender differences in levels of toxic positivity in adolescents: a quantitative study" showed a significant difference between male and female adolescents. Surveys and interviews indicated that adolescent girls typically showed lower levels of toxic positivity in comparison to adolescent boys. These results indicate that adolescent females are likely to be better at acknowledging and expressing their negative emotions than adolescent males.
This claim is further backed by another study, "Acceptability and Suppression of Negative Emotion in Anxiety and Mood Disorders", where 60 participants with anxiety and mood disorders and 30 control participants watched an emotion-provoking film. They self-reported their measures, and the clinical participants deemed their emotions as "less acceptable" and therefore suppressed their emotions. The study showed that there was a notable difference between female and male participants. Males in the control group reported more suppression than females in the same group, although both males and females in the clinical group reported suppression to the same degree.
See also
Cognitive dissonance
Cycle of abuse
Emotional exhaustion
Emotional labor
Emotion work
Doublethink
Hedonic treadmill
Illusion of control
List of cognitive biases
Magical thinking
Optimism and optimism bias
Rational expectations
Rat race
Self-deception
Smiley
Notes
References
Psychological concepts
Emotional intelligence
Positive psychology
Conformity | Toxic positivity | [
"Biology"
] | 1,576 | [
"Behavior",
"Conformity",
"Human behavior"
] |
65,986,446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Eugen%20Kurrer | Karl-Eugen Kurrer (born 10. August 1952 in Heilbronn) is a German civil engineer and expert on the history of construction.
Life and education
Kurrer attended the primary school wing of Damm School in Heilbronn from 1959 to 1963, thereafter the secondary wing of the same school. He was a pupil of Friedrich Löchner. It was he who coached Kurrer to his secondary school leaving certificate in 1968 and knew how to awaken his interest in German literature. After leaving school and completing a bricklaying apprenticeship with contractor Paul Ensle in Heilbronn, Kurrer studied civil engineering at Stuttgart Technology University of Applied Sciences from 1970 to 1974. During his studies he worked part-time for the Losberger company in Heilbronn (now Losberger De Boer in Bad Rappenau). After completing his studies he worked for Losberger full-time as a structural engineer in the Single-Storey Sheds Department.
In 1974 he was granted a place to study civil engineering and physical engineering sciences at Technische Universität Berlin. He was awarded a diploma for his thesis Entwicklung der Gewölbetheorie vom 19. Jahrhundert bis zum heutigen Stand der Wissenschaft am Beispiel der Berechnung einer Bogenbrücke (development of arch theory from the 19th century to today using the analysis of an arch bridge as an example) in 1981.
Since 1980 his many articles on the history of science and technology in general and construction history in particular have appeared in journals, newspapers, books and exhibition publications.
Kurrer completed his PhD, On the internal kinematic and kinetic of tube vibratory mills, with the highest level of distinction, summa cum laude, at TU Berlin in 1986 and went on to carry out externally funded research on energy efficiency in industry. Working together with Eberhard Gock (1937–2016), Kurrer continued to pursue the topic of his dissertation. He contributed to the development of a new eccentric vibratory mill that uses 50 % less energy than conventional vibratory grinding mills. After 1995 the design successfully established itself on the international machine market (US-Patent & EU-Patent). This new type of mill resulted in Eberhard Gock, head of the research group, and the industrial partner being awarded the Technology Transfer Prize of the Braunschweig Chamber of Commerce and Industry in 1998.
Between 1989 and 1995 Kurrer was employed at the department of antenna design of Telefunken Sendertechnik GmbH (head of department: Peter Bruger) in Berlin as a designer of structural systems for large long-, medium- and short-wave antenna systems. He worked on the further development of the in-house program suite for the calculation, dimensioning and design of cable networks for short-wave antennas according to the theory of large displacements. He contributed to the design of a rotating short-wave curtain antenna (Inventor: Peter Bruger). The aerial was built for the first time three years later as part of a large project.
In 1996 Kurrer was appointed head of the History of Technology Study Group in the Berlin-Brandenburg regional association of the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI). (Stefan Poser took over this post in late 2003).
From 1 January 1996 to 28 February 2018 Kurrer was editor-in-chief of the journal Stahlbau (Steel Construction) at publishers Ernst & Sohn, a part of Wiley-Blackwell. While in this position he was a key figure in the founding of a new English-language journal, Steel Construction, which in cooperation with the European Convention for Constructional Steelwork (ECCS) has appeared quarterly since 2009 at Ernst & Sohn. Kurrer was responsible for all structural steelwork publications.
Kurrer is a leading expert on the history of construction. Besides writing numerous essays and contributing to several books, he has also compiled an extensive monograph (540pp.), which also appeared in an enlarged English edition (848pp.) for worldwide distribution. In the second, much enlarged, German (1164pp.) and English (June 2018, 1212pp.) editions, Kurrer manages to present the first complete portrayal of the evolution of the theory of structures, including the histories of earth pressure theory and computational statics. Together with Achim Hettler, Kurrer published a book on earth pressure in March 2019, the English edition of which appeared in November 2019. In addition, he contributes to the Neue Deutsche Biographie and the Austrian Biographical Lexicon. Kurrer and Werner Lorenz are the joint editors of the books of the Construction History Series/Edition Bautechnikgeschichte, a series published by Ernst & Sohn.
Since 2002 he has been involved in the organisation of the International Congresses on Construction History. Kurrer – again working with Werner Lorenz, holder of the Chair of Construction History and Structural Preservation at Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg – has been organising the series of lectures on The Practices and Potential of Construction History at the German Museum of Technology in Berlin since 2007.
Kurrer was chairman of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Congress on Construction History (20–24 May 2009, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, Germany) and one of the editors of the Procceedings. He held one of the keynote lectures at the 12th International Conference on Metal Structures (15–17 June 2011, University of Wrocław, Poland).
Kurrer was a founding member of the Gesellschaft für Technikgeschichte (History of Technology Society) and also the Gesellschaft für Bautechnikgeschichte (Construction History Society). The homepage of the latter society includes a link to his essay on the duties of construction history. Kurrer has served as a visiting lecturer for the masters course in civil engineering at Coburg University of Applied Sciences since 2018, covering the history of technology in the winter semester.
Since 1980 he has also published numerous journal articles dealing with technology and the engineering and natural sciences in the context of society as a whole. He regularly writes articles for momentum, an online magazine founded in autumn 2012, which cover topics from the histories of science, technology and construction.
Honours
Kurrer was awarded the Honorary Medal of VDI Berlin-Brandenburg on 1 June 2016.
Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg awarded him an honorary doctorate on 18 October 2017 for his outstanding scientific achievements in the field of construction history.
Works
Effect of the operation conditions on motion and impact processes in vibratory tube mills. Mineral Processing 27 (1986), No. 10, pp. 546-554. (with E. Gock).
Development of the rotary chamber vibration mill for industrial use. Mineral Processing 29 (1988), No. 10, pp. 563-570. (with E. Gock and S. Michaelis).
The outer mechanics of the eccentric vibration mill. International Journal of Mineral Processing 44-45 (1996), pp. 437-446. (with E. Gock and W. Beenken).
Arch and Vault from 1800 to 1864. In: Arch Bridges. History, analysis, assessment, maintenance and repair, A. Sinopoli (Ed.), pp. 37-42. A. A. Balkema Rotterdam 1998. (with A. Kahlow).
Eccentric vibratory mills – theory and practice. Powder Technology 105 (1999), pp. 302-310. (with E. Gock).
Bridge Construction – From the geometric towards the static-constructive approach in bridge design. In: Third International Arch Bridge Conference, C. Abdunur (Ed.), pp. 59-67. Presses de l’école nationale des Ponts et chaussées Paris 2001. (with A. Kahlow and H. Falter).
Geschichte der Baustatik. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 2002, .
Centrifugal tube mill for finest grinding. International Journal of Mineral Processing, Vol. 74, 10. Dec. 2004, Special Issue Supplement Comminution 2002, Issue 1, edited by K. S. E. Forssberg, pp. S75-S83. (with E. Gock, V. Vogt and R. Florescu).
Grace and law: The spatial framework from Föppl to Mengeringhausen. In: Essays in the history of theory of structures. In honour of Jacques Heyman, ed. by S. Huerta, pp. 235-271. Madrid: Instituto Juan de Herrera 2005.
The History of the theory of structures. From arch analysis to computational mechanics. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 2008, .
Werner Lorenz (2012), Karl-Eugen Kurrer 60 Jahre, Stahlbau (in German), 81 (9), pp. 731–732, doi:10.1002/stab.201290127, ISSN 1437-1049
Philosophy and structural engineering. In: Mechanics and Architecture between Epistéme and Téchne, ed. by Anna Sinopoli, pp. 179-206. Roma: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura 2010.
The art of major bridge-building – Hellmut Homberg and his contribution to multiple cable-stayed spans. Steel Construction – Design and Research 5 (2012), No. 4, pp. 251-265. (with E. Pelke)
On the evolution of steel-concrete composite construction. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Construction History, June 3-7, 2015, Chicago, ed. by B. Bowen, D. Friedman, Th. Leslie and J. Ochsendorf, Vol. 3, pp. 107-116. Atlanta (Illinois): Construction History Society of America 2015. (with E. Pelke)
Geschichte der Baustatik. Auf der Suche nach dem Gleichgewicht, 2., stark erw. Auflage, Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 2016,
Construction History in Germany. In: L’Histoire de la construction/Construction History. Relevé d’un chantier européen/Survey of a European Building Site. Sous la direction d’Antonio Becchi, Robert Carvais et Joël Sakarovitch, Tome I, pp. 195-246. Paris: Classique Garnier 2018. (with W. Lorenz)
The History of the Theory of Structures. Searching for Equilibrium. Construction History Series/Edition Bautechnikgeschichte, ed. by Karl-Eugen Kurrer and Werner Lorenz. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 2018 (with biography, pp. XXVIII–XXIX),
Earth Pressure. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 2020, (with A. Hettler)
Kurt Beyers Beitrag zur Baustatik. In: Beton- und Stahlbetonbau 115 (2020), Heft 1, S. 62–80, ISSN 0005-9900.
Die Kunst der Technik. Bauingenieure in Deutschland / The art of engineering. Civil and structural engineers in Germany. In: Ingenieurbaukunst – Engineering Made in Germany, hrsgn. v. d. Bundesingenieurkammer, pp. 16–25. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 2020, . (with B. Hauke)
External links
Biografie
Erstes Gespräch mit Burkhard Talebitari, “momentum” vom 29. Januar 2016. (German)
Zweites Gespräch mit Burkhard Talebitari, “momentum” vom 25. Mai 2016. (German)
Interview mit “momentum”, Youtube vom 25. Januar 2013. (German)
Literatur von und über Karl-Eugen Kurrer im Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek (German)
References
1952 births
Technische Universität Berlin alumni
German civil engineers
German historians of science
Historians of technology
History of structural engineering
20th-century German historians
21st-century German historians
Living people | Karl-Eugen Kurrer | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,513 | [
"Structural engineering",
"History of structural engineering"
] |
65,987,514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Helen%20Harper | Margaret Helen Harper (9 February 1919 - 13 October 2014) was an American computer programmer who worked with Grace Hopper at Remington Rand to develop one of the first computer compilers. Harper was born in Michigan, but lived most of her life in Pennsylvania. She attended Wellesley College and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1940. She worked as a programmer and then as a professor.
Early life and education
Harper was born in Michigan, but grew up in Pennsylvania. Her parents were Paul Harper (b. 1892) and Katharine Harper (b. 1893). Paul worked at an auto dealership, and Katharine was a musician and a stay-at-home mother. Margaret had an adopted younger brother named Richard Irving Harper (13 March 1927 - November 1977). Margaret was encouraged in her studies as a child, but she lamented that she wasn't very artistic. Margaret attended both public and private schools before her college years. For college, Margaret first attended Wellesley College, but then transferred to the University of Pennsylvania. Margaret was active in sports, and played on the Wellesley College and University of Pennsylvania women's hockey teams. Margaret graduated in 1940 with a Bachelor of Science from the University of Pennsylvania's School of Education where she studied chemistry.
Career
It is not clear how Harper got involved in computer science, but by the 1950s she was working as a developer.
Computer science is by and large a discipline of collaboration, and the development process in the late 1940s and early 1950s was no different in that respect. In the early 1950s when Grace Hopper was developing the first compilers, she was aided by Harper and Richard K. Ridgway. Hopper even stated that "this work is necessarily group research, and this account cannot be published without citing those members…primarily responsible for the achievement of these results". This is important to note, because much of Harper's contribution has been overshadowed by the Matilda Effect of Grace Hopper's fame. In 1952, Harper, Ridgway, and Hopper were all working at Remington Rand on the A series of compilers for the UNIVAC system. Specifically, Harper and Ridgway prepared the manual for and worked on the A-2 compiler.
Harper also published her article "Subroutines: Prefabricated Blocks for Building" in the March 1954 issue of Computers and Automation. In her article, Harper starts off by saying how the 1950s computer programmer has essentially been like a "settler in America" who must make every bit of his house by hand, right down to the pegs that hold the house together! She continues by noting that the times have changed, and now programmers are working together not from the fine pegs of a house, but by using the tools and ideas that others discovered in the past. She stresses the importance of subroutines in computer programming—the idea that larger tasks can be broken down into smaller (sub) segments—but goes on to note that "the absence of a compiler [for subroutines] has meant that subroutines have been coded to function only in a fixed portion of the computer's storage or memory." This was problematic, because it meant that a lot of code was simply not reusable. The computers that we know and recognize today (in the 2000s) could not function without this reusable code. But in 1954 Harper had the foresight to ask, "If Russian can be translated into English…why not one computer code into another?" This was the crux of the issue with in the idea of compiler design and implementation. Although Harper did not invent the compiler, she was a part of one of the earliest teams of scientists who would imagine and build the first compilers. The New Scientist from 17 September 1987 states that one of the first people to implement the new compilers was Harper.
After Harper finished work with Hopper and Ridgway at Remington Rand, she continued as a programming analyst at Auerbach Corporation in the 1960s. She was among those listed in the Who's Who in the Computer Field for 1963-64 and the Who's Who in Computers and Data Processing for 1971. After working for Auerbach, she taught at the university of a Pennsylvania and later retired.
She died in 2014 in Pennsylvania at the age of 95.
References
Citations
Sources
1930 Census Place: Upper Darby, Delaware, Pennsylvania; Page: 3A; Enumeration District: 0163; FHL microfilm: 2341768.
1939: Arrival: New York, New York, USA; Microfilm Serial: T715, 1897–1957; Line: 24; Page Number: 135.
1948: New York, New York, USA; Microfilm Serial: T715, 1897-1957: Line: 8; Page Number: 115.
Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT; Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2002.
Ancestry.com. New York, Passenger and Crew Lists (including Castle Garden and Ellis Island), 1820-1957 [database on-line]. Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.
Ancestry.com. U.S., Obituary Collection, 1930-Current [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.
Ancestry.com. US Public Records Index, 1950–1993, vol. 1 [database on-line]. Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.
Biography Index. vol. 9, September 1970-August 1973 (Published 1974) — New York: H.W. Wilson Co.
Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. 2011 — Programmed Visions: Software and Memory — Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.
Harper, Margaret H. "Subroutines: Prefabricated Blocks for Building" Computers and Automation, vol. 3, no. 3, March 3, 1954, pp. 14–15.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Summer Session 1954: Digital Computers, Advanced Coding Techniques — MIT Digital Computer Laboratory of the Department of Electrical Engineering and the Office of Naval Research, Cambridge, Mass., Summer 1954.
Nofre, D., Priestley, M., & Alberts, G. "When Technology Became Language: The Origins of the Linguistic Conception of Computer Programming, 1950-1960." Technology and Culture, vol. 55, no. 1, January 2014, pp. 40–75.
"Richard Harper - November 1977 - Obituary - Tributes.com" www.tributes.com. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
"Richard K. Ridgway - Home". dl.acm.org. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
Stanley, Autumn. 1995 — Mothers and Daughters of Invention: Notes for a Revised History of Technology — New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
Stein, Dorothy. (17 September 1987). "Sex and the COBOL Cabal". New Scientist. vol. 115 no. 1578. pp. 79.
Symposium on Automatic Programming for Digital Computers by the Navy Mathematical Computing Advisory Panel — Published by Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy, Washington D.C., May 13–14, 1954.
University of Pennsylvania Women's Yearbook, 1940. archives.upenn.edu, 1940, pp. 39.
"The Wellesley Legenda 1937 | Wellesley College Digital Collections". repository.wellesley.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
Who's Who in Computers and Data Processing. vol. 1, 1971 — Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
Who's Who in the Computer Field. 1963-64 — Newtonville, Mass.: Berkeley Enterprises.
American computer programmers
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
History of computing
Compilers
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Wellesley College alumni
1919 births
2014 deaths
20th-century American women scientists
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American women | Margaret Helen Harper | [
"Technology"
] | 1,611 | [
"Computers",
"History of computing"
] |
65,989,316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Tank | Jennifer L. Tank is an American ecologist who is the Galla Professor of Ecology of Streams and Rivers at the University of Notre Dame. Her research considers the biogeochemistry of streams, the influence of agriculture on land conservation, stream restoration and stream transport. She was elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2020.
Early life and education
Tank was raised beside the shores of the Great Lakes. Her parents were biology teachers. She was an undergraduate student at Michigan State University, where she studied zoology. She earned her master's and doctoral degree at Virginia Tech, where she switched focus to ecology. Her master's research considered microbial respiration on decaying leaves and sticks in an Appalachian stream. Her doctoral research involved investigations into the microbial activity of wood biofilms in streams. Tank was a postdoctoral researcher at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Research and career
In 1998 Tank was made an Assistant Professor of Environmental Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. She joined the University of Notre Dame in 2000, where she was made Assistant, Associate and eventually full Professor. She was elected Director of the Notre Dame Environmental Change Initiative in 2016. As part of her leadership, Tank is responsible for the Indiana Watershed Initiative, which explores how conservation practises serve to protect freshwater. She was elected President of the Society for Freshwater Science in 2017.
Awards and honours
2013 Appointed Leopold Leadership Fellow from the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment
2014 Elected Fellow of the John J. Reilly Center for Science
2016 Ganey Faculty Community-Based Research Research Award
2018 Notre Dame Media Legend
2019 Hoosier Resilience Hero from the Environmental Resilience Institute
2019 Association for Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography Ruth Patrick Award
2020 Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
2020 Elected Fellow of the Society for Freshwater Science
Selected publications
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American ecologists
American women ecologists
University of Notre Dame faculty
Virginia Tech alumni
Michigan State University alumni
American environmental scientists
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Presidents of the Society for Freshwater Science | Jennifer Tank | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 423 | [
"American environmental scientists",
"Environmental scientists"
] |
65,989,913 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Research%20Ethics%20Service | The National Research Ethics Service (NRES) is a UK medical quango which deals with research ethics. Principal Investigators must describe the experiment they intend to pursue to the NRES for its approval, failing which the study is prohibited.
History
The NRES was launched on 1 April 2007.
The adjective "National" was omitted from the name at some unknown point in time.
Purpose
In 2009, the NRES issued a leaflet in which it described its purpose:
The National Research Ethics Service (NRES) reviews research proposals to protect the rights and safety of research participants and enables ethical research which is of potential benefit to science and society.
Substance of reports
The substance of the NRES reports can be gleaned from an approval obtained in 2011 by Stephanie Taylor, who was then Professor of Public Health and Primary Care at Queen Mary University of London.
References
2007 establishments in the United Kingdom
Government agencies established in 2007
British medical research
Department of Health and Social Care
Non-departmental public bodies of the United Kingdom government
Design of experiments
Human subject research
Clinical research ethics
Medical ethics
Drug safety
Social research
Ethics organizations
Ethics and statistics
Research ethics
Regulatory compliance | National Research Ethics Service | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 226 | [
"Ethics and statistics",
"Research ethics",
"Drug safety",
"Ethics of science and technology"
] |
65,990,966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dror%20Ze%27evi | Dror Ze'evi (born 1953, Haifa) is an Israeli historian who studies political, social and cultural history of the Ottoman Empire, Turkey and the Levant.
Ze'evi's father, , was deputy head of Mossad, and his mother, Galila, is an interior designer. Ze'evi grew up in different cities around Israel and the world, including several years in France and Britain. He served as an intelligence officer in the IDF until 1983, and was awarded the rank of Lt. Col. during his reserve service.
He wrote his Ph.D. dissertation at Tel-Aviv University, on the Ottoman district of Jerusalem in the seventeenth century, and spent a post-doctoral year at Princeton on a Rothschild Fellowship.
In 1992, he returned to Israel and, along with Professor Meir Zamir, founded the Department of Middle East Studies at Ben Gurion University of the Negev. He served as the department's first chair from 1995 to 1998, and again from 2002 to 2004. He also participated in the founding of the Chaim Herzog Center for Middle East Studies and Diplomacy, and served as its first chair from 1997 to 2002.
Ze'evi was part of the group of scholars who relaunched the veteran Israeli "Oriental Society" and renamed it MEISAI (Middle East and Islamic Studies Association of Israel). He served as the association's first president, from 2006 to 2009. He is also one of the founders of the Israeli Forum for Regional Thinking.
Works
References
Living people
Israeli historians
Scholars of Ottoman history
Historians of sexuality
1953 births | Dror Ze'evi | [
"Biology"
] | 321 | [
"Behavior",
"Sexuality",
"Historians of sexuality"
] |
65,991,612 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfa%20pests | Alfalfa pest, pests specifically linked to alfalfa by name, may be:
Insects
Blue alfalfa aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi)
Alfalfa bug (Piezodorus guildinii) a stink bug
Alfalfa plant bug (Adelphocoris lineolatus)
Alfalfa butterfly and alfalfa caterpillar (Colias eurytheme) a butterfly
Alfalfa looper (Autographa californica) a moth
Alfalfa moth (Cydia medicaginis) a moth
Alfalfa leaf tier (Dichomeris acuminata) a moth that rolls alfalfa leaves
Alfalfa webworm (Loxostege commixtalis) a moth
Alfalfa webworm (Loxostege cereralis) a moth
Alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica)
Other
Alfalfa cyst nematode (Heterodera medicaginis)
Alfalfa dodder (Cuscuta approximata) a parasitic plant
Large-seeded alfalfa dodder (Cuscuta campestris) a parasitic plant
See also
List of alfalfa diseases
Alfalfa leafcutter bee (Megachile rotundata) which pollinates alfalfa
Plant pathogens and diseases
Medicago | Alfalfa pests | [
"Biology"
] | 278 | [
"Plant pathogens and diseases",
"Plants"
] |
65,991,877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development%20Assessment%20Panels | Development Assessment Panels are independent decision-making bodies with the power to determine high value development applications in Western Australia. The panels contain five members—three industry professionals and two elected members of the local government. The purpose of the panels is to introduce more consistent decision-making into the determination of development applications and to refocus the attention of elected members in local governments on higher-level strategic planning and policy matters. The panels share characteristics of panels set up by other Australian states for similar reasons.
Background
Development Assessment Panels where introduced to Western Australia in 2011 by the Barnett government with support from the opposition Labor party. The removal of the decision-making power from elected Councillors was opposed by the Western Australian Local Government Association, the Local Government Planners Association and some members of the community.
During 2022-23, DAPs determined 270 applications for development approval.
Controversy
Community opposition
Most DAP approvals where uncontroversial, however since 2011, several projects received DAP approval over strong community objections and resulting media coverage. This included an approval for the Lumier apartment development in South Perth which was overturned following an appeal to the Supreme Court in 2016.
Scrap the DAP
Scrap the DAP was a community campaign during the 2017 Western Australian state election advocating for the abolition of independent Development Assessment Panels. The campaign was supported by 21 Councils of 38 metropolitan local governments and opposed by groups associated with the property and development industry. The movement was not endorsed by either major party, although community concerns where acknowledged. Following the election, many of the individuals associated with the movement have continued to advocate for the reform or abolition of the panels under various other slogans and community associations. No council has passed a motion condemning the DAP process since 2017.
References
Western Australia
Urban planning
Perth, Western Australia
Political campaigns | Development Assessment Panels | [
"Engineering"
] | 359 | [
"Urban planning",
"Architecture"
] |
65,992,497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truenat | Truenat is a chip-based, point-of-care, rapid molecular test for diagnosis of infectious diseases. The technology is based on the Taqman RTPCR (Real Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction) chemistry which can be performed on the portable, battery operated Truelab Real Time micro PCR platform. Truenat is developed and manufactured by Goa-based Molbio Diagnostics Private Limited.
Truenat for TB
Based on findings from a multi-centre diagnostic accuracy assessment conducted by The Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), the World Health Organization (WHO) announced endorsement of Molbio's molecular assays Truenat MTB, Truenat MTB Plus and Truenat MTB RIFDx as initial diagnostic tests of pulmonary Tuberculosis and Rifampicin Resistance through a rapid communication in January,2020. The Truenat test was incorporated in India's National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme after recommendations from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
The Government of Andhra Pradesh was one of the first adopter of Truenat under its Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) for TB diagnosis. In October 2018, the state rolled out Truenat in Designated Microscopy Centres (DMC) across 13 districts. Truenat was found to improved TB case notification rates by 30% in Andhra Pradesh
Truenat for COVID-19
In April, 2020 the point-of-care Truenat test for diagnosis of COVID-19 was launched after validation at the State Level Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute and subsequent approval from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). The test processes oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swab specimen and provides results within one hour from sample collection.
Samples are collected in a viral lysis buffer that require very minimal biosafety and biosecurity. The Lancet remarked, "This innovative technology-driven COVID-19 testing platform has been a game changer for testing in underserved areas and quick testing in emergency departments of health-care facilities in India."
Technology
The Truenat test is run on the battery-powered Truelab system. This system consists of a sample preparation device ( this device is used for RNA/DNA extraction and then the purification from the sample) and along with that - the PCR analyzer device. This device is available in 1-, 2-, or 4-module configurations. The lattermost configuration is capable of testing four samples at the same time.
The devices function in a wide range of environmental conditions with minimal user input, making them suitable for use in primary healthcare settings with minimal infrastructural requirements, providing an automated reporting system and having real time data transfer capability for centralized monitoring and analytics for disease surveillance.
References
Medical tests
Medical equipment | Truenat | [
"Biology"
] | 576 | [
"Medical equipment",
"Medical technology"
] |
65,993,970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizoferrin | Rhizoferrin is an organic compound with the formula (CH2CH2NHCOCH2C(OH)(CO2H)CH2CO2H)2. It is multifunctional molecule with two secondary alcohols, four carboxylic acid groups, and two amide groups. In aqueous solution, it is highly ionized, but the term rhizoferrin is still applied to these species.
The compound is a siderophore, which means that is it serves to transport iron from outside the cell into a host organism.
Rhizoferrin is derived from conjugating a pair of citric acid molecules. The pair are connected via a diamide linkage between the putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) and one of the two unhindered carboxylic acid groups of citric acid. The result is a C2-symmetric hexadentate ligand. A related siderophore is staphyloferrin A, where the two citric acid groups are linked by D-ornithine. The structure of rhizoferrin was established by total synthesis.
Iron(III) is bound tightly to the four carboxylate anions and two tertiary alcohols. The result is a monoanionic octahedral complex.
References
Siderophores
Iron(III) compounds
Carboxylic acids
Amides | Rhizoferrin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 295 | [
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups",
"Amides"
] |
68,829,318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-charm%20tetraquark | The double-charm tetraquark (T, cc) is a type of long-lived tetraquark that was discovered in 2021 in the LHCb experiment conducted at the Large Hadron Collider. It contains four quarks: two charm quarks, an anti-up and an anti-down quark.
It has a theoretical computed mass of . The discovery showed an exceptionally strong peak, with 20-sigma significance.
It is hypothesized that studying the behavior of the double-charm tetraquark may play a part in explaining the behavior of the strong force. Following the discovery of the T, researchers now plan experiments to find its double-beauty counterpart T. This tetraquark has been found to have a longer lifespan than most known exotic-matter particles.
References
External links
Observation and study of the doubly charmed Tcc+ tetraquark at LHCb: presentation by Ivan Polyaokov at CERN, 2021-09-14
Hadrons
Mesons
Large Hadron Collider
2021 in science
Subatomic particles with spin 1 | Double-charm tetraquark | [
"Physics"
] | 228 | [
"Matter",
"Hadrons",
"Particle physics",
"Particle physics stubs",
"Subatomic particles"
] |
68,831,141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Villa | Elizabeth Villa is an American biophysicist who is Associate Professor at the University of California, San Diego. Her research considers the development of Cryo Electron Tomography and structural biology. She was named a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Research Investigator in 2021.
Early life and education
Villa grew up in Mexico, which is where she first studied physics. She earned her doctorate at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, where she worked as a Fulbright Fellow. She completed her research in the laboratory of Klaus Schulten on the modeling of biomolecular complexes. During her doctorate, she was introduced to cryogenic electron microscopy, and worked with Joachim Frank on approaches to combine X-ray crystallography with Cryo EM and molecular dynamics. She moved to the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry as a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions as a postdoctoral fellow.
Research and career
Villa joined the Department of Chemistry at the University of California, San Diego in 2014. She was selected a Pew Research Scholar in 2017. In 2021, Villa was named a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Fellow.
Villa has developed novel techniques to explore cellular machinery. This machinery includes bulky molecular complexes, which are composed of nucleic acids, carbohydrates and proteins. Her early work developed tags for Cryo Electron Tomography (cryo-ET), for which she was awarded an National Institutes of Health Director's Award. She developed cryo focused ion beam milling, which makes use of an ion beam to remove ultra-thin layers of cellular material. Images can be acquired from various angles using a transmission electron microscope and reconstructed to form a three-dimensional picture.
Villa determined the structure of the LRRK2 protein. Mutations in LRRK2 are the most frequent cause of Parkinson's disease. The protein includes a 14 Å structure with a pathogenic mutation that forms a right-handed double helix around left-handed tubules. By understanding the 3D structure of LRRK2, Villa hopes to design new treatments for Parkinson's disease.
Selected publications
References
American biophysicists
Living people
University of California, San Diego faculty
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Microscopists
Women in optics
American optical physicists
Structural biologists | Elizabeth Villa | [
"Chemistry"
] | 457 | [
"Structural biologists",
"Microscopists",
"Structural biology",
"Microscopy"
] |
68,831,440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncometabolism | Oncometabolism is the field of study that focuses on the metabolic changes that occur in cells that make up the tumor microenvironment (TME) and accompany oncogenesis and tumor progression toward a neoplastic state.
Cells with increased growth and survivability differ from non-tumorigenic cells in terms of metabolism. The Warburg Effect, which describes how cancer cells change their metabolism to become more oncogenic in order to proliferate and eventually invade other tissues in a process known as metastasis.
The chemical reactions associated with oncometabolism are triggered by the alteration of oncogenes, which are genes that have the potential to cause cancer. These genes can be functional and active during physiological conditions, producing normal amounts of metabolites. Their upregulation as a result of DNA damage can result in an overabundance of these metabolites, and lead to tumorigenesis. These metabolites are known as oncometabolites, and can act as biomarkers.
History
In the 1920s, Otto Heinrich Warburg discovered an intriguing bioenergetic phenotype shared by most tumor cells: a higher-than-normal reliance on lactic acid fermentation for energy generation. He is known as the "Father of Oncometabolism". Although the roots of this research field trace back to the 1920s, it was only recently recognized Over the last decade, research on cancer progression has focused on the role of shifting metabolic pathways for both the cancer and immune cells, leading to an increase interest in characterizing the metabolic alterations that cells undergo in the TME.
Warburg Effect
In the absence of hypoxic conditions (i.e. physiological levels of oxygen), cancer cells preferentially convert glucose to lactate, according to Otto H. Warburg, who believed that aerobic glycolysis was the key metabolic change in cancer cell malignancy. The "Warburg effect" was later coined to describe this metabolic shift. Warburg thought this change in metabolism was due to mitochondrial "respiration injury", but this interpretation was questioned by other researchers in 1956 showing that intact and functional cytochromes detected in most tumor cells clearly speak against a general mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, Potter et al. and several other authors provided significant evidence that oxidative phosphorylation and a normal Krebs cycle persist in the vast majority malignant tumors, adding to the growing body of evidence that most cancers exhibit the Warburg effect while maintaining a proper mitochondrial respiration. Dang et al. in 2008 provided evidence that the tumor tissue sections used in Warburg's experiments should have been thinner for the oxygen diffusion constants employed, implying that the tissue slices studied were partially hypoxic and the calculated critical diffusion distance was of 470 micrometers. As a result, endless debates and discussions about Warburg's discovery took place and have piqued the interest of scientists all over the world, which has helped bring attention to cell metabolism in cancer and immune cells and the use of modern technology to discover what these pathways are and how they are modified as well as potential therapeutic targets.
Metabolic reprogramming
Carcinogenic cells undergo a metabolic rewiring during oncogenesis, and oncometabolites play an important role. In cancer, there are several reprogrammed metabolic pathways that help cells survive when nutrients are scarce: Aerobic glycolysis, an increase in glycolytic flux, also known as the Warburg effect, allows glycolytic intermediates to supply subsidiary pathways to meet the metabolic demands of proliferating tumorigenic cells. Another studied reprogrammed pathway is gain of function of the oncogene MYC. This gene encodes a transcription factor that boosts the expression of a number of genes involved in anabolic growth via mitochondrial metabolism. Oncometabolite production is another example of metabolic deregulation.
Oncometabolites
Oncometabolites are metabolites whose abundance increases markedly in cancer cells through loss-of-function or gain-of-function mutations in specific enzymes involved in their production, the accumulation of these endogenous metabolites initiates or sustains tumor growth and metastasis. Cancer cells rely on aerobic glycolysis, which is reached through defects in enzymes involved in normal cell metabolism, this allows the cancer cells to meet their energy needs and divert acetyl-CoA from the TCA cycle to build essential biomolecules such as amino acids and lipids. These defects cause an overabundance of endogenous metabolites, which are frequently involved in critical epigenetic changes and signaling pathways that have a direct impact on cancer cell metabolism.
Epigenetics
Oncometabolite dysregulation and cancer progression are linked to epigenetic changes in cancer cells. Several mechanisms have been linked to D-2-hydroxyglutarate, succinate, and fumarate with the inhibition of α-KG–dependent dioxygenases, this causes epigenetic changes that affect the expression of genes involved in cell differentiation and the development of malignant characteristics. The group of Timothy A. Chan described a mechanism by which abnormal accumulation of the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate in brain tumor samples increased DNA methylation, a process that has been shown to play a key role in oncogenesis. On the other hand, in paraganglioma cells, succinate and fumarate were found to methylate histones, effectively silencing the genes PNMT and KRT19, which are involved in neuroendocrine differentiation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, respectively.
Biomarkers for cancer detection
The discovery of oncometabolites has ushered in a new era in cancer biology, one that has the potential to improve patient care. The discovery of new therapeutic and reliable markers that exploit vulnerabilities of cancer cells, are being used to targeting either upstream or downstream effectors of these pathways. Oncometabolites can be used as diagnostic biomarkers and may be able to assist oncologists in making more precise decisions in early stages of tumorigenesis, particularly in predicting more aggressive tumor behavior.
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
The detection of D-2-hydroxyglutarate in glioma patients using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been shown to be a noninvasive procedure. The presence of IDH1 or IDH2 mutations was linked to the detection of this oncometabolite 100 percent of the time. IDH2/R140Q is a specific mutation that has shown promising results after its inhibition by the small molecule AGI-6780. Therefore, limiting the supply of D-2-hydroxyglutarate by inhibiting the detected mutant IDH enzymes could be a good therapeutical approach to IDH-mutant cancers.
Succinate dehydrogenase
IHC staining has been shown to be a useful diagnostic tool for prioritizing patients for SDH mutation testing in early stages of cancer. The absence of SDHB in IHC staining would be linked to the presence of SDH oncogene mutations. The already commercialized drug decitabine (Dacogen®) could be an effective therapy to repress the migration capacities of SDHB-mutant cells,
Fumarate hydratase
IHC staining for FH is used to detect lack of this protein in patients with papillary renal cell carcinoma type 2. The lack of FH in renal carcinoma cells induces pro-survival metabolic adaptations where several cascades are affected.
Glycine-N-methyltransferase
Downregulation of glycine-N-methyltransferase has been linked to hepatocellular carcinoma and pancreatic cancer. Serving this as a reliable marker for oncogenesis. When compared to patients with deletions in GNMT, patients with no deletions early-stage pancreatic cancer had twice the median months overall survival.
Applications
Oncometabolomics
Metabolomics can be applied to oncometabolism, since the changes in cancer's genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic profiles can result in changes in downstream metabolic pathways. With this information we can elucidate the responsible pathways and oncometabolites for various diseases. Actually, through the use of this technique, the dysregulation of the pyruvate kinase enzyme in glucose metabolism was discovered in cancer cells. Another common used technique is glucose or glutamine labeled with 13C to show that the TCA cycle is used to generate large amounts of fatty acids (phospholipids) and to replenish the TCA cycle intermediates. But oncometabolomics does not necessarily need to be used on cancer cells, but on cells immediately surrounding them in the TME.
Metabolomics applied to cancer has the potential to significantly improve current oncological treatments and has a great diagnostic value, since metabolic changes are the prequel of phenotypic changes in cells (thus tissues and organs) making it suitable for early detection of difficult-to-detect cancers. This also leads to a more personalized medicine and customize an individual's cancer treatment according to their specific oncometabolite profiles, which would allow for better cancer therapy customization or informed adjustments.
Software and libraries
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) is a metabolic pathway analysis software package that helps researchers model, analyze, and comprehend complex biological systems by associating specific metabolites with potential metabolic pathways for data analysis. This software has been used by researchers to elucidate regulatory networks on oncometabolites like hydroxyglutarate.
Metabolights
Metabolights is an open-access database for metabolomics research that collects all experimental data from leading journals' metabolic experiments. Since its initial release in 2012, the MetaboLights repository has seen consistent year-on-year growth. It is a resource that surged in response to the needs of the scientific community to easy access to metabolite data.
Research
Cancer research has been ongoing for centuries, trying to elucidate the origin of its cause. As cancer research evolves with time, the scientific community tends to pay more attention to cell metabolism and how to target these metabolic needs and changes that cells undergo during carcinogenesis. There is growing evidence that metabolic dependencies in cancer are influenced by tissue environment, being this important to consider the TME for different in vitro and in vivo models to study oncometabolism in different cancer scenarios.
There is extensive research on the modulation of BET proteins in cancer models of breast. These proteins appear to be involved in oncometabolism and targeting and uncoupling BRD4 actions in carcinogenic cells, as well as stopping pro-migratory signals and changing cytokine metabolism, particularly IL-6. The same group has reported on the importance of exosomes in the TME and how these vesicles, shed by adipocytes, can carry a specific molecular cargo that causes metabolic changes in the cell, leading to pro-metastatic changes in the recipient breast cancer cells.
References
Wikipedia Student Program
Oncology
Metabolism | Oncometabolism | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,349 | [
"Cellular processes",
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism"
] |
68,831,814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Samanidou | Victoria F. Samanidou is a Greek analytical chemist. She is a professor at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in Thessaloniki, Greece.
Achievements and honours
2023 the Power List - Mentors and Educators, Analytical Scientist
References
External links
Lab page
Samanidou's staff page at Chemistry School website
Greek chemists
Analytical chemists
Academic staff of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
1963 births
Scientists from Thessaloniki
Living people | Victoria Samanidou | [
"Chemistry"
] | 81 | [
"Analytical chemists"
] |
68,834,254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicification | In geology, silicification is a petrification process in which silica-rich fluids seep into the voids of Earth materials, e.g., rocks, wood, bones, shells, and replace the original materials with silica (SiO2). Silica is a naturally existing and abundant compound found in organic and inorganic materials, including Earth's crust and mantle. There are a variety of silicification mechanisms. In silicification of wood, silica permeates into and occupies cracks and voids in wood such as vessels and cell walls. The original organic matter is retained throughout the process and will gradually decay through time. In the silicification of carbonates, silica replaces carbonates by the same volume. Replacement is accomplished through the dissolution of original rock minerals and the precipitation of silica. This leads to a removal of original materials out of the system. Depending on the structures and composition of the original rock, silica might replace only specific mineral components of the rock. Silicic acid (H4SiO4) in the silica-enriched fluids forms lenticular, nodular, fibrous, or aggregated quartz, opal, or chalcedony that grows within the rock. Silicification happens when rocks or organic materials are in contact with silica-rich surface water, buried under sediments and susceptible to groundwater flow, or buried under volcanic ashes. Silicification is often associated with hydrothermal processes. Temperature for silicification ranges in various conditions: in burial or surface water conditions, temperature for silicification can be around 25°−50°; whereas temperatures for siliceous fluid inclusions can be up to 150°−190°. Silicification could occur during a syn-depositional or a post-depositional stage, commonly along layers marking changes in sedimentation such as unconformities or bedding planes.
Sources of silica
The sources of silica can be divided into two categories: silica in organic and inorganic materials. The former category is also known as biogenic silica, which is a ubiquitous material in animals and plants. The latter category is the second most abundant element in Earth's crust. Silicate minerals are the major components of 95% of presently identified rocks.
Biology
Biogenic silica is the major source of silica for diagenesis. One of the prominent examples is the presence of silica in phytoliths in the leaves of plants, i.e. grasses, and Equisetaceae. Some suggested that silica present in phytoliths can serve as a defense mechanism against the herbivores, where the presence of silica in leaves increases the difficulty in digestion, harming the fitness of herbivores. However, evidence on the effects of silica on the wellbeing of animals and plants is still insufficient.
Besides, sponges are another biogenic source of naturally occurring silica in animals. They belong to the phylum Porifera in the classification system. Silicious sponges are commonly found with silicified sedimentary layers, for example in the Yanjiahe Formation in South China. Some of them occur as sponge spicules and are associated with microcrystalline quartz or other carbonates after silicification. It could also be the main source of precipitative beds such as cherts beds or cherts in petrified woods.
Diatoms, an important group of microalgae living in marine environments, contribute significantly to the source of diagenetic silica. They have cell walls made of silica, also known as diatom frustules. In some silicified sedimentary rocks, fossils of diatoms are unearthed. This suggests that diatoms frustules were sources of silica for silicification. Some examples are silicified limestones of Miocene Astoria Formation in Washington, silicified ignimbrite in El Tatio Geyser Field in Chile, and Tertiary siliceous sedimentary rocks in western pacific deep sea drills. The presence of biogenic silica in various species creates a large-scale marine silica cycle that circulates silica through the ocean. Silica content is therefore high in active silica upwelling areas in the deep-marine sediments. Besides, carbonate shells that deposited in shallow marine environments enrich silica contents at continental shelf areas.
Geology
The major component of the Earth's upper mantle is silica (SiO2), which makes it the primary source of silica in hydrothermal fluids. SiO2 is a stable component. It often appears as quartz in volcanic rocks. Some quartz that is derived from pre-existing rocks, appear in the form of sand and detrital quartz that interact with seawater to produce siliceous fluids. In some cases, silica in siliceous rocks are subjected to hydrothermal alteration and react with seawater at certain temperatures, forming an acidic solution for silicification of nearby materials. In the rock cycle, the chemical weathering of rocks also releases silica in the form of silicic acid as by-products. Silica from weathered rocks is washed into waters and deposit into shallow-marine environments.
Mechanisms of silicification
The presence of hydrothermal fluids is essential as a medium for geochemical reactions during silicification. In the silicification of different materials, different mechanisms are involved. In the silicification of rock materials like carbonates, replacement of minerals through hydrothermal alteration is common; while the silicification of organic materials such as woods is solely a process of permeation.
Replacement
The replacement of silica involves two processes:
1) Dissolution of rock minerals
2) Precipitation of silica
It could be explained through the carbonate-silica replacement. Hydrothermal fluids are undersaturated with carbonates and supersaturated with silica. When carbonate rocks get in contact with hydrothermal fluids, due to the difference in gradient, carbonates from the original rock dissolve into the fluid whereas silica precipitate out of it. The carbonate that dissolved is therefore pulled out from the system while the silica precipitated recrystallizes into various silicate minerals, depending on the silica phase. The solubility of silica strongly depends on the temperature and pH value of the environment where pH9 is the controlling value. Under a condition of pH lower than 9, silica precipitates out of the fluid; when the pH value is above 9, silica becomes highly soluble.
Permeation
In the silicification of woods, silica dissolves in hydrothermal fluid and seeps into lignin in cell walls. Precipitation of silica out of the fluids produces silica deposition within the voids, especially in the cell walls. Cell materials are broken down by the fluids, yet the structure remains stable due to the development of minerals. Cell structures are slowly replaced by silica. Continuous penetration of siliceous fluids results in different stages of silicification i.e. primary and secondary. The loss of fluids over time leads to the cementation of silicified woods through late silica addition.
The rate of silicification depends on a few factors:
1) Rate of breakage of original cells
2) Availability of silica sources and silica content in the fluid
3) Temperature and pH of silicification environment
4) Interference of other diagenetic processes
These factors affect the silicification process in many ways. The rate of breakage of original cells controls the development of the mineral framework, hence the replacement of silica. Availability of silica directly determines the silica content in fluids. The higher the silica content, the faster silicification could take place. The same concept applies to the availability of hydrothermal fluids. The temperature and pH of the environment determine the condition for silicification to occur. This is closely connected to the burial depth or association with volcanic events. Interference of other diagenetic processes could sometimes create disturbance to silicification. The relative time of silicification to other geological processes could serve as a reference for further geological interpretations.
Examples
Volcanic rocks
In the Conception Bay in Newfoundland, Southeastern coast of Canada, a series of Pre-Cambrian to Cambrian-linked volcanic rocks were silicified. The rocks mainly consist of rhyolitic and basaltic flows, with crystal tuffs and breccia interbedded. Regional silicification was taken place as a preliminary alteration process before other geochemical processes occurred. The source of silica near the area was from hot siliceous fluids from rhyolitic flow under a static condition. A significant portion of silica appeared in the form of white chalcedonic quartz, quartz veins as well as granular quartz crystal. Due to the difference in rock structures, silica replaces different materials in rocks of close locations. The following table shows the replacement of silica at different localities:
Metamorphic rocks
In the Semail Nappe of Oman in the United Arb Emirates, silicified serpentinite was found. The occurrence of such geological features is rather unusual. It is a pseudomorphic alteration where the protolith of serpentinite was already silicified. Due to tectonic events, basal serpentinite was fractured and groundwater permeated along the faults, forming a large-scale circulation of groundwater within the strata. Through hydrothermal dissolution, silica precipitated and crystallized around the voids of serpentinite. Therefore, silicification can only be seen along groundwater paths. The silicification of serpentinite was formed under the condition where groundwater flow and carbon dioxide concentration are low.
Carbonates
Silicified carbonates can appear as silicified carbonate rock layers, or in the form of silicified karsts. The Paleogene Madrid Basin in Central Spain is a foreland basin resulted from the Alpine uplift, an example of silicified carbonates in rock layers. The lithology consists of carbonate and detritus units that were formed in a lacustrine environment. The rock units are silicified where cherts, quartz, and opaline minerals are found in the layers. It is conformable with the underlying evaporitic beds, also dated from similar ages. It is found that there were two stages of silicification within the rock strata. The earlier stage of silicification provided a better condition and site for the precipitation of silica. The source of silica is still uncertain. There are no biogenic silica detected from the carbonates. However, microbial films in carbonates are found, which could suggest the presence of diatoms.
Karsts are carbonate caves formed from a dissolution of carbonate rocks such as limestones and dolomites. They are usually susceptible to groundwater and are dissolved in these drainage. Silicified karsts and cave deposits are formed when siliceous fluids enter karsts through faults and cracks. The Mid-Proterozoic Mescal Limestone from the Apache Group in central Arizona is classic examples of silicified karsts. A portion of the carbonates are replaced by cherts in early diagenesis and the remaining portion is completely silicified in later stages. The source of silica in carbonates are usually associated with the presence of biogenetic silica; however, the source of silica in Mescal Limestone is from weathering of overlying basalts, which are extrusive igneous rocks that have high silica content.
Silicified woods
Silicification of woods usually occur in terrestrial conditions, but sometimes it could be done in aquatic environments. Surface water silicification can be done through the precipitation of silica in silica-enriched hot springs. On the northern coast of central Japan, the Tateyama hot spring has a high silica content that contributes to the silicification of nearby fallen woods and organic materials. Silica precipitates rapidly out of the fluids and opal is the main form of silica. With a temperature of around 70 °C and a pH value of around 3, the opal deposited is composed of silica spheres of different sizes arranged randomly.
Early silicification
Mafic magma dominated the seafloor at around 3.9 Ga during the Hadean-Archean transition. Due to rapid silicification, the felsic continental crust began to form. In the Archean, the continental crust was composed of tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) as well as granite–monzonite–syenite suites.
The Mount Goldsworthy in the Pilbara Craton located in Western Australia holds one of the earliest silicification example with an Archean clastic meta-sedimentary rock sequence, revealing the surface environment of the Earth in the early times with evidence from silicification and hydrothermal alteration. The unearthed rocks are found to be SiO2 dominant in terms of mineral composition. The succession was subjected to a high degree of silicification due to hydrothermal interaction with seawater at low temperatures. Lithic fragments were replaced with microcrystalline quartz and protoliths were altered during silicification. The condition of silicification and the elements that were present suggested that the surface temperature and carbon dioxide contents were high during either or both syn-deposition and post-deposition.
The Barberton Greenstone Belt in South Africa, specifically the Eswatini Supergroup of around 3.5–3.2 Ga, is a suite of well-preserved silicified volcanic-sedimentary rocks. With the composition ranging from ultramafic to felsic, the silicified volcanic rocks are directly beneath the bedded chert layer. Rocks are more silicified near the bedded chert contact, suggesting a relationship between chert deposition and silicification. The silica altered zones reveal that hydrothermal activities, as in seawater circulation, actively circulate the rock layers through fractures and fault during the deposition of bedded chert. The seawater was heated up and therefore picked up silicious materials from underneath volcanic origin. The silica enriched fluids bring about silicification of rocks through seeping into porous materials in the syn-depositional stage at a low-temperature condition.
See also
Metasomatism
Permineralization
Pseudomorph
Silica cycle
References
Sedimentary rocks
Geochemical processes
Silicate minerals | Silicification | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,955 | [
"Geochemical processes"
] |
68,834,280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco%20and%20Salt%20Museum | The Tobacco and Salt Museum (Japanese:たばこと塩の博物館) is located in Sumida-ku, Tokyo. It was established in 1978 and is run by Japan Tobacco. The museum was originally located in Shibuya but, in 2015, it was relocated to Sumida. The museum has about 38,000 artifacts that show the history of tobacco and salt both from Japan and overseas. It holds a 1.4 tonne block of rock salt from Poland along with other blocks of rock salts that have been brought from various parts of world. There is a replica of a Mayan shrine from South America to show where tobacco was first used.
The museum also has a ventilated smoking room, a workshop room, a reading room and a museum shop.
References
Museums in Tokyo
Tobacco
Salts
Buildings and structures in Sumida, Tokyo
Museums established in 1978
1978 establishments in Japan
Japan Tobacco | Tobacco and Salt Museum | [
"Chemistry"
] | 183 | [
"Salts"
] |
68,836,379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callosobruchus%20gibbicollis | Callosobruchus gibbicollis, is a species of leaf beetle found in Sri Lanka.
Description
Body red in color. Body vestiture is white and moderately dense. Antennae, mid legs and hind legs are yellowish red. It is characterized by strongly developed pronotal gibbosity. Pronotum conical. Pygidium is extremely convex and covered with white hairs. Metathorax and mesothorax are blackish. Seutellum quadrate. Elytral suture is brownish. Lateral spots in pronotum and hind femora are brownish.
References
Bruchinae
Insects of Sri Lanka
Beetles described in 1984 | Callosobruchus gibbicollis | [
"Biology"
] | 130 | [
"Individual organisms",
"Species known from a single specimen"
] |
68,837,936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C2-Indandione | 1,2-Indandione is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H4(CO)2CH2. A yellow solid, it is classified as a vicinal diketone on an indane framework.
1,2-Indandione is used in the first stage of forensic identification of latent fingerprints. It is particularly useful for paper, and for items printed with thermal inks such as receipts. Amino acids left behind by the human hand may be developed into fingerprints by the use of it; the results, photographed with a special filter under a strong yellow-green fluorescent or green laser. It is usually the first method employed in a sequential analysis aimed at the production of evidence of a grade suitable for use in the courtroom.
1,2-Indanedione is prepared by oxidation of 1-indanone with selenium dioxide.
See also
1,3-Indandione
References
1,2-Indandiones | 1,2-Indandione | [
"Chemistry"
] | 198 | [
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
68,838,051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTERISC | ASTERISC (Advanced Satellite Toward Exploration of dust enviRonment with In-Situ Cosmic dust sensor) is a nanosatellite developed by the Planetary Exploration Research Center (PERC) at the Chiba Institute of Technology that will observe cosmic dust in low Earth orbit. It is built as 3U-sized CubeSat and will deploy a large membrane structure in space. ASTERISC was launched on 9 November 2021 by an Epsilon launch vehicle.
Overview
ASTERISC's satellite bus is based on PERC's first CubeSat, S-CUBE, which was operated from 2015 to 2016.
ASTERISC is named after the word asterisk (*), which traces its origin to an ancient Greek word meaning "little star". The satellite will observe space dust, which are tiny fragments of a star. Additionally, the satellite is a CubeSat, figuratively a "little star". The project is led by Ryo Ishimaru of PERC.
Mission
ASTERISC's mission is to investigate small dust particles in space. The particles detected by the satellite are expected to be from two different sources; those of natural origin are cosmic dust, while those of artificial origin are small space debris. Cosmic dust targeted by ASTERISC are particles that are too small to become meteors. Unlike larger dusts, dusts of this size likely do not burn up when they enter in Earth's atmosphere, and some scientist hypothesize that these dusts may be able to bring organic molecules from space.
On the engineering side, ASTERISC will test a new type of film-based dust sensor. The CubeSat's primary instrument is a deployable dust sensor covered in polyimide. When minute particles impact the polyimide film (10 x 30 cm), it will create elastic waves, which will then be measured by numerous piezoelectric devices attached to the polyimide film. ASTERISC will detect particles impacts as electric signals generated by the piezoelectric devices. Since this data will be monitored in real time, it may be possible to investigate the distribution of cosmic dust and minuscule space debris in low Earth orbit.
See also
List of CubeSats
References
External links
ASTERISC - Chiba Institute of Technology
ASTERISC
Satellites of Japan
Spacecraft launched in 2021
2021 in Japan
Cosmic dust | ASTERISC | [
"Astronomy"
] | 483 | [
"Astronomical objects",
"Outer space",
"Cosmic dust"
] |
68,838,431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon%20Astro | Amazon Astro is a home robot developed by Amazon.com, Inc. It was designed for home security monitoring, remote care of elderly relatives, and as a virtual assistant that can follow a person from room to room.
Features
Tom's Guide called the device "Alexa on wheels" and everything available on the Amazon Echo Show 10 is on this new device. The Astro has visual ID and should be able to recognize different family members and send an alert if the device sees someone it does not recognize in the home.
In 2022, Amazon announced a pilot program connecting Astro to the Ring security system, allowing workers in a remote call centre to control Astro to investigate security alerts.
Hardware
Reception
Mark Gurman of Bloomberg News says that, six months after its release, hardly anyone was talking about Astro online, and that Amazon had shipped only a few hundred units, at most.
David Priest of CNET observes that "For now, this robot remains a luxury item, for people with a lot of money to try out a cutting-edge technology that still lacks a compelling use case."
Lauren Goode of Wired magazine labels Astro as "a robot for the sake of a robot" and "a robot without a cause, at least for now".
The announcement in September 2022 that Astro would function as a security guard connected to Ring security devices for homes and small businesses led Gizmodo to comment on the increasing "creepiness" of Astro.
See also
Smart speaker
References
Astro
Products introduced in 2021
Robots
2021 robots | Amazon Astro | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 305 | [
"Physical systems",
"Machines",
"Robots"
] |
56,160,987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel%20page-table%20isolation | Kernel page-table isolation (KPTI or PTI, previously called KAISER) is a Linux kernel feature that mitigates the Meltdown security vulnerability (affecting mainly Intel's x86 CPUs) and improves kernel hardening against attempts to bypass kernel address space layout randomization (KASLR). It works by better isolating user space and kernel space memory. KPTI was merged into Linux kernel version 4.15, and backported to Linux kernels 4.14.11, 4.9.75, and 4.4.110. Windows and macOS released similar updates. KPTI does not address the related Spectre vulnerability.
Background on KAISER
The KPTI patches were based on KAISER (short for Kernel Address Isolation to have Side-channels Efficiently Removed), a technique conceived in 2016 and published in June 2017 back when Meltdown was not known yet. KAISER makes it harder to defeat KASLR, a 2014 mitigation for a much less severe issue.
In 2014, the Linux kernel adopted kernel address space layout randomization (KASLR), which makes it more difficult to exploit other kernel vulnerabilities, which relies on kernel address mappings remaining hidden from user space. Despite prohibiting access to these kernel mappings, it turns out that there are several side-channel attacks in modern processors that can leak the location of this memory, making it possible to work around KASLR.
KAISER addressed these problems in KASLR by eliminating some sources of address leakage. Whereas KASLR merely prevents address mappings from leaking, KAISER also prevents the data from leaking, thereby covering the Meltdown case.
KPTI is based on KAISER. Without KPTI enabled, whenever executing user-space code (applications), Linux would also keep its entire kernel memory mapped in page tables, although protected from access. The advantage is that when the application makes a system call into the kernel or an interrupt is received, kernel page tables are always present, so most context switching-related overheads (TLB flush, page-table swapping, etc) can be avoided.
Meltdown vulnerability and KPTI
In January 2018, the Meltdown vulnerability was published, known to affect Intel's x86 CPUs and ARM Cortex-A75. It was a far more severe vulnerability than the KASLR bypass that KAISER originally intended to fix: It was found that contents of kernel memory could also be leaked, not just the locations of memory mappings, as previously thought.
KPTI (conceptually based on KAISER) prevents Meltdown by preventing most protected locations from being mapped to user space.
AMD x86 processors are not currently known to be affected by Meltdown and don't need KPTI to mitigate them. However, AMD processors are still susceptible to KASLR bypass when KPTI is disabled.
Implementation
KPTI fixes these leaks by separating user-space and kernel-space page tables entirely. One set of page tables includes both kernel-space and user-space addresses same as before, but it is only used when the system is running in kernel mode. The second set of page tables for use in user mode contains a copy of user-space and a minimal set of kernel-space mappings that provides the information needed to enter or exit system calls, interrupts and exceptions.
On processors that support the process-context identifiers (PCID), a translation lookaside buffer (TLB) flush can be avoided, but even then it comes at a significant performance cost, particularly in syscall-heavy and interrupt-heavy workloads.
The overhead was measured to be 0.28% according to KAISER's original authors; a Linux developer measured it to be roughly 5% for most workloads and up to 30% in some cases, even with the PCID optimization; for database engine PostgreSQL the impact on read-only tests on an Intel Skylake processor was 7–17% (or 16–23% without PCID), while a full benchmark lost 13–19% (Coffee Lake vs. Broadwell-E). Many benchmarks have been done by Phoronix, Redis slowed by 6–7%. Linux kernel compilation slowed down by 5% on Haswell.
KPTI can partially be disabled with the "nopti" kernel boot option. Also provisions were created to disable KPTI if newer processors fix the information leaks.
References
External links
17. Page Table Isolation (PTI) - The Linux Kernel documentation
KPTI documentation patch
Linux kernel features
Virtual memory
X86 architecture
Transient execution CPU vulnerabilities | Kernel page-table isolation | [
"Technology"
] | 955 | [
"Transient execution CPU vulnerabilities",
"Computer security exploits"
] |
56,162,314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%20International%20Neuroscience%20Institute | The Iran International Neuroscience Institute (Persian: بنیاد علمی بینالمللی علوم مغز و اعصاب ایران) or Iran INI (Persian: آیانآی ایران) is an International research centre and hospital located in Tehran, Iran. It is the largest centre of Neuroscience researches in the world and third version of its own kind that was founded by professor Majid Samii. The first INI is in Hanover of Germany. This research centre of is being constructed in 11 floors.
See also
List of hospitals in Iran
References
Buildings and structures under construction
Hospitals in Iran
Medical research institutes in Iran
Neuroscience research centers in Iran
Hospitals established in 2019 | Iran International Neuroscience Institute | [
"Engineering"
] | 155 | [
"Construction",
"Buildings and structures under construction"
] |
56,163,008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxopyrimidine | Toxopyrimidine is a vitamin B6 antagonist with potent convulsant effects.
See also
Crimidine
Ginkgotoxin
References
External links
Aminopyrimidines
Primary alcohols
Neurotoxins
Convulsants
Vitamin B6 antagonists | Toxopyrimidine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 57 | [
"Neurochemistry",
"Neurotoxins"
] |
56,163,200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat%20Shahar | Anat Shahar is a staff scientist at the Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington and adjunct professor at the University of Maryland. Her work uses high-pressure, high-temperature experiments and stable isotope geochemistry to understand the formation of planets in the Solar System.
Early life
Anat Shahar was born in Israel on April 10, 1980. She moved then moved to New Jersey at age 6.
Career
Shahar obtained a B.S. and a M.E. in geological engineering from Cornell University in 2002 and 2003, respectively. She earned her Ph.D. in geochemistry from the University of California, Los Angeles in 2008, while working in the lab of Edward Young. She went on to complete her postdoctoral research at the geophysical laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington and in 2009 was appointed staff scientist. Since 2012 she also has served as an adjunct assistant professor in the department of geology at the University of Maryland.
Shahar was awarded the Nininger Meteorite Award, which recognizes outstanding student achievement in the meteoritical sciences, for her 2008 paper on "Astrophysics of CAI formation as revealed by silicon isotope LA-MC-ICPMS of an igneous CAI". In 2012 Shahar was awarded Stanford University's Blaustein Fellowship, which helped fund her work investigating the pressure-dependent relationship of the isotopic composition of iron alloys, published in Science. In 2015, Shahar won the F.W. Clarke Medal, an award from the Geochemical Society that recognizes a single outstanding contribution to geochemistry or cosmochemistry by an early-career scientist. Shahar won the 2016 Mineralogical Society of America's Young Investigator Award, given to individuals near the beginning of their professional careers, who have made outstanding published contributions to the field of mineralogy. The award also made her a Life Fellow of the society. Shahar also served as geochemistry secretary for the Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology Section of the American Geophysical Union during 2017-2018.
Research initiatives
In her research, Shahar investigates how planets in the solar system formed and evolved through lab experiments that simulate the high temperature and pressure conditions that occur within Earth and other planets. She is the first person to perform stable isotope geochemistry experiments with high-temperature materials. Her lab group determines how these conditions alter the ratios of isotopes in different planetary materials. Shahar utilizes this method to understand planetary processes ranging from the formation of the first solids in the solar system, CAIs, to core formation.
Shahar measured the silicon isotope fractionation during silicate and iron interaction in experiments that simulate the formation of a metallic core and surrounding mantle, such as occurred during Earth's formation. The experiments suggest that silicon may be one of the lighter elements that make up Earth’s core, along with iron and nickel. Shahar’s lab group also investigates how the presence of magnesium, sulfur, and nickel affect iron isotopic fractionation in planetary and asteroid materials.
References
Further reading
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Women geochemists
Cornell University alumni
Planetary scientists | Anat Shahar | [
"Chemistry"
] | 633 | [
"Geochemists",
"Women geochemists"
] |
56,163,570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajdeep%20Dasgupta | Rajdeep Dasgupta is a professor of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences at Rice University. In his research, he studies the role of subsurface melting and magma on the origin and evolution of the Earth and other terrestrial planets.
Career
Rajdeep Dasgupta earned his B.Sc. in 1998 and his M.Sc. in 2000 from Jadavpur University in Kolkata, India and completed his Ph.D. in geology at the University of Minnesota in 2006. Dasgupta was a postdoctoral research associate at the University of Minnesota, and then was a postdoctoral fellow at Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University. He joined the faculty of Rice University in 2008 where he is now a professor. Dasgupta also is a visiting scientist with the Lunar and Planetary Institute and an associate editor with Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. He is a member of the American Geophysical Union, the Mineralogical Society of America, the Geochemical Society, and the Geological Society of America.
In 2011, Dasgupta received the F.W. Clarke Medal from the Geochemical Society, an award given to an early-career scientist for a single outstanding contribution to geochemistry or cosmochemistry. The American Geophysical Union awarded him the James B. Macelwane Medal in 2014. In 2012, he won the Hisashi Kuno award, given annually to an AGU member who has made outstanding contributions to the fields of volcanology, geochemistry or petrology.
Research initiatives
Rajdeep Dasgupta is an expert on the deep carbon cycle and his research centers on how carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in the mantle affect magma melting processes. He has created new models for how rocks melt in carbon-rich environments and calculated carbon’s solubility in the core. Dasgupta has developed a way to use major elements in magmas to estimate their source region and composition in the mantle. He also is researching sulfur solubility, to understand sulfur transport in subduction zones.
References
Further reading
External links
Rice University faculty
Jadavpur University alumni
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
American geochemists
Scientists from West Bengal
1976 births
Living people
Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory people | Rajdeep Dasgupta | [
"Chemistry"
] | 456 | [
"Geochemists",
"American geochemists"
] |
56,163,979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Ballentine | Dr. Chris Ballentine is the chair of geochemistry and head of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Oxford, in the United Kingdom. He uses properties of the noble gases to understand the origin and evolution of Earth's atmosphere and mantle.
Career
Ballentine earned his Ph.D. at the University of Cambridge in 1992. He went on to hold research positions at the Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland, the University of Michigan, and ETH Zurich, Switzerland. From 2001 to 2013, he held positions at the University of Manchester before joining the faculty at the University of Oxford.
Ballentine has held the vice president, president, and past president positions with the European Association of Geochemistry. He is a member of the Board of Governors of the Oxford Museum of Natural History and the American Geophysical Union, as well as a former scientific steering committee member for the Deep Carbon Observatory. In 2008, he won the Geological Society of London Bigsby medal for significant contributions to geology. The AGU chose Ballentine as a Fellow in 2013, and in 2016, he won the Eni Award, given to researchers who make advanced scientific breakthroughs in the field of energy, for "New Frontiers of Hydrocarbons".
Research initiatives
Ballentine has shown that by measuring noble gas isotopes, he can identify and quantify the processes controlling the origin, migration, and interaction of subsurface water, hydrocarbons, and fluids.
He has applied noble gas tools and principles to understand how natural gas fields form inside Earth, the role of groundwater in forming hydrocarbon reservoirs, and the origins of different gases on the planet. Ballentine also has developed quantitative techniques to understand how carbon dioxide behaves in the subsurface, including its role in the crustal carbon cycle, and how carbon-rich fluids have supported subsurface life over geological timescales.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Geochemists
Fellows of St Hugh's College, Oxford | Chris Ballentine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 409 | [
"Geochemists"
] |
56,164,188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melampsora%20caprearum | Melampsora caprearum is a fungal pathogen which causes galls on willows (Salix species). Also known as a rust fungus, it was first described by Felix von Thümen in 1879.
Description
Melampsora caprearum distorts the blades and veins of willow leaves, causing irregular spots with yellow-orange uredinia (which produce a powdery mass of spores). The rust has been found on eared willow (Salix aurita), goat willow (S. caprea), grey willow (S. cinerea) and their hybrids.
Distribution
Has been recorded from Belgium (photo), Finland, Great Britain (common) and Poland.
References
Pucciniales
Fungi described in 1879
Fungi of Europe
Fungus species
Fungal tree pathogens and diseases
Gall-inducing fungi
Taxa named by Felix von Thümen
Willow galls | Melampsora caprearum | [
"Biology"
] | 175 | [
"Gall-inducing fungi",
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
56,164,961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC%20Energy%20Step%20Code | The BC Energy Step Code is a provincial regulation that local governments in British Columbia, Canada, may use, if they wish, to incentivize or require a level of energy efficiency in new construction that goes above and beyond the requirements of the base building code. It is an example of a "stretch code," or "reach code," in that it is an appendix to a mandatory minimum energy code that allows communities to voluntarily adopt a uniform approach to achieving more ambitious levels of energy efficiency in new construction.
The BC Energy Step Code consists of a series of specific measurable efficiency targets, and groups them into "steps" that represent increasing levels of energy-efficiency performance. By gradually adopting one or more steps, a local government can increase the building performance requirements in its community. The regulation is designed as a technical roadmap to help the province reach its target that all new buildings will attain a net zero energy ready level of performance by 2032.
The Government of British Columbia enacted the BC Energy Step Code as regulation on April 6, 2017. It entered into legal force on December 15, 2017.
How it works
The BC Energy Step Code establishes a series of measurable energy-efficiency requirements that builders must meet in communities that reference it in their building and development bylaws. The regulation groups these performance targets into a series of "steps" of increasing energy efficiency. Step 1 simply requires confirmation that new buildings meet the existing energy-efficiency requirements of the existing BC Building Code. Meanwhile, at the opposite end of the scale, Step 5 for homes represents a home that is net-zero energy ready. A Step 5 home is effectively the most energy-efficient home that can be built today, roughly equivalent to the rigorous Passive house standard.
The BC Building Code separates all buildings into two basic categories – Part 9 and Part 3, as follows:
Part 9 buildings refer to houses and small buildings three storeys or less, that have a building area or "footprint" no more than 600 square metres. This category includes single-family homes, duplexes, townhomes, small apartment buildings, and small stores, offices, and industrial shops.
Part 3 buildings are larger and more complex. They are four storeys and taller, and have a footprint greater than 600 square metres. This category includes larger apartment buildings, condos, shopping malls, office buildings, hospitals, care facilities, schools, churches, theatres, and restaurants.
For Part 9 buildings, there are five steps of the BC Energy Step Code; Part 3 buildings have four steps, while commercial buildings have three. Each step represents a more stringent set of energy-efficiency requirements. As communities climb the steps, they gradually increase the level of energy efficiency in their new buildings. The BC Energy Step Code applies to new construction only.
For small buildings, Steps 1 to 3 (collectively, the "Lower Steps") can be achieved using construction techniques and products readily understood and available in today's market; homes built to Steps 4 and 5 (the "Upper Steps") are more ambitious and may require more training and incentives to achieve.
The regulation is performance-based, not prescriptive, in that it does not specify the specific materials and strategies a builder must use. Instead, it sets measurable performance targets that the proposed building must meet.
To ensure that builders have the skills and capacity they need to cost-effectively produce higher performance buildings, until 2020, governments that wish to use the BC Energy Step Code may incentivize all steps, but may only require Lower Steps.
What it measures
The BC Energy Step Code measures a building's energy performance via a variety of metrics. The Building Envelope Metrics and the Equipment and Systems Metrics are demonstrated through a whole-building performance simulation, while the Airtightness Metric is demonstrated through an on-site blower door test of the building before occupancy.
Building envelope metrics
Thermal Energy Demand Intensity (TEDI): The amount of annual heating energy needed to maintain a stable interior temperature, taking into account heat loss through the envelope and passive gains (i.e., the amount of heat gained from solar energy passing through the envelope, or from activities in the home such as cooking and lighting, and that provided by body heat). It is calculated per unit of area of the conditioned space over the course of a year, and expressed in kWh/(m2·year).
Equipment and systems metrics
Percent Lower than EnerGuide Reference House: An EnerGuide reference house establishes how much energy a home would use if it was built to base building code standards. This metric identifies how much less energy, stated as a percentage, the new home will require compared to the reference house.
Mechanical Energy Use Intensity: The modelled amount of energy used by space heating and cooling, ventilation, and domestic hot water systems, per unit of area, over the course of a year, expressed in kWh/(m2·year).
Total Energy Use Intensity: The modelled amount of total energy used by a building, per unit of area, over the course of a year, expressed in kWh/(m2·year).
Airtightness metrics
Air Changes per Hour at a 50 Pa Pressure differential, as measured by a blower door test.
Air Leakage Rate: A measure of the rate that air leaks through the building envelope per unit area of the building envelope, as recorded in L/(sm2) at a 75 Pa pressure differential.
Requirements
To meet the requirements of the BC Energy Step Code, builders will work with an energy advisor to check that their plans will meet the energy-performance requirements of a given step. An energy advisor uses software to analyze construction plans and determine the energy efficiency of a building. The builder then begins construction, paying special attention to the building envelope—the walls, windows, doors, and insulation. The energy advisor also tests a building once it is built to see how well it performs.
To achieve the Lower Steps, building and design professionals and trades can rely on conventional building designs with careful air-sealing practices, and incrementally incorporate some key elements in the design, building envelope, and equipment and systems. Builders and designers will collaborate with the energy advisor to select the most cost effective way to meet the standard's requirements. These Lower Steps give builders new flexibility in how to achieve modest gains in efficiency through improved envelopes and/or upgraded systems.
To achieve the Upper Steps, builders and designers will need to adopt an integrated design approach to building design and may need to incorporate more substantial changes in building design, layout, framing techniques, system selection, and materials. These techniques and materials will be more costly and challenging without additional training and experience.
Origins
In September 2015, the province's Building Safety and Standards branch established an Energy Efficiency Working Group (EEWG) to review policies and regulations that apply to energy efficiency in BC, to seek stakeholder input and offer guidance on how to best implement an Energy Step Code to achieve consistent building energy performance beyond the BC Building Code. The consultations engaged with the building and development sectors, and the trades and professions that support them, as well as local governments, utilities, and other stakeholders, to identify a consistent approach to increasing energy-efficiency standards.
In August 2016, the group renamed itself the Stretch Code Implementation Working Group and published its final report and recommendations, including adoption of a Step Code into a voluntary provincial regulation.
The Energy Step Code Council
In mid 2017, the province renamed the group the Energy Step Code Council, and mandated it "to support local governments and industry towards smooth uptake of the BC Energy Step Code and help guide market transformation towards higher-performance buildings within B.C." The Energy Step Code Council meets quarterly to support training and capacity building opportunities for local governments, industry, and other stakeholder, communicate what the BC Energy Step Code is and how it may be implemented across the province, and provide advice and clarification on technical aspects of the standard.
Cost implications of adoption
In September 2017, BC Housing, the province's housing authority, and the Energy Step Code Council published the BC Energy Step Code 2017 Metrics Research Study as a comprehensive exploration of the standard's energy, emissions and economic impacts. The research is based on data generated by builders from all across British Columbia, and bills itself as "one of the most extensive energy analyses of buildings in Canada."
The researchers conclude that meeting the requirements of the Lower Steps of the BC Energy Step Code involve only very modest construction premiums. In most situations, builders can achieve the Lower Steps for less than a 2% construction cost premium above that of a home built to the requirements of the BC Building Code. The construction cost premiums associated with meeting the requirements of Step 1 amounts to just a small fraction of a percent, the report states. In exchange, owners, occupants, and others would enjoy the benefits detailed in the "Benefits of adoption" section below.
In an effort to illustrate how the BC Energy Step Code would impact construction costs in the "real world," the study's authors produced a series of hypothetical scenarios for various building types in various cities.
For an apartment in a six-storey building
The Metrics Research report offers an example of the anticipated capital construction cost premium for a hypothetical 730 square foot unit in a six-storey apartment building in Surrey, British Columbia. Units in this hypothetical new building would sell for between CAD$270,000 and CAD$730,000.
For this building, the report says meeting the requirements of Step 1 would involve a construction cost premium of CAD$100 per unit above the cost of building to the standard modelling requirements of the BC Building Code. Meeting the requirements of Step 2 would incur A 0.5 percent construction cost premium, about CAD$790 per unit. Meeting the requirements of Step 3 adds about CAD$970 to the per-unit build cost. Finally, the researchers found that building to the very high-performance levels of Step 4 may entail a per-unit construction cost premium of CAD$4,215.
For a home in a six-unit row house
The Metrics Research report also models an example of the anticipated capital construction cost premium for a hypothetical 1,720 square feet unit built into a six-unit row house project in Surrey, B.C. Units in this hypothetical new building would sell for between CAD$550,000 and CAD$800,000.
For this building, the researchers conclude that meeting the requirements of Step 1 would involve a construction cost premium of $560 per unit above the cost of building to the BC Building Code. Meeting the requirements of Step 2 would incur a 0.4% construction cost premium, about CAD$1,250 per unit. Meeting the requirements of Step 3 adds about CAD$2,950 to the per-unit build cost. Finally, the report states that building to the highest performance levels may require non-conventional building practices; this would increase construction costs between $5,500 (Step 4) and $9,400 (Step 5) per unit, the study suggests.
Benefits of adoption
Buildings built to higher energy efficiency standard have been shown to provide multiple co-benefits – to home and building owners and occupants, to industry, to the environment, and to the community.
For building owners and occupants
Owners and tenants often prefer high-performance buildings as they require less energy, reducing utility bills. Occupants also prefer them because they better manage:
Temperature, improving comfort.
Fresh air throughout the building, improving health.
Soundproofing, reducing exterior noise.
For industry
The BC Energy Step Code provides industry with a clear sense of where the province is heading on energy efficiency, while giving builders a welcome level of consistency via standardized performance metrics.
For climate change mitigation
If a given community's new homes are likely to be heated with natural gas, the BC Energy Step Code will reduce the amount of that fuel they need to burn to stay comfortable. A well-insulated and well-sealed Step 3 home heated with natural gas will consume much less of the fuel when compared with one built to the minimum code requirements. This will result in fewer carbon emissions.
For economic development
The global green-building market doubles every three years and the value of the green building materials market is expected to reach $234 billion by 2019. British Columbia is already a green building design and construction leader, boasting some of highest-performing buildings in North America. Almost 12,000 people work in green architecture and related construction services in BC, while close to 9,000 work in clean energy services. The BC Energy Step Code could open up new local economic development opportunities, and helps unlock a significant export opportunity. At a November 2017 conference, an assistant deputy minister with the Province of British Columbia's Office of Housing and Construction Standards called the BC Energy Step Code "a driver of the clean economy."
Geographic availability
The BC Energy Step Code is available to communities to all climate zones across the province for Part 9 buildings, and only to Climate Zone 4 (Lower Mainland and South Vancouver Island) for Part 3 buildings. Future iterations of the standard will increase coverage to all types and all areas.
All British Columbia local governments except the City of Vancouver may reference and enforce the BC Energy Step Code in their policies and bylaws. The City of Vancouver has its own building code, and its own high-performance buildings strategy, the Zero Emissions Building Plan.
B.C. local governments referencing the standard
As of a March 2019 survey of 76 local governments, 14 local governments reported that they had implemented the BC Energy Step Code, and 17 local governments reported they were in the process of implementing at the time of the survey.
Related Canadian Policies
In August 2017, British Columbia joined Canada's federal government, represented by Natural Resources Canada, and other provinces and territories in endorsing the Build Smart: Canada's Buildings Strategy, which is a "key driver" of the Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change. The strategy commits signatories to develop and adopt increasingly stringent model building codes, starting in 2020, with the goal that provinces and territories adopt a "net-zero energy ready" model building code by 2030. In British Columbia, the BC Energy Step Code serves as a technical policy pathway for British Columbia to deliver on that goal.
As of mid-2018, the only other tiered building standard in Canada's is the Toronto Green Standard, which establishes sustainable design requirements for new private and public developments in that city. The Toronto Green Standard consists of stepped levels of performance measures with supporting guidelines that promote sustainable site and building design.
Similar regulations
New Buildings Institute, a U.S. nonprofit organization advocating for improved energy performance in commercial buildings, describes a stretch code as "a locally mandated or incentivized code or alternative compliance path that is more ambitious than the base code, resulting in buildings that achieve higher energy savings." The institute says the codes provide an opportunity to train building and development communities in advanced practices before the underlying energy code is improved. They help accelerate market acceptance and adoption of more stringent energy efficiency codes in the future. Stretch codes can work in tandem with utility incentive programs.
In November 2017, New Buildings Institute released a set of model stretch building code strategies that target 20% better efficiency than current U.S. national building energy codes. The new 20% Stretch Code Provisions address design aspects such as envelope, mechanical, water heating, lighting and plug loads.
Other stretch codes are in place in the United States, in Massachusetts, Vermont, Oregon, New York, and California.
See also
Energy policy of Canada
Efficient energy use
Passive house
California Green Building Standards Code
List of low-energy building techniques
References
External links
BC Energy Step Code (Building Safety and Standards Branch, Province of British Columbia)
Canada's Energy Code (National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings 2015)
BC Energy Step Code Design Guide & Supplemental (Research Library, BC Housing Management Commission)
Building codes
Standards of Canada | BC Energy Step Code | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,234 | [
"Building engineering",
"Building codes"
] |
56,165,366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic%20oil | Garlic oil is the volatile oil derived from garlic. It is usually prepared using steam distillation, and can also be produced via distillation using ether. It is used in cooking and as a seasoning, a nutritional supplement, and also as an insecticide.
Preparation
Garlic oil is typically prepared using steam distillation, where crushed garlic is steamed with the resultant condensation containing the oil. Garlic oil contains volatile sulfur compounds such as diallyl disulfide, a 60% constituent of the oil. Steam-distilled garlic oil typically has a pungent and disagreeable odor and a brownish-yellow color. Its odor has been attributed to the presence of diallyl disulfide. To produce around 1 gram of pure steam-distilled garlic oil, around 500 grams of garlic is required. Undiluted garlic oil has 900 times the strength of fresh garlic, and 200 times the strength of dehydrated garlic.
Ether can also be used to extract garlic oil. A type of garlic oil involves soaking diced or crushed garlic in vegetable oil, but this is not pure garlic oil; rather it is a garlic-infused oil.
Uses
Garlic oil is used as a dietary supplement or digestive aid commonly sold in capsules, which may be diluted with other ingredients. Some commercial preparations are produced with various levels of dilution, such as a preparation that contains 10% garlic oil. There is no clinical research confirming health effects of consuming garlic oil.
Stabilized garlic flavor blend is a proprietary mixture of dehydrated garlic powder infused with garlic oil, which increases the flavor of the garlic powder.
Garlic oil can be used as an insecticide, diluted with water and sprayed on plants.
Potential adverse effects
Common adverse effects of consuming garlic, garlic oil, and garlic supplements are breath and body odor, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and other symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders. Garlic oil consumption may have anticoagulant effects in some people, causing bleeding, and may interfere with prescription drugs.
Garlic-flavored oil
Garlic-flavored oil is produced and used for cooking and seasoning purposes, and is sometimes used as an ingredient in seasoning mixtures. This differs from essential garlic oil, and typically involves the use of chopped, macerated or crushed garlic placed in various vegetable oils to flavor the oil.
See also
Garlic sauce
List of essential oils
List of garlic dishes
References
Garlic
Essential oils
Spices | Garlic oil | [
"Chemistry"
] | 494 | [
"Essential oils",
"Natural products"
] |
56,165,378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Primrose%20%28brewer%29 | John Primrose (1803 – 28 November 1876) was a Scottish distiller and brewer who had a substantial career in the colony of South Australia. He was the founder of the Union Brewery, also known as Primrose's Brewery, in Rundle Street, Adelaide, the colony's first successful brewery.
Early life
Primrose was the son of a distiller in Carsebridge, near Alloa, Scotland. He was said to have linked his ancestry to the Earl of Rosebery.
He was educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, and on leaving school he joined his father's establishment, where he remained for some time, gaining sound practical and scientific knowledge of the arts of brewing and distilling. He gained further experience managing a distillery for the Messrs. Shea, of Belfast, then that of Beamish, in Cork. He remained with them for several years, only leaving them to establish a brewery on his own account on the Isle of Man.
He was then attracted to Australia, with the prospect of managing a large established distillery in Sydney. Primrose arrived in Adelaide aboard Ariadne in August 1839 and decided to travel no further.
Businesses in Adelaide
Shortly after his arrival he set up a distillery in partnership with John Richmond. After carrying it on for about two years he ceased operation because the Government demanded payment of duty upon all spirit manufactured in the colony at the same rate as if it had been imported.
Primrose then turned his attention to brewing, and in 1841 he and Richmond took over the Union Brewery on Rundle Street. This brewery had been founded on Robert Cock's Town Acre 80, east corner Rundle Street and James Place (opposite Stephens Place.), by Daniel Cudmore in 1838 and put up for sale in 1839.
The brewery was referred to as "Primrose's Brewery" in an article in the South Australian Register in February 1861.
He ran the business until November 1875, when he transferred the management to his nephew William Ross Sawers (c. 1839–1911) and his son-in-law Arthur Rait Malcom. They were able to use the basement of the Academy of Music, Rundle Street, (opened 1879) for cellaring.
Richmond sold his share to Primrose at some point, and the brewery continued into the 1890s.
Death
Primrose died on 28 November 1876 and his remains were interred in the West Terrace Cemetery.
Family
John Primrose married Elizabeth Paton Reid (1822 – 30 August 1867) on 10 April 1845. A daughter, Elizabeth Margaret Adelaide Primrose (1849–1874) married Arthur Rait Malcom (c. 1847–1890) in 1872. Malcom married again on 29 June 1882, to Joanna Barry of South Melbourne. He was a prominent member of the Adelaide Hunt Club.
Other breweries
Other breweries operating in the late 1860s included:
Kent Town Brewery;
West End Brewery;
Pirie Street Brewery;
Hindmarsh Brewery;
Morphett Street Brewery; and
Walkerville Brewery.
References
1800s births
1876 deaths
People from Alloa
People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
Distilleries in Australia
Australian brewers
Burials at West Terrace Cemetery
19th-century Australian businesspeople
John
Drink company founders
Drink distillers | John Primrose (brewer) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 665 | [
"Distillation",
"Drink distillers"
] |
56,168,223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonympha | Protonympha is a form genus for problematic fossils of Devonian age in New York. It has been of special interest because of its morphological similarity with the iconic Ediacaran fossil Spriggina, and may have been a late surviving vendobiont.
Description
Protonympha is a flat, quilted fossil, which has previously been compared with the arm of a starfish or an annelid worm, but lacks a segmented carapace or stereom. Its preservation in sandstone is similar to Ediacaran type preservations. A less-accepted hypothesis claims the organisms were terrestrial fossils like lichen, with hypothetically interpreted rhizoid-like extensions as possible evidence it may have lived on land or in shallow pools.
References
Devonian animals
Controversial taxa
Enigmatic prehistoric animal genera | Protonympha | [
"Biology"
] | 161 | [
"Biological hypotheses",
"Controversial taxa"
] |
56,168,286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%20Mailuu-Suu%20tailings%20dam%20failure | The 1958 Mailuu-Suu tailings dam failure in the industrial town of Mailuu-Suu, (Kyrgyz: Майлуу-Суу), Jalal-Abad Region, southern Kyrgyzstan, caused the uncontrolled release of of radioactive waste.
The event caused several direct casualties and widespread environmental damage. It was the single worst incident in a region of arid, mountainous western Kyrgyzstan, with a collection of shuttered Soviet-era uranium mining and processing sites, a legacy of extensive radioactive waste dumps, and a history of flooding and mudslides.
As of 2017, despite recent remediations funded by the World Bank and others, the treatment of radioactive waste at Mailuu-Suu still poses serious health and safety risks for local residents.
Background
Oil was discovered here in the early 1900s. Deposits of radium-bearing barites had been discovered by Alexander Fersman in 1929, during his national mineralogical resources survey for the new Soviet government. Uranium mining began in 1946, organized by the "Zapadnyi Mining and Chemical Combine". In addition to mining, two uranium plants would process more than of uranium ore, by ion exchange and alkaline leach, to produce uranium oxide for Soviet atomic bomb projects. The processed ore was both mined locally and imported from elsewhere in the Eastern Bloc.
The town was classified as one of the Soviet government's secret cities, officially known only as "Mailbox 200".
Uranium mining was halted in 1968. Operations left behind some 23 separate uranium tailings dams and 13 waste rock dumps, poorly designed on unstable hillsides above a town of 20,000 people in an area prone to both landslides and earthquakes, holding a total of material containing radionuclides and heavy metals. No attempt to stabilize or seal the material was done when Soviet mining ceased.
Dam failure
On April 16, 1958, with mining and processing plants still operational, a combination of poor design, neglect, heavy rainfall and a reported earthquake caused the #7 tailings dam at Mailuu-Suu to fail. About 50% of the entire volume of the dam flowed into the swift Mailuu-Suu River, only downhill from the breach. The waste then spread about downstream across the national border into Uzbekistan then into the heavily populated Fergana Valley. The Mailuu-Suu River is a tributary of the Kara Darya, used for agricultural irrigation in the valley.
Some fatalities, building destruction, and contamination of the flood plain were reported as the direct result of the mudflow. Lack of any public response by officials makes it difficult to identify fatalities from the April 1958 event, especially as distinguished from everyday exposure.
Aftermath
Longterm health effects are more measurable. Grave threats to long-term residents persist, with residents experiencing far higher rates of cancer, goiter, anemia, and other illnesses related to radiological exposure.
Mailuu-Suu was found to be one of the 10 most polluted sites in the world in a study published in 2006 by the Blacksmith Institute.
Annual spring flooding and the lack of maintenance pose a continued threat of further releases of radioactive material. In 1994, a new landslide temporarily dammed the Mailuu-Suu River. In 2002 a flood caused by a mudslide nearly submerged a tailings pit.
The World Bank approved a US$5 million grant to reclaim the tailings pits in 2004, and approved an additional $1 million grant for the project in 2011. The United Nations Development Programme, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development have also funded programs.
References
Tailings dam failures
Radioactively contaminated areas
Radiation accidents and incidents
1958 mining disasters
Mining in Kyrgyzstan
1958 in the Soviet Union
Disasters in the Soviet Union
1958 disasters in the Soviet Union
Dam failures in Asia
April 1958 events in Asia | 1958 Mailuu-Suu tailings dam failure | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 779 | [
"Radioactively contaminated areas",
"Soil contamination",
"Radioactive contamination"
] |
56,168,499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus%20biplanus | Aspergillus biplanus is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Sparsi section. The species was first described in 1965. It has been isolated from soil in Costa Rica. It has been reported to produce auroglaucin.
Growth and morphology
A. biplanus has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below.
References
Further reading
biplanus
Fungi described in 1965
Fungus species | Aspergillus biplanus | [
"Biology"
] | 129 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
56,168,643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus%20flavescens | Aspergillus flavescens is a rare species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. Aspergillus flavescens can cause Myringomycosis.
References
Further reading
flavescens
Fungi described in 1867
Fungus species | Aspergillus flavescens | [
"Biology"
] | 50 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
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